Catholikka Ennu Cholli Vazhthi Njayam

Transcription

ImtXm-en°m F∂p
sNm√nhmgvØn Rmbw
]uckvXy ImtXm-ent°‰v Ncn-{Xhpw {]k-‡nbpw
(Malayalam)
Catholica Ennucholly Vazhthy Njayam
History & Relevance of the Catholicate
(Study)
Dr. M. Kurian Thomas
Copy Right
:
Reserved with the Author
First Published
Copies
Published by
:
:
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Sept. 15, 2012
1000
Joice Thottackad
Sophia Books
IInd Floor, Kandathil Bldg,
Thirunakkara, Kottayam-686001
Mob: 99471 20697
Cover Design,
Typesetting & Printing :
Rs. 125.00
Sophia Print House, Kottayam
ImtXm-en°m F∂p
sNm√nhmgvØn Rmbw
tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv
tkm^nbm _pIvkv
tIm´bw
tUm. Fw Ipcy≥ tXmakv
1964 Unkw-_¿ 25˛\v tIm´bw Pn√-bn¬ Aco∏-dºv tate-SØv ^m.
Fw. ‰n. Ipcy≥ IØ-\m-cp-tSbpw adn-bm-Ω-bp-tSbpw ]p{X\mbn P\n®p.
^nkn-Ivkn¬ _ncp-Zhpw, _nkn-\kv AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j-\n¬ _ncp-Zm\-¥c _ncp-Zhpw, am¿°-‰nwKv amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c Untπmambpw.
alm- fl m- K m- ‘ n- k¿h- I - e m- i m- e - b psS kv I qƒ Hm^v tkmjy¬
kb≥kn¬ 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-f -ss{I-kvX-h-cpsS kzXzt_m[sØ-∏‰n tUm. Fw. B¿. cmLhhmcy-cpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ \SØnb
Kth-j-W-Øn\v 2008-˛¬ tUmIvS-td-‰v.
1990 apX¬ AUz¿ssS-knwKv _nkn-\-kn¬. \qdn-e-[nIw sSen-hn-j≥
]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp.
2000-˛¬ ae-bmf `mj-bnse BZy N-cn{X{KŸ-amb \ncWw {KŸhcn FUn-‰p -sNbvXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS
Du¿t«w bm{Xm- h n- h - c - W w, Imcp- N nd Koh¿Kokv siΩm- i s‚
sImfw_v bm{X, ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Fgp-Øp-Iƒ, ]. _tken-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv {]Y-as‚ k`m-PohnX \mƒhgn XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v
ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°n. \q‰-ºtXmfw Ncn{X teJ-\-ß-fpsS
I¿Ømhv.
CXc IrXn-Iƒ: \{kmWn ]T-\-ßƒ (2006), am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
A_vZ¬ PeoZv (2008), I¿Ω-tijn-bpsS ImX¬ (2008), ]t{Xmkv
]m{Xn- b ¿°okns‚ ]cn- j v ° m- c - ß ƒ (2011), The Indian Way of
Christanity (2012), Imbw-Ipfw ôen-t∏mkv dºm≥: hy‡nbpw kw`mh-\-Ifpw (2012).
`mcy: Pb. a°ƒ: Ipdn-bm-t°mkv, bmt°m_v
hnem-kw:
]n. -_n. -\-º¿ 64
tIm´-bw -˛ 686001
dr mkurianthomas@gmail.com
""Rm≥ ]gb Nm≠n-bmbn amdn-bmepw
kzmX{¥yw \jv S - s ∏´ Hcp k`- b psS
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn Ign-bp-hm≥ B{Kln-°p-∂n-√. Hcp \mb-sb-t∏mse Rm≥
acn- t °≠n h∂mepw ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b psS
kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p th≠n AScmSpw.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-w Xosd-gpXm\pw A_v Z ¬ ain- l m- b psS ]´Xzw
]mgm-sW∂p kΩ-Xn-°m\pw Rm≥ Xømdn-√. Fs‚ Conviction-\v FXn-cmbn Rm≥
{]h¿Øn-°p-I-bn-√.''
-˛ Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv
am¿ tXthm-tZm-tkymkv
ssZhsØbpw k`-sbbpw k¿∆ krjvSn-I-sfbpw
kvt\ln-°m≥ Pohn-Xw-sIm≠v Rßsf ]Tn-∏n-®Xv
tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv.
am¿tØmΩm ss]Xr-I-sØbpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥ysØbpw hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw
sNbvX, Xs‚ Ah-km-\\mfp-I-fn¬ tcmK-sØbpw
imco-cnI {]bm-k-ß-sfbpw ad∂v ae-¶-c-k-`m
GIo-I-cWØn\p-th≠n A£oWw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw
ae-¶-c-bn¬ imizX kam-[m-\-Øn-\mbn
AXy[nIw B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvX,
ImtXm-en-t°‰v k]vXXn BtLm-j-ß-fpsS
hnP-b-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-]¶p hln®
tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS
kvac-Wbv°p apºn¬
ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm_vZn D]-lm-c-ambn
Cu {KŸw khn-\bw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSpw Iq´p-Imcpw
D≈-S°w
{]km-[-I-°p-dn∏v
Ah-Xm-cnI
hmMvapJw
BapJ ]T\w
tUm. K{_n-tb¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥
^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-ń¬
01. am¿tXmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\p apºv
02. ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ {]k-‡n
03. tXmakv {]Y-at\m NXp¿∞t\m?
04 ImtXm-en°m F∂p hnfn-®m¬ apS°pw!
05. doØv ImtXm-en°m ˛ shdpw {]l-k\w
06. ImtXm-en°mhmgvNbv°v \S-]-Sn-{Iaw D≠m-IWw
07. ImtXm-en°m˛ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm ÿm\kwtbm-P\w
08. A\\yw Cu A`n-tjIw
09. ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s‚ hy‡n-Xzhpw ÿm\-Nn-”-ßfpw
10. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿
11. am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§w apX¬ -k`m `c-W-L-S\ hsc
12. A[-at_m-[-Øns‚ kzbw-{]-XnjvT
13. _mhm-sb-∏‰n Aev]w
14. ImtXmen°m F∂p sNm√n -hmgvØn Rmbw
15. Ncn{Xw krjvSn® hnS-hm-ß¬
16. Xd-thmZv tIm¬ lntµm
17. Pq_n-en-°mew
18. iXm_vZn Ign-™p. C\n?
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`mKw c≠v
01 ImtXmen-°m-ÿm\w Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ
tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
02 ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Imh¬ `S-∑m-cm-bn-Øocmw
tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv
03 ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w: 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15
h¿Kokv tPm¨ tXm´-∏pg
04 ae¶cbnse ImtXment°‰v ÿm]\Øns‚ {]k‡n
^m.tUm. tPm¨kv F{_lmw tIm\m-´v
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159
161
165
05 The Malankara Church:Historical Self - Understanding and
Identity Some Ecumenical Considerations
Fr. Dr. K. M. George
06 ImtXm-en-t°‰v: kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]Jym-]\w
^m. tUm. ‰n. sF. h¿Kokv
07 k`m-X-e-h-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-\m-a-ßƒ
08 hn. am¿tØm-am «olm- `mc-X-Øns‚ At∏m-kvtXm-e≥
hn]n≥ sI. h¿Ko-kv
09 1912-˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ \S-∂Xv
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ]p\-xÿm-]-\tam?
hn]n≥ sI. h¿§okv
10 ae-¶-c-bnse ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-am¿
(ÿm\m-tcm-l-Ww, \ncymWw F∂ {Ia-Øn¬)
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`mKw aq∂v
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ae-¶-c-a-lm-P-\-k` a{^n-bm\ ÿm\ Xocp-am\w
Hcp IØv -˛ tIm\m´v amØ≥ a¬]m≥
s]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\hpw A\p-_‘ kw`-h-ßfpw
CS-hgn°¬ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv
]. A_vtZZv aviolm _mhm-bpsS BK-a-\hpw H∂mw
ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS hmgvNbpw
Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv dºm≥
A_vtZZv avinlm ]m{Xn-b¿-°okns‚ c≠p Iev]\-Iƒ
c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
ImtXm-en°m _mhmbv°p Biw-k-Iƒ
aq∂mw ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
_t -en-tbmkv HutK≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-°-s∏´p
A©mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
]pXnb ImtXm-en°m A`n-jn-‡-\mbn;
C∂v A©v sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn°pw
ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ _mhm ÿm\-ta‰p
alm CS-b-\mbn ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm ÿm\-ta‰p
1958-˛se k`m GIo-I-cW Iev]-\-Iƒ
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{]km-[-I-°p-dn∏v
ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v kwÿm-]-\-Øns‚ iXm-_vZn-bm-tLmj-Øn¬ am¿tØmΩm ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥y-{]-Jym-]\w DZvtLm-jn-°p∂ kph¿W \nan-j-amWv. 2009˛¬ kam-cw-`n® ImtXm-ent°‰v iXm-_vZn-bm-tLm-j-ßƒ 2012 \hw-_¿ 25˛\v kam-]n-°p-IbmWv.
ae-¶c k`mNcn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v A\-h[n ]T-\-ßƒ Ncn-{X-Im-c∑mcpw ssZh-im-kv{X⁄∑mcpw CXn-t\m-SIw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Cu
]T-\-ß-fn¬ hnkva-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ae-¶ck`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse am¿tØmΩ≥ ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ kzXzZ¿i-\-am-Wv. Ncn-{XsØ kao-]n-°p-∂Xn¬ \ΩpsS Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]pe¿Øn-h-cp∂ kao-]-\-ß-fnse coXnim- k v { X- ] - c - a mb ]ni- I p- I ƒ Xncp- Ø - s ∏- t S- ≠ - X m- W v . ImtXm- e nt°‰ns‚ ÿm]\˛]p-\x-ÿm]\ hmZ-ap-J-ß-fp-b¿Øn k`-bpsS Ncn{X-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ apJw Xa-kvI-cn-°p∂ kao-]-Øn-\p≈ ]p\¿hmb\bmWv imkv{Xo-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-≈-Xv.
A©p \q‰m-t≠mfw hnhn-[-X-c-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-bn-te°v kw{I-an®
A[n-\n-th-ißsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p∂Xn\p≈ kzmX{-¥yhpw [oc-Xbpw
]pe¿Ønb ae- ¶ c \{kmWn- I fpsS kzXz- \ n¿W- b - a mWv Cu
kwÿm-]-\-Øn¬ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. A[n-\n-thi-hn-cp≤ Ncn-{Xkn≤m¥Øn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-sS
Ncn{Xw ]p\¿c-Nn-t°-≠-Xv A\n-hm-cy-amWv.
am¿tØmΩmbpsS ss]Xr-I-ap≈ ae-¶ck`bv°v At¥ym-Jy≥
k`-bpsS Iev]-\-bpsS am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ImtXm-en-t°‰v
Ncn-{X-\n¿Wbw Bh-iy-apt≠m? tNmZyw {]k-‡-at√? ]m›mXy
A[n\n-thiw \{km-Wn-I-fpsS Alw-t_m-[sØ XI¿Ø-Xn-\m¬
kzXzt_m[ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn-ep≈ Ncn-{XsØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ IgnbmsX t]mbn.
ImtXm-en-t°‰ns‚ kwÿm-]-\w \{km-Wn-bpsS kzXz-t_m-[-Øns‚bpw kzbw-\n¿Wbmh-Im-i-Øn‚-bpw Xt±-iob-X-bp-sSbpw {]Jym]-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Ncn-{X-hn-i-e-I-\-ß-fpw
hnh-c-W-ßfpw hf¿∂p-h-c-Ww. \{kmWn kaq-l-Øns‚ A[n-\n-thi-hn-cp≤ kzXzhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw ]pXpXeap-dsb t_m[n-∏n-°m\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°pw bphKthj-I¿°pap≈Xv.
10
kwkvIm-cn-I-ambn Xt±-iobhpw `c-W-]-c-ambn kzbw-`-c-W-kzmX-{¥yhpw B≤ym-fln-I-ambn ]uc-kvXy-kz-`m-hhpw kmap-ZmbnIambn
kulm¿Zhpw tZiob kwkvIr-Xnbpw ]pe¿Ønb ae-¶-c-\-{km-WnI-fpsS kzXz ]p\¿\n¿Æb {ia-amWv Cu kam-lm-cw.
ImtXm-en-t°‰ns\-°p-dn-®p≈ \{kmWn kzXz-t_m-[w Ncn-{X coXnimkv{X-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ Cu ]T-\-w tkm^nbm _pIvkv
kzm`n-am\w ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm_vZn D]-lm-c-ambn temI-ka£w
ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. N¿®-Iƒ°pw ]T-\-ßƒ°pw At\zjW-ßƒ°pw
Cu {KŸw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-Ip-sa∂v {]Xym-in-°p-∂p.
tkm^nbm _pIvkn\p th≠n
tUm. K{_n-tb¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
^m. tUm. ‰n. ]n. Gen-bmkv
tPmbvkv tXm´bv°mSv
sk]v‰w-_¿ 15, 2012
ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm_vZn
11
Ah-Xm-cnI
cXv\-ßƒ ]Xn® Hcp hnti-j-s∏´ hoW Hcp cmPm-hn\p kΩm\-ambn Inńb A∂p-ap-X¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Bÿm-\- ]-fin-X-∑m¿
AXv F{X hnti-j-s∏-´-XmWv F∂v h¿Æn®v ]eXpw KZy-ambpw
]Zy-ambpw cNn-®p. AXv hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ ÿm\Øv ImgvN-h-kvXphmbn {]Xn-jvTn-®p. h¿jw tXmdpw B hoWsb km£n-bm°n almk-tΩ-f-\-ßfpw \S-Øn. Hcp Znhkw Hcp sIm®p-Ipń ss[cy-ambn
cmP-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ IS-∂p-h∂v cmPm-hn-t\mSv Hcm-{Klw Adn-bn-®p. B
hoW-sb-SpØv hmbn-°p-∂Xv H∂p- tIƒ°Ww F∂v. hoW-sb-∏‰n
{]I-c-W-ßƒ \S-Ønb Bÿm-\ -]fin-X-∑m-tcm-Spw, alm-k-tΩ-f\-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n® \S-Øn-∏p-Im-tcmSpw cmPmhv ]d-™p, Ipń-bpsS
B{Klw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥. ]s£, Ah-cn-em¿°pw AsX-SpØv
hmbn-°p-hm-\-dn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. C{]-Imcw Hcp Zim-k-‘n-bn¬, ae-¶c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰pw Bbn-cn-°pt∂m F∂ kwibw Chn-SsØ
CfwXe-ap-d-bv°p-≠mbn XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]pcm-X-\-hpw, ss«ln-I-hpw, kzX-{¥-hpw, kzb-io¿j-I-hpw, tZiob-hpw, Fs∂ms° hmgvØ-s∏-Sp∂ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns\ {]tbm-P-\s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm-_vZn-th-f-bn¬ h√Xpw D≠mIpw
F∂v Bin-®-h¿ A\h[n D≠v. ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Ncn-{X-h-gn-I-sf°p-dn®v B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn Hcp ]T\w \SØn, AXns‚ {]k‡n
k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-sb√mw Fß-s\-sb√mw F∂v \n¿t±-in°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-{iaw \S-∂-Xmbn Adn-hn-√. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬,
C{]-Im-c-samcp kzX{¥ At\z-jWw \S-Ønb tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥
tXma-kns\ A`n-\-µn-°p-∂p.
1912˛se ae-¶c ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bhn-jv°m-cw, ae-¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`-bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp \n¿Æm-bI hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bncp∂p. H∂mw \q‰m≠p apX-ep≈ Hcp kzX-{¥ -tZ-iob k`-bpsS
ss«ln-I, ]utcm-ln-Xy, km£y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬, \ne-\n¬]n-\m-bp≈
t]mcm-´-ßƒ°v Ncn-{X-hn-Pbw Ipdn-°p-hm≥ B kw`-h-Øn\p Ign™p-sh∂v ]n¬°me Ncn{Xw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ AtX kw`h-Øn\v hnIe \nd-hpw, hnI-S-`m-hhpw \¬Im≥ Nne {ia-ßƒ C∂pw
\S-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, 1912˛¬ BWv ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
k` D≠m-b-sX∂v Nne-cpw, 1912˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bhn-jv°mcw
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿t°-‰ns‚ kma¥ a{^n-bm-t\‰v Bbn ae¶c
12
am¿sØm-Ω≥ ss]Xr-IsØ Npcp-°n°f-™p-sh∂v a‰p -Nn-ecpw
hnfn-®p-Iq-hp-∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w, 1912˛se ae-¶c ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bhnjv°m-cw, Hcp ""]p\xÿm]\''amtWm, ""ÿm]\''amtWm-sb∂
N¿®bpw kPo-h-am-Wv. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I-fpsSbpw `mhn km[y-X-I-fp-sSbpw Hcp ]cn-Nn-¥-\-Øn\v {]k‡n Gsd
Ds≠∂p tXm∂p-∂p.
1. 1912˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bhn-jv°mcw:
Ncn{X hkvXp-X-Ifpw {]m[m-\yhpw
{InkvXp-h¿jw H∂mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xpw, am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ss«ln-I, ]utcm-ln-Xy, kphn-ti-j-km-£y]m-c-º-cy-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-amb ]pcm-X\ k`-bmWv ae-¶-c-k-`. ]pcm-X\
tdma≥, t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-ßƒ°v ]pd-Øm-bn-cp∂ Hcp ss{IkvXh
kaq-l-sa∂ \ne-bn¬, kzX-{¥hpw Xt±-io-b-hp-amb Hcp k`mhy‡nXzw B k`-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. blq-Z-cpw, blq-Z-k-¶-c- hn-`mK-ß-fpw, {Zmhn-U-cpw, Bcy-K-W-ß-fpw, tKm{X-hn-`m-K-ß-fpw, A\m-cyPm-Xn-°mcpw Hs° Cu am¿tØm-Ω≥ am¿§-Øn-eqsS {InkvXp-hns‚
shfn®w ]I¿∂p. AtX Ah-k-c-Øn¬, tdma≥, t]¿jy≥ km{amPy-ß-fnse ss{IkvXh kaq-l-ß-fp-ambn Cu k`m-k-aq-l-Øn\v
kulr-Z-_-‘-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp Xt±-io-boIrX ss{IkvXh kwkvIm-c-am-Wv, ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m≠p hsc ae-¶c-k-`-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. t]m¿®pKokv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚- a-d-hn¬,
]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-t≠msS ae-¶-c-k-`sb tdma≥ k`-bpsS Iognepw
eØo≥ k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ XS-hnepw B°p-hm-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ
i‡-am-bn. AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ae-¶c
- k
- `
- b
- psS t]mcm´w XpS¿®-bmb
aq∂p hntZi k`m-[n-]-Xy-{i-a-ß-tfm-Sp≈ t]mcm-´-ambn ]cn-W-an-®p.
BZyw tdma≥ k`-tbm-Sv, ]n∂oSv Bw•n-°≥ \ho-I-c-W-tØm-Sv,
]n∂oSv At¥ymJy≥ k`m tae-[n-Im-c-tØm-Sv. ""klmb'' lkvXßƒ [rX-cm-jv{Sm-enw-K-\-ambn amdn-b-t∏mƒ IpX-dn-am-dp-hm-\p≈ aq∂p
kw`-h-ßƒ°v Ncn{Xw km£yw hln-®p. H∂m-a-tØXv, 1653˛se
Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-kXyw AYhm `mc-X-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øns\-Xnsc Hcp P\X H∂n®p \S-Ønb BZy- {]-t£m`w; c≠m-atØXv, 1830˛se amth-en-°c kp∂-l-tZmkpw ]Sn-tbm-ebpw AYhm
]m›mXy \ho-I-cW hnizmk kΩ¿±-ßƒs°-Xnsc Hcp ]uckvXy
k`m-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥y- {]-Jym-]\w; aq∂m-a-tØ-Xv, 1889˛se
Xncp- h n- X mw- I q¿ tdmb¬tIm- S Xn hn[n- b n- e qsS ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b psS
`mhnsb apgp-h≥ _m[n-°p-∂Xpw At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
13
A[n-Imc ssII-S-Ø-en-s\-Xnsc ]tcm-£-amb Hcp {]Jym-]\w
(bYm¿∞-Øn¬, ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥,
At¥ym-Jy-m ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]n¥p-W-bn¬ tXmakv AØm-\mtkym-kn-s\-Xnsc sImSpØ skan-\mcn tIkns‚ A¥n-a-hn-[n-bmWn-Xv). Bb-Xn≥{]-Im-cw, (A-t¥ym-Jym) ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-ck-`-bp-sS -ta¬ euInI `c-Wm-[n-Imcw Cs√-∂pw, ae-¶-c-bn¬ euInIhpw Bflo-b-hp-amb `c-Wm-[n-Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\mepw P\ß-fmepw kzoIm-cy-\mb \m´p-Im-c-\mb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn-°msW∂pw {]Jym-]n-®p. AtX-b-h-k-c-Øn¬, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿ ae¶-c-k-`-bpsS ta¬ euIn-I-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-chpw \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw ASnt®¬∏n-°p∂ kml-Ncyw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p -Xm-\pw.
taev]-d™ tdmb¬tIm-SXn hn[n-bmWv ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp ImtXmen°m ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥-Iƒ°v ]tcm-£-t{]-c-W-bm-b-Xv.
tdmb¬ tImS-Xn-hn-[n-bn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v euIn-Im-[n-Imcw ae¶-c-k-`-bp-sS-ta¬ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n√ F∂p hy‡-am-bn. sa{Xms\
hmgn-°p-Ibpw aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øp-I-bpw sNøp∂ A[n-Imcw h®p
hne-t]-ip-hm≥ AtXmsS ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿ Hcp-ßnb Ncn-{X-amWv
]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp -ap-X-ep≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿°p-≈-Xv. CØ-cp-W-Øn-em-Wv, sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°m≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okp-Xs∂ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp a{^n-bm\m ÿm\-sa-¶nepw ae¶-cbv°v e`n-°m≥ {ia-ßƒ \S-∂-Xv. Cßs\ Hcp- Imcyw ]m{Xnb¿°o-k-∑m-cpsS {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-Øm≥ tIm\m´v amØ≥ a-ev]m\pw
a‰pw ss[cy-ap-≠m-bXv 1889 sk]v‰w-_¿ 19˛mw XobXn ]t{Xmkv
XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv tIm\m´v aev]m\v Ab® IØm-sW-∂ptXm-∂p-∂p (k-ap-Zm-b-tIkv FIvkn-_n‰v 155). t\csØ tIm\m´p
aev]m≥ Hcp kwibw tNmZn®v Fgp-Xnb Imcy-Øn\p adp-]-Sn-bmWv
Cu IØv. kwibw C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p: t]¿jy-bn¬ \ne-hn¬ Hcp
a{^n-bm\ C√m-Xn-cn-s°, H∂mw Xp_vtZ-\n¬ _tk-en-tbmkv F∂t]cv Hm¿t°-≠-Xpt≠m? AXn\v ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ adp-]Sn FgpXn-b-Xv, B t]cn¬ B ÿm\-tØ°v Hcmƒ D≠m-Im≥ km[y-Xbp≠v, AXpsIm≠v t]cv Hm¿°Ww F∂m-Wv. C°mcyw h®psIm≠v,
B ÿm\w ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-\p-th≠n
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp {]tabw kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tbj≥ ]mkm-°p-Ibpw A°mcyw tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m≥ ]t{Xmkv
XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ Adn-bn®v At]-£n-°bpw sNbvXt∏mƒ ""Btem-Nn-°s´'' F∂ adp-]Sn Inń. A∂p-ap-X¬ CS-\n-e°m¿
14
aptJ-\bpw A√m-sXbpw {]kvXpX ÿm\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {iaßƒ kPo-h-am-bn. A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv 01˛11˛1903 ¬
tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\pw, ]ueqkv Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn\pw FgpXn-b-t∏mƒ, Hcp a{^n-bm-\sb \nb-an-°p∂ Imcyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xmbn kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v (k-ap-Zm-b-tIkv FIvkn-_n‰v 246). 1904˛¬
tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Fgp-Xnb
IØn¬ (k-ap-Zm-b-tIkv FIvkn-_n‰v 72) ]≈n-I-fpsS Hcp \nthZ\w ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v Ab-bv°p-∂p-sh-∂pw, {]kvXpX \nth-Z\
{]Imcw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n k`-bv°p-th≠n sNbvXn-´p≈ tkh\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v a{^n-bm-\m-ÿm-\tam doiv
F∏n-kvt°m-∏m-ÿm-\tam \¬I-W-sa∂v Fgp-Xn-sb-∂pw, C°m-cyØn¬ A¥q¨ F∂ ioa- ° m- c s‚ A\p- I q- e - a mb CS- \ n- e - b ps≠∂pw, Aev]w ]Ww sNe-hm-t°-≠n- h-∂mepw AXp- km-c-an√
F∂pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ aev]m\pw
]cn-{i-an-®n-cp-∂p.
1906˛¬ Ań-a-dn-bn-eqsS A_vZp≈m c≠m-a≥, A_vtZZv ain-lmsb
-am‰n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-sb-¶nepw 1909 P\p-hcn 13˛\v tIm\m´v amØ≥
aev]m≥ A_vtZZv anin-lmbv°v ]n¥pW \¬In-s°m≠v Fgp-Xn.
Xo{Ko- k nse \n∂p- t ]mb a{^nbm knwlm- k - \ sØ C¥y- b n¬
ÿm]n®v AXn¬ C∂m-´p-Im-c-\mb Hcmsf B°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p
IØns‚ as‰mcp Xmev]-cyw (k-ap-ZmbtIkv FIvkn-_n‰v 73). (Cu
FgpØv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb a{^n-bm\m ÿm\-tØ°v Dt±in®v Bbn-cn-°m≥ CS-bn-√, ImcWw A∂v Xncp-ta\n ae-¶-c-sa-{Xmt∏m-eoØm ÿm\w h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb `c-ta-ev]n-®n-cp-∂p. tcmKmh-ÿ-bnepw Bbn-cp-∂p.). ae-¶-c-bpsSta¬ euInI A[n-Imcw
e£ywh® A_vZp≈m ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ae-¶-cbv°v a{^n-bm-\mÿm\w sImSp-°p-hm≥ k∂-≤-\m-bn√ F∂p- am-{X-a√ A°m-cyØn¬ Fgp-Øp-IpØp \S-Ønb tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]ms\ ae-¶-cbn-te-°p≈ bm{X-bn¬ t_mws_-bn¬ h®p-Xs∂ imkn-°bpw
sNbvXp. A_vZp≈m ]m{Xn-b¿°okv 1909˛¬ ae-¶c FØn 1911˛¬
h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb apS-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ioa-bn¬ A[n-Im-c{`-jvS-\m-°-s∏´v Ign-™n-cp∂ A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv h´t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apS-°n-s\-°p-dn-®-dn™v ""Abdullah’s excommunication vain you and your followers blessed” (A-_vZp-≈-bpsS apS°v
Akm[p; \nßfpw \nß-fpsS A\p-Km-an-Ifpw A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-h¿)
F∂ sSe-{Kmapw hni-Z-amb Hcp Iev]-\bpw ae-¶-cbv°v Ab®p.
15
XpS¿∂v \S∂ Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ thKw êw I≠p. ae-¶-c-sbØnb A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛\v \ncW-Øp-h®v apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ ae-¶-c-bnse {]Ya
ImtXm-en°m AYhm a{^n-bm\m Bbn´v hmgn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m-\Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®p. Ing-°n-s‚bpw C¥y-bnepw a‰p-ap≈ am¿tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw ImtXm-en°m AXm-bXv
a{^n-bm-\m-bmbn 1912 I∂n- amkw 2˛mw XobXn (1912 sk]v‰w-_¿
15) apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ _tk-en-tbmkv F∂ \mat[-b-Øn¬ hmgn-®-Xmbn Iev]-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw {]Jym-]n-®p (1088 I∂n
2, Ipw`w 8 Xob-Xn-I-fnse Iev]-\-Iƒ). Hcp ImtXm-en°m \ncymWw
{]m]n-°p-tºmƒ X¬ÿm-\Øv Hcmsf ae-¶-c-bp≈ sa{Xm-∑m¿°v
hmgn-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-tØmsS sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°p-hm\pw
aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øp-hm-\p-ap≈ ÿm\-am-bn-´mWv ImtXm-en°m
ÿm]- \ sØ ae- ¶ - c - b n¬ Bhn- j v ° - c n- ® Xv F∂v hy‡- a mbn
{]kvXpX Iev]-\-I-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.
2. ae-¶c ImtXm-en-t°‰v: ÿm\-km-[pXbpw ""ÿm]\''tam
""]p\xÿm]-\tam'' F∂ hmZ-tIm-em-l-ehpw
1912˛se ae-¶c ImtXm-en-t°-‰v, km[p-Xb
- p≈ ÿm\-amtWm F∂Im-cy-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse ]c-tam-∂X tImS-Xn-bmb kp{]o-wtIm-SXn
Xs∂ H∂n-e-[nIw {]mhiyw hni-I-e\w \SØn Xocp-am\w {]Jym]n-®-Xm-Wv. A -∂n-KvZ-amb `mj-bn¬ ae-¶-c- Im-tXm-en-t°-‰ns‚
km[pX ASn-h-c-bn-´-Xmb {]kvXpX {]Jym-]-\-Øn-te°v ChnsS
ho≠pw IS-°p-∂n-√. am{X-hp-a-√, 1958˛se k`m-k-am-[m\ tcJ-I-fpw,
1964˛se ImtXm-en-°m-hm-gvNbpw ae-¶c ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ km[pXsb tNmZyw sNbvX-h-cpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂p-Xs∂ {]kvXpX ÿm\Øns‚ AwKo-Imc km£y-ß-fmbn Ah-ti-jn-°bpw sNøp-∂p.
G‰hpw HSp-hn¬ CXm, ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw
I≠p- tam-ln-®p-t]m-b-Xns‚ sXfn-hmbn ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \n∂p hnLSn-®-h¿ B ÿm\-\maw AXns‚ tim`-sI-SpØn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm\pw
XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p (""tim`'' F∂p-]-d-™m¬ kzmX-{¥yhpw kzbwio¿j-I-Xz-hp-am-Wv). AXn-sem-∂v, At¥ym-Jy-m ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
Iognepw a‰Xv tdmam-]m-∏m-bpsS Iogn-epw.
F∂m¬ 1912˛se ae-¶c ImtXm-en-t°‰v ""]p\xÿm]\''amtWm,
""ÿm]\''amtWm F∂ N¿® kao-]-Im-eØv ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°p-≈n¬
Xs∂ kPo-h-am-Wv.
16
1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Xs∂ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv, 1912˛¬ ae¶c Dƒs∏´ ]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°mknwlm- k \w ]p\xÿm]n- ° - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ m- W v . Cu ]Z{]tbmKw Xs∂ ]e HutZym-KnI tcJ-I-fnepw ae-¶-c-k` D]-tbmKn-®n-´p-≈-Xp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v ""]p\xÿm]n-°-s∏´p'' F∂p≈ ]Z{]-tbmKw sIm≠v, F¥v A¿∞-am-°p∂p F∂v ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠n-bncn-°p-∂p.
am¿tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS Xs∂ ÿm]-I, ]utcm-lnXy ss]Xr-Iap≈ t]¿jy-bn¬ aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Bcw-`n®v skeqIym tI{µam°n Ipsd-°mew \ne-\n∂ ImtXm-en-t°-‰pw, Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬
At¥ym-Jym-bpsS Iogn¬ Xn{Kokv tI{µ-am°n ]p\xÿm]n-°-s∏´
Iptd-°mew \ne-\n∂ ImtXm-en-t°‰v AYhm a{^n-bm-t\‰pw Hcp
XpS¿®bpw ]q¿Øo-I-c-Whpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ {]m]n-®p-sh∂ A¿∞Øn¬, 1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-]\w ]p\xÿm]n-°s∏-´p-sh∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Xn{Kokv tI{µ-am°n \ne-hn-ep-≠mbn-cp∂ ImtXm-en-t°‰v AYhm a{^n-bm-t\-‰ns‚ ÿm\-\maw ""_tken-tbmkv'' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. AtX ÿm\-\maw ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-ent°-‰n\v D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-sIm-≠pw, Cu ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn®v tIm\m´p
aev]m\pw a‰pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-ambn Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ \SØn-b-Xns‚ shfn-®-Øn-epw, A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
Iev]-\-bn¬ ""\nß-fpsS At]-£sb km[n-®p-X-tc-≠Xv bp‡hpw
\ymb-hp-am-Ip-∂p-ht√m'' F∂p kqNn-∏n-®-Xn-\mepw Hcp ]p\xÿm]\
Nn¥ \ntj-[n-°m-hp-∂-X-√.
""]p\xÿm]n-°-s∏´''XmsW-¶n¬ AXn\v At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ hnt[-b-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp Iogvÿm-\ta BIp-hm≥ Xc-ap≈q
F∂ FXn¿hm-ZsØ Fßs\ AXn-Po-hn°pw? H∂m-a-Xv, HºXmw
\q‰m-≠nse I^¿ØqØm DS-ºSn{]Im-cw, Xn{Ko-knse ImtXm-ent°-‰n\v kzX-{¥-amb Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-hy-hÿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xv Ncn{X hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. c≠m-a-Xv, 1912˛se ae-¶c ImtXm-ent°‰v kw_-‘-ambn ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® c≠p Iev]-\-Ifnepw bmsXm-cp-hn[ hnt[-b-Xz- hy-h-ÿ-Itfm Iogvÿm\ kqN\tbm C√. aq∂m-a-Xv, 1912˛se ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\ {Iao-I-c-Ww,
C¥y-bnse am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-te-°m-sW∂v
A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ C≥Uybnse ]pcm-X\ ]utcm-ln-Xy, ss«lnI ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ XpS¿®bm-bn-´m-sW∂pw BbXv B¿°pw Iogn-e-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hy‡w.
17
\mem-a-Xv, ]gb t]¿jy≥ {]tZ-iØv Hcp I¬Zmb ]m{Xn-b¿t°‰v
\ne-hn-ep-≈X
- n-\m¬, t]¿jy-bnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ]p\xÿm]\w
Ncn-{X-ZrjvSym Akm[yw F∂- hmZw bp‡n-c-ln-Xhpw, _e-lo-\hp-am-Wv. hnizmk hyXn-N-e\w kw`-hn® ÿm\-ß-sf-b-√t√m k`bpsS apJy-[m-c-bpsS XpS¿®-bm-bn´v Bcpw ho£n-°p-∂-Xv. A©maXv, At¥ym-Jym -]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kp-ambn kwk¿§-ap-≈Xpw AXpaptJ\ BI-am\ ss{IkvXh ss]Xr-I-hp-ambn _‘w kq£n-°p∂-Xp-amb Hcp XpS¿®m-kq-N-\-bmWv "]p\xÿm]\w' \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
Bdm-a-Xv, I¬°-tZm-t\y-Xc hnizmkw ImØp-kq-£n-®-Xmb Hcp
k`m-ÿm-\-amb t]¿jy≥ a{^n-bm-t\‰v C≥Uy-bnse am¿tØm-Ω≥
ss«ln-I, ]utcm-lnXy ]n¥p-S¿®-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv,
ae-¶-c-k` tdmans‚ Iogn¬ ]pcm-X-\-Imew sXmt´ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂
tdma≥ hmZsØ Jfin-°p-hm\pw ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬,
""XpS¿®-bpw, ]q¿Øo-I-c-Whpw'' F∂-b¿∞-Øn¬ ""]p\xÿm]\''sØ hymJym-\n-°p-∂n-S-Øv, Hcp ""Iogvÿm\'' A]-I¿j-Xbv°v Hcp
Imcy-hp-an-√.
F∂m¬, At¥ym-Jy≥ ae-¶-c-_-‘-Øns‚ Ibvt]-dnb A\p-`h-ßƒ h®p-sIm-≠pw, ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw kzbio¿j-IXzhpw `mhn-bn-te°v \¬Ip∂ km[y-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øpw,
1912˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bhn-jv°m-csØ Ncn{X Zim-k-‘n-bnse
Hcp ]pXnb Im¬hbv∏v F∂-hn[-Øn¬ AXn\v ae-¶c ImtXm-ent°‰v ""ÿm]\w'' F∂p hmZn- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw Imc- W - ß ƒ D≠v .
""ÿm]\w'' F∂p -]-d-bp-tºmƒ F√m A¿∞-Ønepw ""]pXnb'' Hcmcw`w F∂pw ""X\na''bp≈ Hcp kw`-h-hn-Imkw F∂pam-Wt√m
kqN\. ""ÿm]\'' hmZ-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
H∂m-a-Xv, ae-¶-c-bn¬ F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ kwhn-[m\-Øn\v A[y-£≥ F∂-\n-e-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°mbv°v ae-¶-c-bn¬
{]k‡n Is≠-Øn. c≠m-a-Xv, ae-¶-c-bn¬ H∂mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-Xep≈ ss«ln-I, ]utcm-lnXy ]n¥p-S¿®-tbm-sSm-∏w, BI-am\ k`bn¬ kzoIm-cyX t\Sn-bn-´p≈ ""ImtXm-en°m'' ÿm]-\-sØbpw
tN¿Øv k`-bpsS kzbw-io¿jI-XzsØ {]Jym-]n-®p. aq∂m-a-Xv,
At¥ym-Jy-m ]m-{Xn-b¿t°-‰p-ambn Iq´m-bva-bp-≈Xpw kzX-{¥hpw
Bb k`m-kw-hn-[m-\sØ 1912˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w bmYm¿∞y-am-°n. 1912˛se {]tXyI kml-Ncyw AXn\v apºv \S∂ FgpØp-Ip-Øp-I-fpsS {]k‡n Xs∂ C√m-Xm-°n-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv, Xn{Koknse ImtXm- e n- t °‰v AYhm a{^n- b m- t \‰v ae- ¶ - c - b n¬
18
""]p\xÿm]n®p''sh∂ kqN-\-t]mepw A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]-\-I-fn¬ Hgn-hm-°n-b-Xv.
Npcp-°-Øn¬, Hcp ""Iogvÿm\'' km[yX Hgn-hm-°nb Hcp ]p\xÿm]-\hpw, ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp kzX-{¥-k-`-bpsS ]pXnb km[y-XI- f pƒs°m- ≈ n® A[y- £ - ÿ m- \ - Ø ns‚ ÿm]- \ hpw Bbn´v
1912˛se ae-¶-c- Im-tXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Bhn-jv°m-csØ ImWp-hm≥
Ign-bpw. Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw, am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ss«ln-I,
]utcm-lnXy ss]Xr-Ihpw k`m-kz-Xzhpw {]Jym-]n-°p∂ ""ae-¶-csa-{Xm≥'' ÿm\-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw Ipd-hp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-XpsIm≠mbn-cp-∂n√ Hcp ""a{^n-bm\m'' ÿm\w, As√-¶n¬ Hcp ""ImtXmen°m'' ÿm\w Bh-iy-s∏-tS-≠n -h-∂-Xv. ae-¶c am¿tØm-Ω≥
ss]Xr-I-Øn¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ a‰v sa{Xm-∑m¿°v ]´w-sIm-Sp-°p∂
]mc-ºcyw ]t≠ D≈-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠v, AXp-h-scbpw C√m-Xncp∂ Hcp ]utcm-ln-Xy-\¬hcw ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm\w sIm≠p≠mbn F∂p-]-d-bp-hm≥ km[y-a-√. AXp-t]m-se, lqZm-b-Im-t\m≥
{]Imcw ""sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v'' aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øp-hm\pw A[nIm-c-ap≠v (A-≤ymbw 3 JfinI 1). At∏mƒ, ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w
ae-¶-c-k` B{K-ln-®-Xv, CS-°m-eØv At¥ym-Jy-m ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-k∑m-cpsS A[n-Imc Zp¿tΩm-l-Øn\v _en-bm-Sm-bn, D≈ Ir]m-h-c-ßsf
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v \nb-{¥Ww G¬t°-≠n-h∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v,
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ kΩ-X-tØmsS Xs∂ Hcp am‰w {]m]n-°p-hm\mWv F∂v hy‡w. B{K-ln® Ime-tØ-°mƒ, ip`-I-c-amb Hcp
]cn-k-am-]vXn-bn-te-°mWv 1912˛se kml-Ncyw sIm≠p-sN-s∂-Øn®-Xpw, Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpw, ]uckvXy Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kpdn-bm\nk`-bpw, ae-¶ck`bpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp
hnime- Iq-´m-bva-bn¬ kzX-{¥-amb ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bhnjv°-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw F∂p- am{Xw ]d-b-s´.
tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXma-kns‚ ""ImtXm-en° F∂p sNm√n
hmgvØn Rmbw: ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ncn-{Xhpw {]k-‡nbpw''
F∂ teJ-\ kam-lm-c-Øn\v Aev]w hyXykvX ssien-bn-ep≈
Hc-h-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xm≥ {KŸ-I¿Ømhv Xs∂ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
H∂m-a-Xv, CXn¬ {KŸ-I¿Ømhv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ A`n-{]m-b-ß-fpw,
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Ncn{X]mT-ßfpw {KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ am{X-am-Wv.
Ahsb kulr-Z- N¿®-Iƒ°v hnj-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. DZml-c-W-Øn-\v, "_mhm' F∂ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Wsa∂pw, "Xd-thmZv tIm¬ lntµm' F∂ ÿm\-\maw ]p\xÿm]n-
19
°-W-sa∂pw Hs° \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xpw, Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw
\S-]-Sn-I-sfbpw hnh-c-t°-Smbpw, Akw-_-‘-ambpw hnti-jn-∏n-°pIbpw sNøp-∂Xpw {KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ am{Xw kzmX-{¥y-Øn¬s∏-´Xm-Wv. c≠m-a-Xv, ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ {]k‡n AXns‚
ÿm\-\m-a-Øn-epw, AS-bmf Nn”-Øn-epw, Awi-h-kv{X-Ønepw HXpßp-∂-X-√. AXp-sIm≠v AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Kuc-h-X-c-amb Hcp ]T\w
\S-Øm-am-bn-cp∂ Ah-kcw th≠-hn[w {]tbm-P\
- s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn√ F∂Xns‚ Hcp ]tcm£ ktµiw Cu {KŸw \¬Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ {KŸI¿Øm-hn-t\mSv tbmPn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥
({]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn)
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\m-cn,
sk]v‰w-_¿ 15, 2012
20
hmMvapJw
C¥y-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v Hcp iXm_vZw ]n∂n-Sp∂ 2012-˛¬,
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ {]k-‡n, ÿm\-Nn-”-ßƒ, \S-]-Sn-{I-aw, Ncn-{Xw,
hf¿®, Imt\m-\nI ]n≥_ew, A]-c-∑m¿ apX-em-b-hsb-°p-dn-®v Cu
teJ-I≥ {]kn-≤o-Ic
- n® ]T\ßƒ {KŸ-cq-]Ø
- n-em-°W
- s
- a∂v \n¿t±in-®Xv ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icnßm-ń¬ BWv. AX-\p-k-cn-®mWv
2002 apX¬ 2012 hsc Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-ßƒ kam-l-cn-®Xv.
Cu ]≤-Xn-sb-∏‰n Adn™ tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv CXns‚ {]kn≤o-I-cWw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm-_vZn°v tkm^nbm
_pIvkns‚ D]-lmcambn ImtXm-en° F∂p sNm√n hmgvØn Rmbw
F∂ Cu ImtXm-en-t°‰v ]T-\-ßfpsS kam-lmcw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°pI-bm-Wv. DZbw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-I-fnse ]Z-{]-tbmK-amWv {KŸ-\m-a-ambn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. At\I A]q¿∆
tcJ-Ifpw {]uU ]T-\-ßfpw kam-l-cn®v Cu IrXn-bn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn CXns\ Hcp anI® {]mam-WnI {KŸ-am°n am‰n-b-Xn\p ]n∂n¬
tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Snse {]km-[-I-\√, Kth-j-I-\mWv {]h¿Øn®-Xv.
2002-˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v \h-Xn°v, ae-¶-c-k`m amkn-I-bn¬ {]kn≤o-I-cn® ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ {]k‡n F∂-XmWv Cu ]T\ ]c-ºc-bn¬ BZy-tØ-Xv. Cu teJ-\-sa-gp-Xm≥ \n¿t±-in-®Xv ae-¶c-k`m
amkn-IbpsS No^v FUn-‰-dm-bn-cp∂ ^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥
BWv. Ct∏mƒ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏emb At±lw
Xs∂ Cu IrXn°v {]uV-Kw-ò-chpw ]fin-tXm-Nn-X-hp-amb AhXm-cnI FgpXn F∂Xv kt¥m-j-{]-Z-am-Wv. CØ-c-samcp {KŸw F∂
Bibw apt∂m-´p-sh® ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icnßm-ń¬ Xs∂ CXns\mcp ka{K ]T-\hpw Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
hnhn[ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ°mbn FgpXnb teJ-\-ßƒ Ah {]kn-≤o-I-cn® {Ia-Øn-emWv Cu {KŸ-Øn¬
{IaoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah \ho-I-cn-°m≥ {ian-®n-ń-√. AXn-\m¬ Nne
Bi-b-ß-fnepw \nK-a-\-ß-fnepw Bh¿Ø\w Z¿in-t®°mw.
Cu ]T-\-ßfpsS ]n∂n¬ At\-I-cpsS ssIØm-ß-ep-≠v. Ah¿s°-√mw, hninjy h¿Kokv tPm¨ tXm´-∏p-gbv°pw tPmbvkv tXm´bv°mSn\pw \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C¥y-bnse ]uckvXy ImtXmen-t°‰ns‚ A¿∞hym]vXntbm, AXns‚ Ncn{X ]›m-Øetam AdnbmsX iXm_v Z n kv a mc- I - a mbn AXns\ t]cp- a m‰n C√mbv a
21
sNøphm≥ {ian-°p-∂-h¿°pw, ImtXm-en-t°‰ns‚ A]-c-∑msc Xncn®-dn-bm≥ {ian-°p-∂-h¿°pw CsXmcp ]mTym-cw-`- ]p-kvX-I-am-bn-cn-°psa∂p {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.
"hmbn-°p-I, Fgp-Xp-I, {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I' F∂p Iev]n-°p-Ibpw,
AXn-\p≈ F√m kuI-cy-ßfpw Hcp-°n-Ø∂v Cu teJ-Is\ Cu
kc-Wn-bn-tebv°p {]th-in∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Ing-°ns‚ alm-\mb
ImtXm-en°m tamdm≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv
{]Y-a≥ _mhmsb CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ kvacn-®p-sIm-≈-s´.
ae¶cbnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v AXns‚ c≠mw iX-I-Øn-tebv°p
{]th-in-°p-tºmƒ ]pXn-sbmcp Z¿i\w Bh-iy-ap≠v F∂v B{Kln-°p-∂-h¿ At\-I-ap-≠v. Ah¿°v CsXmcp ASn-ÿm\ tcJ-bmIp-sa-¶n¬ CXns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-cWw km¿∞-I-am-Ipw.
sk]v‰w-_¿ 15, 2012
ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm_vZn
22
Bap-J- ]-T\w
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚
\h-N-cn{X hni-I-e\w
^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-ń¬
ae- ¶ c \{km- W n- I - f psS am¿tØm- Ω ≥ ss]XrI kn≤m¥w
{]Jym-]n-°p-∂Xv A[n-\n-thi hncp≤ Ncn-{X-am-Wv. ae-¶-c-bnse
\{kmWn ss]XrI hgn-Iƒ hnfw-_cw sNøp-∂Xv \{km-Wn-I-fpsS
kzmX-{¥y-t_m-[hpw kzXz-Z¿i-\-hp-am-Wv.
ae-¶-c-bn¬ {]Nmcw t\Snb k`m-N-cn-{X-ß-fn¬ hnkvar-X-am-bXv
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmln-Xy-]-c-hp-amb
hni-I-e-\-ß-fm-Wv. Ncn-{XsØ kmln-Xy-Ønepw kmln-XysØ Ncn{X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Ønepw A]-{K-Yn-°p∂ \h-N-cn{X
hni-I-e\ k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Øn-emWv
Bhn¿`-hn-®-Xv. Ncn{Xw \nc-h[n t_m[Xe-ß-fn¬ cq]o-Ir-X-am-tI≠
kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv. Ncn-{X-Ønepw
kmln-Xy-Ønepw, cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb kµ¿`-ß-fpsS
A]{K-Y\w Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, Ncn-{XsØ ]p\¿
hmbn-°p-∂-XmWv "\h-N-cn-{Xw.'
CXnse hni-I-e\w Ncn-{X-t{km-X- p-Iƒ am{Xw tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈-X-√. kwkvIm-cw, kmln-Xyw, kmaq-lnI Pohn-Xw, cmjv{So-bm-hÿ
XpSßnb sshhn[y hn⁄m\ hni-I-e-\-am-Wv. k`m A[n-Im-cn-Ifp-sSbpw A[n-Imct{iWn ÿm]-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ Ncn{Xw ]cn-an-X-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ Xnc-kvIrX P\-X-bpsS t]mcm´ Ncn{Xw
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bm-sX-t]mb ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv \h-N-cn{X-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cyX i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Po¿Æn® A[n-Imc LS-\I-tfmSpw A[oiXz ka-hm-Iy-ß-tfmSpw G‰p-apń hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ
A[n-\n-thi hncp≤ t]mcm-´-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-amWv ae-¶c k`mNcn-{X-Øn¬ C\nbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p-≈-Xv.
A[n-\n-th-isØ sNdpØ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzXz-Z¿i\
Ncn-{X-Øn\v 400 h¿j-Øn-e-[nIw ]g-°-ap-≠v. hntZi A[n-\n-thi
hncp≤ t]mcm-´-ß-fpsS {]mcw`w t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hp- ap-Xem-Wv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn-ep-≠mb A[n-\n-
23
thi kw{I-a-WsØ A\p-Iq-en® anj-Wdn cN-\-Iƒ ae-¶c \{kmWn-I-fpsS kzmX{¥y t]mcm-´sØ k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn-eqsS hnkvar-Xam-°n.
ae- ¶ c \{km- W n- I - f psS kzXzZ¿i- \ - Ø ns‚ kmaq- l n- I hpw
kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw k`m-]-c-hp-amb t]mcm-´-ß-fpsS XpS¿® Ncn-{XØn¬ hnkva-cn-°-s∏-´-Xns‚ Is≠-Ø-emWv ]p\¿\n¿Æ-b-ß-fn¬
shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
tIcf ss{IkvX-h-cpsS kzXz-t_m[w kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-]-›mØ-e-Øn¬ imkv{Xo-b-ambn KthjWw \S-Ønb tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥
tXmakv "ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzXzw' ]p\¿ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ ]T\-ß-fmWv "ImtXm-en°m F∂v sNm√nhmgvØn Rmbw' F∂ IrXnbn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ImtXm-en-t°‰v \hXn apX¬ iXm_vZn- hsc (2002-˛2012) {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu teJ-\-ß-fn¬ hnfw-_cw
sNøp-∂Xv ae-¶c \{km-Wn-IfpsS kzXz-\n¿Æ-bhpw kzbwio¿jIXz hni-I-e-\-ß-fp-am-Wv.
ae-¶c\{kmWnIfpsS tZio-b-X, kzbwio¿j-I-Xzw, Ncn{X ]n¥pS¿® F∂nh "ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ km¿∆-{Xn-IX'bpsS {]Xo-I-am-Wv.
ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS A[n-\n-thi t]mcm-´-ß-fpsS kzXz-t_m[w
am¿tØm-Ω≥ ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ `mK-am-sW∂v tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥
tXmakv hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
]Xn-\©p \q‰m≠v ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ ]cn-c-£n® ]hn-{X-amb
kzmX-{¥y-hpw X\n-a-bp-amWv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ tNmZyw
sNø-s∏-´-Xv. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw A[n-Im-chpw
1599˛se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn-eqsS tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ ]nSns®-Sp-Øp. CXns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n®v 54 h¿j-tØmfw tZio-b-Xbv°pw
kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ambn ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ t]mcm-Sn. CXv 1653˛¬
\S∂ Iq\≥Ipcnip kXy-Øn-eqsS tZio-b- kzXz-Øn-te°v hf¿∂p.
ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ tXmam A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ ta¬∏-´-ÿm-\tØ°v Db¿Ønbt∏mƒ ae-¶-c-bn¬ Xt±-iob sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS t{iWn{Iaw D≠m-bn. Ch¿ Bcp-sSbpw Iogvÿm\n-If
- √m-bn-cp-∂p. "am¿tØmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ BcqV-\m-bn-cp∂v ae-¶c k`sb
`cn-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Kman-Isf hmgn-°p-Ibpw' sNbvXp F∂v hy‡-am°p-∂p.
ae- ¶ c sa{Xm- t ∏m- e o- Ø - ∑ mcpw ]. am¿tØmΩm«olm- b psS
knwlm- k - \ - Ø n- e mWv hmWn- c p- ∂ - X v. ae- ¶ - c - b nse H∂mw
24
ImtXmen°m apX¬ "ss«lnI knwlm-k\w' F∂ kw⁄ D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv ]d-bp-∂p. ae-¶ck`sb
\bn® t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm-∑mcpw (˛1599) ae-¶c sa{Xm-∑mcpw (1653˛1815)
"am¿tØm-Ωm-«olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w' F∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®Xmbp≈
Is≠-Ø¬ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS am¿tØm-Ω≥ ss]Xr-I-Øns‚
hnim-eX shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
"ImtXm-en°m F∂p sNm√nhmgvØn Rmbw' F∂Xv 1599˛se DZbw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ F´mw Imt\m-\m-bnse D≤-c-Wn-bmWv.
"ImtXm-en°m' F∂-Xn\v DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv Imt\m-\mbn¬
"km¿∆-{XnI ]nXmhv' F∂¿∞w Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \{km-Wn-Iƒ
Xe-hs\ "ImtXm-en°m' F∂-`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXXv kzX-{¥
hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ {]tXyI e£-W-am-Wv. 1498˛¬ Bcw-`n® t]m¿´pKokv bpK-Øn\v apºv ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzX-{¥-amb kzXzw hfsc
i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. "ImtXm-en-°msb' thZ-X-e-h-\mbn \{km-Wn-Iƒ
AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. \{km-Wn-Iƒ ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w al-Ø-c-sa∂v
I≠Xv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°sc Akz-ÿ-am-°n-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv 1599˛se
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-I-fn¬ "ImtXm-en°m' F∂
hnti-jWw `qan-bn¬ tdmΩm ]m∏mbv°p am{Xw D≈sX-∂mWv
hymJym- \ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . C\n At±- l sØb√msX a‰m- s c- s b- ¶ nepw
"ImtXm-en°m' F∂v hnfn-®m¬ apS-°-s∏Spw' F∂mWv Imt\m-\mbn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
sshtZ-inI A[n-\n-th-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kzX-{¥-amb ae-¶-c-k`
tZio-b-amb kzXzhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Ønbn-cp∂p
sh∂v DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-knse hnhn[ Imt\m-\m-Iƒ hy‡am-°p-∂p. At¥ym-Jy-tbmSpw tdman-t\mSpw A[o-iXzw {]Jym-]n-®n´p≈ "ImtXm-en-°m-am¿' ae-¶-c-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ Db¿Øp-∂Xv tZio-bX-tbmSpw Xt±-iob kwkvIm-c-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. \q‰m≠p- I - f mbn ae- ¶ c \{km- W n- I ƒ \´p- h - f ¿Ønb am¿tØm- Ω ≥
ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ XI¿Øv hntZ-im-[n-\n-th-isØ Ch¿
kzbw inc- m-h-ln-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. `mc-X-Ønse X\-Xmb \{kmWn
ss]Xr-IsØ XyPn®v t]m∏n-t\mSv hnt[-bXzw {]Jym-]n-®-hcpw
At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v k`m-kzm-X-{¥yw Xosdgp-Xn-s°mSpØ hn`m-K-hpw Fßs\ Xt±-iob kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw k`m-kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw `mK-ambn Xocp-sa∂v tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv
tNmZn-°p-∂p. ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w Hcp \ntbm-K-am-bXv "kzX{¥Im-tXm-en-t°-‰ns‚' hf¿®-tbm-sS-bm-Wv.
25
ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS tZio-b-Xbpw kzXz-t_m-[hpw \nd™
A[n-\n-thi hncp-≤-X-bpsS apJy-t]m-cm-´-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Iq\≥Ip-cnip
kXyhpw ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-hpw. hntZ-i B[n-]-Xy-ßƒ°v
FXn-sc-bp≈ t]mcm-´-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Bcw`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. hntZi IpSn-tb-‰-ßfpw B[n-]-Xyhpw Xt±-iob PohnX- Ø n\pw km£y- Ø n\pw hnLm- X - ß ƒ krjvSn- s ®- ¶ nepw
(kzmX{¥yw ASn- b d hs®- ¶ nepw) \{km- W n- I ƒ [oc- X - t bmsS
1889˛epw 1900˛epw \S∂ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n tbmKØn¬ "ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp a{^n-bm\ ÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-°p∂Xns\-∏‰n
Btem-Nn-®-Xmbn' tcJ-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. CXmWv ]n∂oSv 1912˛¬
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-Øn-te°v hgnsXfn-®-sX∂v Fw. Ipcy≥
tXmakv \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
""... AXn-\m¬ 1912˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w H∂n-s‚bpw
Bcw-`tam Ah-km-\tam A√. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw
kzbw\n¿Æ-b-m-h-Im-ihpw \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzXz\n¿Æ-b-Øn-s‚bpw
kzbw-`-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw {]Jym]\-am-bn-cp-∂p. ...'' AXn-\m¬ CXv Hcp
kzX{¥ ImtXm-en-t°-‰m-bn. ae-¶-c-bn¬ 1912˛¬ ÿm]n-X-amb
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v \nb-X-cq]w 1934˛se k`m-`-c-W-L-S\{]Imcw e`yam-bn.
1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛\v Rmb-dmgvN \ncWw henb]≈n-bn¬ \S∂Xv "ImtXm-en-t°-‰v ÿm]-\-amtWm' "]p\-xÿm-]-\-amtWm' F∂pw
AXv "ImtXm-en-t°-‰mtWm' "a{^n-bm-t\-‰mtWm' F∂pw CsXm-∂pa√ "Bhn-jv°m-c-sa∂pw' "kp{]-[m\ sshZnI tae-≤y£ ÿm\mtcm-l-W-sa∂pw' Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hn[n-sb-gp-Xp-tºmƒ tUm. Fw.
Ipcy≥ tXmakv ]d-bp∂p:
""1912˛¬ \S-∂Xv ae-¶c k`m-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ IdpØ A[ym-b-ßfn¬ `mKn-I-ambn \jvS-s∏´ kzbwio¿j-I-Xz-Øns‚ ]p\¿\n¿ΩnXnbm-bn-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en°m hmgvN-tbmsS ae-¶-c-k` ]q¿Æ-ambpw
kzbw-]-cym-]vXX- t\-Sn. ]m∏m-bpsS A{]-am-Zn-Xytam ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ GIm-[n-]-Xytam ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-°mbv°v C√.''
ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v tZio-b-Xbpw kzbio¿j-I-Xzhpw
{]Jym-]n-°p∂ Ncn-{X-]c
- a
- mb ]n¥p-S¿®-bp-sSbpw am¿tØm-Ωm-«olmbp-sSbpw ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-am-Wv. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzXzt_m- [ - Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m\w tXmam- h - t _m- [ - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Cu
\{kmWnXzw ae- ¶ - c - b n¬ \n£n- ] v X - a m- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv ]uckv X y
26
ImtXment°-‰n¬ am{X-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ 2012˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v
iXm_vZn \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzbw\n¿Æ-b-Øn-s‚bpw kzbw`c-WØn-s‚bpw kpZo¿L-amb ]mX-bnse {][m\ \mgn-I-°-√m-sW∂v
Ipcy≥ tXmakv hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
ae- ¶ - c - b psS kzmX- { ¥y- Ø ns‚ {]Xo- I - a mb ImtXm- e n°m
ÿm\hpw kzbw`c-W-Øn-s‚-bpw tZio-b-X-bpsSbpw ]ucm-Wn-I-XbpsSbpw {]Xo-I-amb ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\hpw kwtbmPn-∏n-®Xv 1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\-bn-em-Wv. AtXmsS ]pcm-X-\-amb "am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k\w' Hcm-fn¬ tI{µo-Ir-X-am-bn. 1995˛epw 2002˛epw
D≠mb kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-Iƒ Cu ÿm\-ßƒ tNmZyw sNø-s∏Sp-hm≥ Ign-bmØhn[w Dd-∏n®p {]Jym-]n-®p. ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXmen-t°-‰ns‚ Hcp iXm_vZw ]n∂n-Sp-tºmƒ k`-bn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn
hnI-kn®p hf¿∂ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Ncn-{X-amWv shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\bpw 1958˛sebpw 1995˛sebpw kp{]ow-tIm-SXn
hn[n-Ifpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ al-Øzhpw kºq¿Æ-amb
Dƒ`-cW kzmX-{¥yhpw Dd-∏n-°p-∂p.
kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcw 2002 am¿®v 20˛\v PÃokv
hn. Fkv. afo-aTns‚ km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ \S∂ ae-¶c
Atkmkntbj≥ ]. _t -en-tbmkv amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXmen°m, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm BsW∂pw Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw
]pXnb amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2002
Pqsse 12˛\v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn DØ-c-hn≥{]Imcw Cu ae-¶c Atkmkn-tb-js‚ Xocp-am\w A¥n-a-sa∂pw -tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØXmsW∂pw Dd-∏n®p {]Jym-]n-®p.
ae-¶ck`-bpsS \{kmWn ]mc-º-cy-Ønse kzXz-\n¿Æ-b-Øn¬
hntZi A[n-\n-thi kwkvIm-c-Øn-eqsS hnkvar-X-am-°-s∏´ kzmX{¥yhpw X\n-abpw F√m taJ-e-bnepw hos≠-Sp-°-s∏-S-Ww. `c-Wcw-KØpw Bcm-[\{Ia-ß-fnepw thZ-im-kv{X-˛-k-`m-imkv{X hni-Ie-\-ß-fnepw ae-¶-c-bpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw X\n-abpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂
]pXp -Z¿i-\-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww. ]m›mXy
amXr-I-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-X-amb tkh-\-ip-{iq-j-Ifpw ]p\¿c-Nn-°-s∏S-Ww. ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ BtKm-fo-b-X-bn¬ {]Imiw ]c-Øp-∂Xv
ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzXzhpw tZiob X\n-a-bp-am-I-Ww. A[n\n-thi kn≤m¥-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hntam-N\ Z¿i-\-amWv ImtXm-ent°-‰ns‚ kzXz- \n¿ÆbØns‚ coXnimkv{X-ambn hf¿∂p htc≠-Xv. \h-N-cn-{X -Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-dbpw hntamN-\m-fl-I-X-bmWv.
27
ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s\-°p-dn®v tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakns‚ Dƒ°mgvN hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzXzØn¬ ka-\z-bn® kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw hntamN\ Z¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw
]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. ae-¶ck`-bnse ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lW-Øn\pw ]. ImtXm-en°m_mhm-am-cpsS I_-d-S-°-Øn\pw \S-]-Sn®´w D≠m-I-W-sa∂v tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv \n¿t±-in-°p∂p:
"ImtXm-en-°mhmgvN ]gb Iogvhg-°-{]-Imcw \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬ \SØ-Ww, ae-¶-c-\{km-Wn-IfpsS tZiob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ImtXmen°m ÿm\m- t cm- l - W - { Iaw ]p\¿c- N n- ° - W w, ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b psS
tZiob X\n-a-bp-sSbpw kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚-bpw {]Xo-I-amb ]c-º-cmKX thj-hn-[m-\hpw, ImtXm-en-°mbv°v {]tXy-I-amb Awi-hkv{Xhpw D≠m-I-Ww. ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS t]cn\v H∏w ]q¿∆n-I-amb
"C¥y-sbm-s°-bp-sSbpw hmXn¬' F∂¿∞-ap≈ "Xd-thmZv tIm¬
lntµm' F∂ ÿm\-\m-ahpw tN¿°Ww, "]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv' F∂v
A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøWw XpSßn \nc-h[n \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]¶n-Sp∂p.
tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXma-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßfn¬s]´ \nbp‡ ImtXmen-°m-bpsS ÿm\-Nn-”w, ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j-\nse ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Awih-kv{Xw, sshZn-I-{S-Ãn-°p≈ A¿°Zn-bm-t°m≥ ÿm\w XpS-ßnbh k` Kuc-h-ambn ]cn-K-Wn®v \S-∏nem-°n-bn-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ CXc Z¿i\-ßfpw {]k-‡-am-Ip-∂p.
ae- ¶ - c - b nse ImtXm- e n- t °- ‰ ns‚ hf¿®- b psS ASn- ÿ m\w
kwkv ° m- c hpw kmaq- l n- I - h p- a mb Ah- ÿ - b m- W v . ]m›m- X y- ˛ ]uckvXy k`m-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ ]p\¿hm-b-\-Iƒ°v C\n {]k‡n
A[n-I-an-√. C∂Xv "A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥, am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm≥, ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, ImtXm-en-°m F∂ coXn-bn¬ hf¿∂ am¿tØm-Ωm «o-lm-bpsS ]uc-kvXy- knw-lm-k-\-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬
]pXnb bpK-Øn-te-°p≈ {]th-i-\-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ hy‡nXz-Øn\pw ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-fnepw Bh-iy-amb {Ia-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
D≠m-I-Ww. ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ hf¿®-bpsS ]q¿Æ-Xbv°v CØcw
_mly-amb Ae-¶m-c-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v At±lw hy‡-am°p-∂p. F∂m¬ "km¿∆-{XnI ]nX-mhv', "\{km-Wn-Iƒ°v Hs°bpw
Xe-h≥' F∂o A¿∞-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ ImtXm-en-°msb
"C¥y≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv' F∂p \ma-am‰w \S-Ø-W-sa∂ hmZsØ
i‡-ambn tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv FXn¿°p-∂p-≠v.
"ImtXm-en-°m F∂p sNm√n hmgvØn\v' A[n-\n-thi hncp-≤-Xbpw
28
tZio-bhpw BtKm-f-hp-amb \{kmWn kzXzhpw tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥
tXmakv Cu IrXn-bn¬ ]p\¿ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂p. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-IfpsS Ncn-{XsØ s]mXp kaq-l-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v kmaq-ly-N-cn-{XØn¬ Dd-∏n-°p∂ coXn-im-kv{X-amWv Fw. Ipcy≥ tXma-kn-t‚-Xv.
Xe-ap-d-Iƒ ]n∂n´ hyh-lmcßƒ°v DØ-c-ambn ImtXm-en-t°‰ns‚ kzmX{¥y kpÿnXn Dd-∏n®v kp{]owtImSXn hn[n-sb-gp-Xnbn´pw, ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzØpw kzXzhpw s]mXp-k-aq-lØn¬ On∂-`n-∂-am°n Xo¿Ø-Xns‚ cmjv{So-bw ae-¶c \{km-WnIƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ \h-N-cn-{X- hn-i-I-e\w ho≠pw hgn-Xp-d-°p∂p.

