An Overview of China`s Equestrian Industry

Transcription

AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHINESE EQUESTRIAN INDUSTRY I Jan 2010
An Overview of China's
Equestrian Industry
Luc J. van Moorsel
Consulate-General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Department of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality
10/F East Tower, Dawning Center
No. 500 Hongbaoshi Road
Changing District
Shanghai 201103
People’s Republic of China
www.hollandinchina.org
All right reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher.
1
PREFACE
China offers great potential to particular business
segments in equestrian sports. The increasing interest in
equestrian sports started approximately twenty years ago
and has developed enormously since then.
This development goes hand in hand with China’s
economy which has changed during the past thirty years
from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to
international trade to a more market-oriented economy. It
has a rapidly growing private sector and is a major player
in the global economy.
This report has been written under the authority of the
Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality and
describes the opportunities for Dutch enterprises in the
expanding and rising Chinese equestrian market, the
report is concentrated on Shanghai and Beijing. It gives in
insight in the following aspects of the industry:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
2
Veterinary guidance
Schooling of riders
Training of horses
Horse feed
Horse stables
Transport of horses
Equestrian competitions
Horse breeding
Export regulations
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter 1
Brief Introduction to China
1.1 General Overview
1.2 Political Developments
1.3 Animal Husbandry Law
6
Chapter 2
Overview of China’s Equestrian Industry
2.1 Equestrian Regions
2.2 Groups of Horse Owners
2.3 History
2.4 Veterinary Guidance
2.5 Schooling of Riders
2.6 Training of Horses
2.7 Horse Feed
2.8 Horse Stables
2.9 Transport of Horses
2.10 Equestrian Competitions
2.11 Popular Equestrian Sports
2.12 Breeding
2.13 Export & Import
9
Chapter 3
Development of China’s Horse Industry
3.1 History
3.2 Political Bodies
3.3 Recent Development
3.4 Changes in Function of Horses
11
Chapter 4
Veterinary Guidance
4.1 Foreign Expertise
4.2 Education of Veterinarians
4.3 Veterinarian Problems
4.4 Farriers
13
Chapter 5
Schooling of Riders
5.1 New Terminology
5.2 Selection of Riders
5.3 Instructors
5.4 Prices for Horseback Riding
5.5 Willingness for Abroad Study
16
Chapter 6
Training of Horses
6.1 Trainings Routine
6.2 Equestrian Capitals
18
Chapter 7
Horse Feed
7.1 Current Feed Producers
7.2 Overall Feed Production
7.3 Current Way of Feeding
7.5 Havens
20
3
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter 8
Horse Stables
8.1 Stable Design
8.2 Footing
8.3 Copied Stables
22
Chapter 9
Transport of Horses
9.1 Trailer Embargo
9.2 Trailer Producers
9.3 Other Transport Options
25
Chapter 10
Equestrian Competitions
10.1 Popular Sports
10.2 Future Developments
10.3 Jinma International Sports City
10.4 DFZ
26
Chapter 11 Export Regulations
11.1 Current Export Procedures
11.2 Trade Barriers in Dutch Export
Regulations
29
Chapter 12
31
Doing Business in China
12.1 Mode of Entry
12.2 Differences in Doing Business
12.3 Guanxi
12.4 Long Term View
Chapter 13 Contact Details
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
4
33
Historical View on China’s Horse
Industry
36
Classification of Chinese Horse
Breeds
38
China’s Weather Conditions
39
Chapter 1
– Brief Introduction to China
The People’s Republic of China is the world’s most
populous country, with 1.3 billion people living on 9.6
million square kilometers of land. Only slightly larger
than the US, it contains almost five times as many
people. About 62 per cent of the population lives in the
countryside. However, millions of migrant workers from
rural areas actually earn their living in China’s towns and
cities. According to the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-Operation
Forum, the country’s urban population is expected to grow
to 750 million by 2020.1
The country is divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous
regions, 4 municipalities (city provinces), and 2 special
administrative regions.
1.1 General Overview
Prior to 1979, China maintained a centrally planned,
or command, economy. A large share of the country’s
economic output was directed and controlled by the
state, which set production goals, controlled prices and
allocated resources throughout most of the economy.
Reforms began with the slowly phasing out of collectivized
agriculture, and slowly expanded to a liberalization of
prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for
state enterprises, the foundation of a diversified banking
system, the development of stock markets, the rapid
growth of the non-state sector and the opening to foreign
trade and investment.2
The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency
gains have contributed to a increase in GDP of 9.8 per cent
since 1979 in 2008.3
Economic development has been more concentrated
around coastal provinces which explains the large
disparities in per capita between rural and urban regions.
Millions of surplus rural workers move between villages
and cities, taking on part-time jobs.
Year 2009
Area
Population
Number of households
GDP (USD)4
GDP per capita (USD)5
Bilateral import (EUR)6
Bilateral export (EUR)
Currency
The cause of China’s economic growth is often attributed
to two main factors: large-scale capital investment which is
financed by large domestic savings and foreign investment,
and rapid productivity growth. These two factors appear to
have gone together hand in hand. Economic reforms led
to higher efficiency in the economy, which boosted output
and increased resources for additional investment in the
economy.7
The country’s ‘one-child’ policy has lead to one of the most
rapidly aging countries in the world. By 2035, 25 per cent
of China’s population will be aged 60 or older, compared
to 10 per cent in 2001. With aging, the share of workingage individuals who contribute to government revenues
and economic growth will decline and the demand for
social services will rise.8
1.2 Political Developments
While the Chinese government has been focusing on
market-oriented developments, its national economy is
still officially directed according to Five-Year Plans which
lay out growth goals in various industries for the next half
decade. These guidelines are put together by a group of
experts from various fields to ensure it covers every aspect
in relation to China’s economical and social development.9
In October 2005, the Central Committee of the Chinese
Communist Party approved the draft version of the 11th
Five-Year Plan. 2005 saw the implementation of these
guidelines for the period 2006 to 2010, in which the central
government intends to lay a solid foundation for building
a new socialist countryside. Its aim is to boost modern
agriculture; develop new relationships between industry
and agriculture, cities and the countryside; and increase
rural affluence. (Naughton 2006). The Ministry of
9.596.960 km2
1328020000
539.100 000
7.973 trillion
6.000
3.845.000.000
25.306.600.000
Renminbi
1
7
2
8
The China Business Handbook – ING – ISBN 0-9552126-0-X
Issue Brief for Congress – Congressional Research Service – Jan 2006
3
Statistical Yearbook 2009 – ISBN 978-7-5037-5800-9
4
The total market value of all final goods and serviced produced in
a country in a given year, equal to total consumer, investment and
government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of
imports – The World Factbook, 2008
5
Central Intelligence Agency – The World Factbook, 2008
6
www.evd.nl – Internationaal Ondernemen & Samenwerken China
9
The Netherlands
41.543 km2
16 554 448
7312 579
672 billion
40.400
25.306.600.000
3.845.000.000
Euro
Issue Brief for Congress – Congressional Research Service – Jan 2006
China Daily – Dec 2009
An Overview of China’s Pork Industry – Spring 2006
5
Agriculture has set a number of quantitative targets for
animal husbandry in the current Five-Year Plan. Main tasks
of the 11th Five-Year Plan include:
• Speeding up the development of animal husbandry
and ensuring the supply of animal products;
• Increasing monitoring and supervision on product
quality and continuing product safety improvement;
• Improving the industry’s profit in order to raise
farmers’ income;
• Heightening awareness on environment protection
and eco-construction.
authorities should offer financial and technical support
to farmers to expand and improve production, whilst
farmers should register their farms and establish breeding
records, which will also log the use of veterinary feed and
medicine.
Farmers would be required to report outbreaks to local
animal epidemic prevention agencies and the take
measures to curb infections, and if diseased stocks are
removed because of sickness. They would be entitled to
claim compensation.11
1.3 Animal Husbandry Law
The Chinese government has enacted several laws to
promote its country’s agriculture, which would let to
more investment in rural infrastructure and agricultural
technology. In this line, the Animal Husbandry Law was
put into force on the first of July 2006. This eight-chapter
Law includes regulations on livestock breeding, raising and
production, transportation and product quality protection.
To ensure the quality and security of livestock products,
animal feed, additives and medicines should meet legal
and technical standards set which are set out by the
Animal Husbandry Law. 10
The newly implemented law aims to facilitate the
modernization of China’s animal husbandry industry by
encouraging the development of large-scale and highly
productive livestock farms.
At this moment, China sees a lot of small-size household
farmers whom raise their livestock in their backyard.
Horses are an exception because they are not held this
way.
The Animal Husbandry Law aims to improve meat safety
whilst protecting farmers’ livelihoods. Government
10
11
6
An Overview of China’s Fruit & Vegetables Industry – Summer 2008
An Overview of Trade Opportunities in China’s Pork Chain – Spring
2009
Map of People's Republic of China
Chapter 2
– Overview of China’s Equestrian Industry
An increasing number of wealthy people in China have
diverted their attention to equestrian sports. Professional
equestrian sports are only discovered relatively recently as
it started to develop since 1990. In mainland China, Beijing
and Shanghai are the biggest players in equine sports
as show jumping and dressage, whereby show jumping
definitely gains popularity.
Special administrative region Hong Kong is a major
player in the horse racing. The "Sport of Kings," the only
legal form of gambling in Hong Kong, is embraced with
unbridled fervor. One racing season, from September to
June, can pull in more than HKD 91 billion.12 This report
will lay more focus on the regions Beijing and Shanghai
as the Netherlands is specialized in show jumpers and
dressage horses.