29
1
am¿tXmΩm «olm-bpsS
knwlm-k\w
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\p apºv
Ign™ Ccp-]Xp \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-IfpsS G‰hpw
Xo{h-amb hnIm-c-am-bn-cp∂p am¿tXmΩm ss]Xr-Iw. t]m¿´p-Kokv
Ime-L-´-Ønse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øn-s\-Xnsc
G‰hpw i‡-amb {]Xn-tcm[w ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ Xo¿Ø-Xv,
am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS ‘am¿§hpw hgn-]mSpw’ (hnizm-khpw PmXnbpw) F∂
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.1 Cu ss]Xr-IØns‚ `mK-am-bmWv 1912
apX¬ Xs∂ ae-¶cbnse ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ ‘am¿tXmΩm- ivfolm-bpsS’ knwlm-k\w F∂ kw⁄ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂Xv.
ae-¶-c-bnse H∂pw c≠pw ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°mamcpsS Xe-hm-NI-Øn¬ ‘am¿tXm-Ωm- ivfolm-bpsS knwlm-k\w’ D]-tbm-Kn® tcJIƒ e`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AXnepw ]ntºm´p t]mbm¬ ae-¶ck`sb aq∂p \q‰m≠p-Imew `cn® ae-¶c sa{Xm-∑mcpw AXn\pw apºv k`m-≤y-£≥amcmbn h∂ t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm≥amcpw am¿tXmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlmk\w D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ GXm\pw Nne-Xp-am-{X-amWv Cu
teJ-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-hm-Zy-hn-j-bw.
am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ BZy-tcJ F.-Un. 1301 ¬ sImSp-ß√
- q¿ h®v Hcp kJ-dnb siΩm-i≥ ]I¿Ønsb-gp-Xnb I¬Zmb kpdn-bm\n thZ-hm-b-\-°p-dn∏p ]pkvXIamWv.
hØn-°m≥ sse{_-dn-bn¬ kq£n-°p∂ Sn {KŸ-Øns‚ (Vat.Syr.22)
tIme-t^m¨ (]-I¿s∏-gpØp hnh-cw)˛¬ A∂v `cn-°p∂ sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-sb-∏‰n “Rß-fpsS Xe-h\
- mb am¿ bmt°m-_v, am¿ tXmam«o-lm-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n-s‚bpw (The holy see of Apostle
Mar Thomas) C¥y≥ k` apgp-h-s‚bpw A≤y-£\pw Xe-h\pw”
F∂mWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv2 (tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS
Xe-h-\mb am¿∏m∏m “The Holy Roman See” F∂p]tbm-Kn-°p∂Xpambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I).
1653˛¬ Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyw apX¬ 1815 hsc ae-¶c `cn®
30
H≥]Xp sa{Xm≥am-cp-sSbpw ÿm\-\maw am¿tØmΩm F∂m-bn-cp∂p.
Ch-cn¬ aq∂p t]cp-sS-sb-¶nepw kz¥w t]cv hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu ÿm\-\maw am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ _ln¿kv^p-cW-ambn thWw IW-°m-°m≥.
hy‡-ambpw “am¿tØm-am -«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\w” F∂p ]cma¿in-°p∂ e`y-amb BZy-tcJ 1817 hr›nIw c≠n\v InS-ß≥
Koh¿Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm, ]p∂{X Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv aq∂m-a≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmsb “ae-¶-cbpsS knwlm-k\Ønte°v sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm” Bbn \¬Inb
kvXmØn-t°m-\m-Wv. Cu kvXmØn-t°m-\n¬ Xs‚ ÿm\-\m-a-ambn
am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv “tXmakv At∏m-kvtXm-es‚
knwlm-k\amIp∂ ae-¶-c-bpsSbpw C¥y apgp-h-s‚bpw knwlm-k\-Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv F∂p t]cp≈ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm” F∂mWv.3 skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v
am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv c≠m-a≥ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm 1816 \hw_¿ 24˛\v Imew sNbvX-Xns\ XpS¿∂v am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbmbn ÿm\-ta-‰n-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ CXn-\p -apºv ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-hmgvN Ah-km-\n-∏n°p-∂-Xn\pw C´q∏v dºms\ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm B°-W-sa∂p≈ tIW¬ a¨tdm-bpsS Bhiyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn ae¶c ]≈n-tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-\p≈ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkns‚ I¬]\-bn¬ “sXmgn-bq¿ CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm” F∂p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Xe-hm-N-Iw.4 c≠p h¿j-Øns‚ CSth-fbn-ep≈ Cu I¬]-\-I-fnse Xe-hm-N-IØnse hyXym-k-Øn¬
\n∂v a\-kn-em-Ip-∂Xv CXn-\n-S-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\p e`n® BIvSnwKv
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-am-Wv At±-lsØ "am¿tXmΩm
«olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Bcq-V-\m-°n-bXv' F∂m-Wv.
ASpØ tcJ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tN∏mSv am¿ Zoh-∂mkntbmkv \mem-a≥, sXmgn-bq¿ CS-h-I-bpsS IpØq¿ Koh¿Kokv
am¿ Iqdn-temkn\v sIm.-h. 1005 (F.-Un. 1830) ao\w 15˛\p \¬Inb
kvXmØn-t°m-\m-Wv. “ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ C¥y-bpsS AXr-Øn-bn-ep≈
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hkn-°p∂ {InkvXp-hns‚ Bń≥Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw
s]Æm-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw CS-b\pw bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n
kaq-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhpw ]cn-ip-≤\pw `mKy-hm-\p-amb am¿ tXmakv
At∏m-kvtXm-es‚ knwlm-k\mcq-V\
- p-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ^nen-t∏m-sk∂
Zoh- ∂ m- k ntbmkv sa{Xm- t ∏m- e oØm Bb \mw.....” 5 F∂mWv
kvXmØn-t°m≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
31
am¿ Zoh-∂m-kntbmkv \mem-a\v 1840 I∂n 1˛\p At¥ym-Jym-bpsS
]. Gen-bmkv ZznXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab® I¬∏-\-bn¬ ae-¶c-k-`sb hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. “]cn-ip≤ At∏m-kvtXm-e-\mb
am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS knwlm-k\ CS-hI”6 F∂m-Wv.
1848˛se sIm®n ]©m-bØp hn[n-{]-Imcw ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w
{]m]n® ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-kntbmkv ""]cn-ip≤
am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w'' F∂ ÿm\w D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp-∂p. tXmakv AØm-\mkntbm-kns\ Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn hmgn-®t∏mƒ \¬Inb ÿmØn-t°m-\n¬ At±lw am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS
knwlm-k\mcq-U\
- m-sW∂pw ]n≥Km-ansb hmgn-°p-∂Xv B knwlmk-\Ø
- n-te-bv°m-sW∂pw hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.7 sIm√h¿jw 1048 (1873) \p apºp Xs∂ At±lw Iev]-\-I-fn¬ ae-¶c
knwlm-k\w Fs∂-gp-XpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p F∂v tXmakv AØm-\mkntbmkv skan-\m-cn-t°-kn¬ samgn-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. \ho-Ic
- W kpdnbm-\n-°m¿ (am¿tØmΩm k`) Ah-cpsS k`m-Xe
- h
- s\ kwt_m-[\
sNøp-∂Xv “ae-¶c «olm-bv°S- pØ knwlm-k\
- Ø
- ns‚ sa{Xm-t∏m8
eoØm” F∂m-Wv. Ct∏mƒ AhcpsS Iev]\
- I
- f
- psS Xe-hm-NIw “ae¶c «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ........... am¿tXmΩm sa{Xm-t∏meoØm” F∂m-Wv.
1846˛¬ ae-¶sc FØn, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-Øn\p
Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-°p-Ibpw 1848˛se sIm®n ]©m-bØp hn[naqew B ÿm\w e`n-°msX t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvX At¥ym-Jy≥
ta¬∏-´-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p bpbm°nw am¿ Iqdo-temkv. 1874˛¬ Imew
sNøp-∂Xp hscbpw At±lw A[n-Im-c-an-s√-¶nepw ""ae-¶-c- sa-{Xmt∏m-eoØm'' F∂p `mhn-®n-cp-∂p. At±lw ÿm]n® t^m¿´p-sIm®n
]≈nbn¬ D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p∂ X_v s seØmbn¬ ""C¥y- b nse
am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ bpbm°ow Iqdn-temkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ssII-fm¬....''9 F∂p kpdn-bm\nbn¬ FgpXn-bn-´p-≠v.
1857˛¬ ae-¶c kµ¿in® bdp-i-te-anse kpdn-bm\n ]m{Xn-b¿°okmb am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv A_vtZ-Zp-\p-ltdm 1857 ao\w 13˛\p dm°m´p-]≈n kµ¿in-®p. AXns‚ kvamc-I-ambn At±lw Ahn-SpsØ
hn. aZv_-lm-bn¬ ÿm]n® inem-tc-J-bn¬ bpbm-°nw- Iq-dn-tem-kns\
“ae-¶-c-bp≈ am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ hmgp∂”10
F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
32
""tam¿ tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
Iqdn-temkv bqbm°nw'' F∂v Ad-_n-bn¬ ap{ZWw sNbvX Hcp
sNdnb ap{Z bpbm-°nw- am¿ Iq-dn-tem-kn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]. C·mØn-tbmkv bm°q_v XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm tcJ-s∏-SpØn-bn-´p-≠v.11
]pent°m-ń¬ am¿ tPmk^v Znh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-as\ (1865˛1909)
∏‰n ISpØ At¥ymJym `‡-\mb C.-Fw. ^nen∏v ""am¿ Znh-∂m-kntbmkv A©m-a≥ am¿tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n-t∑¬ hmgvN
Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp''2 F∂mWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 1889˛se
tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n-bn¬ Ah-km-\n® \ho-I-c-W-°m-cp-am-bp≈
tIkns‚ {][m\ \S-Øn-∏p-Im-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ e`y-amb F√m
tcJ-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n® Iq¿a-_p-≤n-bmb C.Fw. ^nen∏v tIhew Be-¶m-cn-I-ambn Cu ]Z-{]-tbmKw \S-Øn-sb∂v
hniz-kn-°m≥ km≤y-a-√.
CXp-t]mse Xs∂ hn. ]t{Xmkv «olmbv°p am{Xta knwlm-k\-ap≈q F∂ hmZw \nc¿∞-I-am-Wv. ae-¶-c-bn¬ am{X-a√ ss{IkvXh
temIsØ ]e k`-Ifpw Ah-cpsS Xe-h-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-t∏-cn¬
“knwlm-k\w” D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
k`m IpSpw-_-Øn¬s]Sp∂ tIm]v‰nIv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m Xeh≥ “Ae-Ivk-{¥ym-bpsS t]m∏pw hnip≤ a¿t°m-kns‚ knwlmk-\-Øns‚ ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw” (Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch
of the See of St. Mark) F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CubnsS Imew
sNbvX tIm]v‰nIv k`m-X-e-h≥ t]m∏v sj\uUm III, hn. a¿t°mkv
apX-ep≈ 117˛masØ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bncp-∂p. ka-∑m-cmb Hmdnb‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m-X-e-h-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ tIm]v‰nIv
t]m∏n\v H∂mw ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. hn. ]t{Xmkv «olm-bpsS ]n≥Kman-bmb ]. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okn\v c≠mw ÿm\-hpw. \memw
\q‰m-≠nse ÿm\-{I-a-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wn-Xv.
A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`-bn¬ ‘hnip≤ F®van-bm-Uvkn-\nse amXr-knwlm-k-\-Ønse’ kp{]nw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Iogvÿm\n am{X-amb
Pdp-k-te-anse A¿ta-\n-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv “hnip≤ bmt°m-_ns‚
ss«lnI knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv” (Patriarch of the
Apostolic Throne of St. James) F∂ ÿm\-t∏-cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c\pw Du¿t«-anse H∂m-asØ
F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bp-amb am¿ bmt°m-_n-s\-bmWv ChnsS Dt±-in-°p∂-Xv. «ol-∑m-cmb hn. _¿Ø-tem-an-bm-bp-sSbpw hn. X±m-bn-bp-sSbpw
33
]n≥Km-an-bmb kp{]ow ImtXm-en-°mbv°v Xs‚ Iogvÿm-\n-bmb
Pdp-ktew ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Cu ÿm\-t∏cv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬
bmsXm-sc-Xn¿∏p-an-√. Htc k`-bn¬ Xs∂ H∂n-e-[nIw ss«lnI
knwlm-k-\-amImw F∂p-≈-Xn\v DØa DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. A©mw
\q‰m-≠n¬ am{X-amWv Pdp-k-te-anse A¿ta-\n-b≥ sa{Xm≥ ‘]m{Xnb¿°okv’ F∂ ÿm\-t∏cp kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
“FtXym-]ybpsS ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw hn. XIvtessla-t\m-Øns‚
knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ FkvsN-tKzbpw” (Patriarch of Ethiopia and
Echegue of the See of St.Teklehaymanot) F∂mWv FtXym-]y≥
k`m-≤y-£s‚ ÿm\-\m-aw. CubnsS Imew sNbvX B_p\m
]utemkv, A©m-asØ ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw 62˛masØ FkvsN-tKzbp-am-Wv. 13˛mw iX-I-Ønse hn. Xt¢ssla-t\m-Øn-s\-bmWv H∂masØ FkvsN-tKz-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n\p apºv
ae-¶c k`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ A¿°-Zvbm-t°m≥ (Archdeacon) ]Zhn°p kam- \ - a mWv tIm]v ‰ nIv _nj- ∏ n\p Iogn- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂
FkvtNtKz ]Z-hn.
ae-¶c k`mNcn{Xw am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn\v
A\p-Iq-e-ambpw C∂sØ ss{IkvX-h-temIw GI-knw-lm-k\ hmZØn\v {]Xn-Iq-e-ambpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ \nc-Øp-tºmƒ adn®p hmZn-°p∂-h¿ IÆ-S®v Ccp-´m-°p-I-bms-W∂v tJZ-]q¿∆w ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn°p∂p.
ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
(1) kvIdnb k°-dnb, tUm., DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-Iƒ,
CS-a-‰w, 1994, t]Pv 10.
(2) Van Der Ploeg, O.P., J.P.M, The Syriac Manuscripts of St. Thomas Christians, Bangalore, 1983, p. 4.
(3) 1889-˛¬ tdmb¬ tIm¿´v hn[n-bn¬ Ah-km-\n® \ho-I-c-W-°m-cp-am-bp≈
skan-\m-cn-t°-kn¬ 29 A°-{]-am-Ww.
(4) Sn. tI-kn¬ 39 A°-{]-am-Ww.
(5) DΩ≥, ]n.-F., tN∏m´v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv, tN∏m-Sv, 1956, t]Pv. x-xi.
(6) 1889-˛se skan-\m-cn-t°-kn¬ T. T. A°-{]-am-Ww.
(7) tPm¿Pv h¿Kokv a{Zm-kv, ae-¶c Hm¿-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`m Ncn-{Xw,
`mKw 2, tIm´bw, 1993, t]Pv 351.
(8) Nmt°m, ‰n.kn., ae-¶c am¿tØmΩm k`m Ncn{X kw{K-lw, Xncp-h-√,
2000, t]Pv 210.
34
(9) h¿Kokv IØ-\m¿ s\Sp-¥-≈n¬, am¿tØmΩm «olm- b pw ae- ¶ c
k`bpw, sIm®n, 1975, t]Pv 70.
(10) A{_lmw aev]m≥ tIm\m´v, am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w, ISa-‰w, t]Pv 16.
(11) C·m-Øn-tbmkv bm°q_v XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv, C¥y-bnse kpdnbm\n k`m-N-cn{Xw (ae-bmf ]cn-`mj: tP°_v h¿Kokv am∂m-°p-gn-bn¬,
2011), t]Pv 395.
(12) ^nen∏v C.-Fw., am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥ k`, Nnß-h-\w, 1977,
t]Pv 229.
(h¿Kokv tPm¨ tXm´-∏p-g-tbm-sSm-∏w. ae-¶-c-k-`, s^{_p-h-cn, 2001)

35
2
ae-¶-c-bnse
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ {]k-‡n
Ip{]-kn-≤-amb DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\pw C¥y-bpsS BZy
tZiob kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-amb Iq\≥IpcnipkXy-Øn\pw tijw Hcp
kzX-{¥, ]c-am-[n-Im-c, tZiob k`-bm-bp≈ ae-¶ck`-bpsS ]p\¿
cq]o-I-c-W-Ønse G‰hpw {][m\ \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p
1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15 Rmb-dmgvN \ncWw henb]≈nbn¬ \S∂
ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lWw. A∂v At¥ym-Jy-bpsS C·m-Øntbmkv A_vZp¬ ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ae¶c kp∂-l-tZmkv, apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv {]Y-a≥ F∂
t]cn¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-®p. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ IdpØ
\q‰m-≠p-I-fnsehnsStbm ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v `mKn-I-ambn \jvS-s∏´
kzbwio¿j-I-Xz-Øns‚ ]p\x-ÿm-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p B kw`-hw.
]. am¿tØmΩm «olm ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n® Ggc ]≈n-Iƒ
AYhm {]mtZ-inI k`-Iƒ Fßs\ Hscm‰ k`-bmbn hf¿∂psh∂
hkvXpX C∂-⁄m-X-amWv. BZna \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ tdma -˛ -t]¿jy≥
km{am-Py-ß-fnse k`-Iƒ hf¿∂v A[n-Im-c-t{iWn D≠m-°n-b
AtX coXn-bn¬ Xs∂-bm-h-Ww ae-¶ck`-bnepw AØ-c-sam-∂p-≠mb-Xv.
F∂m¬ a‰p ss{IkvXh tI{µ-ß-fn¬ \ns∂√mw H‰-s∏´p InS∂n-cp∂ ae-¶ck`bv°v BZy -k-l-{km-_vZ-ØnsehnsStbm X\Xv
sshZnI ]mc-ºcyw \jvS-s∏-´p. ]t£ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v ssIØmß-ep-ambn t]¿jy≥ k`-sb-Øn. AtXmsS ae-¶-c-bnse sa{Xm-t∏meoØm ÿm\w h√-t∏m-gp-sa-Øp∂ t]¿jy-°m¿°p am{X-am-bn-®pcp-ßn. ]t£ ]´w sI´p-hm\pw A]q¿h-ambn ]pXnb ]≈n-Iƒ IqZmi
sNøp-hm-\p-a-√msX \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v A∂v taev]-´-°m-cpsS Bhiyw
C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS CS-bv°n-S-bp≈ Akm-∂n[yw
Ah¿°v {]iv\-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. k`-bpsS ssZ\wZn\- `-c-W-Øn\p ]q¿W
A[n-Im-c-ß-tfmsS kztZ-in-bmb A¿°-Zvb-t°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ ssIbmfp∂ A[n-Im-c-ß-ƒ GXm≠v apgp-h\pw
A∂v C¥y-sbm-s°bpw A¿°-Zvbt°m≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ \{kmWn-I-fpsS PmXn°pXe-h-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
36
sa{Xm≥ hntZ-in-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ae-¶ck` X\-Xmb Hcp kzXzw
kq£n-®n-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-bnse t]¿jy≥ taev]-´-°m-c≥ ]cn-ip≤ am¿
tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw C¥ysbm-s°-bp-sSbpw hmXnepw F∂ al-Ømb ÿm\-\m-a-Øn-em-Wv
Adn-™ncp∂Xv. 15˛mw \q‰m-t≠msS ae-¶-c-bnse t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm∑m¿ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂ ÿm\-\m-a-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xmbn
Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. CsXm-s°bpw ae-¶-c-k-`bpsS kzX-{¥-amb hy‡nXzw t]m¿´p-Kokv bpK-Øn\p apºp Xs∂
\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂ hkvXp-X-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ 1498˛¬ Bcw-`n® t]m¿´p-Kokv A[n-\n-thiw ÿnXn-KXn-Iƒ BsI am‰nadn-®p. 16˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-tØmsS ae¶-c-bn-te-bv°p≈ t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS hchp XS™p t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im¿ ae-¶ck`-bpsS Bflo-bm-[n-Imcw ]nSn-®-S-°n. 1599˛se
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zm-kn-eqsS ae-¶c
- k
- `
- sb Bflo-ba
- mbpw euInI-ambpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS Iogn-em-°n ae-¶-c-bpsS
`cWw tdma≥ sa{Xm≥am¿ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Xt±-io-b-amb A¿°Znbmt°m≥ ÿm\sØ C√mbva sNøm≥ Xo{h {iaw \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw
Ah¿°-Xn¬ hnP-bn-°m-\m-bn-√. tZio-b-X-bp-sSbpw kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚bpw {]Xo-I-ambn AXv \ne-sIm-≠p. 54 h¿j-ßƒ°p tij-ap≠mb Iq\≥Ipcn-ip kXy-Øn\v hgn sh®Xv Cu ÿm\-Øns‚
\ne-\n¬∏m-bn-cp-∂p.
t]m¿Øp-Kokv Ime-L-´-Ønse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m A[n-\nthiw k`m hn⁄m-\-obØn¬ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb kc-Wnbpw ChnsS
{]N-cn-∏n-®p. AtXmsS Hcp F∏n-kvt°m-∏m-bpsS km∂n≤yw ChnsS
ÿnc-ambn D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv k`-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v AXy-¥m-t]£n-X-am-sW∂ Hcp hnizm-khpw \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn. t]m¿´pKokv Ime-L´w {]Zm\w sNbvX Db¿∂ hym]mc km≤y-X-Ifpw
AXn-eqsS D≠mb kmº-ØnI D∂-a-\hpw ae-¶-c-bnse ]≈n-I-fpsS
FÆ-Øn¬ Imcy-amb h¿≤\ D≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-ØnemWv Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXysØ XpS¿∂v tXmam A¿°Zvb-t°ms\
taev]´ ÿm\-tØ°v Db¿Øn-b-Xv.
Hcp ]uckvXy sa{Xm\pw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Imep-Ip-Øm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈
kpc£m k∂m-l-ßƒ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ krjvSn®ncp∂p F∂
hkvXpX D¿h-io-im]w D]-Im-c-ambn F∂p ]d-™-Xp-t]msebmWv
ae-¶ck`bv°v A\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xv. GsX-¶nepw ]uckvXy sa{Xms\
A∂p e`n-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ae-¶ck`-bn¬ Hcn-°epw \m´p sa{Xm≥amcpsS Hcp t{iWn D≠m-hp-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
37
Iq\≥IpcnipkXysØ XpS¿∂p-≈ ImeØv taev-]´ÿm\Øn\pw k`m hn⁄m-\o-b-Øn\pw ae-¶ck`bv°v At¥ym-Jy≥
k`sb B{i-bn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. ]t£ At¥ym-Jy-bpsS A[o-i-Xzmh-Im-i-hmZßƒ ae-¶-c-k` hI-sh®p sImSp-Øn-√. ae-¶c sa{Xm∑m¿
am¿tØmΩm F∂ ÿm\t∏cv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw C¥y-sbms-°-bpsSbpw hmXn¬ F∂ ÿm\-\maw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp h∂p.
Xs‚ ta-e-[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ A`y¿∞\ Ah¿ X≈n-°-f-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1770˛¬ Bdmw am¿tØmΩm sa{Xms\ At¥ym-Jy≥ sa{Xm≥am¿
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmÿm\-tØ°pb¿Øn. k`-bnse hnL-SnX hn`m-K-ßsf Hcp-an-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿§sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv At±-l-aXn\p kΩ-Xn-®Xv. am¿tØmΩm F∂
\ma- Ø n¬ At¥ymJy¿°p≈ Ak- l n- j v W p- X - b m- b n- c p∂p Cu
ÿmt\m- t cm- l - W - Ø ns‚ ]nºnse Hcp ImcWw. ]t£ Xs‚
]n≥Km-ansb am¿tØmΩm Ggm-a-\mbn hmgn®psIm≠v henb am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]mc-ºcyw \ne-\n¿Øn. ]n∂oSv 1815˛¬ ]pen-t°mń¬
tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥, sXmgn-bq¿ \n∂pw ]´-ta¬°p∂-tXm-sS-bmWv ae-¶c k`m-≤y-£s‚ ÿm\w F∏n-kvt°m-∏m-bn¬
\n∂pw sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-tØ°p ÿnc-am-bn Db-cp-∂-Xpw am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂Xv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS ÿm\t∏cv
BIp-∂Xpw.
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ Bcp-sSbpw Iogvÿm-\n-Ifmbn-cp∂n√. Ah¿ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Bcq-V\m-bn-cp∂v ae-¶ck`sb `cn-bv°p-Ibpw ]n≥Km-an-Isf hmgn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. CXn\v Hcp am‰w h∂-Xv ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm\m-tkymkv ]c-tZ-i-Øp-t]mbn At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn¬
\n∂pw ]´-ta‰v h∂-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. AXn-\p-tijamWv ae-¶-c-bpsS
At¥ymJy≥ _‘w ZrVX-c-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ AØm\m-tkymkv taev]-´-ÿm-\-ta-‰-Xp-ap-X¬ D≠mb kw`h hnIm-k-ßƒ
ae-¶ck`-bn¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[o-iXzw Dd-∏m°p-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn. taev]-´-ÿm-\m-tcm-lWw Xß-fpsS AhImiamsW-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At¥ym-Jym-bpsS 1665 apX¬ F°mesØbpw Ah-Im-i-hmZw. GXv F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ k`-sbbpw hcpXnbv°p \n¿Øm-\p≈ G‰hpw anI® am¿§-am-WXv. ae-¶-c-k` F°meØpw Cu \o°sØ sNdpØp \n∂n-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬
tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a\p ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw
]´-ta¬t°≠n -h-∂p.
38
{Iam-\p-krXw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-SmsX taev]´ ÿm\-ta‰ ]me°p-∂Øv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkn\v Xs‚ ÿm\w km[p-hm-sW∂v
P\- ß sf t_m≤y- s ∏- S p- Ø m≥ At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°o- k n¬
\n∂pw ÿm\-ta‰ hkvXpX Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. ]n∂oSv
At±lw Xs∂ AXv \ntj-[n-s®-¶nepw, ]m{Xn-b¿°okv At∏mtg°pw Xs‚ A[o-iXzw Dd-∏n-®n-cp∂p. FXn¿hn-`m-K-Øn\p th≠n
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a\pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw ]´-ta-‰tXmsS, sa{Xm≥amsc hmgn-t°-≠Xv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-sW∂ Hcp
hnizmkw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Dd-®p. A°m-esØ ae-¶-c-k-`-m`c-W-Ønse
Acm-P-I-Xzw CXn\v \s√mcp XzcI LS-I-ambn amdn.
1876˛se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS tI{µo-IrX-`-c-W-Øn\v Hcp -en-JnX `c-W-L-S\ {]Zm\w sNbvXp. F∂m¬
Cu kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ A≤y£w hln® At¥ym-Jy-bpsS ]-t{Xmkv
XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv, ]n∂oSv GI-]-£o-b-ambn ae-¶-csb Ggv
CS-h-I-I-fm°n Xncn-°p-Ibpw Bdp sa{Xm-∑msc IqSn hmgn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Hcp GIo-IrX ae-¶ck`-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
e£yw. adn®v Xs‚ Iogn¬ ]c-kv]c_‘-an-√mØ Ggv CS-h-I-Ifm-bn-cp∂p At±lw hn`m-h\w sNbvX-Xv. Cu B{Kl]q¿Øn-°mbn
C¥y-bn¬ \n∂p aS-ßp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb
A\p-k-cn-°-cp-sX∂pw Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ hnfn®p Iq´-cp-sX∂pw
I¿i\ \n¿t±iw A`n-\h sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°p \¬Inb tijamWv At±lw bm{X-bm-b-Xv.
F∂m¬ ae-¶-c-k-`tbm \b-tIm-hn-Z-\-mb ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meoØm- am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-at\m ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ hn`-P-\sØ AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. ]pXnb Bdp sa{Xm-∑mcpw ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS tae-[n-Imcw kΩ-Xn-bv°p-Ibpw At±l-Øns‚ Iogn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\m¬ \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ Atkm-kntb-js‚ sshkv {]kn-U‚p-am-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp ]SnIqSn IS∂v
]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nsb ]n∂oSv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS AknÃ‚mbn amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n \nb-an-®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]nf¿°m≥
hnX-®Xv ae-¶ck`-bpsS sFIy-Øns‚ Nn”-am-bn.
]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkpw XpS¿∂v ]pent°m-ń¬ am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a\pw At¥ymJym
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂p ]´-ta¬°p-Ibpw At¥ym-Jy≥ k`mimkv{Xw ae-¶-c-bn¬ {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS taev]-´-ÿm\m-tcm-lWw \S-Øm≥ Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°otkm ImtXm-en-°mtbm
39
AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂ tXm∂¬ ae-¶-c-bn-ep-≠mbn. F∂m¬ 1876˛se
kµ¿i\tij-ap≈ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ {]h¿Ø\w,
ae-¶ck`-bpsS `mhn taev]-´-hm-gvN-Iƒ kpK-a-ambn \S-°m-\n-S-bn√
F∂ hkvXp-Xbpw hy‡am°n. ae-¶ck`-bpsS Dƒ`-c-W-kzm-X{¥yw
Xosd-gp-XmsX ae-¶ck`bv°n\n sa{Xm≥amsc e`n-°n√ F∂pXs∂
Ah¿°p hy‡-am-bn-cp∂p.
Cu kml-N-cy-amWv ae¶-c-bn¬ Hcp a{^nbm-t\‰v ÿm]n°p-∂Xns\ kw_-‘n®v BtemNn-°m≥ ae-¶-c-k-`sb t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. 1901˛¬
am¿ Zoh- ∂ m- t kymkv A©m- a s‚ ]utcm- l nXy I\- I - P q- _ nen
BtLm-j-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn At±-lsØ a{^n-bm\m Bbn Db¿Øm≥ tIm\m´p a¬∏m≥ apX¬t]¿ {ian-®-Xns\ Hcp Zo¿L-ho-£W-ambn thWw ImWm≥. alm {]m`-h-\mb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
A©m-as\ a{^n-bm\ B°n Db¿Øn At¥ym-Jy≥ k`mimkv{X{]-Imcw taev]´hmgvN ChnsSØs∂ \S-ØØ° Hcp ÿm\n]cºc krjvSn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS BXy-¥nI e£yw.
]t£ Cu A]-ISw aWØ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv CXns\ i‡-ambn
FXn¿Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS DZyaw hn^-e-am-bn.
ae-¶ck`-bpsS taev]´hmgvNsb kw_-‘n® `bw 1908˛¬ ].
h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-as‚ hmgvNka-bØv bmYm¿∞y-am-bn. ]m{Xn-b¿°okn\v euIn-Im-[n-Imcw ASn-bd hbv°msX
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a\p taev]-´-ÿm\w e`n-°p-hm≥ `Ko-cY{]bXv \ w th≠n- h - ∂ p. XpS¿∂v At¥ymJym ]m{Xn- b ¿°okv
A_vZp≈m c≠m-as‚ ae-¶c kµ¿i-\hpw A\-¥c \S-]Sn-Ifpw
ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-t°‰v C√m-sb-¶n¬ k`bv°p \ne-\n¬∏n√
F∂ k∂n-KvZm-hkvY ChnsS krjvSn-®p. AXns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-amWv
1912˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\w.
1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛\v ÿm]n® ImtXm-en-t°‰v Hcp ]pXnb ImtXmen-t°‰v BtWm, AtXm Xn{Ko-knse a{^n-bm-t\-‰ns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®bmtWm AtXm s\kv t Xm- d n- b ≥ hnizm- k - Ø n¬ hoWp- t ]mb
t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-bmtWm F∂-X√ {]iv\w.
Cu ImtXm-en°m hmgvN-tbmsS ae-¶ck` ]q¿W-ambpw kzbw]cym]vXX ssIh-cn®p F∂-XmWv apJy hkvXp-X.
ae-¶ck`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp
ImtXm-en-t°-‰mWv 1912˛¬ ÿm]n-®Xv. tdmanse am¿ ]m∏m-sbt∏mse A{]am-Zn-Xztam At¥ym-Jym -]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\-t∏mse
40
GIm-[n-]-Xytam ae-¶-cbnse ImtXm-en-°mbv°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A≤y-£-\m-bp≈ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ (C-Xn¬
Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw s]Spw) Bh-iyhpw \n¿tZ-ihpw A\p-k-cn®p
am{Xw taev]´w \¬Ip-hm\pw hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-hm-\p-ap≈
A\p-hmZw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-°m-bv°p-≠m-bncp-∂-Xv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\p apºv ae-¶-cbnse I¬Zmb sa{Xm\pw A¿°Zvb-t°m\pw XΩn-ep-≠mbncp∂
A[n-Imc hn`-P\w Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂p ImtXm-en-°mbpw ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ømbpw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv F∂p ]d-bmw.
Cu Ahÿ \ne-\n∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ `mhn-bn¬ AXv Kuc-h-amb
A[n-Imc kwL¿j-Øn\v CS-bm-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. tae-[n-Im-cn-bmb
ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-ap-dbv°v Xs‚ Iogvÿm-\n-bmb ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm A≤y-£\mbn-cn-°p∂ kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ A\p-k-cn-°pI
F∂Xv `mhn-bn-¬ Ch¿ XΩn¬ A[n-Imc hSw-hen D≠m-°p-am-bncp∂p F∂v Xo¿®-bm-Wv.
tZiob k`mt\Xr-Xz-Øn\v A¿°Zvbt°m-\n¬ \n∂pw F∏nkvt°m-∏-mbn-tebv°pw AhnsS\n∂pw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bntebv°p-ap≈ hf¿®-bn¬ CØ-c-samcp {]iv\w t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n-√.
ImcWw A∂v ÿm\w hln-®n-cp∂ hy‡nsb ASpØ ÿm\tØbv°v Db¿Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXX.v 1912˛¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbv°v ]Icw as‰mcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ImtXm-en°m ÿm\tØ°v Db¿Ø-s∏-´-Xn-\m-emWv Cu {]iv\w D≠m-b-Xv. 1912˛¬ h´t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ImtXm-en°mÿm\w kzoI-cn-®n-cp-s∂¶n¬ AXv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm-\-Øns‚ Hcp kzm`m-hnI
hf¿® am{X-am-Ipambn-cp∂p. ]t£ A∂sØ kml-Ncyw AXn-\\p-h-Zn-®n-√.
F∂m¬ CØ-c-samchÿ D≠m-I-cp-sX∂v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meoØm am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ B{K-ln-®n-cp∂p. A∂sØ
{]tXyI ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\p ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏meoØm
ÿm\w XyPn-°pI Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-ÿm\w C√m-Xm-°n, B A[n-Im-c-ßƒ ]uckvXy ImtXmen-°mbn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. At±lw D≠m°nb \°¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mbpw At±-lØn\p Iogn¬ aq∂p sa{Xm--∑mcpw Ah¿°p Iogn¬ F∏n-kvt°m-∏mam-cp-ap≈ Hcp `cWt{iWn-bmWv hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.
41
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn\v ]e sshjay-ßƒ t\cn-´p. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ae-¶c k`m-≤y-£ ÿm\w C√m-Xm°p-∂-Xns‚ \nb-a-]-c-amb XS-k-ßƒ Hcp hi-Øpw, ae¶-c-bpsS
GI-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kzm[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xo-I-amb Cu ÿm\w
C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xn¬ \{km-Wn-°p≈ am\-knI hntbm-Pn∏v adp-h-iØpw
CXns\Xnsc kΩ¿±-ap-b¿Øn.
Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-®mWv 1934˛¬ `c-W-L-S\ ]mkm-°n-b-Xv.
AX-\p-k-cn®v ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsSbpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-bp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-ßƒ {]tXyIw \n¿h-Nn-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬
c≠p ÿm\-ßfpw Hcp hy‡n Xs∂ hln-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-Øn\v ÿncX
h∂Xv `c-W -L-S\ ]mk- m °n- b- t Xm- sS- bm- sW∂p ]d-bp-∂ -Xn¬
sX‰n√.
ap≥]p kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ ]. am¿tØmΩm «olmbpsS knwlm-k\ØnemWv hmWn-cp-∂-Xv. ae-¶-cbnse H∂mw ImtXm-en-°m apX¬Xs∂ ss«lnI knwlm-k\w
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu c≠p ÿm\-ßfpw kwtbm-Pn-®-tXmsS ]pcmX-\-amb am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k\w H‰ Ah-Im-in°p am{X-am-bnØo¿∂p. F¶nepw `cW-L-S-\-{]-Imcw ImtXm-en°m˛ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm Hcp GIm-[n-]-Xnb-√, kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p (a-e-¶-c-bn¬
CXn¬ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw s]Spw) hnt[-b-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂, Hcp
ta¬ÿm-\n-bmWv.
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS \mahpw A[n-Imc Ah-Im-i-ßfpw
1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øn-sb-¶nepw Cu c≠p ÿm\ßfpw kwtbm-Pn®tXmsS AXv GXm≠v \njv{]-`hpw AkvX{]`hhp-ambn amdn. 1975˛¬ ]. _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Ya≥ ÿm\-ta-‰-t∏mƒ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ÿm\\m-a-amb
_tk-en-tbm-kn-t\m-sSm∏w ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]mc-º-cyÿm-\-\m-a-amb am¿tØmΩm IqSn Iqń-t®¿Øv amXrI krjvSn®p.
Aßs\ ae-¶-c-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-amb ImtXm-en°m
ÿm\hpw kzbw`c-W-Øn-s‚bpw tZio-b-X-bp-sSbpw ]ucm-WnIXbpsSbpw {]Xo-I-amb ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\hpw ae-¶ck`bv°p am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-XmsW∂v At±lw {]Jym-]n-®p.
1995˛sebpw 2002˛sebpw kp{]ow- t Im- S Xn hn[n- I ƒ C¥y≥
tZiob ss{IkvX-h-cpsS {]Xo-I-amb Cu c≠p ÿm\-ßfpw tNmZyw
42
sNø-s∏-Sp-hm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-h-bm-sW∂p {]Jym-]n-®-tXmsS Cu
ÿm\w ]q¿W-X-bn-se-Øn-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-√. ae-¶-c-k`m
`c-W-L-S-\-sbbpw C¥y≥ \oXn-\ymb hyh-ÿ-sbbpw sh√p-hn-fn®p-sIm≠v At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv kzbw k`bv°v CX-c-\mbXv CXns‚ Hcp ]m¿izêw am{Xw.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m A¿∞-Ønepw hym]vXnbnepw C¥y≥ ss{IkvXh kaq-l-Øns‚ A≤y-£-\mbn, ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]q¿hnI ÿm\-\m-a-amb C¥y-sbm-s°-bpsSbpw hmXn¬ BIp-tºmgmWv ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m- ÿm\-w
]cn-]q¿W-X-bn-se-ØpI.
(ae-¶-c-k-`, HIvtSm_¿, 2002)

43
3
tXmakv {]Y-at\m NXp¿∞t\m?
B_q≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv tXmakv {]Y-a≥ _mhm At±-lØns‚ t]cnse {]Ya\neqsS Xt‚Xv ]pØ≥ k`-bm-sW∂pw, Xm≥
AXns‚ BZysØ ImtXm-en°mbmsW∂pw sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-IbmWv. t{ijvT _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhmbpsS
(1975-˛1996) t]cn¬ ZznXo-b≥ tN¿ØXv Xn{Ko-knse ]utemkv a{^nbm\m (728-˛757) ]utemkv {]Y-a-s\-∂p≈ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW∂v
A∂sØ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv I£n-bnse k`m-N-cn-{X-Imc-∑m¿ hntijn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. 1912-˛se ImtXm-en-t°-‰v ÿm]-\sØbpw ]cn-ip≤
_tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm-sbbpw
AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√∂v A∂v B hn`mKw {]Jy-m]n-®n-cp-∂p. 1860˛¬
\n¿Ø-em-°n-b-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ Xn{Ko-knse a{^n-bm-t\-‰v 1964˛¬
].- _-tk-en-tbmkv HutK≥ {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS
ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-tØmsS am{X-amWv ae-¶-c-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®-sX-∂m-bncp∂p 1975˛¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv I£n-bpsS HutZym-KnI \ne-]m-Sv.
1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n® ImtXm-en-t°-‰v Xn{Ko-knse a{^nbm-t\-‰ns‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿® Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ ]. -am-Xyqkv {]Ya≥ _mhm, amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ BIp-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v _m¿ CutØm
{_otdm tUm.- Un.- _m_p t]mƒ Xs‚ Z skbv‚ v {^w IqtZZv F∂
sNdp {KŸ-Øn¬ (t]Pv 30) ka¿∞n-®n-´p-≠v. Alq-ZtΩ (559-˛577)
apX¬ _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ hsc-bp≈ 73 a{^n-bm\m-am-cpsS ]ń-Ibpw At±lw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
Xn{Ko-knse a{^n-bm-\m-am-cpsS ]ń-Ib
- n¬ tXmΩm (tXm-ak
- v) F∂
t]cp≈ c≠p- t]-cp-≠v. Xn{Ko-jy≥ tXmΩmbpw (848-˛856) tXmΩm
FkvXq-\q-tdmbpw (912-˛913). Chsc ap≥Km-an-I-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ C∂sØ tXmakv {]Y-a≥, _tk-en-tbmkv tXmakv
XrXo-b≥ BIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hn.- ]-t{Xmkv «olmsb IqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn-bm¬ ]. -]-t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm ]t{Xmkv
\mem-a\m-Ip∂Xpt]mse, ]. am¿tXmΩm «olmsb IqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn-bm¬ tXmakv {]Y-a\v \mem-a≥ (N-Xp¿∞≥) BIm-am-bn-cp-∂p.
k`-m`c-WL
- S- \
- bpw kp{]ow-tIm-SX
- n-hn-[nbpw adn-IS- ∂v t{ijvT\pw
{]Y- a \pw (H- ∂ m- a ≥) BIm≥ Xnc°p Iqń- b - t ∏mƒ At±lw
44
k`mNcn{Xw ad-∂p-t]m-b-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. Xs‚ t]cn-eqsS t{ijvT
]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-sb-t]mepw ap≥Km-an-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°mØ-t∏mƒ, ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-th-f-bn¬ ImewsNbvX GtXm Hcp
ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS Awi-h-Sn-bn-sem-scÆw ]mc-º-cy-h-gn°v e`n®-Xmb ]{X-hm¿Ø A¤p-X-I-c-amWv.
Zoh- ∂ m- k n- t bmkv F∂ t]cp - I qSn \ne- \ n¿Øn t{ijv T
_mhmbv°v Xs‚ t]cv ]cn-jvI-cn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS ss]Xr-I-amb am¿tXmΩm \maw Xß-fpsS
t]cn-t\m-sSm∏w tN¿Ø ].- am¿tØmΩm am-Xyqkv {]Y-a≥, ]. am¿tXmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm-am-cpsS amXrI kzoIcn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. am¿tXmΩmsb∂ ÿm\-\maw At¥ym-Jy¿°v
NXp¿∞n-bm-bX
- n-\m-emWv ae-¶c
- b
- psS Bdmw am¿tXmΩm F∏n-kvtIm∏msb 1770-˛¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-bmbn Db¿Øn-b-Xv. AXpsIm≠v At¥ym-Jym-bn¬ \n∂p e`n®
Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv F∂ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ÿm\-\maw,
kz¥w I£n-bpsS sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ {SÃn F∂ \ne-bn¬ t{ijvT
_mhmbv°v kzoI-cn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIm´-bØv ˛ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ tZhtem-IØp (tIm´-bw˛38) Xs∂- ˛ ]pXnb k`-bpsS Bÿm\w ]Wnbm\pt±in°p∂ \nebv°v AXn-s\mcp {]k-‡n-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
t]cn-se-¶nepw \nb-am-\p-krX ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ˛ ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpambn ka-\m-Im-am-bn-cp∂p.
(ae-¶ck`mZo]w, Pqsse 2002)

45
4
ImtXm-en°m
F∂p hnfn-®m¬ apS°pw!
tdma≥
ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ am¿]m∏msb Hgn®v a‰m-sc-sb¶nepw ImtXm-en°m F∂p hnfn-®m¬ DS≥ apS-°p-sa∂v DZ-bw-t]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kv. km¿h-{XnI k`m≤y-£≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ am¿]m∏m am{X-amWv Cu ÿm\-Øn-\¿l-s\∂v 1599˛se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿
kp∂- l - t Zm- k ns‚ c≠mw auXz ˛ c≠mw IqSn- h n- N mcw, F´mw
Imt\m\m hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Sn Imt\m-\-bmWv Xmsg tN¿°p-∂-Xv:
""sKmh-bn¬ \n∂ _lp-am-\-s∏´ sa{Xm-s∏m-enØm1 hcp-shmfw
Cßp H≈-hc2 \nØ-esØ3 c≠ s\csØ \a-kvIm-c-Ønepw Ipdphm-\-bnepw hKp-Zm-iose4 ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\5 IsØm-en°m6 F∂
sNm√n hmgvØn \ymbw7. IsØm-en°m F∂ samgn-bpsS A¿∞w
BIp-∂X \{km-Wn-Iƒ° Hs°°pw Xe-h≥8 F∂. \{km-Wn-Iƒ
Hs°°pw Xe-h≥ F∂ ]m∏mbv°p9 F∂nsb as‰m-cp-Ø-sc-sa¬
IsØm-en°m F∂ samgn-sNm√pws]msf al-sdm≥ X´pw10 F∂-Xn\m-sebpw ]´-°-c-scmSpw FW-ß-scmSpw11 IsØm-en° F∂ s]cIp¿∆m-\-bnepw \a-kv°m-c-Ønepw hnsi-jn® as‰m-cn-°epw ip≤am\ ]m∏m-sS-sa¬ F∂nsb as‰m-cp-Ø-c-sa¬ IqSn sNm√-cpX F∂
{]am-Wn-°p∂p.12
F∂m¬ C{]-Imcw Bcm\pw IS-°n¬ As∏msf Ah¿° alsdm≥ hnfn® sNm√p-Ibpw shWw.
tdma≥ ItØmen°mk-`-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W-am-Wn-Xv. CXpsIm-≠m-hWw am¿]m∏m ImtXm-en°m F∂ ÿm\w Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcsØ doØv taP¿ B¿®p_nj-∏n\v _qfm- hgn \¬Im-Ø-Xv. Cu
\nb-a-{]-Imcw, kzbw Aßs\ hnfn® doØp-Im¿ F√m-hcpw tdma≥
ItØm-en-°mk-`-bn¬ \n∂pw apS-°-s∏´p Ign™p. AXn-\m¬ C\nb-h¿ km¿h-{XnI k` F∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°mk`bpsS `mK-a-√.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
(1) Ae-Ivknkv Un. sa\-knkv ˛ tKmh-bnse tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m B¿®v
_nj∏v.
46
(2) = ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ
(3) = \nXyhpw
(4) = _mKvZmZv
(5) skeq-jy-˛s
- S-Ãn-t^m-Wnse s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m. Ct±lw ]m{Xnb¿°okv F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
(6) ImtXm-en°m = km¿h-{XnI ]nXmhv
(7) = A\p-kva-cn-®p-h∂p.
(8) ae-¶-c-bn¬ {InkvXym\n F∂-Xn\v \{kmWn F∂mWv 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠phscbpw hyh-l-cn®p h∂n-cp-∂Xv.
(9) = tdmam -]m∏m.
(10) = apS-°-s∏Spw.
(11) Assh-Zn-I¿ F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv ChnsS Cu hm°v {]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv.
(12) = Iev]n-°p∂p.
(a-e-¶-c-k`m]{Xn-I, sabv 15, 2005)

47
5
doØv ImtXm-en°m ˛
shdpw {]l-k\w
doØv {]ÿm-\-Øn\v kl-P-amb {]Nm-cW {]N-fi-X-tbmsS
sImń-tLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ae-¶c doØv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cpsS
tamdm≥ am¿ ImtXm-en°m_mhm Hcp {]l-k\w am{X-am-Wv. tdma≥
ItØm-en-°m- k-`-bpsS Imt\m-\p-I-fp-sStbm ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n
]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚tbm ]n≥_-e-an-√mØ Cu \ho\ ÿm\-hmZw Hcp
\jvS-t_m-[-Øns‚ XpS¿°-Y- am-{X-am-Wv. doØp -{]-ÿm\w ÿm]n®
B¿®-v_n-j∏v Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ taml-`w-K-Øns‚ XpS¿°-Y. am[ya-ß-fpsS Ipsd -ÿew A]-l-cn-°p-hm\pw doØp -{]-ÿm\ {]tWXm-°-fpsS taml-`w-K-Øn\p Ipd-®m-izmkw In´p-hm\pw km[n-°p-sa∂-√msX Cu ]pXn-b -hn-ti-jWw bmsXmcp Ne-\hpw ae-¶-c -\{kmWn-I-fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠m-°n-√.
tdmam- ]m-∏m, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS A≤y-£s\
taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v Bbn Db¿Øn F∂Xv kXy-am-Wv. CXv tdma≥
ItØm-en-°mk-`-bpsS `c-W-]-c-amb Hcp kwhn-[m-\w am{X-am-Wv.
tdmam-k-`bv°v aq∂v taP¿ B¿®v _nj-∏p-amcpw Bdp ]uckvXy
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-amcpw am¿]m-∏m-b-S°w Bdv eØo≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okp-am-cp-ap-≠v. C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw tI{µ`-c-W -{]-tZ-iß-fnepw Kh¿W¿, -e-^v\‚ v Kh¿W¿,- A-Uvan-\n-kvt-{S‰¿ apX-emb
ÿm\n-Isf \nb-an-°p-∂Xpt]mep≈ Hcp kwhn-[m\w am{X-am-WnXv.
tdma≥ ItØm-en-°mk-`-bnse Hcp ÿm\n°v kzbw as‰mcp
ÿm\hpw Gs‰-Sp-°m-\m-hn-√. Aßs\ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ 1992˛¬
taP¿ B¿®v _nj-∏mb Fd-Wm-Ipfw ˛ A¶-amen AXn-cq-]-Xm-≤y£\v Ft∂ ÿm\-t∏-cp -kzo-I-cn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-ltam AXn\pw
aptº taP¿ B¿®p_nj-∏mb Dss{I≥ doØp-Imtcm AØcw
kml-k-Øn-s\m∂pw apXn¿∂n-√. AXn\v A[n-Im-c-ans√∂v Ah¿°dn-bmw.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw AXn-cq-]-Xm-≤y-£s\ taP¿ B¿®v_nj-∏mbn
Db¿Ønb t]∏¬ _qfm-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m F∂ ]Zw Cs√-∂Xpw,
tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS Imt\m-\p-I-fn-tem, 1815 apX¬ C∂pw
48
\ne-\n¬°p∂ Hm¿U¿ Hm^v {]nkn-U≥kntem ImtXm-en°m F∂
]cm-a¿i-an-s√-∂Xpw B tc-J-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ B¿°pw t_m≤yam-Ipw. AXn-t\-°mƒ D]cn, tdmam-k-`-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m F∂- ]Zw
am¿]m-∏mbv°p am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°mhq F∂v DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-I-fn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.
sKmh-bn¬ \n∂ _lp-am-\-s∏´ sa{Xm-s∏m-enØm hcp-shmfw
Cßp H≈-hc \nØ-esØ c≠ s\csØ \a-kvIm-c-Ønepw Ipdphm-\-bnepw hKp-Zm-iose ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ IsØm-en°m F∂
sNm√n hmgvØn \ymbw. IsØm-en°m F∂ samgn-bpsS A¿∞w
BIp-∂X \{km-Wn-Iƒ° Hs°°pw Xe-h≥ F∂. \{km-Wn-Iƒ
Hs°°pw Xe-h≥ F∂ ]m∏mbv°p F∂nsb as‰m-cp-Ø-sc-sa¬
IsØm-en°m F∂ samgn-sNm√pws]msf al-sdm≥ X´pw F∂-Xn\m-sebpw ]´-°-c-scmSpw FW-ß-scmSpw IsØm-en° F∂ s]cIp¿∆m-\-bnepw \a-kv°m-c-Ønepw hnsi-jn® as‰m-cn-°epw ip≤am\ ]m∏m-sS-sa¬ F∂nsb as‰m-cp-Ø-c-sa¬ IqSn sNm√-cpX F∂
{]am-Wn-°p∂p.
F∂m¬ C{]-Imcw Bcm\pw IS-°n¬ As∏msf Ah¿° alsdm≥ hnfn® sNm√p-Ibpw shWw. (c≠mw auXz,- c≠mw tbmK-hnNm-cw, F´mw Iev]\
- ). ImtXm-en°m F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w "km¿h{XnI {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw Xe-h≥' F∂m-sW∂pw B hnti-jWw
]m∏mbv ° v am{Xw Ah- I m- i - s ∏- ´ - X m- s W∂pw AtX Imt\m\m
hy‡am-°n-bn-´p≠v. tdmam-k-`-bpsS HutZym-KnI \ne-]m-Spw CXmWv.
Cu Im-c-W-Øm-emWv ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Iogn-ep≈
I¬Zmb (s\kvtXm-dn-b≥) k`-bn¬ \n∂pw tdmΩm-k-`-bn¬ tN¿∂h¿°p-t]mepw ImtXm-en°mÿm\w \¬ImsX ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬
HXp-°n-bXv. c≠p ImtXm-en-°m-am-cp≈ A¿ao-\n-b≥ k`-bn¬\n∂pw
doØ-mbh¿°pw Inń-bXv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ÿm\w am{X-am-Wv.
CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv tamdm≥ am¿ F∂ hnti-j-W-Øn-s‚bpw
ÿnXn. His Holiness (]-cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hv) F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv
tamdm≥ am¿ kpdn-bm\n k`-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ]q¿Æ `c-Wm[n-Im-c-ap≈ k`m-ta-e-≤y-£-∑m¿ am-{X-amWv tamdm≥ am¿ D]-tbmKn-°p-∂-Xv. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn¬ hmgn® c≠v
_Z¬ ImtXm-en-°m-am¿°pw tamdm≥ am¿ F∂ hnti-jWw \¬Inbn-√. A_q≥ am¿ F∂v km[m-cW sa{Xm-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-bmWv Ah¿
A`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ Cu
hnti-j-W-Øn\v A¿l-\mb GI- hy‡n am¿]m-∏m- am-{X-am-Wv.
49
At¥ym-Jym-bnse doØv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-t]mepw tamdm≥ am¿ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k`
- b
- n¬ ]cn-ip-≤- ]n-Xmhv (Holy
Father) F∂ A¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ]Z-{]-tbmKw am¿]m-∏mbv°v HgnsI
a‰m¿s°-¶nepw D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂Xv Ah-cpsS k`m-imkv{X
hn⁄m-\o-b-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Aß-s\-sbm∂v tdmam
k` \¬IpI F∂Xv Akw-`-hyhp-amWv.
C\nbpw tdmam-]m-∏m, taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v F∂- ÿm\w \¬Inb-Xn-\m¬ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºc
- y-a\
- p-kc
- n®v kzbw ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w
kwPm-X-ambn F∂- hmZw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. D]-cn-π-h-am-sb-¶nepw ae¶-c- do-Øp-Im¿ ]n¥p-Scp-∂Xv ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n AYhm At¥ymJy≥ ]mc-º-cy-am-Wv. Cu ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m F∂ Hcpÿm\n C√. t]¿jy≥k- ` - b psS ]uckv X y ImtXm- e n- t °‰v
s\kvtXm-dnb hnizmkw kzoI-cn®tijw, At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ Iogvÿm-\n-bmbn cq]o-I-cn-®Xv a{^n-bm-t\‰v BWv. Hcp a{^nbm\ Bbn-cp∂ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿ F{_mb At¥ym-Jy≥ ]mcº-cy-Øn-ep≈hsc a{^n-bm-\m F∂pw s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mc-º-cy-Ønep≈hsc ImtXm-en°m F∂p-amWv Xs‚ k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ kwt_m[\ sNøp-∂-Xv. s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]ncn-hn-\p-tijw ]m›mXy kpdnbm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m F∂ -ÿm\w IS-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv
1912˛¬ ae-¶ck` ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p -apºv Xs∂ ImtXm-en°m F∂
]Z-tØmSv \{km-Wn°v A`n-\n-th-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. apI-fn¬ ]d™
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m -\¬Ip∂ kqN-\bpw as‰m∂-√. 54 h¿jsØ tdma≥ `c-W-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw Hcn-°epw I≠n-ń√mØ Cu ÿm\n-bmWv k`m-X-e-h≥ F∂ k¶¬∏-Øn\p am‰sam∂pap≠m-bn-√. t]¿jy≥ k`-tbm-Sp≈ _‘w Ah-km-\n-∏n-®n´pw,
]Icw At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ {]Xn-jvTn-°m≥ t_m[-]q¿∆am-b -{iaw \S-Øn-bn´pw, 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠nepw ImtXm-en°m F∂ ÿm\Øns‚ kzm[o\w ae-¶-c-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Cu ImtXm-en-t°‰v
k¶¬∏-amWv 1912˛¬ Ae-Ivkm-≥{Un-b≥ thZ-im-kv{Xhpw At¥ymJy≥ ]mc-º-cyhpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-Xv.
C\n hmZ-Øn-\mbn ]m›m-Xy -kp-dn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-{]-Im-c-ap≈
a{^n-bm\ (Im-tXm-en-°-m) bm-Wv ]m∏m-bpsS (C-√m-Ø) I¬∏-\-{]Imcw kzbw-`q-hm-bXv F∂p kΩ-Xn-®m¬t]mepw doØp ImtXm-en°mbv°v ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Imt\m-\n-I-ambn \ne\n¬∏n- √ . ]m›mXy kpdn- b m\n ]mc- º - c y- Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m\
50
\nbaamb lqZm-b- Im-t\m\nse c≠p hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {it≤-b-am-Wv:
1.- a-{^n-bm-\sb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv ]uc-kvXy-cmWv (A-Xm-bXv
At±-l-Øm¬ `cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿).
2.- ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ hmgn-°p-∂Xv a{^n-bm-\-bpsS kΩ-X-tØmSpIqSn am{Xw thWw.
ChnsS a{^n-bm\ doØv ImtXm-en-°mbpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿]m∏mbpw BsW∂v k¶¬∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]cn-tim-[n°mw. lqZmb
Imt\m≥{]Imcw doØv ImtXm-en-°msb Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xv Xncph-\-¥-]pcw AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS Iogn-ep≈h-cmWv. lqZmb Imt\m-\nse
Xs∂ hyh-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn®v (am¿ ¢oΩo-kns‚ H∂mw ]pkvX-Iw) P\w
apgp-h\pwIqSn thWw Hcp F∏n-kvt°m-∏msb Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥.
tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ P\-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v ANn-¥yam-Wv. sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p-t]mepw sa{Xms\ Xnc-s™Sp-°m-\p≈ kzX{¥ A[n-Im-c-an-√. doØp -sa-{Xm-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw a‰p
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m sa{Xm-∑m-sc-t∏mse tdman¬ \n∂p \nb-an®p
hmgn®b°s∏-´-h-cm-Wv. ChnsS Bcpw kndn¬ _tk-en-tbm-kns\
Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXmbn kqN-\-bn-√. tdmΩmk`-bn¬ AXns‚ Bh-iyhp-an√. At±lw tdmΩm ]m∏m-bpsS (C-√m-Ø) Iev]-\-{]-Imcw Cu
ÿm\Øp h∂-XmWv. AXm-bXv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv (am¿]m∏m) GI]£o-ba
- mbn C-hn-sS a{^n-bm\sb hmgn-®p. lqZm-b- Im-t\m≥ {]Imcw
GI-]-£o-b-ambn ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v A{]-Imcw Hcp a{^n-bm-\sb
hmgn-°m≥ A[n-Im-c-an-√. AXn-\m¬ Cu \ho\ krjvSn ]m›mXy
kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-{]-Im-c-ap-≈-X√ F∂pw kv]jvSw.
C\n lqZm-b- Im-t\m\nse c≠m-asØ hyhÿ ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
Cu hyh-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn®v tdmam-]m-∏msb hmgn-°m≥ doØv ImtXmen-°m-bpsS kΩXw thWw. CXv Npcp-ßn-bXv At±-l-Øn\v Hcp
thm´-h-Im-i-sa-¶nepw thW-sa∂v eLq-I-cn-°mw. ]t£, tdmam]m∏msb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂n-SØv FØn-t\m-°m≥t]mepw \ho-\doØv Im-tXm-en-°mbv°v A¿l-X-bn-√. tdmam -]m-∏msb Xnc-s™-Sp°p-∂Xv I¿±n-\mƒam-cpsS tIm¨t¢-hm-Wv. I¿±n-\mƒam-¿ sa{Xm-∑mcm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p -t]mepw \nb-a-an-√ (C-t∏mƒ sa{Xm-∑m-sc-b-√msX
I¿±n-\m-fm-°p∂ ]Xn-hn-√). C\n \msf \ho-\- doØv Im-tXm-en°mbv°v Hcp I¿±n-\mƒÿm\w e`n-®p-Iq-Sm-bvI-bn-√. ]t£, I¿±n\mƒ ÿm\w hy‡n-°mWv tdmΩmk` \¬Ip-∂Xv. Cu doØv
ImtXm-en-°mbv°v I¿±n-\mƒÿm\w e`n-®mepw ASpØ doØv
51
ImtXm-en-°mbv°v (D-≠m-bm¬) e`n-°W-sa-∂n-√. AYhm e`n-®mepw
Ah¿ thm´p- sN-øp-∂Xv Im-tXm-en-°m Bb-Xn-\me√ adn®v I¿±n\mƒ Bb-Xn-\m-emWv. Xß-fpsS Xe-hs\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ doØpIm¿t°m doØv Im-tXm-en-°mbvt°m Ah-Im-i-an-√. Npcp-°-Øn¬
tdmans‚ Zbm-Zm-£nWyØns‚ Iogn¬ ÿm\Øp-b¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
Ccp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp hniz-kvX- hn-\o-X≥ F∂-Xn-e-∏pdw
doØv ImtXm-en°m H∂pa√. C°m-cy-Øn¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°o-kns‚ Iogvÿm-\n-bmb ae-¶-c-bnse _Z¬ ImtXm-en°m
`mKy-hm-\mWv. ImcWw, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Hcp
thm´v F¶nepw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠v.
C\n ae-¶-c-k` 1912˛¬ ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n® ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mbpsS tdma≥ ]Xn-∏mtWm \ho\ doØv ImtXm-en°m F∂p ]cntim-[n°mw. ]cn-ip≤ am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbmWv 1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v
ÿm]n-®-Xv. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A≤y-£-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ kp∂l-tZm-kns‚ Bh-iy-{]-Imcw taev]-´-°msc hmgn-°p-I, hn. aqtdm≥
IqZm-i- sN-øpI F∂o A[n-Im-c-ß-fmWv ae-¶-c-bnse ].- Im-tXmen°m_mhm-bv°p-≈-Xv. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Isf hmgn-°p-hm\p≈ A[n-Im-chpw Sn kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\m-Wv.
ae-¶-c-k-`sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kp∂-l-tZmkv F∂ ]Zw
sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv sa{Xm∑m-cpsS kwL-sØ -am-{X-a-√. A¬amb-°m-cp-sSbpw ]´-°m-cp-sSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ IqSn -tN¿∂p-≈ ae¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-sØ-bm-Wv kp∂-l-tZmkv F∂ kw⁄ hnh-£n°p-∂-Xv. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv apX¬ CXx]cy-¥-ap-≈ Ncn{Xw
hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv Cu hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.
Hcp tdma≥ ItØm-en-°\pw kz]v\w ImWm-\m-hmØhn[w hn]pe-amb A[n-Im-c-ß-fmWv Cu ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. 1653˛¬
Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyw sNbvXv tdma-m\pIw hen-s®-dn™Xpw, AtX
h¿jw Xs∂ A¿°Zvbt°ms\ sa{Xm-\m°n Db¿Øn C¥y≥
sslcm¿°n ÿm]n-®-Xpw, 1686˛¬ Ae-Ivkm≥-{Un-b≥ thZ-imkv{Xw
kzoI-cn-®Xpw, 1809˛¬ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-{I-a-ßƒ AwKo-Icn-®Xpw, 1815˛¬ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-hmgvN Ah-km-\n-∏n®v sa{Xm∑msc Xnc-s™-SpØp XpS-ßn-bXpw, 1912˛¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n®Xpw, 1934˛¬ `c-W-L-S\ ]mkm-°n-bXpw Cu ae-¶c kp∂-l-tZmkm-Wv. C{]-Imcw hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-ß-fp≈ Hcp {]Xn-\n[nk`bpsS ]n≥_ew doØv ImtXm-en-°mbv°v D≠mbnń√. ]mhw doØv
{InkvXym-\n°v AØ-c-sam-c-h-kcw kz]v\w ImWm\pw Ign-bn-√.
52
apI-fn¬ ]d™ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw ]n≥_-e-amWv ae-¶-c-bnse bYm¿∞ ImtXmen-t°-‰ns‚ i‡n. am¿tØm-Ωm -«o-lm-bpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿®bpw ]n≥Kman-Xzhpw knwlm-k-\hpw At±-l-Øn\v Ah-Im-i-am-Ip-∂Xpw tZiob-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-amb Cu ]n¥pW aqe-am-Wv. tdmans‚ (C-√m-Ø)
Iev]-\-sbm-gnsI CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ as‰mcp ]n¥p-Wbpw \ho\ doØv
ImtXm-en-°m-bv°n-√.
1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ ImtXm-en°mbv°v D≈ hntijm-[n-Imcw taev]-´- ÿm-\m-tcm-l-W-Øn\p apJyIm¿an-IXzw hln°p-hm\pw, ]. aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-hm-\p-ap≈ A[n-Im-c-am-Wv.
]m›mXy kpdn-bm\nk`-bpsS Imt\m\pw ae-¶-ck-`-bpsS \nb-a-ßfp-a-\p-k-cn®v, Ah-\-hs‚ AXn¿Øn-bn¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okn\pw ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bn°pw am{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ønbncn-°p∂hbmWv Cu c≠v A[n-Im-c-ß-fpw.
F∂m¬ tdmam -k-`-bn-em-Is´ GXv B¿®v _nj-∏n\pw Cu c≠v
A[n-Im-c-ß-fpap≠v. A¶-amen˛Fd-Wm-Ipfw taP¿ AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS
Iogn- e p≈ Nß- \ m- t »cn AXn- c q- ] - X m- [ y- £ \pw kao- ] - I m- e Øv
aqtdm≥ IqZm-i -\-S-Øn. Xncp-h\-¥-]pcw B¿®v _nj∏pw tamdm≥
am¿ ImtXm-en°m BIp-∂-Xn\p apºpXs∂ taev]´hmgvN-Ifpw
G{]n¬ 18-˛\v aqtdm≥ IqZm-ibpw \SØn. doØp-Im¿ ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂Xv ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\nk`-bpsS Imt\m-\p-I-f-√, tdma≥ ItØmen-°m-k-`-bpsS Imt\m-\p-I-fmWv F∂mWv CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv.
ae-¶c doØv ImtXm-en-°mbv°v kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcyw Ah-Im-is∏-Sm≥ A¿l-X-bn-s√∂v CXns‚ efn-X- hym-Jym-\-hpw.
Hmdn-b‚¬, ss_k-ss‚≥ ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬s∏´ ]uc-kvXy- k-Ì-fpsS G‰hpw hen-b- k-hn-ti-jX Ah-bpsS hwio-bhpw tZio-bhp-amb hy‡n-Xz-am-Wv. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ tN¿∂p \S°p-∂-h¿°v Ch c≠n-s\-°p-dn®pw Nn¥n-°m-\m-hn-√. GXp- \n-an-jhpw
tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS GXp -`m-KØp \n∂pw Ah¿°v bYm¿∞ tae-[n-Imcn \nb-an-°-s∏Smw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ]›n-am-{^n-°bnse sk{Zm-tZmkv cq]-X-bpsS ÿm\nI sa{Xm-\mb am¿ G{_lmw
Im´p-a\, A¶-amen˛F-d-Wm-Ipfw taP¿ B¿®v _nj-t∏m-dn-°ns‚
s]m‚n-^n-°¬ sUen-tK‰mbn `cn® Ncn{Xw. am¿ Im´p-a\ P∑wsIm≠v kpdn-bm-\n ItØm-en-°-\m-sW-¶nepw C¥y-bnse sa{Xm≥
kwL-Ønse AwKtam cq]-Xm -`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cntbm Bbn-cp-∂n√.
At±lw hØn-°m≥ \b-X{¥ hIp-∏nse AwK-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
53
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hwio-b-amb hy‡nXz-sam∂pan√mØ doØpIm¿°v
˛ Bb-Xn-\m¬ Hcp ]uc-kvXy-k` F∂v Ah-Imi-s∏-Sm≥t]mepw
Ign-bm-Ø-h¿°v ˛ `mhn-bn¬ F¥mWv kw`-hn-°pI F∂Xv Duln°p-hm≥t]mepw km≤y-a-√.
Ah-km-\-ambn bYm¿∞ t]¿jy≥ (s\-kvtXm-dn-b≥) ImtXmen-t°-‰ns‚ tdma≥ ]Xn-∏mtWm ]pXnb ImtXm-en-t°‰v F∂p Nn¥n°m-t\-bn-√. I¬Zm-b-°m-cmb tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿°v kz¥w ]m{Xnb¿°o-kp-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ A{]-Im-c-samcp ÿm\-ap-≠m-°n-bm¬
AXns‚ ]I¿∏-h-Imiw A¶-amen˛F-dWm-Ipfw taP¿ B¿®v_nj∏n-\m-bn-cn-°pw.
]pXnb doØv tamdm≥ am¿ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS hmgvN-sIm≠v ae¶-c- \-{km-Wn-Iƒ°v A`n-am-\tam Db¿®tbm D≠m-bn-ń-√. C¥y≥
tZio-b-Xbpw kzmX-{¥yhpw {]Xo-I-h¬°-cn-°p∂, kz¥-P\w Xncs™-Sp-°p-∂, kzX-{¥m-[n-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp bYm¿∞ ImtXm-en°m 1912
apX¬ ChnsS \ne-hn-ep-≠v. hntZ-i -i-‡n-bm¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂,
ASn-a-Xzhpw hnt[-b-Xzhpw apJ-ap-{Z-bm-°nb, kz¥ -\n-baw \n¿Ωn°m≥ tijn-bn-√mØ Hcp \ma-[mcn \{km-Wn- k-aq-l-Øn\v Bhiy-an-√.
ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v A`n-am-\n-°m≥ a‰p ]e-Xp-ap≠v. C¥y≥ aÆn¬
]m›mXyi‡n-Iƒs°-Xn-cmb BZy- kzm-X{¥ykacw \bn-®Xv ae¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS BZy Xt±-iob sa{Xm-\mb alm-\mb am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a-\m-sW-∂Xp \{kmWn kaq-l-Øn\v A`n-am-\-I-cam-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ \nb-am-\p-kr-X ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ ˛ ]cn-ip≤ am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ hmW am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm∑mcpw ae-¶c sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Øm-amcpw ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-amcpw
˛ hntZ-i-i-‡n-I-fpsS ùXn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb A[n-\n-th-i-Øns\-Xnsc \nc-¥-cw -t]m-cmSn hcn-I-bms-W-∂Xv GsXmcp C¥y-°mc\pw A`n-am-\n-°m-hp∂ kXy-am-Wv. an¿Pm^¿am-cpsSbpw ]d-ºn¬
Nm≠n-amcp-sSbpw ]mX ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-h-sc∏‰n A`n-am-\n-t°≠ KXntISv bYm¿∞ C¥y-m°m¿°p-≠m-bn-ń√; D≠m-hp-I-bp-an-√.
C\nbpw BZyw ]d™ taml-`w-K-sØ-∏‰n Hcp hm°v. tdmam-k-`bpsS cmPyhpw i‡nbpw I≠p- a-bßnb doØp- ÿm-]-I≥ Cuhm\n-tbm-kn\v ImtXm-en-°-mbmbn B k`-bn¬ {]th-in-°m-\p≈
tamlw ]cn-ip-≤m-fl -\-S-Øn-∏n-eqsS ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm
ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-tXmsS Ah-km-\n-®p. kzbw
54
ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-°-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ km≤yX _Y-\n°v aq∂ma-sXmcp sa{Xms\ e`n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ C√m-Xmbn. tdmam-k-`-bn¬
tN¿∂n´pw AØ-cs
- am-ch
- k
- cw \ntj-[n-°s
- ∏-Sp-I I
- qSn sNbvXt- XmsS
taml-`wKw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. Ct∏mƒ (C-√m-Ø) Cu ImtXm-en°m
ÿm\-Øn-eqsS At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman taml-km-êyhpw Bflim-¥nbpw hcp-Øp-s∂-¶n¬ A{Xbpw \∂v.
doØv B¿®v _nj∏v ImtXm-en°m F∂v kzbw kwt_m-[-\ sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n°v H∂pw kw`hn-°m-\n√.
ImcWw ap°m¬ \q‰m-≠p-sIm≠v H∂-c -e-£-Øn¬ Xmsg kpdnbm\n {- In-kvXym\nIsf tdmΩm-k`
- b
- n¬ tN¿°p-hm≥ am{X-amWv F√mhn-[-Øn-ep≈ doØp ]cn-{i-a-Øn\pwIqSn Ign-™-Xv. AXn-t\-°mf[nIw ]pXp-{In-kvXym-\nIƒ Cu {]ÿm-\-Øn-ep-s≠-∂Xv ]c-kyamb cl-ky-am-Wv. CXp-hsc A[n-Im-c-t{i-Wn-bn¬ \n∂p X{¥]q¿∆w Hgn-®p-\n¿Ø-s∏´ Cu a¿±nXhn`mKw DW¿s∂-Wo-‰m¬ kpdnbm-\n-°m-cpsS Xe-bn¬\n∂pw Cu `mcw Hgn-™p-In´pw.
Akw-`-mhy-sa-¶nepw Fs∂-¶nepw X\n-abpw Kcn-a-bp-ap≈ doØv
{]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp sXc-s™-Sp∏p hcn-Ibpw `qcn-]-£-Øns‚
hnImcw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬∏ns∂ Hcp kpdn-bm\n
{InkvXym-\nbpw Cu (C-√m-Ø) ÿm\w ImWn-√. Cu bmYm¿∞yw
tdman-\p-t]mepw Adn-bmtam F∂p kwi-b-amWv. Adn-™m¬ Hcp]t£ Hcn-°¬ aq∂p ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ -ss_-k-‚ nb≥ doØv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cmb At¥ym-Jym, Ae-Ivkm-≥-{Unb,sb-dp-itew Chbv°p kw`-hn-®-Xp-t]mse aq∂pw IqSn H∂m-°m\pw
tdmw aSn-°n-√.
CXp- s Im- s ≠m∂pw ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ taP¿ B¿®v
_nj∏v tamdm≥ am¿ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv kndn¬ ImtXm-en°m_mh
Cu hnti-jWw Dt]-£n-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xcp-Xv. ImcWw APtamjW-Øn\v GXp thjhpw sI´m≥ tdmam-k` F∂pw Xbm-dm-Wv. CXn\p≈ {]I-S-amb sXfnhv 1986˛se tIm´bw cq]X πm‰n\w Pq_nen
kvac-Wn-I-bpsS 108-˛mw t]Pn-ep≠v. Iv\m\mb kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂pw
tdmΩm-k-`-bn¬ tN¿∂-hsc {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ eØo-\oI-cn-°-s∏´
]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n XIvkm D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip¿_m\ sNm√nb
tIm´bw sa{Xm≥ am¿ tXmakv Xd-bn¬, ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mcº-cy-Ønse Im∏ [cn®p \n¬°p∂ Hcp Nn{X-amWn-Xv. Awi-hkv{Xß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ k\ymk (d-ºm≥) Nn”-amb ˛ B{i-am-[y£≥ \¬Ip∂ ˛ akv\]vk IqSn-b-Wn™ Nn{Xw. am¿ tXmakv
55
Xd-bn¬ ]uckvXy ]mc-ºcy{]Im-c-ap≈ Hcp dºm≥ A√. ]uckvXy-k-`-bn¬ dºms‚ intcm-h-kv{X-amWv akv-\]vk. CXp [cn-°m≥
]´w thW-sa-∂n-√. \nb-a-an-s√-¶nepw ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcy-Øn¬ dºm∑msc am{Xta sa{Xm-\m°q F∂-Xn-\m¬ \{km-Wn -a\- n¬ akv\]vk, sa{Xms‚ ÿm\-Nn-”-am-Wv. Cu Nn-¥m-KXn apXse-Sp-°m-\mWv At±lw Cu thjw sIń-b-Xv.
C¥y Hcp kzX{¥ P\m-[n-]Xy cmjv{S-am-Wv. am\y-amb GsXmcp
hkv{X˛thj-`q-jm-[n-I-fpw [cn-°m≥ Cu cmPyØv kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v.
AXp- t ]mseXs∂ Ipń- I ƒ°p GXp t]cp \¬Ip- h m\pw Cu
cmPyØv kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. a{¥n,- cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ XpS-ßnb t]cp≈
ae-bm-fn-I-fp-≠v. {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-tijw Kk-‰n¬ ]ckyw sNbvXv
t]cp- am-dp-IbpamImw. _Y\n k\ym-k- k-aq-l-Øn¬ tN¿∂-t∏mƒ
Pbnwkv ae-s©-cn-hn¬, kndn¬ ae-s©-cn-hn¬ F∂v t]cp amdn-b-Xpt]mesØ Hcp t]cp-am‰w am{X-amWv Ct∏m-gsØ At±-l-Øns‚
tamdm≥ am¿ ImtXm-en°m. AXn-\-∏pdw Cu thj-Ønt\m t]cnt\m
bmsXmcp ASn-Ø-dbpw A¿∞-hp-an-√.
(ae-¶ck` amknI, Pqsse 2005)