2.3 History
In Chinese history, there were three major events
concerning horse breed improvement and therewith the
equestrian industry. In the Han Dynasty, light bred horses
were introduced, which were lighter than modern light
horses, and which became known to people for their
service in the Silk Road14. In the Tang Dynasty, more than
twenty horse breeds were introduced and raised in Longxi,
northwest China (west of Shaanxi Province, south of Gansu
Province), with the breeding result ‘Tang Horse’. After the
founding of the People’s Republic of China, 1125 horses of
8 different breeds were imported from the former Soviet
Union merely in 1952.15
• In 1960s, breed improvements were enormously
conducted in order to foster new horse breeds;
• In 1970s, remarkable achievements were scored in
this regards and new breeds were fostered in the
agricultural areas of northwest China, north China
and northwest China as well as pasturing areas;
• In 1980s, new horse breeds fostered were examined
and accepted. Later on, management was loosened
up, resulting in the loss of certain horse breeds;
• In 1990s, horse demand for racing, riding and
equestrian sports brought about the changes in the
functions of horses and breeding purposes as well as
the application of new fast breeding techniques.
2.1 Equestrian Regions
In China, there are around 300 professional horse clubs
which have more than ten horses.13 The majority of these
horsemanship clubs are located in and around Beijing.
Beijing is one of the most developed cities when it comes
to equestrian sports with around 80 professional stables.
Shanghai has around 16 professional horsemanship clubs.
The remaining 204 horsemanship clubs are mainly situated
throughout eastern China around the developed cities.
To find out who are decision makers in the equine
business, it is good to have an insight in how this market
is divided. There are three groups of horse owners: the
first and most important group is the one of successful
entrepreneurs that have horses as a hobby. They seek for
participation in this new elite sport of equestrian sports
and are investing in buildings, staff and horses.
Number of horses in China
Year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
*1000 heads
Horses
8.715
8.912
8.981
8.914
8.766
8.260
8.088
7.900
7.639
7.400
7.195
7.028
6.821
A very small group is the group that owns their own
horses and rent stables at professional horsemanship clubs
(pensionklanten). Almost all people within this group
are foreign people who are voluntarily absent from their
home country and choose to live in China. This is a very
limited group because most of these expats live in China
temporarily and therefore do not buy their own horse but
rather use the services of the horsemanship clubs.
The last group which is even smaller is the group farmers
who use their horse(s) for agricultural purposes. Most of
these farmers are located in the north west of China, in
the autonomous region Xinjiang. The Yili-horse breed has
its roots in this ‘province’ of the People’s Republic of China,
these horses are still used on the fields. Although there is an overall decrease in the number of
horses in China since 1996, the equestrian industry is
developing well. The number of high quality warm blood
horses has been increasing during the last fifteen to
twenty years.
12
14
13
http://www.happyvalleyracecourse.com/course.html
Mr. Chang Wei – Chairman – Chinese Equestrian Association
The Silk Road gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade which
began during the Han Dynasty, the major reason for the connection of
trade routes into an extensive trans-continental network.
15
Horses in China – 马在中国 – Dugarjaviin Manglai – 芒来 – Nov 2009
7
The provinces which have a quantity of horses are all
situated in the north of the People’s Republic of China,
close to Inner Mongolia. Inner Mongolia is the province
that has the longest history in equine.
2.4 Veterinary Guidance
Each horseman ship club employs its own veterinarian
expert. Unfortunately, the veterinarians who work for
these Chinese horsemanship clubs are not specialized in
horses. More information can be found in chapter four.
2.5 Schooling of Riders
In Shanghai and Beijing, more and more riding schools
are founded. This goes well together with the current
development of the horse industry. Young children start
riding horses which will benefit the industry in a later
stage. Many professional horsemanship clubs hire foreign
instructors to train their Chinese riders. Most of these
experts from abroad come from England, Australia, the
Netherlands, Germany and New Zealand.
2.6 Training of Horses
Whether horses are trained properly and effective has
everything to do with the expertise of its riders and
trainers. In China, there is enough room for improvement
concerning the overall level of horseback riding and
instructing riders. In northern China, more and more
wealthy entrepreneurs start to found horsemanship
clubs in which they employ staff that already worked for
them in the original business. With a lack of experience
and feeling, they start to train the club’s horses. More
information can be found in chapter six of this report.
real numbers
Province
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Tibet
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
Horses
2.000
1.000
227.000
23.000
700.000
277.000
478.000
282.000
7.000
2.000
58.000
156.000
10.000
44.000
20.000
366.000
21.000
949.000
846.000
753.000
410.000
10.000
137.000
218.000
3.000
839.000
2.7 Horse Feed
There are approximately four producers of horse feed in
China.16 Most of the horsemanship clubs have their own
staff which is responsible for feeding the horses and more
remarkable; producing the horse feed. Because horse feed
as a final product is only offered in a very limited way
and its variety is scarce, horsemanship clubs mix several
ingredients themselves.
2.8 Horse Stables
The more horses will be held, the more stable buildings
and other buildings for equestrian use will have to be
build. Most of the stable buildings in Shanghai have the
same design, the stable buildings in Beijing differ more
and are often designed by foreign architects. There are
no Chinese architects who are specialized in designing
buildings for equestrian use.17 More information, together
with pictures on this subject can be found in chapter eight
of this report.
2.9 Transport of Horses
There are approximately eight horse trailer producers
active in China. Hundred per cent of the total production of
these producers is currently being sold to foreign countries
16
Mr. P. Peili – Managing Director – Shanghai Corich Sports & Leisure
Co., Ltd.
17
Mr. E. Wong – Owner – Meadowbrook Equestrian & Rural Activity
Center
8
as Australia and New Zealand because in the People’s
Republic of China, it is not allowed to use a horse trailer
on public roads. But some experts state that changes are
coming soon.18
2.10 Equestrian Competitions
T h e re i s o n e c o m p e t i t i o n p e r t h re e w e e k s b e i n g
organized in Beijing due to the relatively large number of
horsemanship clubs.19 There are not enough riders which
compete to organize more competitions. But as stated in
the previous paragraph, horse trailers are not allowed on
Chinese roads. This political drawback makes it hard for
Chinese riders to compete.
2.11 Popular Equestrian Sports
The most popular equestrian sport in China is, without
a doubt, show jumping. Approximately 80 per cent of all
the horsemanship clubs are specialized in show jumping.
Dressage is not very popular (yet), just like western riding
and polo. Track racing is not allowed in mainland China,
but is allowed in the special administrative zone Hong
Kong. Harness riding in China is quite exceptional.
18
19
Mr. C. Chun – Jinan Horssen Trailers Co., Ltd. – Dec 2009
Mr. V. Vermeulen – Beijing International Equestrian Club Co,. Ltd.
Jinan – 20 October 2009 – China’s National Games
2.12 Breeding
There is an increasing interest in export of horse semen
to China on both the Dutch as the Chinese side. That is
why the Agricultural, Nature and Food Quality department
in Beijing and Shanghai are looking into a protocol to
establish the export of horse semen to China. Export of
horse semen is currently not possible.20
2.13 Export & Import
The number of imported horses that entered mainland
China has increased tremendously during the last six years.
KLM alone flew 245 horses to mainland China and 220
horses to Hong Kong in 2009.21
Highly involved parties are working hard to realize
adjusted legislation concerning quarantine and other
requirement concerning export to China. They are
expected to be launched in 2010. More information on
some of the trade barriers that infect this branch can be
found in chapter eleven of this report.
20
21
Veterinair Informatie Punt – 09-077 – July 2009
Mrs. M. Scherer – Int. Sales Manager Variation Live – KLM Cargo
9
10
Chapter 3
– Development of China’s Horse Industry
Exploring the origins of the Chinese horse breeds is
not an easy job to do because it has a rich horse breedculture with 19 different breeds and 18 sub-breeds. The
classification of the Chinese horse breeds is included in
appendix number two.
3.1 History
Starting from the Qin Dynasty, great efforts have been
made to develop the horse industry chiefly for military
purposes. In the Han Dynasty, priority was given to horse
raising in order to challenge foreign powers and expand
the emperor’s territory.
There came a declining period in horse breeding (907
AD – 1368 AD), when China’s horse industry fell into
decline due to the lasting wars in the late Tang Dynasty
and the following five Dynasties and ten Kingdoms,
which decrypted various environments necessary for the
sustained development of the horse industry.
During the period from 1368 AD to 1949 AD, Mongolian
horses came to prominence. Horses and the horse industry
thrived once again. Mongolian cavalries swept across
Europe and Asia, making enemy armies flee pell-mell
at the mere sight of them, and spreading the nomadic
civilization all over the world.
In the Ming Dynasty, stables were primarily run by
the government, and civilians raised horses under the
supervision and guidance of the government. Although
the horse industry was revitalized to a certain extent, there
was insufficient supply of horses. That is why breeders
started breeding with foreign breeds.22 The most common
foreign breeds in China as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Thoroughbred horses
Arabian horses
Holsteiner horses
Orlov Trotters
Ardennes horses
Kabardin horses
Akhal-Teke
Since then, the so called equine infrastructure has
developed steady. Political bodies have been founded
and organizations started to participate in organized
equestrian sports.
3.2 Political Bodies
The Chinese Equestrian Association (CEA) was formed in
1982, and joined the International Equestrian Federation
(FEI) in 1983. This association has subscribed 200
members since then.23 They are both horsemanship clubs
and racecourses.
22
23
Horses in China – 马在中国 – Dugarjaviin Manglai - 芒来 - Nov 2009
The China Horse Industry Association (CH IA) was
established in 2002 on the basis of National Horse
Breeding Committee.
3.3 Recent Development
More and more arenas, horse-riding clubs, horse race
courses and other facilities are being build. In China, there
are approximately 200 equestrian clubs at the end of 2009.
Horse riding has already become a fashion of modern life.
Improvement and introduction of horse breeds are being
carried out in a larger scale than ever.
Luxurious clubhouse of a horsemanship club in Beijing
In recent years, the exchanges between China’s horse
industry and the international horse industry have
increased constantly. Many Chinese entrepreneurs,
researchers, athletes, coaches, veterinaries, horse breakers
and specialists have been to Germany, France, Australia,
Hong Kong and other countries and regions to receive
training. 24 In response to the needs of developing the
modern horse culture, China Horse Culture Museum was
established in Beijing in 2003, which is now the largest
among horse culture museums in Asia. 25
3.4 Changes in Function of Horses
The origin and evolution of the functions of various horse
breeds can trace back to ancient times. In the Shang and
Zhou Dynasties, horses were generally used for chariot
wars, hunting, goods- and passenger carrying.
Horses were used for farming as early as the early Qin
Dynasty. Farmers plowed land, carried goods and horses
were often used for driving chariots and plowing in
ancient times. Horses were widely used for farming and
24
25
Mrs. M. van de Stolpe – Customer – Shanghai Equestrian Center –
Sept 2009
11
war. Undoubtedly by northern nomads.
Furthermore, horses were also used in games. In central
China, horses were first used for entertainment in the
imperial court of the Han Dynasty.
In 1990, commercial horse races were held for the first
time. In response to market demands, horses have not
been merely used for traditional purposes, along with the
change in breeding purposes.
Now in 2009, horses are used for both professional and
amateur purposes. Competing at show jumping and other
equestrian sports competitions is the main goal. This trend
will continue to develop in the direction of the western
Europe way of using horses.26
Descriptions of the pictures from top to bottom:
The first one shows a Spanish rider on a Spanish horse.
One would expect this picture to be taken in Spain. But it
was actually made in China, Jiangsu province to be precise.
More and more wealthy entrepreneurs have diverted their
attention to equestrian sports and import the kind they
like. Staff and original horses included.
The second picture was taken in a production hall in
Shanghai. Shanghai Shine Kingdom Sport Apparatus Co.
Ltd. produces products for equestrian sports as whips,
saddle decks and horse blankets. After the production
period, many of the products find their way to end users in
America, Germany and Sweden.
The third pictures shows two Russian-bred horses that are
owned by a horsemanship club in Shanghai. The Chinese
instructor of the club is mounting his horse while his
students are entering the arena.
26
12
Chapter 4
– Veterinary Guidance
China’s economic miracle has given rise to an increasingly
affluent and aspirational middle-class which is demanding
greater access to international standard equestrian and
horse related sports. Veterinary guidance is an important
facility to succeed in these sports and is a well respected
subject in the Chinese equestrian industry. Almost all of
the state owned, as well as the private owned stables
have their own veterinarian. This vet is an employee of
the particular stable and only works on the horses that
are owned by the stable. There are no specialized horse
clinics in China. This makes it very difficult to treat horses
which are seriously suffering from severe diseases. There
is simply no clinic where they have the knowledge and
resources to treat such diseased horses.27
The individual approach differs a lot when compared to the
way veterinarians work in Europe. European veterinarian
experts mostly own their own practice or work for one.
The difference is that they take visits and treat different
horses of different owners.
The three largest universities are located in respectively
Beijing (15.891 undergraduates), Nanjing (12.655
undergraduates) and Harbin (15.873 undergraduates).29
Harbin is the capital city of the Heilongjiang province in the
northern part of China. There are thirty-two agricultural
universities in China. They all provide the study veterinary
medicine. Mostly treatment of horses is
only a small part of the education program, the focus lays
more on small pets like cats and dogs. Students at the
Nanjing Agricultural University are informed about the
specific diseases for horses. Acupuncture courses are also
offered to treat horses diseases. In the anatomy courses,
horses are also uses as samples in class teaching.30
This personal and daily attention of course benefits the
horses. The only drawback is that the Chinese veterinarians
did not specialize in treatment of horses.
In many of the interviews that were held with Chinese
veterinarians was stated that he (female veterinarians
are very rare) was able to treat all animals, not horses
in particular. It is not remarkable that they are not that
much interested in a specialism of horses during their
educational program because this market was never
interesting enough. Pets are more interesting for students
because of the simple reason that treating cats and dogs is
more lucrative in busy cities.28
4.1 Foreign Expertise
Approximately 85 per cent of the stables, although they
have their own veterinarian, hire a foreign veterinarian
expert to treat their horses before an important event.
Most of the veterinarians that fly in to check on the horses
of the Chinese stables are from New-Zealand, Germany
and England. Those foreign experts mostly treat the horses
on a regular base by returning to the stable three times
per year and extra for special events.
The National Games which were held in Jinan in October
2009 was such an occasion.
4.2 Education of Veterinarians
The three largest agricultural universities of the People’s
Republic of China as follows;
• China’s Agricultural University
• Nanjing Agricultural
• Northeast China Agricultural University
27
28
Mrs. E. Eldering-Verwaal – Sept 2009
Mr. E. Verwaal – Consul-general of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in
Shanghai – Jan 2010
A thoroughbred horse at a horsemanship
club in Fengxian District, Shanghai
The only university that lays more focus on horses is the
Inner Mongolia University. This university might be an
interesting partner to set up educational programs in the
equine field and has a long history in this field since it was
founded in 1952.31 They have 180 undergraduate students
per year, 60 master graduate students annually and 20
doctorate graduate students in the last three years.
4.3 Veterinarian Problems
The problems that occur most are orthopedic and digestion
related. These problems have two major causes. The first
one is the footing in the arenas. Often this footing consists
of too loose sand. This way the horses’ joints and muscles
are overworked. Secondly, equine colic also occurs in China
as Chinese horses, or horses which are held by Chinese
horsemanship clubs, are exposed to similar aspects which
endanger the possibility of colic as elsewhere in the world.
29
Mr. N. Hong – Agricultural Assistant, Consulate-general of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands , Shanghai – Nov 2009
Mrs. Han Jiqin – Associate Professor – Nanjing Agricultural University
– Nov 2009
31
http://www1.imau.edu.cn/lxsh/bencandy.php?fid=5&id=4
30
13
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine asked the question
whether Chinese veterinarians would be interested in
following courses abroad. The veterinarian experts that are
employed on the private stables are aged between 30 and
55 and most of them have a family already and therefore
prefer to attend these courses in China.
Veterinarians are interested in guidance of sport horses
but state that because they work in an independent
way, on their ‘own’ horses and their ‘own’ stable, that
collaboration with other veterinarians is difficult. 4.4 Farriers
A farrier is a specialist in equine hoof care and it is an
ancient profession that deals with knowledge, experience
and knowhow. Horses need horse shoes when the animal
works on abrasive footing, needs additional traction, or
has pathological changes in the foot.32
Equestrian club owners hold a ditto view compared to
veterinarians when it comes to farriers. Each club employs
its own farrier whose task it is to maintain the horses
hoofs. These farriers do not have a lot of experience yet
and like with the vets, farrier-specialists from abroad come
to China several times per year in order to check-up the
horses hoofs and teach the clubs’ own farrier.33 This is a
positive development, the foreign farriers are introducing
hot shoeing and other, for China, new techniques.34 The
foreign farriers also come to China for special events and
competitions.
The first one shows a groom at the Shanghai Equestrian
Center which is clipping one of the competitions horses.
The legs are a bit swollen.
A pile of used horse shoes at Song Seng Horsemanship club
Fenxian district.
The third picture shows a Chinese bred jumping horse at
the Song Seng Horsemanship club that suffers from a skin
disease.
32
AAEP Convention – The Horse – May 2006
Mrs. M. Wangqiang – Owner – Equuleus International Riding Club –
Oct 2009
34
Mr. E. Wong – Owner – Meadowbrook Equestrian & Rural Activity
Center – Nov 2009
33
14
15
Chapter 5
– Schooling of Riders
No sustainable developments without youth that has
horseback riding as a hobby. New riders that start riding at
a young age are important for the professionalization of
the equestrian industry on the long run. In regard to young
children in China that learn how to ride a horse, they are
the children of wealthy Chinese and expats.
Shanghai and Beijing have been selected from a group of
employees that formerly worked for the companies that
set up the club. Most of the horsemanship riding clubs
are set up by company owners. They pick people to work
at the stable from their own workforce since they already
know and trust these people. But it is not undoubtedly
that they do not have talent for this sport.
The selected ‘riders’ are fortunate to have the opportunity
to develop themselves and are able to leave the factory
and work in a good working environment as a stable is.
This decision is more often than not made, not because
of the love for horses, but because of better working
conditions. With the effect that the staff team responsible
for the training of the horses is not always as motivated as
one would wish.
5.3 Instructors
Mr. E. Wong teaching one of his students
at Meadowbrook, Shanghai Sept 2009
5.1 New Terminology
It is noticeable that professional equestrian sports do not
have a long history in China; many horsemanship clubs
are newly build and there are only a few instructors that
can be compared to the overall quality in the Netherlands.
Equine sports is something totally new that has been
developing to European standards since fifteen years.
This recent development is also shown in for example the
names of the horses gaits. The Dutch language knows
specific names for the three standard gates and almost all
Dutch people know these names. There are even sayings
that include these gaits (op een drafje ergens heen gaan)
In Chinese the horses gaits are called:
• 溜马
• 小跑
• 奔驰 35
liu ma stroll running xiao pao small running
ben chi fast running
walk
trot
canter
This means that there are no specific words to describe
these gaits. Not many Chinese people are able to
immediately respond when they are asked what the three
gaits of a horse are called.
5.2 Selection of Riders
Most of the riders that work at horsemanship clubs in
35
16
Mr. N. Hong – Agricultural Assistant – Consulate-general of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands – Sept 2009
Many of the professional horsemanship clubs collaborate
with trainers from foreign countries as Germany, Belgium,
the Netherlands, Australia and England. They come to
China two to three times per year in order to train riders
and instructors of the clubs. The foreign trainers especially
come over for important events as the Olympic Games
and the National Games. The most ideal situation would
be that Chinese trainers gather contented experience in
order to train Chinese riders themselves. There is potential
in the perspective of training centers for riders, instructors
and grooms. Especially for ‘Helicon Opleidingen’, there
are numerous opportunities as the industry wants to
go forward quickly but lacks in knowledge and training
institutions. The Chinese Equestrian Association is the
actuation point for setting up equestrian trainings and
courses.