56
6
ImtXm-en°mhmgvNbv°v
\S-]-Sn-{Iaw D≠m-°Ww
tdmanse ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m- k-`-bpsS A≤y£-\p-amb tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏m Cu amkw 2˛\v Imew
sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw At±-l-Øns‚ I_-d-S-°hpw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn
_\-UnIvSv ]Xn-\m-dm-as‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏pw A`n-tj-Ihpw \S-∂p.
B[p-\nI hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kuI-cy-ß-fpsS anI-hp- aqew Cu N-Sßp-Iƒ F√mw X¬k-abw temIw apgp-h≥ Zriyam[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS
ho£n-°m≥ km[n-®p. A®Sn am[yaw, \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ sIm≠p Nn´s∏-Sp-Ønb NS-ßp-I-fp-sSbpw BNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Ncn-{Xhpw AtXkabw hnh-cn-®p.
e£-°-W-°n\v P\-ßfpw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v hnizm-kn-Ifpw \qdpI-W-°n\v ÿm\n-Ifpw ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ Cu alm-kw-`-h-ßƒ A®-S°-tØmSpw BNm-c-ß-fn¬ ISp-InS sX‰m-sX-bp-amWv \S-∂-Xv. Ah
A{]-Imcw \S-°p-∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏m-°m≥ \n›n-X-amb Hcp kwhn-[m\hpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bv°p-≠v.
Cu BNm-c-Øns‚ N´-°q-Sp-Iƒ Hcp Znhkw sIm≠p-≠m-b-X-√.At\I \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS cq]w-{]m-]n-®- Ahsb \nb-a-Øn\p Iogn¬
t{ImUoI-cn-°p-IbmWv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m- k` sNbvX-Xv. Hmtcm
I¿Ωhpw {Inbbpw C∂-SØv C∂-bmƒ sNø-W-sa∂v tdma≥ ItØmen-°mk-`bv°v \nb-a-ap-≠v. AXv A`w-Kp-cw ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\memWv FÆ-a‰ Cu NS-ßp-Iƒ Xn°pwXnc°pw _l-fhpw IqSmsX
\S-∂Xv.
ae-¶c
- k
- `
- b
- nse ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- Ø
- n\pw ].- ImtXmen-°m-am-cpsS I_-d-S-°-Øn\pw Hcp \S-]-Sn-®´w D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn°p∂p. 1912˛¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°‰v ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ
apX¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e Iogv-h-g°-ßfpw C∂v A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn°p-I-bm-Wv. ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn\v C\nbpw
]e NS-ßp-Ifpw Iqńt®¿t°-≠-Xn-t√-sb∂pw Cu teJ-I≥ kwibn-°p-∂p.
ImtXm-en°mhmgvN-bn¬ A{]-Xy-£-amb GXm\pw \√ ]mc-º-
57
cy-ßsf BZyw Nq≠n-°m-´mw. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛\v H∂m-asØ
ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®Xv \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬ h®m-Wv. CXv kuIcysØ {]Xn sNbvX Hcp \S-]-Sn-b-√.- «o-lm-bv°-SpØ Ingt°
knwlm- k - \ - Ø n- t e°v ImtXm- e n- ° msb hmgn- t °- ≠ - X v ].- am¿tØmΩm «olm-bm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb \nc-WØp ]≈n-bn¬ sh®m-bncn-°Ww F∂ hy‡-amb ImgvN-∏m-tSm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv hmgvN ÿew
Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv.
Cu \-S-]Sn ]n∂oSpw XpS¿∂p. 1925˛¬ c≠mw ImtXm-en-°-mtbbpw
hmgn-®Xv \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬ sh®m-Wv. c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS
hmgvN-bn¬ F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ ]cp-ae skan-\m-cnbn¬ \n∂pw BtLm-j-]q¿∆w FXn-tc-‰psIm≠p-t]mbmWv \nc-WØv
hmgvN- \-S-Øn-b-Xv. Cu bp‡n-k-l-P-amb ]mc-ºcyw ]n∂oSv F-¥psImt≠m XpS¿∂n√. ImtXm-en°mhmgvN \nc-Ww ]≈n-bn¬ F∂
]gb Iogvhg°w ]p\xÿm]nt® aXn-bm-hq.
c≠m-a-Xmbn, apºv ImtXm-en-°mhm-gvN-bn¬ \hm-`n-jn-‡s\ hn.Ip¿_m-\bv°ptijw Itk-c-bn¬ FSpØv ]≈n°p aq∂p {]mhiyw
BtLm-j-k-a-\zn-X-amb {]Z£nWw \S-ØpI F∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bncp-∂p. c≠mw ImtXm-en-°msb A{]-Imcw FXn-tc-‰-Xmbn At±-lØns‚ k`m-Po-hn-X-\mƒh-gn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. CXpw
Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-en-√.
aq∂m-a-Xmbn, Ing-°ns‚ alm-\mb ImtXm-en°m ].- _-tk-entbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ Xs‚ hmgvN-Zn\wXs∂ ]cpaeskan-\m-cn, ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn, ]mºm-°pS sNdnb]≈n, hmI-Øm\w
h≈n-°m´p Zbdm, tZh-temIw Ac-a\ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-seØn Xs‚
ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS I_-dn-S-ß-fn¬ [q]{]m¿∞\ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. A\pI-c-Wo-b-am-°m-am-bn-cp∂ B ]mc-º-cyhpw C∂p \ne-hn-en√.
Cu teJ-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en°m hmgvNbpsS {Iaw A]q¿Æ-am-Wv. At¥m-Jy≥ (]m-›mXy kpdn-bm-\n)
]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv/a{^n-bm-\sb hmgn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
{Iahpw {]m¿∞\-I-fp-amWv ae-¶-ck` D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch
Xr]vXn-I-c-a-s√t∂m am‰-W-sat∂m A√ Cu teJ-Is‚ hmZw. ae¶-c-bnse kml-N-cy-Øn¬ CXv A]q¿Æ-am-sW-∂mWv. ae-¶-c-bnse
ImtXm-en-°m-sbbpw At¥mJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv / a{^n-bm-\-sbbpw
Xnc- s ™- S p- ° p- ∂ - X n- e p≈ hyXym- k - a mWv Cu A]q¿Æ- X bv ° p
ImcWw. At¥m-Jy≥ k`-bn¬ Cu ÿm\n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-
58
∂Xv F∏n-kvt°m-∏-mam-cmWv. P\-Øn\v Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ bmsXmcp
]¶p-an-√. AXn-\m¬ F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv AYhm AhcpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, ÿm\m¿∞n-tbmSv ]cn-ip≤ dql Aßsb
(]m{Xn-b¿°okv / a{^n-bm-\) ÿm\-tØ°p hnfn-°p-∂p F∂v ]dbp-tºmƒ, Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ £Wn-°p∂p F∂ coXn-bn¬ Cu
I¿Ωw A¿∞-]q¿Æ-am-Wv.
ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°msb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS
kp∂-l-tZmkv am{X-a-√, P\-ß-fp-w ]´-°mcpw IqSn-t®¿∂mWv. Cu
Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ImtXm-en°m A[n-Imcw
{]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. ae-¶-ck-`-bpsS Cu s]mXp-hmb Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns\
{]Xo-I-h¬°-cn-°p∂ Hcp NSßpw ImtXm-en-°mhm-gvN-bn¬ C√.
AtX-t]mse ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°p-hm≥ Xocpam-\n-°p-∂Xv ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A≤y-£-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ F∏nkvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkmWv. hmgvN-bpsS apJy -Im¿Ωn-I≥ ]m{Xnb¿°o-tkm, ko\n-b¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømtbm Bcm-bmepw kp∂-ltZm-kns‚ Xocp-am\w A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. CXn\pw hy‡-amb
Hcp {]XoIw C∂v ImtXm-en-°m-hm-gvN-bn¬ C√. Cu Imc-W-ß-fmemWv ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lW{Iaw A]q¿Æ-am-sW∂v hmZn°p-∂-Xv.
Cu teJ-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]n≥Km-ansb Xnc-s™-SpØ
Atkm-kn-tb-js‚ Xocp-am\w Adn-bn®p-sIm≠v ap≥Kman Ab®
s]mXp I¬∏\ ]c-ky-ambn hmbn-°Ww. C-Xn\v Atkm-kn-tb-j≥
sk{I-´dnsb \ntbm-Kn®v P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°mw. XpS¿∂v ImtXmen°mhmgvN \S-Øm-\p-≈ kp∂-l-tZmkv Xocp-am\w kp∂-l-tZmkv
sk{I-´-dnbpw hmbn-°-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw am{Xw t{ijvT \nbp-‡Im-tXm-en-°msb ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øn\p £Wn-°p∂ I¿Ωw \SØnbm¬ apºp ]d™ Cu A]q¿WX Hgn-hm-Ipw. ta¬∏´ ÿm\mtcm-l-W-Øn\pw Ch- c≠pw ˛ s]mXp I¬∏\bpw kp∂-l-tZmkv
Xocp-am\hpw ˛ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \memw ImtXm-en°m apX-ep≈hsc hmgn-°ptºmƒ Ah¿ ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cm-Wv. apºp Iqń Xnc-s™Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\mepw, ap≥Kman Imew sNøp-Itbm ÿm\-XymKw
sNøp-Itbm sNøp-tºmƒ ]n≥Kman kzta-[bm ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meoØm ÿm\w {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mem-Wn-Xv. CXn\p {]tXy-In®p NSßp-Isfm∂p-an√; D≠m-tI≠ Bh-iy-hp-an-√. Cu kwhn-[m\w D≈-
59
Xn-\m¬ tdmamk`-bnse Ia-¿e¶ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bnse ssIamJmw
F∂o CS-°me ÿm\n-I-fpsS Bhiyw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v D≠m-Ip∂n-√.
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb Hcp thj-hn-[m-\ap-≠v. CXv `c-W-Im-eØv Hcn-°¬ am{Xw, t^mt´m FSp-°m≥ am{XamWv C∂v [cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Awi-hkv{Xw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS tZiob
X\n-a-bp-sSbpw kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xo-I-am-Wv. AXn-\m-emWv
At¥m-Jy¿ CXns\ AIm-t\m-\n-I-am-°p-Ibpw sshZnI- I¿Ω-ßfn¬\n∂pw ]pd-Øm-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. C∂v ImtXm-en°m F∂
ÿm\-\maØns‚ Imcy-Øn-se∂t]mse ]e \{km-WnXz ]n¥pS¿®m tamln-Ifpw Cu A\-\y-km-[m-cWamb Awi-h-kv{X-Øns‚
hnIr-X-amb A\p-I-c-W-ßƒ [cn®v Xr]vX-cm-Ip-∂p≠v. Zu¿`m-Ky-him¬ bYm¿∞ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ Cu Awi-h-kv{X-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw
a\- n-em-°p-∂pan-√.
Cu teJ-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, ImtXm-en-°m- ÿm-\m¿∞n, ae¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Awi-hkv{Xw [cn-®p-sIm-≠p-thWw
ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°-phm≥. C∂v ImtXm-en-°mbv°p
ÿm\-Nn-”-ambn aq∂p amebpw ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm cq]w
sImSpØ Awi-h-Snbpw am{X-amWv ÿm\m-tcm-lW ka-bØp \¬Ip-∂-Xv. thW-sa-¶n¬ Ah- \¬Ip∂ ka-bØp am{Xw Cu Awih-kv{X-Øn-\p- ]-Icw Im∏ \¬Imw.
ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ \S-Øp∂ sshZn-I- N-S-ßp-I-fn¬ `mKn-I-am-sb¶nepw Cu Awi-hkv{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Imcyhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°Ww.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v c≠p Znhkw sIm≠p- \-S-Øp∂ ]≈n-Iq-Zm-i-bpsS
BZy- Zn\w Cu Awi-hkv{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏meoØm F∂ \ne-bn¬ A≤y-£X hln-°p∂ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥
tbmK-Øn\v ˛ Ipd-™Xv BZysØ {]Z£n-W-Øn-s\-¶nepw ˛ \n¿_‘-ambpw ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Awi-hkv{Xw [cn-®n-cn°Ww.
ae-¶-ck-`-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°m-bv°v Awi-hkv{XßfpsS ImcyØn¬ aq∂p- am-e-I-sfm-gnsI as‰mcp hyXym-khpw CX-c -sa-{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-am-cp-am-bn-√. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-fn¬ ]e-Xn\pw k`m-≤y£∑m¿°v \nd-Øn-se-¶nepw hyXy-kvX-amb Awi-h-kv{X-ß-fp-≠v.
ae- ¶ - c k- ` - b nepw Hcp hyXykv X amb Awi- h kv { Xw ImtXm- e n°mbv°v \¬Ip∂ Imcyw ]cn- K - W n- ° - W w. Ipd™]£w
60
At¥ymJy≥ coXn-bn-ep≈ aØ-ßm-ap-Sn°p ]Icw ss_k-ss‚≥
coXn-bn-ep-≈ IncoSw imiz-X-ambn \¬Ip-I-sb-¶n-epw- th-Ww. ae¶c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS apSnbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.
ImtXm-en°m hmgvN-Zn-\-Øn¬ \n¿_-‘-ambpw Hgn-hm-t°≠
H∂p≠v. A∂p \S-°p∂ A\p-tam-Z\ ktΩ-f\w. Zo¿L-amb ip{iqj-Iƒ°p-tijw Im¿an-I-tcbpw `‡-P-\-ß-sfbpw Hcp-t]mse apjn∏n-°p∂ Htc¿∏m-Sm-Wn-Xv. \hm-`njn‡\v Xs‚ BSp-I-fp-ambn kwhZn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-chpw, P\-Øn\v h-en-b CSbs‚ A\p-{Klw
hmßm-\p-≈ kml-Nc
- y-hp-amWv \ntj-[n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv. A\p-tam-Z\
- hpw
kzoI-c-W-hpw \¬IWsa-¶n¬ AXp ]n∂oSv Hcp Znh-k-am-°p-IbmIpw DØ-aw. thW-sa-¶n¬ ASpØ Hcp Znhkw ImtXm-en°m
Xs‚ HutZym-KnI tZhm-e-b-amb tIm´bw am¿ Genbm IØo-{Uen¬ {]th-in-°p∂ Hcp NS-ßn\v cq]w\¬Ip-Ibpw AhnsS BNm-c]-c-amb kzoI-cWhpw XpS¿∂v A\p-tam-Z\tbmKhpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.
taev]´ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-ßƒ°pw hmgvN Znhkw A\p-tam-Z-\-tbmKw
Hgn-hm-°-Ww.
ImtXm-en°m˛taev]´ ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-ß-fpsS as‰mcp Zu¿`mKyw
hn.- a-Zv_-lm-bnse t^mt´m-t{]-an-I-fpsS _l-f-am-Wv. hmgvNm- N-Sßp-Iƒ icn-bmbn \S-Ømt\m P\-Øn\p ImWmt\m km≤ya-√mØ
hn[w {][m\ Im¿an-Is\ ad-™p-hsc \n¬°p∂ coXn-bn-emWv
sshZnIÿm\n-I-fpsS _l-fw. Cu Ahÿ Ah-km-\n∏n°-Ww.
CØcw hmgvN-I-fn¬ IrXy-amb {Inbm-hn-`-P\w apºp-Iqń \S-ØpIbpw hn. aZv_-lm-bn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆw I¿i-\-ambn
\nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw thWw. 1991˛¬ Ct∏m-gsØ ]. ]nXm-hns‚ hmgvNbpsS ka-bØv tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{X-mt∏meoØm CXv `wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-®- Imcyw A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p.
\qd-\m¬ aØmbn IØ-\m¿ sshZn-I -{S-Ãn-bm-bXp apX¬ AXn{]-[m\ NS-ßp-I-fn¬ {][m\ Im¿Ωn-Is‚ Awi-h-Sn-tb-¥pI F∂Xv
sshZn-I{S-Ãn-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ambn amdn-bn-´p-≠v. F¶nepw C∂pw Nne
kzI¬∏nX ÿm\n-Iƒ Nn√d {]iv\-ßƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ D≠m-°mXn-cn-°p∂n-√. P\-ß-fm¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ sshZn-I≥ F∂ \nebn¬ Cu ÿm\-Øn\p XnI®pw A¿l≥ sshZn-I-{S-Ãn -X-s∂-bmWv.
CXn\pw Hcp \nb-a- ]-cn-c£ \¬tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
-C-Xn\v efn-X-amb Hcp am¿§-ap-≠v. sshZn-I-{S-Ãnsb ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS A¿°Zvbt°m-\mbn Iev]-\ -aqew \nb-an-°pI.
61
]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m \S-Øp∂ F√m sshZnI I¿Ω-ß-fnepw
A¿°Zvbt°ms‚ {]h¿Øn-Iƒ ˛- C-Xn¬ Awi-hSn ]nSn-°p-∂Xpw
Dƒs∏Spw ˛ sshZn-I -{S-Ãn-°p- am-{X-ambn kwh-cWw sNøp-I. 2002
apX¬ sshZn-I -{S-Ãn-bpsS Imem-h[n A©p h¿j-ambn ¢n]vX-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Bcpw imiz-X-ambn Cu ÿm\w ssIb-S°p-sa∂v `b-t°-≠-Xn-√.
Cu \nb-a-\-Øn\v as‰mcp ta∑ IqSn-bp-≠v. hn.- Iq-Zm-i-I-fn¬
A\¿l-cpsS X≈n-°-b‰w Hgn-hm-°mw. hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-ibv°p am{XamWv Ct∏mƒ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn A¿°Zvbt°ms\ \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv.`m-hn-bn¬ Cu ÿm\Øv A\¿l-cmb sshZnI¿ hcp-∂Xpw, Cu
ÿm\w F∏n-kvt°m-∏m-am-cn¬ ebn®pt]mIp∂ Ah-ÿbpw Cu
\nb-a\w aqew Hgn-hm-°mw.
\S-]-Sn-{Iaw D≠m-tI-≠p∂ as‰mcp {][m\ kwKXn ]. ]nXm-°∑m-cpsS I_-d-S-°-am-Wv. Ign™ aq∂p ImtXm-en-°m-am-cpsS I_-dS-°-Øn-eqsS CXn\v hy‡-amb Hcp cq]w ssIs°m-≠n-´p-≠v. AXn¬Xs∂ Nne Awi-ßƒ enJn-X- ]m-c-º-cy-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \jvS-s∏-´pt]m-bn-´p-ap-≠v.
1964 apX¬ \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-{I-asØ C{]-Imcw kw{Kln-°mw. ImtXm-en°m Imew sNbvXm¬ BZyw tZh-temIw Ac-a-\Nm-∏-en¬ Awi-hkv{Xw [cn-∏n®v {]th-in-∏n°pw. At∂ -Zn-hkw
k‘ybv°v ae-¶-c- sa-{X-mt∏m-eo-Ø-mbpsS HutZym-KnI hk-Xn-bmb
]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn-tebv°p ùXnIicocw BtLmjan√msX \o°pw.
cm{Xn apgp-h≥ skan-\mcn hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS AJ-fi{]m¿∞-\tbmsS skan-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ ùXnIm-hi
- njvSw Z¿i-\Ø
- n-\p- h-bv°pw.
]nt‰∂p cmhnse ]n≥Km-an-bpsS {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ skan\mcn Nm∏-en-epw, a‰p sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mam-cpsS Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬
am¿ Gen-bm- I-Øo-{U-en-epw, tZh-temIw Ac-a-\- Nm-∏-enepw hn.aq∂n-t∑¬ Ip¿_m\ \S°pw. XpS¿∂v ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS
IØo-{U-en-te°v A¥n-tam-]-Nmcw A¿∏n-°m≥ ùXnI-i-cocw
sIm≠pt]mIpw. HutZymKnI hnS-hm-ß¬ Ahn-sS-bmWv \S-°p-I.
D®-I-gn™v c≠p- a-Wn°v BtLm-j-]q¿W-amb \K-cn- Im-Wn°¬ am¿ Gen-bm- I-Øo-{U-en¬ \n∂pw Bcw-`n-°pw. tZh-temIw
Ac-a-\-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂m¬ sImslss-\-Øm {Ia-Øns‚ Ahkm-\ -`mKw \S-Øp-Ibpw, ]n≥Kman, apJwaqSn I_-d-S° ip{iqj
]q¿Øo-I-cn®v, HutZym-KnI I_¿ ap-dn-bn¬ AS-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
62
Cu ]Xnhv XpS-c-W-sa∂v Ac-a-\- ÿm-]n® ].- Ko-h¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥
_mhmbpw hnim-e-amb I_¿apdn ˛ _kv Im-Zoi ˛ \n¿Ωn® ].
am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ _mhmbpw B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. Chbvs°m-s°bpw enJn-X- ]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ DSs\ D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
I_-d-S-°- k-a-bsØ sshZnIÿm-\n-I-fpsS A]-I-S-I-c-amb Xn°pw
Xnc-°pw Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw D≠m-I-Ww.
aq∂pw \mepw ImtXm-en-°-mam-cpsS \K-cn- Im-Wn-°-en\v G‰hpw
apºn¬ Xpd∂ Po∏n¬ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Awi-h-Sn-tb-¥nb ]ptcmln-X≥ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A©mw ImtXm-en-°-mbpsS \K-cn-Im-Wn-°en\v CXp-≠m-bn-√. A∂v Cu hkvXpX Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-t∏mƒ A{]Imcw Hcp ]Xn-hn√ F∂mWv Hcp sa{X-mt∏m-eoØm ]d-™-Xv.
F∂m¬ ]gb ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ{]Imcw BZysØ c≠p \K-cn- ImWn°-en\pw C{]-Imcw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. enJnX ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Bh-iyI-X-bmWv CXv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.
AXym-hiyw \ntcm-[n-t°≠ H∂p≠v. aä-d™ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS
Xncp-h-kv{X-ßƒ ˛ {]tXy-In®pw ]cn-ip-≤-cmbn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-hcpsSbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-sSbpw ˛- ta-ev]-´-°m-cpsS I_-d-S-°Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Iq-S. k`-bv°-h-Im-i-s∏´ Cu ]q-Py- Xn-cp-ti-jn∏p-Iƒ F{X hy‡n-]-c-amb Bfl-˛-P-U- _-‘-ap-s≠-¶nepw aä-d™p-t]m-Im≥ k` A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv. hcpwXe-apd ]gn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥
A{]-Imcw cl-ky-amtbm ]c-ky-amtbm kq£n-®n-´p-≈h I_-d-S-°Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°n√ F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ k` ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn {i≤n°-Ww. apI-fn¬ ]d-™ -Im-cy-ß-fn¬ th≠ \nb-a-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-®-´ßfpw t{ImUo-I-cn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ]. F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-ltZm-kn-s‚bpw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bp-sSbpw kXzc {i≤ ]Xn-tb-≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p.
(ae-¶camknI, s^{_p-h-cn 2006)

63
7
ImtXm-en°m ˛
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm
ÿm\kwtbm-P\w
1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®Xv, At¥ymJym
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssII-S-Øepw ioa-°m-cpsS taev]´ ÿm\hpw
hn. aqtdm\pw sh®p≈ hne-]-d-®nepw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI F∂ Dt±i-ytØm-Sp- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v ae-¶-c-bpsS bYm¿∞- `-cWw ae¶-c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bv°m-bn-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®tXmSp-IqSn ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Hcp Cc´ A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-Øns‚ {]iv\w
Bhn¿`-hn-®p.
1653 hsc Ipd™v F´p- \q-‰m-s≠-¶nepw ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-sS -b-Ym¿∞`-cWm[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]uckvXy I¬Zmb kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS ]mc-ºcy-{]-Imcw hmgn-°-s∏´ Xt±-io-b-cmb A¿°-Zvbt°m∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p.
1653˛¬ ]I-tem-a‰w tXmΩm A¿°-Zvbt°ms\ am¿tØmΩm {]Ya≥ F∂ t]cn¬ F∏n-kvt°m-∏-mbmbn hmgn-®-t∏mgpw 1814˛¬ ]pent°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºms\ am¿ Zo-h∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b≥ F∂ t]cn¬
sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn hmgn-®-t∏mgpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `c-Wm-[n-Imcn°v ]´-Xz-]-c-amb ÿm\-°-b‰w \¬Ip-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. 1912˛¬
A∂sØ ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ]. h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zo-h-∂mtkymkv Bdm-a≥, ImtXm-en°m Bbn hmgn-°-s∏-ń-cp-s∂-¶n¬
AsXmcp kzm`m-hn-I-amb ÿm\-°-b‰w am{X-am-hp-Ibpw, XZzmc Cc´
A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-Øns‚ {]iv\w Bhn¿`-hn-°p-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-bpsS apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkns\ 1912˛¬ «olm-bv°-SpØ Ings° knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ ImtXmen-°m-bmbn hmgn-®-tXmsS ImtXm-en°m, ae-¶-c- sa-{X-mt∏m-eoØm
F∂n-ßs\ c≠p A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ßƒ Htc-k-abw k`-bn¬ \nehn¬h∂p. Imt\m-\n-I-ambn ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm, ImtXm-en-°mbpsS Iogv-ÿm-\n-bm-Wv. ae-¶-c-bn-em-Is´ k`m-`-cWw ]q¿W-ambpw
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbv°mWv. AtXm-sSm∏w 1912˛¬ ].- A-_vZ¬
aviolm ZznXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \¬Inb ÿmØn-t°m-\-\p-kcn®v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv (ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm) A≤y-£-\m-
64
bn-cn-°p∂ ae-¶-c- A-tkm-kn-tb-js‚ \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn-®p- am-{X-amWv
ImtXm-en-°mbv°v kz¥w ÿm\-Øn-\-\p-k-cn® I¿Ω-ßƒ ˛ taev]´ÿm-\m-tcm-l-W-hpw, hn.- aq-tdm≥ IqZm-ibpw ˛ \S-Øm≥ A\p-hm-Zap-≈p.
BZysØ aq∂p ImtXm-en-°m-amcpw hmgn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ah¿
CS-hI sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Ø-mam-cm-bn-cp-∂p. B co-Xn-bn¬ Ah¿ ae-¶-csa-{X-mt∏m-eo-Ø-mbpsS Iogvÿm-\n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1912˛¬ {]Ya
ImtXm-en-°mbv°p \¬Inb ÿmØn-t°m-\n¬ At±lw I≠-\mSns‚ sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn XpS-cp-sa∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Npcp°-Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m Htc-k-abw ta¬ÿm-\nbpw Iogvÿm-\n-bpam-Ip∂ Ahÿ kwPm-X-am-bn.
kn≤m-¥-]-c-ambn CØ-c-sam-c-hÿ ss{IkvX-h-tem-IØv \ho\-a-√. lqZm-b-Im-t\m≥{]Imcw At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bn¬ aq-∂mw- ÿm\ap≈ tbcp-itew ]m{Xn-b¿°okv `c-W-]-c-ambn ssIk-dn-bm-bnse
sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ø-mbpsS Iogn-ep-≈ Hcp F∏n-kvt°m∏m am{X-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ {]mtbm-Kn-IX-e-Øn¬ CsX-{X-am{Xw ê-{]Z-am-bn-cp∂p
F∂-dn-bm≥ C∂v am¿§-sam-∂p-an-√.
ImtXm-en-°-mbpsS Cu Zzµ-am\ Ahÿ ].- h-´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n°v A⁄m-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. ImtXm-en°m Xs‚ ta¬ÿm-\n-bm-bncp-s∂-¶nepw CS-h-I- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂ \ne-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m
Xs‚ Iogvÿm-\n-bpam-sW∂v At±lw tImSXnsamgn-bn¬ Ak∂nKvZ-amw-hn[w hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. -ta¬ÿm\n Iogvÿm\w IqsS
hln-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n√ F∂mWv At±lw \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-c-Ww.tdmam ]m∏m hØn-°ms‚ hnImcn Fs∂mcp Xmgv∂ kvYm\w IqSn
hln-°p∂psh∂ DZm-l-c-Whpw At±lw tImS-Xn-bn¬ Nq≠n-°mń.
hkvXp-X-Iƒ Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw Cu c≠p ÿm\nIƒ XΩn¬ kwL¿j-ap-≠m-Im-\p≈ km[y-X- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v ka-Im-enI Ncn{X ]fin-X¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬
A∂p ae-¶-c- sa-{X-mt∏m-eo-Ø-mbm-bn-cp∂ ].- h-´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh∂m- t kym- k ns‚ hy‡n{]`mhw aqew X¬°mew AØ- c - s amcp
Ahÿ Hgn-hm-bn. ÿm\m-tcm-l-c-W-tijw Ggp- am-k-Øn-\p≈n¬
Imew-sNbvX H∂mw ImtXm-en-°mbpw, im¥\pw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meo-Ø-mbpsS injy-\p-amb c≠mw ImtXm-en-°mbpw Xß-fpsS `cW-Im-eØv {]iv\-ß-sfm-∂p-ap≠m°msX IS-∂p-t]m-bn.
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c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS hmgvN-tbmsS ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-ent°‰v Hcp Xm¬°m-enI kwhn-[m\w F∂-X√mXmbn amdn. \ne\n¬°p-∂Xpw ]n¥p-S¿®-bp≈Xp-amb Hcp bmYm¿∞y-ambn ImtXmen-t°‰v amdn F∂-XmWv c≠mw ImtXm-en°m hmgvNb
- psS Zo¿LIme
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ êw. -A-tXmsS ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v IrXy-amb
Hcp hy‡nXzw \n¿≤m-cWw sNtø-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn.
ImtXm-en°m `cn-°p∂ k` Fs∂mcp kwhn-[m-\-amWv ae-¶-ck`bv°p aptºm´p th≠Xv F∂ Xc-ØnemWv Cu hy‡nXz \n¿≤mc-Ww -sN-s∂-Øn-bXv. tIkp-I-fn¬ IpSp-ßn- I-em-]-I-ep-jn-X-amb
A∂sØ Ah-ÿbn¬ hnhn[ tImS-Xn-hn-[n-I-fn-eqsS Dd-∏n-°-s∏´
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm≥ ÿm\w Dt]-£n-°pI
Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p. AtXkabw `mhn-bn¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ ˛
ImtXm-en-°m -ÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ kwL¿j-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂v Iq¿Ω
_p≤n-bmb am¿ Zoh∂m-tkym-kn\v a\- n-em-bn. Xs‚- in-jy\pw PU{]-Imcw _‘p-hp-amb aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°-mbpsS Nne {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ C{]-Imcw Hcp [mcW D≠m-Ip-hm≥ tlXp-hmbn F∂p kqN\Ifp≠v. Xs‚ c≠p ap≥Km-an-Isft∏mse ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\hpw
sIm√w, \ncWw, Xpº-a¨ `{Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Ømÿm\hpw sIm≠v Xr]vX-\m-Im≥ aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m Xbm-d-√mbn-cp-∂p. t\cn´v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-t\mSv CXv Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ At±l-Øn\p `b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS tae-[n-Imcw ImtXm-en°mbv°p thW-sa-∂X
- m-bn-cp∂p aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m- bpsS Npcp-ßnb
Bh-iyw.
F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øns\ ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn A\p-Iqen-°p∂ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Cu hmZw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv Xbm-dm-bn-√. A[n-Imcw ImtXm-en-°mbv°v X\n-®p≈-X-s√∂pw AXv F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ kwbp‡
A[n- I m- c - Ø nepw DØ- c - h m- Z - Ø n- e p- a p- ≈ - X v ˛ knt\mUn- ° ¬- ˛BsW∂ ]uc-kvXy k`m-im-kv{X-am-bn-cp∂p am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkns‚ A`n-{]mbw.
aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS hmZw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂Xn¬ as‰m-c-]I-Shpw ]Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tImS-Xn-hn-[n-I-fn-eqsS ÿm]ns®-SpØ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]pcm-X-\ ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®v, ae-¶-c- sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm A≤y-£-\m-bp-ff ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j-\mWv ae-¶-ck-`-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-cn. 1912˛¬ H∂mw ImtXm-en-°mbv°p \¬Inb
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ÿmØn-t°m-\nepw CXp -hy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. ImtXm-en°m Bh-iys∏´ F∏n-kvt°m-∏mamcpsS tae-[n-Imcw aqew, ImtXm-en°mbv°v
ae-¶c-sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-b-S-°-ap≈ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsSta¬ A]-cn-anXamb A[n-Imcw ssIhcpw. CØ-c-samcp Ah-ÿ-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw
ImtXm-en-°mbpw ae-¶-c- sa-{X-mt∏m-eo-Ømbpw XΩn¬ `n∂X D≠mbm¬ AXns‚ {]Xym-LmXw AXoh Kpcp-X-c-amb Ahÿ krjvSn°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ t\sc-t\m-°p-hm≥ `b-s∏-ńcp∂ am¿ Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-Xs∂ apdp-ap-dp-°m≥ XpS-ßnb-tXmsS CØ-c-sam-c-hÿ kao-]`m-hn-bn¬ ˛ Hcp]t£ Xs‚ Imew
Ign-™m¬ DS≥ ˛ D≠m-Im-sa-∂p≈Xv am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkn\v hy‡am-bn-cp-∂p.
CØcw Hcp `cW{]Xn-k‘n Hgn-hm-°m-\p-ff am¿§w 1932˛¬ am¿
Zo∂m-tkymkv FgpXn {]kn≤oI-cn® ae-¶-c-k-`m `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS
\°-en¬ At±lw hy‡-am°n. Xmsg- ]-d-bp∂hbmWv At±-lØns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ:
1. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Xe-h≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bm-bn-cn-°Ww.
2. ae-¶-c- sa-{Xms‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ ImtXm-en-°m-bn¬ ebn-∏n°Ww.
3. \nb-a-X-S- -an-s√-¶n¬ Xm≥ A[n-Im-c-sam-gn-bm≥ Xbm-dm-Wv.
4. X\n-°p-tijw ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm-∑msc Xnc-s™-Sp-°-cp-Xv.
5. GsX-¶nepw \nb-a-{]-iv\-ßƒ aqew ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm≥ ÿm\w
\ne-\n¿tØ-≠n-h-cp∂]£w ImtXm-en-°-msb-Øs∂ ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm\m-°-Ww.
am¿ Zo-h∂m-tkymkv ap≥ssI-sb-SpØ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amWw
At±-l-Øns‚ ImeØp ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\m-bn-√. F∏n-kvt°m-∏-knbpw
P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw XΩn-ep≈ A[n-Im-c-hn-`-P\w F∂ Iodm-apń `c-WL-S\m \n¿am-WsØ \oń-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn. am¿ Zo-h∂m-tkymkns‚
s]s´-∂p-≠mb tZl-hn-tbm-Khpw `c-W-L-S-\ -]m-km-°p∂Xn\v XS -am-bn. F∂m¬ Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Xs‚ BibKXn-°-\pk-cn®mWv am¿ Zo-h∂m-tkymkv Xs‚ hn¬∏{Xw Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv. Sn
-hn¬∏-{X-{]-Imcw Xs‚ ssIh-i-Øn-ep≈ kzØp-°-fpsS \nb-{¥Ww
ImtXm-en-°mbv°pw F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p-amWv am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv \¬In-b-Xv.
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1934˛¬ am¿ Zo-h∂m-tkymkv Imew sNbvX-Xns‚ tijw `c-WL-S-\ -]m-km-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®p. ]e- Im-c-W-ßƒ sIm≠v
ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm≥ F∂ ÿm\w Hgn-hm-°m≥ k`-bv°m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
H∂m-a-Xmbn Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]XoI-amb B ÿm-\tØmSp≈ \{km-Wn-I-f-psS sshIm-cnI-_‘w.
c≠m-a-Xmbn B ÿm\w C√m-Xm-°n-bm¬ hnL-Sn-X-hn-`mKw Db¿Ømhp∂ \nb-a-{]-iv\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw k`bv°v
Xmßm-hp-∂-Xn-e-[n-I-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXn-\m¬ ae-¶-c-sa-{X-mt∏m-eoØm
ÿm\w \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Htc-k-abw ImtXm-en°m
Xs∂ ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-m ÿm-\hpw IqSn hln-°-W-sa∂v
hyhÿ sNbvXpsIm≠v 1934˛¬ `c-W-L-S\ ]mkm-°n Cc´ A[nIm-c-tI-{µ-Øns‚ `c-W-{]-Xn-k‘n Hgn-hm-°n.
Htc k`m-ÿm-\n X
- s∂ H∂n-e[
- nIw ÿm\w hln-°p-∂Xv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`-I-fn¬ ]pXp-a-b√. G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-cWw FtXym]y≥ k-`-bmWv. 1653˛\p apºv ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ `c-W-coXnX-s∂-bmWv 20˛mw \q‰m-≠n‚ ]Ip-Xn-hsc FtXym-]y-bn-ep-ap-≠m-bncp-∂-Xv. tIm]vSnIv k`-bn¬ \n∂pw hmgn-°p∂ tIm]vSn-°p-Im-c-\mb
Hcp sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp∂p A∂p-hsc FtXym-]y≥ k`-bpsS Bflob
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn. k`-bpsS bYm¿∞ `c-W-am-Is´ 1653˛\p apºp-≈
ae-¶-c-bnse A¿°Zvbt°m∑m¿°v ka-\mb FtXym-]y≥ hwi-P\mb Hcp sshZn-I\pw. F›otKm F∂m-bn-cp∂p B ÿm-\n-bpsS
t]cv. 20˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ FtXym-]y≥ k`bv°v kz¥w ]m{Xn-b¿°okp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ Xßƒ°v sshIm-cn-I- A-Sp-∏-ap≈ F›otKm
ÿm\w \ne-\n¿Øn, B ÿm\w IqsS ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p -\¬In.
].- am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ ]uc-kvXy-Im-tXm-en°mbpw ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpw F∂-Xp-t]mse FtXym-]y-bpsS
]m{Xn-b¿°okpw sk‚ v sX-s¢-ssl-avt\m-ńs‚ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬
F›o-tKmbpw F∂mWv FtXym-]y≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ ÿm\-\m-aw.
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w C√m-Xm-°-W-sa∂pw F¶n¬
am{Xta ImtXm-en°mÿm\w ]q¿Æ-am-hp-Ibpw alXzw IqSp-Ibpw
sNøq F∂pw Nne¿ hmZn-°p-∂Xv A¿∞cln-X-am-Wv. ImtXm-en°mbpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Hcmƒ Xs∂-bmb ÿnXn°v
CØ-c-samcp Nn¥bv°v {]k-‡n-bn-√. am{X-a√ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn \{kmWn-I-fpsS kzbw`c-W-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-amb ae-¶c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømÿm\w, ImtXm-en°m F∂ sshZnI-ÿm-\-Øn-\mbn C√m-Xm-°p-
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∂Xv k`-bpsS tZiob kz`m-hsØbpw Atkm-kn-tb-j-\n¬ A[njvTn-X-amb `cWkwhn-[m-\-tØbpw sh√p-hn-fn-°p∂ Hcp \S-]-Sn-bmhnt√ F∂p kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
(A¬am-b-thZn, Pq¨ 2006)

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8
A\\yw Cu A`n-tjIw
2005 HIvtSm-_¿ 31˛\v tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv sa{X-mt∏meo-Ømsb ]. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-Øn¬
tamdm≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØm-Ωm- Zn-Zntamkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXmen°m Bbn hmgn-®-t∏mƒ ae-¶-c-k`m Ncn-{X-Øn¬ AsXmcp hnkvab-°m-gvN-bm-bn. ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ CZw{]-Y-a-ambn ap≥Kman t\cn´v ]n≥Km-ansb hmgn-°pI F∂ Akp-e`
`mKy-Øn-\mWv ]cp-a-e-sk-an-\mcn km£yw hln-®Xv.
ÿm\-Xym-Kw- sN-øp∂ aq∂m-asØ ImtXm-en-°-mbmWv ]. _tken-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥. At±-l-Øn\p apºv
ÿm\-XymKw sNbvX am¿ HutK≥ {]Y-a\pw am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv
{]Y-a\pw ]n≥Km-an°v ÿm\-Nn-”-ßƒ ssIam-dn-bXv tZh-temIw
Ac-a-\-bn¬ sh®m-Wv. -Zo¿L-amb ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-j-bn¬
]s¶-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ Btcm-Ky-ÿnXn A∂v Ah¿°n-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xm-hWw Imc-Ww. GXm-bmepw ap≥Km-an-bmb am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv
ZnXo-b≥, ]n≥Km-an-bpsS ÿm-\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-jmthfbn¬Xs∂
]n≥Km-ansb henb CS-b-\-SpØ Altdms‚ hSn-]n-Sn®v, ap{Z-am-eIfpw AWn-bn®v, am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\Øn¬ BcqV\m-°n.
1653˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ tZiob F∏n-kvt°mt∏‰v cq]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xp apX¬ ap≥Kman ]n≥Km-ansb hmgn-°pI F∂Xv ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS
Iogvh-g-°-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂pw hmgn-°-s∏´
ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-∑m-cn¬ `qcn-`mKwt]cpw ap≥Km-an-I-fm¬ A`n-tj-IwsNøs∏-´-h-cm-Wv.- am¿ {Ko-tKm-dn-tbmkv A_vZ¬ PeoZv hmgn® alm\mb H∂mw am¿tØm-Ωmbpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv lZn-b-≈m hmgn®
aq∂pw \mepw am¿tØm-Ωm-amcpw HgnsI ]I-tem-a‰w sa{Xm-∑m-sc√m-hcpw ap≥Km-an-I-fm¬ hmgn-°-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- c≠mw am¿tØmΩm-bpsS ÿm\ZmXm-hv, am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkmsW∂v Hcp A`n-{]mbw
D≈ -Imcyw hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√. ]t£, Ch-cmcpw Xß-fpsS Pohn-XIm-eØv A[n-Imcw Hgn-™p-sIm-SpØ Ncn-{X-an-√.
]I-tem-a‰w hmgvN Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ ae-¶-c-]-≈n-tbmKw Xocpam-\n-®-Xn\ptijw XpS¿®-bmbn aq∂p Zoh∂m-tkymkv sa{X-mt∏m-
70
eo-Øm-amsc hmgn-®Xv sXmgn-bq-cns‚ InS-ß≥ am¿ ]o-e-Ivkn-t\mkv
sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ BZy-sØ-bm-fmb ]pen-t°mń¬ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥ Imew-sNbvXtijw, am¿ ]o-eIvkn-t\mkv ae-¶-c- sa-{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn ÿm\-ta-‰p. -Xp-S¿∂v
At±lw ]p∂-{X -am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv aq∂m-as\ ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm-\mbn
hmgn®v A[n-Imcw Hgn-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Aßs\ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn{X-Øn¬ ÿm\-XymKw sNbvX BZy- k-`m-X-e-h-s\-∂- ÿm-\-Øn\v
am¿ ]o-e-Ivkn-t\mkv A¿l-\m-bn. ]p∂-{X- sa-{Xm≥ BI-kvan-I-ambn
Imew sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv c≠m-aXpw ae-¶-csa{Xm≥ ÿm\w Gs‰-SpØp. XpS¿∂v tN∏mSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
\mem-as\ hmgn®v At±lw ho≠pw ÿm\-sam-gn-™p. ae-¶-c-k-`mN-cn-{X-Øn¬ c≠p- {]m-h-iyw -ÿm-\-XymKw sNbvX GI- hy-‡nF∂ A\-\y-ÿm-\-amWv InS-ß≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn\p≈-Xv.
]n∂oSv tN∏m´v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv \mem-a\pw s{]m´-Ã‚p ]oU\w
kln-°-h-ømsX ÿm\-XymKw sNbvXp.
ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p -Iq-SmsX ]me-°p-∂Øv
amXyqkv siΩm-i≥ ioa-bn¬t]mbn At¥m-Jym -]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬
\n∂pw taev]-´-ÿm-\w G‰ph-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ap≥Kman,
]n≥Km-ansb hmgn-°pI F∂ ]Xn-hn\p `wKw h∂p. -tN-∏m´p am¿
Zoh∂m-tkymkv \mem-a≥ ÿm\-XymKw sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ am¿ amXyqkv
AØm-\m-tkym-kn\p `cWw Inń. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ At±-lØn\p _Z-embn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A©m-a\pw At¥mJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw taev]´
ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn.
XpS¿∂p-≠mb ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ kµ¿i\hpw A\p-_‘ kw`-h-ßfpw ae-¶-c-k-`sb At¥mJym ]m{Xnb¿°o-kns‚ Bflob tae-[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ \ne-bn-seØn®p. -A-Xn-\m¬ ].- h-´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zo-h∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a\pw
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂m-Wv taev]´ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
CXn-\n-S-bn¬ Hcp- ÿm-\-Xym-K-{iaw \S-s∂-¶nepw ê-{]m-]vXnbn-se-Øn-bn-√. 1889˛¬ tdmb¬ tImS-Xn-hn[n-bpsS ka-bØv, s{]m´Ã‚p hn`mKw Xe-h-\mb tXmakv AØm-\m-tkym-kv kXy-hn-izmk- Ø n- t e°p aS- ß n- h - c p∂]£w At±- l - Ø n\v ae- ¶ - c - s a- { Xm≥
ÿm\w Hgn™psImSp-°m≥ Xbm-dm-sW∂v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv
A©m-a≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pm-hns\ Adn-bn-®p. F∂m¬ thZ-
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hn-]-coXw XyPn-°p-hm≥ tXmakv AØm-\m-tkymkv Xbm-dm-Im-Xncp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu {iaw hnP-bn-®n-√.
F∂m¬ as‰m-cp- Im-cy-Øn¬ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkym-kv A©m-a≥
hnPbw t\-Sn. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ i‡-amb FXn¿∏ns\ adn-I-S∂v
Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ ]n≥Km-an°v taev]-´-ÿm\w e`y-am-°p∂-Xn¬ At±lw hnP-bn®p. kzbw hmgn-°m-\m-bn-s√-¶nepw 1873˛se
]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›bw At±lw Aßs\ \S-∏m-°n.
ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-°m-am-cpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]n≥Km-an-bm¬
taev]´ÿm\Øv Db¿Ø-s∏´ Hcp ap≥Km-an-bp≠v. At¥ym-Jym-bpsS
].- A-_vZp¬ aviolm- Zzn-Xo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv A≤y-£-\mb kp∂l-tZm-kmWv ]n∂oSv ae-¶-c-bnse c≠mw- Im-tXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn°-s∏´ hmI-Øm\w Koh¿Kokv dºms\, "am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv'
F∂- t]-cn¬ taev]-´-ÿm-\-tØ-°p-b¿Øn-b-Xv. A∂v kl-Im¿ΩnI-cn¬ Hcmƒ ]n∂oSv ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn
hmgn-°-s∏´ I√m-t®-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ {Ko-tKm-dn-tbmkv sa{X-mt∏meo-Øm-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-ck-`-bnse H∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bm-bn-cp∂
].- _-tk-en-tbmkv ]ueqkv {]Y-a≥ Bbn-cp∂p as‰mcp kl-Im¿ΩnI≥. ap≥Km-anbpw ]n≥Km-anbpw tN¿∂p taev]´°mc-\mbn hmgn®
GI- Im-tXm-en°m F∂v Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ ]. hmI-Øm-\-Øp_mhmsb hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.
XßfpsS Pohn-XI
- m-eØv ]n≥Km-ansb hmgn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]mZw hsc ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]mcºcyw. k`-bpsS AJ-fi-Xbv°v CXv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW∂v
1873˛¬ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ tN¿∂ ae-¶c]≈n-tbmKw \njvI¿jn-®p. am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ AXp \S-∏n-em-°n. aq∂m-asØ ImtXmen-°-mbpsS ImewapX¬ ]n≥Km-ansb ap≥Km-an-bpsS ImeØv Xncs™-Sp-°pI F∂Xv Iogvhg-°-ambn. \mepw A©pw ImtXm-en-°mam¿ ÿm\-XymKw sNbvXv ]n≥Km-an°v A[n-Imcw G¬∏n-®p-sImSpØp. Bdm-asØ ImtXm-en-°-mbm-Is´ Ch-bpsSsb√mw ]q¿ØoI-cW
- a
- mbn Ggmw ImtXm-en-°mbv°v A[n-Im-cs
- am-gn™p sImSp-°pIam-{X-a√, At±-lsØ kzbw hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]›m-Øe-Øn¬ am¿tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-as‚ hmgvN ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-{XØnse Hcp \n¿Æm-bI hgn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv. Cu amXrI C\n-bp≈
ImeØv Iogvhg-°-ambn amd-Ww.
(ae-¶ck`m amknI, Pq¨ 2006)
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9
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s‚
hy‡n-Xzhpw ÿm\-Nn-”-ßfpw
ÿm]-\-Im-eØv hn`m-h\w sNbvX-Xn-t\-°mƒ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚
hy‡nXzw hf-sc-b-[nIw C∂p hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AXv a{^n-bm-t\‰m-tWm, ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°-‰mtWm F∂ tNmZy-Øn-s\m∂pw
C\n {]k- ‡ n- b n- √ . C∂Xv A¿°- Z nbm- t °m≥ ˛ am¿tØmΩm
sa{Xm≥ ˛ ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm ˛ ImtXm-en°m F∂ coXnbn¬ hf¿∂ am¿tØm-Ωm«o-lm-bpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-am-Wv.
1912-˛¬ C¥y-bn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®psh¶nepw amkßƒ°p-≈n¬ H∂mw ImtXm-en°m Imew sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ tamdm≥
am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv ]ueqkv {]Y-a≥, «olm-bv°-SpØ Ingt°
knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m F∂ ÿm\-\maw D]-tbm-Kn-®sXt\y, ImtXm-en-°mbv°v {]tXyI ÿm\-Nn-”-ßtfm Bÿm\tam D≠m-bn-√. ]n∂oSv Hcp hymg-h-´-°mew ]. knwlm-k\w Hgn™p-In-S∂ ImeØv Bcpw AXn-s\-∏‰n Nn¥n-®p-an-√.
F∂m¬ kz¥ CjvS-{]-Im-c-a-√m-sX-sb-¶nepw ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp
_mhm ImtXm-en-°-mbmbn ÿm\t-a-‰-tXmsS ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v Hcp
hy‡n-Xzhpw ÿm\-Nn-”-ßfpw D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-te°v At±-l-Øns‚
{i≤ Xncn-™p. kz¥w Xma-k-ÿ-e-amb hmI-Øm\w h≈n-°m´p
]≈nsb ImtXm-en-t°‰v knwlm-k-\-∏-≈nbmbn \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.
His Holiness Moran Mar Baselius Catholicos of the Apostolic Throne of the
East F∂v Cw•o-jnepw «olm-bv°S
- pØ ]uckvXy knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n¬
ImtXm-en°m F∂v ae-bm-f-Ønepw tase-gp-tØmSpIqSnb Iev]-\°-S-emkv D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn. Ch-tbm-sSm∏w ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v
kz¥-amb ÿm\-Nn-”-ßƒ D≠m-°m-\p≈ {iahpw At±lw Bcw`n-®p.
{it≤b-amb \mep kw`mh-\-I-fmWv ]. ]nXm-hn-t‚-Xmbn Cu
cwKØv Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈Xv. Ah apX-e-hm-b≥ ap-Sn, Awi-h-Sn, ap{Z,
A¬a-Øn-°m∏ F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Chsb√mw X\-Xmb hy‡nXzw ]pe¿-Øp-∂hbpw A¿∞-]q¿Æhpw ]. ]nXm-hns‚ Iem-]m-S-h-Øns‚bpw
k`m-imkv{X ]mfin-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw _ln¿kv^p-cWßfpam-Wv.
73
H∂mw am¿tØmΩm apX-ep-≈ ae-¶c sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ D]tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂ apX-e-hm-b≥ apSn-bpsS Hcp hni-Z-amb ]Xn-∏mWv
]. ]nXmhv ImtXm-en-°m-am¿°v cq]s∏Sp-Ønb apSn. At¥ym-Jy≥
]mc-º-cy-Ønse aØßmapSn-bn¬ \n∂pw hn`n∂ambn eØo≥ ˛
I¬Zmb ]mc-ºc
- y-ßf
- n¬\n∂pw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-ØX
- mWv Cu apSn.
]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚
IpsØm-gp-°n¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amcpsS Cu apSn°v ÿm\{`wiw kw`-hn-®p. 1877-˛\p tijw hmgn-°-s∏´ sa{Xm-∑m-cmcpw CXp]-tbm-Kn-®n-√. F¶nepw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©ma≥ {][m\ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Cu apSn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.
A¬a-Øn-Im-∏-bpsS Ncn-{Xhpw hn`n-∂-a-√. t]¿jy≥ A¿≤-Im∏mbmb am{]m-bp-tSbpw eØo≥ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS Awi-h-kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw
Hcp kaRv P - k - \ - a mWv A¬a- Ø n- ° m- ∏ . ae- ¶ c sa{Xm- ∑ m- c psS
HutZym-Kn-I-th-j-am-bn-cp∂ CXpw apX-e-hm-b≥ apSntbmsSm∏w A{]Xy-£-am-bn. ]. h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xs‚ kpt{¥m-Wotkmbv°v Ch c≠pw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xmbn tcJ-bp-≠v.
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-th-j-am-bn Ch c≠pw
]. hmI-Øm-\Øp_mhm ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-®p. H∂c ASn-tbmfw Db-cØn¬ kz¿Æ°pan-f-Ifpw kz¿Æ-Kn¬‰p-ambn´mWv AXn-a-t\m-l-camb Cu apX-e-hm-b≥apSn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂
hne-tb-dn-b- I-khp\ocm-f-ßƒ sIm≠mWv A¬a-Øn-°m∏ ]p\¿krjvSn-®-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v Hcp D∂X hy‡n-Xzam-Wv ]. ]nXmhv hn`m-h\w sNbvX-sX∂v hy‡-am-Wv.
1877-˛¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb IqSmsX hmgn® Bdp sa{Xm∑mcpw XpS¿∂p hmgn-°-s∏-´-h-cpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Cu ]pcm-X\
taev]´ ÿm\-h-kv{X-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-√. Ah-cpsS hmgvN°ptijw
ae-¶c sa{X-mt∏m-eoØm A]q-¿∆ Ah-k-cßfn¬ Cu ÿm\Nn”ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv PmXn-°p -X-e-h≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ X\n-°p-≈
tae-[n-Imcw tZymXn-∏n-°m-\mWv. Cu hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS tae-[n-Imcw {]I-S-am-°m-\mWv Cu
ÿm\-h-kv{X-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bsX∂p ImWmw. At±lw cq]-s∏Sp-Ønb apSnbpw A¬a-Øn-°m∏bp-amWv C∂pw ImtXm-en-°m-am¿
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-fn¬ ]. -]n-Xm-hns‚ ASpØ
74
kw`m- h \ Awi- h - S n- b m- W v . At¥m- J y≥ ]mc- º - c y- { ]- I m- c - a p≈
]mºn≥]Øn°p ]Icw, ]Øn-t]mse hf™ ˛ Ce-I-tfmSp IqSnb
˛ c≠v Iºp-I-fmWv At±lw ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-ta‰ tijw cq]s∏-Sp-Ønb Awi-h-Sn-bn-ep≈Xv. CXv Al-tdms‚ Xfn¿Ø hSn-bpsS
kmZr-iy-am-Wv. alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS km[m-cW Awi-h-Sn°p
]Icw -a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-X∑m-cn¬ apº-\mb Al-tdms‚ (Xfn¿Ø) hSntbmSp kmZr-iy-ap-≈ Awi-hSn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚
kzX-{¥hpw kzbwio¿j-I-hp-amb hy‡nXzw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°m-\msW∂p hy‡-am-Wv. Cu Awi-h-Sn-bmWv C∂pw ]uckvXy ImtXmen-°m-am-cpsS HutZym-KnI Awi-h-Sn.
ASpØ {it≤-ba
- mb kw`m-h\
- - ap{Z-bm-Wv. Nph∂ ajn-bn¬ Iev]\-I-fn¬ IpØn-bn-cp∂ Cu hrØm-Imc ap{Z-bn¬ alm-]utcmlnXy
Nn”-ß-tfm-sSm∏w {it≤-b-amb Hcp thZ-hm-Iyhp-ap≠v. sNdnb
Bń≥Iq´ta `b-s∏-tS≠. ]. ]nXm-hns‚ Ime-tijw ]n≥Kman ].
Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhmbpw Cu ap{Z Iptd-°mew D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp-∂p.
1952-˛se sslt°m-SXn hn[n-°p-tijw I¬°-´-mbn¬ \n∂pw ].
Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm A-b® Iºnktµ-i-Ønse Cu hmIyamWv A∂v \ncm-im-K¿Ø-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ \{km-Wn-Isf Bth-i-`-cnX-cm-°n-b-Xv. AXn\pw At\-I-h¿jw apºv Cu hmIyw ImtXm-ent°-‰ns‚ B]vX-hm-Iy-am-°n-bXv ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm-bpsS
Zo¿L-Z¿i-\-ambn IW-°m-°mw.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v kz¥-amb hcp-am\am¿§ambn dn»o-kmsb ].
hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm- IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. k`m-X-e-h-s\∂ \nebn¬ X\n-°p-≈-sX∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-®n-cp∂
dn»okm ˛ AsX{X Xp›-am-bn-cp-∂m-epw ˛ ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v AhIm-i-s∏-´-Xm-°n-b-Xn-s‚ -]n-∂n¬ [\-tØm-Sp≈ Imw£ ]. hmI-Øm\Øp _mhm-bn¬ Bcpw Btcm-]n-°p-I-bn-√. adn®v ImtXm-en-t°‰n\v kzX-{¥amb ˛ ]-cm-{i-b-an-√m-Ø ˛ hy‡nXzw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\p≈ {ia-ambn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw.
]. hmI-Øm-\Øp_mhm ImtXm-en-t°‰n\p \¬Inb hy‡nXz
\n¿h-N-\-ßƒ At±lw krjvSn® ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ A]-{K-Yn-®m¬ e`n-°p∂ ê-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
1. -]m-›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn
XnI®pw tZio-b-amb Hcp- hy-‡nXzw ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-\p≠v.
75
2. ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ss«lnI knwlm-k-\am-Wv.
3.- ]u-ckvXy ImtXm-en°m alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cn¬ Xe-h-\m-Wv.
4. His Holiness F∂pw Moran Mar F∂pw kwt_m-[\ sNø-s∏Sm\pw Nph∂ ajn-bn¬ ap{Z IpØp-hm\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≈ AXyp∂X tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv.
5. ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\Øn\p kz¥-amb hcp-am\-am¿§-ap-≠v.
]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmb ]. I√m-t»cn¬
_mhm, ae-¶c sa{Xm-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºpXs∂ ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp
_mhm cq]w-sIm-SpØ Awi-h-kv{X-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw
c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m- bv°p-tijw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm\-Nn-”ß
- ƒ
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]{Inb Ah-km-\n-®p.
1934˛¬ ae-¶ck`m- `-cWLS\ ]mkm-°p-Ibpw ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm≥
˛ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-ßƒ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv ImtXmen-t°-‰n\v X\-Xmb hy‡nXzØnte-°p≈ ASpØ Im¬h-bv∏mbn.
F∂m¬ Im-tXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ hy‡n-Xzhpw tae-[n-Im-chpw {]I-S-am°p∂ coXn-bn-ep-≈ Awi-h-kv{X-ß-fpsS hnI-k\w Ah-km-\n®p.
F∂p am{X-a-√, ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm cq]wsImSpØ Awi-hkv{X-ßƒ Xs∂ ImtXm-en°mÿm\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sX-bm-bn.
kam-\-amb ae-¶c sa{Xms‚ Awi-hkv{Xw Poh-nX-Øn-sem-cn-°¬
˛ ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ t^mt´m FSp-°m≥ ˛ am{X-amWv
]n∂oSv D]-tbm-Kn-®p h∂Xvv ]. ZnZntamkv {]Y-as‚ Imew apX¬
Atkm-kn-tb-j-\n¬ A≤y-£X hln-°p-tºmƒ A¬a-Ønbpw apXe-hm-b≥apSnbpw C∂p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£, AXp ae-¶c
sa{Xm≥ F∂ coXn-bn-em-Wv.
]q¿W-ambpw At¥m-Jy≥ coXn-bn-ep≈ Awi-h-kv{X-ßƒ am{Xam-Wv C∂v ImtXm-en-°m-bv°p-≈-Xv. a‰p taev]-´-°m-cp-am-bp≈ GIhy-Xymkw, ]. am¿tØm-Ωm«o-lm, ].- ssZ-h-am-Xmhv Ch-cpsS sF°Wp-I-fp≈ ap{Z-am-e-Iƒ am{X-am-Wv. ].- I-√m-t»-cn¬ _mhmbpw ].h-´-°p-t∂¬ _mhmbpw Im∏-tbm-sSm∏w CS-s°-ń¬ [cn-®n-cp∂
Gt^mZv F∂ Al-tdm\y alm]utcm-lnXy Nn”hpw C∂v A{]Xy-£-am-bn.
76
ImtXm-en-°-mbv°-SpØ ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-fpsS Cu iq\yXbv°v
am‰w htc-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. temIØv F√m ]pcm-X\ k`-I-fnepw
{][m\ -tae-≤y-£\v a‰p- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXamb Hcp thj-hn-[m\ap≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v FtXym-]y≥, dqta-\nb≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-fn¬ sa{Xm-∑m¿ IdpØ Ip∏m-bhpw
sXm∏nbpw [cn-°p-tºmƒ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿ shfpØ sXm∏nbpw
Ip∏m-b-hp-amWv [cn-°p-I.
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v kz¥-amb hy‡nXzw D≈Xp-t]mse
At±-l-Øn\v X\-Xmb hy‡n-Xz-ap≈ Hcp Awi-h-kv{Xhpw D≠mtI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°-mbpsS ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-fn¬
am‰whtc-≠Xv km[m-cWhkv{X-Ønepw IuZm-in-I-amb Awi-h-kv{Xß-fn-ep-am-Wv.
IuZm-inI Awi-h-kv{X-ß-sf-∏‰n ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v C∂vv i‡-amb
Hcp k¶p-NnX ImgvN-∏m-Sp≠vv. C∂v ae-¶-c-k` D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
]q¿Æ-ambpw At¥m-Jy≥k`-bpsS IuZm-in-I-amb Awi-h-kv{X-ßfm-Wv. Ah-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw am‰w hcp-ØpI F∂Xv \{km-WnIƒ°v ANn-¥y-am-Wv. Cu bmYm-ÿn-XnIX 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw
]mZ-Øn¬ am{Xw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-b-Xm-Wv. AXns‚ `mKam-bmWv ae-¶c-k-`-bpsS X\-Xmb sh´p-sXm-∏nsb ]Sn-I-S-Øn-b-Xv.
]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ hn. Ip¿_m-\-bv°pt]mepw D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp-∂X
- mbn kqN-\I
- f
- p≈ sh´p-sXm-∏n- C∂v tIm´bØpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw s]cp-∂mƒ {]Z-£n-W-ßƒ°p am{Xw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ H∂mbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-Xs∂ [q]-{]m¿∞\
\S-Øp-tºmƒ am‰n IdpØ a°n-sØm-∏n- hbv°pw. a-s‰mcp D]-tbmKw
]´-°m¿ acn-°p-tºmƒ Xe-bn¬ hbv°m-\m-Wv. CØcw ISpØ
bmYmÿnXnI- X z- a mWv IuZm- i nI Awi- h - k v { X- s Ø- ° p- d n- ® p≈
\{kmWn k¶¬∏w.
Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ IuZm-inI Awi-h-kv{X-ß-fn¬ ImX-emb
am‰w hcp-ØpI £n{]-km-≤y-a√. ]t£, ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ H∂v
ioe-ap-Sn-bm-Wv. ss_k‚n-b≥ k`-I-fn¬ ioe-ap-Sn°p kam-\-ambn
sF°-Wp-Iƒ ]nSn-∏n® Inco-S-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. -I¬Zmb
k`bnepw, tIm]v‰n°v k`-bnepw X\-Xmb Inco-S-ß-fp-≠v. hn.- Ip¿_m\-bv°n-Sbv°v ioe-apSn ]pd-tIm-´p- am-‰p-∂-Xp-t]mse \n›n-X -k-a-bß-fn¬ Cu In-coSw Ducnh-bv°m-dp-ap≠v.
77
]uc-kvXy- Im-tXm-en-°mbv°v ioe-ap-Sn-°p- ]-Icw CØcw IncoSw
]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn¬ ].- am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm, ].- am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a≥, hen-b- am¿ Zo-h-∂m-tkym-kv, H∂mw ImtXm-en°m,
].- h-´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Ch-cpsS sF°-Wp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
Cu Inco-S-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\ambn ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm cq]I¬∏\ sNbvX ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS kz¿Æ-apSn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.
AXn\p km≤ya-s√-¶n¬ ss_km‚n-b≥ coXn-bn-ep≈ IncoSw Xs∂
]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. ]t£, AXn¬ ae-¶ck`-bpsS ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cpsS
sF°-Wp-Iƒ thWw Nn{XoIcn°m≥. AtXm-sSm∏w ap≥]p-]-tbmKn-®ncp∂ Gt^mZv ]p\xÿm]n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
C\n ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-sf-∏‰n Nn¥n°mw. ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm
cq]w-sIm-SpØ Awi-h-Snbpw …o_mbpw C∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p≠v.
Ah-bn¬ am‰whcp-Øp-hm≥ ]mSn-√. ]n∂o-Sp-≈Xv aq∂p ap{Z-am-e-IfmWv. Ct∏mƒ {]tXy-I-X-I-sfm-∂p-an-√mØ ss_km‚n-b≥ ap{Zame-Ifpw Ah-tbm-Sp -tN¿∂p≈ Ipcn-ip-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu
A-h-ÿ- am-d-Ww. -A¿ao-\n-b≥ ImtXm-en°m-bv°p-≈-Xp-t]mse kz¥hy-‡nXzap≈ ap{Z-am-e-Ifpw Ipcnipw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww.
tZiobamb coXn- b n¬ c≠p - a p- { Z- a m- e - I fpw ]p\¿cq]- I ev ] \
sNøWw. -A-h-bn¬ ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s‚bpw ae-¶-c-bpsS CXn-lm-k-a\p-k-cn-®p≈ ˛ Bim-cn-a-´hpw thZ-]p-kvX-I- Np-cp-fp-ta¥nb ˛ am¿tØmΩm- «o- l m- b p- s Sbpw sF°- W p- I ƒ Bte- J \w sNø- W w.
AtXm-sSm∏w A\p-cq-]-amb Ipcn-ip-am-ebpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn\v
ae-¶-c-bpsS X\-Xmb am¿tØmΩm Ipcntim As√-¶n¬ H∂mw
ImtXm-en°m D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xpw tZh-temIw Ac-a-\-bn¬ kq£n®n-´p-≈-Xp-amb Ipcn-ip-am-etbm D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ as‰mcp ÿm\-Nn”w CS-s°-´p -ap-{Z-bm-Wv. ap≥Ime-ß-fn¬ ]´-°m-c-S°w CS-s°-ń¬ sh≈n-sIm-≠p≈ ap{Z-bmWv D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂X
- v. ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mh-m h-sc-bp-≈h
- ¿ Nph∂
Ip∏m-b-tØm-sSm∏hpw Cu ap{Z D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. ]. amXyqkv {]Ya≥ _mhm IuZm-inI Awi-h-kv{X-tØm-sSm∏w CXv D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p. C∂v Bcpw CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°mbv°v kz¥-amb Hcp CS-s°´v ap{Z D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn\v
ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS kz¥w ap{Z -Xs∂ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xmhpw
DNn-Xw. km[m-cWhkv{X-tØmSpw Im∏-tbm-Sp-sam∏w CXp- am-{X-amhWw D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠X-v.
78
Ah-km-\-ambn Ip∏m-bhpw apSn-bp-amWv. taev]-´-Xz-Øns‚ km¿heu-InI thj-amb Nph∂ Ip∏mbhpw ]uckvXy k\ymk hkv{Xamb Idp-Ø- ]pdwIp∏m-bhpw Dt]-£n-°m≥ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v hnapJX D≠m-hp-I kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. At¥m-Jy≥ coXn-bn-ep≈ aØßm
apSn-bpsS Imcyhpw hn`n∂-a-√. Ipd-™-]£w ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS apSnbpsSbpw …o_m-bn¬ sI´p∂ Xqhm-e-bp-sSbpw \nd-sa-¶nepw bYm{Iaw Idp-∏n¬\n∂pw Nph-∏n¬\n∂pw shfp-∏m-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
ImtXm-en-°m-am-cpsS km[m-cWhkv{X-tØm-sSm∏w Hcp B¿®v
am≥{Un-tb-d‰v hSn- IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CXv ae-¶-c-bnse ]c-º-cmKX coXn-b-\p-k-cn®v sh≈n sIńb Nqc-em-°p-∂Xv tZio-b-Xbv°v
XnI®pw A\p-cq-]-am-bn-cn-°pw.
CtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ tijvT \nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°mbv°pw Hcp
{]tXyI thj-hn-[m-\-sØ-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 1980˛¬
]. h´-°p-t∂¬ _mhm, A∂sØ \nbp‡ ImtXm-en°m amXyqkv
am¿ Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v t{ijvT \nbp‡ ImtXmen°m F∂ kwt_m-[-\bpw k`-bn¬ c≠mw ÿm\hpw \¬In.
Cu ]Xnhv C∂pw XpS¿∂p hcn-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ ÿm\-Nn-”-ßsfm∂pw {]tXy-In®p \¬In-bn-´p-an-√. Ipd-™-]£w Ipcn-ip-am-e-tbmsSm∏w Hcp ap{Z-am-e -Iq-Sn-sb-¶nepw t{ijvT \nbp‡ ImtXm-en°mbv°v ÿm\-Nn-”-ambn \¬I-Ww. a‰p sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Ø-mam¿ c≠p
ame D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw ]mSn-√. {]tXy-Ic
- o-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp AwihSnbpw
ÿm\-Nn”ambn At±-l-Øn\p \¬Ip∂ Imcyw ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
]. kp∂-l-tZmkv Bh-iy-amb ]T-\-ßƒ \SØn ÿm\-Nn-”ßƒ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Imt\m≥ kwln-X-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
thWw. ImtXm- e n- t °- ‰ ns‚ hf¿®- b psS ]q¿Æ- X bv ° v CØcw
_mly-amb Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
(ae-¶ck`m amknI, sk]v‰w-_¿ 2006)