There are already courses that are currently offered by
the Chinese Equestrian Association in collaboration of the
Hongkong Jockey Club. These trainings are government
supported whereas the Chinese Equestrian Association is
a state-owner organization. The Chinese government sees
that the equestrian business starts employing more and
more Chinese citizens. Twenty students participated at the
course for horse-grooming in 2008 offered at the Hong
Kong Jockey Club. There are also instructors who come to
Beijing to teach students on this subject.
5.4 Prices for Horseback Riding
Horseback riding is a relatively expensive sport in China.
It is seen as a elite sport and the people who invested
and are thinking about investing in this sector would like
to keep it that way. It creates status and this status will
decline when the majority of the people is able to practice
equestrian sports. But perhaps even more important is the
fact that the horse-infrastructure is not yet as developed
as in Europe. More costs have to be made in order to
maintain horses properly because many aspects (horse
feed, footing etc.) are not as common as in Europe. The
average prices for horseback riding are as follows:
• EUR 31,00 per hour - with instructor
• EUR 1.650,00 membership fee per year per person36
Equitation will stay an ‘elite’ sport for a longer time when
prices are kept high by horsemanship club owners and
their customers.
5.5 Willingness for Abroad Study
In order to enhance equestrian sports, the quickest way
to integrate more European horse management styles
into China would be to send Chinese horsemen over to
European countries or other countries which have a good
reputation in equine. Although this would be the best
option, it is more likely to set up programs and courses
in China. The main reason is that even though Chinese
in general like to travel, it is an expensive matter to cross
to world to gain this knowledge. The designated people
who would have to go abroad for trainings (farriers,
veterinarians, riders) mostly do not have sufficient financial
sources to travel. Given this fact, more effectiveness will
be generated when courses are set up in China. Having
this said, there are ofcourse possibilities for exchange
programs. These operational plans can be discussed with
each particular stable.
Round pen at Meadowbrook
Equestrian & Rural
Activity Center in Shanghai
Chinese rider is tacking up
his retired racehorse at
Song Seng Horsemanship club
in Shanghai
36
This price indication has been made after calculating the prices of
eleven horsemanship clubs
17
Chapter 6
– Training of Horses
Unlike in the Netherlands, most Chinese staff members
at horsemanship clubs are male. This has to do with the
in chapter five already described phenomenon that most
of the employees at the horse stables are often selected
from the stable’s owner workforce. They formerly worked
in the company before their general manager decided he
wanted to set up an horsemanship club and needed staff
to maintain and train the horses.
Unfortunately, the opportunities for such rides outside the
premises is scarce in China. Many of the horsemanship
clubs are located next to busy roads, not to mention the
driving skills of the Chinese. Adjacent to this, people in
traffic are not used to horses in traffic. This could effect in
dangerous situations for both the rider and horse, as well
as for the road user.
But above all, the most effective way to school a horse
is a well thought out training schedule that takes place
in an arena and allows the horse to gain strength
and prepare it for the job it has to do, whether this is
dressage, show jumping (most popular sport) or any other
equestrian sport. Nevertheless, it is hard to realize such
a well considered training technique and schedule when
there is no expertise and experience available within the
organization. This will eventually gain but it will take
several years. More knowledge is needed and wanted
in these horsemanship clubs who are eager to develop.
Financial resources in these horsemanship clubs are not
the aspects that obstruct these developments, a lack of
knowledge and inexperience is.
Professional riders during their daily training at
Shanghai Song Seng Horsemanship Club
Material arrangements as stable buildings, personnel and
tack are made quickly, but aspects of the equestrian sports
that require feeling, experience, insight and knowhow are
only succinctly present in the current market.
Having this said, it is not hard to imagine the poor
quality of riders at these stables. Like always, there are
numerous exceptions but the general way is as described
above. The inexperience is not beneficiary for the training
of the horses. The imbalance, fidget hands and a lack
of knowledge on how to train a horse of many of the
‘professional’ riders make it hard to train the horses in a
proper way. Nevertheless, there are some really talented
Chinese riders that are offered jobs at high- quality
horsemanship clubs.
6.1 Trainings Routine
It is important for sport horses to enjoy an alternating
training schedule. Variation in the horses training prevents
the horses from a finite work strain and getting bored.
There are many ways to guarantee an alternating training
schedule. One of the training methods is longing.
Although we in Europe consider longing to be an useful
and necessary addition to the daily training routines,
not many horsemanship clubs in China use this training
technique to improve the horses balance and flexibility.
A ride outside the horsemanship’s premises will also help
to keep the horses interested in the workload as they will
get new impressions and experiences.
18
Professional riders during their daily training at
Shanghai Song Seng Horsemanship Club
6.2 Equestrian Capitals
Beijing, together with Hong Kong, are more developed
areas when it comes to equestrian activities in China.
More experts from abroad are involved and it has shown
that this definitely benefits the training of the horses. In
Shanghai, the only stable that has an foreign instructor
(Karsten Huck - Germany) is the Shanghai Equestrian
Center, the state-owned horsemanship club. The overall
average quality of training of horses in Shanghai is low.
The overall quality in Beijing is better.
19
Chapter 7
– Horse Feed
A lot of work can still be done when it comes to the
Chinese horse feed industry because of the simple reason
that the available horse feed that is offered at the market
is very limited at the moment. Specialized horse pellets
for example sports horses or foals is not yet offered by
Chinese companies in large amounts.
feed contributed 5.46 million tonnes, an increase of 4.79
percent year-on-year. In 2008, China exported 6 million
tonnes of feed and the total value was USD 3 billion;
imported 2.5 million tonnes and worth USD 2 billion.39
Most of is this feed is produced for pigs, cows and poultry.
Horses are such a small group that the China Feed Industry
Association does not include horses.
7.3 Current Way of Feeding
Because feed that is especially developed for horses is
scarce, most of the horsemanship clubs have their own
personnel to prepare their own feed for their own horses.
Ingredients are purchased separately from local farmers,
mostly for Inner Mongolia, and are then mixed to create
the final end-product for the horses. Ingredients that are
most commonly used to feed horses in China are:
• Sugar beet pellets
• Soybean residue
• Bailey
• Grain
• Corn
• Barley
• Oats
• Carrots
• Vitamin A, B and C
7.1 Current Feed Producers
There are around four feed producers in China that
produce feed specialized for horses.37 Also in this area it is
shown that the expertise in equine is not as developed as
in other parts of the world seeing that some think the feed
for horses and cattle has no difference. These producers do
not only produce horse feed, also feed for other animals is
sold. Ninety percent of all horse feed is sold to the Middle
East, South Korea and Japan.
The remaining ten per cent is sold to end users in China
itself. The majority of the customers are private owned
stables and some state owned stables. Most of the horse
feed is sold to Guangdong province, Beijing and Shanghai.
The most equestrian activity takes place in these three
provinces.38
7.2 Overall Feed Production
In 2008, China's feed industry has continued to show a
trend of stable development. The output of China's feed
industry in 2008 reached 137 million tonnes, an increase of
8.51 percent year-on-year. Among them, compound feed
achieved 105.90 million tonnes, up 13.64 percent yearon-year; concentrated feed made 25.31 million tonnes,
an increase of 1.58 percent year-on-year; additive premix
37
Co., Ltd. – Dec 2009
38
Mr. J. Lee – Sales Respresentative – Xingtai Jiansen Trade Co., Ltd. –
Dec 2009
20
These ingredients are grinded by hand or machine and
then collected in big wooden boxes. Sometimes oil or
vitamins are added. This is different in every stable,
depending on what the stable-veterinarian thinks is best
for the horses. These veterinarians have a great influence
on the prescribed feed whereas there are no experts who
can advise stable-owners and managers on what is the
best for their horses. And although most horses look
healthy, this can be improved much more by proper feed
and training.
The most remarkable is that none of the stables work
together in the purchase process. They all buy from their
own farmers located in Mongolia.40 In this way, transport
costs have to be made by each individual stable and no
quantity discount can be stipulated. The fact that every
single stable purchases their feed individually has to do
with the ‘guanxi’ of the Chinese people. The Chinese word
‘guanxi’ means network in English. Using somebody else’s
network by purchasing feed at the contact person of
another stable owner would mean that his own network
would not be good enough. More information can be
found in chapter fifteen.
39
40
http://english.chinafeed.org.cn/main_itemdetail_en.php?column_
id=173&item
Mr. Pan – General Manager – Shanghai Roborant M&E Technology Co.
Ltd. & Shanghai Roborant Horsemanship Club
To find out who are decision makers in the purchase
process in horse feed it is good to have an insight in how
this market is divided in China. There are three groups of
horse owners: the first and most important is the group of
successful entrepreneurs that have horses as a hobby. They
want to participate in the new elite sport of equestrian
sports and invested in buildings, staff and horses. But
because foreign feed imports are expensive they produce
their own horse feed. It is a common fact that labor costs
are cheap in China, due to this fact it is more beneficiary to
produce the feed themselves.
A very small group is the group who own their own horse
and rent a stable at a professional horsemanship club
(pensionklanten). Almost all people within this group
are foreign people who are voluntarily absent from their
home country and choose to live in China. This is a very
limited group because most of these expats live in China
temporarily and therefore do not buy their own horse but
rather use the services of the horsemanship clubs. The
horsemanship clubs decide for them what the horses will
eat, in correspondence with the horse owners.
The last group which is even smaller is the group farmers
that use their horse(s) for agricultural purposes. Most of
these farmers are located in the north west of China, in
the autonomous region Xinjiang. The Yili-horse breed has
its roots in this ‘province’ of the People’s Republic of China,
these horses are still used on the fields. The last described target group is probably the least
interesting because of the limited financial resources of
this group and the rich offering of nutritious hay, grain,
corn and other agricultural products.41
The first mentioned target group disposes of more
financial strength and has the goal to manage their warm
blood horses in the way it is done in Europe. They want to
establish equal circumstances. Responding hereon would
mean increasing sales of good horse feed.