79
10
ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿
kao- ] - I m- e Øv sa{X- m t∏m- e oØmamcpsS ÿe- w am- ‰ hpw dn´b¿sa‚pw kw_-‘n® hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-fn¬ hn´p-t]mb Hcp kp{][m\ hkvXp-X-bmWv ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS
sshZoI t{i-Wn-bnse ÿm\w. AXoh Kuc-h-ap-≈ Cu XmXznI
{]iv\-sØ-°p-dn®v bmsXmcp ]cm-a¿i-\hpw h¿j-ßƒ \o≠ N¿®I-fn-sem∂pw Db¿∂p h∂n-√.
]uc-kvXy-k`
- I
- f
- psS k`m-imkv{X-a\
- p-kc
- n®v taev]´ÿm\-Øn\p
aq∂p ]Z-hn-I-fp≠v. Ah bYm-{Iaw ImtXm-en°m (]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kv),
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, F∏n-kvtIm∏m F∂n-h-bm-Wv. \¬hcw H∂m-sW¶nepw Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw Xmgv∂]Sn-bn-ep≈ F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-am¿°v
kzX-{¥-amb bmsXmcp A[n-Im-c-hp-an-√. sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ø-mbpsS
hy‡-amb \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v am{Xw {]h¿Øn-t°≠ hy‡n-bmWv
F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-sb∂v lqZm-b- Im-t\m\pw hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.
H∂n-e-[nIw F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-am-cpsS tae-[n-Im-cn-bmb sa{X-mt∏meo-ØmbpsS A[n-Im-c-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ff Imt\m≥ \nbaw hn`n-∂-am-Wv.
Xß-fp-sS- `-c-Wm-Xn¿Øn-°p-≈n¬ GXm≠v ]q¿Æ kzX-{¥m-[n-Imcw
lqZmbImt\m≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°v \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. Ch-bn¬
{]mtZ-inI kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-hm\pw, A≤y-£X hln°p-hm\pw, {]mtZ-inI \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m\pw, F∏n-kvtIm-∏-mamsc
hmgn-°p-hm\pw, \nb-an-°p-hm\pw, ÿew-am-‰p-hm-\pap≈ A[n-Imcw
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Xß-fpsS CS-h-I-bv°p- th≠n hn. -aq-tdm≥ IqZmi sNøphm\pw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Imt\m≥ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu
A[n-Im-c-ßƒ H∂pw GI-]-£o-b-a√. ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-{]-Imcw
kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ IqSn-bmWv \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-sX-∂p-am-{Xw.
ae-¶c
- k
- `
- b
- psS ]mc-ºc
- y-{]-Imcw 19˛mw \q‰m-≠p- hsc Hcp sa{Xm≥
am{X-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F√m F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ A[n-Im-chpw ae-¶c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-ambn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ kp∂-l-tZmkv. 1877 ˛¬ ].- ]-t{Xm-kv Xr-Xob≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv GI-]-£o-b-ambn ae-¶ck`sb Ggv CS-h-II-fmbn Xncn-°p-I-bpw, ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb IqSmsX Bdv
80
sa{Xm-∑m-sc- IqSn hmgn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v CS-h-I- Xn-cn®v ÿmØnt°m≥ sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw ae-¶-c- ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw
A[n-Im-c-ßsf C√m-bva- sNbvXv At¥ym-Jy-m ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
A[n-Imcw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Dd-∏n-°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv ]m{Xnb¿°okv Cu \S-]-Sn°p Xp\n-™-Xv. Xß-fpsS CS-h-I-bn¬ ]q¿ÆA-[n-Im-c-tØmsS `cWw \S-Øp-hm≥ sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Øm-am-cm-bmWv
Chsc hmgn-®-Xv. ÿmØn-t°m-\n¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw CS-hI
hy‡-ambn th¿Xn-cn®p ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp {]mtZ-inI
F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p-≈ Icp-X¬ \S]-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. CtX Dt±-iytØm-Sp -IqSn Hcp-h≥ as‰m-cp-hs‚
CS-h-I-bn¬ IS-°-cp-sX∂v tcJm-aq-ehpw ae-¶-c- sa-{X-mt∏m-eo-Ømsb
A\p-k-cn-°-cp-sX∂v hm°mepw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv I¿i\ \n¿t±iw
\¬In.
F∂m¬ Cu hn`-Pn®p`cn-°¬ \bw ê-h-Øm-bn-√. ]m{Xnb¿°okv C¥y-hn´p Znh-k-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ Bdp \-h-sa-{Xm-∑mscbpw
Xs‚ tae-[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ \ne-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ hnP-bn-®p. H‰-s∏´ Nne apdp-ap-dp-∏p-Iƒ
D≠m-sb-¶nepw ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm≥ F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ Xs‚ tae-[n-Imcw
\S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw Ahbv°v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ XS-bm≥
km[n-®n√.
]t£, CS-h-I-sa-{Xm-∑m-cpsS \nb-a-\w-sIm-≠p-≠mb \nb-a-{]iv\w
Cu Iog-S-ß¬ sIm≠v Ah-km-\n-®n-√. Cu \nb-a-\ßƒsIm≠v
ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v s]mXp-hn-ep-≈ `c-Wm-[n-Imcw \jvSambn F∂v A∂p \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ tIkn¬ \ho-I-c-W-°m¿
hmZn®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]\ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu hmZw icnh-bv°p∂p F¶nepw ae¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ {]kn-U‚ v F∂ \nebnep≈ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-s‚bpw Xs‚ ÿmØn-t°m-s‚bpw ]n≥_-eØn¬ am¿ Zoh- ∂ m- t kymkv ae- ¶ - c - sa- { Xms‚ ta¬ÿm\hpw
s]mXphn\-SpØ A[n-Im-chpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn hmZn-®p.
Cu tIkn¬ ].- ]-cp-a-e- Xn-cp-ta\n Xß-fpsSta¬ ae-¶-c -sa-{Xmt∏m-eo-Ømbv°v tae-[n-Imc-ap-s≠∂p samgn- sIm-Sp-Øp. Cu tIkn¬
ae-¶c
- s
- a-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v tae-[n-Imcw \jvSs
- ∏-ń-ńs-√∂p ÿm]n°m-\m-sb-¶nepw Cu hmZ-Øn-\m-kv]Z-amb \nb-a-{]-iv\w ˛ ae-¶-cbnse sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ø-mam-cpsS ÿm\w ˛ \ne-\n-∂p.
81
].- ]-cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Sn. km£n-sam-gn-bn¬ CXn\p hni-Zo-IcWw \¬Im≥ {ian-®n-´p≠v. {it≤-b-amb \mep hkvXp-X-I-fmWv
At±lw FSpØp ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
1.- F√m `{Zmk\hpw ae-¶-c- sa-{Xms‚ Iogn-emWv.
2. Xm≥ Hcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmWv. F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-b√.
3. Bflo-b-ambn Xm\pw ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Xpey-cmWv.
4.-sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw
`mKn-I-amtbm ]q¿W-amtbm hne-°m≥ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v
Ah-Im-i-ap≠v.
Cu sam-gnsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS
ÿm\w Bflo-bw ˛ euIoIw F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xns‚ ]tcm£ kqN-\-Iƒ ImWmw. Bflo-b-ambn CS-hI sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ømbpw ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Xpey-cm-sW∂p ]d-bptºmƒØs∂ euIo-Iamb -tae-[n-Imcw ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°p-s≠∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ÿmØnt°m-\-\p-k-cn®pw lqZmbImt\m≥ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ A[n-ImcmhImi-ß-f-\p-k-cn®pw D≈ sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Ømamc√ \hm-`n-jn-‡cmb Bdp- t]cpw F∂-XmWv Cu samgn-bpsS {]Xy£ kqN-\.
kq£va-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn¬, lqZm-b- Im-t\m≥ F∏n-kvtIm-∏mam¿°p \¬Inb Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ am{X-amWv Cu samgn-b-\pk-cn®v ae-¶-c-bnse CS-hI -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mam¿°v tbmPn-°p-I.
am¿ Zoh- ∂ m- t kymkv A©m- a s‚ hy‡n{]`m- h w - s Im- ≠ pw,
1889˛se tdmb¬tImSXn hn[n -aq-e-ap-≠mb A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cywsIm≠pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fn-te°p IS-°msX
`cWw \S-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®p. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman ].
-h-´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-as\ 1912˛¬ \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn
apS-°n-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb hyh-lmc ]c-º-c-I-fn¬ Cu hnj-bØn¬ IqSp-X¬ hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬tI≠nh∂p.
Imt\m≥ hnZKvZ\mb ].- am¿ Zo-h∂
- m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ Cu {]iv\Øn\v Imt\m-\n-I-amb Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWam-Wv \¬In-b-Xv. At±-lØns‚ A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw, Imt\m-\n¬ hnh-£n-®n-cn-°p∂ A[n-Imc-ßƒ D≈ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amsc IqSmsX sa{X-mt∏m-eoØm F∂
_lp-am\ \ma-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-am-cp-ap-≠v. ae-¶-c-bnse
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmam¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂ ÿm\-\m-a-ap-≈ F∏nkvtIm-∏m-am¿ am{X-amWv (1104 Nnßw 27 se samgn).
82
CØ-c-sam-c-h-ÿ°v lqZm-b- Im-t\m-\n¬ hy‡-amb Hcp D-Zm-lc-W-ap-≠v. At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bpsS tbdp-itew ]m{Xn-b¿°okv `cW-]-c-ambn ssIk-dn-bm-bnse sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Iogn-ep-≈ Hcp
F∏n-kvtIm-∏m am{X-am-Wv. ÿm\-\maw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂m-sW¶nepw At¥m-Jy≥ k`-bn¬ aq∂mw ÿm\-aps-≠-∂-√msX ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn-\-SpØ khn-ti-jm-[n-Im-c-sam∂pw sbdp-itew ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn\p \¬In-bn-ń-√.
GI- sa-{Xm≥ F∂- \n-e-bn¬ \n∂pw _lp- sa-{Xm-∑m¿ F∂
\ne-bn-te°p amdp-Ibpw, kz¥-amb Hcp ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-°pIbpw sNbvXv ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°v Hcp F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ A[n-Im-c-t{iWn
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ {ian-®p. ae-¶-csa{Xm≥ ÿm\w IqSn ImtXm-en-°m-bn¬ ebn-°-W-sa∂m{Kln®
At±lw ImtXm-en-°m-bn¬ tI{µo-I-cn® Hcp taev]´t{iWn°p
cq]wsImSp-Øp. At±lw Xbm-dm°n 1932˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® \°¬
`c-W-L-S\ Hcp {XnXe taev]´ t{iWn-bmWv ae-¶-cbv°v hn`m-h\w
sNbvX-Xv.
Sn. `c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v ae-¶-c -k-`sb aq∂p alm CS-h-I-Ifmbn Xncn-®p. Ch-bn¬ cs≠-Æ-Øns‚ (A¶-am-en, \nc-Ww) A≤y£∑m¿ sa{X- m t∏m- e o- Ø m- a mcpw tIm´- b - Ø ns‚ A≤y- £ ≥
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Hmtcm alm-bn-S-h-Ibpw \mev
CS-h-I-I-fm-bn- Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ F∏n-kvtIm-∏-mam-cm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. alm-bn-S-h-I -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømam¿°v {]mtZ-inI kp∂-lt- Zmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-\pw, F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-amsc
hmgn-°m\pw, hn. -aq-tdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Cu
`c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p-≠v. IqSmsX, AXXv alm-bn-S-h-Ibn¬ hnizm-kw, ]´-Xzw, Unkn-πn≥ Ch-sb-∏‰n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥
{]mtZ-inI kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. ae-¶-c- sa-{Xt∏meoØm
F∂ ÿm\w \ne-\n¬°p-∂n-S-tØmfw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ A[n-Im-c-apff a‰p sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmam¿ D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√∂v CXn¬ hy‡-am°n-bn-´p-≠v. Cu `c-W-L-S\ \S-∏m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ImtXm-en-°msb
IqSmsX c≠p sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ lqZmb Imt\m≥ hnh-£n-°p∂
ÿm\-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ Cu `c-W-kwhn-[m\w ae-¶-c-k` AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. ]Icw
ImtXm-en-°m-bn¬ tI{µo-Ir-X-amb as‰mcp kwhn-[m-\-Øn\mWv
1934˛¬ ]mkm-°nb `c-W-L-S\ cq]w-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. \ne-hn-ep-ff kwhn[m\w ]q¿ho-I-amb coXn-bn¬ ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-\n¬ tI{µo-Ir-X-amWv.
83
ImtXm-en°m Xs∂ ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w IqSn hln°-W-sa∂v hyh-ÿ -sN-bvXm Wv 1934-˛¬ `cWw ImtXm-en-°m-bn¬
tI{µo-I-cn-®Xv.
\ne-hn-ep≈ `c-W-L-S-\-{]-Imcw ae-¶-c-bnse sa{X-mt∏m-eo-Ømam¿°pw F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-am¿°pw `c-W-]-c-ambn hyXym-k-sam-∂p-an-√.
ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®pam{Xw `{Zmk\ CS-h-I-Isf `cn-°p-hm-\p-≈ A[n-ImcamWv Ah¿°p-f-f-Xv.
{]mtZ-inI kp∂-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-hmt\m taev]´ÿm\w sImSp°p-hmt\m hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i -sN-øp-hmt\m Ahsc A[n-Im-c-s∏-SpØn-bn-ń-√. hnizm-kw, ]´-Xzw, Unkn-πn≥ Cu Imcy-Øn¬ kz¥ambn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm\pw A[n-Im-c-an-√. CS-h-I`-c-W-wt]mepw
ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn-em-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬,
C∂pw ae-¶-c-bn¬ lqZm-b- Im-t\m≥ {]Im-c-ap≈ GI- sa-{Xm-t∏meoØm, ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm am{X-am-Wv. sIm√-h¿jw 1104˛¬
]. am¿ Zo-h-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ hym-Jym-\n-®-Xp-t]mse sa{X-mt∏meoØm F∂ ÿm\-\maap≈ F∏n-kvtIm-∏-mam¿ am{X-amWv C∂v
ae-¶-c-bn-ep≈ a‰p- sa-{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-am¿.
`c-W-L-S-\-{]-Imcw ae-¶-c-bnse sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-amsc sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv k`-bv°p- th-≠n-bm-Wv. Ahsc hmgn-°p-∂Xpw k`bv°p -th-≠n-bm-Wv.- \n-›n-X-hy-h-ÿ-I-f-\p-k-cn®v ImtXm-en°m/ae¶-c- sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm Iev]\ \¬Ip-tºm-gmWv Ah¿°v CS-h-I -`cWw e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. AXpw kzX{¥a√mØ ˛ ta¬t\m-´-Øn\p hnt[b-amb ˛ `cWm[n-Imcw am{Xw. AXn-\m¬ ae-¶-c-bnse sa{Xm-t∏meo-Ø-mam-cpsS ÿewam‰-Øn\p Imt\m≥ \nb-a-{]Im-c-ap≈ XS- sam-∂p-an-√.- k-`m- `-c-W-L-S\bn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amcpsS ÿewam-‰w \ntcm-[n-°p-∂ hyh-ÿ-I-sfm-∂p-an√.
ae-¶-c-bnse sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°v ÿew-am-‰-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn
Imt\m≥ {]-Im-c-ap-≈ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ (Aß-s\-sbm-∂p-s≠-¶n¬) Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p-IqSm. ImcWw Ah¿ F∏nkvtIm-∏m-am¿ am{X-am-Wv. F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-am-cpsS ÿew-am‰w lqZmb -Im-t\m\p hncp-≤hp-a-√.
(A¬am-b-thZn, HmKÃv, 2006)

84
11
am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§w
apX¬ ae-¶-ck`m `-c-W-L-S-\ -hsc
ae-¶c
- k
- `
- b
- n¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ \nb-ak
- w-lnX, 1934˛¬ ]mkm°nb k`m-`-c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv. Cu `c-W-L-S\ c≠p {]mhiyw t`ZKXn sNbvXn-´p-≠v. aq∂m-asØ ka{K t`Z-Xn°v amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n
ip]m¿i sNbvXp Ign-™p.
Cu `c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v IqZm-i-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ am{Xw
am¿ {Kn-tKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿F{_m-bpsS lqZm-b- Im-t\m≥ F∂-dn-bs∏-Sp∂ t\mam- Im-t\m\pw k`-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-Iq-SmsX
Atkm-kn-tb-j≥, amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n, F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-lt- Zmkv
apX-em-b-h-bpsS \S-]-Sn-®-´-ßfpw Cu `c-W-L-S-\bv°v hnt[-b-ambn
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v.
1934˛¬ ae-¶-c-k`m `cWL-S-\- cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv 1876˛se apf¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-tØm-sS-bmWv. F∂m¬ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v Hcp `c-W-{Iaw \¬In-bXv apf-¥p-cpØn
kp∂-ltZmkmsW-∂ -hmZw \nc¿∞-I-am-Wv.- B-Zy -en-LnX `c-WL-S-\- F-∂- A-h-Im-i-hm-Zw-t]mepw apf-¥p-cp-Øn -kp-∂-l-tZm-kn\p
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hn√ F∂-XmWv bmYm¿∞yw.
1498˛¬ Bcw-`n® t]m¿´p-Kokv bpK-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ ae-¶-c-k`bv°v hy‡-amb Hcp `c-W-{Iaw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\p enLnX
cq]-ap-≠m-bn-cpt∂m F∂-dn-bm≥ C∂v am¿§-sam-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬
t]m¿´p-Kokv tcJ-Iƒ{]-Imcw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Bflo-bhpw, euIoIhpw, aX-]-c-hp-amb `c-W-Øn\v sI´p-d-∏p≈ Hcp kwhn-[m-\hpw
\nb-a-ßfpw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§w
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Ime-L-´-Øn-\p- ap-ºp≈ ae-¶-c -\-{km-Wn-I-fpsS
`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-sØtbm \nb-a-kw-ln-X-sbtbm aX-]cw F∂p-am{Xw
hnti-jn-∏n°m-\m-hn-√. AXv ka-{K-amb Hcp PohnX coXn-bm-bn-cp∂p.
am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§w F∂mWv CXv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. C{]-Im-
85
c-ap≈ am¿§-ß-fpsS BI-ØpIbmbn-cp∂p tIc-fob kwkvIrXn.
Cu am¿§ßƒ ]c-kv]-cm-h-ew-_-ßfpw ]c-kv-]-cm-{in-X-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ tXSn-bm¬ AXv HcpZnhkw -sIm-≠p -cq-]-s∏´ Hcp Pohn-X-Ncybs√∂p hy‡-amIpw. tIcfob kaq-l-Øn\v Imem-Im-e-ß-fnep≠mb am‰-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v cq]wsIm≠ H∂mWv am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§w. am¿tØm-Ω-mbpsS am¿§w
cq]-s∏-´Xv {][m-\-ambpw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ASn-ÿm\ßfn¬ \n∂mW.v
1. ]uckvXy I¬Zmb k`-bpsS k`m-hn-⁄m-\obhpw, IqZm-iIfpw, sshZoI t{iWn-bpw.
2. tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp kwkvIr-Xnbpw ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw.
3.-\-ºqXncn aX-Øns‚ PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw, Ipe-[¿Ωhpw, kwkvImc-ßfpw.
ae-¶-c-bnse ]mc-º-cy-{]-Imcw {InkvXp-h¿jw 34-5-˛¬ Iv\mbnsØm-Ω-t\m-sSm∏w h∂ Dd-lm-bnse am¿ tPmk^v sa{Xm≥ apXemWv ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-sS -t]¿jy≥ _‘w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. GXmbmepw sIm√-h¿jmcw-`-Øn¬ am¿ kmt_m¿, am¿ At{^mØv F∂nh-cpsS BK-a-\-tØmsS Cu _‘w imiz-X-am-bn F∂Xv \nkw-i-bam-Wv. Cu t]¿jy≥ _‘w t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS hnizm-kmNm-c-ßsfbpw IqZm-i-I-sfbpw ae-¶-c-k` Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°n.
t]¿jy≥ sshZo-I-ta-e-≤y-£-Xbpw a‰p- k-`-I-tfm-sSm∂pw _‘-an√mØ Ah-ÿbpw Ch-bpsS \n¿hn-Lv\-amb \ne-\n¬∏n\p kmlN-cy-sam-cp-°n.
tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb {ZmhnU kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ _p≤-˛-ssP\-a-X-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w A]-cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. _p≤-˛ssP-\-a-X-ßƒ
tIc-f-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-bI kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp∂ ImeØmWvv
{InkvXp-aXw Cu aÆn¬ thcp-]n-Sn-®-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv _p≤-˛-ssP\-a-X-ßsf ]pd-Øm°n {_m“W lnµp-aXw tIcfw Iog-S-°n-bt∏mgpw {InkvXp-aXw B Zzn-Kzn-P-b-Øn¬ \new]cn-im-ImsX ]nSn-®p\n-∂p. Cu Znim-{`w-i-Øn¬ {_m“WaXsa∂-Xp-t]mse {InkvXp-aXhpw ]q¿hn-I- kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS Awi-ßsfIqSn Dƒs°m-≈p-hm\pw
\ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. Cu {_m“W]q¿h kwkvImchpw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWØn¬ \n¿Wm-bI
]¶p- h-ln-®n-´p-≠v.
am¿tØm- Ω m- b psS am¿§- Ø ns‚ ]n¬°m- e - c q- ] o- I - c - W - Ø n¬
86
\n¿Wm-bI kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bXv \ºq-Xncn aX-Øns‚ N´-°qSm-bn-cp-∂p. NmXp¿h-Wy- hyh-ÿ-bv°p-≈n¬ ka-RvP-k-s∏-Sp-hm≥
\{km-Wn-Iƒ XßfpsS Pohn-X-N-{Ihpw `c-W-{I-ahpw \ºq-Xncn hyhÿbv°v A\p-cq-]-ambn {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ah-cpsS tjmU NufmZn
kwkvIm-c-ßsf kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm ss{IkvXh IqZm-iIƒ Ah-bv°p]-Icw {]Xn-jvTn-°p-Itbm sNbvXp. \{km-Wn-I-fpsS ta¬ sshZo-I˛-eu-IoI A[n-Im-c-ß-sfm∂pw \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°v C√m-bn-cp∂p. \{kmWn-Iƒ°v ]q¿W-ambpw kzbw`c-W-amWv Cu Imcy-ß-fn¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv.
PmXn- h yhÿ {]Zm\w sNøp∂ {][m- \ - k p- c - £ n- X Xzhpw
sXmgn¬ ]cn-c-£bpw kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-ihpw \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v tIcfo-b-k-aq-l-Øn¬ òj-Wn-Iƒ C√mØ Hcp ÿm\w t\Sn-s°m-SpØp.
A∂sØ \{km-Wn-I-fpsS `c-W-hy-hÿ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚bpw
F∏n-kvtIm-∏-kn-bp-sSbpw Hcp ka-⁄k cq]-am-bn-cp-∂p. \ºq-Xncn
kaq-l-Øns‚ tZi-hy-h-ÿbpw ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS ]´Xzt{i-Wnbpw ktΩ-fn-∏n-®v, PmXn-hy-h-ÿbv°v A\p-cq-]-am-bn- cq-]-s∏Sp-ØnbXmbn-cp∂p Cu hyh-ÿ. ]≈n-tbm-K-ßfpw A¿°-Zvbt-°m\p-am-bn-cp∂p Cu hyh-ÿ-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\- L-S-I-ßƒ. CØ-c-samcp
k`m-kw-hn-[m\w ]m›-mXy k`-Iƒ°v ss{IkvX-h-ambn IW-°m°m-hp∂ H∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
]m›mXy sImtfm-Wn-b¬ i‡n-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ apI-fn¬ ]d™ LS-I-ßsf√mwtN¿∂p \{kmWn-Iƒ°v X\-Xmb Hcp Pohn-X-ssien cq]-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. ]m›mXy
ss{IkvXh kn≤m¥-ßƒt°m am\-Z-fi-ßƒt°m, Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc
]uc-kvXy -ss{IkvXh Z¿i-\-Ønt\m Dƒs°m-≈m-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√
am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿K-Øns‚ ss{IkvX-hn-I-X. ]t£ \{km-Wnk- a q- l - Ø n\v Xß- f psS ss{Ikv X h aX- h n- i zmkw ASn- ÿ m\
cq]Ønse¶nepw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠p t]mIm≥ Cu kwhn-[m\w
aqew Ign-™p.
tIc-f-Ønse \ºq-Xncn tI{µo-IrX PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-ambn
amdp-Ibpw AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb \nb-a-kw-ln-X-Ifpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-Ifpw
kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kmaq-ln-I- kp-c£
Dd-∏m-bn. PmXn F∂ Aÿn-Xzhpw, Ipe-[¿Ω-Øns‚ sXmgn¬ ]cnc-£bpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw Dd-∏m-°n.
87
t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn-\p -apºv \{kmWn kmº-ØnIhyh-ÿbv°p-≠mb òjWn \{kmWn hmWnPy Xe-ÿm-\-amb sImSp-ß√q-cns\ ]n≥X≈n tImgn-t°mSp t\Snb hntZi hym]mc hf¿®bpw
AXn-\-\p-_-‘-amb kmaq-Xn-cn- ˛ -sIm®n cmjv{So-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
]m›mXy A[n-\n-th-iw
Hcp Iøn¬ hmfpw adp-I-øn¬ Ipcn-ip-ambn temIw shń-∏n-Sn-°m\n-d-ßnb t]m¿´p-Kokv˛tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ Z¿in-®Xv C{]-Imcw
kpc-£n-X-cmb Hcp \{km-Wn-k-aq-l-sØ-bm-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-amb Ac£n-Xm-h-ÿtbm aX-]o-U-\tam \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v A∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ hntZi hym]mc IpØ-I XI¿s∂-¶nepw Dƒ\mS≥ hym]mc irwJe \{km-Wn-I-fpsS ssIh-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kmlN-cy-Øn¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv km{am-Pytam tdma≥ItØm-en-°m- k-`tbm
{]Xo-£n-®-Xp-t]mse t]m¿´p-Kokv \mhn-I-i-‡n-bpsS ]cn-c-£tbm
tdma≥ItØm-en-°m- k-`bpsS Bflob A\p-{K-l-ßtfm tXSn
\{km-Wn-Iƒ Ahsc B{i-bn-°p-hm≥ bmsXmcp km≤y-X-bp-an-√mbn-cp-∂p. Cu coXn-bnsems° \{km-Wn-I-sf B{in-X-cm-°p-hm≥ Hcp
\q‰m-≠p-Imew ]m›m-Xy¿ \S-Ønb {ia-sa√mw hn^-e-am-bn.
PmXn-hy-h-ÿ- \¬Ip∂ kmaq-lnI ]cn-c-£bpw Ipe-[¿Ωw \¬Ip∂ sXmgn¬ ]cn-c-£bpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂n-S-tØmfwImew \{kmWn-Isf Xß-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn¬ e`n-°p-I-bn-s√∂v ]m›m-Xy¿°v
a\- n-em-bn. \{km-Wn-Isf Xß-ƒ°v hnt[-b-amb Hcp kaq-l-am°p-hm-\p≈ GI-am¿§w Cu ]cn-c£ C√m-Xm-°pI F∂-Xm-sW∂pw
Ah¿°v t_m[y-am-bn. AXn-\m-Is´, Ah-cpsS PmXn C√mbva sNøpI
F∂-sXm-gnsI a‰p- am¿§-sam∂pw C√m-bn-cp∂p Xm\pw.
hfsc {]Xy-£-amb Hcp DZm-l-cWw C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]m›m-XycpsS apºn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp \q‰m≠pImew sIm≠v sIm®n-bn¬
cq]-s∏´ ]cn-h¿Øn-X -ss{I-kvX-h- k-aq-l-w ]q¿Æ-ambpw t]m¿´pKokv B{i-b-Øn-emWv Ign-™n-cp-∂-Xv. hnhn[ IogvPm-Xn-I-fn¬
\n∂pw aXw amdn-b-hcpw bqtdm-]y≥ k¶-c-h¿§-°mcpw tN¿∂ Cu
hn`m-K-Øn\v {]tXyI PmXntbm Ipe-[¿Ωtam C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬
Fs¥-¶nepw sXmgn¬ sNøp-hmt\m ]ucm-h-Imiw \¬Ip-hmt\m
{]mtZ-inI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. CXns‚ ê-ambn ]q¿Wambpw t]m¿´p-Kokv A[n-Im-cn-Isf B{i-bn®p Pohn-°p∂ Hcp kaql-ambn Ah¿ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p.
88
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kv
Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ thWw DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ hnebn-cp-Øm≥. t]m¿´p-Kokv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw tdma≥ I-tØm-en-°man-j-\-dn-amcpw aX-]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw BNm-c-]-c-hp-amb At\Iw
am‰-ßƒ \{kmWn kaq-l-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ {ian-®p. \{kmWn
kaq-lsØ ]m›m-Xy- am-\-Z-fi-ßƒ°v A\p-cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\mWv
Cu am‰-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-®-Xv.
\{km-Wn-Iƒ°m-Is´ aXhpw kmaq-lnILS-\bpw th¿]n-cn-°m\m-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ah-sb√mw IqSn H∂ptN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p AhcpsS am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§-sa∂ Pohn-X-hy-h-ÿ. ]m›m-Xy-cpsS
aX-hn-izm-khpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw tN¿Øv CXn\p kam-\-ambn
tI-∏m-bpsS am¿§w F∂-t]-cv \{km-Wn-Iƒ \¬In. bYm¿∞-Øn¬
am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§hpw iotam≥ ]t{Xm-kns‚ am¿§hpw XΩnep≈ G‰p-ap-´-emWv Iq\≥Ipcnip kXy-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-®-Xv.
\{km-Wn-Isf t]m¿´p-Kokv cmPy-i-‡n°pw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m-k-`bv°pw hnt[b-am-°p-hm≥ \{kmWn kaq-l-Øn¬ Xmsg-]-dbp∂ ImX-em-b -am-‰-ßƒ hcp-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p F∂v t]m¿´pKokpIm¿ IW°pIqń.
1.- \-{km-Wn-I-fpsS PmXn A[n-jvTnX PohnX hyhÿ XI¿Øv
Ahsc PmXn-c-ln-X-cm-°p-I. AXp-hgn tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Ahsc
\nk-lm-b-cm°n am‰p-I.
2. ]≈n-tbm-K-ß-fnepw ae-¶-c- ]-≈n-tbm-K-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb
P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-hÿ C√m-bva- sN-øp-I.
3. _m-Kv-Zm-Znse ImtXm-en-°m-bp-am-bp≈ Bflob _‘w hnt›Zn®v tdma≥ ]m∏m-bpsS Iogn¬ sa{Xm-∑m-cnepw Ah¿ \nb-an-°p∂
hnIm-cn-am-cnepw tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp A[n-Im-c-t{iWn \n¿Ωn-°p-I.
4. am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§sØ C√mbva sNbvXv ]m›mXy am¿§w
ÿm]n-°p-I.
Cu Dt±-iy-e-£y-ß-tfm-sS-bmWv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv hnfn®p-Iq-ń-b-Xv. Nne tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ hnπ-h-I-csa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ sXm´p-Iq-Smbvas°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Imt\m-\pIƒt]mepw Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ Dt±-i-ip≤n
C√m-Ø-h-bm-sW-∂p- Im-Wmw. apI-fn¬ ]d™ e£y-ß-tfm-sS-
89
bmWv F√m Imt\m-\m-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v Ah
kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
FS-Ønse acymZ
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zm-kns‚ Imt\m-\p-If
- psS KXn F¥m-bmepw
H∂c \q‰- ≠ p- I m- e sØ tdma≥ ItØm- e n°m kl- h mkw
Adn™pw Adn-bm-sXbpw At\Iw ]m›mXy Ie¿∏p-Iƒ am¿tØmΩm-bpsS am¿§-Øn\p kw`m-h\-sN-bvXp. 1653˛se Iq\≥Ipcnip
kXyw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-∞m\-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ]m›mXy Ie¿∏p-Isf ]q¿W-ambpw AXn¬
\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°pI Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v 1665˛¬ Bcw-`n®
At¥ym-Jy≥ _‘w ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cysØ°qSn Iqńt®¿Ø-tXmsS am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§w IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-am-hpIbpw AXns‚ sFIy-cq]w \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-¶-c-bn¬
hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ coXn-bn-ep≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Bflo-bhpw,
ùXo-Ihpw, `c-W-]-c-hpw ˛ CtXmsS \ne-hn¬ h∂p.
F¶nepw ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°m-I-am\w _m[-Iamb Nne N´-°q-Sp-Isf-¶nepw kq£n-°p-hm≥ \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p Ign™p. FS-Ønse
acymZ F∂ t]cn-emWv \{kmWn Pohn-X-ssi-en- ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ ]cm-a¿in-°s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. h¿≤n-®p-h∂ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n
]mc-ºcyw ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ FS-Ønse acym-Z-bn¬ kmc-amb
am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn. CXn-\n-S-bnepw k¿h-i-‡-amb ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw
Cu am‰-ßsf Dƒs°m≠v Ahsb s]mXp-k-`-bpsS \nb-a-am°n am‰p∂-Xn¬ ˛ AXn¬ IqZmi-]-chpw, kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb
LS-I-ßƒ Dƒs∏Spw ˛ hnP-bn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse
tcJ-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p∂p.
sFIy-cq]w \jvS-s∏´ FS-Ønse acym-Z-bpsS k¶o¿W-X-Iƒ
]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]m-Z-Ønepw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚
BZy Zi- I ß- f nepw ae- ¶ - c - k - ` sb Iem- ] - I - e p- j n- X - a m°n.
IqZmi˛BNm-c ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ sFIy-cq]w hcp-Øp-Ibpw k`m`-c-W-Im-cy-Øn¬ s]mXp-hmb Hcp coXn Ahew_n-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p
CXn¬\n∂pw Ic-I-b-dm-\p≈ GI-am¿§w. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
thWw 1809˛se I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-esb hne-bn-cp-Øm≥.
I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e
Xmdp-am-dmb FS-Ønse acym-Zsb Imeÿn-Xn-°-\p-cq-]-am-b-hn[w
90
]p\¿\n¿an-°pI F∂ ZuXy-amWv 1809 Nnßw 1˛\v I≠-\m-´p-]-≈nbn¬ IqSnb ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-ßfn¬ am{X-a√ CS-h-I-]≈n `c-W-a-S-°-ap≈ Imcy-ßfpw I≠-\m´p
]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ ]cm-a¿i-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS e`y-amb
BZy enLnX `c-W-L-S-\-bmWv 1809˛se I≠-\m-Sp -]-Sn-tbm-e.- k`bpsS sF-Iy-cq]w \ne-\n¿Øp-hm-\p≈ am¿§-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv
skan-\m-cn- ÿm-]-\w, B≠p XIvkm-bpsS {]Nmcw apX-em-bh I≠\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv F∂pw AXns‚ hni-I-e-\Øn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p≠v.
1809-˛se I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-esb XpS¿∂p-≠mb skan-\mcn ÿm]\w, ]I-tem-a‰w hmgvN-bpsS AkvX-a-\w,- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂
sa{Xm≥am¿, ]m›m-Xy- ˛ -s{]m-´-Ã‚ v _m‘hw apX-em-bh \{kmWn
hyh-ÿsb ho≠pw XInSw adn-®p. thep-Øºn Iem-]sØØpS¿∂v
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm®n-bnepap≠mb h≥]n® kmaq-lnI ]cnh¿Ø\ {]{In-bbpw \{kmWn hyh-ÿsb kmc-ambn _m[n®p.
F¶nepw ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-IpXnbn¬ ae-¶-c-]-≈ntbmKw k¿h-i-‡-am-bn-Øs∂ XpS-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. ]t£
tdma≥ I-tØm-en-°cpw XpS¿∂v At¥m-Jy≥ taev]-´-°mcpw {]Ncn-∏n® sa{Xm-\n¬ tI{µoIrX-amb `c-W-hy-hÿ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS GI\m-b-IXzw F∂ Zpjn® coXn-bn-tebv°p kmh-[m\w hf-cp∂ {]{Inbbpw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Zrir-am-Wv. ]me-°p-∂-Øv am¿ amXyqkv
AØm-\m-tkym-kv, ae-¶c]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iq-SmsX
taev]-´-ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c-Øns‚ ]n≥_e-tØmsS `cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS ae-¶-c-]-≈n-tbmKw
AkvX-{]-`-am-bn.- a-e-¶-c-k-`m-`-cWw F√m-X-e-ß-fnepw Iøq-°p≈h≥
Im-cy-°m-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn-embn.
N´htcyme
Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv sIm.-h. 1028 ¬ ]g-bsk-an-\m-cn-bn¬
IqSnb ae-¶-c-]-≈n-tbmKw 151 hIp-∏p≈ ka-{K-amb Hcp N´htcyme
]mkm-°n-b-Xv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS hnizm-k-]-chpw BNm-c-]-c-hp-amb
hnj-b-ßsf ka-{K-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xpw, `c-W-Øns‚ F√m-Xe-ß-sfbpw, ]cm-Xn-Iƒ, hn[n-Iƒ apX-emb hnj-b-ßsf ]cm-a¿in°p-∂-Xp-amb N´-h-tcyme A∂sØ \ne-bn¬ am{X-a-√, C∂pw DZmØ-amb Hcp \nb-am-h-en-bmWv. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ Cu \nb-am-h-enbpw
ê-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-bn√. Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬Øs∂ sa{Xm\pw
91
P\-ßfpw CXp ewLn®p XpS-ßn-b-XmWv ]cm-P-b-Øn\p Imc-Wambn ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
]cp-a-e- kp∂-l-tZmkv
]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xn-cmbn ]´ta-‰p h∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ tPm-k^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-as‚
apºn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bpI F∂ òa-amb sh√p-hn-fnbmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CXn\v ae-¶-c-]-≈n-tbm-KsØ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn∏n-t°-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-ams-W∂v At±lw a\- n-em-°n.- hy‡-amb Hcp N´-°q-Sn-√msX ae-¶-c-]-≈n-tbmKw aptºm´p sIm≠pt]m-Im≥ km≤y-a-s√∂pw At±lw a\- n-em-°n. Cu ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS-bmWv 1872˛¬ At±lw Hcp ae-¶-c-]-≈n-tbmKw ]cp-a-e -sk-an-\mcn-bn¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-b-Xv.
1873-˛¬ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ IqSnb ae-¶-c-]-≈n-tbmKw ae-¶c Atkmkn-tb-j\pw Atkm-kn-tb-j\v Hcp amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰nbpw cq]o-Icn®p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS tI{µ-`-c-W-Øn¬ Cu IΩ-‰n-°p≈ kp{]-[m\-amb ÿm\w hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.-]t£ Cu {iaw ê-hØm-bn√ am¿ am-Xyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ cmP-Io-b- ]n≥_-eap≈ A[n-Im-c-tØ-°mƒ ]c-tZ-in- sa-{Xm≥ am¿ bq-bm°ow Iqdntem-kns‚ A[n-Im-c-{`-a-amWv Cu {iasØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.
Hcp \nb-a-Øn\pw hg-ßp-hm≥ a-\- n-√mØ A∂-sØ -\-{kmWn
a\-ÿn-Xnbpw Cu \nb-asØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ hen-b -]-¶ph-ln-®n´p≠v.
apf-¥p-cp-Øn-- kp∂-l-tZmkv
Cu km-l-N-cy-Øn-emWv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ At¥ymJym- ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ ae-¶-c-bn-te°p £Wn-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚
A≤y-£-X-bn¬ 1876˛¬ apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ IqSnb ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw
]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ho≠pw ]mkm°n Atkmkn-tb-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-®p. 1873˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-b-ßfpsS GXm≠v X\n-∏-I¿∏mWv apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ ]mkm°n-b-Xv. AXn-\m¬ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j-\pw, Atkm-kn-tb-j≥
amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰nbpw ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Zm\-am-sW∂
Nne-cpsS hmZw XnI®pw Akw-_-‘-am-Wv.- A-Xns‚ bYm¿∞ kq{X[m-c-I≥ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv A©m-a-\m-Wv.
BZy-Im-eØv \ho-I-c-W-°m-cp-am-bpff tIkn-\m-h-iy-amb ]W-
92
ap-≠m-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bpsS apJy I¿Ωw.
tIkp-Iƒ GXm≠v Ah-km-\n-®-tXmsS amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n \nb-a\n¿ΩmW \S-]-Sn-I-fn-te°p IS-∂-Xmbn 1876 apX¬ 1912 hsc-bp≈
Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ˛ amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n an\n-Svkp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hy‡am-Ip-∂p-≠v.
ae-¶-c-k-`m -`-c-W-LS\
apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-b-ß-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn-emWv
1934-˛¬ ae-¶-c-k-`m -`-c-W-L-S\ ]mkm-°n-b-Xv. ]t£ C°m-e-Øn\n-S-bn¬ Zu¿`m-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp kw`-h-hn-Imkw Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-cp∂p
F∏n-kvtIm-∏-knbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿbpw XΩn-ep≈ A[n-Imc
hSw-h-en-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m -k-`bpw XpS¿∂v
At¥ym-Jy≥ k`bpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ {ian-®Xv sa{Xm\n¬ tI{µo-Ir-X-amb `cW kwhn-[m-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xß--fpsS ]c-ºcm-KX Ah-Im-i-hp-am-bn-bmWv \{km-Wn-∏-cnj AXns\ t\cn-´-Xv.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p Db¿∂ ÿm\w \¬Ip∂ ]m›mXy s{]m´Ã‚nk-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\mtkym-km-Wv sa{Xm≥am-cpsS GI-\m-b-I-Xz-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb
ZrjvSm-¥w F∂Xv hntcm-[m-`m-khpw.
Cu ]›m-Ø-e-hpw 1876-˛\p tijw ae-¶-c-bn¬ cqV-aq-e-amb
At¥ymJy≥ k`m-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw sa{Xm-\n¬ tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp
`cW kwhn-[m-\-amWv k`-bv°m-hiyw F∂ Nn¥ hf¿Øphm≥
CS-bm-bn. CXns\ A\p-Iq-en-°mØ Hcp {]_e hn`m-Khpw k`bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwL¿jw `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW IΩ-‰nbnepw {]Xn-^-en-®p. XßfpsS \ymb-amb Ah-Im-c-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\-bn¬ tN¿°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®-Xn-\m¬ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿am-W-I-Ω-‰nbnse P\- { ]- X n- \ n- [ n- I ƒ cmPn- s h- ® p. adp `mK- a m- I s´ XnI®pw
sshZoI˛tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp \°¬ `c-W-L-S-\bv°p cq]w sImSp°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch c≠ns‚bpw Hcp a≤y-a-ÿm-\-amWv 1934˛¬
]mkm-°n-bXpw C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-amb `c-W-L-S-\. P\m-hImiw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc kwc-£n-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v F¶nepw Cu `c-W-LS-\-bn¬ sshZoI ˛ tI{µo-IrX kwhn-[m-\-Øn-\mWv ap≥Xq°w.
D]-kw-lmcw
ae-¶ck`m `c-W-L-S\ C∂pw -]q¿W-a-√. Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cnjv°m-c-ßƒ Ah-bn¬ hcp-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂
]m›mXy kzm[o-\-Øn\p apºp-ff am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§-Ønse
93
hn´p-t]mb IÆn-Iƒ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ tN¿t°-≠n-bp-an-cn-°p-∂p.
A‘-amb ]m›m-Xym-\p-I-cWw ˛ AXn¬ Aflo-bhpw euIo-Ihpw
s]Spw ˛ aqew ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS X\na \jvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\p-ff i‡amb hIp-∏p-Ifpw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ tN¿t°-≠n-bncn-°p∂p.
(Im-ev]m-Sp-Iƒ, Kƒ^v bqØv tIm¨^-d≥kv kvac-Wn-I, am¿®v 2006)

94
12
A[-at_m-[-Øns‚
kzbw-{]-XnjvT
a\p-jym-hI
- m-iß
- ƒ°v AXyp-∂X ÿm\w \¬Ip∂ Hcp kzX{¥
P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-amWv C¥y. ChnsS B¿°pw GXp -\mahpw kzoIcn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. AXv cmjv{S-]-Xn-sbt∂m {][m-\-a-{¥nsbt∂m Bbmepw \nb-a-]-c-ambn XS-k-an-√. F∂m¬ C{]-Imcw
cmjv{S-]-Xn-sbt∂m {][m-\-a-{¥n-sbt∂m kz¥w t]cv am‰n, Xßƒ
B ÿm-\ßƒ hln-bv°p-∂-h-cms-W∂v Bsc-sb-¶nepw sX‰n-≤-cn∏n-°m≥ {ian-®m¬ kw`hw {Inan-\¬Ip‰-amWv.
CØ-c-sam-c-h-ÿ-bmWv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m -k-`-bpsS Xncp-h\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _nj-∏n-t‚-Xv. 2005 s^{_p-hcn 10-˛\v tdmam]m∏m, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw AXncq]-X (ko-tdm-˛-a-e-¶-c) bv°v taP¿
B¿®v_n-j-t∏m-dn-°m-bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw B¿®v _n-j∏n\v (kotdm˛-a-e-¶-c) taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏mbpw ÿm\°b‰w \¬In-b-t∏mƒ
apX¬, B ÿm\n kzbw ImtXm-en°m F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®p -h-∂p.
2007 am¿®v 3˛\v ÿm\ta‰ At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-Is´, Hcp
]Sn-IqSn IS∂v \mev ÿm\-ß-fmWv C∂v kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
ko-tdm-˛-a-e-¶-c ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI sh_vssk‰v
{]Imcw Ah,
1. ]. am¿tØm-Ωm -«o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥ knwlm-k-\-Øns‚
]n≥Kman (Successor of the Apostolic See of St. Thomas in India).
2. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm (Malankara Metropolitan).
3. ko-tdm-˛-a-e-¶-c ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v
˛ ImtXm-en-°m (Major Archbishop - Catholicos of the Syro-Malankara
Catholic Church).
4. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v (Major Archbishop of
Trivandrum).
2005 s^{_p-hcn 10-˛\v \S∂ H∂m-asØ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿
B¿®v_n-j∏ns‚ kpt{¥m-Wo-km ka-bØv tdmam knwlm-k\w
At±-lsØ ImtXm-en-°m- ÿm-\-Øbv°v Db¿Øn F∂v {]N-fiamb {]Nm-cWw \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏ns‚ kpt{¥m-
95
Wo-tkm, ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-am-bmWv {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv.
F∂m¬, A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX am¿]m∏m-bpsS _qfm-bn¬ A{]Imcw Hcp ]cm-a¿i\w C√m-sb∂p hy‡-am-bn. Imt\m-\n-I-ambpw
Ncn-{X-]c
- a
- mbpw tdmam k`bv°v ImtXm-en-°m- F∂ ÿm\w B¿°pw
\¬Im-\m-hns-√∂pw, B k`-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°m- F∂ ÿm\w tdmam
]m∏mbv°p am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂pw Cu teJ-I≥ 2005 sabv
e°w ae-¶ck`m amkn-I-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb doØv ImtXm-en°m shdpw
{]l-k\w F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ ka-¿∞n-®n-cp∂p. C∂phsc Bcpw
Cu teJ-Is‚ hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ Jfin-®n-ń-√.
am{X- a - √ , 2005 Pq¨ 18˛\p tdma≥ ItØm- e n- ° m- k- ` - b psS
ss{IkvXh sFIy-Øn-\p≈ Xncp-kw--LØns‚ {]kn-U‚ v I¿±n\mƒ hmƒ´¿ Imkv]¿, ae-¶ck`-bpsS C‚¿ N¿®v dnte-j≥kv
IΩ-n‰n-bpsS A∂sØ {]kn-U‚ v ôen-t∏mkv am¿ butk-_ntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v F-gp-Xnb HutZym-KnI IØn¬ (PROT
N: 2581/2005/h), tdmamk`, ImtXm-en-°m- F∂ ÿm\w Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏n\v \¬In-bn-ń-√m-sb-∂pw, ImtXm-en-°mF∂ t]cv At±-l-tØmSv _‘n-∏n®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv I¿i-\-ambn
hne-°n-bn-´p-s≠∂pw hy‡-am-°n. F¶nepw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿
B¿®v _n-j∏v, ImtXm-en°m F∂ hnti-jWw a‰p ]e ]pXnb
hntij-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w \n¿_m[w Ct∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn®p hcn-IbmWv.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v Dƒs∏´p \n¬°p-∂, At±l-Øn\p B ÿm\w-\¬In-b, tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`,- a-e¶-cdoØpIm-cpsS Ah-Imihm-Z-ß-sfm∂pw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√∂v AhcpsS HutZym-KnI tcJ-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. C¥ybnse tdma≥
ItØm-en-°m- sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS AXyp-∂X kanXnbmb ImX-enIv
_nj]vkv Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v C¥y-bpsS (CBCI) tcJ-Iƒ{]Imcw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏ns‚ hnemkw His Beatitude
Moran Mor Baselios Cleemis (Thottunkal), Major Archbishop of Trivandrum
(Syro-Malankara) Major Archbishop’s House, Pattom, Trivandrum - 695
004 F∂p am{X-am-Wv. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m- k-`bpsS F√m doØpI-sfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂ ]uckvXy Xncp-kw-L-am-Is´, Major Archbishop Baselios Cleemis Thottunkal (Isaac Mar Cleemis Thottunkal) F∂p-
am-{X-amWv Ct±-lsØ kwt_m-[-\ -sN-øp-∂Xv.
Npcp-°-Øn¬, Xßƒ GXp k`-bn¬ Dƒs∏´p \n¬°p-∂pthm
B tdma≥ ItØm- e n- ° mk- ` ,- doØp- I m- c psS Ah- I mihmZ- ß -
96
sfm∂pw AwKo-I-cn°p-∂n-s√∂p kv]jvSw. apI-fn¬ ]d-™h-sbms°bpw B¿°pw ]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp∂ tcJ-I-fm-Wv.
tdma≥ ItØm-en-°mk-`, ImtXm-en°m F∂ hnti-jWw Xncph-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏n\v \¬In-bn-ń√ F∂p ]c-ky-am-btXm-Sp-IqSn Ah¿ ]pXnb c≠p hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ Db¿Øn. Ah,
(1) taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v ÿm\w ImtXm-en°mbv°p Xpey-am-Wv.
AXn-\m¬ taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂-tXmsS ImtXmen°m ÿm\w kzbw h∂p-tN-cpw.
(2) ae-¶c doØn\v kz¥w k`m-≤y-£\p ImtXm-en°m F∂
hnti-jWw \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-ap≠v. Ch c≠pw tdma≥ ItØmen°mk`-bpsS ]uckvXy k`-Iƒ°p≈ Imt\m≥ kwln-X-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-∂mWv doØp-Im¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
I¿±n-\mƒ hmƒ´¿ Imkv]dns‚ apI-fn¬ ]d™ IØv Cu c≠p
hmZ- a p- J - ß - s fbpw Jfin- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . ]uckv X y k`- I ƒ°p≈
Imt\m≥ kwln-Xbn¬ (CCEO) ImtXm-en°m F∂ ]Zta Cs√∂v
At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. F¥p-sIm≠v tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`bn¬ am¿]m-∏m-bvs°mgnsI a‰m¿°pw ImtXm-en°m F∂ kw⁄
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-IqSm F∂v Cu teJ-Is‚ doØv ImtXm-en°m shdpw
{]l-k\w F∂ ap≥ teJ-\-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®-h-sbm∂pw Bh¿Ønbv°p-∂n-√.
tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bnse ]e ]uckvXy doØp-Iƒ°pw
eØo≥ hn`m-K-Ønepw At\Iw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-≠v. tdma≥
ItØm-en°mk`-bnse G‰hpw henb ]uckvXy doØmb Dss{I≥
doØn-\p ˛ Ch¿ djy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ \n∂p tdma≥
ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tN¿∂-h-cmWv ˛ Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ÿm\w
thWsa-∂Xv Ah-cpsS Zo¿L-Ime Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXp \¬Im\p≈ ssha-\kywsIm≠v c≠mw hØn-°m≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p
tijw taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v F∂ ÿm\w tdma≥ ItØm-en°m
k`-bn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn krjvSn-°p-Ibpw Dss{I≥ doØn-\p \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v, Zim-_vZ-ßƒ°p-ti-jw, kotdm -a-e-_m¿ k`bv°pw, XpS¿∂v kotdm ae-¶-ck-`bv°pw, Ah-km\w dpta-\n-b≥
k`bv°pw taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v ÿm\w \¬In.
]uckvXy k`-Iƒ°p≈ Imt\m≥ kwln-X-{]Imcw taP¿ B¿®v
_nj∏v, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-knt\-°mƒ Hcp-]Sn Xmsg-bm-Wv. F∂m¬
97
tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bnse Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ GXm-s≠√m
A[n-Im-c-ßfpw kz¥w k`-bn¬ Bt±-l-Øn-\p-≠v. AtX-k-abw
taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏n\v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂ kw⁄ D]-tbm-Knbv°m≥ A\p-hm-Z-an-√. ]uckvXy k`-Iƒ°p≈ Imt\m≥ kwlnX
(CCEO 151, 151A, 154) Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v.
ae-¶ck`-bnse _Y\n k\ymk{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-bm-bn-cp∂ Koh-¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m
k`-bn¬ tN¿∂-t∏mƒ (]p-\-sscIyw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`bpsS
HutZym-KnI ]Z-{]-tbm-K-a-√. Unionaites = tN¿∂-h¿ F∂p am{XamWv bYm¿∞ ]Z-{]-tbm-Kw) ]e _lp-a-Xn-Ifpw X\n°v Bh-iys∏´ Iq´-Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\hpw Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. A∂v
AXp \nc-kn-®p-sIm≠v 1929 HmKÃv 5˛\p tdmw sImSpØ adp-]Sn
Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
...Thus for instance, if, as, above, one Bishop returns with a considerable part of his clergy and flock, the Holy See will be inclined to retain
him under its own immediate jurisdiction. In further eventual organisation
of hierarchy alone Catholic lines, their can, of course, be no question of a
synodal form of episcopal government, nor can any hopes be entertained
for the retention of a position or title like that of “Catholicos” which is
not supported by a long-standing ecclesiastical tradition in Malabar.
(AAT, A 8/1929)...
c≠mw hØn-°m≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p apºp tdma≥ ItØm-en°m
k`-bn¬ tN¿∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkn\p ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w
\¬Im≥ tdmam knwlm-k\w Xbm-dm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, taP¿ B¿®v
_nj∏v F∂ ÿm\w krjvSn-®Xp-t]mse ImtXm-en°m ÿm\hpw
AXnt\m-sSm∏tam ]n∂otSm cq]o-I-cn°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp sNbvXns√∂p am{X-a√, At±-l-Øn\p tIhew B¿®v _nj∏v ÿm\hpw
Ah-km\w ]n≥Km-an°v taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v ÿm\hpw am{X-amWv
\¬In-b-Xv. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂ _lp-aXn \¬Im≥ tdmw Xbmd√ -F∂p Xs∂-bmWv AXn-\¿∞w.
ASpØ hmZw ae-¶c doØn\v kz¥w k`m-≤y-£\p ImtXm-en°m
F∂ hnti-jWw \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-ap≠v F∂mWv. tdma≥
ItØm-en°m k`-bnse F√m ]uckvXy doØp-Iƒ°pw s]mXphmbn _m[-I-am-Ip∂ ]uckvXy k`-Iƒ°p≈ Imt\m≥ kwlnXb√msX ae-¶-c- -do-Øp-Im¿°mbn {]tXyI \nb-a-sam∂pw tdmw
\n¿an-®n-ń-√ F∂-XmWv ChnsS ASn-ÿm\]c-ambn a\-kn-em-t°≠
98
hkvXpX. kzbw \nb-aw- \n¿Ωn-°m\pw Ch¿°-[n-Im-c-an-√ (CCEO
781). B A[n-Imcw tdmam ]m∏m-bv°p am{X-amWv. ]ns∂ ImtXmen°m F∂ _lp-aXn kzbw kzoI-cn-°m≥ doØp-Im¿°v FhnSp∂v A[n-Im-cw -Inń? A{]-Imcw Hcp A[n-Imcw ]uckvXy doØpIƒ°p≠mbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v Dss{I≥Imcpw dqta-\n-bm°mcpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®n√? Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Dss{I≥Imcpw dqta-\n-bm-°mcpw bYm-{Iaw djy≥, dqta-\n-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okpam-cpsS Iogn¬\n∂pw ]ncn-™p-t]m-b-hcmWv. Ah-cn¬Øs∂
Dss{I≥ImcmI-s´, ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ÿm\-Øn\p AXy-[nIw B{Kln-®-h-cp-am-Wv.
ChnsS as‰mcp tNmZyhpw Dbcp-∂p-≠v. CuPn-]vXnse tIm]v‰n-Iv,
ss_k-ss‚≥ ]m{Xn-b-¿°o-kp-am-cp-sS ÿm\-t∏cv t]m∏v F∂mWv.
Ch¿ c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m _Z-ep-Iƒ shdpw ]m{Xnb-¿°o-kp-amcmWv. F¥p-sIm≠v Ah¿ t]m∏v F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿
kzbw kzoI-cn-®n√? t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS A≤y-£-\mb ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en°mbpsSbpw, c≠v ]m{Xn-b-¿°o-kp-am¿ Iogvÿm-\n-I-fmbp≈ A¿ao-\n-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sSbpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m _Zep-Ifpw shdpw ]m{Xn-b-¿°o-kp-amcmWv. F¥p-sIm≠v Ah¿°v
ImtXm-en°m F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ \¬Inbn√? DØcw hfsc hy‡am-Wv. tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ t]m∏v, ImtXm-en°m F∂
ÿm\-t∏cpIƒ B¿°pw \¬In-√. tdmw \¬ImØ Hcp ÿm\hpw
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ D≠m-In-√.
ASpØ hmZw AXoh hnNn-{X-amWv. taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v ÿm\w
ImtXm-en°mbv°p Xpey-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ tdmam-]m∏m taP¿ B¿®v
_nj∏v ÿm\w \¬Ip-tºmƒ ImtXm-en°mÿm\w kzbw h∂ptNcpw! tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS ]uckvXy k`-Iƒ°p≈
Imt\m≥ kwln-Xbnse taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-knt\°mƒ Hcp-]Sn Xmsg-bm-sW∂ ]cm-a¿i-\-hpw, ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n
k`-bpsS lqZmb Imt\m-\nse a{^n-bm-\m-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂- `m-Khpw
Iqń-°p-g-®v Cu hmZw sXfn-bn-°m≥ Zp¿_-e-ambn {ian-®n-´p≠v. hmZØns‚ hgn CXn-se.
1. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw B¿®v _n-j∏n\v taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏mbn
ÿm\°b‰w e`n-®p.
2. taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-knt\-°mƒ Hcp-]Sn Xmsgbm-Wv.
99
3. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\nk`-bnse ImtXm-en°m, ]m{Xn-b-¿°o-knt\-°mƒ Xmsg-bm-Wv.
4. ko-tdm-˛-a-e-¶-ck` ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep≈
k`-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v ImtXm-en-°m-bm-Wv.
Cu hmZ-Ønse ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb s]mcp-Ø-t°Sv ]m›mXy kpdnbm\nk`--bn¬ ImtXm-en°m Fs∂mcp ÿm\n-bn-√ F∂-XmWv.
lqZmb Imt\m≥ hni-Zo-I-cn°p-∂Xv a{^n-bm\m F∂ ÿm\n-sb-∏‰n-bm-Wv. lqZmb Imt\m≥ t{ImVo-I-cn® am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿
F{_mb t]mepw, kzbw a{^n-bm\m F∂√msX ImtXm-en°m F∂p
hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂n√. Xs∂-bp-a√, lqZmb Imt\m\pw tdma≥ ItØmen°m k`-bpsS Imt\m\pw ]c-kv]c]qc-I-ßtfm ]c-kv]cw Aw-KoI-cn-bv°p-∂-htbm A√. AXn-\m¬ Ch-sb- Iq-ń-s°ń taP¿ B¿®v
_n-j∏ns\ ImtXm-en°m B°p-∂Xv bp‡ym-`m-k-am-Wv. Xs∂-bpa√, lqZmb Imt\m\nse ImtXm-en-°m- bpsS A[n-Im-c-ß-fmbn
doØp-Im¿ ]d-bp∂hbn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ H∂pt]mepw Ah-cpsS taP¿
B¿®v _n-j∏v˛ImtXm-en°mbv°v C√- Xm-\pw.
C\n kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mcº-cy-{]-Im-c-ap≈ ImtXm-en°mbmWv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v
_n-js∏¶n¬ At±lw At¥ym-Jy-bnse doØv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
Iogv ÿ m- \ n- b m- b n- c n- ° Ww. At±lw A{]- I mcw kΩ- X n- b v ° p∂pt≠m? am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tNcm≥
Fgp-Øp-Ip-ØpIƒ \SØnb At¥ym-Jy-bnse doØv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv dlvam-\n-bpsS a\- n-en-cp∏v AXm-bn-cp-∂p. tdmw hnk-Ω-Xn-®Xn-\m¬ \S∂n-s√∂p am{Xw. Cu \S-]-Snbpw ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n
k`-bpsS \nb-aß
- ƒ tdmw AwKo-Ic
- n-°p-∂n-√m-sb-∂X
- ns‚ sXfn-hmbn
ImWWw.
CXnepw hnNn-{X-amb kwt_m-[-\-bmWv kzbw FSp-Ø-Wn™
ae- ¶ c sa{Xm- t ∏m- e o- Ø m. kao- ] - I m- e - Ø mWv ]c- k y- a mbn Cu
ÿm\w Xs‚ t]cn-t\m-sSm∏w Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v
tN¿°phm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. AXn-\p-apºv Iptd-°mew ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ø≥ B¿®v _nj∏v F∂v hf®psIń {]tbm-Kn®p Xr]vXn-bS-™n-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en°m F∂ hnti-jWwt]mse tdmw Xs∂-t∂m,
kzbw FSp-sØt∂m D≈ -hymJym-\-sam∂pw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbv°v \¬Im≥ doØp-Im¿ an\-s°-Sp-∂n-√.
hyh-ÿm-]nX kaq-l-Øn¬ GXp -ÿm-\-e-_v[n°pw s]mXphmb
100
Hcp am\Zfi-ap-≠v. A[n-Im-c-ap≈ ÿm\n AYhm ÿm]\w, B
ÿm\w krjvSn-°p-Ibpw, AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw {]Zm-\w- sN-øp-Ibpw
sN-øpIbpw, Ah-bv°m-kv]-Z-amb \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw sNøWsa-∂-XmWv AXv. A{]-Imcw \¬Ip∂ Hcp- ÿm\w AXXv kaql-Øn¬ AwKo-Ir-X-am-Wv. Cu kaqlw Hcp cmPytam aXtam kwLS-\tbm F¥p-am-hmw. AXXv kaq-l-Øns‚ \nb-am-h-en-{]-Imcw e`n°mØ ÿm\w B kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-I-bn-√.
tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ÿm\w \n¿h-Nn-°phmt\m \¬Ip-hmt\m A-h-Im-i-s∏´ ÿm]\w tdmam knwlm-k\w
am{Xam-Wv. Ah-cpsS Imt\m≥ \nb-a-ß-fn¬ CXp hfsc hy‡ambn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. AXm-bXv, tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ Dƒs∏´
GsXm-cp- ÿm-\hpw tdmam knwlm-k\w AwKo-I-cn-®Xpw \¬In-bXp-am-h-Ww.- F-¶n¬ am{Xta tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn-se-¶nepw
AXn\p \ne-\n¬∏p≠m-hq. cmPytam aXtam kwL-S-\tbm GXp
kaqlhpw AXXns‚ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°\p-k-cn®p \¬Ip∂ ÿm\ßƒ a‰p-≈-h¿ AwKoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. Npcp-°-Øn¬, tdmam knwlmk\w \¬In-bm¬ am{Xta Ipd-™-]£w B k-`-bn-se-¶nepw Xncph-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏ns‚ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm
ÿm\-Øn\v \ne-\n¬∏v D≠mhq.
F¥p ÿm\-amWv tdmam knwlm-k\w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn-se F√m taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏pamcpw
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ B¿®v _n-j∏mWv. F∂m¬ B¿®v _n-j∏pamcn¬
Nne¿ am{X-amWv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ B¿®v _n-j∏v. 1932-˛¬ tdmam
knwlm-k\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw AXn-cq-]X cq]o-I-cn-®-Xp -ap-X¬
AhnsS sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ B¿®v _n-j∏mWv A≤y-£≥. Xncp-h\-¥-]p-csØ eØo≥ cq]Xm-≤y-£\pw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ B¿®v
_n-j∏mWv.
tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS HutZym-KnI tcJ-Iƒ{]-Imcw Xncph-\-¥-]pcw doØv AXn-cq-]XbpsS A≤y-£≥ Major Archbishop of
Trivandrum of the Syro-Malankars BWv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kotdm ae-¶c°m-cpsS Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v F∂p X¿÷a
sNømw. taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏n\p ÿm\\ymtb\ e`n-°p∂ sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm ÿm\-hpw -Iq-Sn- tN¿Øm¬ kotdm ae-¶-c°m-cpsS Xncph-\-¥-]pcw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v F∂p hcpw.
CXns\ shń-®p-cp-°n-bmWv doØp-Im¿ XßfpsS ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm ÿm\w krjvSn-®-Xv.
101
CtX am\-Zfiw D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v
_n-j∏ns‚ Iogvÿm-\n-bmb Xncp-h√m AXn-cq-]-Xm-≤y£\pw ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-ØmbmWv. ImcWw, At±-l-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI
ÿm\w Metropolitan Archbishop of Thiruvalla of the Syro-Malankars
(India) F∂mWv. CXp shń-®p-cp-°n-bmepw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbmhpw. kotdm-˛-a-e-_m¿ k`-bnse A¶-am-en ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw
AXn-cq-]-Xm-≤y-£\pw Nß-\m-t»cn B¿®p _nj∏pw CtX am\-Zfi-Øn¬ Metropolitan of Malabar BIpw! tdma≥ ItØm-en-°mk-`-bn¬ IØo-{U¬ \K-c-Øns‚ t]cp-tN¿°msX sa{Xm-∑msc
HutZym-KnItcJ-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°n√.
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm tae-≤y-£-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ ae-¶-c-k-`bnse _Y\n k\ymk {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bncns°-bmWv Koh-¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m
k`-bn¬ tN¿∂Xpw XpS¿∂v ae-¶c doØv D≠m-b-Xpw. XßfpsS
ÿm]-I≥ Dt]£n-®p-t]m∂ amXrk`-bpsS A≤y-£-ÿm\n°p
Xpe-yamb \ne-bn¬ Xßƒ°p-aps≠∂p t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈
hn^-e-{i-a-amWv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°mk-` \¬Inb ÿm\\maw
shń-®p-cp°n At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ C∂p \S-Øp-∂-Xv. ]t£,
Cu A`ym-kw-sIm-s≠m∂pw ae-¶c sa{Xm-\m-hm≥ B¿°pw km≤ya-√. Imc-Ww, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w \q‰m-≠p-IƒsIm≠v
hnI-kn®p h∂-Xm-Wv. AXn\p hy‡-amb ASn-ÿm-\-hp-ap-≠v.
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm ÿm\-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb ASnÿm\w AXns‚ P\-Iob ]›m-Ø-e-am-Wv. Cu ÿm\w krjvSn®Xpw, hnI-kn-∏-n®Xpw, hymJym\n-°p-∂Xpw, C∂pw B ÿm-\n-sbXn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xpw ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKhpw AXns‚ ss\bm-anI
hnI-k-\-amb ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ F∂
{]Xn-\n[nk`-bpamWv. 1653 sabv 2˛\v B-e-ßmSv tN¿∂ ae-¶c ]≈ntbmKamWv BZysØ Xt±-iob sa{Xm-\mbn ]I-tem-a‰w tXmam
A¿°Znbmt°ms\ Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXpw, Aßs\ ae-¶c sa{Xm≥
ÿm\w krjvSn-®-Xpw. AtX tbmKw Xs∂-bmWv ae-¶c sa{Xms‚
Btem-N\mkan-Xnsb \nb-an-®-Xpw. 1816 P\p-hcnbn¬ tIm´-bØp
tN¿∂ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKamWv ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ ÿm\sØ ]Item-a‰w ]mc-ºcyhmgvN Ah-km-\n-∏n-®Xv. 1873-˛¬ ]cp-a-e-bnepw
1876˛¬ apf¥p-cp-Øn-bnepw tN¿∂ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKßfmWv ae¶c ]≈n-tbmKsØ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tbj≥ F∂ t]cn¬ ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-®Xpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb
102
AXns‚ A≤y-£-\m-°n-b-Xpw. 1934-˛¬ tIm´-bØp tN¿∂ ae-¶c
kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j\mWv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meo-Ømsb enJnX `cW-L-S-\bv°v hnt[-b-\m-°n-b-Xv.
Npcp-°-Øn¬, ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKsa∂ CS-h-I-∏-≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-ambn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ sshZnI˛P\ {]Xn-\n[nIf-S-ßp∂ \nb-a-\n¿amW k`-bpsS ]n≥_-e-amWv ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eo-ØmbpsS AkvXn-Xzw. CtX {]Xn-\n[nk`-bmWv At±-lsØ
Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXns‚ A≤y-£-ÿm-\-amWv ]. am¿tØmΩm
«o- l m- b psS knwlm- k - \ - Ø n¬ Aa¿∂n- c p∂p `cn- ∏ m≥ Ahsc
{]m]vX-cm-°p-∂-Xv. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤yw apX¬ 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
BZywhsc hnhn[ ImeØv tImS-Xn-Iƒ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm
ÿm\sØ \n¿≤m-cWw sNbvXXv Cu P\-Iob ASn-Ø-d-bpsS
]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. tIhew Hcp shń-®p-cp-°¬sIm≠v B¿°pw
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bhm≥ Ign-bn-√. {]tXy-In®pw P\m-[n]Xy ASn-Ød C√mØ doØp-Im¿°v.
1930 sk]v‰w-_¿ 20-˛-\mWv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sIm√sØ
eØo≥ _nj∏v tUm. _≥kn-K-dns‚ apºmsI hnizm-k-kXyw
sNbvXv tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ tN¿∂Xv. 1932 s^{_p-hcn
13-˛\v tdmamk` At±-lsØ ]mknkv F∂ ÿeØns‚ ÿm\nI
B¿®p_nj-∏mbn Db¿Øn. AtX-h¿jw Pq¨ 11-˛\v ]bkv ]Xns\m-∂m-a≥ am¿]m∏m {IntÃm ]mÃdw {]n≥kn∏n F∂ _qf-bneqsS Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw AXn-cq-]X ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkns\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ B¿®p_nj-∏mbn Db¿Øn AXns‚
A≤y-£-\mbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu \S-]Sn \ymb-amb Nne
tNmZy-ßƒ Db¿Øp-∂p-≠v.
1. Zo¿L-Im-esØ Fgp-Øp-Ip-ØpIƒs°m-Sp-hn-emWv am¿ Cuhm\n-tbmkv tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ tN¿∂Xv F∂ hmZw icnsb¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v AXn-cq-]X A\p-h-Zn-®p -In-´m≥ c≠p h¿jw
ImØn-cn-t°-≠n -h∂p?
2. F¥p-sIm≠v ae-¶ck`-bpsS Bÿm-\-amb tIm´-btØm,
\{kmWn lrZ-b-`q-an-bmb Xncp-h-√-bntem \nc-WtØm Bÿm\w
\¬ImsX A∂v acp-∂n-\p -am{Xw \{km-Wn-I-fp≈ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcØv AXn-cq-]-Xm- Bÿm\w A\p-h-Zn®p?
3. F¥p-sIm≠v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkn\v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
F∂- ÿm\w \¬Ip- I tbm At±lw kzbw kzoI- c n- ° p- I tbm
sNbvXn√?
103
Cu tNmZy-ßƒs°-√mw-IqSn Hscm‰ DØ-c-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Xs‚ Kwòc-amb hy‡n-XzØnepw hmN-I-N-Sp-e-X-bnepw {àn®v sh≈-Øn-seØncX≈n-h-cp-tºmse e£w e£w \{km-Wn-Iƒ ˛ km£m¬
kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ˛ Xs‚ ]n∂mse tdmam k`-bn-tebv°v
Hgp-Ip-sa-∂mWv 1930-˛¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tN¿∂t∏mƒ
am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv kz]v\w I≠-Xv. F∂m¬ (eu-InI-am-b) ISß- f psS ]cn- l m- c - Ø n- \ mbn ]‰n- ° q- S nb GXm\pw sshZn- I cpw
A]q¿hw ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fp-a-√msX ]m]-ß-fpsS tamN-\-Øn-\mbn
{]Xo£-t]mse Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p \{km-Wn-I-sfm∂pw am¿ Cuhm\n-tbmkns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂v tdmamk`-bn¬ tNt°-dn-bn-√. Cu bmYm¿∞yw Adn-bm≥ A∂pw tdman\v anI® kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
19- ˛ mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ a≤yw apX¬ tdma≥ ItØm- e n°m k`
C∂sØ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-I-fn¬ ê-{]-Z-amb
kphn-tij {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tUm. adnbm _≥knK¿ sIm√w _nj-∏m-bncp∂ ImeØv Cu {]h¿Ø\w D®-tIm-Sn-bnse-Øn. Cu Pn√-I-fnse \mSm¿, ]c-h¿, ]peb¿ XpS-ßnb kap-Zmb-ß-fn-¬s∏´- Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-IfmWv A∂v ItØm-en°m k`bn¬ tN¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. hnhn[ anj-\dn kaq-l-ßƒ \S-Ønh∂ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ss{IkvX-h-cm-b-hsc sIm√w cq]-Xbn-emWv tN¿Øn-cp-∂-Xv.
Cu kphn-ti-jo-I-cWw sIm√w cq]-Xbv°p hln-bv°m-hp-∂-Xne-[n-I-am-b-n. AXn-s\-ØpS¿∂v sIm√w cq]-Xsb hn`-Pn®v sIm√w,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIm´m¿ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p cq]XIfm-°-W-sa∂v
tUm. _≥kn-K¿ ip]m¿i sNbvXp. Ch-bn¬ tIm´m¿ cq]X 1930˛¬
\ne-hn¬ h∂p. F∂m¬ 1932-˛¬ _nj∏v tUm. _≥kn-K-dns\,
sIm√w cq]XbpsS Ncn-{X-{]-Im-cw, A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ sRń-®psIm≠v, {][m-\-ÿ-e-amb Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv kotdm˛a-e-¶c AXncq-]-X-bmWv tdmw A\p-h-Zn-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv Htc \K-c-Øn¬ c≠p cq]Xm
Bÿm-\ßƒ Htc t]cn¬ ]mSn√ F∂ XXzw ewLn-®-v 1937-˛¬
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv eØo≥ cq]X A\phZn-°m≥ tdmw \n¿_-‘nX-am-bn F∂Xv thsd Imcyw.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-I-fn¬ A°m-eØv tdma≥
ItØm-en°m anj\-dn-am¿ \S-Ønb t{]jnX {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
Xo{hX a\-kn-em-°m≥ ]c-º-cm-KX \{kmWn Bhm-k-`qan Ahkm-\n-°p∂ Bbq-cn\v (sIm´m-c-°cbv°v sX°v) sX°p≈ kotdm˛
ae- ¶ c tZhm- e - b - ß - f psS FÆw am{X- s a- S p- Ø m¬ aXn. 1996- ˛ ¬
104
Xncph\-¥-]p-cw kotdm˛a-e-¶c AXn-cq-]-X hn`-Pn®v am¿Ømfiw
cq]X ÿm]n-®p. 1960-˛¬ Cu {]tZ-iØv anj\dn {]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n® kotdm ˛ ae-_m¿ k`bv°v 1996-˛¬ X°e tI{µ-am°n ]pXntbmcp cq]-Xbpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p.- hni-Zo-I-cWw IqSm-sX-Xs∂ Cu
hkvXp-X-Ifn¬\n∂pw apIfn¬]-d™ tNmZy-ßƒ°p≈ DØ-c-ßƒ
hy‡-amWv.
GsXmcp C¥y≥ ss{IkvX-h\pw A`n-am-\n-t°≠ hkvXp-X-bmWv
]. am¿tØm-Ωm «o-lmbmemWv C¥y≥ k` kYm-]n-°-s∏-´Xv
F∂Xv. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn-\p -apºv
am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS am¿§hpw hgn-]mSpw F∂mWv kz¥w aXw/
PmXnsb hnh-£n-®-ncp-∂-Xv. ]gb ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ hgn-]mSn\v hwiw
F∂mWv A¿∞w. Cub¿∞-Øn¬ F√m C¥y≥ ss{IkvX-hcpw
˛ sa{Xm-∑m¿ am{X-a-√ ˛ ]. am¿tØm-Ωm «o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥ knwlmk-\-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-anIfm-Wv.
F∂m¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v ]. am¿tØm-Ωm«o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥ knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an F∂v Ah-Im-is∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ ]e bp‡n-`w-K-ß-fp≠v. H∂m-a-Xm-bn, At±lw AwKam-bn-cn-°p∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`, C{]-Imcw Hcp knwlm-k\w
AwKoI-cn-°p-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬
\n∂p tdmam k`-bn¬ tN¿∂ I¬Zmb ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn\v ]. am¿tØm-Ωm -«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an F∂ ÿm\w
\¬In-bn√? 1599-˛-\p -apºp t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ \n∂pw ae-¶-c-bn-seØn-bn-cp∂ sa{Xm-∑m¿°v Xd-thmZv tIm¬ lnµp-hmtbm (C-¥y-sbms°-bp-sSbpw hmXn¬) F∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w ]. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS
C¥y≥ knwlm-k\mcq-U≥ F∂ ÿm\hnti-jWhpw- D≠m-bn-cp∂-Xmbn tcJ-I-fp-≠v. F∂n´pw kotdm ˛ ae-_m¿ k`-bpsS A¶amen ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw AXn-cq-]-Xm-≤y-£≥ apI-fn¬ ]d™ ÿm\ßƒ H∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. tKmh-bnse B¿®v _nj-∏n\v CuÃv
C¥ym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂ ÿm\-ap≠v. At±-lhpw am¿tØmΩm -«o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥ knwlm-k-\w Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, ]. am¿tØm-Ωm «o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-sØ X≈n∏-d-™-h-cmWv C¥ybnse kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en-°¿. \{km-Wn-Isf-s°m≠v am¿tØm-Ωm«o-lm-bpsS am¿§hpw hgn-]mSpw, ]. am¿tØmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\mcq-U\mb _mKv-Zm-Znse ImtXm-en-°mtbbpw X≈n-∏-d-bn-®mWv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ sia-thm≥
tI∏m-bpsS am¿§w _e-ambn kzoIcn-∏n-®-Xv. CXp- X-s∂-bmWv
105
1930˛¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkpw Iqćpw Bh¿Øn-®-Xv. B \ne-]mSn¬ \n∂p ]n∑m-dmsX ]. am¿tØm-Ωm «o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥ knwlmk-\-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-anXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-√. AØc-samcp \ne-]m-Sp-am‰w tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk` CXp-hsc kzoIcn®n-ń-√. Imc-Ww, temI-saßpw hnhn[ P\-h¿§-ß-tfmSv tdma≥
ItØm-en°mk` Imńb {Iqc-X-Iƒ°v AXXv \mń¬t]m-bn ]-cky-£-am-bm-N\ \S-Ønb tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏m, DZ-bwt]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-knepw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw ae-¶-c- \-{km-Wn-I-tfmSp
Imńb AXn-{I-a-Øn\p am∏p -tNm-Zn-®nń-√.
aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v, ImtXm-en-°m-bm-Wv F∂p
sXfn-bn-°m≥ Iq´p]nSn-®n-cn-°p∂ lqZmb Imt\m≥ hni-Zo-I-cn°p∂
a{^n-bm\m F∂ ÿm\n- ]. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\mcqU\√. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Dt]-£n-®p-t]m∂ ae-¶ck`-bpsS ].
ImtXm-en°m, ]. am¿tØm-Ωm«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\mcq-U\mIp∂-Xv Cu Imt\ms‚ _e-Øn-e-√. Hcn-°¬ ae¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS
thZXe-h-\m-bn-cp∂ t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿® aqeam-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\hnti-jWw ]. ]nXmhv (His Holiness)
F∂m-Wv His Beatitude F∂√. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]. C·mØn-tbmkv bm°q_v XrXo-bs‚ 1972-˛se Ip{]-kn-≤-amb 203-˛mw
\º¿ Iev]-\-bpw, ae-¶-c-bnse hnL-SnX hn`m-K-Øns‚ c≠p ImtXmen-°m-amcpw (apI-fn¬ ]d-™- co-Xn-bn-ep≈ a{^n-bm-\m) ]. am¿tØmΩm- «o- l m- b psS knwlm- k \mcq- U cpw, His Holiness ˛Dw
A√sb∂ hkvXp-Xbpw am{Xw aXn CXn\p sXfn-hm-bn-´v.
\mem-a-Xm-bn, apI-fn¬ Nq≠n-°m-ń-b-Xp-t]mse, am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv Dt]-£n-®p-t]m∂ ae-¶ck`-bpsS ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
F∂ ÿm\nbpw ]. am¿tØm-Ωm- «o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\mcqV\mWv. CXv At±lw am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS am¿§hpw hgn-]mSpw
]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS PmXn°p Xe-h\m-b-Xn-\memWv. Cu _lp-aXn Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿
B¿®v _n-j∏n\v Hcn°epw km≤y-a-√.
Cu teJ-\-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn®p Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bn-cn°p-∂Xv Hcn-°¬°qSn Bh¿Øn-bv°-s´. tdmam knwlm-k\w \¬Im-ØXpw tdma≥
ItØm-en°mk` AwKo-I-cn-°m-ØXp-amb Hcp ÿm-\hpw ae-¶c
doØns‚ A≤y-£\v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-√. A{]-Imcw e`n-®n-´p≈Xv tIhew ko-tdm-˛-a-e-¶-c ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS taP¿ B¿®v
_n-j∏v (Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church),
106
Xncph\-¥]
- pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v (Major Archbishop of Trivandrum)
F∂o ÿm\ßƒ am{Xw.
am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Dt]-£n-®p-t]m∂ ae-¶ck`-bpsS A≤y£\p Xpey-\mWv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v F∂p
ÿm]n®v AP-tam-jWw i‡n-s∏-SpØmw Fs∂mcp e£yw Cu
kzbw{]Xn-jvTbv°p ]nºn-ep≠v F¶nepw AXnepw D]-cn-bmbn amdmhym-[n-t]mse doØp-Imsc ]n¥p-S-cp∂ A[-a-t_m-[-amWv Cu A`ymk-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ ImcWw. _Y\n k\ymk{]ÿm-\-Øns‚
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn tdmamk`-bn¬ {]th-in® am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkn\v \{km-Wn-bn-√mØ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcØv B¿®v _n-j∏mbn
Ah-km-\n-t°-≠n -h-∂p. Xm≥ B{K-ln® ImtXm-en°mÿm\w ae¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ]cn-ip≤ dqlmbpw, XpS¿∂v tdma≥ ItØm-en°m
k`bn¬ AXns‚ Imt\m≥ \nb-a-ßfpw \ntj[n-®p. tdmam knwlmk-\-hp-ambn hne-t]-im≥ (-km-[n-bv°p-sa-¶n¬) X°-hÆw \{km-WnI-fmcpw Xm\pw ]n≥Km-an-Ifpw hncn® he-bn¬ hoWn-√. ]n≥Km-anIƒ°p-t]mepw e`n-®Xv tIhew Hcp taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v ÿm\w
am{X-hpw.
Ch-tb-°m-fp-]-cn, BtKmf tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`bn¬ hc-Ø∑m-tcm-Sp≈ (Unionaites) Ah-⁄-bpw. Ch-sb√mw tN¿∂p krjvSn°p∂ A[-a-t_m-[-amWv C√mØ ÿm\-ßƒ FSp-Ø-Wn-bm\pw,
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m sslcm¿°n-bn¬ I¿±n-\mƒ˛]m{Xn-b¿°o-kpam¿, I¿±n-\mƒam¿, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿ Ch-tc-°m-sf√mw Xmgv∂
]Sn-bn-ep≈ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v, tdmans‚ sa{Xm≥
IqSn-bmb am¿]m∏mbv°p Xpey\mWv F∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°-Ø°-hn-[ap≈ {]N-cWw ˛ tI-c-f-Øn¬ am{Xw ˛ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw t{]cn-∏n-°p∂Xv.
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m sslcm¿°n-b\pk-cn®v C¥ybnse tdma≥
ItØm-en°m sa{Xm-∑m¿°v hy‡-amb ÿm\-{I-a-ap-≠v. CX-\p-kcn®v G‰hpw apI-fn¬ I¿±n-\m-ƒam¿, ]n∂oSv tKmh-bnse CuÃv
C¥ym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv, AXn\ptij-amWv taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏pam¿. C¥y-bnse c≠v taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏pamcn¬ kotdm ˛ ae_m¿ k`-bpsS A¶-am-en ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw AXn-cq]-Xm-≤y-£\v XpS¿®-bmbn I¿±n-\mƒ ÿm\w \¬In tdmw H∂mw ÿm\-sØ-Øn-°p∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w ]I¬t]mse hy‡-am-Wv.
ae-¶ck`-bpsS C‚¿ N¿®v dnte-j≥kv IΩ-n‰n-bpsS {]kn-U‚ v
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tUm. K{_n-tb¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v sX‰n-≤m-c-Wm-P-\-I-amb ÿm\\maßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Hcp ]cky IØv Fgp-Xn. ae-¶-cbpsS BZy c≠p ImtXm-en-°m-am-scbpw doØv ImtXm-en-bv°m-bpsS
(Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®v _n-j∏v) ap≥Km-an-I-fm-bpw, ]. ImtXmen°m_mhm-tb-bpw, hnL-SnX hn`mKw ImtXm-en-°m-tbbpw At±l-tØ-°mƒ sIm®m-°nbpw a‰pw \S-Ønb {]N-c-W-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]XnI-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p Cu IØv. ae-¶-c-k`bnse sshZn-I¿°v \nc¥cw
kuP-\y-ambn CØcw {]N-c-Wm-bp-[-ßƒ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ,
Ahbv°p adp-]-Sn- sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂v hnhn-[- `m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≠mb
A`y¿∞-\-I-sf -Xp-S¿∂v, ]. F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv Bhiy-s∏-´-X-\p-k-cn-®mWv At±lw Cu IØb®-Xv.
A√msX Nne¿ Btcm-]n-®-Xp-t]mse ae-¶c doØns‚ hf¿®I≠v shd-fn- ]n-Sn-®n´√. 1930-˛50- I-fn¬ ae-¶c doØn\v C∂sØ
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-I-fn¬ D≠m-b-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈
hf¿® Ct∏mgpw AhnsS D≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ae-¶ck`bv°v kt¥mj-am-Wp-≈Xv. ImcWw A{Xbpw Ass{I-kvX-h¿°p -IqSn kphntijw FØp-a-t√m.
adn-®v, tIcf P\-Xsb sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw, ae-¶c k`m]nXm°-∑msc CI-gvØn-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºm-gmWv CØcw {]XnI-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. AXn-s\-Xnsc Bt{Im-in-®-Xp-sIm≠p Imcyan√. \nc-¥-c-ambn Bh¿Øn-®mepw AkXyw kXy-am-hp-I-bp-an-√.
108
13
_mhm-sb-∏‰n Aev]w
kao-]-Im-eØv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m- k-`-bpsS Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw
taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v tamdm≥ am¿ ImtXm-en-°m- _mhm F∂v kzbw
ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®-Xn-s‚bpw B Ah-Im-i-hmZw tdmw \ntj-[n-®-Xns‚bpw hnhm-Z-tIm-em-l-e-ßƒ am[y-a-ß-fn¬ sI´-S-ßn-bn-ń-√. taP¿
B¿®v _nj-∏v ÿm\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ GXm\pw h¿jß-fmbn doØp-Im-cn¬ Nne¿ Ct±-lsØ _mhm F∂p kwt_m[\ sNbvXp kmbq-Py-a-S-™n-cp-∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ _mhm hnfnsb-∏‰n Hcp ]cn-Nn-¥\w \S-tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-amWv.
ae-¶-c -\-{km-Wn-I-fpsS kpdn-bm\n _‘-Øn¬\n∂v e`n-®-XmWv
taev]-´-°msc kwt_m-[\ sNøp∂ _mhm F∂ kpdn-bm\n ]Zw.
]nXmhv F∂p am{X-amWv Cu ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w. ]sØm-ºXmw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ taev]-´-°m-c-√m-Ø-h-scbpw ]nXmhv
F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp-∂p (A°meØv (C∂-) ho-ń¬ bmt°m_v _mhm-bp-sSbpw A∂- D-Ω-bp-sSbpw
aI≥ / a-Iƒ) ... CXymZn hnhmlw hnfn®p sNm√p-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v ]cnjv°m-c-∏mXn). C-sbm-c-]-hm-Zsam-gn-®m¬ {]mtbW sa{Xm-∑m¿°v
am{Xw kwh-cWw sNø-s∏´ Hcp ]Z-{]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p _mhm.
Iq\≥Ipcnip kXy-Øn\p apºp≈ sa{Xm-∑msc F¥mWv \{kmWn-Iƒ kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv F∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp tcJ-bpan√. {InkvXp-h¿jw 1599 apX¬ 1653 hsc `cn® eØo≥ sa{Xm∑msc
_nj∏v F∂-Xns‚ {]mtZ-inI cq]-amb _okv] F∂v kwt_m-[\
sNbvXn-cn-°m-\mWv km≤y-X-sb∂v ]n¬°m-e-tc-I-fn¬ \n∂v A\pam-\n-°mw. AXn-\p -ap-ºp≈ t]¿jy≥ Ime-L-´Øn¬ ]nXmhv F∂¿∞-ap≈ ]Z-amWv taev]-´-°msc kwt_m-[\ sNøm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp-∂-sX∂v {InkvXp-h¿jw 1301˛-sebpw 1504˛sebpw kpdn-bm-\n- tcJIƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
ka-Im-enI tcJ-Iƒ{]Imcw, Iq\≥Ipcn-in\p tij-ap≈ ImeL-´-Øn¬ _mhm F∂ ]Z-{]-tbmKw tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb kpdn-bm\n
sa{Xm-∑m¿°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂Xv. 1665˛¬ h∂ am¿ {KotKm-dntbmkv A_vZ¬ PeoZv apX¬ 1962˛¬ Imew sNbvX Genbmkvv
bqen-tbmkv hsc-bp≈ GXm-s≠-√m io-a- sa-{Xm-∑m-scbpw _mhm
F∂v kwt_m-[-\- sN-bvXn-cp∂p.
109
CtX-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb `cn-®ncp∂ kztZin sa{Xm∑msc A®≥ F∂mWv kwt_m-[-\ -sN-bvXn-cp-∂-Xv (henb am¿ Zoh∂m-tkym-kns\ A®≥ F∂pw am¿tØmΩm Ggm-as\ sNdn-b-®≥
F∂p-ap≈ \ncWw {KŸ-h-cnbnse kwt_m-[-\-Ifpw, ]pen-t°m-ń¬
am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkv c≠m-a≥, A©m-a≥ F∂n-hsc ]pen-t°m-´-®≥
F∂pw tN∏m´p am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkv \mem-as\ tN∏m-´-®≥ F∂pw
am¿ sia-thm≥ Zoh∂m-tkym-kns‚ \mfm-Ka
- -Øn-se ]cm-a¿i-\ß
- fpw
{i≤n°p-I). Cu _mhm-bp-sSbpw A®-s‚bpw A¿∞w ]nXmhv F∂p
Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ \{km-Wn-Iƒ ioa-sa-{Xm-∑m-scbpw kztZin
sa{Xm-∑m-scbpw Ah-c-h-cpsS `mj-bn¬ ]nXmhv F∂v kwt_m-[\
sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xm-sW∂p hcp-∂p. Htcb¿∞-Øn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw
ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]Z-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-®-Xn-\m¬ _mhm-tb-°mƒ
XmW-ÿm\nbmWv A®≥ F∂p hmZn-°m-\m-hn-√.
kwt_m-[-\m-]-Z-ßƒ hfsc kq£n-®mWv \{kmWnIƒ {]tbmKn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. DZml-c-W-Øn\v IØ-\m¿, ]mXncn Cu ]Z-ß-fpsS
A¿∞w sshZn-I≥ F∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW-¶nepw Ch- c≠pw c≠p coXnbn-emWv \{km-Wn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- ]m-›mXy A[n-\n-th-itØm-sSm∏w FØnb bqtdm-]y≥ ]´-°msc eØo≥ `mj-bnse
]ms{Z F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂p¬`-hn® ]mXncn F∂p kwt_m-[\
sNbvX-t∏mƒ kztZin sshZn-Isc ]pcm-X-\-amb IØ-\m¿ F∂
]ZwsIm≠p kwt_m-[\ sNbvXp. Ipsd-°qSn kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim[n-®m¬, hntZi hnizmk kwlnX kzoI-cn® kztZin ]´-°m-scbpw
]mXncn F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv F∂p -ImWmw (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v
tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ]m{Zn). Im‰mSn Ipcp-hnf IØ-\m¿ ses¥ am¿§Øn¬ tN¿∂v ses¥ ]mXn-cn-bm-Ip-hm≥.... F∂ \ncWw {KŸ-h-cnbnse Hscm‰ {]tbmKw aXn F{X hy‡-amb hy‡n-Xz-t_m-[-amWv
\{km-Wn-Iƒ kwt_m-[-\-I-fn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂v a\-knem°m≥. Cu hy‡nXz {]I-S\ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-tim-[n®m¬ _mhm, ]mXncn apX-emb hntZ-iob ]Z-ßƒ A®≥, IØ\m¿ apX-emb kztZ-iob ]Z-ßtf°mƒ kz¬∏w A[-a-ambn At√
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂pw kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
_mhm F∂Xv ioa- sa-{Xm∑m¿°p am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-X-s√∂Xn\pw sXfn-hp-≠v. 1806˛se B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ henb am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ am¿ Zo-h-∂m-tkym-kv _mh F∂mWv kwt_m[\ sNbv X n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . C∂v ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b nse taev ] - ´ - ° msc
kwt_m[\ sNøp∂ Xncp-ta\n F∂ ]Z-{]-tbmKw ]sØm-ºXmw
110
\q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm\m-tkymkv \S-∏m-°n-b-Xm-sW-∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. GXm-bmepw
AtXmsS _mhm F∂ kwt_m-[\ ioa- sa-{Xm-∑m¿°mbn HXp-ßn.
1912˛¬ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m knwlmk\w ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn _mhm F∂ ]Zw ImtXm-en°m-am¿°v Dd-®p. Gen-bmkv bqen-tbmkv Imew-sNbvX tijw
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv, ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m F∂n-h¿
am{X-amWv k`m-X-e-h-∑m¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]c-am-h[n _lp-am\w
F∂ \ne-bn¬ _mhm F∂p ae-¶-c-bn¬ kwt_m-[\ sNø-s∏-´Xv.
C-Sbv°v aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bnse _Z¬ ImtXm-en-°mbpw Cu ]Zw D]-tbmKn®p F∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ {InkvXp-h¿jw 2002 hsc Cu coXn-°p- am-‰sam∂pw D≠m-bn-√.
F∂m¬ kao-]-Im-eØv _mhm F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ Cu _lp-a-Xn°v
CS-nhp -X-ń. Ggp ]≈n-I-fpsS t{ijvT -_m-h-mbpw, Xncp-h\-¥-]pcsØ kzbw`q doØv ImtXm-en-°mbpw _mhm F∂p ]c-ky-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS ae-¶-c- k-`m-≤y-£-s\bpw At¥ymJym
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\bpw A{]-Imcw kwt_m-[-\ -sN-øp-∂Xv Ahsc
A]-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-ambn amdnbn´p≠v.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]c-am≤y-£s\ _mhm
F∂p kwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂Xv ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥\w sNtø-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
F¥p-sIm≠v ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°msb ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv F∂p
kwt_m-[\ sNbvXpIqSm. k`m-imkv{X hn⁄m-\ob {]Imcw k`m≤y-£∑msc ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv (Holy Father) F∂p kwt_m-[\ sNøs∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-√. Cw•ojn¬ His Holiness F∂XmWv tdm-am]m∏mbpw At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mbp-a-S-°-ap≈ ]q¿Wm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ k`m-X-e-h-∑m¿ ÿm\-\m-a-am-bn
]≠p-ap-Xte D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂Xv. Holy Father F∂v Ahsc kwt_m[-\- sN-øp-Ibpw sNøpw. AXn-\m¬ CXns‚ ae-bmf ]cn-`m-j-bmb
]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv F∂v _mhmbv°v ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]pXpa-sbm-∂p-an-√. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-hsc \{km-Wn-Iƒ ]pe¿Ønb
Xt±-iob kwt_m-[\m ]Z-ßfpsS hy‡nXzt_m[-Øn\pw ]cn-ip≤
]nXmhv F∂ ]Z-amWv _mh-mtb-°mƒ A\p-tbm-Pyw.
]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv F∂v ]uc-kvXy- Im-tXm-en°m kwt_m-[-\
sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v as‰mcp sa®-hp-ap-≠v. shdpw Iogvÿm-\n-Iƒ am{Xamb t{ijvT-∑m¿t°m, kzbw`qam¿t°m CXv kzbw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-
111
\m-hn-√. AXn-\m¬ A\-\y-amb ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ÿm\tØmSp kwt_m-[-\-bn-se-¶nepw ka-∑m-cm-Im-\p≈ Ah-cpsS {iaw
]n∂oSv hne-t∏m-hp-I-bpan-√.
(ae-¶ck`m ]{XnI, Unkw-_¿ 16, 2006)