7.5 Havens
Havens Graanhandel N.V. is a big global player in horse
feed with a expanded target group that also reaches
South-East Asia. Havens started selling horse feed in Japan
and was later followed by Malaysia, Singapore and the for
China most important locations Hong Kong and Macao.
Havens cooperates with Tallahesse Asia Holdings Limited
and has its stock in Hong Kong. Experts expect an increase
of professional horse feed as the industry becomes more
performance oriented.42
41
42
Co., Ltd. – Dec 2009
Mr. M. Chin – Tallahesse Asia Holdings Ltd. – Oct 2009
21
Chapter 8
– Horse Stables
The first thing that comes to mind when thinking of
building stables in China is; copying. In the past, this
perception has shown to be a realistic one, also in
equestrian fields. There is the famous phrase: copyright
for China means the right to copy. Especially product
developers, but also architects of horse stables are of
course not very fond of the idea that all efforts and designs
can be copied easily without restrictions of the nation’s
government.
There are several examples of Chinese companies that
have copied stable designs of foreign architects. Not only
the designs of the stables but even the exact pictures of
their leaflets and brochures have been used in the ones of
their Chinese competitors.
8.1 Stable Design
Most of the buildings for equestrian use of original
design are designed by foreign architects. Many of the
Shanghainese stables have the same design.
The actual stable building is approximately 13 meters wide
with two stables on each side and an aisle in the middle.
The horse stable sizes vary from large to very large, the
ceiling is high and has an even higher roof-ridge. This
helps to cope with the heat in Shanghainese summer: 30
degrees Celsius in July and an average annual temperature
of 17,2 degrees Celsius.43
The horse stables are made of concrete and do not have
stable-doors as we know them in Europe. To prevent the
horses from walking out of the stables, a double pipe
construction that can be pulled towards the other end of
the stable entrance.
8.2 Footing
The footing that is placed in the stables would regularly
consist of rice bran. This is a relative inexpensive restproduct that is affluence in the Shanghai area because
of the large rice consumption all over China. The rice
bran absorbs fluids quite well, although straw absorbs
better. But each manager has employed so many staff that
cleaning is no problem. Drainage is hardly ever included in
the horse-stables.
In some of the stables, the horses’ watering troughs still
have to be filled by hand every few hours. This depends on
how much the horse drinks. This is not very effective seen
the fact that many of the employees will be occupied with
this chore during the working day and horses can run out
of water during the night.
8.3 Copied Stables
Some of the stables in Shanghai and Beijing have been
copied by people who have little knowledge of designing
buildings for equestrian purposes. This shows immediately;
43
22
windows are placed to high so horses cannot see through,
doors have to be opened in order to feed the horses, sharp
edges occur on places where horses have to make turns
and doors open in a way that could be more proficient.
23
24
Chapter 9
– Transport of Horses
In a country were the so called equine infrastructure is
missing, you can imagine that regulations are not totally
suited for this sport as well. Transport of horses is an
example of a political drawback that is not conductive to
the development in the equestrian line of business.
9.1 Trailer Embargo
In the People’s Republic of China, it is not allowed to
use horse trailers on public roads. This again indicates
the stage China is in when it comes to equestrian sports.
Some specialists state that the Chinese government
is already writing draft reports and actively gathering
information within the industry to release a law that
allows horse trailers on public Chinese roads. 44 Other,
less positive specialists45 state that it will take another ten
to fifteen more years before this law will be active due
to the number of cars that take part in traffic every day:
50.996.100 vehicles, both private as civil, in China in 2008.46
9.3 Other Transport Options
There are three other options to transport a horse; on
horseback, by foot or by truck. Unfortunately, there is
often only one horse truck per province. Almost all of
these trucks are owned by the state-owned stables. Some
private owned stables have their own horse truck at their
disposal.
A lack of trucks requires cooperation between stables. For
example during the national Games in Jinan, many horses
from the Beijing area had to go to the Shandong province
to compete at the competition. But stable managers had
to work together in order to get all the horses at the site
in time. Even though there weren’t enough horse trucks.48
This collaboration of managers and riders is beneficiary for
the industries developments as they hopefully will work
together on other parts as well.
Nevertheless, there are more positive developments; the
Beijing municipality started to issue registration plates for
caravans in April 2009.47 This is positive because a trailer
is a comparable object behind a car, which could mean
that the admittance of horse trailers is close. Could mean,
because in Chinese politics suchlike arrangements are
never made in an improvident way.
9.2 Trailer Producers
There are eight horse trailer producers in main land China.
All these production companies sell 100 per cent of their
horse trailers to foreign countries (Australia, New Zealand)
because they cannot sell their products in China due to
current regulation.
Changes in traffic law which would result in a permit of
horse trailers on public Chinese roads would benefit the
equestrian competitions enormously. The current situation
is that stables organize competitions, especially in the
Beijing area, but it is difficult for potential participants
from the outside to participate due to the transport
problem.
44
Mr. M. Pan – Shanghai Nohard Autotools Co., Ltd. – Dec 2009
46
47
45
But the overall feeling is that this transport problem will
have to be solved. Not only riders and owners stress the
fact that it obstructs the entire industry, also the Chinese
Equestrian Association is working hard to change current
regulation.
48
Mr. A. Neessen – Clearwood Stud. – Beijing – Oct 2009
25
Chapter 10
– Equestrian Competitions
This is one of the shortest chapters of this rapport, for
the simple reason that there are hardly any equestrian
competitions being organized in China. But like every
other aspect of the sports of horses, this is starting to
change quickly.
The Chinese Equestrian Association is an important
political body that is involved in the organization of
equestrian competitions. This association will organize
twenty national and five international competitions in
2010.49
10.2 Future Developments
A bright future for equestrian competition in China is
forecasted by many highly involved people in the industry.
More and more competitions are organized every year, but
the number of competition-riders should not stay behind.
It is expected that one competition per three weeks will be
enough for the first half of 2010. The following paragraphs
are important for future developments.
There are two to three competitions being hosted by
local associations, horsemanship clubs or the Chinese
Equestrian Association from March to November.
During the winter, there is one equestrian competition
being organized in Beijing per three weeks. Equuleus
International Riding Club is a horsemanship club in Beijing
that organizes a competitions every Friday, all year round.50
In Beijing, there are annually 30 equestrian competitions
organized without help of the in Beijing located Chinese
Equestrian Association. Horsemanship clubs should get
in contact with the Chinese Equestrian Association if they
wish to host a national equestrian competition and there
are more than five participating horsemanship clubs. 10.1 Popular Sports
Approximately 80 per cent of these horsemanship clubs
practice show jumping.51 This branch of equestrian sports
is by far the most popular one. There are only a few
equestrian clubs that are specialized in dressage and
harness riding 52. Another sport which wins popularity
is western riding. Especially barrel racing competitions
are organized more often than three years ago. Riders
compete with warm bloods or Chinese bred horses which
are not the ideal horses for the job.
Popularity Equestrian Sports
10.3 Jinma International Sports City
Another positive step was taken in November 2009
when the first “Sports Lottery Cup” Inter national
Equestrian Forum was held in Chengdu, involving a
number of Australians. It was jointly organized by the
Sichuan Equestrian Association, the Chengdu Equestrian
Association, the Wenjiang district government, and was
supported by Chengdu Sports Bureau.53 This was the first
high-level forum to be held in Western China, and signals
the beginning of the horse industry in that region.
Equestrian Sports and other horse related industries,
including racing and breeding, are part of the plan by the
Chengdu municipal government and Wenjiang district
government who are working together to establish
“Chengdu Jinma International Sports City”.
10.4 DFZ
The abbreviation DFZ stands for Disease Free Zone and
refers to a certain defined area where no one, or several
49
Mr. V. Vermeulen – Stable Director – Beijing International Equestrian
Club Co,. Ltd.
51
This statement is an estimation that was deducted after numerous
visits to organizations active in the equestrian sector during a period
of 4 months
52
An arrangement of leather straps buckled or looped together, fitted to
a draught animal in order that the animal can be attached to and pull
a cart
50
26
53
http://www.elizapark.com.au/_news_articles/news_090721_
ChinaForum.html
kinds of equine epidemic diseases have ever happened
within a specified period of time. Moreover, it is a special
area where effective official control is performed over
the flowing of animals and by-products. Animal origin
feedstuff, animal genetic materials, animal pathological
specimens and veterinary drugs (including biologics)
within the aforesaid area, its border area and a certain
extent of this peripheral area and this area has successfully
passed the State appraisal.54
Not creating a disease free zone in China’s mainland
would impede international competitions. Although it is
often said that horses cannot leave China, the contrary
is true; horses can easily leave China but the countries of
destination refuse to receive these horses because of the
lack of disease control in China, the lack of a disease free
zones.55
But protocols start to take shape as the Dutch Ministry
of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, together with
ministries of other countries worldwide, are collaborating
with the Chinese government to finalize the first disease
free zone in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, in the
south of China due to the sixteenth Asian Games which
are being held in November 2010. 56 Creating a disease
free zone would be an huge maturation for China’s equine
infrastructure because it would mean that horses that are
trained in foreign countries can compete at international
competitions that are being held in China.
It was already possible to do so but professional riders
would not take their horse to China to compete only one
single competition, as they already knew they could not
take their horse(s) back home afterwards. Sport horses
that compete at these international competitions are
valuable and riders therefore want to take it back to her of
his training stable anywhere else in the world.