112
14
ImtXmen°m F∂p
sNm√n-hmgvØn Rmbw
]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae¶c \{km-Wn-Isf ASn-a-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
`Ko-c-Y-{]-bXv\w \S-Ønb tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cpsS G‰hpw henb
c≠p Xe-th-Z-\-Iƒ am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS am¿§hpw hgn-]mSpw (am¿tØmΩm-bpsS aXhpw hwihpw) F∂ \{km-Wn-IfpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Zhpw,
_mKvZm-Znse ImtXm-en-°m-tbm-Sp≈ A`n-\n-th-i-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Iv\mbn-sØm-Ω≥ h∂ {InkvXp-h¿jw 325 apXtem, Npcp-ßn-b]£w am¿ kmt_m¿, am¿ At{^mØv F∂n-h¿ h∂ H≥]Xmw
\q‰m≠p apXtem ae¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ _m_n-tem-Wnse ImtXmen-°m-bpsS Bflob A[n-Im-c-Øn\p Iogvs∏-ń-cp-∂p. Cu \q‰m-≠n¬
s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ImtXm-en°m alm-\mb am¿ XotamØn C¥y-bnse
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Xe-h-\mb A¿°\v Iev]\ Fgp-Xn-b-Xmbn tcJbp-≠v. 1301-˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xnb thZ-hm-b-\-°p-dn∏n¬ A∂sØ ImtXm-en-°m am¿ b∆m-em-lmsb A\p-kva-cn-°p∂p-≠v. {InkvXp-h¿jw 1500˛¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv I∏n-Øm≥ s]s{Um
Aƒhm-dokv I{_m-fn-s\m∏w bqtdm-∏n-se-Ønb sImSp-ß-√q-¿ kztZin
tPmk^v IØ-\m¿, Xß-fpsS thZ-X-e-h≥ t]¿jybnse ImtXmen°m BsW-∂pw, At±-l-Øns‚ Iogn¬ c≠p ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-amcp-s≠∂pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C¥ym-°m-c≥ tPmk^v F∂-dn-bs∏-Sp∂ Ct±-l-Øns‚ hnh-c-W-ß-sf-∏‰n hni-Z-amb ]T\w \S-Ønb
^m. tUm. B‚Wn sh≈h{¥, t]¿jybnse ImtXm-en°mbpsS
Iogn¬ C¥ybn-tebpw ssN\-bn-tebpw sa{Xm-∑m¿ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
F∂ t]cn¬ A°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cn-°m-\p≈ km≤yX Nq≠n°m-´p-∂p≠v.
GXm-bmepw t]m¿´p-KokpIm¿ hcp-tºm-fpw, AXn-\p-tijw ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cpsS A[n\n-thi {ia-ßfpsS CS-bnepw \{km-Wn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS kzX{¥ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚
{]Xy£ e£-W-ambn Db¿Øn-°m-ńb {][m\ e£y-ß-fn-sem∂v
_mKvZm-Znse ImtXm-en°m- Bbn-cp-∂p. CXn-\m-emWv Ip{]-kn-≤-amb
1599-˛se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-I-fn¬ ..... -C-ßp
D≈-hc \nØ-esØ c≠ s\csØ \a-kv°m-c-Ønepw Ipdp-hm-\-
113
bnepw hKp-Zm-inse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ IsXm-en°m F∂ sNm√n
hmgvØn Rmbw. IsXm-en°m F∂ samgn-bpsS A¿∞w BIp-∂X
\{km-WnIƒ° H°°pw Xe-h≥ F∂. \{km-WnIƒ° H°°pw
Xe-h≥ F∂ ]m∏mbv°p F∂nsb as‰m-cp-Ø-cpsSsa¬ sNm√-s∏-ScpXv.... F∂p tN¿ØXv (-c≠mw auXzm, c≠mw tbmK-hn-imcw, F´mw
Imt\m-\m). km¿h-{XnI ]nXmhv F∂ icn-bmb A¿∞-t_m-[-tØmSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv \{km-Wn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS thZ-X-e-hs\ ImtXm-en°m
F∂p kwt_m-[\ sNbvX-sX∂pw Cu Imt\m\m hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ImtXm-en°m \nb-an-°p∂ t]¿jy-≥ sa{Xms‚
ÿm\-\maw C¥y-sbms-°-bp-sSbpw hmXn¬ (-X-d-thmZv tIm¬ lnµphm-tbm) F∂mbn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ bYm¿∞ `cWw PmXn°p
IØ- \ m- c mb A¿°- Z n- b mt°ms‚ ssII- f n- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p. 1653- ˛ ¬
A∂sØ PmXn°p IØ-\m-cmb ]I-tem-a‰w tXmΩm A¿°-Znbmt°ms\ am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a≥ F∂-t]-cn¬ F∏n-kvt°m∏m Bbn
hmgn-®-Xp -ap-X¬ C¥y-sbm-s°-bp-sSbpw hmXn¬ ÿm\-\maw am¿tØmΩm sa-{Xm-∑m¿°p kz¥-am-bn. 1653-˛se Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyØn\p tij-ap≈ GXm\pw ]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \{km-Wn-Iƒ am¿tØmΩm sa-{Xm-s\sbm-gnsI a‰m-scbpw thZ-X-e-h\mbn AwKo-I-cn®n-cp-∂n-√.
F∂m¬ 1686-˛¬ sNß-∂q-cn¬ IqSnb ae-¶c ]≈n-sbm-Kw, AeIvkm≥{Un-b≥ thZ-im-kv{X-amWv Xß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ hnizm-k{]-amWw F∂p {]Jym-]n-®-tXmsS ÿnXn- am-dn. Cu ae-¶c ]≈ntbm-K-Øns‚ kq{X-[m-c-I-\mb ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n taev]-´-°mc≥
am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv lZnb-≈-bpsS kzm[o-\w- aq-e-am-hWw, ae-¶c
\{km-Wn-Iƒ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ \ma-am-{X-am-bm-sW¶nepw thZ-X-e-h\mbn AwKo-I-cn-®p. CtXmsS A∂p-hsc \{kmWn
a\-kn¬ cqVaq-e-am-bn-cp∂ ]´-Xz-t{i-Wn°p am‰w-h-∂p. ImtXm-en°m
˛ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ˛ A¿°-Zn-bmt°m≥ F∂ A[n-Imct{iWn, ]m{Xnb¿°okv ˛ ImtXm-en°m ˛ am¿tØmΩm sa-{Xm≥ F∂p adn-s®-gptX≠nh∂p.
Xßƒ Hcn-°epw ImWmØ ImtXm-en°msb \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw
\ma-am{X thZ-X-e-h-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-®ncp-∂-Xp-t]mse At¥ymJym
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ \ma-am-{X-am-bm-sW-¶nepw thZ-X-e-h\mbn AwKoI-cn°m≥ \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Cu
]pXnb kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-°msb Is≠-tØ-≠nbncp∂p. ]Xn- s \´mw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ tIc- f - Ø n- s e- Ø nb kpdn- b m\n
114
taev]´°msc ImtXm-en°m F∂p kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn
i‡-amb kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. 1685-˛¬ h∂ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv b¬tZm,
1751˛¬ h∂ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv i{I≈m F∂o ]m›mXy kpdnbm-\n ]mc-º-cy-Ønse a{^n-bm-\m-am¿ ImtXm-en°m F∂p kwt_m[\ sNø-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. CXp IqSm-sX, 1748˛¬ h∂ ]m›mXy kpdnbm-\n -ta-ev]-´-°m-c≥, hn{Kl`wRvP-I-\mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
]I¿Ønb Hcp kpdn-bm-\n -{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ... Rm≥, ImtXm-en°m F∂p
hnfn- ° - s ∏- S p∂ _{k- b n¬ \n∂p- h ∂ Cuhm- \ n- t bmkv F∏nkvt°m∏m ... F∂mWv kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXpw, 1806-˛¬
h∂ Zob-kvt°m-tdmkv F∂ At¥ym-Jy≥ sa{Xm≥ kzbw ImtXmen-°m-sb∂p hnti-jn-∏n®v Chn-sS-sh®v kzbw Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°nb
ÿmØn-t°m-\pw, ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ImtXm-en°m F∂ ÿm\tØmSv \{km-Wn-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]Xn-]Øn AKm-[-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p
hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
]n∂o-Sp≈ Hcp \q‰m-≠p-Imew ImtXm-en°m F∂ ]cm-a¿i\w
ae-¶ck`m Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂n√. Xt±-io-b-cmb ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ ]. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-en-cp∂v
`cn-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Km-an-Isf hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX B Ime-L-´-Øn¬
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv, ImtXm-en°m XpS-ßnb ÿm\-ßƒ A{]-k-‡-ambn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv hkvXpX.
F∂m¬ 1842-˛¬ ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂pw taev]´ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®tXmsS Cu ÿnXn°p am‰wh∂p. ae-¶c knwlm-k\w ssIh-i-s∏Sp-Øm≥ bmsXmcp Ah-Im-i-hmZhpw C-√m-Xn-cp∂ At±lw, Xs∂
taev]´°mc-\m-°n-bXv At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okmsW∂pw ae¶-c-bn¬ sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\msW∂pw hmZn-®p. A∂sØ Nne {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ßƒ aqew
At±-l-Øn\p ae-¶csa{Xm≥ ÿm\w AwKo-I-cn®p Inń-b-tXmsS
sa{Xm≥ÿm\w \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Imcw At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okn¬ HXp-ßn. AXn-\m¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂mtkymkv A©m-a\pw At±-l-Øns‚ \nb-am-\p-krXw Xnc-s™-Sp°-s∏´ ]n≥Kman ]. h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Koh¿Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
Bdm-a\pw At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okn¬\n∂pw taev]´w kzoI-cnt°-≠n-h-∂p.
]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkns‚ taev]´ÿm\
kzoI-c-Ww- aqew kw`-hn® as‰mcp {][m-\ -kw-KXn, ae-¶-c-bn¬
115
At¥ym-Jy≥ k`mhn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ kzm[o\w hf¿∂-XmWv.
AX-\p-k-cn®v taev]-´-°msc hmgn-°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw k`mXeh≥ ˛ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv ˛ A≤y£-\mb kp∂-ltZmkn\p am{X-ambn Npcp-ßn. At¥ym-Jy≥ k`mhn⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬
Cu A[n-Imcw e`yamb A]c hy‡n ImtXm-en-°mbv°p kam-\ambn B k`-bn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogvÿm-\nbmbn krjvSn-°s∏´ Xn{Ko-knse a{^n-bm\m am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠n¬ Cu knwlm-k\w Hgn™p InS-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ taev]-´-°msc hmgn-°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
ae- ¶ - c - b n¬ ]p\x- ÿ m- ] n- ° p- h m- \ p≈ {iaw At¥ym- J y≥ k`m
hn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ am{Xta km≤y-am-hp-I-bp-≈mbn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p≈ GI am¿§w a{^n-bm\mbpsS ÿm\-hp-am-bncp∂p. AXn-\m-emWv 1901˛¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂mtkymkv A©mas‚ ]utcm-lnXy I\I Pq_n-en-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v
At±-l-Øn\p a{^n-bm\mÿm\w \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ {iaw tIm\m´v
amØ≥ aev]m≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]t£, AXv ê-{]-Z-ambn-√.
1911-˛¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv, ]. h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Koh¿Kokv
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb \nb-a-c-ln-Xambn apS-°n-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb kw`h hnIm-k-ß-fmWv 1912-˛¬
ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-t°‰v cq]o-Ic
- n- °m≥ CS-bm-°n-bXv. CsXmcp
\ho\ krjvSn-bm-sW∂v Nne¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ AXp icnbm-Wv. Imc-Ww, F√m ]pcm-X\ k`-Ifpw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Fs∂-¶nepw
ImtXm-en-t°‰v AYhm ]m{Xn-b¿t°‰v kz¥-ambn cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v.
CXv Xn{Ko-knse a{^n-bm-t\‰v BsW∂p a‰p Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p. AXpw
icn-bm-Wv. ImcWw, At¥ym-Jy≥ k`mhn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]cn-[n°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ kl-I-cW-tØm-sS-bmWv ae-¶-c-bn¬ BZy ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®-Xv.
A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mjmfi-X-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´p-t]mb
t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ]p\x-ÿm-]-\-amWv 1912-˛¬ \S-∂-sX∂v
Nne¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. AXpw icn-bm-Wv. Imc-Ww, 1599 hsc ae-¶c
k` B ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Bflob A[n-Im-c-Øn≥Iognem-bn-cp∂p.
1686-˛¬ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ kXy-hn-izmkw ]p\x-{]-Jym-]n-®-tXmsS
B knwlm-k-\hpw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-I-b-√msX a‰p am¿§-ß-fn-√m-bncp-∂p.
1912-˛se ImtXm-e n°m hmgvN-bpsS {]m[m\yw {][m-\-ambpw
\memWv. Ah,
116
1. as‰√m Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-sf-bpw-t]mse ae-¶ck`bv°pw
kzbwio¿j-IXzw ssIh∂p.
2. 1842- ˛ ¬ ]me- ° p- ∂ Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm- \ m- t kymkv
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p ASn-b-d-sh® ae-¶-c-bn¬ sa{Xm∑msc hmgn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Xncn-s®-Sp-Øp.
3. 1599 hsc \ne-\n∂ ae-¶ck`-bpsS thZ-X-e-h-s‚ ÿm\-\maw
Xncns-I-sb-Øn.
4. 1934-˛se `c-W-L-S-\- IqSn {]m_-ey-Øn-em-b-tXmsS A¿°Znbmt°m\n¬ Bcw-`n®v am¿tØmΩm F∏n-kvt°m-∏m, ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm F∂o ]S-hp-Iƒ Xm≠nb C¥y≥ A[n-Im-c-t{iWn
ImtXm-en-°m˛ae-¶c sa{Xm-\n¬ ]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-Øn.
ImtXm-en°m F∂ ]Z-hn-bpsS ]q¿Æ-Xbpw, ae-¶-c-sa-{Xms‚
BVy-Xzhpw A[n-Im-chpw ]e-scbpw tamln-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬
]ecpw AXv A\p-I-cn-°m\pw AhIm-i-s∏-Sm\pw {ian-°p-∂p-≠v.
F∂m¬ aq∂p ame C´-Xp-sIm-t≠m, aØ-ßm-ap-Sn-bpsS apIfn¬
Ipcnip ]nSn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm-t≠m, ae-¶c sa{Xms‚ A¬apØn [cn-®Xp-sImt≠m Bcpw Ch BIp-∂n-√. AXn\p tZio-b-X, kzbwio¿jI-Xzw, Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]n¥p-S¿® XpS-ßnb Nne ASn-ÿm\ KpWßƒIq-Sn- th-Ww; G‰hpw {][m-\-ambn \{km-Wn-Xzhpw.
2012-˛¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m F∂Xv C¥y≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv
F∂p \ma-am‰w \S-Ø-W-sa∂v A]q¿hw Nne¿ {]kw-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
ip≤ hnh-c-t°-Smbn am{Xw CXns\ ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ aXn. ImcWw
]fin-X-sc∂p `mhn-°p∂ Ch¿ ImtXm-en°m ˛ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ChbpsS Ncn{X ]›m-Ø-e-sØ-∏‰n XnI™ A⁄cmWv. s]mXp-P\{i-≤ -In-´m≥ \S-Øp∂ A[-c-hym-bmaw am{X-amWv Cu hmZw. 16-˛mw
\q‰m- ≠ n¬ tdma≥ ItØm- e n- ° ¿ `b- s ∏´ ImtXm- e n°m F∂
ÿm\w Ch-cpsS hm°p -tI´v am‰-W-sa∂p ]d-bp∂ Nnesc-∏‰n
\ap°v ]cn- X - ] n- ° mw. ImcWw, IsXm- e n°m F∂ samgn- b psS
A¿∞w BIp-∂X \{km-WnIƒ° H°°pw Xe-h≥ F∂.
(acnb≥, _lvssd≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv IØo-{U¬, HIvtSm-_¿ 2010)

117
15
Ncn{Xw krjvSn® hnS-hm-ß¬
2010 HIvtSm-_¿ 30˛\v ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mbpw ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-bp-amb tamdm≥ am¿ _tken-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZnZntamkv {]Y-a≥ ÿm\-sam-gn-bp-∂Xv A]q¿h-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-tfmsS-bm-Wv. 2005 HIvtSm-_¿ 30-˛\v ÿm\-ta‰ ]. ]nXmhv, 2010 HIvtSm_¿ 30-˛\v Xs‚ sXmÆqdmw P∑-Zn-\-Øn-em-Wv ]n≥Km-ansb Npa-X-eIƒ Gev]n-®-Xv. ÿm\-ta-‰Xpw Hgn-bp-∂Xpw P∑-Zn-\-Øn¬.
ae- ¶ - c - k `m Ncn- { X- Ø n¬ `mKy- h m≥ F∂ hnti- j - W - Ø n\v
XnI®pw A¿l-\mb k`m-≤y-£-\mWv ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ _mhm.
BZy-ambn ap≥Km-an-bm¬ hmgn-°-s∏´ ImtXm-en°m F∂-Xn¬ XpSßp∂p B `mKyw. Ah-km\\nanjw Hgn-hmb tImSXn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
aqew Xm≥ A≤y-£-\mb BZy ae-¶c Atkm- n-tb-j≥ \n›nX
Znhkw Xs∂ \S-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®Xv ASpØ `mKyw. ]n≥Km-antbbpw c≠p Iq´p {SÃn-I-sfbpw ]Xn-\mev sa{Xm-∑mscbpw Xncs™-Sp-°m-\p≈ A]q¿h-`m-Kyhpw At±-l-Øn\v e`n-®p.
tIhew A©p h¿jsØ `c-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]Xn-\mev sa{Xm∑msc hmgn®p ImtXm-en-°m-am¿°n-S-bn¬ dn°m¿Un´ ]. ]nXm-hv,
Htc-k-abw Ggp-t]sc hmgn®v, Hcp-an®v hmgn-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆ-Ønepw
dn°m¿Un- ´ p. Zim- _ v Z - ß ƒ°p tij- a mWv Bh- i y- a mb FÆw
sa{Xm≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ Pbn-®p-h-∂Xv F∂Xpw Hcp dn°m¿UmWv;
AXpw c≠p {]mh-iy-hpw.
Zim-_vZ-ßƒ°p tijw ]cp-a-ebv°v ]pdØv At m-kn-tb-j\pw
sa{Xm≥ hmgvNbpw \S-Øn-bXpw Hcp `mKy-ambn IW-°m-°mw. AXpw
hn]p-ea
- mb {]N-cW
- t- ØmSpw aps∂m-cp-°t- ØmSpw IqsS. Ncn-{X-Øn¬
BZyw ]q¿Æ ]pcpj temI-amb ae-¶c Atkm- n-tb-j\n¬ HutZymKnIÿm\Øv Hcp h\nX {]th-in®p; Hcn-°e√ c≠p {]mhiyw ˛
Iq´p {SÃn-I-sfbpw sa{Xm-∑m-scbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ ˛ hc-Wm-[nIm-cn-bm-bn. h\n-X-Iƒ°v ]≈ns]mXp-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ thm´-h-Im-i-an√mØ AwKXzw \evIn kºq¿Æ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-tebv°p Hcp NphSp-IqSn apt∂-dn.
sa{Xm≥ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n\v am\-Zﬁhpw s]cp-am-‰-N-´hpw cq]o-I-cn®Xpw Ah I¿i\-ambn \S-∏m-°nbXpw, ae-¶c Atkm- n-tb-j\v
118
]mc-º-cy-{]-Im-c-ap≈ ae-¶c sa{Xms‚ Awi-hkv{Xw [cn-°p∂
]Xnhv ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®Xpw `mKy-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ s]Sp-Ømw.
2010 \hw-_¿ 1˛\v ]n≥Km-ansb t\cn´p hmgn-°p-∂-tXmsS Hcp
k¿h-Ime dn°m¿Un\p- IqSn ]. ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ _mhm A¿l\m-Ipw. ap≥Km-an-bm¬ hmgn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]n≥Km-an-sb hmgn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvX {]Ya ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m F∂ A]q¿h ÿm\w.
(ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Sn. hn., HIvtSm-_¿ 30, 2010)

119
16
Xd-thmZv tIm¬ lntµm
2012-˛¬ C¥y-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v AXns‚ iXm_vZn BtLmjn°p-tºmƒ, tZio-b-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-amb Cu ÿm\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬
angnhv \¬I-W-sa∂v At\-I¿ B{K-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£, AXn\p
hy‡-amb Hcp cq]-tcJ \¬Im≥ B¿°pw km[n-®n-ń√ F∂
bmYm¿∞yhpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
2012-˛¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°msb C¥y≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn
{]Jym-]n-°Ww F∂v Nne¿ \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. CXv `mc-Xc
- Xv\w hmßnb-tijw ]fl-{io°v At]-£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp \S-]-Sn-bm-Wv.
t]m¿-´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ skeq-jym-bnse ImtXmen-°msb Xß-fp-sS thZ-X-e-h-\mbn \{km-Wn-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp∂p.
ImtXm-en°mÿm\w, ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂Xnt\-°mƒ al-Ø-c-amsW∂pw Ah¿ a\- k n- e m- ° n- b n- c p- ∂ p. tdma≥ ItØm- e n- ° sc
XnI®pw Akz-ÿ-cm-°nb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p \{km-Wn-I-fpsS Cu Xncn®-dnhv. AXn-\m-emWv 1599-˛se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m\m-I-fn¬ C{Xbpw Imew \nßƒ \nXy-\-a-kv°m-c-Ønepw Ip¿_m\-I-fnepw _mKvZm-Znse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ ImtXm-en°m F∂p
IcpXn {]m¿∞n-®p-h-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en°m F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w km¿h{XnI ]nXmhv F∂m-Wv. B hnti-jWw Cu `qan-bn¬ tdmam]m∏mbv°p am{Xw D≈-Xm-Wv. C\n At±-l-sØ-b-√msX a‰m-sc-sb¶nepw ImtXm-en°m F∂p hnfn-®m¬ apS-°-s∏Spw F∂v Fgp-Xnt®¿Ø-Xv. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ Cu k`m-≤y£ k¶¬∏w
am‰m≥ km≤y-a-√. {]tXy-In®pw ]gb tdmam km{am-Py-Øns‚ k¥Xn-bmb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p ]Icw ]uc-kvXy-amb ImtXm-en°m F∂
ÿm\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXn-s\mcp sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hncp≤
apJw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
c≠m-a-Xmbn h∂ \n¿t±iw ImtXm-en-°mbv°p Iogn¬ GXm\pw
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-amsc hmgn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. XnI®pw A\m-h-iyhpw,
ÿm\-Øn-\p-th≠n ÿm\w F∂ KW-Øn¬s]Sp∂ H∂pamWn-Xv.
AØ-c-samcp ÿm\-°-b-‰Øns‚ am\-Z-fi -cq-]o-I-c-Ww- t]mepw
{]iv\ k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw, At±-l-Øm¬
\ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ CS-hI sa{Xm-∑mcpw F∂ `cW kwhn-[m\w
\ne-hn-ep≈ ae-¶-c-bn¬ A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-WnXv.
120
F∂m¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ]p\¿\n¿Æbw iXm_vZn h¿jØn¬ A\n-hm-cy-ams-W-∂-Xn¬ c≠p-]-£-an-√. Fs∂-¶nepw Hcp
GIo-IrX C¥y≥ k`-bp-≠m-Ip-sa-¶n¬ AXns‚ Xe-h≥ ImtXmen°m Bbn-cn°pw F∂ hnim-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS thWw Cu
]p\¿\n¿Æbw \S-Øm≥. AXn-\p≈ am¿§w auenI-X-bn-te-°p≈
aS°w am{X-am-Wv.
t]m¿´p- K okv ]q¿hImeØv C¥y- b nse t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm\v
ÿm\nI ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ _lp-aXn D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Nne
Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. At±lw C¥y-tbm-s°-bp-tSbpw
hmXn¬ F∂ A¿∞-ap≈ Xd-thmZv tIm¬ lntµm F∂ ÿm\\maw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. ska-‰nIv `mj-I-fn¬ hmXn¬ F∂ k¶ev]-Øn\v AXyp-∂X ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-Øn\p
tijw Xt±-io-b-cmb am¿tØm-Ωm- -sa-{Xm-∑mcpw Xd-thmZv tIm¬
lntµm F∂v Xß-fpsS t]cn-s\m∏w D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. \memw
am¿tØmΩm hsc CXv D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p- ∂ - X mbn tcJ- I - f p- ≠ v
(AXn\ptijw Bcpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n√ F∂-√, ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ Bcpw
an\-s°-ń√ F∂p am{Xta A¿∞-ap-≈p). iXm_vZn h¿j-Øn¬ Cu
al-Ømb ]q¿hnI ÿm\\maw ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-°-Ww.
c≠m-a-Xmbn ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ÿm\hkv{X-amWv.
Ct∏mƒ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ F√m sa{Xm-∑m¿°pw Htc thj-am-Wv. km[m-c-W-h-kv{X-Ønepw IuZm-inI thjØnepw ÿnXn CXp- X-s∂-bm-Wv. CXn\pw Xo¿®bmbpw am‰w
hcWw.
ImtXm-en°mamcpsS Aw-i-h-kv{X-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw kao-]ImeØv \jvS-s∏-ń´p≠v. AXv ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬
{][m\ alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥ (Im-tXm-en°m ˛ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv) am{Xw
[cn-°p∂ Gt^mZv F∂ ÿm\-h-kv{X-am-Wv. Ac-s°-ń¬ \n∂pw
Xqßn-°n-S-°p∂ ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Nn{X-∏-Wn-I-fp≈ CXn\v
kmt{Im F∂pw ]dbpw. ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥, ]. amXyqkv {]Ya≥ F∂o ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ CXv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. {]Nm-c-ep-]vXamb Cu ÿm\hkv{Xw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ]p\¿Pohn-∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cn°p-∂p.
c≠m-a-Xmbn km[m-cWhkv{X-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬ HdnPn-\epw
Uyqπn-t°‰pw _Zepw dn_-ep-ambn ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcyw
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ sa{Xm-∑m-sc√mw [cn-°p∂ AtX thjw ˛ Npa∂
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Ip∏m-bhpw IdpØ ]pdw-Ip-∏m-bhpw IdpØ aØßm apSn-bp-amWv
˛ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mbpw [cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\p am‰w hc-Ww.
FtXym]ym, dqta-\nbm apX-emb k`-I-fpsS A≤y-£-∑msct∏mse
shfpØ ]pdwIp∏mbw ˛ aØßmapSn AS°w ˛ ]uckvXy ImtXmen-°mbpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-XmIpw DNn-Xw. apI-fn¬]d™ Ccp k`-Ifnepw sa{Xm-∑m¿ Idp-Ø- Ip-∏m-bhpw sXm∏n-bp-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xv. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn-\p- ap-ºp -ap-X¬ \{kmWn IØ\m-c∑
- m¿ shfpØ Ip∏m-ba
- mWv [cn®p h∂n-cp-∂X
- v. C∂pw ]uckvXy
k`-I-fn¬ sshZn-I¿ km[m-cWhkv{X-ambn shfpØ Ip∏mbw [cn°p∂ GI k`, ae-¶ck`-bm-Wv. Cu ]pcm-X\ hy‡n-Xz-a-\p-kcn®pw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS shfpØ ]pdw-Ip-∏mbw A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amWv.
\jv S - s ∏- ´ p- t ]mb as‰m∂v , B¿®v am≥{Un- b m‰v hSn- b m- W v .
]uckvXy k`m-≤y-£-∑m-sc√mw km[m-cW hkv{X-tØm-sSm∏w
sIm≠p\S-°p∂ H∂mWv s\©p-hsc s]m°-ap≈ B¿®v am≥{Unbm‰v hSn-. ae-¶-c-bnse tIm¿-F-∏n-kvt°m-∏m-am¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnt\mSp kmZr-iy-ap-≈Xpw Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-I-fp-≈-Xp-amWv k`m Xe-h∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ B¿®v am≥{Un-bm‰v hSn-. CXpw ]. Koh¿Kokv
ZznXo-b≥, ]. amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ F∂o ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ D]-tbm-Kn®n-cp-∂p. Cu hSn-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-Ww.
\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ sshtZ-inI A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc \{km-WnIƒ sNdp-Øp-\n-∂Xv AhcpsS tXmam-h-t_m[w (Thomas consciousness) sIm≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \{km-Wn-Isf Hcp-an®p \n¿Ønb AZriy
X¥phpw Cu kzXz-t_m-[-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬
\{km-Wn-I-fpsS tZihpw `mjbpw PmXnbpw hwihpw kwkvIm-c-hpsa√mw hn`n-∂-ambn. hnhn[ `qJ-fi-ß-fn-tebv°p \S-°p∂ IpSn-tb‰-ß-fmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. C\n-bp≈ Imew \{km-Wn-Isf Hcpan®p \n¿Øp∂ GI LSIw tXmam-h-t_m[w F∂ \{km-Wn-Xzw
am{X-am-bn-cn°pw. AXp tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ]uckvXy ImtXmen-°m-bn-em-Wv. Cusbmcp ImgvN-∏m-tSm-sS -thWw iXm_vZn h¿jØn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ hy‡n-XzsØ ]p\¿\n¿Æbw \S-Øm≥.
(tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿, HmKÃv 2011)

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17
Pq_n-en-°mew
ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®-Xns‚ iXm_vZn 2012˛¬
BtLm-jn-°p-I-bm-Wv. 1912-˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w Hcp almkw-`hw Xs∂-bmWv F∂-Xn¬ c≠p ]£-an-√. ]t£, AXv H∂ns‚bpw Bcw-`tam, Ah-km-\tam Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv sX‰mb
{]h-W-X-bm-Wv. \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzbw\n¿W-b-Øns‚bpw, kzbw
`c-W-Øn-s‚bpw kpZo¿L-amb ]mX-bnse Hcp {][m\ \mgn-I-°√v
F∂ coXn-bn¬ thWw 1912-˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\sØ IW°m-°m≥.
C Uv. Fw. ]mtd-ńs‚ `mj-bn¬, \{km-Wn-bpsS hy‡nXzw,
\ne-\n¬∏n-\m-bp≈ \nc-¥c ka-c-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-am-Wv. Cu kac
]c-º-c-bnse \n¿Wm-b-I-amb Hcp hnP-b-amWv 1912˛se ImtX-ment°-‰v ÿm]-\w.
]ecpw Icp-Xp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh∂m- t kymkv ae- ¶ - c - sa- { Xm- t ∏m- e o- Ø m- s b, At¥ym- J ym- b psS
A_vZp≈m ZznXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \nb-a-c-ln-X-ambn apS-°n-bXns\ XpS¿∂v s]s´-∂p-≠mb tNtXm-hn-Im-c-a√ ImtXm-en-t°‰v
ÿm]-\-Øn\p t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. 1653-˛se Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyw, am¿ AlØ≈m F∂ kpdn-bm\n taev]-´-°m-cs\ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿
h[n®p F∂ tI´p-tIgvhnbpsS am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s]s´-∂p≠mb Hcp hnIm-c-{]I-S-\-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂ {]N-cWwt]mse sX‰msbmcp [mc-W-bmWv CXv. Cu kw`-h-ßƒ°v, Ch c≠pw bYm-{Iaw
Xzc-I-ß-fmbn F∂Xp hmkvX-h-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ahb√ bYm¿∞
Imc-W-ßƒ.
Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyhpw, ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\hpw Zo¿L-ImesØ Btem-N-\-I-fpsS ê-ambn bmYm¿∞y-amb al¬ kw`-hß-fm-Wv. 1889-˛epw 1900˛epw Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n,
ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp a{]n-bm\m ÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n BtemNn-®-Xmbn tcJ-I-fp-≠v. tIm\m´p aev]m≥, Ce-™n-°¬ tPm¨
h°o¬ apX-em-b-h¿ CXn-\mbn ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬
tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-ØmbpsS ]utcm-lnXy I\-I-Pq-_n-en-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v At±-l-Øn\p
123
a{]n-bm-\mÿm\w \¬In CXn\v Bcw-`-an-Sm-sa∂ IW°pIq´-embn-cp∂p Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ AXv bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-√.
Cu Btem-N-\-bpsS XpS¿\S-]-Sn-I-fmWv 1912˛¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v
ÿm]-\-Øn-tebv°p hgn-sX-fn-®-Xv.
taev∏´ÿm\-Øn\p At¥ym-Jymsb B{i-bn-t°≠ ]cm-[o-\X
Hgn-hm-°m-\mWv ImtXm-en-t°‰v ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-Xv. Imt\m≥
\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v, ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam taev]-´-°m¿°v ˛ IqSp-X¬
hy‡am°n-bm¬ Hcp kwÿm\ CS-h-I-bnse `qcn-]£ sa{Xm∑m¿°v ˛ taev]´hmgvN \S-Ømw. F∂m¬ A∂p ae-¶-c-bn¬ \nehn-en-cp∂ k`mimkv{X-hn-⁄m-\-a-\p-k-cn®v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\pw
ImtXm-en°m (a-{]n-bm-\) bv°pw am{X-amWv taev]´hmgvN \S-Øm≥
Ah- I m- i - a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ - X v . Cu ]n¬°me At¥ym- J y≥ k`mimkv{Xw Chn-sS- {]m-_-ey-Øn-em-°n-bXv ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv
AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ taev]´hmgvN-bm-Wv.
]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv siΩm-i≥ kz¥w \ne-bn¬ At¥ymJym
]m{Xn- b ¿°o- k ns\ kao- ] n- ° p- I bpw, At±- l - Ø n¬\n∂pw am¿
amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ taev]-´-ÿm\w kzoI-cn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´p
taev]-´-ÿm\w t\Snb BZy ae-¶c \{kmWn Bbn-cp∂p At±lw.
Nne ASn-b-¥nc kml-N-cy-Øn¬, At∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ kpdnbm\n sa{Xm-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw taev]´w kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-sXm-gn-®m¬ Xt±iob sa{Xm-∑m-cmWv 1665 apX¬ ]n≥Km-an-Isf hmgn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu
]Xn-hmWv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv sX‰n-®-Xv.
ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-c-an-√msX taev]-´-ÿm\w
kzoI-cn® am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn\v ae-¶-c- knw-lm-k-\-Øn-\v, -A-hIm-i-hmZw D∂-bn-°m≥ bmsXmcp ]n≥_-ehpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
kml-N-cy-Øn¬, X\n-°p≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssIsh∏v ae-¶c
knwlm-k-\-Øn-\p≈ Xs‚ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xamb LS-I-ambn am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Db¿Øn-°mń. 1852-˛se
sIm√w ]©m-bØphn[n am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-btXmsS Cu k`m-imkv{Xw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Dd-®p.
]n¬°m-eØv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Cu \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂pw
]n∑m-dn-sb-¶nepw hnI-e-amb Cu k`m-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xebq-cp-hm≥ \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p Ign-™n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ FXn-cm-fnbmbn cwK-{]-th-i\w sNbvX ]c-tZin sa{Xm≥ am¿ bqbm-°ow
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Iqdntem-kns‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Cu \ne-]m-Sn\v B°w Iqń. A[n-Im-csam- ∂ p- a n- s √- ¶ nepw ap°m¬ ]m{Xn- b ¿°o- k mbn Ign- ™ ncp∂
At±lw \{km-Wn-I-fn¬ B¿°pw taev]-´-ÿm\w e`n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥
{]tXyIw {i≤n-®p.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿°v taev]´-Øn-\mbn ]m{Xn-b¿°-okns\ kao-]n-t°-≠n- h-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚
taev]-´-ÿm-\m-tcm-l-W-tØmsS taev]´w \evIm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v F∂ k`m-imkv{Xw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Dd-®p. AXn-\memWv ]n¬°m-eØv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkn\v ]n≥Kman-bmb ae-¶c aev]m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv dºms\ taev]-´ÿm\w {]m]n-°m≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-°¬ Ab-t°-≠nh∂Xv.
1889- ˛ se tdmb¬tImSXn hn[nbpw CXn- s \mcp Imc- W - a mbn
F∂Xpw hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ ÿm\-Øn\v P\-Øns‚
AwKo-Im-chpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssIsh-∏pw A\n-hm-cy-amWv F∂
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-as‚ \ne-]m-SmWv tImSXn AwKo-I-cn®Xv. AXn-\m¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssIhbv]v taev]-´-ÿm-\-Øn\v
ae-¶-c-bn¬ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn.
Cu kml-Ncyw adn-I-S-°m-\p≈ GI-am¿§w ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s‚
kΩ-X-tØmsS ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp a{^n-bm-t\‰v (ImtXm-en-t°‰v) cq]oI-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\p≈ {ia-am-Wv -1889-˛1900˛¬ \S∂Xv. AXmWv 1912˛¬ hnPbw I≠Xpw. 1912-˛¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°okv ]. C·m-Øn-tbmkv A_vZ¬ aviolm ZznXo-b≥ \¬Inb
Iev]\Ifn-eqsS, ae-¶-c-bn¬, ]. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i- sN-øp-hm\pw,
taev]´w \¬Ip-hm\pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ e`y-amb
A[n-Imcw, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A≤y-£-\mb ae-¶c Atkmkn-tb-j≥ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ImtXm-en-°mbv°v \ncp-]m-[nIw ]n≥XpS¿®m-h-Im-i-tØmsS ssIam-dn. AXn-\m-emWv ]n¬°m-eØv _lp.
kp{]ow-tIm-SXn, ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm]-\-tØmsS ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ A[n-Imcw am™p-t]m-Ip∂ \ne-bn-seØn F∂p \nco-£n®Xv.
apI-fn¬ ]d™ hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv 1912-˛se
ImtXm-ent°‰v ÿm]\w H∂n-s‚bpw Bcw-`tam Ah-km-\tam A√
F∂p {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. 1947˛¬ C¥y kzmX{¥yw {]m]n®p F∂-XpsIm-≠v, C¥y F∂pw ]mc-X-{¥yØn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂¿∞-an-√.
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\q‰m≠p-I-fneqsS C¥ybv°p \jvS-s∏´ kzmX-{¥yhpw, kzbw\n¿Wm-b-Im-h-Im-ihpw XncnsI e`n®p F∂-XmWv 1947˛se kzmX-{¥yØns‚ A¿∞w. AXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv 1912˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v
ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {]k-‡n-bpw.
Bbn-cØ
- n-e[
- nIw \m´p-cm-Py-ßf
- n¬ NnX-dn-°n-S∂ kzmX-{¥y-amWv
GXm\pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fneqsS C¥ybv°p \jvS-am-b-Xv. ]t£, 1947˛¬
XncnsI e`n-®-Xv Hscm‰ kzmX{¥y ]c-am-[n-Im-c- cm-jv{Shpw. CtXt]mse ae-¶c sa{Xm-\pw, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw ssIbm-fnbn-cp∂ taev]-´-ÿm-\m-tcm-l-Wm-h-Imiw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \jvS-amb-tijw 1912˛¬ XncnsI e`n-®Xv kzX-{¥- I-mtXm-en-t°-‰m-bn-bmWv.
C¥y-bpsS kzmX{¥y ka-c-N-cn-{Xw-t]mse sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb
]e kw`-h-]-c-º-c-Iƒ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´pap-≠v. 1653˛se sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyw apX-ep≈
Ncn{Xw am{X-sa-Sp-Øm¬t]mepw Cu ka-c-]-c-º-c-bnse ]e \mgn-I°-√p-I-fp-sSbpw Pq_n-en-Iƒ ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm-_vZn-°m-e-ambn
{]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ (2009-˛12) hcp-∂p-≠v.
1. sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v 325 (1686)
kvXpXn-sNm-∆m-I-s∏´ hnizm-ksØ aq∂v s]mXp kp∂-l-tZm-kpI-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb kXy-hn-izmkw F∂m-Wv ]pcm-X-\-k-`-Iƒ
hyh-lc
- n®p hcp-∂X
- v. \nJym, IpkvX¥o-t\mkvt]m-eo-kv, Ft^-kqkv
F∂o aq∂v km¿∆-{XnI kp∂-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ hymJym-\n®v \n¿Wbn® hnizm-k-amWv Hmdn-b-‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Iƒ°p-≈-Xv.
Ah t`Z-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m, Iqń-t®¿°mt\m B¿°pw A[n-Im-c-an-√.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ ]pXnb hnizmk kwlnX-sbm∂pw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√. thZm-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnizmkw C∂Xv
F∂p \n¿h-Nn-°pI am{X-amWv sNbvX-Xv. CtX-co-Xn-bn¬ ae-¶-ck`-bpsS hnizm-k-kw-lnX aq∂p s]mXp kp∂-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ A[njvTn-Xa
- mb kXy-hn-izm-ka
- m-sW∂v HutZym-Kn-Ia
- mbn {]Jym-]n® kp{][m\ (G-I) ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-amWv 1686-˛se sNß-∂q¿ kp-∂-ltZm-kv.
{InkvXph¿jw H∂mw kl-{km-_vZ-Øn¬ Ft∂m apX¬ 1599
hsc \{km-Wn-Iƒ skeq-jy-mbnse ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Bflob
A[n-Im-c-Øn\p Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw \{km-W-nI-fpsS
hnizm- k hpw s\kv t Xm- d n- b ≥ Bbn- c p- ∂ p. e`y- a mb tcJ- I ƒ
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hy‡am°p-∂-Xv CXm-Wv. 1599˛se Ip-{]-kn-≤-amb DZ-bw-tº-cq¿
kp∂-l-tZmkv \{km-Wn-Isf tdma≥ I-tØm-en°m hnizm-k-Øn\p
hnt[-b-cm-°n. 1653˛se Iq\≥Ipcnip hnπhwhsc Cu \ne XpS¿∂p.
1653˛¬ \{kmWn-Iƒ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hnizmkw XyPn-°pIbpw, PmXn-°pXe-h≥ tXmΩm A¿°Znbmt°ms\ am¿tØmΩm
H∂m-a≥ F∏n-kvt°m-∏m-bmbn Db¿Øn k`m-≤y-£-\m-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. CsXm-gnsI {]tXyI thZ-imkv{X \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfm∂pw
\{km-Wn-Iƒ A∂v kzoI-cn-®n-√.
F∂m¬ Cu \ne A[n-I-Imew XpS-cm-\-mhp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xßƒ°p hnt[-b-cm-hmØ \{km-Wn-Iƒ ]´hpw ]mc-º-cyhpw ]n≥XpS¿®bpan-√mØ Hcp \qX\ hn`m-K-am-sW∂v tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿
Btcm-]n-®p. Cu ImgvN-∏mtSmsS Ahsc ]≈n-I-fn¬\n∂pw _lnjv°-cn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ thZimkv{X˛k`m-imkv{X]-c-ambn -hy-‡-amb Hcp \ne-]m-sS-Sp-t°-≠Xv
\{km-Wn-Iƒ°v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-ambn amdn. 1665-˛¬ tbdp-i-te-anse
kpdn-bm\n ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv A_vZ¬ PeoZv,
am¿tØmΩm H∂mas‚ taev]-´-ÿm\w {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXmsS Hcp
ISº IS-∂p-In-ń. F¶nepw thZ-imkv{X ˛ k`m-hn-⁄m-\ob cwKØv
Hcp iq\yX \ne-\n-∂p.Cu Zim-k-‘n-bn-emWv am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv b¬tZm a{^n-bm\bpw kwLhpw 1685-˛¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv. ]Xn-aq∂mw Znhkw
HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛\v At±lw Imew sNbvXp. 1686-˛¬ am¿tØmΩm c≠ma≥ BI-kvan-I-ambn Imew sNbvX-tXm-sS- Hcp `c-W-{]-Xn-k-‘nbpw
DS-se-Sp-Øp. `mKy-h-im¬ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv b¬tZm a{^n-bm-\bpsS kl-bm-{Xn-I≥, D÷zze ]fin-X-\mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
lZn-b≈m, Cu kabw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw 1686-˛¬
sNß∂q-cn¬ Hcp ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq-ń. IrXy-amb
XobXn I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ km[n-®n-ń-s√-¶nepw ]n¬°me ]mc-º-cy-a\p-k-cn®p IW-°m-°n-bm¬ am¿tØmΩm c≠m-as‚ \mev]-X-Sn-b¥n-c-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v (1686 sabv 30/31) B-hWw Cu tbmKw \S∂Xv.
1686-˛se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv {][m-\-ambpw A©v ASnÿm\ hnizmk{]am-W-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-®p. Ah, (1) ImtXm-enIk`bpsS \n¿h-N-\w. (2) ]p{X≥ Xºp-cm‚ Bf-Xzw. (3) hn. Ip¿_m\bv°v ]pfn-∏p≈ A∏w D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. (4) ].- dq-lm-bpsS ]pd∏mSv.
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(5) t\m-ºns‚ ASn-ÿm\{]am-W-ßƒ. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv lZnb≈mbpsS ]n¬°me cN-\-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ _kv]p¿°m-\m-bpsS
\nc-k-\w, Znhk ]I¿®, h[p-hns\ heØp hiØp \n¿Øp-∂-Xv,
kzcq] hµ-\-bpsS \ntcm-[\w apX-em-bh Cu kp∂-l-tZmkv Xocpam-\-ß-fm-tWm-sb∂v hy‡-a-√. F¶nepw Ch Ahbv°v ]qc-I-ßfm-Wv.
t]m¿´p-Kokv ]q¿hImew- ap-X¬ \{km-Wn-IfpsS Bflo-bhpw
euInI-hp-amb k¿h Imcy-ß-fn-tebpw A¥na Xocp-am-\-Øn\v A[nIm-cnI-fmb AXyp∂X kan-Xn ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-Kw -˛- BWv sNß∂q-cn¬ Cu hnizmk {]Jym-]\w \S-Øn-bXv F∂ hkvXpX AXoh
Kuc-h-tØmsS IW-°m-°-Ww. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bp-sS
Imt\m-\m-Iƒ°v hncp-≤-ambn A¬am-b¿ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ Hcp tbmKw
˛ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv ˛ hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-hm≥ k¿h-i-‡-\mb
B¿®v_nj∏v sat\-ko-kns\ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-°n-bXv ae-¶c ]≈ntbm-KØns‚ Cu A{]-am-Zn-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p.
1686-˛se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kmWv HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Hm¿ØtUmIvkv hnizm-khpw Ae-Ivkm≥{Un-b≥ thZ-im-kv{Xhpw ae-¶c
k`-bp-tS-Xmbn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. \mfn-Xp-hsc as‰mcp hnizmk {]Jym]-\hpw \{km-Wn-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-ń-√. 1686-˛se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-ltZmkns‚ \n›-b-ßƒ t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-an-√. aq∂p km¿h-{XnI
kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ ¢n]vX-s∏-Sp-Ønb hnizmkkwlnX \{km-Wn-Iƒ
HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn® 1686-˛se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns\
Ahbv°p Xpey-amb {]m[m-\y-tØmsS thWw ae-¶ck` ]cn-K-Wn°m≥.
2. I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-ebv°v Zzni-Xm_vZn (1809)
F´mw am¿tØmΩm sa{Xms‚ taev]-´-ÿm-\m-tcm-l-W-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ X¿°w N¿® sNøm-\mWv Ggmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS \mev]X-Sn-b-¥n-c-Øn\v 1809 Nnßw 1˛\v I-≠-\mSp ]≈n-bn¬ ae-¶c ]≈ntbmKw tN¿∂-Xv. F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS taev]-´-ÿm\w AwKo-Icn®p F∂-Xn-ep-]-cn-bmbn ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v e`y-amb BZy- en-JnX `cW-L-S-\bpw I≠-\mSp tbmKw {]Zm\w sNbvXp. 1809-˛se I≠-\mSp
]Sn-tbme F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu enJnX `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {][m-\ambpw aq∂p LS-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.
1. Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fpsS GIo-I-cWw ˛ CXn-\mbn {][m-\-ambpw
aq∂p \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ Zriy-am-Ip-∂Xv Ah,
128
1. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fpsS ]q¿Æ AwKo-I-cWhpw a‰p {Ia-ßf
- psS \ntcm-[\
- h
- pw. 2) ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n B≠p
XIvk-mbpsS ]I¿s∏-gpØpw, {]N-c-W-hpw. 3) tI{µo-IrX sshZnI
hnZym-`m-k-Øn-\mbn sX°pw hS°pw c≠p ]TnØ hoSp-Iƒ ÿm]n°p-I.
1686-˛se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv hnizmkw
AwKo-I-cn-s®-¶nepw Bcm-[\{Ia-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hy‡-amb
Xocp-am-\-ß-sfm∂pw FSp-Øn-√. XpS¿∂p≈ \q‰m-≠n¬ k¶o¿Æhpw
sshhn-≤y-am¿∂-Xp-amb Bcm-[-\m- ]m-c-º-cy-amWv \{km-Wn-Iƒ
]n¥p-S¿∂p-t]m-∂Xv. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ t`Z-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]uc-kvXykp-dn-bm\n{Ia-ß-fpw, Ah¿ {]N-cn-∏n® Nne eØo≥ {Ia-ßfpw ae¶-c-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cp-∂p. AtXkabwXs∂, ]m›mXy kpdnbm\n hnizm-k-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn Chbn¬ Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øm\p≈ {iahpw CXn-\n-S-bn¬ \S-∂n-´p-≠v.
18- ˛ mw \q‰m≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip- X n- b n¬ tIc- f - Ø n- s e- Ø nb
]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n taev]-´-°m¿ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n XIvkm
{]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ Xo{h{iaw \S-Øn. Ah-cpsS injy∑m¿ Cu coXnbn-tebv°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX-tXmsS \{km-Wn-I-fpsS Bcm-[\m
]mc-º-cyw IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-bn. tIhew Hcp Bcm-[\m ]mcºcy{]iv\w F∂-Xn-ep-]cn CsXmcp `c-W-{]-iv\-ambn amdp∂ ImgvNbmWv 18-˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚- A¥y-]m-Z-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.
Cu kml-N-cy-ØnemWv 1789˛¬ henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw
am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv bqlm-t\m\pw XΩn¬ amth-en-°c ]pXn-b-Imhp
]≈n-bn¬ sh®v Hcp k‘n-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂X
- v. CX-\p-kc
- n®v ]pØ≥
{Iaw Im∏-bn´p Ip¿∫m\ sNm√phm\pw s]¨sI´pw amtam-Zo-kmbpw
]g-b-{Iaw \S-°p-hm\pw Xocp-am-\-am-bn.
]t£, CXn-\p-ti-jhpw Cu {]iv\Øn\p imiz-X ]cn-lmc-ambn√. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n k`m-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-eØn¬ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n-sbm-gn-®p≈ {Ia-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂Xpw _p≤n-ap-´m-bn. Cu {]iv\-ßƒ°p≈ imizX ]cn-lmcw F∂
\ne-bn-emWv apI-fn¬ ]d™ aq∂p Xocp-am-\-ßƒ I≠-\mSp tbmKw
ssIs°m-≠-Xv.
2. BNm-c-ß-fpsS \ntcm-[-\hpw ]cn-jv°-cWhpw ˛ ae-¶c \{kmWn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m hntZ-i-k-`-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-hmb
kz`mhw \{km-Wn-I-fpsS tZiob kwkvIr-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ Ak-ln-jvWp-
129
X-bm-Wv. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°cpw, ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n°mcpw, ]n∂oSv
Bw•n-°≥ s{]m´-Ã‚p-Ifpw ae-¶ck`-bn¬ Xß-fp-tS-Xmb am\-Zfi-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v \ho-I-cWw D≠m-°p-hm-\m-Wv {ian-®-Xv. apIfn¬ ]d™ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm-\n-°mcpsS kzm[o\w aqew 18-˛mw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]m-Z-Øn¬ Ah¿ aptºm-´p-sh® \ho-I-c-WsØ
A\p-Iq-en°p∂ Hcp I£n ae-¶-c-bn-ep-≠mbn. kzm`m-hn-I-ambn
AXns\ FXn¿°p∂ Hcp bmYm-ÿn-XnI I£n-bpw DSse-Sp-Øp.
Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥, ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ\m¿ F∂nh-cm-bn-cp-∂p \ho-I-cWI£n-bpsS t\Xm-°ƒ. Ch-cpsS h¿≤n®ph∂ kzm[o-\-amWv 1809˛se I≠-\m-Sp- ]-Sn-tbme ]pe-Ip-fn, ]pfnIpSn apX- e mb Nne kmaq- l nI BNm- c - ß sf \njv ° m- k \w
sNøm\pw, a‰p Nnehsb eLq-I-cn-°m\pw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-ØXv.
F∂m¬ Cu BNmc ]cn-jv°c-WØn\p ]nºn¬ Nne kzm¿∞
˛ {]mtZ-inI Xm¬]cy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xmbn ]n¬°me kqN-\-Ifp≠v. \ho-I-c-W-I-£n- sIm-≠p-h∂ Nne \n¿t±-i-ßƒ 1809-˛se ae¶c ]≈n-tbmKw \ncm-I-cn-®-Xmbpw kqN-\-Ifp-≠v.
3. CS-h-I-I-fpsS `c-W-{I-ao-I-c-Ww ˛ enJnX `c-W-L-S-\-I-fpsS
A`m-h-Ønepw ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp \nbX `c-W{Iaw \{km-Wn]≈nIfn¬ \q‰m≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. CS-hI
]≈n-tbm-Khpw, tZiØpIØ-\m¿amcpw, ssI°m-c-∑mcpw tN¿∂-Xmbn-cp∂p Cu hyh-ÿ. F∂m¬ 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse hn`m-Ko-bX Cu
kwhn-[m-\-Øn\p tIm´whcp-Øn. kzm¿∞- Xm¬∏-cy-ßfpw A[n-Imc-{]-a-Ø-Xbpw Aßp-anßpw cs≠-P-am-\∑mcp≈ kml-N-cysØ apXse-SpØp F∂p ]d-bp-∂-XmIpw IqSp-X¬ icn. CS-hI ]≈n-tbm-KØns‚ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-ßƒ GXm\pw {]am-Wn-amcpsS ssIIfn-sem-Xp-ßn. tZh-kzßƒ {_“-kz-ß-fm-b-Xp-t]mse ]e ]≈nIfnepw IØ-\m-c-∑m-cpsS GIm-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-ambn. Npcp-°-Øn¬ CSh-I-]-≈n-I-fpsS `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ bmsXmcp GIo-IrX kz`mhhpw C√m-Xm-bn.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbme CS-h-I-]-≈n-I-fpsS
euInI`cWw {Iao-I-cn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. ]≈ntbmKØns‚ P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w
Xs∂, ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm-\n¬ tI{µo-I-cn® s]mXp-k-`-bpsS `mKw F∂
_‘w \ne-\n¿Ø-Ø-°-hn-[-am-Wv Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-cn®Xv. ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬ am{Xw A[n-jvTn-X-amb `c-W-{I-asØ \nb-Xamb enJnX-cq-]-Øn-em-°m-\p≈ {ia-Øns‚ BZy-]-Sn-bm-bn -thWw
I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-esb ImWp-hm≥.
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I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS Cu aq∂p LS-I-ß-fpsS BXy-¥nI
êw Xmsg-]-dbpw{]Imcw t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw:
1. Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßƒ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-{]-Imcw GIoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Hcp \q‰m-≠p- IqSn th≠n h∂p. 2. kmaq-lnI BNmc-ßfn¬ hcp-Ønb \ho-I-c-W-ßƒ Hcp êhpw I≠n-√. tZiob
kwkvIr-XnbpsS `mK-amb Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw ]n¬°m-eØv A{]-Xy£-ambn. ]t£, AXv tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønep≠mb am‰ßƒ°v A\p-kr-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. 3. CS-h-I-∏-≈n-I-fpsS `c-W-{I-ao-I-cW-Øn-\p≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ah F{Xam{Xw ê-{]-Z-ambn F∂Xv kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-W-v. ae-¶c sa{Xm-∑mcm-bn-cp∂ ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s‚bpw,
]n∂oSv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a-s‚bpw
I¿i\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°p-t]mepw Chsb GIo-IrX kz`m-h-Øn-se-Øn°m≥ km[n-®n-√. 1934-˛¬ ae-¶-c-k`m `c-W-L-S\ ]mkm-°n-bn´pw,
AXp tImSXnhn[n-{]-Imcw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂n´pw, A¿∞w InSpIn-Sp-°p∂ Nne CS-h-I-Iƒ Ahbv°p hnt[-b-am-ImsXbpw, s]mXpk-`-bpsS `mKam-Im-sXbpw, P\m-[n-]XymhImiw \ntj-[n-°p∂
hIp∏pI-f-S-ßp∂ kz¥w `c-W-L-S-\-I-fp-ambn aptºm´p \oßp-Ibm-Wv.
Ch-sbm∂pw 1809˛se I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw iq\yam-°p-∂n-√.- bm-sXmcp ]m›mXy kzm[o-\-hp-an-√mØ Hcp kaqlw
kzbw \ho-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bn ˛ AXns‚ am\-Zfi-ßƒ F¥m-bmepw
˛ ap∂n-ń-d-ßp-∂-Xns‚ tcJ-bmWv I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e. ae-¶-c-bn¬
]n∂o- S p- ≠ mb enJnX `c- W - L - S - \ - I - f psSsb√mw amXmhv F∂v
1809˛se I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-esb hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.
3. ap{ZnX ae-bmfw Gh≥tK-en-tbm\v ZzniXm_vZn (1811)
\{kmWn Ncn-{X-Ønse \n¿Wm-b-I-amb Hcp Im¬hbv]mWv
1811˛¬ t_ms_ Iqdn-b¿ {]kn¬ A®-Sn® \mep kphn-ti-j-ß-fpsS
{]Im-i-\w. -\-{kmWnIfpsS ]cn-`mj hnπhw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv Cu
{KŸ-Øns‚ ap{Z-W-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
\{km-Wn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ khn-tij hy‡n-Xz-ap≈ Hcmƒ F∂p
tXmakv ssh‰vlukv hnti-jn-∏n® Imbw-Ipfw ^nen-t∏mkv dºm≥
F∂ _lp-`mjm ]fin-X-\mWv Cu ]cn-`mj \n¿∆-ln-®Xv. amthen-°c sheys]-cp-ºng sIm®nń Xc-I≥, XnΩ-øm-]n≈ F∂ Xang≥ F∂n-h¿ At±-lsØ klm-bn-®p. I≠-\m-´p -sh®v A∂sØ
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ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm≥ hen-b am¿ Zo-h-∂m-tkym-kns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬
\S∂ Cu ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ Hcp IØ-\m¿ IqSn klm-bn-®-Xmbn Nne
kqN-\-I-fp-ap≠v. CXv henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ kl-Nm-cn-Ifmb A¶-amen N°-c-b-I-Øq´v C´q∏v IØ-\mtcm, Im´p-a-ßm´v Cńb-hncm IØ-\mtcm BIm-\p≈ km≤yX X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.
1806-˛¬ I¬°-´m-bnse t^m¿´p hneyw tImfPv {]n≥kn-∏mƒ dh.
t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\-\mWv thZ-]p-kvXIw ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°v ]cn`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂ Bibw apt∂m-´p-h-®-Xv. \{km-Wn-Isf Bw•n°≥ _m‘-h-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v AXn-bmbn B{K-ln®
_p°m-\≥, Cu B{Klw Xs‚ tIcf kµ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ henb
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ Adn-bn-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w thZ-]p-kvXIw aebm-f-Øn¬ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn A®-Sn®p Xcm-sa∂ hmKvZm-\hpw
\¬In. k-`m-_m-‘h \n¿t±-i-Øn¬\n∂p X{¥-]q¿∆w Hgn-™p-amdnb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv, thZ-]p-kvXIw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ A®-Sn®p
Xcm-sa∂ hmKvZm\w kzoI-cn-®p. ]t£, ]cn-`m-j-bv°p≈ klmbw
\nc-kn-®p. Bw•n-°≥ hnizmk-hp-ambn \{kmWn kwkvIr-Xn-°p≈
A¥cw a\- n-em-°nbXn\m-emhmw At±lw ]cn-`mj klmbw
\ntj-[n-®-Xv. F¶nepw ]n∂oSv _p°m-\≥ \nb-an® XnΩøm]n≈
F∂ Xan-gs‚ klmbw kzoI-cn-°m≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv kΩXn-®p.- Xs‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ ]cn-`mj \S-Øm-sa∂v At±lw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.
Xs‚ hm°p ]men® am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv DS≥Xs∂ ]cn-`m-jbv°p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ sNbvXp. AX-\p-k-cn®v .... dºm≥ s]mcpƒ
Xncn-s®-gp-Xp-hm-\m-bn´v (1807) Ipw` amkw 18˛\v apX¬°v Fgp-Xn-ØpS-ßn. Gh≥tKentbm≥ ]pkvXIw aØmbn «olm-bpsS Adn-bn∏v
s]mcpƒ Xncn®v Fgp-Xn-b-Xn¬ ]ns∂-bs{X Xangv ]pkvX-Ihpw Bfpw
hs∂m-≈p. dºm-\s{X ISp-Zm-kn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv. XnΩ-∏≥]n≈ Hmebn-se-gp-Xp-Ibpw, Xangv sIm®nń t\m°p-Ibpw. F´p-\m-sfm-cn-°¬
C{X-sb-gpXn F∂v sIm®n-bn¬ FgpØp sN√-Ø-°-hÆw N´wsIó´- s {X _p°m- \ ≥ t]mbXv . Gh≥tK- e n- t bm≥ s{]°p- s kkpw
s]mcpƒ Xncn-®-Xns‚ tijw, BbXp h-¶m-f-Øp- sIm≠psN√-Ø°- h Æw Fgp- X n- h - c n- I - s Im≠p XnΩ- ∏ ≥]n≈ sIm≠pt]mbn...
(\ncWw {KŸ-h-cn).
Cu Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥ t_mwt_- Iq-dn-b¿ {]kn¬ A®-Sn®p ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bXv 1811˛emWv. 1812-˛¬ ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥ acn-°p-∂-Xn\p-apºv A®Sn® tIm∏n At±-l-Øn\p e`n-®p. \{km-WnIƒ°p e`n®
\qdp -tIm-∏n-Iƒ ]≈n-Iƒ°p hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
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1816-˛¬ kn.Fw.Fkv. anj-\-dn-bmb dh. tXmakv t\m¿´≥ Cu
ae-bm-f- ]-cn-`mj ]≈n-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xmbn I≠v A¤p-Xs∏-´-Xmbn tcJ-I-fp-≠v. AXn-\¿∞w \{km-Wn-Iƒ CXns\ k¿∆mfl\m kzoI-cn®p F∂pXs∂-bm-Wv.
`qcn-]£w Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw Bcm-[-\{I-a-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°nb-Xns‚ anIhv s{]m´Ã‚ v anj-\-dn-am¿°pw, ]m›mXy {]_p-≤Xbv°pw \¬Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-{]-Imcw Bcm-[\-{I-a-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Bcm[-\m-{I-a- ]-cn-`m-j-bpsS Bcw`w hn. {KŸ-Øns‚ ]cn-`m-j- X-s∂bm-Wv. 1811˛¬ dh. t¢mUnbkvv _p°m-\≥ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p F∂sXm-gn-®m¬ Cu ]cn-`mj \{km-Wn-bpsS kz¥-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v
Bcm-[-\-{Ia ]cn-`mj Bcw-`n-®Xv \{km-Wn-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv. _p°m\≥ Xs∂ Cu ]cn-`m-jbv°v apºv, thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ `mKnI
]cn-`m-j-Iƒ \{km-Wn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ssIsbgp-Ømbn {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
]n∂o-S-tßm´v ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p -ap-gp-h≥ ]cn-`m-j-m bp-K-ambn-cp-∂p. 1820-˛¬ ae-¶c aev]m≥ tIm\m´v A{_lmw aev]m≥ H∂ma≥, \n-Xy-\-a-kv°m-chpw Ip¿∫m-\-{I-ahpw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn. 1859˛¬
]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ (]n∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©ma≥ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm) \nXy-\-a-kv°m-chpw Ip¿∫m-\-{I-ahpw
A®-Sn®p {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. At±lw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm BbXn-s\-Xp-S¿∂v ]cn-`mjm hnπhw Du¿÷z-kz-eam-bn.
C∂v ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v hymg-h´-Øn-se-mcn-°¬ am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn°p∂ hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-{I-a-a-S°w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-am-Wv. CXns\√mw hgn-ac
- p-∂n-´X
- v hen-b a
- m¿ Zo-h∂
- m-tkym-kns‚ ta¬t\m-´Ø
- n¬
Imbw-Ipfw ]nen-t∏mkv dºm≥ \S-Ønb kphn-tij ]cn-`m-j-bmsW∂p \nkw-ibw ]d-bmw.
4. amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbmebv°v 175 (1836)
hf-sc-tbsd hnhm-Z-am-hp-Ibpw, hf-sc-tbsd N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvX H∂mWv amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme. I¬°-´mbnse Bw•n-°≥
_nj∏v Um\n-tb¬ hn¬k¨, ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn
apt∂m-´p-h® \n¿t±-iß
- sf 1836 P\p-hcn 16˛\v amth-en-°c
- b
- n¬ IqSnb
ae-¶-c- ]≈n-tbmKw \ncm-I-cn®vv FgpXnb tcJ-bmWv amth-en-°c
]Sn-tbm-e. hf-sc- {]Xn-tem-a-sa-∂v s{]m-´-Ã‚ v A\p-Iqe Ncn-{X-Imc-∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e. bYm¿∞-
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Øn¬ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzbw\n¿W-bm-h-Imiw kwc-£n-°m\p≈ hy‡-amb {ia-a-amWv amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme.
1816-˛¬ ]g-bsk-an-\m-cnbn¬ A≤ym-]-I-cm-bmWv {_nójv anj-\dn-am¿ \{km-Wn-I-fp-ambn kwk¿Kw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. \{km-Wn-Isf
Bw•n-°≥ hnizm-k˛BNm-c-ßƒ°v A\p-cq-]-cmbn am‰pI F∂
AXy-¥n-I-e£yw BZnapX¬Xs∂ anj-\dnam¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn-t\-°mƒ D]cn, Hcp s{]m´-Ã‚ v {_nójv C¥y-bpsS Nhn-´p-]Sn-bm-bm-Wv Ipeo-\cpw Db¿∂ kmaq-lnI \ne-hm-c-ap≈hcp-amb
\{km-Wn-Isf Ah¿ I≠-Xv. ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-®n-d-ßp-∂
\{kmWn ]mXn-cn-amcpw D]-tZ-in-amcpw hgn {]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ s{]m´-Ã‚ v
aXw, C¥y-bn¬ {_nójv km{am-Py-Øn\v i‡-amb ASn-Ø-d-bn-Spsa∂v Ah¿ hymtam-ln-®p.
F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xp h¿jsØ `Ko-cY{]b-Xv\-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw Hcp
s{]m´-Ã‚p ]m{Zns-btbm D]-tZ-in-tbtbm \{km-Wn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬\n∂pw krjvSn-°m≥ anj-\-dn-am¿°v km[n-®n-√. Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßƒ
Bw•n-°≥coXn-bn¬ ]cn-jv°-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-cpsS {iaw 1818-˛¬
Xs∂ amth-en-°c IqSnb ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw X≈n-bn-cp-∂p.- ]´w
sImSp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ae-¶csa{Xm-\n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂Xn-\m¬ Xßƒ°v A\`nan-X-cm-b-hsc sshZnIhrØn-bn¬ \n∂v
Hgn®p\n¿ØpI F∂Xv anj-\-dn-am¿°v Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp∂p.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-W-v \{km-Wn-I-fp-sS-ta¬ kºq¿Æ \nb{¥Ww ssIh-cn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS dh. Um\n-tb¬ hn’≥
GXm\pw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ aptºm´p h®-Xv.- s{]m-´-Ã‚p hnizm-k-tØmSp≈ \{km-Wn-I-fpsS i‡-amb FXn¿∏v IW-°n-se-SpØv, {]I-Samb s{]m´-Ã‚p ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ H∂pw IqSm-sX-bmWv Cu \n¿t±i-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.
hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±-i-ßsf Xmsg- ]-dbpwhn[w kw{K-ln-°mw.
AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ Ah F¥p-sIm≠v \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cyam-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂Xpw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
˛ skan-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏m-fns‚ k¿ń-^n-°‰v IqSmsX sa{Xm≥
B¿°pw ]´w sImSp-°-cp-Xv.
c≠p Imc-W-ß-fm¬ CXv \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v Akzo-Im-cy-ß-fm-bncp-∂p. H∂m-a-Xmbn, ]´-Øn-\p≈ sXc-s™-Sp∏v ae-¶-c -sa-{Xms‚
AwKo-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu \n¿t±iw aqew sa{Xm≥
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tIhew ]´w sImSp-°m-\p≈ Hcp b{¥w am{X-ambn amdpw. CXv \{kmWn-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
c≠m-a-Xmbn, skan-\mcn `cWw A°m-e-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw {_nójv
anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ssIbn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS hnizmk-kw-lnX AwKo-I-cn-®-h¿°p am{X-amhpw k¿ń-^n-°‰v e`n-°p-I.
BXy-¥n-I-ambn \{km-Wn-Iƒ s{]m´-Ã‚m-hpI F∂-Xmhpw êw.
CXns‚ A]-ISw \{km-Wn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™p F∂v amth-en-°c ]Sntbme sXfn-bn-°p∂p
˛ ]≈n-°-W-°p-Iƒ {_nójv dkn-U‚ns‚ HmUn-‰n-\-b-bv°-Ww.
Cu \n¿t±-ihpw c≠p Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Akzo-Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.H∂m-a-Xmbn, ]≈n-°-W-°p-Isf kw_-‘n-®-nS-tØmfw \{km-WnIƒ°v hy‡-amb Hcp I¿Ω]≤Xn Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
AX-\p-k-cn®v CS-h-I-∏-≈n-°-W-°p-Iƒ AXmXv ]≈n-tbmKw tI´pXo¿°p-I, AXn\p km[n-°msX h∂m¬ sa{Xm≥ tI´p -Xo¿°pI
F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Iogv\-S-∏v. 1809-˛se I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme CXn\p IqSpX¬ hy‡Xbpw enJn-X-cq-]hpw \¬In. Hcn-°epw tIc-f-Ønse
euInI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \{km-Wn-I-fpsS Cu Ah-Im-i-Øn¬
ssII-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Imiw ssIsh-Sn-bm≥
\{km-Wn-Iƒ hnk-Ω-Xn-®Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw.
c≠m-a-Xmbn, s{]m´-Ã‚pImc-\mb {_nójv dknU‚nt\m, Ah¿°p-th≠n IW°p ]cn-tim[n°p∂ anj-\-dn-am¿t°m, Xßƒ°v
Xm¬∏-cy-an-√mØ s]cp-∂mƒ, Hm¿Ω apX-em-b-hbv°v ]Ww Nnehm°p-∂Xv, Cu \n¿t±iw AwKo-I-cn-®m¬, ê-{]-Z-ambn XS-bm-\m-hpam-bn-cp-∂p. FXn-¿°p∂ ssI°m-c-∑msc ]oUn-∏n-°m\pw km[n-°pam-bn-cp-∂p. BXy-¥n-I-ambn Cu \n¿t±iw A]-I-S-I-chpw, s{]m´Ã‚ v hnizmkw ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-hp-am-sW∂v \{km-WnIƒ Xncn-®-dn-™p.
˛ NmØw apX-emb ¢n]vX-X-bn-√mØ hcp-am-\-ßƒ°p ]Icw
IØ-\m¿am¿°v \n›n-X -i-ºfw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
IØ-\m-c-∑m-cpsS hcp-am-\-Ønse Hcp {][m\ `mKw ac-Wm-\-¥c
{Inb-I-fpsS I¿Ωôkv Bbn-cp∂p F¶nepw, A∂pw C∂pw Ah¿°v a‰v I¿Ω-ßƒ°pw ˛ Hcp ]t£ NmØ∏-W-tØ-°mƒ A[nIw
˛ Z£nW e`n-®n-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Xßƒ FXn¿°p∂
ac-Wm-\-¥c I¿Ω-ßsf am{Xw anj-\-dn-am¿ kqNn-∏n-®Xn¬ \{kmWn-Iƒ Zpcp-t±iyw aW-Ø-Xn¬ Akz-m`m-hn-I-X-bn-√.
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am{X-hp-a√, IØ-\m¿am¿ iº-f-°m-cm-hp-∂-tXmsS Ah-cpsS hnt[bXzw iº-f-Zm-Xm-°-tfm-Smhpw. AtXmsS Ah-cpsS \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
\S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-hpw. ê-Øn¬ AXpw s{]m´Ã-‚ v hnizmkw ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p≈ ê-{]-Z-amb Hcp D]m-[n-bmsW∂v amth-en-°-c-bn¬ IqSnb ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn\v ˛ hninjym
IØ-\m-c-∑m¿°v ˛ Xncn-®-dn-hp-≠mbn F∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv.
Ch IqSmsX a‰v GXm\pw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ IqSn dh. Zm\n-tb¬
hn¬k¨ aptºm-´p- h-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-tbbpw amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme
\ncm-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv sNbvX-Xv. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw ]n¬°me Nn¥bn¬ \n¿tZm-j-ß-fm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw, Ah-bn-sem-s°-bnepw A[n-\nth-i-Øns‚ K‘w A∂v \{km-Wn°v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-sb-¶n¬
A¤pX-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an-√.
tUm. Um\n-tb¬ hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ F√mwXs∂ ]n¬°meØv \{km-Wn-Iƒ L´wL´-ambn \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xmbn tUm. ]ueqkv
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1934-˛se `c-W-L-S\, skan\mcn {]n≥kn-∏m-fns‚ k¿ń-^n-°‰v sshZnI-ÿm-\-Øn\v A\n-hmcy-am-°n, sshZn-I-i-ºf ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°n, Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßƒ amXr`m-j-bn-em-°n, ]≈n-I-W-°p-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ kpXm-cyhpw, tZi-Ønse
\nb-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-hp-am°n. Aßs\ GXm≠v F√mwXs∂ \S-∏nem°n F∂p ]d-bmw.
]ns∂ F¥p-sIm≠mWv 1836-˛¬ dh. Zm\n-tb¬ hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±i-ßƒ \{km-Wn-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambn \ncm-I-cn-®-Xv? hy‡-ambpw c≠pIm-c-W-ßƒ CXn\p Nq≠n-°m-´mw.
1. Cu \n¿t±-i-ßƒ BXy¥n-I-ambn \{km-WnI-fpsS kzbw\n¿W-bm-h-Im-i-sØ tNmZyw sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bflobhpw euInI-hp-amb ka-kvX -kw-K-Xn-I-fnepw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ ae-¶-c]-≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw B¿°pw ASn-b-d-h-bv°m≥ \{kmWn
Xøm-dm-bn-√.
2. ]n¬°m-eØv hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \{kmWn \S-∏n-em-°nbXv Xß-fp-tS-Xmb coXn-bn-em-Wv. Hcn-°¬ ]mtS \ncm-I-cn® \n¿t±i-ßƒ, ]n∂oSv _mlykΩ¿±w IqSmsX \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xn¬ tZiob
{]_p-≤X Z¿in°mw. GXp \√ Bi-bhpw Xß-ƒ kzoI-cn-°pw.
]t£, AXp Xß-fp-tS-Xmb coXn-bn¬, Xßƒ°p bp‡s-a∂p
tXm∂p∂ ka-b-Ømhpw \S-∏m-°pI. CXmbn-cp-∂p \{km-Wn-bpsS
\ne-]m-Sv. kmbn∏v ]d-bp-∂Xv tIs´∂pw AtX-]Sn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥
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\{km-Wn-bpsS kzbw\n¿W-b-t_m[w ˛ Ck-Uv. Fw. ]mtd-ńs‚
`mj-bn¬ PmXym-`n-am\w ˛ Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√.
Bscbpw Adn-bn-°msX HXp-°-Øn¬ ]mkm-°nb H∂√ amthen-°c
- - ]-Sn-tbme. Hmtcm \n¿t±-ia
- mbn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n®v, N¿® sNbvXmWv
Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-Ø-sX∂v dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXXv anj-\-dn -k-l-Nm-cn-bmb
]me-°p-∂Øv A{_lmw aev]m-\m-Wv.
1836-˛se amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-esb°pdn-®p≈ hni-Ie
- \
- Ø
- n¬ DcpØn-cn-bp∂ aq∂p {][m-\- L-S-I-ßfp≠v.
1. ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw \-{kmWn-I-fpsS Bfln-Ihpw euIn-Ihpw
hnizmk-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ Xß-fpsS
]c-am-[n-Imcw \ne\n¿Øn.
2. k¿∆-i-‡-amb {_nójv km{am-Py-Øn-s‚ AXyp-∂X {]Xn-\n[n-I-fpsS kPoh km∂n≤yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw, Ah-cpsS \n¿t±ißsf- ]q¿Æ-ambn X≈n tcJ Na® {]{Inb A∂sØ C¥y≥
cmjv{Sob afi-e-Øn¬ ANn-¥y-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp ]cm-P-b-s∏SpØm≥ {_nójv km{am-Py-Xz-Øn\p Hcn-°epw km[n-®n-√. `c-Wm-[nIm-c-ap≈ cmPm-°-∑m¿°p -t]mepw Nn¥n-°m-\m-hmØ N¶q‰w. c≠p
]Xn-‰m≠p IqSn Ign-™mWv in]mbn elf F∂-dn-b-s∏´ H∂mw
C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-acw D≠m-b-Xv F∂p IqSn a\-kn-em-°-Ww.
3. Bcpw {i≤n-°mØ as‰mcp {]m[m-\yhpw amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme-bv°p-≠v. 1686-˛se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw hnizm-k{]-Jym-]\w \S-Ønb GI ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-am-Wv 1836-˛¬ amth-en°-c-bn¬ \S-∂-Xv. amth-en-°-c- ]-Sn-tbme, Xºp-cm-s\- s]-‰Ω-tbmSpw,
]cn-ip-≤-∑m-tcm-Sp-ap≈ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p≈ Dd®
hnizmkw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 1686-˛¬ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v ]cnXy-Pn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂ c≠p thZ-hn-]-co-X-ßfpw ˛ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m,
s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ˛ ssZh-am-Xm-hn-t\mSpw ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-tcm-Sp-ap≈ a≤yÿX AwKo-I-cn-®ncp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu hnj-bsØ-∏‰n Hcp Xocpam\w AhnsS A{]-k-‡-ambncp∂p. Bw•n-°≥ s{]m´-Ã‚p-Iƒ Ch
AwKo-I-cn-°mØXn\m¬ B hnj-b-Øn¬ amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-ebn¬IqSn \{km-Wn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS \bw hy‡-am-°n (IqSp-X¬ hnhc-ßƒ°v tXma-kv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv, amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e,
2011, tIm´-bw, Fw.H.kn. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.).
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5. ]mºm-°p-S-\-a-kv°m-c-Øn\v iXm_vZn (1910)
1811-˛¬ dºm≥ ss__nƒ A®-Sn-®p -{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-tXmsS Bcw`n® ]cn-`mjm hnπhw anX-amb tXmXn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠p
apgp-h≥ XpS¿∂p-h-∂p. ]gbskan-\mcn \SØn FSp-°p-Ibpw, am¿tØm-Ωkv {]kv AhnsS {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS
Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fpsS ]cn-`m-jbpw ap{Z-Whpw Du¿÷n-X-ambn.
]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n Bcw-`n-an´v, ae-¶c aev]m-∑m-cmb h´-t»cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokp IØ-\m-scbpw, tIm\m-´p- am-Ø≥ IØ-\mscbpw
]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn\mbn G¬∏n-®- Iyw¥m \a-kv°m-c-Øn-s‚-bpw, hn.
Ip¿∫m-\-{I-a-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-`mj 1902˛¬ {]kn≤oI-cn-®-tXmsS Cu
]cn-`mjm hnπhw AXyp-®-\ne {]m]n®p F∂p ]d-bmw. I≠-Øn¬
h¿Kokv am∏nf, sIm´m-c-Øn¬ i¶pÆn apX-emb `mjm {]ho-WcpsS klm-btØmsS ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb i_vZ-kp-µ-c-amb Cu ]cn`mj C∂pw am‰-an-√msX D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂p F∂-Xp-Xs∂
AXns‚ sshin-jvSy-Øn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.
\nXy-\a
- k
- v°mcw 1895-˛\p apºp-Xs∂ am¿tXm-Ωkv {]kn¬ \n∂pw
{]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ D]-tbm-K-Øn\p
ka-{K-amb Hcp \a-kv°m-c-{Iaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°mcw F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤amb \nXy-\-a-kv°mcw 1910-˛¬ tIm\m´p amØ≥ aev]m≥ {]kn-≤oI-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]mºm-°pS am¿ bqen-tbmkv {]kn¬\n∂pw {]kn-≤oI-cn-®-Xn-\m-emWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°mcw F∂ t]¿ e`n-®-Xv.
Cu IrXn°v AXoh {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn Assh-Zn-I¿°v
D]-bp-‡amwhn[w \nXy-{]m¿∞-\bv°p]-cn-bm-bn, t\mºnse \akv°m-cw, s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\, Hcp a\p-jy-Po-hnX-N-{I-Ønse sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb GXm-s≠√m kµ¿`-ßƒ°pw
th≠nb {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ apX-em-bh F√mw AS-ßnb Hcp
kºq¿Æ Bcm-[\{Ia-amWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-cw.
]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Zb-dm-°m¿°p-th≠n {IaoI-cn® km[m-cW \a-kv°mcw AtX-]Sn ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-√
amØ≥ aev]m≥ ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-cw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. Zo¿Lamb AØcw {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ km[m-c-W-°m-cn¬ hnc-kX Df-hm-°psa∂pw, AXv Ah-cm¬ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw {]mtbm-KnI _p≤nbmb amØ≥ aev]m≥ a\- n-em°n. AXn-\m¬ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS {lkzamb Hcp `mjy-Øn-\mWv At±lw cq]wsImSp-Ø-Xv.
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F∂m¬ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\-{I-a-Øn-s‚ LS\ AtX]Sn \ne-\n¿Øm\pw At±lw {i≤n-®p. Zo¿L-amb h¿Æ-\-Iƒ Hgnhm°n, {]m¿∞\m LS-\-bnse F√m hnj-b-ßfpw AXXv ÿm\ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¿Øn, efn-Xhpw {lkz-hp-amb Hcp {]m¿∞-\{I-a-amWv
amØ≥ aev]m≥ cq]-I¬∏-\- sN-bvX-Xv. Cu efnX ˛ {lkz ssienbmWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-csØ P\-Io-b-am-°n-b-Xv.
1910˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb BZy -]-Xn∏v c≠p {]mh-iyw- cq-]-am‰w
h∂mWv C∂p ImWp∂ cq]-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv. c≠mw ]Xn-∏n¬ hn.
Ip¿∫m\{Iahpw a‰p Nne {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw tN¿Øv hn]p-eo-I-cn-®p.
]n∂oSv Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw Hgn-hm-°n. samØ-Øn¬ 1820-˛¬ tIm\m´v
A{_lmw aev]m≥ H∂m-a≥ {Iao-I-cn® \nXy-\-a-kv°m-c-Øns‚ cq]L-S\ hn]p-e-am-°nbXmWv 1910˛se ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-c-Øn-\p≈Xv.
`mjm-]-c-ambn Imen-I-ambn Nne hm°p-Iƒ°v D≠m-Imhp∂ am‰ß-sfm-gnsI CXns‚ LS-\bvt°m ssienbvt°m hcpw ]Xn-∏p-Ifn¬ bmsXmcp am‰hpw hcp-Øp-I-bn√m F∂p H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚ apJh-pc-bn¬ amØ≥ aev]m≥ Dd-∏p- \-evIn-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Dd∏v ]men-°s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ Hcn-°¬ Cu {KŸw D]-tbm-Kn®p ]Tn-®-h¿°v AtX
{KŸ-Øn-s‚ a‰p ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m, a‰p ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ
]Tn-®-h-cp-ambn IqSn\a-kv°-cn-°p-∂-Xnt\m bmsXmcp _p≤n-ap-´p-ap≠m-bn-√. CXmWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-c-Øns‚ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂ P\-{]o-Xn-bpsS apJy -Im-c-Ww.
HutZym-Kn-Ihpw A\-[n-Ir-X-hp-amb At\I ]Xn-∏p-I-fn-eqsS
]mºm-°pS \a-kv°mcw ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\p tIm∏n-Iƒ {]N-cn®n-´p-≠v. C∂pw CXns‚ Bh-iy-IX Ipd-™n-ń-√m-sb-∂Xv ]mºm°pS \a-kv°m-c-Øns‚ Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb sXfn-hmWv.
CtXm-sSm∏w 2010-˛¬ iXm_vZn BtLm-jn-t°≠ as‰mcp kp{][m\ IrXn-bmWv \S-]S- n-{I-aw. am¿ bqen-tbmkv {]kn¬ \n∂pw 1910˛¬
amØ≥ aev]m≥ Xs∂-bmWv CXpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. CXns‚ cq]oI-c-W-sØ-∏‰n Bap-J-Ønse ]cm-a¿i\w ... Rßƒ X¬°me \S]-Sn-I-tfbpw, ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Xncp-a-\- nse I¬∏-\-I-tfbpw
\S-Øn-∏p-I-tfbpw, a‰p Nne ]pkvX-I-ß-tfbpw ]cntim-[n®v, Z\lm
apX¬ s]-¥n-sIm-kvXn- hsc Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂
{Ia-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Hcp _n¬ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m°n, hµy ]nXm-hmb am¿
Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- nse (]n-∂oSv H∂mw
139
ImtXm-en-°m) A≤y-£-X-bn¬ ]ndhw knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ c≠m-aXp
IqSnb sshZn-Itbm-K-Øn¬ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®p ]mkm°n F¶nepw,
a‰p Xncp-ta-\n-I-tfmSpw, A∂p a¬∏m-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct∏m-gsØ sIm®pXn-cp-ta-\n-tbmSpw (]. h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv) Btem-Nn®p
Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠ Nne kwK-XnIƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂XpsIm≠v, A®-Sn∏m-\p≈ A\p-hmZw B tbmK-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-®n-√. ]n∂oSv tbmKØns‚ B⁄m-\p-k-cWw tIm´-bØp knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v Ct∏mgsØ sIm®pXncp-ta-\n, A∂p dºm-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct∏m-gsØ am¿ Iqdntemkv Xncp-ta-\n, a´-bv°¬ Ae-Ivk-{¥-tbmkv IØ-\m¿, Ce-hn\m-a-Æn¬ kv°-dnbm IØ-\m¿ apX¬t]sc hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®p AhcpsS A`n-{]m-bhpw, Ip∂w-Ip-f-ß-c -h®p hen-b -Xn-cp-ta-\nsb (]pent°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥) hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®p B
A`n-{]m-bhpw Adn™v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn,- I-S-a-‰Øp ]≈n-bn¬ h®v am¿
Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬
aq∂m-aXp IqSnb sshZn-I-tbm-K-Øn¬ lmP-cm-°p-Ibpw, A`n-{]m-bßƒ XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n®p ]mkm-°p-Ibpw, A®-Sn-∏n-∏m≥ A\p-h-Zn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- ap≥ tbm-K-\n-›-b-{]-Imcw \a-kv°m-c-ß-sf-°pdn®v FgpXn D≠m-°nb Hcp _n¬ IqsS IS-a‰w tbmK-Øn¬ hmbn®p
tIƒ∏n®v `n∂m-`n-{]mbw IqSmsX ]m m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Z\lm apX¬
s]¥n-s°m-kvXn -h-sc-bp≈ BZy \n›bw A®-Sn∏n°msa∂p sh®ncn-°p-∂p. C{X {]bm-k-s∏´pw tbmK-\n-›-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Zo¿Ltem-N-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw ]≈n-{I-a-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p AZzn-Xo-b≥
F∂p F√m-h-cmepw kΩ-Xn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]tXyI Btem-N-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw
A®-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ Cu ]≈n-{Ia \S-]Sn ]pkvX-Ihpw... F∂{]Im-c-am-Wv.
1876-˛¬ ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv, Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ßfpw coXn-Ifpw
GIoIcn®v hni-Z-amb Iev]\ \¬In-sb-¶nepw AXv `mKnI-ambn
am{X-amWv \S-∏n-em-b-Xv. F∂m¬ 1910-˛¬ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-Øns‚ {]kn≤o-I-c-W-tØmsS GIo-I-cWw bmYm¿∞y-am-bn.
6. ae-¶-c-k`m `c-W-L-S-\bv°v 75 (1934)
ae-¶-c -\-{km-Wn-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp kp{]-[m\ \mgn-I-°√m-Wv 1934-˛¬ Hcp enJnX `c-W-L-S\ ]mkm°n \S-∏n-em-°n-sb∂Xv. 1809˛se I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-ebpw 1853-˛se N´-h-tcymebpw,
1873˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-Ifpw, 1876-˛se apf¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-Ifpw enJn-X -`-c-W-L-S-\-I-
140
fpsS KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øm-hp∂hbm-sW-¶nepw Ahsbm∂pw ka{K-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚
Imt\m-\m-Iƒ s]mXp-k-`-bpsS `c-WsØ am{X-amWv ]cm-a¿in-°p∂-sX-¶n¬, 1809-˛se I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbme CS-hI ]≈n-I-fpsS `cWsØ am{X-amWv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv. k`m-`-c-W-Øn-s‚ GXm≠v
F√m-h-i-ß-sfbpw kv]¿in-°p∂ ka-{K-amb `c-W-L-S-\-bmWv
1934˛se Fw. Un. skan-\mcn Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ]mkm-°nb ae-¶-ck`m `c-W-L-S-\.
ae- ¶ - c - k - ` m - ` - c - W - L - S \ Hcp- Zn- h - k w - s Im- ≠ p- ≠ mb H∂- √ .
AXns‚ cq]o-I-cWw kpK-ahpw Bbn-cp-∂n-√. h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºpXs∂ Hcp `c-W-L-S\ \n¿am-W-k-aXn cq]wsIm≠n-cp-∂p. AXns‚
{]h¿Ø\w aptºm´p \oßn-sb-¶nepw F∏n-kvt°m-∏-knbpw P\m-[n]-Xyhpw XΩn-ep≈ A[n-Im-c- hn-`-P-\-{]-iv\-Øn¬ Xń `c-W-LS\m -\n¿ΩmW kanXn c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p.
CXv AXoh Kuc-h-amb Hcp hnjbw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. iXm_vZ-ß-fmbn sshZnIÿm\n-I-fpsS ta¬s° hI-h-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂,
F∂m¬ XnI®pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb, Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv
\{kmWn-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. PmXn°p Xe-h-\mb A¿°-Znbmt°m\pw, ]n∂oSv am¿tØmΩm- sa-{Xm-∑m¿°pw, XpS¿∂v ae-¶-c- sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°pw k`m-`-c-W-Øn¬ ta¬ss° D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AtXt]mse CS-hI]-≈n-I-fpsS `c-W-Øn¬ aq∏≥ IØ-\m¿°v (]m-›mXykw⁄-bn¬ hnIm-cn-°v) {]Y-a-ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw,
ae-¶-c- \-{km-Wn-IfpsS Bfln-Ihpw euIn-Ihpw hnizm-k-]-c-hp-amb
Imcy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ ]c-am-[n-Imcw CS-h-I-]-≈n-Ifn¬\n-∂p≈ IØ-\m¿am-cp-sSbpw AsshZn-I-cp-sSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ
AS-ßp∂ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-KØ
- n-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS AwKo-Im-can-√mØ bmsXmcp Xocp-am-\hpw ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v _m[-I-a√m-bn-cp-∂p.
CS-h-I-]-≈n-I-fn-em-I-s´, aq∏≥ IØ-\msc Iq´p-ssI-°m-cn¬ Hcmfmbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p F¶nepw, CS-h-I-I-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ euInI
`cWw CS-hI ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶c]-≈n-tbm-K-Øn¬ CS-h-Isb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ IØ-\m¿am¿°pw
Assh-ZnI-¿°pw CS-h-I- ]-≈n-tbm-K-ß-fpsS tbmK- km-[\w ˛ k-ΩX-]{Xw ˛ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ ae-¶-c- \-{km-Wn-I-fpsS
bYm¿∞ A[n-Imcw \n¿≤m-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CS-hI ]≈n-tbmK-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
141
tdma≥ `c-W-coXn ]n¥p-S-cp∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿°pw, AtXcoXn ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°pw H´pw Dƒs°m-≈m\m-hmØ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p Cu A[n-Im-c -t{im-X-kv. Ahsc kw_-‘n®-nS-tØmfw kok-dn¬\n∂pw A[n-Imcw \n¿≤m-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂
tdma≥ `c-Wk
- w-hn-[m-\a
- m-bn-cp∂p bYm¿∞ `c-Wc
- o-Xn. tdmam- ]m∏m/
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Bbn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS \nbm-aI A[n-Im-c-tI{µw.
Ah¿, Ah-cm¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°pw, sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ Ah-cm¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnIm-cn-am¿°pw hnX-cWw
sNøp-∂-Xm-bmWv k`-bnse A[n-Imc tI{µo-IcW/hntI-{µo-I-cWsØ IW-°m-°n-b-Xv. F∂m¬ thZ-]p-kvX-I-]-c-ambn, Xocp-am-\sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw k`-bv°m-bn-cp-∂p. tbdp-itew kp∂-ltZmkv Xs∂ DZm-l-c-Ww.
Cu tdma≥ `cW kwhn-[m-\-amWv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ am¿
bqbm°ow Iqdn-temkpw, XpS¿∂v ]. ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okpw {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. -`-c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW ka-nXn-bnse F∏nkvtIm-∏¬ ]£-]m-Xn-Iƒ Cu hnI-e-amb k`m-imkv{X hn⁄m\ob-Øn-s‚ XS-h-d-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. A[n-Imcw F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bn¬ tI{µoI-cn® Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ aptºm-´p-h-®-Xv. 1912-˛¬
cq]wsIm≠ ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bbn-cp∂p F∏n-kvtIm∏¬ ]£-]m-Xn-I-fpsS A[n-Imc {]m`-h-tI-{µw. ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏meoØm F∂ ]q¿∆nI thZ-X-e-h≥ ÿm\w \n¿Ø¬ sNø-W-sa∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Bh-iyw.
P\m-[n-]X
- y-hm-Zn-If
- m-Is´, CXw-Ko-Ic
- n-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. PmXn°p
Xe-h-\mb ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm\nepw, ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Ønepw tI{µoI-cn-®p≈ ]q¿∆n-I -`-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°p apºn-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv. ]q¿∆n-I-amb Xß-fpsS P\m-[n-]XymhIm-i-ß-fpsS {]XoI-am-bn-cp∂p ae-¶c
- - sa-{Xm≥ Ah¿°v. 1912-˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\-Øn\p apJy -Im¿an-IXzw hln® At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw AwKo-I-cn®ncp∂p F∂Xv Hcp ]t£ P\m[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-Isf kzm[o\n-®n-cn-°mw. H∂mw ImtXm-en°mbv°v
At±lw \¬Inb ÿmØn-t°m\n¬, ImtXm-en-°m-bv°-SpØ A[nIm-c-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ˛ hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøm\pw, taev]´-°msc hmgn-°p-hm-\pw ˛ ae-¶c
- s
- a-{Xm≥ A[y-£\
- m-bn-cn-°p∂ kp∂l-tZm-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw F∂p ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. ae¶csa-{Xm≥ A[y-£-\mb kp∂-l-tZmkv, Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\PnwKv IΩn‰n Bbn-cp-∂p. Ccp-Iq-ćpw hn´p-ho-gvNbv°v Xøm-dm-ImXncp-∂-Xn-s\ -Xp-S¿∂v `c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿Ωm-W-k-anXn c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p.
142
Cu kml-Nc
- y-Øn¬ Hcp ka-hmbw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXmWv
dmhpkmln_v H. Fw. sNdn-bm-s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ D≠m-°n-b-Xv. CX\p-k-cn-®v, hnizm-kw, ]´-Xzw, A®-S-°w F∂o hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ A[nImcw ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p hn´psIm-SpØp. adp-h-iØv, ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm≥ ÿm\w
\ne-\n¿Øn. ]t£, ImtXm-en-°m˛ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm≥ ÿm\-ßƒ Htc
hy‡n-bn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p.
1934-˛se `c-W-L-S-\, P\m-[n-]Xyw F∏n-kvt°m-∏-kn°p Iog-Sßn-b-Xm-sW-∂pw, A∂v F∏n-kvt°m∏¬ hmZn-Iƒ aptºm´ph® \n¿t±-i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p sa®-sa∂pw a‰p-ap≈ N¿®-Iƒ C∂pw kPo-h-amWv.
]t£, a\-kn-em-t°≠ hkvXpX, \ne-hn-ep≈ kml-N-cy-ßƒ°pw,
\nb-a-hy-h-ÿbv°pw D≈n¬\n∂p am{Xta A∂v `c-W-L-S-\ -]mkm°m-\m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p F∂-XmWv. 1934-˛¬ `c-W-L-S\ ]mkm-°nbXpt]mepw 1876-˛se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-IfpsS N´-°q-ń¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ ]mfn-®-Itfm t\m´°p-d-hp-Itfm D≠m-hpI kzm`m-hn-Iw. 1950-˛¬ ]mkm-°nb C¥y≥
`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ˛ ka-{Khpw temI-Ønse G‰hpw anI-®-h-bn¬ H∂v
F∂p hntijn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb ˛ F{X t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ CXphsc h∂p
F∂p- IqSn Nn¥n-°-Ww. AtX-t]mse k`m`-c-W-L-S\ \S-∏m-°p∂-Xnepw hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xnepw ]mfn-®-Iƒ ]‰n-bn-´p-≠v F∂Xpw
bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. {]tbm-K-Øn¬ am{Xta AØcw {`wi-\-ßƒ Is≠Øm\pw Xncp-Øm-\pam-hq.
F∂m¬ 1934-˛se `c-W-L-S\ kºq¿Ætam ]gp-Xp-Iƒ C√mØtXm BsW∂v Bcpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v,
sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS GI-\m-b-I-Xz-Øn\v FXn¿i-‡n-bmbn cq]wsIm≠
ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ˛ 1653˛epw 1809˛epw sa{Xm\v Imcy-hn-Nm-cIsc \nb-an® ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw ˛ ]cm-Xn-Ifpw hn[n-Ifpw Fßs\
ssIImcyw sNø-W-sa∂p hy‡ambn \n¿t±-in-®n-√. C°m-cy-Øn¬
hy‡-amb Hcp am¿§-\n¿t±iw sIm≠p-h∂ 1853˛se N´-h-tcym-etb-°mƒ 1934-˛se ae-¶-c-k-`m- `-c-W-L-S\ ]nt∂m°wt]mbn F∂p
]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 1876˛1909 ImesØ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n Xocpam-\-ßfpw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-√.
CsXm∂pw 1934-˛se `c-W-L-S-\sb Zp¿_-e-am-°p-∂n-√. Imem-\pk-rX-amb t`Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eqsS, ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-am-ImsX,
t`Z-K-Xn -h-cp-Øm≥ C∂pw ae-¶-c -]-≈n-tbm-K-Øn\v Ah-Imiap≠v.
AXv {Inbm-fl-I-ambn bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn-°-Wsa∂p- am-{Xw.
143
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-te-°p≈ ]mX
apI-fn¬ ]d™ Pq_n-en-I-sf√mw ImtXm-en-t°-‰nte°p≈ \{kmWn-I-fpsS {]bm-W-Øn-se Nph-Sp-sh-bv∏p-I-fm-Wv. \{km-Wn-I-fpsS
kzbw-\n¿Wb {]{In-b-bnse Hcp kp{]-[m\ hgn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv 1912˛se
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w F∂ ImgvN-∏m-tSm-sS-bmWv Chsb IW°m-t°-≠-Xv.
k`, hnizmkw apX- e mb ]Z- { ]- t bm- K - ß ƒ Hgn- h m°n, Hcp
{]ÿm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ I≠m¬t∏mepw apI-fn¬ ]d™ Pq_nen-Iƒ ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-te-°p≈ {]bm-W-Øn¬ kp{]-[m-\- L-S-Iß-fm-Wv. Fßn-s\-sb-∂m¬,
˛ GXp {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw hy‡-amb Hcp ASn-ÿm-\- hn-izm-k{]amWw thWw ˛ AXmWv 1686˛se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \¬In-b-Xv.
˛ GXp {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw GIo-Ir-X-amb Hcp {Inbm-kw-lnX
thWw ˛ AXn-\mWv 1809˛se I≠-\mSp ]Sntbme e£y-an-´-Xv.
˛ GXp {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw Xß-fpsS hy‡nXzw {]Jym-]n-t°≠
Bh-iy-ap-≠v. 1836-˛se amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme sNbvXXv Cu hy‡nXz˛- kz-bw-`-c-W- ˛ -{]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv.
˛ GXp {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw Xß-fpsS XXz-kw-lnX P\-ß-fn-seØn-t°≠ _m≤y-X-bp-≠v. 1811-˛se thZ-]p-kvX-I -]-cn-`m-j-bpw,
1910˛se ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-c-hpw, \S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw sNbvXXpw
AXmWv.
˛ GXp {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w
AXy- ¥ m- t ]- £ n- X - a m- W v . 1912˛se ImtXm- e n- t °‰v ÿm]- \ hpw,
1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\bpw sNbvXXpw AXm-Wv.
ChnsS \ymb-amb Hcp kwibw Db-cmw. 1934-˛¬ ]mkm-°nb k`m`-c-W-L-S\ Fßns\ 1912-˛¬ ÿm]n-X-amb ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-ent°-‰n-te-bv°p≈ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-bm-Ipw. DØcw hf-sc- efn-X-am-Wv. 1947˛¬
C¥ybv°p kzmX{¥yw e`n®p F∂Xv tIhew {_nójv km{amPyXzw ]n≥hmßn F∂p am{X-am-Wv. {_nó-jp-Im¿ `cWw Iø-S-°ptºmƒ c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p C¥y. AXv Adp\q-dn¬ Nnezm\w \m´p-cm-Py-ßfpw GXm\pw {_nójv {]hn-iy-I-fpambn Npcpßn F∂Xp am{X-am-bn-cp∂p hyXym-kw. F∂m¬ 1950-˛¬
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ ]m-km-°n-b-tXm-sS-bmWv C¥y F∂ cmPy-Øn\v
¢n]vX-amb Hcp hy‡nXzw e`n-®-Xv.
144
AtX-t]m-se, 1912-˛¬ ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-s®-¶nepw
AXn\p \nb-X-amb Hcp cq]w e`n-°p-∂Xv 1934-˛se k`m -`-c-W-L-S\-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. AXp-hsc ]. A_vZ¬ aviolm ZznXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv \¬Inb ÿmØn-t°m≥ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s‚
hy‡n-Xz-Øn-s‚ B[mcw.
Cu Ncn-{X-K-Xn-°n-S-bn¬ Hcp \mWw-sI´ iXm-_vZnbpw Bcp-a-dnbmsX IS-∂p-t]m-bn. AXv 1911 sabv 31-˛\v ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-as\, A_vZp≈m
ZznXo-b≥ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn apS-°n-bXn-t‚-bm-Wv. Xm-\pw, ap≥Kman ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw
B{K-ln-®Xpw, 1889-˛se tdmb¬ tIm¿´p-hn[n Xń-sØ-dn-∏n-®-Xp-amb
ae-¶-c-bpsS euInIm-[n-Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\p-s≠∂v AwKo-I-cn®v
cPn-Ã¿ DS-ºSn \evIm-Xn-cp-∂Xp am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Cu apS-°n\p
ImcWw. ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb hyhlm-c-ß-fn¬ Atº ]cm-P-b-s∏´ Cu
\mWw-sI´ apS-°n-s\-°p-dn®v Hm¿°m≥ AXns‚ {]mtbm-‡m-°-fpsS
]n≥Km-anXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿t]mepw B{Kln-°p-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv
kXyw.
D]-kw-lmcw
2012-˛¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ iXm_vZn BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv Nne¿
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]uc-kvXy- Im-tXm-en-°msb C¥y≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv Bbn Xcw-Xm-gvØn-tbm, ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm≥ ÿm\w C√mXm-°ntbm A√. adn®v, ]pcm-X-\-amb C¥y-sbm-s°-bp-sSbpw hmXn¬
F∂ \{kmWn PmXn-°p-X-e-hs‚ ÿm\-\maw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®mWv;
{]tXy-In®pw ]d-ºn¬ Nm-≠n-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ Cu al-Ømb
ÿm\-\maw ssIh-i-am-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ.
(tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿, HIvtSm-_¿ 2011)
145
18
iXm_vZn Ign™p ˛ C\n?
c≠p kl-{km-_vZ-°mew \{km-Wn-Isf {InkvXym-\n-I-fmbn \ne\n¿Ønb c≠p XmXznI ASn-Ø-d-I-fp-≠v. Xß-fpsS Bflob ]nXmhmb ]. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-tbm-Sp≈ Aan-X-amb `‡n-bn¬\n∂v DSse-SpØ tXmam-ht- _m[w Ah-bn¬ {]Y-aw. anc-_mey Unkv{In]vØmbpsS I¿Øm-hmb {^tbm¿ tPm¿Um-\-kn-t\-s°m≠v ... Ah¿
am¿sØmΩmsb ssZh-Xp-ey-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p... F∂p ]Xn-\memw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ {]mcw-`Øn-¬ ]d-bn-°-Ø-°-hn[w AKm-[-am-bn-cp∂p
\{km-Wn-I-fpsS tXmam-h-t_m[w.
tXmam-h-t_m-[Øns‚ Cu i‡-amb XmXznI ASn-Ø-d-bmWv
]n∂oSv t]m¿´pKokv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°c
- psS A[n-\n-th-isØ sNdp°p∂ am¿tØm- Ω m- b p- s S am¿§hpw hgn- ] mSpw F∂ Xß- f psS
hy‡nXz {]Jym-]-\-Øn\v cq]wsImSp-ØXv. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°sc
Gsd hnb¿∏n® Cu hy‡nXz kw⁄bpsS D]-tbmKw, al-tdm≥
in£-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn F∂-Xp-Xs∂
AXns‚ i‡nbpsS {]I-S-amb sXfn-hm-Wv.
\qdp -h¿jsØ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m kl-hm-khpw, XpS¿∂v
Ac- \q-‰m-≠p -Im-esØ ASn-a-Xzhpw \{km-Wn-bpsS tXmam-h-t_m[sØ tX®p-am®p If-™n-√. AXn-\m-emWv 1653-˛¬ kz¥-ambn Hcp
Xt±-iob taev]´t{iWn°v \{km-Wn-Iƒ cq]wsImSp-Ø-t∏mƒ Ah¿°v am¿tØmΩm F∂ ÿm\\maw \¬In-bXpw H≥]Xmw am¿tØmΩm hsc H∂c \q‰m≠ne-[nIw AXp XpS¿∂-Xpw. XpS¿∂p≈
\qdp -h¿jw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿, ].
am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlmk-\-Øn¬ Aa¿∂ncp∂p `cn-®-Xpw,
1912-˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en°m ]. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlmk\mcq-V-\msW∂p {]Jym-]n-®Xpw CtX tXmam-h-t_m[w aqe-am-Wv.
\{km-Wn-I-fpsS c≠m-asØ XmXznI ASn-Ød ImtXm-en°m
F∂ ÿm\-tØm-Sp≈ `‡nbpw A`n-\n-th-i-hp-am-Wv. \q‰m-≠p-Itfmfw Hcn-°epw ImWmØ _mKvZm-Znse ImtXm-en-°msb thZ-X-eh-\mbn Aw-Ko-I-cn®v At±-l-Øn\pth≠n \{km-Wn-Iƒ {]m¿∞n®p
h∂n-cp-∂p. {InkvXp-h¿jw \memw iX-I-Øn¬ Iv\mbn-sØm-Ω-t\m-
146
sSm∏w h∂ Dd-lm-bnse butk∏v sa{Xms\ ImtXm-en°m Ab-®Xm-sW∂ ]mc-º-cy-hpw, H≥-]Xmw iX-I-Øn¬ sIm√Øv Xcn-km∏≈n ÿm]n® am¿ imt_m¿, am¿ At{^mØv F∂n-hsc ... s\kvtXm-cy¿°v A®-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ Xotam-Øn-bm≥.... (a-lm-\mb
XotamØn c≠m-a≥ ImtXm-en-°m) Ab-®-Xms-W∂ tUm. sl¿a≥
Kp≠¿ń-s‚ ]cm-a¿i-\hpw hmbvsamgnhg-°-ßƒ am{Xam-sW∂v
hmZn®v X≈n°f-bp-am-bn-cn°mw. F∂m¬ {InkvXp-h¿jw 1301-˛¬
sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ sh®v Hcp kJ-dnbm siΩm-i≥ ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xnb
kpdn-bm\n {KŸ-Øns‚ (Vat Syr. 22) ]I¿s∏-gpØp hnhc-W-Ønse
am¿ b∆m-emlm ImtXm-en-°m-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ A\p-kva-cWw A{]Imcw
\ncm-I-cn-°m-hp∂ H∂-√. ImtXm-en-°m-am-cm¬ C¥ybn-tebv°p
\ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm\v, ÿm\nI ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
F∂ _lp-aXn D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-¿ Nq≠n-°m´p-∂p-≠v.
1599-˛se DZ-bw-t]-cp¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-I-fnse ...
C{Xbpw Imew \nßƒ \nXy-\-a-kv°m-c-Ønepw Ip¿_m-\-I-fnepw
_mKvZm-Znse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ ImtXm-en°m F∂p IcpXn {]m¿∞n®p-h-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en°m F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w km¿h-{XnI ]nXmhv
F∂m-Wv. B hnti-jWw Cu `qan-bn¬ tdmam-]m-∏mbv°p am{Xw
D≈-Xm-Wv. C\n At±-l-sØ-b-√msX a‰m-sc-sb-¶nepw ImtXm-en°m
F∂p hnfn-®m¬ apS-°-s∏Spw... F∂ A¿∞-Øn-ep≈ ]cm-a¿i\w
AXoh {]m[m-\y-tØmsS thWw ImWm≥. H∂m-a-Xmbn \{kmWnbpsS thZ-X-e-h≥ Bcm-bn-cp∂p F∂v CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p. c≠m-aXm-bn, ImtXm-en°m F∂- ÿm-\-Øns‚ Hu∂-Xy-sØ-∏‰n tdma≥
ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS ImgvN-∏mSpw Cu Imt\m-\m hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
1665-˛se Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-Øn\p tijw 1665-˛¬ \{km-Wn-Iƒ
]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n (At¥ym-Jy≥) k`-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂v B \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ A¥y- Ø nse Nne kw`- h hn- I m- k - ß ƒ
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ thZ-X-e-h-\mbn Db¿Øn-°m-t´≠
kml-Ncyw Df-hm-°n. ]t£, Ahn-tSbpw ImtXm-en-°msb Dt]-£n°m≥ \{km-Wn-Iƒ Xbm-dm-bn-√. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ ]q¿h-Im-esØ ImtXmen°m ˛ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ˛ A¿°-Zn-bmt°m≥ F∂ ÿm\{Iaw,
A¿°-Z-nbm-t°m≥ sa{Xm-\mbn Db¿Ø-s∏´ kml-N-cyhpw IqSn IW°n-se-SpØv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ˛ ImtXm-en°m ˛ am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm≥
F∂p ]p\¿{I-ao-I-cn-®p. BcmWv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv, BcmWv ImtXmen°m F∂-dn-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂ hkvXpX \{km-Wn°v
147
{]iv\-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øm≥ am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm≥ D≠mbn-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en°mbpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw {]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬ am{XsamXpßn.
F∂m¬ \{km-Wn°p ImtXm-en-°m-tbm-Sp≈ {]Xn-]Øn ChnsS
Ah-km-\n-®n-√. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcyØnep≈ a{^n-bm-\am-cmbn tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb ]. am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv b¬tZm, am¿
_tk-en-tbmkv i{I≈m F∂n-hsc \{km-Wn-Iƒ ImtXm-en°m
F∂p kwt_m-[\ sNbvXp. Ahsc am{X-a-√, ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb tIhew Hcp F∏n-kvt°m∏m
am{X-amb, hn{K-l-`w-RvPI≥ F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´, am¿ Cuhm\n-tbmkv Ac-IvNm©ntbbpw Ah¿ ImtXm-en°m F∂p hnfn®p.
XpS¿∂ph∂ Zob-kvt°m-tdmkv F∂ sa{Xm-\m-Is´, kzbw ImtXmen°m F∂p hnti-jn-∏n®v Hcp ÿmØn-t°m≥ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m°n
\{km-Wn-bpsS IÆn¬ s]mSn-bnSm≥ t\m°n. \{km-Wn-bpsS ImtXmen°m t{]a-Øns‚ hy‡-amb sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv.
C°m-e-sØm∂pw ImtXm-en-°m-tbtbm ]m{Xnb¿-°o-kn-s\tbm
ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn-°m-\p≈ {ia-sam∂pw \{km-Wn-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-√.
Ah¿°-Xns‚ Bh-iy-an-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv hmkvX-hw. AXXv
ImeØv `cn-°p∂ ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ taev]-´-hm-gvN-b-S-°-ap≈ sa{Xm\-SpØ I¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ C°m-eØpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw ImtXm-en-°mbpw {]m¿∞-\-I-fn-sem-Xp-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-°msb ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn-®-Xns‚ ImcW-`q-X≥ ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-km-Wv. ae¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p -Iq-SmsX At±lw sak-∏-t´may-bn-seØn sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p. At¥ymJym
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂pw taev]´w kzoI-cn® BZy \{km-Wn-bm-bncp-∂p am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kv. aS-ßn-sb-Ønb At±lw
ae¶c knwlm-k-\-Øn\p Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-®p. Cu hmZsØ
km[qI- c n- ° m≥ ]n≥_- e - s am∂pw C√m- X n- c p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ X\n°v
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn- b ¿°o- k ns‚ ssIsh- ∏ p- s ≠- ∂ pw, ae- ¶ c
sa{Xm≥ ÿm\-Øn\v AXv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW∂pw hmZn®p.
Nne {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fm¬ At±lw ae-¶c sa{Xm-\mbn AwKoI-cn-°-s∏-´-tXmsS Cu hmZhpw \nb-a-am-bn. Xm¬°m-enI em`-Øn\mbn hen-®p-I-b-‰nb Cu Ducm-°p-Sp-°n¬\n∂pw Xe-bq-cp-hm≥
]n∂oSv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kv InW™p {ian-®n´pw \S∂n-√. At±-l-Øn\v _Z-embn Db¿∂p-h∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿
148
Zoh∂mtkymkv A©m-a\pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂pw sa{Xm≥ÿm\w G¬t°≠n h∂-tXmsS CsXmcp \nb-a-ambn amdn.
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ {]Xn-\n[n F∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ FØn
am¿ amXyqkv AØm- \ m- t kym- k nt\mSv ]cm- P - b - s ∏´p F¶nepw,
ap°m¬ ]m{Xn-°o-sk-∂ -`m-ths\ hncm-Pn® am¿ bqbm°ow Iqdntemkv Hscm‰ \{km-Wnbpw sa{Xm-\m-Im-Xn-cn-∏m≥ \S-Ønb IfnIfpw, 1876-˛¬ ChnsS FØnb ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ GI\mb-IXz Xzcbpw taev]-´-ÿm-\m-`ntj-I-Øn-\p≈ A[nImcw ae-¶-c-bn-tebv°p XncnsI sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX
\{km-Wn-Isf t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]t£, At∏m-tgbv°pw thcp-d-®pt]mb ]sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠nse Po¿Æn® ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n
k`m hn⁄m-\obw Cu A[n-Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ am{Xw ]cn-anX-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp--∂p. \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ \nb-a-Øns‚ N´-°q-Sn¬ \n∂psIm-≠p-am-{Xta km[p-hmb Hcp ÿm\tam \nb-atam krjvSn-°m≥
km≤y-am-hq. AXn-\m¬ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n k`mhn⁄m-\obsØ
X≈n-∏-d-bpI Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂p \S-∏n-en-cp∂ ]m›mXy
kpdn-bm\n k`mhn⁄m-\oba\p-k-cn®v B A[n-Im-c-ap≈ GI
CXc ÿm\n Ft∂m AkvX-an-®p-t]mb a{^n-bm\m am{X-am-bn-cp∂p.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv 1890-˛-I-fn¬ a{^n-bm\m ÿm\w ae-¶-cbn-tebv°p sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ {iaw Bcw-`n-®Xv. c≠v Zim-_vZ-tØmfw
ê-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øm-Xn-cp∂ Cu ITn\ {ia-amWv 1912˛¬ hnP-bn®Xv. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ kl-I-c-W-tØmsS \{kmWn-Iƒ taev]´w \¬Ip-hm\pw, hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-hm\pw
]n¥p-S¿®mhIm-i-tØmsS Hcp {][m\ alm-]p-tcm-lnX ÿm\Øn\v
cq]w\¬In. {it≤-b-amb hkvXp-X, ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n k`m
hn⁄m-\obØns‚ N´-°q-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Cu
ÿm\w a{^n-bm\ A√m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xpw, ImtXm-en°m Bbn-cp∂p
F∂-Xpam-Wv. ChnsS hnP-bn-®Xv \{km-Wn-bpsS ImtXm-en°m t{]aam-Wv. Cu ]pXnb ImtXm-en°m ae-¶-c-bp-sStbm C¥y-bp-sStbm
ImtXm-en°m am{Xw Bbn-cp-∂n√, adn®v IqSp-X¬ hnim-e-amb A¿∞ap≈ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m Bbn-cp∂p F∂ hkvXp-Xbpw ]cn-KWn°-Ww. AXnepw {][m-\-ambn, Cu ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m, ].
am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Bcq-V\ms-W∂p hy‡am-°n-b-t∏mƒ ]pd-Øp-h-∂Xv \{km-Wn-bpsS tXmam-h-t_m-[-am-Wv.
A]-cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-c-ß-tfm-sS-b√ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰n\p cq]wsImSp-Ø-Xv. adn®v, ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn-
149
-´m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A≤y-£-\mb kp∂-l-tZmkv
˛ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ˛ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ am{Xw {][m\
alm-]p-tcm-lnX\SpØ I¿Ω-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-hm-\mWv ÿm\m-tcmlWØnse apJy Im¿Ωn-I-\mb At¥ym-Jy-mbpsS ]. C·m-Øntbmkv A_vZ¬ aviolm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \¬Inb ÿm-Øn-t°m≥
ImtXm-en-°msb A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
ImtXm-en-t°‰n\v hy‡Xbpw \nbm-anI hy‡n-Xzhpw \¬In-bXv
1934-˛se k`m `c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS bYm¿∞
Bflob A≤y-£-\mb ae-¶c sa{Xms‚ ÿm\hpw IqSn ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en°m hln-°-W-sa∂p `c-WLS\ \n¿t±-in-®-tXmsS, ImtXmen°m ÿm\-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ A¿∞hym]vXn-bpw A[n-Im-chpw
ssIh-∂p. Cu `c-W-L-S-\- Xs∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ \nba hyh-ÿbv°v
hnt[-b-ambn cq]-s∏-SpØn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m-emWv AXns‚
apJ-h-pcbpw N´-°qSpw am‰m-\m-hm-ØXpw.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ \nb-a-]-c-amb \n¿h-N\w 1934˛se `c-W-L-S\-tbm-Sp-IqSn hy‡-X-bn-seØn F¶nepw AXns‚ ùXnI `mhØns‚ hf¿® AXn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ AkvX-an®p F∂-XmWv tJZIcw. Cu cw-KØv {it≤-b-amb kw`m-h\ \¬Inb GI hy‡n ae¶-c-bnse c≠mw ImtXm-en°m ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv {]Ya≥ am{X-am-Wv. ImtXm-en-°mbv°v X\Xmb Awi-hkv{Xw, Iev]\
Xe-s°-´v, Nph∂ ap{Z, Awi-hSn F∂nh At±lw cq]-I-ev]\
sNbvXv D]-tbm-Kn-®p. am{X-a-√, `cn-°p∂ sa{Xmt\m ]m{Xn-b¿°oknt\m Ah-Im-i-s∏-´Xv F∂v 1889-˛se tdmb¬ tIm¿´phn[nbn¬
\n›-bn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® dniokm ImtXm-en-°mbv°v Ah-Im-i-s∏´-Xm-sW∂v At±lw {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bpw, Xs‚ Bÿm-\-Øn\p
ImtXm-en-t°‰v knwlm-k-\-∏≈n F∂p \ma-I-cWw sNøp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm ImtXm-en-t°‰n\p \¬Inb hy‡nXz
\n¿h-N-\-ßƒ At±lw krjvSn® ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ A]-{K-Yn-®m¬ e`n-°p∂ ê-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
1. -]m-›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn
XnI®pw tZio-b-amb Hcp- hy-‡nXzw ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-\p≠v.
2. ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ss«lnI knwlm-k-\am-Wv.
150
3.- ]u-ckvXy ImtXm-en°m alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cn¬ Xe-h-\m-Wv.
4. His Holiness F∂pw Moran Mar F∂pw kwt_m-[\ sNø-s∏Sm\pw Nph∂ ajn-bn¬ ap{Z IpØp-hm\pw A[n-Im-c-ap≈ AXyp∂X tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv.
5. ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\Øn\p kz¥-amb hcp-am\-am¿§-ap-≠v.
6. ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\Øn\p kz¥-amb Bÿm\-ap-≠v.
c≠mw ImtXm-en°m Imew sNbvX-tXmsS ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚
hy‡n-Xz-\n¿≤m-cW {]{In-bbpw Ah-km-\n-®p. Hcp ]t£ ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v ÿncw Bÿm-\-ambn tZhtemIw Ac-a\ \n¿Ωn-®Xpw, Ing-°ns‚ alm-\mb ImtXm-en°m
]. _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ _mhm, am¿tØmΩm F∂ ]pcm-X\ ÿm\\maw ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-®Xpw KW-Øn¬
s]Sp-Ømw.
F∂m¬ Ign™ \qdp h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ ùXnI `mhØns‚
At\Iw Awi-ßƒ tNm¿∂p-t]m-bn-´p-≠v. ]. I√m-t»cn¬ _mhm
ae-¶c sa{Xm-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºpXs∂ ImtXm-en°m F∂ \ne-bn¬
]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm cq]w-sIm-SpØ Awi-h-kv{X-ßƒ D]-tbmKn-®n-cp-∂p. At±-l-tØmsS AXv Ah-km-\n-®p. C∂v ImtXm-en-°mam¿ kam-\-amb Awi-hkv{Xw [cn-°p-∂Xv ae-¶-c -sa-{Xm≥ F∂
HutZym-KnI ÿm\-Øn-cp∂p Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ \S-Øptºmfm-Wv.
a‰p k`-I-fn-ep-≈-Xp-t]mse ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mbv°pw hyXykvX-amb Hcw-i-hkv{Xw th≠-Xm-Wv.
a‰p sa{Xm-∑m¿ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sS ssI ap-Øp∂
]Xnhpw At±-l-tØmsS Ah-km-\n-®p. F√m At∏m-kvtXm-enI kÌfpw ]n¥p-S-cp∂ Cu ]mc-ºcyw ˛ k`m Xe-hs‚ ssIap-ØpI ˛
]. ]ueqkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂ncp∂p F∂Xv hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√.
]. h´-°p-t∂¬ _mhm-bpsS Imew Ign-™-tXmsS c≠v hy‡nXz
Nn”-ßƒ IqSn AkvX-an-®p. Ah B¿®v am≥{Un-tb‰v hSnbpw,
kmt{Im F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Gt^mZv F∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw
ImtXm-en-°mbpw am{Xw [cn-°p∂ {]tXyI Awi-h-kv{Xhp-am-Wv.
Ch-sbms° ]p\x-ÿm-]n-t°-≠-h-bm-Wv.
151
ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm_vZn IS∂n´pw, F´p ImtXm-en-°m-amsc hmgn°p-Ibpw, Ah-cn¬ Bdp-t]sc I_-d-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw Chbv°v
enJn-X-amb Hcp N´-°qSv CXphsc D≠m-bn-ń√. Iogvhg-°-ß-fpsS
am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Cu NS-ßp-I-fn¬ sh≈w tN¿°s∏-Sp-∂Xv km[m-c-W-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Ahsb t{ImUo-I-cn®v Hcp \nbam-hen (Order of procedings) DS≥ D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
C¥y-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v AXns‚ iXm_vZn BtLmjn-°ptºmƒ, tZio-b-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-amb Cu ÿm\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ angnhv
\¬I-W-sa∂v At\-I¿ B{K-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£, AXn\p hy‡amb Hcp cq]-tcJ \¬Im≥ B¿°pw km[n-®n-ń√. CXn-\mbn 2012˛¬
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°msb C¥y≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn {]Jym-]n°Ww F∂v Nne¿ \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. CXv `mc-X-cXv\w e`n-®-h¿
]n∂oSv ]fl-{io°v At]-£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp \S-]-Sn-bm-Wv.
Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \{km-Wn-I-fpsS tZihpw `mjbpw
PmXnbpw hwihpw kwkvIm-c-hp-sa√mw hn`n-∂-ambn. hnhn[ `qJ-fiß-fn-tebv°p \S-°p∂ IpSn-tb-‰-ß-fmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. C\n-bp≈
Imew \{km-Wn-Isf Hcp-an®p\n¿Øp∂ GI LSIw tXmam-ht_m[w F∂ \{km-Wn-Xzw am{X-am-bn-cn°pw. AXp tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cn°p-∂Xv ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bn-em-Wv. Cusbmcp ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS-thWw iXm_vZn h¿j-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ hy‡n-XzsØ
]p\¿\n¿Æbw \S-Øm≥.
2012-˛¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m F∂Xv C¥y≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv
F∂p \ma-am‰w \S-Ø-W-sa∂v A]q¿hw Nne¿ {]kw-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
ip≤ hnh-c-t°-Smbn am{Xw CXns\ ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ aXn. Ch¿ ImtXmen°m ˛ ]m{Xn- b ¿°okv Ch- b psS Ncn{X ]›m- Ø - e - s Ø- ∏ ‰n
XnI®pw A⁄cmWv. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ `bs∏´ ImtXm-en°m F∂ ÿm\w Ch-cpsS hm°p-tI´v am‰-W-sa∂p
]d-bp∂hsc-∏‰n \ap°v ]cn-X-]n-°mw. Ah¿°p≈ adp-]Sn 1599-˛se
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-I-fn¬ Xs∂-bp-≠v. ...
IsXm-en°m F∂ samgn-bpsS A¿∞w BIp-∂X \{km-WnIƒ°
H°°pw Xe-h≥ F∂... Cusbmcp hmN-I-Øns‚ A¿∞-a-dn-™m¬
Bcpw Cu ÿm\-am-‰-Øn\p {i-an-°n-√.
]t£, amt‰-≠p∂ H∂p-≠v. AXv _mhm F∂p≈ kwt_m-[-\bm-Wv. 1912˛¬ ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®t- Xm-Sp-IqSn _mhm
F∂ kwt_m-[\ ImtXm-en-°m-am¿°pw e`n®p. kao-]-Imew hsc
152
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv, ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m F∂n-hsc
am{X-amWv k`m-X-e-h-∑m¿ F∂ ]c-am-h[n _lp-am\w \¬In _mh
F∂p ae-¶-c-bn¬ kwt_m-[\ sNø-s∏ńcp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ kao-]Im-eØv _mh F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ Cu _lp-a-Xn°v CS-nhp-X-ń. ImtXmen-°m-bpsS _Zepw Uyqπn-t°-‰p-sa√mw _mh F∂p ]c-ky-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS ae-¶-c- k-`m-≤y-£-s\bpw At¥ymJym
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\bpw A{]-Imcw kwt_m-[-\ -sN-øp-∂Xv Ahsc
A]-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-ambn amdnbn´p≠v. ]Icw ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv
(Holy Father) F∂m°Ww k-`m-≤y-£∑mc-√mØ, shdpw Iogvÿm\n-Iƒ am-{X-amb, _Zen\pw Uyqπn-t°‰n\pw -CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\mhn-√ Fs∂mcp sa®hpw D≠v.
Fs∂-¶nepw Hcn-°¬ k`-Iƒ XΩn¬ tbmPn°pw. AsXmcp
bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-se-s∂m-s°tbm kw`-hn® sX‰p-Ifpw
sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Ifpw amdp-tºm-gmWv AXv kw`-hn-°p-I. A√mØ]£w
thZ-imkv{X kwhm-Z-ßfpw FIyp-sa\n-°¬ {]ÿm-\-ßfpw hy¿∞amWv. Bflob sImtfm-Wn-b-en-khpw A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX temIØn¬\n∂v A{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw. A{]-Imcw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂ GIo-IrX
C¥y≥ k`- b psS A≤y- £ ≥ ]. am¿tØmΩm «olm- b psS
]uckvXy knwlm-k\w hmgp∂ ImtXm-en°m Bbn-cn-°pw F∂Xpw
Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. AXn-\mbn ]e hn´phogvN-Ifpw sNtø≠n
ht∂-°mw. Cusbmcp ImgvN∏m-tSmsS thWw C¥y-bnse ImtXmen-t°-‰ns‚ c≠mw iXm-_vZ-Øn-tebv°p IS°m≥.
GIo-IrX C¥y≥ k`- F∂ ImgvN∏m-tSmsS iXm-_vZn h¿jØn¬ sNtø≠ H∂p-≠v. s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ ae-¶-cbn-te-bv°-b-®n-cp∂ t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm-∑mcpw, XpS¿∂v Ipd-™Xv
\memw am¿tØmΩm hsc-sb-¶nepw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ ÿm\\maw ˛
Xd-thmZv tIm¬ lntµm ˛ ]p\¿Pohn-∏n-°-Ww. ae-¶c k`m-≤y-£\v
]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Ah-Im-i-s∏´ C¥ysbm-s°-bp-tSbpw hmXn¬
F∂¿∞ap≈ Cu ÿm\\masØ GIo-IrX C¥y≥ k`bntebv°p≈ BZy Nhn-´p-]-Sn-bmbn thWw ImWm≥.
(ae-¶ck`m amkn-I, sk]v‰w-_¿ 2012)