Besides that, there are a number of originally Chinese
riders who train in foreign countries but want to represent
their country or province during competitions held in
China. When a disease free zone is created, these riders
can compete with their own horses that live outside
China.57
54
www.gzahi.gov.cn
Mr. P. de Leeuw – Chief Veterinary Officer of the Dutch Ministry of
Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality – Oct 2009
56
www.gz2010.cn/en
57
Mr. Lam – Father Samantha Lam; Olympic Rider (Show jumping) – Oct
2009
55
27
28
Chapter 11
– Export Regulations
When more and more horses are sold to the People’s
Republic of China, export regulations start to make a real
difference in worldwide trade. Not only for the Dutch side
because horses have to undergo several tests which bring
along extra costs. Besides for the Netherlands also for the
Chinese side because other members of the European
Union might have more favorable regulations which could
influence their European destination to start the search for
warmblood horses.
11.1 Current Export Procedures
The current procedure for export from the Netherlands to
China as follows:
• All horses that are exported to China have to
undergo an official quarantine period in the
Netherlands of 30 days.
• Before horses can start the official quarantine, they
have to be tested on the following blood tests:
* Equine Infectious Anemia58
* Equine Rhinopneumonitis59
* Equine viral Arteritis60
* Equine Paratyphoid61
* Equine Piroplasmosis62
* Piroplasmosis EDTA
* Glanders
checked again and subsequently have to be free of clinical
signs and infectious and contagious diseases. When these
checks have been done and results come
out negative again, the horses will be transported to China
by plane.
Once the horses reach China’s mainland, they will undergo
an extra 45 days of quarantine under supervision of the
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. The blood tests that are
done in the Netherlands will be repeated again (third time)
during the Chinese quarantine so the Chinese government
is sure they are dealing with perfectly healthy horses.63
If the horses come out negative again on these tests, they
can be released after 45 days and can finally be transported
to their new owners/riders and stables.
After the horses have been tested negative on the tests
stated above, the official 30-days quarantine can start
under supervision of an official veterinary expert of the
Ministry of Agriculture.
During the official 30-days quarantine period, all tests will
be repeated, except for the Coggins- and Glanders test.
All these tests need to be done in a laboratory which got
approval from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Kingdom
of the Netherlands.
Next to the double check that is done, the horses also need
to be treated against internal and external parasites with a
parasiticide approved by the Ministry.
When all tests come out negative, which means they
are free of the tested diseases, and the horses had all
treatments required by the Chinese Government, an official
veterinary expert of the Ministry of Agriculture comes to
the location where the horses are in quarantine. He or
she then produces the health papers for export to China
according to the Dutch-Chinese protocol.
A horse enjoying some hay before it is flown to Mexico
11.2 Trade Barriers in Dutch Export
Regulations
When it comes to export of horses from the Netherlands
to China, there are some drawbacks which obstruct an
uncomplicated export procedure.
11.2.1 Quarantine Start Delays
An example hereof is the fact that the Netherlands is the
only member of the European Union were horses have to
be tested with negative results before they are allowed to
start the official quarantine period.
At this point, all the horses that are ready for export will be
58
Also referred as ‘Coggins’
This is combined with a serum neutralization test that has an interval
of 14 days
60
This blood test has the abbreviation ‘EVA’
61
Also referred to as ‘Salmonella Arbortus Equi’
62
Also referred to as ‘Babesia Equi’
59
63
Mr. R. Oirbans – Horse Service International B.V. – Jan 2010
29
It is undoubtedly that this is an example of a trade
barriers because transport companies have to cope with
extra charges for the second testing’s when compared to
competitors in for example Germany of France. Besides,
Dutch transporters also need more time because of these
second tests which is clearly disadvantuous for them.
11.2.2 Equine Viral Arteritis
Another trade barrier is the Dutch regulation concerning
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA). When a horse comes out of
this EVA-test with a positive result, it is not allowed to be
exported. This effects a lot of flights, and eventually sales
seen the fact that a large number of horses are carrier of
this viral disease64
Horse Service International B.V. is working hard together
with governmental organizations to get the certificate
for EVA approved according the World Organisation for
Animal Health (OIE)65
The request is trying to realize a change in the current
procedures; if a horse has the same titer-result twice in the
EVA-test, it should still be possible to export these horses.
This means that in an ideal situation, if horses are tested
positive on EVA the second time, the titer is also mentioned
on the result-form. In cause of an GTS-situation66, whereby
the titer has not increased/changed, the negativenotification should be added on the health certificate. 11.2.3 Laboratory Delays
The last political drawback has to do with external
competition from the Eastern neighbors of the Netherlands.
Germany has a commercial laboratory where all European
countries can send their tests too in order for them to get
the results. Only companies in the Netherlands are obliged
to send their tests to the Dutch Ministry Laboratory. This
Dutch government laboratory is not as quick as the German
one and charges more for the same proceedings.67
The first picture was taken in Jiangsu province and shows
two imported horses. The white horse on the background is
a Andalusier horse (Spanish breed) and the black one in the
forefront is a Frisian horse imported from the Netherlands.
The second picture shows a statue of an Australian
thoroughbred and is placed in front of the luxurious club
house of the Shanghai Equestrian Center.
The last picture was taken on Changle Lu in Shanghai
and shows a woman with a cap on her head that has to
protect in case of an accident. The majority of these caps
in China are not sold to horseback riders but to people that
own scooters and motor vehicles due to the fact that they
are cheaper than a regular helmet.
64
www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/52900.htm
www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm
Geen titer stijging
67
Mr. R. Oirbans – Horse Service International B.V. – Jan 2010
65
66
30
Chapter 12
– Doing Business in China
As China’s economy grows and opens further, the
opportunity it presents to foreign companies is changing.
This flourishing economy brought along desires for the so
called ‘elite sports’ like horseback riding. Now, companies
can actually go after the Chinese domestic equestrian
market, and it’s worth going after.
A start has been made by the collaboration of several
Dutch companies by means of a consortium called ‘Orange
Horse Initiative’. Each of the involved companies have their
own expertise in the equestrian market. It is now keen
to make well considered steps in order to set foot in this
Chinese market that is starting to rise.
12.1 Mode of Entry
Once the decision has been taken to conduct business on
the Chinese market, a company needs to determine the
right mode of entry. Several options are available through
which a firm can enter the market, ranging from sales
representatives to joint-ventures to a wholly owned foreign
enterprise. For this reason, a company has to consider its
level of commitment, risk control and the profit potential
attached to each alternative carefully.68
European
Chinese
THEIR BASIC CULTURAL VALUES AND WAYS OF THINKING
Individualistic
Collectivistic
Egalitarian
Hierarchical
Information oriented
Relationship oriented
Sequential
Circular
Seeks the truth
Seeks the way
HOW THEY APPROACH THE NEGATION PROCESS
Nontask Sounding
Quick meetings
Long courting process
Informal
Formal
Information exchange
Full authority
Limited authority
Direct
Indirect
Means of Persuasion
Aggressive
Questioning
Impatient
Enduring
Terms of Agreement
Forging a ‘good deal’
Forging a long-term
relationship
12.2 Differences in Doing Business
Another aspect that these companies will surely get
acquainted with is the different way in doing business.
Many businesses find it difficult to cope with these
differences. The root cause: the European side’s fail to
understand the much broader context of Chinese culture
and values. European and Chinese approaches often
appear incompatible. An overview of the view from both
sides might help to create more insight.69
12.3 Guanxi
As stated in chapter seven, guanxi plays quite an
important role in daily Chinese business life. It is often
translated as ‘network’ or ‘personal connections’. In fact,
these translations do not do justice to the fundamental,
and complex, concept of guanxi. While Europeans put a
premium on networking, the Chinese place a premium
on individuals’ social capital within their group of friends,
relatives and close associates.70
The role of guanxi is sometimes overestimated because just
like in Europe, your personal connections are important.
Besides that, China’s business culture is changing into a
more Western approach. This has to do with the large
number of foreign companies and multinationals that are
active in China. Next to the increasing number of Chinese
students who have studied abroad.
68
An Overview of China’s Fruit & Vegetables Industry – May 2008
Harvard Business Review on Doing Business in China – ISBN 1-59139638-7
70
Prof. Dr. J. Gatz – Professor Cultural Dimensions – Hochschüle Hof –
Sept 2009
Sino-Dutch Trade Dinner during the Trade Mission led by Minister
Eurlings in Shanghai in November 2009
12.4 Long Term View
Especially the fact that many Chinese businesses are
seeking for a long term relationship will be crucial for the
success of the ‘Orange Horse Initiative’ consortium.
Its strength is that it can offer a total package. Success in
the equestrian business requires experience, know-how
and time. Many Chinese entrepreneurs move quickly and
buy the necessary products without effort, but overall
success in equestrian sports simply takes more time.
Consortium-members should not be dragged along
something that looks like a ‘quick profit’ but should
cooperate and guarantee success on the long run. 71 The
consortium has to work together as a team. There are
several examples of branches were it has shown to be very
successful to operate in this way.72
71
69
72
Mr. E. Verwaal – Consul-general of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in
Shanghai – Dec 2009
Mr. H. van Duijn – Diplomatic Counselor – Ministry of Agriculture
Nature and Food Quality – Jan 2010
31
32
Chapter 13
– Contact Details
Beijing Equidorf Saddlery Co. Ltd.
No. 89 Beimafang Dongwei Road
Chaoyang District
Beijing 100018
0086 010 843 17638
hsz@equidorf.com
www.equidorf.com
Consulate-General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
500 Hongbaoshi Road
10/F B (East) Tower, Dawning Center
Changning District
0086 (0)21 2208 7288
www.hollandinchina.org
Beijing International Equestrian Club Co. Ltd.
Vincent Vermeulen – Stable Director
No. 99 Cailand Road
Caiyu Town, Daxing District
Beijing 102608
0086 10 8020 3699
www.iecbj.com.cn
Equuleus International Riding Club
No. 91 Shunbai Road
Sunhe Zhen
Chao Yang District
Beijing
0086 10 84590236
michelle_wangqiang@yahoo.com.cn
www.equriding.com
Belebro (Almarit B.V.)