]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv {]Ya≥ _mhm
"ImtXmen-°m-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-th-j'-Øn¬.
`mKw 2
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ]T-\-ßƒ
153
154
1
ImtXmen-°m-ÿm\w
Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ
tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w C¥y-bn¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]n®-Xns‚ k]vX-Xn-bm-Wt√m BtLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu ImtXm-en°m-ÿm\w kw_-‘n®v ]e sX‰p-[m-c-W-Ifpw P\-a-≤y-Øn¬ D≈Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cu teJ-\-Øn\p apXn-cp-∂-Xv.
H∂m-asØ tNmZyw, Cu ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ÿm\hpw ImtXm-en°m-ÿm-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ t`Zhpw G‰-°p-d-®nepw Fß-s\-bm-sW∂m-Wv.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂Xpw ImtXm-en-t°mkv F∂Xpw {Ko°p
hm°p-I-fm-Wv. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂ ]Z-Øn\p tKm{X-Ø-e-h≥,
tKm{X-]n-Xmhv F∂¿∞w. ]mc-º-cy-ambn CXv A{_-lmw, Ck-lm°v, bmt°m_v F∂n-h¿°mWv D]-tbm-Kn®p h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. bmt°m_ns‚ 12 a°ƒ C{k-tb-ense ]{¥≠v tKm{X]nXm-°-∑m-cmbn FÆs∏-ń-cp-∂p.
]pXnb\nb-a-Ønse sl{_mb teJ\w 7:4˛¬ A{_-lm-ans\
]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂p hnfn-°p-s∂-¶n¬ At∏m-kvXe {]hr-Øn-Iƒ
7:8˛9 ¬ bmt°m-_ns‚ ]{¥≠v ]p{X-∑m-sc-bmWv ]m{Xn-b¿°ok∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.
H∂mw iXm-_vZ-Øn¬ blq-Z-∑m¿°v ]e-kvXo-\nepw _m_n-temWn-b-bnepw Hmtcm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \memw iXm-_vZØn-s‚ A¥yw hsc {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsSbnS-bn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
F∂ ÿm\ta D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. blq-Z-∑m-cpsS ]e-kvXo≥ (ssX_ocn-bm-kv) ]m{Xn-b¿°okv tdmam-km-{am-Py-Ønse blq-Z-∑m-cpsS
Xeh\pw _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv t]¿jy≥ km{am-PyØnse blq-Z-∑m-cpsS Xe-h-\p-ambn \memw iXm_vZw hsc XpS¿∂p.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂ ÿm\w HutZym-Kn-I-ambn {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ
AwKo-I-cn-®Xv A©mw iXm_vZØnse PÃn-\n-b≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS
\nb-a-kw-ln-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. IevIn-tZm≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ (F.Un.
155
451) 28˛mw Imt\m≥ (]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Iƒ kzoI-cn°p-∂n-√) IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t]m-eo-knse ]pXnb knwlm-k-\-Øn\v
tdmw Ign-™m¬ c≠mw ÿm\w sImSp-°-p∂p-s≠-¶nepw ]m{Xnb¿°o-kv F∂ ÿm\w Ahn-sSs-bßpw ImWp-∂n-√. sa{Xm-∑msc
hmgn-t°-≠Xv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-sW∂pw C√. {]h-niy-bnse sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm, a‰p sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]pXnb sa{Xms\
hmgn-°-W-sat∂ hyh-ÿ-bp-≈p.
t]m≠kv, Gjy, t{Xkv F∂o {]h-niy-I-fnse sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ-∑msc hmgn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw km{amPy Xe-ÿm\ \Kcn-bmb IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t]m-eo-knse F∏n-kvtIm-∏bv°v \¬Ip-∂ps≠-¶nepw At±-lsØ F∏n-kvtIm∏m F∂-√msX ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
F∂v hnfn-°p-∂n-√.
tdman-sebpw, Ae-Ivk-{¥n-b-bn-tebpw, At¥ym-Jym-bntebpw
sa{Xm-∑msc B¿®v _nj∏v F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£, ]m{Xnb¿°okv F∂n√. ]m∏m F∂ ÿm\w Ae-Ivk{¥ymbpw tdmapw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£, ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂ ]Zw tcJ-I-fnseßpw ImWp-∂n-√.
A©mw iXm-_vZ-Øn¬ tdmam km{am-Py-Øn-\-IØv ]m{Xn-b¿°ok-∑m¿ A©p t]cm-Wv. tdmam, IpkvX-¥ot\m-t]m-eo-kv, Ae-Ivk{¥n-b, At¥ym-Jym, bcp-i-tew ˛ Ch¿°m¿°pw tdmam km{am-PyØn\p ]pdØv (AXm-bXv FtXym-]y-bn-tem, t]¿jy-bn-tem, A¿tΩ\n- b - b n- t em, tPm¿Pn- b - b ntem C¥y- b n- t em, \yq_n- b - b ntem)
bmsXmc[nIm-c-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
Aßs\ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-bn-°p∂ bmsXmcp
tcJ-Ifpw Ct∂-hsc ]pd-Øp-h-∂n-´pan√. ]pcm-X\ kpdn-bm\n Ncn{X-Im-c-∑m-cmcpw Aßs\ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-an-√.
PÃn-\n-bs‚ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bpsS H∂mw ]pkvXIw c≠mw `mKw
24-˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Ipk-vX-¥o-t\m-t]m-eo-kmWv ""F√m k`-I-fpsSbpw Xe'' F∂p ]d™tijw ]-Xn-aqt∂m ]Xn-\mtem ]m{Xnb¿°m knwlm-k-\-ß-fpsS ]ńI \¬Ip-∂p. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw A[nImc]cn-[nbpw \¬Ip-∂p.
Ae-Ivk-¥cy (Cu-Pn-]v‰v), At¥ymJym (tdm-am-km-{am-Py-Ønse
]uckvXy {]hn-iy), Ft^-kqkv (Gjym-ssa-\¿), ssIkcy (t]m≠-kv), sX -tem-\n°m (a-°-tZm-\n-bm), tdmam (tdmam Kh¿W-cpsS
156
A[n- I mc koa), anem≥ (C- ‰ - e n), kn¿Znbw (bq- t Km- … m- h n- b ),
Im¿tØPv (D-Ø-cm-{^n-°m), entbm¨ ({^m≥kv), sSmeotUm (kvs]bn≥), tbm¿°v ({_n-´≥) Ch-bmWv ]ń-I-bnep≈-Xv. Ch-sbms°
kzX{¥ k`-I-fm-Wv. F√mw tdmam km{am-Py-Øn\p≈n¬ am{Xw HXpßn-\n¬°p-∂ A[n-Im-c-ap≈-hbpw.
A¿tΩ-\n-b-bpw, tPm¿Pn-bbpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ `cn°p∂ cmPy-ßfm-sW-¶nepw CS-bv°n-Sbv°v tdmam-km{am-Py-Øn-\-I-Øm-Ip-tºmƒ,
Cu c≠p k`-I-fn-tebpw kzX-{¥-∑m-cmb ImtXm-en-°m-am¿°pw
]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿°pw Xpey-amb ]Z-hn-bmWv \nbaw \¬In-bn-cp∂-Xv.
ImtXm-en°mÿm\w DS-se-Sp-ØXv tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn\p ]pd-ØmWv ˛ Gjy-bn¬. tdmam km{am-Py-Øn\p ]pdØv ]e {][m\ kÌfpw DS- s e- S p- Ø p. B{^n- ° - b n¬ \yqkn- b ≥ k` (C- ∂ sØ
kpUm≥) bpw FtXym-]≥ k`-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p {][m\ k`-Iƒ. Gjybn¬ G‰hpw hen-bXv t]¿jy≥ k`, AXm-bXv Ing-°ns‚ ImtXmen-t°-‰v. ]ns∂ C¥y≥ k`, Hcp ImeØv hfsc henb Hcp k`bmbn-cp-∂p.
hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]m¿Ønb (C∂sØ Cdm≥,
A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, _ep-Nn-ÿm≥) apX¬ t_mws_-bv°-Sp-Øp≈
Ieym¨ hscbpw Z£ntW¥y-bpsS Xoc-{]-tZiw apgp-h≥ (a-{Zmkv
hsc-sb-¶nepw) hym]n®p InS-∂n-cp∂ Cu henb k`sb ]m›mXy
Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ A{X Imcy-am-sb-Sp-Øn-√. F∂m¬ C¥y≥ k`-bvs°√mw IqSn s]mXp-hmb Hcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm D≠m-bXv Ggmw iXm_vZ-Øn\p tij-am-Wv. AXp-hsc AXXp ÿe-Øp≈ sa{Xm-∑mcmWv k` `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Ggmw iXm-_vZ-Øn¬ lnµp aX-Øns‚ ]p\x-{]-k-c-ap-≠m-bn.
AXp-hsc Pbn®p \n∂n-cp∂ _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw ]nd-tIm´v
t]mIm≥ XpS-ßn. tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Chn-SpsØ
{][m\ aX-ßƒ ssP\-aXw, _p≤-a-Xw, {InkvXp-a-Xw, blq-Z-aXw
F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ggmw iXm-_vZ-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ckvemw, Ad-_n-°-®-h-S-°m-cn¬
IqSn tIc-f-Ønepw h∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ lnµp-a-Xhpw DW¿s∂gp-t∂-‰p. A°mew apX-emWv {InkvXp-a-Xhpw, _p≤-a-Xhpw, ssP\a-Xhpw Hcp-an®v A[-∏-Xn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Cu Ncn{XØn\v tcJIƒ Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw Adn-bm-hp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Cu \nK-a-\-Øn\-\p-Iq-e-am-Wv.
157
Ggmw iXm-_vZ-Øn-¬ t]¿jy≥ Atd-_y≥ cmPy-ß-fp-am-bp≈
\ΩpsS hmWnPyw h¿≤n-®-tXmsS t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚
{]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ChnsS h∂p `mc-Xobk`sb ]p\- w-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥
XpSßn. AXpapX-¬°mWv Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-t°-‰p-ambn `mcXobk`-bv°p _‘w XpSßnbXv. ]t£, ChnsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf
Ab® t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°m-kv, Ggmw iXm-_vZ-am-b-t∏m-tgbv°v
_m_n-tem¨ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂ ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p. At±-lØn\v At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘hpan√mbn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ t]¿jybpw kndnbbpw ]nSn-®-S-°n. Hcp Iment^-‰ns‚ Iogn¬ sIm≠ph∂p Ign-™-t∏mƒ At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn\v \n¿_m[w t]¿jybn¬ {]thin-°m\pw s\kvtXm-dnb≥ hnizmkw kzoI-cn® _m_n-tem¨ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p _Z-embn
Hcp Ing-°ns‚ a{^n-bm-\msb hmgn-°p-hm\pw km[n-®p.
BZysØ a{^n-bm\ X{IoZnse amdqØm hmgn-°-s∏´Xv F. Un.
629-˛-em-bn-cp-∂p. a{^n-bm\m F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ""ê-Zm-b-I≥'' F∂mW¿∞w. a{^n-bm-\mbpw ImtXm-en-°mbpw Xpey-ÿm-\-ß-f-√. a{^nbm-\mbv°p kzX-{¥-ambn sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°m\pw aqtdm≥ IqZmi
sNøm\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. ]t£, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\-°mƒ ÿm\Øn¬ Xmsg-bm-Wv.
Hcp a{^n-bm-\mbv°p henb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Dd-lm-bnse
hnip≤ bmt°m_v (708- ˛ ¬ A¥- c n- ® p), {KotKm- d n- t bmkv _m¿
F{_mbm (1286-˛¬ A¥-cn-®p), tamsi _¿-Io∏m (903-˛¬ A¥-cn®p), aoJm-tb¬ dmt_m (1199-˛¬ A¥cn®p) F∂n-ßs\ At\I
{]ikvX ]fin-X¿, a{^n-bm-\m-am-cm-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v.
]t£, Ah-cmcpw C¥y-bn¬ `c-Wm-[n-Imcw ]pe¿Øn-bn-√.
t]¿jy-bnse GIkz`mh hnizm-kn-I-fmb ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n°m-cpsS am{Xw `c-W-amWv Ah¿s°-√map≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv.
Ggmw \q‰m-≠nepw F´mw \q‰m-≠nepw C¥y-bn¬ A[n-Imcw
hym]n-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®Xv Cu a{^n-bm-\-am-c-√m-bn-cp-∂p. {]XypX
s\kvtXm-dn-b≥, hnizm-k°
- m-sc∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ ""Ing-°ns‚
]m{Xn-b¿°okv'' Bbn-cp-∂p.
\nc-W-Øp- h®v 1912-˛¬ kpdnbm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ klm-btØmsS `mc-Xobk` `mc-X-Øn¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®Xpw a{^n-bm\m
158
ÿm\-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. {]XypX ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-am-bn-cp-∂p. ImtXmen-°m-ÿm\w ]m{Xn-b¿°-mÿm-\-Øn\v Xpey-am-Wv.
ImtXm-en°m F∂p-≈Xv {Ko°v, tdma≥ kwkv°m-c-Øn\p shfnbn-ep≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°m ÿm\-am-Wv. FtXym-]y≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚bpw C¥y-bnse Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sSbpw ÿm\-t∏cp
hyXym-k-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ccp-hcpw Xß-fpsS `c-W-ko-a-bn¬ ]q¿Æ
kzmX-{¥y-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv.
Ing°ns‚ ImtXm-en°m IqSmsX a‰v c≠p ImtXm-en-°m-am-cmWp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. H∂v A¿tΩ-\n-b-bnepw as‰m∂v tPm¿Pn-b-bn-epw.
Ch-cn-cp-hcpw ]q¿Æ- kz-mX{-¥y-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. as‰mcp k`-bp-sSbpw
Iogn-e-√.
A¿tΩ-\n-b≥ ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ `c-W-ko-a-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\v
hnt[-b-cmbn Hcp IpkvX-¥o-t\mkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw Hcp sbcp-itew
]m{Xnb¿°okpw D≠v. C∂pw Cu c≠p ImtXm-en-°m-am-cp-sSbpw
]q¿Æ ÿm\-t∏cv ImtXm-en-t°m-kv-˛-]m-{Xn-b¿°okv F∂p Xs∂bm-Wv.
t]cp ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂msW¶nepw ]q¿Æ kzb-io¿j-I-Xzan-√mØ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m-cmWv sb-cp-i-te-an-tebpw IpkvX-¥o-t\mt]m-eo-kn-tebpw A¿tΩ-\n-bbnsebpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿. AXpsIm≠v t]c√ Imcyw, `c-W-ko-a-bv°-I-Øp≈ kzb-io¿j-I-Xz-amWv.
Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®, ]q¿W- kz-bio¿j-I-Xz-ap≈ Hcp `c-W-L-S\ `mc-Xob Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bv°p≠m-bn´v AXn-\p-≈n¬ F√m `mc-Xob Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-knIfpw sFIy-s∏´v Pohn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv `mhn-bn¬ A`n-e-j-Wo-bam-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
(ae-bmf at\m-c-a, 1982 sk]v‰w-_¿ 3 sh≈n)

159
2
Imh¬ `S-∑m-cm-bn-Øocmw
tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv
am¿tØm-Ω≥ ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ A¥-k-Øbpw B`n-Pm-Xyhpw
kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚
iXm_vZn BtLm-j-Øns‚ [\y-X-bn¬ BWv ae-¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`. {InkvXp Xs‚ injy-∑m¿°v \¬Inb
A[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw ss«lo-I-X-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-amWv ImtXm-ent°‰v. am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k\w tIhew A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ am{Xw
{]Xo-I-am-bn-´√, adn®v Ah-Im-i-Øn-s‚bpw AÿnXz-t_m-[-Øns‚bpw {]Xo-I-am-bn-´mWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns\ ]cn-Xy-Pn®v a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ tNt°-dn-b-h¿t]mepw
C∂p ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns\ A\p-I-cn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv
CXv `mc-Xob ss{IkvX-h-cpsS Bflob ]ucp-j-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ambXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. 1857-˛¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ kzX{¥y t_m[-Øns‚ XoPzme Pzen-°p-∂-Xn\v 204 h¿j-ßƒ°v apºv Iq\≥Ipcniv kXyw apX¬
ae-¶-c-bpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ `mc-X-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-sØ-∏‰n Gsd
t_m[-hm-∑m¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu t_m[yhpw t]mcm-´-hp-amWv 1912
sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚
`mc-X-a-Ænse ]p\-ÿm-]-\-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-bn-®-Xv.
temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m Xt±-iob k`-Iƒ°pw Xt±iob-cmb `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ D≈-t∏mƒ `mc-X-Øn¬ am{Xw sImtfm-Wn-b¬ i‡nI-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw aqew B Ah-Imiw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.
`mc-X-Ønse k`-Isf kmº-Øn-I-ambpw Bflo-I-ambpw B[n-]Xy
at\m-`m-h-tØmsS NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ hntZi aX-ta¬t°mbva {ian°p-tºmƒ AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]Xn-tcm-[-amWv ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚
]p\-ÿm-\-Øn-te°v \bn-®-Xv.
Bflo-b-amb kl-I-c-Whpw kl-h¿Øn-Xzhpw Dujva-f-ambn
\ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ kzbw `c-Wm-h-Im-ihpw kzbw io¿jI-Xzhpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂ D∂-X-amb Z¿i\w BWv ]cn-ip≤
h´- t »- c n¬ Xncp- t a\n AS- ° - a p≈ ImtXm- e n- t °- ‰ ns‚ ap∂Wn
160
t]mcmfn-Isf \bn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu al-Ømb Z¿i\w Dƒs°m≈m≥ Ign-bmsX C∂pw sshtZ-inI B[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Iogn¬ Xesh-bv°p-tºmgpw Nne¿ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ _Z-ep-Isf krjvSn®v
kzbw A]-lm-ky-cm-Ip∂ ImgvN Gsd Zp:JI-c-am-Wv.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ iXm_vZn ae-¶c a°ƒ°v \¬Ip∂ \ntbm-Kßfpw \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. `mc-Xob kwkv°m-c-tØmSv ]q¿Æ-ambpw CWßn-t®-cp∂ Hcp Xt±-iob k`-bmbn ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns\ hf¿ØpI
F∂Xv AXn¬ {][m-\-s∏´-Xm-Wv. ImtXm-en-t°‰v ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øns‚bpw sFIy-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xo-I-amWv F∂ kXyw `mcXo-b-tcmSv
Bg-Øn¬ kwth-Z\w sNøp-hm-\pw, amdnb PohnX kml-N-cy-ßtfmSv {]Xn-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ ip{iqjm ssien-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n°p-hm-\pw, Xt±-io-b-amb kv]µ-\-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Bcm-[\ Nn´s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\pw- bphP-\-ß-fpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns\
{]Xn-jvTn-°p-hm-\p-sam-s°-bp≈ \nc-h[n I¿Ω ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ASn-b¥nc {]m[m-\y-tØmsS \mw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
\ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ IÆnse IrjvW-aWn t]mse ImØp-kq£n® ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ A¥-k-Ø-bpw, B`n-Pm-Xyhpw Hfn-aßmsX ImØp-kq-£n-°p-hm≥ \ap°v Ign-b-Ww. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬
Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t∏mse ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≈ Imh¬`S-∑m-cmbn Xocp-hm≥ \sΩbpw ssZhw A\p-{K-ln-°-s´.
(_-tY¬ ]{Xn-I, sk]v‰w-_¿ 2012)

161
3
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w:
1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15
]uckvXy ImtXm-e n-t°‰v ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n® Xob-Xnsb
kw_-‘n®v Nne Bi-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠v. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 12, 14, 15, 17
Xob-Xn-Iƒ ]e Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw {KŸ-Im-c-∑mcpw Fgp-Xm-dp-≠v.
F∂m¬ 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15 Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWv ]cn-ip≤ _tk-entbmkv ]utemkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
sNbvXsX∂v Cu teJ-I≥ 1982¬ Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu
hmZ-Øn\v A∂v AwKo-Imcw e`n-®n-√; Ct∏mƒ AwKo-Imcw e`n-®Xn¬
kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm\n k`-Iƒ {KntKm-dnb≥ Ie-≠¿ kzoI-cn°p-∂Xp (1953) hsc (1950 hsc-sb-¶n-epw) Xob-Xn-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØn-bn-cp-∂Xv {]tXyI coXn-bn-em-Wv. h¿jw {InkvXz-_vZ-Øn-teXpw
(Nn-e-t∏mƒ ae-bmf A_vZ-Øn-te-Xp-am-Imw) amkw ae-bmf A_vZØn-teXpw (sIm√-h¿jw) XobXn Pqen-b≥ Ie-≠-dn-te-Xp-am-bncn°pw. as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ Pqen-b≥ Ie-≠-dnse P\phcn°v aIcw F∂pw s^{_p-h-cn°v Ip`w F∂pw Aßs\ Unkw-_dn\v [\p F∂p-w t]cp ]d-bp-∂p. kpdn-bm\n ]©mw-K-Ønse amkßfpw (tIm-\q≥t{lmbv apX¬ tIm\q≥ IvZow hsc) C°m-eØv
CXn-t\mSp tN¿∂p h∂ncp∂p. \ΩpsS k`- 1953 hsc P\p-hcn Ggn\v
{Inkvakv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂Xv A∂v kpdn-bm\n IW-°n¬ [\p 25
(tIm\q≥IvZow 25) Bb-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Pqen-b≥ ˛ {KntKm-dnb≥ Ie≠dpIƒ XΩn¬ Ct∏mƒ (20, 21 \q‰p-≠p-Iƒ) 13 Znhkw hyXym-kap-≠v. 19-˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ 12-˛w 18-˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ 11-˛w 16, 17 \q‰m-≠p-Ifn¬ 10-˛w BWv hyXym-kw. kpdn-bm-\n-°-W°v Pqen-b≥ Ie-≠-dnt\mSv tN¿∂p-h-cp-∂p.
kpdn-bm\n IW-°n¬ 1912 I∂n 2 F∂Xv kpdn-bm\n ]©mw-KØn¬ 1912 Cueq¬ 2˛w Pqen-b≥ Ie-≠-dn¬ 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 2˛w
{KntKm-dn-b≥ Ie-≠-dn¬ 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛w BWv (13 Znhkw
hyXymkw). CXv ae-bmf A_vZ-Øn¬ 1088 Nnßw 31 BWv. CsXmcp
Rmb-dm-gvN-bm-Wv. ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w \S∂ Xob-Xn CXmWv.
162
As∂ms° Rmb-dm-gvN-bpw amdm-\m-b-s∏-cp-∂m-fn\pamWv ]´w-sImS
BZn-bmb ip{iq-j-Iƒ \-S-∂ncp-∂-Xv.
]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-bpsS I_-dn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn--°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. “.......
On Sept. 15, 1912 he effected in India the restoration of the
Catholicate of the East through H.H. Patriarch Abdul Messiah II
.....”. At±lw Imew sNbvXv ap∏Xmw Znhk-amWv Cu êIw h®Xv.
tcJ-Ifpw Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw IrXy-ambn kq£n--°p∂ kz`m-h-ap≠m-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ sk{I-´dn _lp. aW-en¬ bmt°m_v
IØ-\m¿°v (1901 ˛ 1993; ap≥ sshZn-I-{SÃn) kpdn-bm-\n-°-W-°n-s\∏‰n hy‡-amb [mc-W-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. IrXy XobXn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn\v CXv klm-b-am-bn-°m-Wpw.
H∂mw ImtXm-en-°mbv°v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \¬Inb kvXmØn-t°m\n¬ "1912 I∂n amkw 2 Rmb-dmgvN' F∂mWv ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Iv\m\mb sa{Xm-k-Øns‚ {]Ya sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm CS-h-go-°¬
Koh¿Kokv am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv "1088- Nnßw 31- / 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15
/ Cueq¬ 2 Rmb-dm-gvN' F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ Ub-dn-bn¬
tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- v. hmI-Øm\w Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv dºms‚
(]n∂oSv c≠mw ImtXm-en°m) Ub-dn-bn¬ "I∂n 2' F∂p tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°mkv F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ (]uckvXy hnZym]o-Tw, tIm´-bw, 1985) ae-¶c ItØm-en°m sshZn-I-\mb ^m. tUm.
Koh¿Kokv tNSn-bØv Cu hnjbw hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNbvXv (t]Pv
159 ˛ 162) 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15 BWv icn-bmb XobXn F∂ \nK-a-\Øn-se-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 18 (1088 I∂n 3) ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn¬ h∂
hm¿Ø "1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15' F∂ Xob-Xnsb icn-h-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w ({]-tXyI dnt∏m¿´¿) \nc-Ww
˛ I∂n 1
ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-bmw-K-ßƒ hfsc°me-ambn B{K-ln®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xpw CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ßfpsS khn-ti-j-amb {i≤sb
BI¿jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xp-amb ""]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ÿm\Zm\w'', am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bm¬ ÿm]n-Xhpw Ncn{X {]kn-≤-hp-amb
Cu \nc-WØp ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v C∂se hfsc BtLm-j-]q¿∆w
163
\S-Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p... (ae-bmf at\m-ca ˛ 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 18/1088
I∂n 3 _p[≥; 100 h¿jw ap≥]v 2012 sk]v‰w-_¿ 17 Xn¶ƒ)-.
ae-bmf at\m-ca B ImeØv _p[-\m-gvN-I-fnepw i\n-bm-gvN-Ifnepw am{X-amWv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-°-W-°n-emWv (sIm√-h¿jw) ]{X-ß-fn¬ XobXn sImSp-°m-dp-≈-Xv. kpdn-bm-\n-°-W°v B-sW-¶n¬ AXv {]tXyIw kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°pw. 1088 Nnßw 31
(1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15) Rmb-dmgvN \S∂ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcmlWw I∂n H∂v (sk-]v‰w-_¿ 16) Xn¶-fm-gvN-bmWv dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXXv. ]{X-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv I∂n aq∂v (sk-]v‰w-_¿ 18) _p[\m-gvN.
dnt∏m¿ńse "C∂se' F∂ ]Zw dnt∏m¿´p Xøm-dm-°nb I∂n
aq∂ns‚ Xte-Zn-h-k-amb I∂n c≠n-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂p
sX‰n-≤-cn®v XobXn 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 17 F∂p IW-°m-°n-b-h-cp≠v. CXp sNm∆m-gvN-bmWv.
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\ Xob-Xnsb Nne¿ 1088 I∂n 2 F∂p
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ae-bmf XobXn F∂v sX‰n-≤-cn®v ae-bmf
]©mwKw t\m°n 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 17 F∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-®-XpamWv
XobXn sX‰m-\p≈ {][m-\- Im-c-Ww. F¨]-Xp-Iƒ hsc {]kn-≤oI-cn® an° ]pkvX-I-ßfpw Cu XobXn kzoI-cn®p h∂p. Ct∏mgpw
CXmWv icn-sb∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. sX‰p ]‰n-b-Xns‚ ImcWw
]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Ømepw kΩ-Xn-°m-Ø-h-cpap-≠v.
ImtXm-en-t°‰v k]vXXn BtLm-j-Øns‚ {][m\ ktΩ-f\w
1982 sk]v‰w-_¿ 12 Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWv \S-∂Xv. CXns\ XpS¿∂mWv
1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 12 F∂ XobXn sX‰mbn sImSpØp XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
\h-Xn-bm-b-t∏mgpw (2002) Cu XobXn ho≠pw sX‰mbn sImSp-Øp.
ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m hn⁄m\tImi-Øn¬ (t]Pv 560) h∂
]ni-ImWv 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14 \p Imc-Ww. F∂m¬ CXns‚ as‰mcp
`mKØv (t]Pv 217) 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15 F∂ IrXy-amb XobXn
Xs∂ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v.
h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kntbmkv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meoØm Cu ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-j-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØn-cp-∂n√ Fs∂mcp Btcm-]W
- a
- p-≠v. Cu Btcm-]Ww sX‰m-sW∂v
A∂sØ at\m-ca hm¿Ø ]q¿W-ambn hmbn-°p-tºmƒ a\- n-emIpw. CS-h-go-°¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbp-sSbpw hmI-Øm\w Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv dºm--s‚bpw (]n-∂oSv
c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m) Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-
164
tcm-lW kp{iq-j-bn¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm kl-Im¿Ωn-I-\mbn-cp∂p F∂p kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
Cu hnh-c-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-ent°‰v ÿm]\w 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15- Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWv \S-∂-sX∂pw
AXn¬ ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n kl-Im¿Ωn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw
Ak-∂n-Kv[-ambn ]d-bmw.
IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ°v
1. ae-¶c k`m-N-cn-{X-^-e-I-ßƒ, Orthodox Theological Seminary
175th Year Celebrations Souvenir 1990, pp. 299 - 316
2. {InkvXzm-_vZ-Øn-s\mcp BapJw: hnhn[ Ie-≠-dp-Ifpw A_vZßfpw, at\m-ca Cb¿_p°v 2000 (t]Pv 18-˛22).

165
4
ae¶cbnse ImtXment°‰v
ÿm]\Øns‚ {]k‡n
^m. tUm. tPm¨kv F{_lmw tIm\m-´v
{InkvXpinjy-\mbncp∂ am¿tXmΩm-«o-lm-bm¬ F. Un. 52˛¬
ÿm]n-X-amb ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS 1960
h¿jsØ kpZo¿L- Ncn-{X-Øn¬ X¶-en-]n-I-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-nb
Zn\-am-Wv 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15. ]pWy ]pcmX\amb Ing°ns‚ ImtXment°‰v ae¶cbn¬ ÿm]nXamb Zn\-am-W-Xv. B kw`-h-Øns‚
100˛mw hm¿jnIamWv.
]nXm°∑mcpsS A£oW ]cn{iaØns‚ êambn ÿm]nXamb Cu D∂X ]utcmlnXy ÿm\Øns‚ {]m[m\yw k`bv°v
Hcn°epw hnkvacn°m\mhn√. ae¶ck`bpsS kzmX{¥yØn\v Cu
ÿm\Øns‚ ÿm]\w F{X am{Xw A\nhmcyambncp∂p F∂p
Nn¥n°ptºmgmWv iXm_vZn BtLmjßfpsS {]k‡n shfns∏Sp∂Xv.
hnhn[ ImeL´ßfn¬ hnhn[ hntZi i‡nIƒ°v Iogvs∏ńcnt°≠n h∂Xn\m¬ ae¶c k` A\p`hnt°≠n h∂ Xn‡m\p`hßƒ hf-sc-bm-bn-cp∂p. t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm∑m¿ ae-¶-c-bn¬ B[n]Xyw ]pe¿Ønbncp∂ Imea{Xbpw (F. Un 4˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬)
Hcp \m´pImc\v taev]´ÿm\w kz]v\w ImWphm\p≈ AhImiwt]mepw D≠mbncp∂n√. t]¿jybn¬ \n∂p h∂ Hcp sa{Xm≥ Imew
sNbvXm¬ ASpØbmƒ°mbn Hcp ]s£ Zo¿L-\mƒ ImØncn°Wambncp∂p. B Ime-ß-fn¬ k`-bpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn\v A¿°-Znbm-t°m≥ F∂ \m´p-ÿm\n D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Biz-kn-°mw.
]n∂oSp h∂ t]m¿´pKokpImcpw (16- ˛ mw\q‰m- ≠ v ) Cu k`sb
]oUn∏n°pIbmWv sNbvXXv. At¥ymJy≥ _‘w Bcw-`n-®-Xp-apX¬ (17-˛mw \q‰m-≠v) \m´psa{Xm∑m¿ D≠mbncp∂p F¶nepw k`bpsS
kzmX{¥yw Ahcpw AwKoIcn®p X∂ncp∂n√. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse
sa{Xm∑msc At¥ym-Jy≥ ]nXm-°-\-am-cpsS X∂njvSw t]mse
B°pIbpw \o°pIbpw sNøp∂Xn¬ bmsXmcp ssha\kyhpw
Ah¿ ImWn®ncp-∂n√.
166
]q¿ÆkzmX{¥yØns‚ BhiysØ°pdn®v F°m-ehpw Nn¥n®n-cp∂ k`m t\Xm-°ƒ sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°p-hm-\pw, aqtdm≥Iq-Zmi-sN-øp-hm\pw F√mw A[n-Im-ca
- p≈ Hcp D∂X ]utcmlnXy ÿm\n
ae- ¶ - c - b n¬ D≠m- I p- ∂ - X n- \ p- t h≠ {]Xy- £ - ] - c n- { i- a - ß ƒ 19˛mw
\q‰m≠v apX¬ Bcw-`n-®p. Hcp ImtXmen°mtbm, a{]nb\mtbm Cu
k`bn¬ D≠mIp∂Xn\p th≠n At¥ymJy ]m{Xnb¿°ok∑mcpambn BZyImeØv FgpØpIpØpIƒ \SØnb c≠p ]nXm°∑mcmbncp∂p h´ticn¬ Koh¿Kokv aev]m\pw, tIm\m´v amØ≥
aev]m\pw.
HSp-hn¬ 1912 ¬ At¥ymJy ]m{Xnb¿°okv C·m-Øn-tbmkv
A_vZ¬ aviolm Xs∂ ae-¶-c-bn-seØn ]pcmX\amb Ing°ns‚
ImtXment°‰v ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-®p. ]n¬°m-eØv B ÿm\w
Hgnbptºmƒ ]pXnb Bsf hmgn°m\p≈ kzmX{¥yhpw ae¶c
k`bnse taev]´°m¿°vv e`n®p.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw
F. Un. 4˛mw \q‰m-t≠msS tdmam-km-{am-Py-Ønse {][\ \K-c-ßfnse sa{Xm-∑m¿ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hf¿∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿ F∂
\maw FSp-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. {ItaW Xßƒ°p Np‰p-ap≈ hen-sbmcp
{]tZ-isØ sa{Xm-∑m-cp-sS-ta¬ Ch¿ B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp-hm≥
XpS-ßn. GXm≠v CtX-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn\p ]pdØv
{][m\ \K-c-ß-fnse sa{X-∑m¿ {ItaW B¿Pn® \ma-amWv ImtXmen-°m.
t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ skeq-Iy-˛-sS-knt^mWnse sa{Xm-\mWv BZyw ImtXm-en° F∂ t]sc-Sp-Ø-Xv.
Cu t]cv F∂v D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂p F∂v IrXy-ambn ]d-bm≥
{]bm-k-am-sW-¶n-epw, 4˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xs∂ skeq-Iy-bnse sa{Xm\v
“In-g-°ns‚ ImtXm-en°m” F∂ ]cv Dd®p Ign-™n-cp-∂ncn-°Ww.
410, 420, 424 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ ktΩ-fn® t]¿jy≥ kp∂-l-tZmkp-Iƒ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn.
hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ß-fmWv ImtXm-en-°mbv°v \¬Is∏-´-Xv. At±-l-Øn\p Iogn-ep≈ a‰p sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS ta¬ Ip‰m-tcm]-W-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXp- Xo¿°p-hm≥ ImtXm-en-°mbv°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v. F∂m¬ ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sS-ta¬ Ip‰m-tcm-]-W-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXv
{InkvXphns‚ tImS-Xn-bn¬ am{Xw hnkvX-cn-°-s∏-SWw F∂-XmWv
kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-bw. Nne- Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ At¥ymJy ]m{Xn-
167
b¿°o-k-∑m¿ Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ta¬ Nne Ah-Im-ihm- Z - ß ¬ ÿm]n- ° p- h m≥ {ian- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . F∂m¬ At¥ymJy
t]mep≈ tdma≥ km{am-Py-Ønse k`m-t\-Xm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS k`mIm-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-´p-IqSm F∂mbn-cp∂p kp-∂-l-tZmkv Xocp-am-\w.
]n∂oSv 5˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS t]¿jy≥ k` s\kvtXmdnb hn-izmkw kzoI-cn-®-tXmsS Cu ÿm\-t∏cv Ah¿ Dt]-£n-®p.
ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v
ae¶c k`bpsS `mh\bv°v A\ptbmPyamb GsX¶nepw Hcp
\ho\ ÿm\a√ k`bsS Xeh\v \¬I-s∏´Xv. Hcp ImeØv ae¶c
k`sb \bn°pIbpw, \nb{¥n°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂ t]¿jy≥
k`bn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂ “Ing°ns‚ ImtXmen°” F∂ ÿm\Øn\mWv ae¶c k` ]p\¿ Poh≥ \evInbXv. t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS
Xeÿm\ambncp∂ skepIy˛sSknt^mWnse sa{Xmt∏meoØmbv°v 4˛mw \q‰mt≠msS e`n®v {ItaW Dd∏mb ÿm\ \maamWnXv. 5˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\w t]¿jy≥ k` s\kvtXmdnb
hnizmkw kzoIcn°pIbpw k`bpsS Xeh≥ ImtXmen° F∂
t]¿ Dt]£n°pIbpw sNbvX kmlNcyØn¬, AtX t]¿jy≥
k`bpsS `mKambn \q‰m≠pIƒ Ign™ncp∂ ae¶c k`bpsS
Xeh≥ ]pcm-X-\-amb B ÿm\\maw kzoIcn°p∂Xv DNnXw
Xs∂bs√?
ImtXment°‰v ÿm]\w k`bpsS ]q¿Æ kzmX{¥yØnte°p≈ hf¿®bpsS BZysØ kp{][m\ \mgnI°√mbncp∂p
F¶n¬ 1934˛se `cWLS\ B hf¿®bpsS ]q¿ØoIcWambncp∂p. Ch c≠pw IqsS tNcp∂ ASnÿm\Ønt∑emWv k`bpsS
kzmX{¥yhpw kzbwio¿j-I-Xzhpw \ne\nev°p∂Xv.
“Ing°ns‚ ImtXmen°” F∂ \maw ae-¶-c-bn-se ImtXment°‰ns‚ ]pcmX\Xzw hnfn®dnbn°p∂p. hn]peamb A[nImc AhImißfmWv t]¿jybn¬ D¤hn® Ing°ns‚ ImtXmen°bv°v
D≈Xv. A®-S° \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\pw, Bcm-[\ {Iao-I-cn°p-hm-\pw, k`sb Bflo-I-ambpw euIn-I-ambpw sIń-∏-Sp-°p-hm\pw,
\bn-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ A[n-Im-chpw Ah-Im-ihpw ImtXm-en-°m-bv°p≠v F∂v 424˛se a¿°_vØ kp∂ltZmkv Xocpam\n®p. Cu
ImtXment°‰ns‚ ]n≥XpS¿®bmWv ae¶c k`bv°p e`n®ncn°p∂Xv.
F∂m¬ \q‰m≠pIƒ°p apºv D≠mb GtXm Nne Imt\m\p-
168
IfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ am{Xa√ k` \ne \nev°p∂Xv. ]pXnb
ÿeØpw, kmlNcyØnepw ÿm]nXamb ImtXment°‰n\v
C∂sØ kaqlØn¬ km£yw hln®p apt∂dp∂Xn\v Bhiyamb F√m \nbakwlnXIfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ `cWLS\ ]nXm°∑m¿ cq]nIcn®p. Aßns\ ]pcmX\XzØns‚ ]n≥XpS¿®bpw,
]pXnb kmlNcyØnse ]pXpabpw Htc kabw Dƒs°m≈p∂XmWv ae¶cbnse ImtXment°‰v.
k`bpsS hf¿®bn¬ C{X henb {]m[m\yw hln® kw`hØns‚ iXm_vZnbmWv Ct∏mƒ BtLmjn°p∂Xv. k`m-N-cn-{XØn¬ Cu kw`-h-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Dƒs°m-≠psIm≠v Xs∂-bmWv hn]p-e-amb BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. iXm_vZn shdpw BtLm-j-ßƒ am{X-am-ImsX kaql-Øn\p \∑-e-`n-°p∂ Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw CtXm-S-\p_-‘n®v Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p.

169
5
The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church:
Historical Self - Understanding and
Identity Some Ecumenical
Considerations
Fr. Dr. K. M. George
The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, together with all churches belonging to the Nazarani Christian community of Kerala, traces its origin to
the work of St. Thomas the Apostle of Christ who is believed to have arrived at the ancient seaport of , Kodungalloor (Crangannore) on the Malabar
coast in CE 52. In writing about the history and identity of the ancient
Christian community in India one has to deal with the figure of St. Thomas
both historically and symbolically. While most historians of the west in the
colonial period doubted the authenticity of the St. Thomas story, the Christian community in Kerala clung to it as part of its most sacred and cherished
tradition. Here one has to look critically at the dominant historiography as
developed in the European west and as applied to the non-western world in
order to grapple with the issue of early Christianity in India.
In this brief article I shall mention the major historical landmark in the life
of the Malankara Orthodox Church and point out some of the key methodological problems we confront in retelling our history and defining our
identity. This is done in an ecumenical spirit remembering that the ancient
Christian community in India was one body, one family and one church
until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century who came as traders
and as missionaries of the Roman Church but soon became colonial and
ecclesiastical overlords. With their occupation of this ancient Eastern Church
started a series of unfortunate divisions that plague us till this day. The
present writer fervently hopes that the lost unity of the St. Thomas Christians would be restored in the 21st century.
Name and Family
The name of the church appears in formal documents as Malankara
Orthodox Syrian Church under the Catholicate of the East. The Catholicos,
the head of the Church now resides at the headquarters of the Church at
Devalokam, Kottayam, Kerala, India. (The present Catholicos is His Holiness Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II. The title Mar Thoma meaning St.
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Thomas appears formally with the name of every Catholicos in order to
signify the apostolic successior: and the continuity of the apostolic seat
from Thomas the Apostle of Christ).
The Church is variously and popularly referred to as Malankara Sabha
in Malayalam, as The Indian Orthodox Church by some of its historians, as
the Syrian Church in some non-Christian circles, as the Jacobite Church by
the undiscriminating members of some other Churches. Greeks and other
Eastern Orthodox sometimes refer to this church as the ancient Church of
Malabar.
The Malankara Orthodox Church is a founding member of the World
Council of Churches in 1948 and is in the family of Oriental Orthodox
Churches with the Coptic, Syrian, Armenian, Ethiopian and Eritrean
Churches. The Church, together with other Oriental Orthodox, is a dialogue
partner with the Eastern Orthodox Churches of the Byzantine liturgical family since 1967, unofficially with the Roman Catholic Church under the aegis
of the Pro Oriente Foundation since 1971 and officially with the Roman
Catholic Church since 2002. There is also an official bilateral dialogue going
on between the Malankara Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church in
India since 1986. The Church is also participating in dialogues with the
Anglican Church, the EKD or the federation of Protestant Churches in Germany and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches. The first division in
the one church of St. Thomas in India occurred during the occupation of
the church by the Portuguese. The Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama
landed on the Kerala coast in 1498. The real division occurred after the mid
17th century, precisely after the historic pledge of the Coonen Cross in 1653
when the Christian community rose in protest against the Portuguese and
the Roman Catholic colonial domination of the ancient Christians of St.
Thomas. The history up to this point is common to all presently different
churches that were one and the same church in the pre-Portuguese period.
But in narrating this story some of these churches take their later ecclesiastical connections and attribute them anachronistically to the earlier period
of Indian Christianity. This is a serious methodological fallacy. The common knowledge handed on to the successive generations arises from the
strong conviction that the Indian Christians of St. Thomas were an independent local church (local in the technical ecclesiological sense in which it is
used in early Christian ecclesiology. In this sense the Church of Rome, the
Church of Alexandria, the Church of Antioch and so on are all local independent churches but inter dependent in faith and sacramental communion).
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The Malankara Orthodox Church is deeply aware that the St. Thomas
tradition has been kept unbroken in spite of the vicissitudes of history and
the various contacts, both friendly and unfriendly, with the ancient Church
traditions outside India like Persian, Roman, Syrian and Anglican. We can
legitimately say that the community always silently assumed in its self understanding three elements:
(a) the church in India was founded by St. Thomas the apostle and is
apostolic like any other church in the world founded by Peter, Paul and
other apostles.
(b) The church in India is Eastern in its ethos and worship and is clearly
distinguished from the Latin/Western tradition. This awarness of distinction dawned on them when they first met the Latin West through Portuguese colonial conquerors.
(c) The Church is fully self-governed by its own local heads and is
rooted in the social and cultural soil of India.
This awareness always remained latent in the mind of the Church, and
there was no challenge to it from any quarters before the arrival of the
Portuguese Roman Catholics. It became articulate and explicit beginning
with the resistance at the forced Synod of Diamper called by the Portuguese Roman Catholic Archbishop Menezes in 1599. The resistance, however, had been suppressed by the iron hand of the colonial master for more
than half a century, but it exploded in the 1653 uprising of the Coonen Cross
Oath.
The oral tradition and folklore of the Church had always celebrated the
founding of seven churches in Kerala in the Malabar / Malankara region on
the South West Coast of India, presently known as Kerala. Some of these
historical sites like Niranam are still venerated as centers of the early church
in India. In the same way the various Christian families in Kerala trace their
family tree back to the four families in which St.Thomas was believed to
have established priesthood through laying on of hands in order to continue the ministry of Christ in India. These so-called folk traditions are
integral to the self-understanding and identity of the Malankara church. In
fact the members of the ancient Christian community, irrespective of their
present church affiliation, firmly share this deep conviction. This provides
a common ground for the self-understanding of the presently separated
churches which emerged from the undivided tradition of 1653 years or so.
This shows, in ecumenical terms that the present division of St. Thomas
Christians is a rather recent one and is fomented and sealed by the
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intervention of colonial and ecclesiastical interventions from Christian centers outside India as mentioned above.
Spiritually and liturgically the ancient Indian church in the medieval
period before the Portuguese era was with the Persian church.
Apparently this was a cordial relationship that fully respected the autonomy / autocephaly of the Indian church and its particular cultural context. The Persian Church in the Mesopotamian region became associated
with the name of Nestorius; Patriarch of Constantinople who was condemned as a heretic at the Council of Ephesus in A.D.431. This incident in
the 5th century happening within the Roman Empire did not affect the reputation of the Persian church flourishing in the Mesopotamian region and
reaching out in an amazing missionary enterprise to several countries in
Asia up to China. There is no evidence that the St. Thomas Christians in
India were aware of the political and ecclssiastical implications of the issue
of Nestorius and the Persian church’s association with that name. For the
Indians the connection was primarily liturgical and pastoral. The doctrinal
and political ramifications of an event that happened in the far away Roman
Empire in the 5th century were not probably known to them or irrelevant to
their solid self understanding and heritage as the Christians of Thomas, the
Apostle of Christ. Syriac language in its Eastern version was known to the
Church only through the liturgical tradition. The Christian spiritual and
ascetic tradition familiar to the clergy and the people were smoothly in
agreement with some of the best spiritual practices of ancient Indian religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The community affairs were
conducted under the leadership of the clergy. There is no evidence that any
bishop coming from the Persian tradition ever interfered with the freedom
and self-government of the Indian Church.
Parting Ways
The Malankara Orthodox Church in its historical self - understanding
claims abides by the Oath of the Coonen Cross of 1653. This was the uprising of the Nazarani Christian community against the Portuguese / Roman
Catholic colonial domination of their ancient, independent, Eastern Church
in India. In the dramatic act of holding on to the long rope tied to the stone
cross in Mattanchery near Cochin, thousands of Malankara Christians took
the solemn pledge that they would never go back under the yoke of Rome
and the Portuguese. This was the declaration of independence of Indian
Christians from foreign political and ecclesiastical colonialism. Essentially
this was the first organized self - affirmation of the Indian Christian community against all forms of alien domination.
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Although almost all of the Nazarani parishes then existing took part in
the Coonen Cross, a large number of them were gradually lured away from
their position of resistance back to the “old loyalty” or “Pazhaya Coor”
(ie.. 53 Years of complete subjugation to Portuguese and Roman Catholic
rule) by the concerted efforts of Carmelite missionaries sent by Rome. People
who stood by their really old loyalty, that is, the pre-Portuguese and preRoman Catholic tradition were called “Puthen Coor” (new loyalty) probably because they sought to restore their Eastern Church connections.
This is ironic, but can be understood in the colonial context. No wonder the
imperial might of the Roman church and the colonial power of the Portuguese could easily interpret in their favour the history of a tiny Indian
community in such a way that insiders could be made outsiders and real
heirs could be called false claimants and vice versa. This is a major historiographical problem for the Malankara Church. The way they crushed the
total opposition of an ancient, indigenous Christian community in India in
the 17th century to impose foreign rule and doctrine bears witness to the
tremendously oppressive colonial power of the rising West vis-a -vis the
rest of the world, and the sad plight of the native communities in Asia,
Africa and the Americas. Western Christianity, both Catholic and Protestant, was a willing collaborator and beneficiary in the rise and expansion of
European empire all over the earth.
Soon after the event of Coonen Cross the Indian Nazarani community
consecrated the head of their community Archdeacon Thomas as a bishop
with the title Mar Thoma. The very title of Mar Thoma they chose for their
new spiritual and temporal head was ample evidence for the real conviction
and feelings of the Indian Christian community. The Portuguese rulers and
the Jesuit and Carmelite missionaries all had tried to wipe out the deep
conviction of the Indian Christians about their apostolic rootedness in the
Thomas tradition and their autonomy and indigenous character.
True children of the vigorous Counter Reformation and aggressive colonial and missionary movements, these Roman Catholics earnestly attempted
to supplant the conviction of the Indian Christians with the medieval Roman Catholic concepts of Petrine primacy, universal church, universal papal jurisdiction over all Christians and so on. They highlighted the “Law of
Peter” over against the “Way of Thoma” (Thomayude margam). They had
no knowledge of the indigenous forms of Eastern Christianity nor any respect for the “dark skinned, barbarian” people outside of the west European region. The significance of the Coonen Cross and the later division of
the one Indian Church to Pazhaya Coor and Puthen Coor has to be understood in the light of these circumstances.
174
A New Turn
The line of the indigenous Mar Thoma bishops continued in the tradition of the Puthen Coor people (later known as - the Orthodox /Jacobite
Church). Faced with the imposing power and threat of the Portuguese /
Roman church, the community leaders wrote to several Eastern Patriarchates like Alexandria and Antioch to bring them help against the western
invaders. Thus in 1665 came Abdul Jaleel Gregorios, a bishop from Jerusalem belonging to the West Syrian Patriarchate of Antioch. He began to
introduce the practices of the West Syrian Church in India, a process completed over the next two centuries by successive bishops from the Syrian
Orthodox Church in the Middle East visiting Malankara.
The title Mar Thoma was changed to Mar Dionysius by another Syrian
bishop Mar Gregorios who re - consecrated Mar Thoma VI in 1770. Once
again we see the efforts of foreign prelates to mask or eradicate the tradition
of St. Thomas symbolized by the title Mar Thoma. They invariably see it as,
a threat to their authority and dominion. We will see this colonial interest to
keep the Indian church under subjugation reemerging in various forms in
the relationship of the Malankara Church with the Syrian Orthodox Church
of Antioch until today.
Although the title Mar Thomas was out of use for over a century and
the title Malankara Metropolitan became prominent, especially for legal
purposes, the former title was resumed by the Catholicate of the East in the
20th century.
The Mission of Help
The arrival of the Anglican Missionaries at the beginning of the 19th
century, and their proposal of the “Mission of Help” apparently to reinvigorate the ancient Malankara Church had far reaching consequences for
the unity of the Church. Under the spell of the British colonial rule, Kerala
witnessed an all round renaissance in education and social order. The founding of the Kottayam College, presently known as Old Seminary or Orthodox
Theological Seminary at Kottayam by Pulikottil Joseph Mar Dionysius II in
1815 with the help of the British Resident Col. Munro and the Travancore
Royal family was a major landmark in the cultural history of Kerala.
The collaboration between the British missionaries and the Malankara
Church came to an end in 1836 with the Mavelikara Synod where the
Malankara Church rejected the proposals of Bishop Wilson of Calcutta for
‘reforming’ the Church. However, the Protestant teachings of the Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society so influenced Abraham Malpan, a
175
teacher of theology at Old Seminary that he began to edit the Eucharistic
liturgy according to the theological principles of Protestant Reformation in
Europe. This led to a crisis. After many years of bitter controversy and
litigation, the Mar Thoma Church was formed in the latter part of the 19th
century thus dividing the Malankara Church once again.
The Syrian Connection
In the fight with the Portuguese, and the British, with the Roman Catholic and Anglican Protestant missionary enterprises, the Malankara Church
sought the help of the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch in order to maintain its eastern and apostolic character. Some of the bishops who arrived
from the Middle East were very committed to the cause of Malankara Church.
The Church is very grateful to them, for their sincere spiritual efforts to
pastorally help the Indian Church. Unfortunately not all of them had the
same pastoral intention. Some of the Syrian prelates began to exploit the
muddled situation in the Indian Church and catered to their desire for lording over the Indian Church. The 19th century also witnessed the beginning
of a chain of unfortunate litigation within the Malankara Church. Though
details vary in each instance of the court case, there were common questions in the mind of the community like the following:
Has the Patriarch of Antioch any authority of jurisdiction over the
Malankara Church?
Who has the power of temporal authority over the parish churches and
their property - the Malankara Metropolitan or the foreign bishops delegated by the Patriarch?
What is the basis of the identity of the autonomy and identity of the
Malankara Church? In what ways can it be fully expressed and realized?
The answers received from various quarters, both directly and indirectly, can be generally indicated as follows:
Firstly, in the circumstances of the Malankara Church in the 17th, 18th
and 19th centuries no one raised the issue of the authority of the Patriarch
of Antioch, because the Church was in a life and death struggle, first with
the Portuguese / Roman Catholic invaders, and then with the British / Protestant colonial reformers. The Syrian Church of Antioch was invited to help
the Indian Church. It was clear in the minds of those Indian leaders who
invited the foreign prelates that they were guests of the Malankara Church.
According to the best of Indian hospitality tradition guest - host relationship is only politely assumed and not explicitly stated. Every time a foreign
176
bishop conducted himself against this understanding there was simmering
resistance in the minds of the leaders of the Malankara Church. It was in
1876 that the Patriarch Peter III decided to visit the Indian Church in the
context of the fight between the Malankara Church and the Reform party.
The Patriarch felt that his authority would be undermined if he did not act.
The Synod that the Patriarch convened at Mulanthuruthy in 1876 was a
crucial landmark in the organizational history of the Malankara Church.
While acknowledging the positive organizational aspects, one should note
that the Patriarch could affirm his direct jurisdiction over the Indian Church.
He considered the ancient Malankara Church as some sort of an Archdiocese of the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch and subdivided it into seven
dioceses. Later Patriarchs generally followed this line, and continued to
affirm their direct jurisdictional power over the Indian Church.
The Malankara Church now woke up to the fatal consequences of this
patriarchal claim. The Church had barely escaped the colonial clutches of
Rome and the British. Now they found themselves in a new situation of
subjugation to the Syrian prelates who were originally considered as brothers in faith, helpers and collaborators coming from a sister Church. The
waking up process slowly expressed itself in the deep desire for an Indian
Catholicos as the head of the Indian Church and symbol of the apostolic
autonomy and indigenous identity of the Malankara Church.
Secondly, though the Malankara Church conceded a brotherly spiritual
and pastoral care of its faithful by the foreign bishops (they were invited to
do so), there was absolutely no doubt in the mind of its leaders about the
autonomy of the Malankara Church. The Malankara Metropolitans understood themselves as heads and rulers of the Church in the succession line
of Archdeacons and Mar Thoma Bishops. Gradually, however, the Syrian
bishops and Patriarchs understood themselves, as in any colonial situation, as the rulers of the Malankara Church. They expected the Malankara
Metropolitans, or later Catholicoses, to behave as their subordinates. While
the Indian Metropolitans and Catholicoses asserted their community’s
selfunderstanding of the succession of the apostle Thomas and explicitly
affirmed the freedom and identity of the Indian Church, the Patriarchs began to undermine the very tradition of St. Thomas and used spiritual weapons like excommunication of the Indian leaders. For example, the infamous
bull No. 203 (June 1970) of Patriarch Yakoob III stating that St. Thomas was
not a high priest, and not even priest, because he was absent when Jesus
commissioned the apostles, were targeted at the apostolic claims of the
Indian Church, (“...for he was not a priest as it is evident form the gospel of
St. John 20:21-24. As he was not a priest how did he become high priest?”,
asked Patriarch Yakoob III).
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Unfortunatley, like the Portuguese and the British, the Syrians also succeeded in further dividing the Malankara Church, because one section of
the Church, though a minority, supported the uncanonical claims of Patriarchal authority over the Indian Church and agreed to the Patriarchal act of
totally trivializing the venerable Indian heritage of St. Thomas and humiliating the great leaders of the Indian Church through such illegitimate acts
like excommunication.
(It should be remembered that when the Syrian Antiochian Church came
into contact with the Malankara Church from 1665 and onwards, the Syrian
Church, in spite of its glorious past, was a small, poor, scattered and illiterate community in the Middle East under the oppressive Muslim rule of the
Ottoman Turks. It was always a point of pride for them that they could rule
over a church in India with a far larger number of faithful than their own,
over a community that was socially superior, economically strong and politically free. People in India received these bishops with generous hopitality
and devotion simply because of the latter’s spiritual garb and fair skin! A
similar situation prevailed in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church with respect to the white Latin / European bishops who ruled over them until the
end of the 19th century. The well-known fulminations of a prominent 17th
century Syro-Malabar clergyman like Paremakkal Thoma Kathanar against
the arrogance of such white skinned European clergy and how they treated
the dark-skinned Indians are worth remembering here.)
The Catholicate,
Autocephaly
Symbol
of
Freedom
and
The event of momentous importance in the history of the Malankara
Church after the Coonen Cross Oath of 1653 was the instituting of the
Catholicate in 1912. This was not a sudden happening, but the climax of a
long process of awakening in the Indian Church ever since the Portuguese
occupation of the Church. All the aspirations of the community to express
its identity and apostolic freedom culminated in the Catholicate. The question whether it is a “re-establishment” of the persian Catholicate of ancient
days or “establishment” of an independent Catholicate as the symbol of
the identity of the ancient Church of St. Thomas in India is irrelevant to a
large extent. We cannot ignore the historical aspects of such an institution
nor can we underestimate its actual missionary and canonical potential in
India. A Christian Church like the Malankara Church with a profound awareness of its apostolic roots, freedom, and long herigate in India has all the
authority to institute its own head and organize its own hierarchy like any
other ancient apostolic church in the world.
178
In the 1930s Mar Ivanios, head of a monastery and one of the bishops of
the Malankara Orthodox Church joined the Roman Catholic Church with
some of his clergy and faithful and set up what is known as Malankara
(Rite) Catholic Church. This was a typical case of Uniatism practised by the
Roman Church amidst all Eastern Church since the 16th century.
Search for Unity
In 1934 the Malankara Association, the representative body of the people
and the clergy of the Church adopted a constitution for the Malankara
Church. The then seperate positions of the Malankara Metropolitan and
the Catholicos held by two different incumbents were integrated in one
incumbent of the apostolic seat of St. Thomas as both the temporal and
spiritual head of the Malankara Church. The Constitution, however
generoulsy and with a view to future unity of the two factions, provided
space for a Patriarch recognized by the Malankara Church, as spiritual head
without any power of ordination or jurisdiction, appointment or disposal in
the Malankra Church.
Already at the beginning of the 20th century the Malankara Church was
divided into two factions: one side supporting the Patriarchal claims of
jurisdiction over Malankara and other side holding the ideal of the indigenous, autonomous Malankara Orthodox Church ruled by its own Indian
heads. Since the prominent leader of the Indian side then was Malankara
Metropolitan Geevarghese Mar Dionysius (Vattasseril), it was called by the
other party as Metran’s faction. The Patriarch wreaked vengeance on Mar
Dionysius, an outstanding theologian, administrator and saintly figure, by
“excommunicating” him uncanonically. The Malankara Church and the civil
courts in India rejected the excommunications as an illegal, individual and
uncanonial act of a foregin prelate who wanted to suppress the genuine
canonical aspiration of the apostolic church of India to manage its own
affairs without alien intervention.
The long litigation between these factions was ended in 1958 by the
verdict of the Supreme Court recognising the authority of the Catholicos
cum Malankara Metropolitan over the Malankara Church. The Patriarch’s
party that contested his authority was ordered by the Supreme Court to pay
up all the court expenses incurred by the Catholicos side. Immediately after
the Supreme Court verdict, the then Patriarch Yakoob III of Antioch and the
Catholicos Baselius Geevarghese II agreed to a historic peace settlement
by accepting and acknowledging each other. The Catholicos exchanged
the Reconciliation document with the Patriarchal delegate Metropolitan Mar
Julius at the Old Seminary, Kottayam in December 1958. All peace-loving
179
people of Malankara and members of the sister churches rejoiced at this
precious gift of peace. The Malankara church became one, spiritually and
administratively.
Unfortunately this blessing remained only for about 12 years. The
Catholicos had exchanged the peace doucment, with the formula ‘accepting the Patriarch of Antioch subject to the constitution’. However, the Constitution of 1934 and the title of the Catholicos/Malankara Metropolitan
and his apostolic authority all were questioned in a new series of litigation
by the Patriarchal party. This led to another historic verdict of the Supreme
Court in 1995 re-affirming the validity of the Constitution of 1934 and the
authority and position of the Catholicos cum Malankara Metropolitan. The
court instructed the Catholicos to convene a Malankara Association meeting of all the parishes of the Malankara Church in order to begin a new era
of peace and unity. Although the Association was validly and canonically
held in the presence of a Supreme Court observer in 2001 at Parumala, unity
was not achieved, not because of the lack of desire for peace on the side of
the common people and parishes, but because of the great manipulative
skill of a church leader who had ambitions to fulfil in a divided church. Four
bishops on the former Patriarchal side declared allegiance to the Constitution of 1934 and to the Catholicos and along with their priests and faithful
were reunited with the Malankara Church. The Catholicos publicly declared
that doors were still open for peace and unity and exhorted all leaders to
respect the people’s desire for unity.
It is important to note that both factions held on to their common ground
of the same liturgy and same faith in spite of long years of litigation. It is
really one Church. The litigation and division were essentially on account
of the dispute on authority and jurisdiction, particularly in temporal matters
and not on matters of faith. The Supreme Court has upheld more than once
the constitution of 1934 as providing solutions for these disputes and as an
effective instrument for unity. But far above such legal aspects, most of the
true believers are conscious that the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church is
really one body in Christ, in one faith and one worship. Many fervently are
“hoping against hope” that the Church would be united once again for the
glory of God. (The present writer, for instance, who enjoyed the bliss of
unity in the 1960s has never accepted that there are two different church
with the names Jacobite and Orthodox, but keeps its oneness in his heart in
all humility and hope in God’s healing power.)
Conclusion
Retelling the sad story of division among the Nazrani Christians of Kerala
180
has to be necessarily an exercise of hope for unity as well. Looking at the
history and identity of Malankara Orthodox Church from an ecumenical
perspective, I am led to raise some broad, elementrary questions that I hope
will remain with us in order to help us in some soul-searching and to take us
out of the present state of separate existence.
1. If the Nazrani Christian community of St. Thomas could remain as one
single Church and family until the 16th century, who divided us and for
what cause?
2. To what extent are we justified in fighting each other in the name of
Rome or Antioch, Bagdad or Canterbury? Can we the Christians of St. Thomas with as much antiquity, apostolicity and autonomy as these ancient
churches organize our affairs on our own without any subservient reference to them or accepting any alien superior authority except that of loving
communion?
3. Can we agree on an essential basis of common Christian faith and
practice of the undivided Church, choose our own head for the united
Church, and evolve our own Indian system of hierarchy and administration
while maintaining very cordial and Christian communion with other
Churches?
4. What are the racial and economic factors involved in our peopl’s and
leaders’ easy submission to foreign ecclesiastical authority during the colonial period as well as in the contemporary post-colonial era?
5. How can we reinstate our own ecclesiological historiographical methods unlike those used by the dominant Churches and colonial masters from
the West for their own interests, so that we as a united Church can do
effective Christian witness in our pluralistic and secular context?