Mr. Piërre Bens - President
Kampstraat 1a
5384 PV Heesch
The Netherlands
pierre.bens@belebro.eu
Phone +31 412 457406
www.belebro.com
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Androclusgebouw
Yalelaan 1, De Uithof
3584 CL Utrecht
The Neterlands
0031 (030) 253 90 00
faculteitsbestuur@vet.uu.nl
www.uu.nl
Brinco Stallenbouw
Ambachtstraat 3
3732 CN De Bilt
Tel: 030-2201690
Fax: 030-2205459
info@brinco.nl
www.brinco.nl
Havens Graanhandel N.V.
Mgr. Geurtsstraat 41
5823 AC Maashees
The Netherlands
0031 (0)478-638 238
www.havens.nl
China’s Agricultural University
Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu 2
Haidian
Beijing 100094
0086 10 62732736
0086 10 62731004
cauie@cau.edu.cn
www.cau.edu.cn
Chinese Equestrian Association
Mr. Chang Wei - Chairman
Laoshan
Shijingshan District
Beijing 100049
0086 10 88977833
0086 139 1199 0579
changwei6@163.com
www.horse.org.cn
Helicon Opleidingen NHB Deurne
Mr. Peter Strijbosch – Director Intational Programmes
Bruggenseweg 11a
5752 SC Deurne
The Netherlands
0031 493 31 30 06
p.strijbosch@helicon.nl
Horse Service International B.V.
Hazenkampweg 6
5964 PE METERIK
The Netherlands
0031(0)77.398.4545
info@horseservice.nl
www.horseservice.nl
33
Koninklijk Warmbloed Paardenstamboek Nederland
Mrs. Irene Wolfs – Manager Foreign Affairs
Stephensonstraat 25A - 27
3846 AK Harderwijk
The Netherlands
0031(0)341-255555
info@kwpn.nl
www.kwpn.nl
Meadowbrook Equestrian and Rural Center
2780 Shen Zhuan Highway
Qing Pu District
Shanghai 201714
0086 (21) 6983 0022
info@meadowbrookshanghai.com
www.meadowbrookshanghai.com
Nanjing Agricultural University
Mrs. Han Jiqin – Associate Professor
Weigang 1
Nanjing
0086-25-8439-5727
0086-25-8439-5754
jhan@njau.edu.cn
english.njau.edu.cn
Northeast Agricultural University
Mucai Street 59
Xiangfang District
Harbin
0086-451-55190114
neauxcb@126.com
www.neau.cn
PAVO (Horse Feed)
Postbus 4136
7320 AC Apeldoorn
Boogschutterstraat 40
7324 Apeldoorn
The Netherlands
0031 (0)55-3696369
www.pavo.nl
Roborant Horsemanship Club Ltd.
Caijian Road
Fengcheng Town
Fengxian District
Shanghai 201409
0086 021-57553222
0086 130 6166 8360
mashu@roborant.com.cn
www.horse.roborant.com.cn
34
Shanghai Corich Sports & Leisure Co., Ltd.
Mr. Pang Peili – Managing Director
North Caoxi Road 468
Ninth Floor – Room 1106
Shanghai 200030
0086 21 5424 2347
0086 133 218 73800
peili@corichsaddlery.com
Shanghai Equestrian Centre
No.6300 Jin Lang Highway
Zhu Jin Town
Jin Shan District
Shanghai
0086 021 57346691
www.shmsydc.com
Shanghai Shine Kingdom Sport Apparatus Co. Ltd.
P.O. Box Shanghai 700-008
0086 021 59700788
0086 021 59700789
shskscom@online.sh.cn
Shanghai Song Seng Equestrian Club
No. 621 East Renmintang Road
Fengxian District
Shanghai 201418
0086 (0)21 51398100
www.songseng.com
Tallahesse Asia Holdings Ltd.
No. 73 Caine Road
Mezzaine Floor, Unit E
Hong Kong
0065 9723 8582
mark.chin@tallahesse.com
www.tallahesse.com
Verenigde Sportpaardenhandel Nederland
www.vsnhorses.nl
WDJ Horses
Mr. Wim de Jonghe – General Manager
Fleuweweg 12b
7468 AG Enter
The Netherlands
0031 651 203 908
0086 158 12 466 252
info@wdjhorses.com
www.wdjhorses.com
Appendix 1
– Historical View on China’s Horse Industry
China’s horse industry went through the development
stages as follows: first of all, in early times (2100 B.C. – 221
B.C.) i.e., the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, monarchs
adopted the system of enfeoffment to consolidate their
power while suppressing the maneuver capacity of
the nobles. Then, the social hierarchical system of the
slave society came into being, specifying what kind of
people should won what kind of horses. Restrictions on
production scale, quality and quantity of horses to be
raises were imposes so as to control the maneuver capacity
of the nobles.
Next to it is the prime period (221 B.C. – 907 AD), when
the centralization system was introduced, with the system
of prefectures and counties instead of the system of
enfeoffment. Starting from the Qin Dynasty, great efforts
had been made to develop the horse industry chiefly for
military purposes. In the Han Dynasty, priority was given
to horse raising in order to challenge foreign powers
and expand its territory, In order to improve the physical
quality of Mongolian horses, Emperor Wu of the Han
Dynasty made war on his neighboring country to acquire
the fine bred “blood-sweat horse”.
Consequently, he successfully raised the national strength
in the Tang Dynasty. Fine horse breeds and confinement
raising techniques were introduced, making its horse
industry lead the world. According to records, stables
were then established in Longxi, Northwest China (the
west of Shaanxi and the south of Gansu) for over 20 horse
breeds, domestic and foreign, leading to the breeding of
“Tang Horse”. It was also during this period that two major
events concerning horse breed improvement occurred in
China.
Then came a declining period (907 AD – 1368 AD), when
China’s horse industry fell into decline due to the lasting
wars in the late Tang Dynasty and the following five
Dynasties and ten Kingdoms, which dissipated various
environments necessary for the sustained development
of the horse industry. Policies and regulations adopted in
the late Northern Song Dynasty like the Horse Protection
Rules resulted in the reduction in both quantity and
quality of horses. In 1127, the capital city of the Northern
Song Dynasty fell to northern nomads from Liao and
Jin, who were skilled horse riding and who captured the
emperor. The Southern Song Dynasty based in Hangzhou
ever attempted to revitalize the horse industry but failed
because of the humid and hot climates in south China,
which are unfit for horse rearing. It was during the 152year reign of the Southern
Song Dynasty that horse rearing specialists and techniques
accumulated since the Xia and Shang Dynasties or earlier
were almost lost completely. Only inferior horses were
available through border trading.
During the period from 1368 AD to 1949 AD, Mongolian
horses came to prominence. Horses and the horse industry
thrived once again. Mongolian cavalries swept across
Europe and Asia, making enemy armies flee pell-mell
at the mere sight of them, and spreading the nomadic
civilization all over the world.
In the Ming Dynasty, stables were primarily run by
the government, and civilians raised horses under the
supervision and guidance of the government. Although
the horse industry was revitalized to a certain extent,
there was insufficient supply of horses. In order to
organize and supervise the breeding and production of
horses by civilians, the Ming government set up the Horse
Administration, which was the largest in the history of
horse breeding in China, adopting the system of household
registration for horse breeding, the system of population
registration for horse breeding and the system of land
registration for horse breeding, and taking a multitude
of measures concerning horse husbandry, peony levy and
horse foster, The quantity of horse in the Ming Dynasty
was large, but their quality was poor, because fine horse
breeds were hardly introduced and the mechanism of
horse breed improvement was not available.1
Russian Breed – Karabin Horse
The Qing Dynasty was another minority nationality
dominated dynasty following the Yuan Dynasty, and its
rulers attached great importance to Han culture learning.
The Qing government formulated a package of wellknitted policies concerning horse rearing and use for
military purposes, including the right to the breeding
and production of horses and the right to the allocation
1
Horses in China - 马在中国 – Dugarjaviin Manglai - 芒来 - Nov 2009
35
and use of horses. This suggests that maneuver capacity
was controlled to an extreme extent so that the power
of the Qing government was effectively consolidated.
Internationally, however, this weakened the maneuver
capacity of China as a whole. The contemporary period
(1949 AD-) starting from the founding of the People’s
Republic of China ushered in a new and prosperous era.
To develop production and improve the quality of horses
in China, the measures established in the Hand and Tang
Dynasties may be the best for us to follow. As statistics
and new breeds were fostered in the agricultural areas of
northwest China, north China and northwest China as well
as pasturing areas. In 1980s, new horse breeds fostered
were examined and accepted. Later on, management was
loosened up, resulting in the loss of certain horse breeds.
In 1990s, horse demand for racing, riding and equestrian
sports brought about the changes in the functions of
horses and breeding purposes as well as the application of
new fast breeding techniques.2
suggested, from 1950 through 1960, the Chinese
government invested huge amounts of money onto the
introduction of more than a dozen fine horses breeds or
approximately 2000 horses from the former Soviet Union
for breeding purposes. Horse breeds introduced during
that period included Soviet thoroughbred, Ardebbes horse,
Kabardin horse, Don horse, Karabakh horse, Gucu horse
and Vladimir horse, etc.
Horse breed improvement was carried out by introducing
stallions, learning horse rearing skills, establishing
ranches and horse breeding stations, and the cultivation
of new horse breeds was initiated. With the joint efforts
of state-owned and collectively-owned ranches, the year
1971 witnessed that the quantity of horses was up to
11 million and their quality was improved considerably.
Four years later, however, when “Four Modernizations”
was listed in the agenda, horse rearing for farming and
military purposes suffered a setback. Almost all staterun ranches including those for military purposes were
dissolved, leading to the declining quality of horses and
the extinction of certain horse breeds.
In 1978, China began to transform its economic system
from planned economy to market economy. In 1990,
commercial horse races were held for the first time. In
response to market demands, horses have not been
merely used for traditional purposes, along with the
change in breeding purposes. Fast breeding techniques
were introduced. A bath of businesses and organization
have been involved in equestrian sports and horse
riding serviced, contributing to the establishment and
development of a modern horse industry in China.
In Chinese history, there were three major events
concerning horse breed improvement. In the Han Dynasty,
blood sweat horses (light breed) were introduced, which
were lighter than modern light horses, and which became
known to people for their service in the Silk Road. In
the Tang Dynasty, more than twenty horse breeds were
introduced and raised in Longxi, northwest China (west
of Shaanxi Province, south of Gansu Province), with the
breeding result “Tang Horse”. After the founding of the
People’s Republic of China, 8 horse breeds or 1125 horses
were imported from the former Soviet Union merely in
1952. In 1960s, breed improvement were enormously
conducted in order to foster new horse breeds. In 1970s,
remarkable achievements were scored in this regards,
2
36
Appendix 2
– Classification of Chinese Horse Breeds
As stated in chapter 3, the classification of the Chinese
horse breeds can be found in this appendix. Most of them
scarcely have a single origin. Although horse species are
diverse, it is still possible to classify them.1
1. Mongolian Horse
Wushen horse
Uzhumchin Horse
Baichingo Horse
Shilingol Horse
12. Heilongjiang Horse
13. Jilin Horse
14. Jinzhou Horse
15. Guanzhong Horse
16. Balikun Horse
2. Hequ Horse
Qiaoke Horse
Soke Tibetan Horse
Kesheng Horse
17. Tibetan Horse
Ganzi Horse
Yushu Horse
Zhongdian Horse
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
18. Heihe Horse
19. Bohai Horse
20. Yiwu Horse
Kazakh Horse
Yanqi Horse
Chakouyi Horse
Datong Horse
Sanhe Horse
8. Xinan Pony
Debao Pony
Guizhou Horse
Ningqiang Horse
Baise Horse
Jianchang Horse
Lichuan Horse
Tengchong Horse
New Lijiang Horse
9. Yili Horse
10. Shandan Horse
11. Tieling Draft Horse
Yili Horse
1
37
Appendix 3
– China’s Weather Conditions
The next two sheets present the average temperature and the average relative humidity in the major cities of the
People’s Republic of China. In this way it is easier to form a picture of how long it takes for a warmblood horse
from Europe to get acclimatized in China and to realize what kind of weather conditions horses have to work in
during the year.
Monthly Average Temperature of Major Cities1 (2008)
City
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Beijing
Tianjin
Shijiazhuang
Taiyuan
Hohhot
Shenyang
Changchun
Harbin
Shanghai
Nanjing
Hangzhou
Hefei
Fuzhou
Nanchang
Jinan
Zhengzhou
Wuhan
Changsha
Guangzhou
Nanning
Haikou
Chongqing
Chengdu
Guiyang
Kunming
Lhasa
Xi’an
Lanzhou
Xining
Yinchuan
Urumqi
-3.0
-3.6
-2.0
-5.5
-12.1
-12.6
-15.6
-17.6
4.2
1.5
3.7
1.0
11.0
3.5
-2.0
-0.7
1.2
2.3
12.8
9.4
16.9
6.2
3.7
1.0
10.7
1.5
-1.7
-6.6
-9.6
-10.2
-15.6
0.6
-0.7
2.5
-3.3
-9.3
-7.9
-9.4
-10.5
4.0
2.5
3.9
2.7
9.1
5.5
1.0
2.8
4.9
5.5
11.6
10.4
13.3
7.3
5.4
2.2
8.5
1.4
1.8
-4.1
-7.9
-7.7
-9.6
9.1
8.6
10.6
7.1
3.4
3.8
3.0
2.7
11.4
11.3
12.7
12.5
15.3
14.6
10.3
12.1
14.4
15.2
20.1
19.1
20.9
15.5
13.4
11.8
13.7
5.6
12.5
9.1
3.4
7.3
5.2
15.8
15.8
16.3
13.1
11.4
12.2
12.1
11.3
15.9
15.6
17.1
16.8
19.3
18.7
16.3
16.9
18.5
18.9
23.2
22.9
25.3
19.0
17.2
15.7
18.0
10.1
16.4
13.8
8.3
13.4
11.1
20.3
20.8
22.2
18.9
16.4
16.4
15.1
14.4
21.6
22.2
23.2
23.5
22.8
24.3
22.3
23.7
24.7
24.6
25.6
25.7
26.6
23.8
22.1
18.8
18.5
13.5
23.2
18.9
13.3
19.1
20.7
23.4
23.4
24.4
21.6
20.3
21.0
21.3
22.5
24.0
23.4
24.6
24.2
26.7
25.8
25.0
26.0
26.4
26.7
27.0
26.5
27.4
25.8
24.4
21.0
19.2
15.9
25.8
21.9
14.8
23.5
24.1
27.2
27.0
27.5
24.9
23.6
24.5
23.5
24.4
30.2
29.0
30.1
28.7
29.0
30.0
26.0
26.6
29.3
30.1
29.1
27.7
28.0
29.1
25.7
22.7
19.4
16.2
27.1
24.0
17.9
24.6
25.2
26.0
26.5
26.1
23.5
20.0
23.2
22.4
23.2
27.4
27.0
28.4
27.3
29.0
29.5
25.6
26.8
28.4
28.7
29.3
27.3
27.6
26.3
24.1
22.0
19.7
15.0
26.1
20.9
15.4
21.9
23.5
21.0
21.5
21.4
17.8
15.9
17.8
16.5
16.4
25.6
24.4
25.8
24.5
27.9
27.0
21.6
21.6
25.1
25.4
28.6
26.6
27.4
25.6
22.2
20.9
19.1
14.4
20.6
16.7
12.4
17.0
16.9
14.5
14.7
16.0
11.5
8.2
11.3
9.5
8.3
20.7
19.0
20.4
18.9
23.7
21.3
17.2
17.2
19.1
19.9
26.1
24.0
25.8
19.6
18.1
16.5
16.8
8.9
15.0
11.4
7.0
10.7
10.1
6.3
6.4
8.0
3.9
-0.3
1.0
-2.3
-4.4
13.1
11.4
12.9
11.3
18.0
13.4
9.1
10.7
12.4
13.5
19.9
17.1
22.7
14.2
12.2
10.4
11.8
3.8
8.8
4.0
-0.3
2.9
0.9
-1.0
-1.3
1.6
-2.6
-8.9
-7.0
-9.6
-11.6
7.5
5.7
7.6
5.9
13.5
8.7
2.4
3.8
7.3
9.1
15.6
13.3
19.2
9.41
7.1
6.3
9.4
1.0
3.3
-2.6
-5.9
-4.2
-8.2
1
38
°C
China Statistical Yearbook 2009: ISBN 978-7-5037-5800-3
Annual
Average
13.4
13.3
14.6
10.9
7.4
8.9
7.2
6.6
17.2
16.1
17.5
16.4
20.4
18.5
14.6
15.6
17.6
18.3
22.4
20.8
23.4
18.5
16.3
14.1
15.4
8.9
14.9
10.6
5.7
9.9
8.7
Average Relative Humidity of Major Cities2
(2008)
City
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Beijing
Tianjin
Shijiazhuang
Taiyuan
Hohhot
Shenyang
Changchun
Harbin
Shanghai
Nanjing
Hangzhou
Hefei
Fuzhou
Nanchang
Jinan
Zhengzhou
Wuhan
Changsha
Guangzhou
Nanning
Haikou
Chongqing
Chengdu
Guiyang
Kunming
Lhasa
Xi’an
Lanzhou
Xining
Yinchuan
Urumqi
40
47
53
57
59
60
61
61
72
75
75
80
72
72
60
58
78
81
68
80
81
86
76
80
59
17
64
57
53
64
73
30
41
32
46
55
50
50
52
64
67
64
71
63
61
43
46
67
73
63
68
82
83
75
73
66
21
54
56
47
61
72
39
45
41
43
43
62
48
51
62
64
64
66
63
68
43
47
70
75
69
76
82
81
75
72
59
31
47
39
44
33
56
53
52
58
53
39
54
42
43
68
70
68
72
73
73
52
58
71
76
79
78
79
81
71
74
52
29
58
40
47
38
37
51
51
52
42
24
63
52
57
66
65
62
67
71
66
54
54
62
68
78
75
78
76
67
75
68
43
46
37
51
31
33
67
68
67
61
52
75
65
58
80
81
81
83
75
78
64
60
72
74
83
83
79
78
71
73
75
49
52
43
62
38
32
70
74
70
62
50
82
80
76
70
76
69
84
72
71
84
77
74
70
75
81
77
72
77
79
80
56
61
49
59
54
37
69
72
75
61
66
79
73
67
75
82
76
86
71
73
75
73
75
74
73
82
78
84
80
82
79
60
60
58
68
57
37
68
69
72
69
60
68
60
59
75
78
76
80
68
73
68
71
72
76
72
79
78
78
79
79
76
52
71
71
73
66
43
58
64
59
61
56
62
57
59
73
76
75
79
71
67
59
64
76
75
72
77
84
89
80
82
77
38
74
68
68
57
56
44
48
50
48
53
58
63
66
71
71
72
70
62
69
45
50
73
74
60
75
73
87
76
79
74
33
62
55
58
50
69
38
45
40
34
46
57
56
66
65
60
61
60
62
58
40
40
59
62
60
72
77
90
75
77
74
24
52
52
46
42
74
2
%
Annual
Average
52
56
56
53
50
64
59
60
70
72
70
75
69
69
57
58
71
73
71
77
79
82
75
77
70
38
58
52
56
49
52
China Statistical Yearbook 2009: ISBN 978-7-5037-5800-3
39

An Overview of China`s Equestrian Industry

Transcription

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