181
6
ImtXm-en-t°‰v:
kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]Jym-]\w
^m. tUm. ‰n. sF. h¿Kokv
ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v 1912-˛¬ ÿm]n®n´v 100 h¿jw XnI™p. CXnt\mSIw At\-I-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ k`m-N-cn{X ]T-\-ßƒ
D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ImtXm-en-t°‰ns‚ kzXzm-h-ÿ-bpsS ]p\¿ hmb-\bmWv hfsc lrkz-ambn ChnsS \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
1. "ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ iXm_vZn'
F∂Xv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv F¥mWv?
1912 sk]vXw. 15˛\mbn-cp∂t√m BZy ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®-Xv.
ae-¶ck`-bnse A∂sØ t\XrXzw ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s\-∏‰n \ne\n¿Ønb Nn¥-bn≥{]Im-c-amWv B \S-]-Sn. AXn≥{]-Imcw ImtXmen-t°-‰ns‚ ]p\xÿm]-\-amWv \S-∂Xv. ÿm]-\-sa∂ Nn¥ Ncn{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v D≠m-sb-¶nepw Ahsc Imcy-am-°n-bn-√.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s\-∏‰n 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]nXm-°∑m¿ Nn¥n-®n-cp∂Xv: 3˛mw \q‰m-t≠msS t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-Øn¬ cq]wsIm≠
ImtXm-en-t°‰v F∂v ]n∂oSv t]cp-≠mb ÿm\w s\kvtXm-dn-b-cpsS
\nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v 7˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ AXv kXyhnizmknI-fpsS CS-bn-te°v sX{Kokv F∂ ÿew tI{µo-I-cn®v
am‰n ÿm]n®p F∂pw AXv 19˛mw \q‰m≠v hsc A`n-hr-≤n-£-b-ßtfmsS \ne-\n-∂p-h-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw AXmWv 1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]p\xÿm-]n-®-sX-∂p-amWv. ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®-Xp -ap-X¬ 2012 hsc 100 h¿jam-b-Xp-sIm≠v ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ iXm_vZn F∂p ]d-bm≥ t{]cnX-cm-bn.
F∂m¬ 1912˛¬ ÿm]n-®Xv ]p\x-ÿm-]-\tam bYm¿∞- ÿm-]\tam F∂ tNmZyw hcp-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-≠m-Ip∂p. ]p\x-ÿm-]-\-sa∂ Nn¥-bn¬ 1912˛¬ ÿm]n-X-amb ImtXm-ent°-‰v AXn-\p-ti-jw At¥ymJym kpdn-bm\n -]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns\
B{i-bn-°msX kzX{¥k` F∂ \ne-bn¬, kzX-{¥-ambn ImtXmen- ° msb taen¬ \nb- a n- ® m- ° m\pw, ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b v ° m- h - i y- a p≈
182
ta¬]´-°msc hmgn-°m-\pw, aqtdm≥Iq-Zmi XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ
sNøm\pw A\p-hm-Zhpw AwKo-Im-chpw Inń. Ah 1912 apX¬ \n¿hln-°p-∂p. A∂p-ap-X¬ AwKo-Imcw e`n® ImtXm-en-t°‰v 1934˛se
k`m-`-c-W-L-S-\-bn-eq-sSbpw 1958˛se kp{]owtImS-Xn-hn-[n-bn-eq-sSbpw
XXz-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNøm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-hn[w AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.
1964˛¬ ImtXm-en°mhmgvN-bn-eqsS ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw AXw-Ko-I-cn®p. AXn-\p-tijw AXv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ka-ÿm-\n-b√ F∂
X¿°-ß-fpw hyh-lm-c-ßfpw hn`-P-\-ß-fp-sam-s°-bp-≠m-sb-¶nepw
ImtXm-en-t°‰v AXns‚ tkh\ßƒ IrXy-ambn \n¿h-ln-®p-h-cp∂p. AXv Aßs\ iXm_vZn XnI-®Xv XnI®pw ae-¶-c-k`bv°p
A`n-am\w Xs∂.
2. 1912˛se ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS k`m-]-c-amb Ahÿ?
1876 apX¬ ae-¶ck`-bnse \ho-I-cW hn`m-K-°msc ]cm-Pn-Xcm-°m≥th≠n At¥ymJym kpdn-bm\n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ £Wn®p-h-cpØn At±-l-Øns‚ ae-¶-c-ta-ep≈ A[o-i-Øw, bmsXm-cp-hn[
XXz-Zo-£bp-an-√msX AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-SpØ ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse \hoI-csW-Xn-c -t\-XrXzw \ho-I-c-W-°m¿ tImS-Xn-hn-[n-I-fpsS kml-Ncy-Øn¬ ]cm-Pn-X-cm-bXmbn I-≠p. AXn\p kp{]-[m-\-amb Imc-Wam-bn-Øo¿∂Xv ]pcm-X\Imew sXm´p ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ A[o-iXzw \ne-hn-en-cp-∂p F∂ hmZhpw AXv \ho-I-cW
sa{Xm≥ ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp∂p-sh∂pw F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman AXwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√msb-∂Xp-amb Btcm-]-W-Øn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. Cu Btcm]Ww icn-bm-sW∂p tdmb¬ tImS-Xn-bnse hn[n {]Jym-]n® `qcn]£w PUv P n- a m¿ ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b psS bYm¿∞ Ncn- { X- a - d n- b msX,
A⁄-X-bn¬ ka¿∞n-®Xv \ho-I-c-WsØ FXn¿Ø hn`m-K-Øn\v
hnPb-am-bn.
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]pcm-X\Imew sXm´p≈ ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-sS-taep≈ A[o-i-Ø-mh-Im-i-hmZw Dd-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬
tImS-Xn-bm-Is´ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Cu hn[-amb A[o-i-Øw
BflnI-Im-cy-ß-fn-embn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw k`-bpsS euInI
A[n-Imcw ]m{Xn-b-¿°okns‚ t\cnt´m ]tcm-£-amtbm A[n-Im-cNp-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ae-¶c sa{Xm-\n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv F∂pw
{]Jym-]-\-ap-≠m-bn. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ae-¶-c-k-`-ta-ep≈ Ah-Imi-hmZw Cu hn[w CYw-{]-Y-a-ambn tImS-Xn-hn-[n-bn-eqsS Dd-∏n®Xv
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v h≥ t\´hpw Hcp hiØv £o-W-hp-am-bn. ImcWw
183
euIn-I-Im-cy-ß-fn≥ ta¬ B[n-]-Xy-an-s√-¶n¬ Bflo-b-Im-cy-ß-fn¬
B[n-]Xyw Inń-bn-s´-¥p -{]-tbm-P-\-am-Wp-≈Xv! tImS-Xn-hn-[nsb adnI-S-°m≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v ss[-cy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-s\mcp Ahkcw hcm≥ 12 h¿jw hsc ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p ]m{Xn-b¿°okv.
AXmWv 1909˛¬ kwPm-X-am-b-Xv. A∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\m¬ Ahtcm-[n-X-\mb h´-t»-cn¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ ae-¶c sa{Xm-\mbn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv At±-l-tØmSpw At±lw t\XrXzw \¬Inh∂ k`-tbmSpw Bh-iy-s∏-´Xv 1889˛se tdmb¬ tImS-Xn-hn[n adnI- S∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°o- k ns‚ k¿∆m- [n- Imcw AwKo-I-cn-°m-\ m-W v.
AXn\p Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ kΩ-Xn-®n-√. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-Is´,
Zoh-∂m-kn-tbm-kns\ H‰-s∏-SpØn. At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS \n∂n-cp∂
Hcp {]K¬`- hn-`m-KsØ Xs‚ `mK-Øm-°n, Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdmas\ apS-°n. Cu hn[w ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ A\p-Iq-en-°p∂ Hcp
I£nbpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ FXn¿°p∂ Hcp I£n-bpw Zoh-∂mtkymkv Bdm-as‚ Iq-sSbpw \nehn¬ h∂n-cp∂ Hcp kml-N-cyØn-emWv ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-]\w c≠m-a-tØ-Xmb sa{Xm≥ I£nbn-ep¬`-hn-®-Xv.
At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bnse ap≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ hnfn®p-h-cp-Øn-bmWv ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v ]m{Xnb¿°okv ]£w ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm]-\sØ tNmZyw sNøp∂
\ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp. 1958˛se kp{]ow tImS-Xn-hn-[n -hsc B \ne-]mSv
\ne-\n-∂p.
1876 apX¬ 1912 hsc ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse \ho-I-c-tW-X-c-hn-`mKw
At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS Hcp A\n-tj[y `mK-ambn \nesIm-≈p-∂-Xmbn iTn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂ Hcp k`m-ÿn-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p \ne\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Dƒ`-c-W-kzm-X{¥yw _lp-am-\n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp
hyh- ÿ m- ] nX kv t \l- k u- l m¿≤w At¥ymJym ]m{Xn- b ¿°m
_‘w \ne-\n¿Øn t]mc-W-sa∂mWv ae¶-c-k-`-bpsS B{K-lw.
F∂m¬ AXv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSv \S-Øn-Ø-c-W-sa∂v ae-¶-c-k`bv°v H‰-s°-´mbn \n∂v Bh-iy-s∏´p \S-∏n-em-°m≥ I-gn-™n√.
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w hgn AXns\ FXn¿°p∂Xpw A\p-Iq-en°p-∂Xp-amb c≠v I£n-I-fp-≠m-bn. Ie-ln-∏p k`sb £bn-∏n®p.
\mfn-Xp-h-sc CXn-s\m-cp ]cn-lmcw imiz-X-am-bn-´p-≠m-bn√.
184
3. 1912˛teXv ImtXm-en-t°t‰m a{^nbm-t\t‰m?
ÿm]-\tam ]p\x-ÿm-]-\tam?
]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ Bi-b-°p-g-∏-ßƒ ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-{Xw, kpdnbm-\n-_-‘w, ]m{Xn-b¿t°-‰v, ImtXm-en-t°‰v, a{^nbmt\‰v F∂n-hIsf kw_-‘n®v \ne-\n¿Øn-b Ime-ØmWv 1912˛se kw`hw. AXv
XXz-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-t°t‰m AYhm a{^nbmt\t‰m ÿm]-\tam
]p\x-ÿm-]-\tam A√m-bn-cp-∂p. X¬°mew h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb
]m{Xn-b¿°-okns‚ apS-°n¬\n∂pw c£-s]-Sp-Øm-\p≈ am¿§w kzoIcn-s®∂v am{Xw.
h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apS-°n-s\-Øp-S¿∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\
A\p-Iq-en-°p∂Xpw h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-Xp-amb
c≠p I£n-Iƒ cq]w{]m]n-®p. Ch¿ ]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw hyh-l-cn®p.
AXn-te°v \bn-® ImcWw 1912˛¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v, sa{Xm≥I-£nsb-∂dn-b-s∏´ h´-t»cn¬ sa{Xm-®s‚ `mKw, ÿm]n-®p-sh-∂XmWv.
B ÿm]-\-I¿Ωw \S-Ønb A_-vtZZv ain-lm, 1912 sk-]vXw. 17˛\pw
1913 s^{_p. 8˛epw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xmb c≠v Iev]-\-I-fn¬ ]d-™ncn-°p∂Xv "\nß-fpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw a{^n-bm-\sb AXm-bXv
ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®n-cn-°p∂-p-'sh∂√msX Cu ÿm]-\sØ
"]p\xÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂' kqN-\-bn-√. 1934˛se k`m `c-W-LS-\-bn-em-Wv ]p\x-ÿm-]-\-sa∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂Xv
{]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠-XmWv. 1912˛¬ AXv ÿm]n-X-am-b-t∏mƒ
ImtXm-en-°mbpw a{^n-bm-\bpw Htc -ÿm-]-\-am-sW∂ coXn-bn-emWv
A¿∞-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ 1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\-bn-emWv ImtXmen-t°mkv F∂ t]cv a{^nbm≥ F∂p-≈Xv \o°n-s°m≠v D]-tbmKn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬\n∂p {Kln-°m-hp∂ Nne Imcy-ßƒ: H∂v,
AXns‚ ÿm]-\-th-f-bn¬ a{^nbm\, ImtXm-en-°m F∂nh Htc
ÿm\-am-sW∂mWv D-t±-in-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ {]Y-a-am-bpw XXz-Øn¬
B ÿm\w a{^nbm\bptS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1934˛se k`m`cW-L-S-\-bp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ a{^n-bm\ F∂Xv ]mtS Dt]-£n-®p ImtXmen-t°mkv F∂v am{X-am°n. c≠v, 1912˛¬ AXv "ÿm]-\-'am-bn-cps∂-¶n¬ 1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ AXv "]p\x-ÿm-]\'ambn. Cu
]p\x-ÿm-]-\-am-b-t∏mƒ AXv a{^n-bm-t\-‰ns‚ \ne-bn-te°v ho≠pw
A[x-]-Xn-®p. AXm-b-Xv, ImtXm-en-t°‰ns‚ \ne-bn-te°v `c-W-L-S\-bnse a{^n-bm-t\‰ns‚ Db¿®bv°v tijw lq-Zm-b-Im-t\m\pw
I^¿ØqØm (869) kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Bib-ß-fp-amWv `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \nb-a-ß-fmbn ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚
185
`c-W-`{ZXbv°pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn\pw Iq´p-]n-Sn®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. am¿ tXmΩm-bpsS knwlm-k\w Xn{Ko-kn¬ Bbn-cp∂Xv 1912˛¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ]p\xÿm-]n-®-tXmsS ae-¶-c-bn-te°v
am‰nÿm]n®p F∂p-ap≈ A\m-hiyw ]ns∂bpw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬
IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bXn¬ \n∂pw ]nt∂bpw ae-¶-c-bn-teXv a{^n-bm\ am{XamWv F∂Xv Dd-®p.
Ch-bn¬ \ns∂√mw ae-¶c-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bXv ImtXmen-t°‰v
A√ a{^n-bm-t\‰v BWv F∂Xn\v th≠ sXfnhv tXtS≠ A[nIw
Bh-iy-an-√. Ct∏m-gsØ ImtXm-en°m am¿tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS
knwlm-k-\-Ønse 91-˛mw ]n≥Km-an-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw a{^n-bm\-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Ø-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√tbm! ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse
tae-[y-£-ÿm-\sØ ImtXm-en°m F∂v AXy-[nIw Bth-itØmsS ]d-bp-tºmgpw `c-W-L-S-\-bnepw a‰p \S-]-Sn-I-fnepw \ne\n¿Øn-t∏m-cp∂ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw a{^n-bm-t\-‰n-t‚-Xm-Wv. ImtXmen-t°‰v BWv ae-¶-c-bn-teXv F∂v ]d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ ae-¶-c-k`m `cW-L-S-\-bn¬ am‰-ap-≠mtb aXn-bm-hq. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse sa{Xm-∑mcpw,
k`-b-S¶w {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®pw Hcp {]Jym-]-\-Øn-eqsS ImtXm-en-t°‰v
\ne-hn¬ hcp-Øm-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈m-bn-cp-∂p. k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ]m{Xnb¿t°-‰v, ImtXm-en-t°‰v F∂o k`m≤y£-ÿm-\-ßƒ \ne-hn¬
h∂n-´p-≈Xv Cu hn[-am-Wv. bmsXmcp ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw thsdmcp
k`-bn¬ kz¥-ambn ta¬∏-d™ ÿm\-ßƒ \ne-hn¬ hcp-Ønb
Ncn-{X-an√. a{^n-bm-t\‰v kpdn-bm-\n- ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[o-i-Øn¬
D≠m-°n-bXpw AXns‚ {]Xybimkv{X-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp
hnt[-b-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvSnX -ÿm-\-am-Wv. AXn\v ImtXm-en-°m-bp-tS-tbm,
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t‚tbm Xpeyamb ÿm\m-[n-Im-cß
- f
- n-√. AXp ]m{Xnb¿°o-knt\m tdmanse t]m∏nt\m kuI-cyhpw D≠m-°m-hp-∂XmWv. AXns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ c≠n-e-[n-Iw B \nebn-ep≈ ÿm\n-Iƒ D≠mbn \n¬°p-∂-Xns‚ ]n∂n¬. ae-¶-c-k`bpsS `cWLS\ kaqew ]cn-jv°-cn°Ww. hnti-jn®pw ae-¶c ˛
At¥ymJym _‘w, ImtXm-en°m ˛ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂o hnjbß-fn¬. AXp am{X-a√, ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Imt\m≥ lqZmb BsW∂Xpw amd-Ww. AXn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Imcy-a-√ a{^nbm-\-bpsS Imcyw am-{Xam-Wv. AXv ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v ImtXm-en-°msb
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw bmsXmcpXc-Ønepw Imt\m-\n-I-ambn _m[I-hp-a-√.
1912˛teXv a{^n-bm-t\‰v BWv. AXv ImtXm-en-t°‰v A√. AXv
186
ÿm]-\-am-bn-cns° ]ns∂-sb-¥n\v ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS 1934˛se `c-WL-S\ apX¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]-\-am°n Xo¿Øp. 1934 apXtem AX-s√¶n¬ Ipd™]£w 1925 apXtem ae-¶-c-bn-teXv ImtXm-en-t°‰v
BsW∂v X¿°n-°m-sa-¶nepw Cu XXz-sa√mw 1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\bn-eqsS Ań-a-dn®p.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse c≠p I£n-Iƒ 20˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ c≠p a{^nbm-\-mÿm-\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ H∂n\p ]pdtI H∂mbn
ÿm]n- ® p. BZy- t Ø- b - h ¿ a{^n- b m- \ sb ImtXm- e n- ° m- b mbn
ImWm≥ ]cn-{i-an-®p-sh-¶n¬ c≠m-asØ Iq´¿ AXv ]m{Xn-b¿°okn\p Xpey-X-bn-√mØ H∂mbn Xs∂ \ne-\n-dp-Øp-hm\pw AXy-[nI-ambn ]cn-{i-an-®p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw Xmev]cyw
a{^n-bm-t\-‰n-t\mSmWv F∂Xpw hy‡w. AXmWv a{^n-bm-t\-‰v.
tdma≥ I-tØm-en°m doØp-Im-cpw Hcp a{^n-bm-\m-ÿm-\-Øn\p
Xpey-X-bp-≈Xv ÿm]n®p a{^n-bm-\-bpsS t{ijvTX km£y-s∏-SpØn. Ch-sc√mw IqSn XpS¿∂pw _lfw h®n´v henb {]k‡nbps≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n√. F√m-hcpwIqSn Hcp km£m¬ ImtXm-ent°mknt\tbm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\tbm `mc-X-Øn¬ B°p-I. F∂n´v
B ÿm\n-bpsS Iogn¬ F√m a{^n-bm-\-am-tcbpw \ne-\n-¿-ØpI
F∂Xt√ A`n-Imayw. a‰p≈ am¿tXm-am- ss]-Xr-I-Øn-ep≈hscbpw
a‰pw Cu kwc-w`-Øn-te°v Iqń-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ ]cn-{i-an-°m-hp∂XmWv. Ah¿°pw DNn-X-amb ÿm\ ˛ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ sImSp°Wsa-t∂-bp-≈q. AsXmcp FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ kml-khpw IqSn-bmbn-cn-°pw. Aßs\ \ne-hn¬ hcp-Øp∂ `mcX ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\m,
ImtXm-en-°mbvt°m Hcp \qX\ `mcX_mhmtbm, at‰-sX-¶nepw `mcX-km-l-N-cy-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb \mahpw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xt√! AXns‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp sFIy`mcX ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bv°pw, km£yØn\pw kwK-Xn-bm-°m-hp-∂-Xt√! ImtXm-en-t°‰v, a{^n-bmt\‰v
ÿm]-\tam ]p\x-ÿm-]-\tam Fs∂ms° C\nbpw X¿°n®p ]mgmt°-≠-Xpt≠m! kml-kn-I-{]-b-Xv\-ß-fn-eqsS `mc-X-Ønse Nn∂n®n-X-dn-°n-S-°p∂ k`-Isf tbmPy-X-bn-se-Øn-®p, tkh\ Xev]-c-cm°m≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp t\Xr-Xz-Øn\p cq]wsImSp-°m≥ Ign-b-s´.
4. ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ k`mNcn-{X-]-c-amb
{]k‡n hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ AXoh {]k-‡n-bp-≠v.
Ct∏mƒ FIyp-sa-\n-°¬Xe-Ønepw AXoh {]k‡n \ne-\n¬°p-
187
∂p-≠v. k`m-`-c-W- ˛ {InkvXpimkv{X cwK-ß-fnepw {]k-‡n-tbsdbmWv.
ImtXm-en-t°‰v tdmΩm-km-{amPyw t]mse- hn-kvXr-Xhpw {]_-ehp-amb t]¿jy≥ km{amPyØn-tebpw AXn\v ]pd-Øp≈ Gjy≥
`qJ-fi-Øn-tebpw cmPy-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ k`-I-fnepw
hym]-cn-®n-cp∂ tae-≤y£ ÿm\-am-Wv. ]m{Xn-b¿t°‰n-t\°mfpw
{]mK¬`yhpw `c-W-ss\-]p-Wyhpw BtKm-f-Xbpw AXv \ne-\n¿Ønt∏m-∂ncp∂p. `mc-X-k` 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥ywhsc AXns‚
kPoh `mK- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p- F∂Xv X¿°- h n- a p‡ hkv X p- X - b mWv .
t]¿jy≥ k-`-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v s\kvtXm-dn-b-\nkØns‚ ]nSnbn-em-bn-t∏mbn F∂v ]d-™p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂Xv B ImtXm-en-t°‰v H‰s∏-Sp-∂Xn\pw, £bn-°p-∂Xn\pw, a‰p k`-I-fpsS B{I-aW ˛ AXn{I-a-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-bn. a≤y-]q¿∆ Gjy-bn¬ bmt°m-_m-b°mcpw, 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ ]m›mXy tdma≥ ItØm-en-°cpw k`tbbpw B k`m-_‘-tØbpw, B _‘-Øn-epƒs∏-ń-cp-∂-h-scbpw
hngp-ßp∂ {]h-W-X-bm-Wp-≠m-°nbXv. AXn\p Imc-W-ambn ]d™pt]m∂Xv s\kvtXm-dn-b-\nkw BWv. B[p-\nI {InkvXp-imkv{X
hni-Zo-I-cWw CXn-t\m-SIw \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ shfn-®-Øn¬ thZ-hn]-co-Xm-tcm-]-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°‰v hntam-Nn-XamWv F∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰-[n-jvTnX k`-I-fpsS
hf¿®bv°pw D∂-a-\-Øn\pw a‰v k`-Iƒ°v t]mkn-‰ohv Bb kao]\ coXn-I-fn-eqsS klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. CXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬
tIc-f-k-`-bn¬ Bhn¿`-hn-®n-´p≈ a{^n-bm-t\-‰pw, tdma≥, doØv F∂nh-I-fnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰p-Ifpw ]p\¿Nn-¥-\ -hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠-Xpw,
Ah-bn¬ hnti-jn®pw ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse ImtXmen-t°-‰ns‚ {]k‡n shfn-hm-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. ta¬]d-™-h-sb√mw
{]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fnepw {]tXyI k`mhn`m-K-ß-fpsS A`n-cp-NnIƒ°pwth≠n \nehn¬ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-h-bm-Wv. At\I kaq-lß-fn-em-bn´v Nn∂n-®n-Xd
- n-°n-S°
- p∂ C∂sØ `mc-X{- In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ°v
HsØm-cp-an®v \n∂v {InkvXob km£yw \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-w. ae-¶-ck-`-bn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ]c-a-amb Dt±iyw k`m
Dƒ`-c-W -kzm-X{¥y kwc-£Ww, sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°p-I, aqtdm≥
IqZmi CXym-Zn-I-sfms° sNbvI F∂ ]cn-an-X- tkh\ taJ-e-bmWv. Ch-sbms° H∂n¬°q-Sp-X¬ sa{Xm∑m¿ D≈n-S-sØm-s°-bpw
th≠ Hcp sa{Xm-\p-an-√m-Øn-SØpw C∂p sNbvXp hcp-∂p≠v, sNømhp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
188
Cu shfn-®-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰v, a{^n-bm-t\‰v F∂n-h-I-sfms°
Hcp Ime-b-f-hp-hsc {]mK¬`yw sXfn-bn® ÿm]-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
F∂ hkvXpX AwKo-I-cn-°mw. ]ns∂ Ah £bn-®p-t]m-bn. Aßs\
£bn-®p-t]m-b-Xns\ Hmtcm k`-I-fnepw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®mepw/ÿm]n®mepw Ahsbm∂pw Xs∂ ap≥Im-etØXmI-W-sa∂n√; ap≥ImetØh Dƒs°m-≠n-cp∂ kz`m-h-ssh-in-jvSy-ßƒ \ne-\n¿Ø-W-sa∂p-an-√.
ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b nse Hm¿Ø- t UmIv k v hn`m- K - Ø nse ImtXm- e nt°t‰m/a{^n-bm-t\t‰m ÿm]-\-Øn-eq-sStbm/]p\x-ÿm-]-\-Øn-eqsStbm \nehn¬h∂mepw AXv XXz-Øn¬ t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-ent°-‰ns‚ kºq¿ÆXIƒ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bm≥ \nhrØn-bn-√. t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns\ XXz-Øn¬ \ntj-[n-®p-sh∂
kml-N-cy-Ønepw Xn{Koknse a{^n-bm-t\-‰p-ambn Hcp ImeØpw
bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn-ep-amWv ChnsS AXv
ÿm]n-®Xpw ]n∂oSv _‘-ap-s≠-∂p≈ hmZ-ß-fp-sams° Na-®-Xpw.
ae- ¶ c Hm¿Ø- t UmIv k v hn`m- K - Ø ns‚ `mc- X - Ø n- e p≈ Hcp
{][m\ k`mtae-≤y-£≥ F∂Xn-\-∏p-d-ambn `mc-X-Øn-em-Is´,
Gjy-bn-em-Is´, temI-Øn-em-Is´ Cu ÿm\n°v Fs¥-¶nepw
hninjvSÿm\hpw A[n-Im-c-hp-an-√t√m! Hcp ImeØv t]¿jy≥
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\p≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\hpw A[n-Im-chpw Gjy≥ `qJfi-Øn-ep-S-\o-fw- \n-e-hn-en-cp∂Xv, C∂v ÿm]n-°pI Akm-≤yw.
C¥y-bntem th≠m, tIcf-Øn¬ am{X-am-bnt´m AXv Akm≤yw.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-ambn \ne-\n∂pt]mcp∂ ImtXm-en-t°‰n\v k`-bpsS Dƒ`-cW kzmX{¥yw th≠-hn[w ]cn-c-£n-®p-t]m-cm≥
Ign-™nń-√. AXv ÿm]nXam-bXv Xs∂ ]nf¿∂n-cp∂ Hcp k`m
hyh-ÿ-bn-em-Wt√m! AXp-ap-X¬ ]ns∂-bßv H∂p c≠p ]nf¿∏pIqsSbp-≠m-bn-ńt√! C\nbpw ]nf¿∏p-≠m-bn-°q-Sm-sb∂pw ]d-bm≥
hø. ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s‚bpw ]m¿iz-h¿Øn-I-fp-tSbpw IS-∂m-{I-a-Wß-fn¬ \n∂v ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kaq-l-ßsf kwc-£n-°p-hm≥
Imcy-am-bn-s´-s¥-¶nepw sNøm≥ km[y-amtbm? ImtXm-en-t°-‰n¬
tI{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp k`m`cW hyh-ÿnXn \ne-hn¬ hcpØm≥ th≠n-bp-am-bn-cp-∂t√m ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ kwÿm-]\w! 46
h¿j-tØmfw AXns‚ kwÿm-]-\sØ tNmZyw sNbvXp t]ms∂¶nepw tImS-Xn-Iƒ aptJ\ km[pX e`y-am-bn. F¶nepw ae-¶c
Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv k`bnse Hcp hn`mKw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns\ tNmZyw
sNbvXp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[o-i-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb a{^n-bmt\‰v \S-∏n-em-°n-t∏m-cp-∂p.
189
tImS- X n- h n- [ n- I ƒ A\p- I q- e - s a- ¶ nepw \S- ∏ n- e m- ° n- Ø - c p- h m≥
cmjv{Sob]m¿ń-Iƒ sshapJyw ImWn-°p-∂p. At\Iw cmjv{Sob]m¿ń-I-fpw, A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dp-hm≥ Ah¿°p≈ AXym-{K-lhpw
`mcX ˛ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-t∏mƒ, hnL-Sn-X-am-bn-°n-S-°p∂ tIc-f-Ønse
GsXmcp k`mhn`m-K-tØbpw H‰-bv°mbn ]n≥Xm-ßp-hm≥ Xmev]cy-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. `mhn-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw cmjv{Sob]m¿ń-bpsS GIm-[n-]-Xytam, XØpey `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\tam hcnI-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿ A\p-Iq-en-°p∂ k`m hn`m-K-Øn\p ]cn-K-W\
e`n-t®-°mw. AXv B¿°m-bn-cn°pw F∂Xv {]h-Nn-°m-hp-∂X
- √
- . ]pcmX-\-Im-e-ß-fnse aX-ßƒ°pw, aXm-≤y-£-ÿm-\n-Iƒ°pw k¿∆m[o-iØw e`n-®n-´p-≈Xv N{I-h¿Øn-am-cpsS AS-°n-`-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈
Hcp km{amPy ˛ aX kwhn-[m-\-Øn-em-Wt√m! AXv \mam-h-ti-j-ambn- c n- ° p∂ kml- N - c y- Ø n¬ {]Xo- £ bv ° p hI- b n√ B¿°pw,
bmsXm-cp- kwhn-[m-\-Øn-\pw. ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\p k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬
Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn {]k-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ka-Im-eo\ {InkvXob
ktµi ˛ km∂n≤y ˛ tkh-\-ß-fn-eqsS am{Xta GsXmcp k`mÿm-\n°pw, k`bv°pw AXn-t‚-Xmb {]k-∂X \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-Ibp-≈q. Chbv°v ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v Ign-™n´p-s≠-¶n¬, Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ {]k-‡n-bp≠v `mhn-N-cn-{X-Øn¬. 100
h¿jw BtLm-jn-°p∂ ImtXm-en-t°‰v {]k‡n GXp-hn-[-Øn-sems°-sb-∂p-≈Xv \n›-b-ambpw hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂Xpw ]mfn-®I-fps≠¶n¬ ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
km{am-Pym-[n-jvTnX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ hf¿∂v cq]wsIm≠-Xmb
k`m D∂-X-ÿm-\-ßfpw A[n-Imc tI{µo-I-cW kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw
ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-®m¬ Ah ]q¿Æ-ambn \S-∏nembn F∂p hcn-Ibn√. amdnb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ {InkvXob \qX\ Z¿i-\-ap-≠m-hpIbpw AXn-\-\p-krX-ambn ss{IkvX-hcpw Ass{I-kvX-h-cp-amb
temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m-h-tcbpw hnim-e-ambn ho£n-°p-Ibpw F√mh¿°pw- hn-ta-mN-\hpw Poh\pw e`y-am-°p-Ibpw thWw. Cu ]cn-{ia-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\pw kPo-h-ambn ]¶psIm≈mw.
5. ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ kzmX{¥yw
F{]-Imcw \nco-£n-°p∂p?
"kzmX{¥yw' F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ Dt±in-°p-∂Xv sshtZ-inI B[n]-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw ap‡-am-bn-cn-°¬, kzbw`c-Wm-h-Im-iw,
{]h¿Ø\ kzmX-{¥yw, ]cm-{ibw Hgn-hm-°pI, kz¥w Imen¬
190
\n¬°p-I, {]h¿Ø\ kuIcyw \¬IpI F∂o hn[-ap≈ At\Iw
A¿∞-ß-fmWv.
ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰p-ambn Cu ]Zw _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-X-am-bXv apX¬ ae-¶-c-k` hntZi k`m ta[mhn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw hntam-Nn-X-ambn kz¥w Imen¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥ambn k`-bpsS k¿∆Imcy-ßf
- nepw Npa-Xe Gs‰-SpØv sNøm≥ A\ph-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXmbXv, At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-ck-`-ta¬ Ds≠∂p hnNm-cn-°p∂ k¿∆ A[nImc-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw
]m{Xn-b¿°okv kzbw Hgn-™p-sIm-SpØp ]n≥am-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
thsdmcp A[n-Im-c-tI{µw ˛ ImtXm-en-t°‰v F∂ t]cn¬ ˛ kwÿm]n-®p-sIm-≠v. ImtXm-en-t°‰v kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-amWv. ae-¶c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]Jym-]-\hpw IqSn-bm-Wv. ImtXm-ent°-‰ns‚ kzmX{¥yw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-am-Wv. ImtXm-ent°‰n\v kzmX-{¥yan√msX h∂m¬ AXv ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]mc-X{¥y-amWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
1912 sk]v‰w. 15˛\v ImtXm-en-°msb ]m{Xn-b¿°okv hmgn-®-XneqsS ImtXm-en-t°‰pw AXn-eqsS Dt±-in-°p∂ k`mkzm-X-{¥yhpw
\ne-hn¬ h∂p. 1925 apX¬ c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m-tbbpw XpS¿∂p≈
ImtXm-en-°m-am-tcbpw hmgn-®m-°n-b-Xn-eq-sSbpw Cu kzmX{¥yw Dd∏n-®p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS F∏n-kvt°-m∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kv, ae-¶-c-k-`bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v Bb kpdn-bm-\n-{In-kvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥
F∂n-h-I-fpsS kΩXhpw AwKo-Imchpw e`y-am-°n-s°m-≠m-Wv
ImtXm-en°m hmgvN-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. 1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\-bp≠m-°n-b-Xpw, ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, hmgvN, A[n-Im-cw
CXym-Zn-Iƒ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≈Xpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-tS-bpw, ImtXm-ent°-‰n-s‚bpw kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. ImtXm-ent°-‰ns‚ km[p-Xsb tNmZyw sNbvXt- ∏mƒ hyh-lm-c\
- S- ]
- S- n-If
- n-eqsS
AXv km[phm-°n-bXpw AwKo-Im-ch
- n-t[-ba
- m-°n-bXpw ae-¶c
- k
- `
- b
- psS
kzmX- { ¥y- t Øbpw ImtXm- e n- t °- ‰ ns‚ kzmX- { ¥y- t Ø- b p- a m- W v .
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xp- ap-X¬ CtX-hsc
AXns‚ kzmX-{¥ysØ kwc-£n-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Xt±io-I-c-W-Øn-epw, X\-Xm-b- hy-‡n-Xz- hn-I-k-\-Øn-epw, CXc k`-Ifp-am-bp≈ FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ _‘-ßƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-epw, CtXt]m-ep≈ X\-Xmb hnI-k-\-e£yw apºn¬ I≠psIm≠p≈ a‰t\I taJ-e-I-fnepw {]h¿Ø\ \nc-X-am-bn-´p-≠v.
191
ae-¶-c-k-`sb At\Iw `{Zmk-\-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn®v `{Zm-k-\-ßfpambn CS-h-I-Isf _‘-s∏-SpØn tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂ -Hcp `cW- k w- h n- [ m\w ImtXm- e n- t °‰v \ne- h n¬ h∂- X n\p tij- a mWv
Imcy£--aam-bn-Øo¿∂-Xv. ap≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]£Øv hotdmSpw
hmin-tbmSpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]e CS-h-I-Ifpw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ `cW-{I-a-Øn¬ h∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw A\m-h-iy-ambn ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\
kzm[o-\n∏n®p {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m°n ImtXm-en-t°-‰n¬ hn≈-ep-≠m°n.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `{Zm-k-\-ß-fp-tS-bpw, CS-h-I-I-fp-tSbpw Npa-X-eIƒ Cu k`-bn¬ am{Xw Dƒs∏-´-h-cmemWv \bn-°-s∏´pw \n¿∆-ln°-s∏´pw t]mcp-∂-Xv. kmº-ØnI Bh-iy-ß-fn¬ k`-bpsS `c-WIm-cy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-Sm≥ aXn-bmb Bkq-{X-W-tØm-sS-bp≈
]≤-Xn-Iƒ k`-bnse F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw D≠v. kmº-ØnI taJe-bn¬ k` kzbw]cym-]vX-X-bn-emWv Ft∏mgpw \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-cp-∂Xv. kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°pI F∂ Cu XXzw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚
apJym-Z¿i-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. AXv AXy-[nIw A`n-am-\m¿l-hp-am-Wv;
ae-¶-c-k-`sb kw_-‘n®nS-tØm-fw. Cu hn[w a‰-t\Iw taJ-e-Ifn¬ ae-¶-c-k` ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A`n-am-\m¿lamb t\´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-®n-´p-≠v; ssIh-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-an-cn-°p-∂p. Cu
hn[ At\-I-t\´-ß-fpsS ]nd-In¬ {]h¿Øn-®Xv ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-eqsS
ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v e`n® kzmX-{¥y-amWv F∂Xv X¿°-a‰ hnj-bw.
F¶nepw kz¥-amb Hcp hy‡n-Xz-hpw, kzIo-b-X-bpw, Z¿i-\-hpw,
kz¥-amb Fs¥-¶n-ep-sams° ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ kzX{¥m-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-tb≠XmWv. k`-bpsS hnizmk, in£-W, Bcm[-\, {InkvXob Pohn-X-km£yw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ X\n hntZiob kz`m-h-ß-fmWv ae-¶-c-k` \ne-\n¿Ønt]mcp-∂-Xv. Ch-bn¬
Imcy-amb am‰-ap-≠m-I-Ww. At∏mtg kzX{¥ k`-sb-∂-h-Im-i-s∏Sm≥ \nhr-Øn-bp-≈q.
ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bv°p≈ {]i-kvXnbpw AXnse
ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-\p≈ kzm[o-\-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v hnim-e-amb Hcp `mcX
k`m sFIy-Øn\pth≠n ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\p ]cn-{i-an-°m-hp-∂XmWv.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv cwK-Øp-≈-h-tcmSpw, ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ thdn´p \n¬°p∂- h - c p- a m- b - p w At\Iw kl- I - c W taJ- e - I - f n¬ HsØm- c p- a n®v
km£yw hln-°m≥ Ign-bm-hp-∂Xm-Wv. sshZnI hnZym-`ymkw, thZ]p-kvXI -]-cn-`m-j, {InkvXo-b -km-ln-Xy {]kn≤oIc-Ww, BXp-ctk-h-\-cw-K-ßƒ F∂ohn[-ap≈ At\Iw taJ-e-I-fn-sems° a‰p
k`-I-fp-sS-bpw, kwL-S-\-I-fpsSbpw kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ {]hr-Øn-°mhp-∂Xm-Wv.
192
6. "ae-¶-c-k` X\-Xmb k`m hy‡nXzw
hnI-kn-∏n-°Ww': Dt±-in-°p-∂sX¥v?
Hcp hy‡n-bpsS hy‡nXzw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\v c≠v am¿§-ßƒ
Ds≠-∂mWv hnNm-cn-t°-≠Xv: H∂v, X\-Xmb Ign-hp-Isf Is≠Øn
hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°pI; c≠v, a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂pw Cc-hmbn hmßn Ahbn-eqsS hnI-kn-°p-I. BZy-tØXv Ah-\-h-t‚-sX-¶n¬ c≠m-a-tØXv
h√-h-t‚-Xv.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS X\-Xmb Hcp k`m hy‡nXz hnI-k\w F∂Xp-sIm-≠p-t±in-°p-∂Xpw \mfn-Xp-hsc ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-ep-≈Xv hntZ-i
k`m-kº¿°-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈-h-bm-sW∂pw Ch hyXnbm\-ßƒ°v
Imcy-ambn hnt[-b-s∏-ń-ń-s√∂pw, hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bn-ØocmsX apt∂m-´p-t]m-bm¬ hntZ-ik-`-I-fpsS thsdmcp ]Xn-∏mbn
am{Xta ImWp-hm≥ \nhr-Øn-bp-≈p-sh-∂p-am-Wv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS
hy‡n-XzsØ `mc-Xob kml-N-cy-ßƒ°pw, Nn¥-Iƒ°pw, Bflob
-Zm¿i-\nI- aqey-ßƒ°pw cq]-ßƒ°pw tbmPn®p sIm≠p-t]m-Imhp∂ coXn-bn-em-°-W-sa-∂Xv Aßs\ hntZ-iob k`m-_-‘-ß-fneqsS _‘-\-Øn-em-bn-°n-S-°p∂ ae-¶-c-k`m hy‡n-XzsØ A[n\n-th-i-hn-ap-‡-am°n cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂Xpw Cu {]tbm-K-Øn-ept±-in-°p-∂p≠v.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Nne taJ-e-Iƒ X\-Xmb k`m hy‡nXz hnIk-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-tI-≠hbmWv:
1. k`-bpsS t]cv: am¿tXmΩm «olm-bm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb `mc-Xk-`-bpsS t]cv am¿tXm-Ωm-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS k`/ae-¶-c-\-{km-WnIƒ Fs∂m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂XmWv 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse km£yw.
Malabar Christians F∂mbncp∂p ]m›m-Xy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ km[mcW t]cv. ]pØ≥Iq‰p-Im¿, ]g-b-Iq-‰p-Im¿ Fs∂ms° 1653˛\p
tijhpw hnf-ns®-¶nepw U®p-Im-cmWv kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ F∂p hntijn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-sX∂ A`n-{]m-b-hp-ap≠v. tdmΩm-°m-cpsS IqsS
IqSn-bn-cp-∂-hsc tdmtam ˛ kndn-b≥kv F∂pw Ahsc FXn¿Øv
\ne-\n-∂hsc tdmam-°m-c-√mØ ]gb kpdn-bm-\n-°m-sc∂pw hnfn®p
h∂n-cp-∂p. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ ]gb kpdn-bm-\n-°msc bmt°m_m-b-°m¿ F∂p hnfn-®p-sh-¶n¬ 20˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ch¿ \mev Bbn
hn`-Pn-X-cm-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Hcp hn`m-KsØ am¿tXmam kpdn-bm-\n°m¿ (am¿tXm-Ωm°m¿) F∂pw thsdmcp hn`m-KsØ bmt°m-_m-b°m¿ F∂pw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp-t]m-∂p. bmt°m-_m-b-°m-cmWv
193
20˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ aq∂v hn`m-K-am-bXv: bmt°m-_m-b, Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv,
kotdm ae-¶c ItØm-en-°¿ F∂n-ßs\.
Ch-cn¬ Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Im¿ 1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\bn¬ D]-tbmKn® t]cv ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n Hm¿ØtUmIvkv F∂m-Wv. AXv
kpdn-bm\n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bm-Ip∂ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ A[o-i-Xz-Øn-ep≈ k`-bpsS Hcp `mK-am-sW∂pw ]d-bp-hm≥
XpS- ß n. F∂m¬ B›- c y- s a- ∂ p- ]- d - b s´, AJn- e - t em- I - k- ` mIu¨kn-en¬ Cu `mc-Xob k`-bpsS t]cv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv
Church of the East F∂mWv. Cu "Ing-°ns‚ k`'sb∂p≈Xn¬ \n∂mbn-cn-°Ww ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-X-am-b-t∏mƒ "Ing-°ns‚ ImtXmen-t°‰v' F∂v ]d-bm≥ t{]cnX-X-am-bX∂v tXm∂p-∂p. ae-¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkvIm¿ At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS Hcp A\n-tj-[y`m-Kambn Xß-fpsS Ncn{Xw Xs∂ ad-∂p- XmZmflyw CXn-t\m-SIw
{]m]n-®n-cp-∂-p. F¥m-bmepw 1958˛\p tij-ap≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ˛
ImtXm- e n- ° m - I - £ n- I - f psS AI¬®bv ° v tij- a mWv ImtXmen°mI£n, "Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv' {]tbmKw Ah-cpsS k`-sb-∏‰n ]dbp-tºmƒ IqSp-X-em-bn´v {]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Xp-S-ßn-bXv. F∂m¬ Cu
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv {]tbmKw hna¿i-\-ßƒ°v AXoXa√ F∂Xpw
Hm¿Øn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. C∂v Cu k`-bpsS t]cmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-hcp-∂Xv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ "Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\nk`' F∂m-Wv.
F∂m¬ AXv Cw•o-jn¬ X\n hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp-]-tbm-Kn-°ptºmƒ Orthodox Syrian Church F∂m-Ip-∂Xv t\sc hn]-co-Xm¿∞Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p. Cw•ojn¬ Orthodox Syrian Church F∂p ]dbp-∂Xv \ΩpsS k`tb A√. AXv At¥ym-Jym- ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
kpdn-bm-\n-k-`s-- bbmWv. \mw {]Y-a-ambpw "Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv' As√¶n¬ "kpdn-bm\n' k`-bmtWm? kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈
Bcm[\-{I-aß
- f
- pw, hnizm-kß
- f
- p-sams° kzoI-cn-®p-hc
- p-∂X
- p-sIm≠v
`mc-Xo-b-cmb ae-¶-c- k-`mw-K-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cm-I-bn-√t√m!
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-k-Øn\v {]Y-a-ambpw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-XpsIm≠v Orthodox Church F∂ hnti-jWw A\z¿∞-am-Wv. kndnb≥ Bcm-[\
- {- I-aß
- f
- pw, a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-hc
- p∂ Hcp Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
k`-bmWv \mw F∂v ]d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ Syrian Orthodox Church F∂v am{X-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv.- `m-cX Hm¿ØtUm-Ivkv, ae-¶c kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv, ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
F∂o hn[-ap-≈- \m-a-ßƒ k`sb kqNn-∏n-°m≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa¶n-epw- \n-›n-X-am-bXpw A¿∞-k-ºq¿Æ-X-bp-≈-Xp-amb Hcp \maw
194
Cu k`bv°v \¬tI-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb Bh-iy-am-Wv.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]£-°m¿ t]mepw Malankara Yacobaya Syrian Orthodox F∂mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. \Ωƒ Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂
k`- b psS t]cv \¬Ip∂ kqN\ \Ωƒ Xs∂ \ΩpsS t]cv
Adn™pw Adn-bm-sXbpw Xa-kv°-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xt√! icn-bmb
Hcp t]cv \n›-b-ambpw k`-bpsS X\-Xm-b- hy-‡n-Xz-Øns‚ `mK-amWv. AtX-t]mse Xs∂ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ t]cpw.
2. ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ t]cv
ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ 1912˛¬ ÿm]n-X-amb ImtXmen-t°‰v a{^n-bm-t\t‰m ImtXm-en-t°t‰m F¥pamIs´, ImtXm-ent°-‰n-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ `mhn-bn¬ X¿°-ap-≠m-°m-hp-∂- Bi-bß-ƒ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-S-Ww. CXn¬ {]Y-a-ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv
1912˛¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bXv ImtXm-en-t°t‰m a{^n-bm-t\t‰m F∂-XmWv. At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm\n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\m¬ AXv ÿm]n-Xam-bn. F∂m¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v thsdmcp k`-bnse
ImtXm-en-t°‰v as‰mcp k`-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v F¥[n-Im-c-amWp-≈Xv F∂v \n›-b-ambpw tNmZn-°m-hp-∂XmWv. At¥ym-Jy≥
kpdn-bm\n k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬s∏´ a{^n-bm-t\‰v thWsa-¶n¬
ÿm]n-°mw. AXv At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[o-i-Xz-Ønep-≈-Xm-Wv. At∏mƒ 1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en°mI£n-bn¬
ÿm]n-X-am-bXv a{^n-bm-t\‰v am{X-amWv F∂Xv kphy-‡w. Aßs\
ÿm]n- X - a m- b - X ns\ ImtXm- e n- t °‰v F∂pw a{^n- b m- t \‰v
F∂psams° Htc-k-abw t]cp-hn-fn-®p- h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv -B-i-b-°p-g-∏ßƒ°v hgn sXfn-bn-°pw. thsd c≠v ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ tIc-f-Øn¬
Bhn¿`-hn-®n-cns° IqSp-X¬ Nn¥m-°p-g∏w `mhn-bn¬ D≠m-°p∂p.
as‰m∂v ae-¶-c-bn¬ 1912˛¬ ÿm]n-®Xv "Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-ent°-‰mWv.' CXn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw BÀm-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hmkvXh-Øn¬ Cu kw⁄-sIm≠v B ÿm\sØ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn{Xw
hnkva-cn®p ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bt√ sNøp-∂-Xv.
""Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-t°‰v' ]pcm-X\ t]¿jy≥ k`-bnse ImtXmen-t°t‰m AXn\v Xpey-amb ÿm\tam A√ AXv sX{Ko-knse
a{^n-bm\ ÿm\w am{X-am-Wv. At¥ymJym kpdn-bm-\n- ]m-{Xn-b¿°okns‚ A[o-iØ-Øn≥Iogn¬ Ign™phcp∂ Hcp ÿm\w. CXv
]m{Xnb¿°okv \n¿Ø-em-°n. \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-ap≈ ae-¶-cbn¬ 1912˛¬ CXv ÿm]n®p F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv At¥ymJy≥ ASn-a-
195
XzsØ FXn¿°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ thsd hn[-Øn¬ Bt«-jn-°p∂p
F∂XmWv CXnse hntcm-[m-`m-kw. tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS ]n≥Km-anXzhpw At∏m-kvXenI knwlm-k-\hpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ bmsXmcp
`mcX k`m kaq- l - Ø n\pw Ah- b n¬ hnti- j n®p am¿tXm- a m{InkvXym\n-Iƒ°pw CXv H´pw A`n-am-\-I-c-a-√.
AXpsIm≠v 1912˛¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bXv Hcp kp{]-[m\ sshZn-Itae-≤y-£-ÿm-\-sa∂p ]dbmw. AXv Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-t°‰pw
a{^n- b m- t \- ‰ p- s am- s °- b m- s W- ∂ pw ]p\x- ÿ m- ] - \ hpw ÿm]- \ - h psams°sb∂pw DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂Xpw _lfw hbv°p-∂Xpw AXoh
KXn-tI-Sp -X-s∂. 1912-˛¬ ÿm]n-X-amb B ÿm\nsb ImtXm-en°m,
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Fs∂m-s°tbm at‰-sX-¶nepw `mc-Xob kml-N-cya-\p-k-cn-®p≈ aXm-Nmcy t{iWn-bnse \ma-Øntem hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥
Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ AXt√ IqSp-X¬ A`n-Im-ayw. 1925 apX-ep≈ ae-¶-ck-`m -Im-tXm-en-°m-amsc ImtXm-en°m F∂p hnfn-°m-sa-¶nepw `cW-L-S-\-bnepw a‰p-ap≈ hnLm-X-ßƒ \ot°-≠-Xm-Wv.
a‰p Nne taJ-e-Iƒ X\-Xmb k`m hy‡znXz hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn
hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-h, k`-bpsS Xt±-io-I-cW taJ-e-bm-Wv. hnizm-kw,
Bcm-[-\, in£-W-{I-a-ßƒ, k`-bpsS Ncn-{X-]m-c-ºcy ho£-Wßƒ, {InkvXob km£y-ßƒ, a‰p {InkvXob hn`m-K-ß-fpw, Ass{IkvXh hn`m-K-ß-fp-am-bp≈ FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ _‘-ßƒ XpSßn A\h[n taJ-e-I-fn¬ H‰-s∏-´p-I-gn-bmsX Cg-IntN¿∂p DØa {InkvXob
km£y-w \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ch-bv°p-th≠ DNn-X-amb \S-]-SnIfpw, {Iao-I-c-W-ß-fpw, Hcp-°-ßfpw k`bpsS `mKØp \n∂p-≠mtI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
temI-Øp≈ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv IpSpw-_-ßfn¬s∏´ k`-I-fp-ambnt´ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v kwk¿§w ]mSp≈q F∂p≈ k¶p-Nn-XXz at\m`mhw shSn™p a‰p k`-Ifpw hnti-jn®p `mcX-Øn¬ Xs∂-bp≈
At\Iw k`-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn-°m-hp∂ taJ-e-I-sfms°
I≠p]nSn®p, kl-I-cn®p {InkvXo-b- km-£y-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Imhp∂-Xt√! `mcX k`-Iƒ HsØm-cp-an®p \n∂v {InkvXp-hns\ km£n°p∂ Hcp kwc-w`-Øn\pw `qtem-I-Øn¬ sht®-‰hpw A[nIw aXß-fp≈ `mc-X-Øn¬ B aX-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂p-\n-∂p-sIm≠v a\pjy-¿°v kvt\lhpw, kulm¿±hpw, hnSp-Xepw, hntam-N-\-hp-sams°
{]Zm\w sNøp∂ thZn-Iƒ Hcp-°p-Ibpw Ah-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°pIbpw sNøm-hp-∂Xt√ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°pw!
196
ae-¶-c-k` X\-Xmb Hcp k`m hy‡nXzw hnI-kn-∏n-°Ww F∂p
]d-bp-tºmƒ k`-bn-ep-≈-h¿°pw k`bv°v ]pd-Øp-≈-h¿°pw Cu
hnI-k-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fnØw e`y-am-IWw F∂Xv Xo¿®-bm-Wv. k`bv°-IØpw ]pdØpw ae-¶-c-k` X\Xmb Hcp hy‡n-ap{Z ]Xn-∏nt°≠-Xp-≠v.
ka-Im-eo-\- `m-c-X-km-l-N-cy-Ønepw, ka-Im-eo-\-cmb a\p-jy-cpsS
Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw ap≥K-W-\- sIm-SpØv {InkvXobkm£yw \n¿hln- ° m≥ k`bv ° v Ign- t b- ≠ - X m- W v . Nne- b n- S - s Øms° NneXv
sNøm≥ Ign- ™ n- ´ p- s ≠- ¶ nepw ae- ¶ c k`- b psS {]Xn- — m- b sb
Db¿Øm≥ Ah ]cym-]vXa
- m-bn-ń-√. Ak-am-[m-\h
- pw, A{Iahpw, AcmP-I-Xzhpw, A\o-Xnbpw, Ak-a-Xz-hp-sam-s°-s°m≠v \nd-™n-cn-°p∂
Cu ImeØv k`-bv°p Imcy-£a-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-tb-≠Xm-Wv.
7. "ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ iXm_vZn'bn¬
Xncn™p t\m°p-tºmƒ Fßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p?
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ h´-t»-cn¬- Xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw a‰pw {]b-Xv\-^-eambn Hcp apXn¿∂ k`m-≤y£-ÿm\w \ne-hn¬ h∂p. AXv Bcw-`Øn¬ a{^n-bm-t\‰v Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ime-{I-taW ImtXm-en-t°‰v
Bbn. AXns‚ {]mcw- ` - s sh- X - c - W n- I ƒ AXn- P o- h n®p i‡nbm¿÷n®p Ct∏mƒ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ k¿∆ _lp-am\ ˛ A[n-Imc-ß-tfmSpw IqsS Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°m-ÿm\w t]mse ae-¶-c-k`m
kzmX{¥yw kwc-£n®p \ne-\n-∂p apt∂-dp-∂p. CXv \n›-b-ambpw
A`n-am-\m¿lw Xs∂. hnti-jn®pw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ iXm_vZn
BtLm-jn-°p∂ thf-bn¬. Cu hn[w ÿm]n-X-amb ae-¶-c-k`m
tae-≤y-£-ÿm\w km[p-h-√, ]m{Xn-b¿°m ÿm\-Øn\v ka-a√
Fs∂m- s °- b p≈ CS- t h- f - I - f nse hnhm- Z - ß ƒ°v kpZo¿L- a mb
t]mcm´ Ncn-{X-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ah-sbm∂pw Cu ÿm\sØ kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXns‚ aln-a-tbtbm tkh-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS \n¿∆l-W-tØ-tbm, hf¿®-tbtbm If-¶-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]cym-]vXambncp∂n√.
AXv \mƒ°p-\mƒ i‡n-bm¿÷n®p. AXv \ne-hn¬h∂ k`m-hn-`mK-Øns‚ {]tNm-Z-\hpw Bflm¿∞- t{]m-’m-l-\hpw {]m¿∞-\bpw
kl-I-c-W-hp-sa√mw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ hf¿®bnse i‡nbpw
kp{]-[m-\ -L-S-I-ß-fp-amWv. C∂Xv ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bpsS ]c-tam-∂X k`m-[y-£-ÿm-\-am-Wv. tbmKy-cmb Bfp-Isf
k`-bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v Bb ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-
197
kn-tb-js‚ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS Cu ÿm\-tØ-°m-°p-∂p. ae¶ck`-bpsS ImtXm-ent°mkv B ÿm\w Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂Xv samØØn-ep≈ k`-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏pw, AwKoImc kn-≤n-tbm-Sp-am-Wv.
ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w Ae-¶c
- n-®h
- s
- c√mwXs∂ Xßsf k`-tb¬]n®
Npa-X-e-Iƒ bYm-tbmKyw \nd-th-‰n-bn-´p-≠v F∂-Xn¬ k` AXy-[nIw
Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-tØmsS Ah-cpsS tkh-\-ßsf _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw
BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. ae-¶ck`sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw,
Cu ImtXm-en-°mhn`mKw C{X-sb-¶nepw AXns‚ CtX-h-sc-bp≈
hntZ-i-k-`m-[n-\n-thi Ncn-{X-Øn¬, ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p-th≠n sNbvXt√m! "ae-¶-c-\-{km-Wn-'I-fnse Hcp hn`mKw tdmΩ≥
ItØm-en-°-cpsS Iogn-epw, thsdmcp `mKw At¥ymJym kpdn-bm\n
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[oiØw kΩ-Xn®pw t]mcp∂ kml-N-cyØn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS tZiob kzmX{¥yw kwc-£n®p ImØp-t]mcp-∂-Xv, ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bpw AXns‚ ImtXm-en-t°‰pw
BWv. am¿tØmΩm kpdn-bm-\n- k-`bv°pw Cu hkvXp-X-bn¬ A`nam-\-Øn-\v AXy[nIamb ÿm\-ap-≠v. kotdm ˛ ae_m¿, kotdm ˛
ae-¶c F∂o tIcf doØp-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ Ah-cpsS k`-bpsS
kzmX-{¥ysØ tdmanse t]m∏n\v ASn-bd sh®v am¿tØmam H∂ma≥ apX- e p- ≈ - h - t cm- S p≈ sshcmKyw Xo¿Ø- X p- t ]m- s e, ]m{Xnb¿°okv ]£-Øp≈ ae-¶-c- k-`mw-K-ßƒ Zp¿∆m-in-°m-cmb t\XrXz-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn-e-I-s∏´v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v Ah-cpsS k`m-kzmX{¥yw Xosd-gpXn ImtXm-en°m hn`m-K-tØmSv sshcmKyw Xo¿°pI-bt√ sNbvXXv!
hmin-sb√mw ad-∂v, H∂n-®p-\n∂v Hcp kpi-‡-amb `mcX \{kmWn-k`
- sb kzX{¥ hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬ sIń-∏S- p-°p-hm≥ Ah-kcw D≠mI-Ww. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰pw AXv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂
k`-bpsS kzX{¥ k`-bm-bn-´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw `mhn-bn¬ {]tNmZ\w \¬IWw.
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ temI-Øn¬ BI-am-\- kpdnbm-\n -k-`-bm-sbm-∂p-s≠-∂p≈ k¶¬]-ap-≠m°n `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬
{]Xn-jvTn-®n-´p-≈-Xpw B BtKm-f-kp-dn-bm\n k`-bpsS {][m-\n-bmWv
]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂Xpw B kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS Hcp hn`m-K-am-Wv
ae-¶-c-k-`-sb-∂p-≈-Xp-sams°bp≈ k¶¬]-ßƒ. `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬
\n∂v amt‰≠XmWv.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Dƒ`-cW Imcy-ß-fn¬ am{Xw At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°okpw a‰p hntZ-im-[n-\n-thi k`mi‡n-Ifpw CS-s]-S-cpXv
198
F∂p≈ GI Dt±iy-at√ {][m-\-ambpw ap∂n-´p-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv ae-¶-ck-`sb Hcp kºq¿Æ kzX-{¥m-h-ÿ-bn-te°v \o°p-hm\pw \bn°p-hm\pw AXn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\p Ign-™n´pt≠m? k`-bpsS kzX-{¥m-h-ÿ-sb-t∏mepw i‡o-I-cn-®p -h-f¿Ønbn-´pt≠m? ae-¶ck`-bpsS CS-h-I-I-fn¬ kam-[m-\-]q¿∆w- \n∂v
Bcm- [ n- ° m≥ k`mX¿°w tlXp- h m- b n´p Ign- b p- ∂ pt≠m?
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ B{i-bn®p-sIm≠p {]_-e-cmbn
hnl-cn-°p∂ i‡n-Isf Aa¿® sNøm≥ Fs¥-¶nepw hgn Is≠Øn-bn-´pt≠m? hntZ-io-k`mi‡n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-Ifpw
k`-bn-eXn{I-an-®p- I-S∂p Acm-P-IXzw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v F∂mWv
Hc-hk
- m-\a
- p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv? Zpjn-t∏m-]t- Z-iß
- f
- psS IS∂m-{I-aW
- ß
- ƒ°v
Hcp ISn-™m-Wn-Sp-hm≥ k`bv°v Fs¥-¶n-ep-sams° sNøm≥ Ign™n-´pt≠m? B[p-\nI kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ tZmj-h-i-ßƒ°v hnt[b-cm-b-hsc c£-s]-Sp-Øm≥ th≠ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Is≠Øn \S∏n- e m- ° n- b n- ´ pt≠m? Cßs\ A\- h [n tNmZy- ß ƒ°v DØcw
Is≠tØ-≠-Xp≠v.
k`m-]-c-amb At\Iw Npa-X-e-Iƒ k`bv°v sNøm-\p≠v F∂Xv
F√m-hcpw kΩ-Xn-°pw. k`m-kzm-X-{¥ysØ `c-W-]-c-amb kzIo-bX-bn¬ am{X-sam-Xp°n \n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ henb {]k-‡n-bn√. \m\mapJ-ß-fn-ep≈ k`m-Po-hn-X-Ønepw temI-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ae-¶-ck`-bpsS kzmX{¥yw {]I-S-am-°-Ww.
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®-Xp- ap-X¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ hg-t°mSp hg°mWv Ac-tß-dn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. CXv ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ GXp-hn-[-Øn-sems°
Ign-bp-sa∂v k`-bm-bn-´v- B-tem-Nn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hg-°n´v ka-b-hpw,
A¿∞-hpw, tijn-bp-sams° C\nbpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-ØmsX GXp-hn[w
\√ Imcy-ßƒ°v Ah hn\n-tbm-Kn°mw F∂Xpw Btem-Nn-t°-≠Xm-Wv. CXn-te°v th≠ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw ]T-\-ßfpw k`-bpsS k¿t∆m∑p-J-amb A`n-hr-≤nsb ap∂n¬ I≠v \S-tØ-≠-XmWv.

199
7
k`m-X-e-h-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-\m-a-ßƒ
]pcm-X\ ss{IkvXh k`-I-fpsS Xe-h-∑m¿ t]m∏v, ]m{Xn-b¿°okv, ImtXm-en°m F∂nßs\bmWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-amcpw B¿®p-_nj-∏p-amcpw Xe-h-∑m-cmb kzX{¥ k`-I-fpap-≠v. Htc kabw H∂n-e-[nIw ]Z-hn-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ k`m-Xe-h-∑m-cp-ap-≠v. CS-°m-eØv ÿm\-\maw am‰n- ]pXn-bXp kzoI-cn®hcp≠v. \ma-am-{X-ambn Cu ]Z-hnIƒ- D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.
ImtXm-en-t°mkv
]pcm-X\ tdmam -km-{am-Py-Ønse A©p {]apJ \K-c-ß-ƒ tI{µam°n \mepw A©pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿t°-‰p-Iƒ cq]w
{]m]n®t∏mƒ km{am-Py-Øn\p ]pd-Øv AXn\p Xpey-ambn hnhn[
ImtXm-en-t°-‰p-Iƒ cq]-sa-Sp-Øp.
t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-Øn¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°‰pw (FUn
315) {Sm≥kv-˛-sIm-t°-jy≥ {]tZ-iØv (]gb tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚
sX°p ]Sn-™mdp `mKw) A¿ta-\n-b≥ (FUn 363), tPm¿Pn-b≥ /
sF-_o-cn-b≥ (FUn 475), A¬t_-\nb≥ (FUn 552) F∂n-ßs\
aq∂p ImtXm-en-t°-‰p-Ifpw C°m-eØp ÿm]n-X-am-bn.
tdmam- k m- { am- P y- Ø nse ]m{Xn- b ¿°okpw km{am- P y- Ø n\p
]pdØp≈ ImtXm-en-t°mkpw Xpey ]Z-hn-If
- m-Wv. "ImtXm-en-t°mkv'
AYhm "ImtXm-en-°m' F∂ hm°v tdmam k
- m-{am-Py-Ønse Hcp DtZymK-ÿs‚ ÿm\-kw⁄ Bbn-cp-∂p. Hcp `q{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ ta¬
A[n-Im-c-ap≈ Bsf∂v hnh-£n-°p-∂p. "s]mXp-]nXmhv', "s]mXphns‚ Bƒ' Fs∂ms°-bmWv Cu {Ko°v ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w.
]uc-kvXy- k`
t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-Øn¬ skeq-Iym-˛-sÃ-kn-t^m-Wnse sa{Xm\m-bn-cp∂ ]m∏m _¿ KKmbn (285 ˛ 327) BI-am\ t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw F.Un. 315¬ "ImtXm-en-t°mkv'
F∂ ]Zhn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ct±-l-amWv k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬
Adn-bs∏Sp∂ BZysØ "ImtXm-en-°m'. Cu ÿm\-amWv F.Un.
200
410 apX¬ "]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. skeq-Iymbnse henb sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ImtXm-en°m F∂ ]Zhn kzoI-cn®Xv F.Un. 231emsW∂pw A`n{]m-b-ap-≠v. F.Un. 424¬ ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en-°m, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv F∂ ÿm\-kw-⁄bpw kzoI-cn-®p.
F.Un. 486¬ t]¿jy≥ k` At¥ymJy≥ thZ-imkv{Xw kzoI-cn°p-Ibpw s\kvtXm-dn-tbm-kn-s\bpw a‰pw k`m-]n-Xm-°∑
- m-cmbn AwKoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Chn-SpsØ k`m-≤y£∑msc _m_n-tem¨
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv F∂pw Akn-dn-b≥ (s\kvtXm-dn-b≥) ImtXm-en-°m
F∂pw k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.
F∂m¬ Akn-dn-b≥ (s\kvtXm-dn-b≥) k`-tbmSp tNcmsX
t]¿jy-bn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ \yq\-]-£-amb kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°v
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okn\p Iogn-em-bn-cp∂ "Ing-°ns‚ henb
sa{Xm- t ∏m- e o- Ø m- ' am¿ F.Un. 559 apXepw Xn{Ko- k nse "a{^nbm\m'am¿ F.Un. 629 apX¬ t\XrXzw \¬In. skeq-Iym-bnse
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°‰n\p ]Icambn Xn{Ko-knse am{^n-bm-t\‰v
ÿm]n-®X
-- p-sIm≠v a{^n-bm-\m-amsc Nne-t∏mƒ ImtXm-en-°m F∂pw
hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. 1863¬ Cu ÿm\w \n∂p-t]m-bn.
]pcm-X-\-amb Akn-dn-b≥ (s\kvtXm-dn-b≥) k` 1968 apX-¬ sSldm≥ (Ct∏mƒ jn°mtKm), _mKvZmZv F∂o ÿe-ßƒ tI{µ-am°n
c≠p ]m{Xn-b¿°okpam-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-Ibm- W v . tIc- f - Ø nep≠mbn- c p∂ Ccp I£n- I fpw 1995¬ tbmPn°pIbpw jn°m-tKm-bn-ep≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°okns\ k`m-X-e-h-\mbn
kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. BtKmf Xe-Ønepw tbmPn-∏n-\p≈ {iaßƒ \S-°p-∂p-≠v. _m_n-tem-Wnse I¬Zmb ItØm-en°m ]m{Xnb¿°okv I¬Zmb ItØm-en°m doØn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p. 1553
emWv Cu ]m{Xn-b¿t°‰v ÿm]n-®-Xv.
A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`
ss{IkvXh k`sb HutZym-Kn-I a-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-® (F.Un.
301) BZy cmPy-amWv A¿ta-\n-bm. k`m Xe-h≥ F.Un. 363 apX¬
ImtXm-en-t°mkv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A¿ta-\nbmbnse FIvan-bmUvkn¬ Bÿm-\-amb kp{]ow ImtXm-en-t°mkv A¿ta-\n-b≥
k`bv°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p. kneo-jym-bnse knkv Bÿm-\-ambn
1441¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ A¿ta-\n-b≥ ImtXm-en-t°mtk-‰v se_-t\m\nse B‚n-en-bmkv tI{µ-ambn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Ccp ImtXmen-t°mtk-‰pIfpw ]cn-]q¿W kwk¿K-Øn-em-Wv. kp{]ow ImtXm-
201
en-°m-bpsS {]Ya ÿm\w kneo-jy≥ ImtXm-en°m AwKo-I-cn°p∂p≠v. Hcp ImeØv (1113 ˛ 1895) Ing-°≥ Xp¿°n-bnse hm≥
XSm-I-Ønse ALvX-am¿ Zzo]nepw Hcp A¿ta-\n-b≥ ImtXm-en-t°‰v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS 50 t]¿ ImtXm-en-°m-am-cm-bn.
A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`bn¬ kp{]ow ImtXm-en-°mbpsS Iogn¬ Pdpk-te-anepw (F.Un. 638) tIm¨Ãm‚o-t\m-∏nepw (F.Un. 1461) Hmtcm
]m{Xn-b¿t°-‰p-≠v. Chbv°v ]cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-c-ß-tf-bp-≈q.
A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`bn¬ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Iogvÿm-\n-bmWv ]m{Xnb¿°o- k v . kneo- j ym- b nse A¿ta- \ n- b ≥ ItØm- e n°m ]m{Xnb¿°okv A¿ta-\n-b≥ ItØm-en°m doØn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂p. 1742-emWv Cu ]m{Xn-b¿t°‰v ÿm]n-®-Xv.
tPm¿Pn-b≥ k`tPm¿Pn- b ≥ k`- ss_k‚- b n≥ Hm¿Ø- t UmIv k v - k `m IpSpw_Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p. k`m Xe-h≥ F.Un. 475 apX¬ ImtXm-ent°mkv F∂pw 1010 apX¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkv˛]m-{Xn-b¿°okv F∂pw
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1290¬ A_vKm-kn-bm-bnepw Hcp ImtXm-en-t°-‰v D≠mbn-. 23 t]¿ ChnsS ImtXm-en-°m-am-cm-bn. tPm¿Pn-b≥ (sF-_o-cnb≥) ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS {]Ya ÿm\w A_vKm-kn-b≥ ImtXm-en°m
AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. tPm¿Pn-bmbnsebpw A_vKm-kn-bmbnsebpw
ImtXm-en-t°-‰pIƒ 1811epw 1814epw \n¿Ø-em-°n; k`m-`-cWw djy≥
kn\- U ns‚ Iogn- e m- ° n. tPm¿Pn- b ≥ ImtXm- e n- t °- ‰ v 1917¬
]p\xÿm]n-®p.
A¬t_\n-b≥ k`
]gb sIm-t°-jy≥ (Imkv]n-b≥) A¬t_-\nbm BWv C-t∏mgsØ Ak¿s_-Pm≥. (_m¬°≥ {]tZ-iØv A¬t_-\nbm F∂
t]cn¬ as‰mcp cmPy-ap-≠v). F.Un. 552 ¬ ÿm]n-X-amb A¬t_\nb≥ ImtXm-en-t°-‰v 1815¬ C√m-Xm-bn. A¬t_\n-b≥ k` 1836¬
A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`bpsS `mK-am-bn. ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v 95 t]¿ ChnsS
ImtXm-en-°m-am-cm-bn.
ae-¶c k`
am¿ tXmΩm «olm ÿm]n® ae-¶c k`, Hcp ImeØv (1599
hsc) skep-Iym-bnse ImtXm-en-°m-sbbpw ]n∂oSv At¥ym-Jymbnse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\bpw (18-˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ Bcw`w apX¬
20-˛mw iX-IØ
- ns‚ Bcw`w hsc) Bflob tae-[n-Im-cn- (thZ-Xeh≥)
202
Bbn kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p. C°m-e-sØm-s°bpw ]uc-kvXy˛]m›mXy
kpdn-bm\n ta¬∏-´-°m-cpsS km∂n-≤yhpw ae-¶-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
F¶nepw Xt±-in-b-cmb A¿°Zvbmt°m∑mcpw (1653 hsc) am¿tXmΩm
sa{Xm-∑mcpw (1653 ˛ 1815) ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amcpw (1815 ˛ 1934)
ae-¶c k`bpsS euIo-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb `c-Wm-[n-Imcw \n¿hln-®p-h-∂p. ae-¶-c-bn¬ 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15\v ]uckvXy ImtXm-ent°‰v ÿm]n-®p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm- IqSn-bmb ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en-°mam¿ k`m-`-c-W-L-S\ {]Imcw 1934 apX¬ k`m-`-cWw
\n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.
Cßs\ ss{IkvXh temIØv \mep ]pcm-X\ k`-I-fn-embn
Bdp t]¿ ImtXm-en°m F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-sc√mw ]q¿W-kz-X{¥-cm-Wv. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p Iogn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp
a{^n-bm\m (ImtXm-en°m) IqSn-bp-≠v. A¿ta-\n-b≥, I¬Zmb doØv
ItØm-en°m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ImtXm-en-t°mkv
AYhm ImtXm-en°m F∂-dn-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xn\p ]Icw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv
]pcm-X\ tdmam km{am-Py-Ønse tdmw (325), tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m∏nƒ (381), Ae-Ivk{¥ym (325), At¥ym-Jym (325), Pdp-ktew (451)
F∂o {]apJ \K-c-ß-fnse _nj-∏p-am¿°v \mepw A©pw \q‰m-≠pI-fn¬ \¬I-s∏´ ]Z-hn-bmWv "]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv'. B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv
kzbw io¿j-I-Xz-ap≈ (autocephalous) ]uckvXy k`-I-fpsS Xeh-∑m¿°pw Cu ]Z-hn-bp-≠v. \ma-am-{X-ambn (Titular) Cu ]Z-hn- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v."]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv' F∂-Xn\v "{][m\ ]nXmhv',
"]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ apº≥' F∂pamWv A¿∞w.
ss_k‚-bn≥ k`-Iƒ
ss_k‚-bn≥ ({Ko-°v) Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬
tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ, Ae-Ivk{¥ym, At¥ym-Jym, Pdp-ktew,
djy≥, tPm¿Pn-b≥, tk¿_n-b≥, dpta-\n-b≥, _ƒtK-dn-b≥ F∂nßs\ HºXp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-cm-Wp-≈-Xv. Ah-cn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m-∏n-fnse (CkvXmw_pƒ) ]m{Xn-b¿°okv "FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ ]m{Xnb¿°okv' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F.-Un. 588¬ tPm¨ \mem-a≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv (582 ˛ 595) BWv BZy-ambn Cu ]Zhn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.
Ae-Ivk{¥ym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv "t]m∏v' F∂pw tPm¿Pn-b≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv "ImtXm-en-t°mkv' F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.
203
Hmdn-b‚¬ k`-Iƒ
kndn-b≥ (At¥ymJym), tIm]v‰nIv (Ae-Ivk{¥ym), FtXym]y≥, Fdn-{Xn-b≥ F∂o Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m-X-e-h-∑mcpw ]m{Xnb¿°okpam-cm-Wv. tIm]v‰nIv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv "t]m∏v' F∂pw Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂p. A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`-bnse kp{]ow ImtXm-en-t°mkv, ]m{Xnb¿°okv F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. kp{]ow ImtXm-en-°mbpsS
Iogn¬ Pdp-kteanepw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfnepw Hmtcm ]m{Xnb¿°okv D≠v. Aßs\ Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m-Ip-Spw-_Øn¬ Ggp t]¿ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Akn-dn-b≥ kÀkn-dn-b≥ k`-bn¬ Cdm-\nse sSl-dm\pw (Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°bnse jn°mtKm) C-dm-°nse _mKvZmZpw Bÿm-\-ambn c≠p
ImtXm-en-°m˛]m{Xn-b¿°okpam-cp≠v.
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ "]m›mXy ]m{Xn-b¿°o'kmb
am¿]m-∏msb IqSmsX Bdp ]uckvXy ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-amcpw A©p
eØo≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-ap-≠v.
tKmh- b p- s Sbpw Uma- s ‚bpw sa{Xm- t ∏m- e o- Ø mbpw CuÃv
C≥Uokv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-amb tUm. ^nen∏v s\cn At‚m-Wntbm
sk_m-Ãymthm tUm sdmkm-cntbm s^dmthm BWv `mc-X-Øn¬
\ma-am-{X-am-bn-´m-sW-¶nepw "]m{Xn-b¿°okv' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ GI
k`m≤y-£≥. 1886-˛-emWv Cu ]m{Xn-b¿t°‰v ÿm]n®-Xv.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ \mep ]pcm-X\ k`m-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-embn ap∏-tXmfw
t]¿ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. A©v ]pcm-X\ ]m{Xnb¿t°‰pI-fn¬ tdman¬ H∂pw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfn¬ c≠pw AeIvk{¥ymbn¬ aq∂pw At¥ym-Jym-bn¬ A©pw Pdp-ktean¬ aq∂pw
]m{Xn-b¿°okpam-cp≠v. Ch-cn¬ aq∂p ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿ "t]m∏v'
F∂pw \mep ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿ "ImtXm-en-t°mkv' F∂pw Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂p. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bv°v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfn¬
Hgn-sIbpw ss_k‚-bn≥ ˛ Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kÌƒ°v
tdman¬ Hgn-sIbpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okpam-cp≠v.
t]m∏v
"]m∏mkv' F∂ {Ko°v ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv "]m∏m' F∂ eØo≥
204
]Z-ap-≠m-b-Xv. AXn¬ \n∂v "t]m∏v', 'am¿]m∏m' F∂o ]Z-ß-fpw.
"]nXmhv' F∂m-W¿∞w. t]m∏v _\-UnIv‰v ]Xn-\m-dm-a≥ Dƒs∏sS
ss{IkvX-h-tem-IØv aq∂p k`m-X-e-h-∑m-¿ Cu ÿm\\ma-Øn¬
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bpsS {]mcw-`-Im-eØv ]uckvXy k`-I-fn¬ sshZnI-scbpw ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ _nj-∏p-am-scbpw "]m∏m' F∂p kwt_m[\ sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]uckvXytZiØv Ae-Ivk-{¥n-bm-bnse
_nj∏pw ]m›mXy tZiØv Nne _nj-∏p-amcpw am{Xw Cßs\ hnfn°-s∏-´p. Im¿tØ-Pnse _nj-∏ns\ "A\p-{K-lo-X-\mb ]m∏m' (the
blessed Pope) F∂mWv Hcp-Im-eØp hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Ae-Ivk-{¥n-bm-bnse 13-˛-asØ _nj∏v Bb slcm-¢kv (231˛248) BWv ss{IkvX-h-tem-IØv BZy-ambn "t]m∏v' F∂p hnfn-°s∏´ k`m-≤y-£≥. AXn-\m¬ C∂pw Ae-Ivk-{¥n-bm-bnse ]m{Xnb¿°o-kp-am¿ "t]m∏v' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. {Ko°v Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`-bnse sshZn-I¿ "]m∏mkv' F∂mWv hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tdmanse _nj-∏p-am¿ Hcp {]tXyI ]Z-hnbmbn Cu ÿm\-t∏cv D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn. Cu ÿm\-\maw D]tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-b-h-cn¬ am¿sk-√n-\kv (296˛304), kn¬sh-Ã¿ H∂ma≥ (314-˛335), C∂-sk‚ v H∂m-a≥ (401-˛417), entbm H∂m-a≥ (440˛461) F∂o t]cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂p-≠v.
Bdmw \q‰m≠v Bb-t∏m-tg°pw Cu ÿm\-\maw ]m›mXy k`bn¬ tdmanse _nj-∏n\p am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xmbn. F∂m¬ CXn\p-ti-jhpw a‰p Nne _nj-∏p-am¿ Cßs\ hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Cu
ÿm\-t∏cv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xns‚ t]cn¬ anem-\nse B¿®p-_n-j-∏ns\
]mhn-bm-bn¬ IqSnb kn\Uv (998) Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
{KnKdn Ggm-a≥ am¿]m-∏m-bpsS (1073-˛1086) ImeØv tdman¬ IqSnb
Hcp Iu¨kn¬ (1073) tdmanse _nj∏v A√msX a‰mcpw Cu ÿm\t∏cv D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-sX∂v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn hne-°n. Aß-s\-bmWv
]m›mXy k`-bn¬ tdmanse _nj∏p am{Xw "]m∏m' F∂ ÿm\t∏-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
Ae-Ivk-{¥n-bm-bnse _nj-∏p-am¿ Im¬kn-tUm¨ kn\-Un\p
(451) ap≥]p Xs∂ Cu ÿm\-t∏cv D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-b-Xp-sIm≠mWv CuPn-]v‰nse tIm]v‰n-Iv- ˛- ss_-k‚-bn≥ ({Ko-°v) Hm¿Ø-
205
tUmIvkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿ C∂pw Cu ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv. bYm-{Iaw "Ae-Ivk-{¥n-bm-bnse ]m∏mbpw hnip≤ a¿t°mkns‚ knwlm-k-\-Ønse ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw (Pope of Alexandria
and Patriarch of the See of Saint Mark), "Ae-Ivk-{¥n-bm-bp-sSbpw
B{^n°m apgp-h-s‚bpw ]m∏mbpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw' (Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa) F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv Ct∏mƒ ChcpsS HutZym-KnI ]Z-hnIƒ.
CubnsS Imew sNbvX t]m∏v sj\uUm aq∂m-a≥ (Pope
Shenouda III) (B-ÿm\w: sIbvtdm) Bbn-cp∂p Hcp am¿]m-∏m-.
t]m∏v Xnb-tUm-tdmkv c≠m-a≥ (Pope Theodoros II) (B-ÿm\w:
Ae-Ivk-{¥n-bm) BWv as‰mcp am¿]m-∏m-. Ch¿ Ccp-hcpw kphn-tij-I-\mb hnip≤ a¿t°mkv «olm (Saint Mark, the Evangelist)
apX-ep≈ 117-˛masØbpw 116-˛masØbpw ]m∏m-am-cmWv. au≠v BtXmkn\p kao-]-ap≈ IS-en¬ slen-tIm-]v‰¿ XI¿∂v 2004 sk]v‰w_¿ 11\v Imew sNbvX t]m∏v ]o‰¿ (s]-t{Sm-kv) Ggm-as‚ ]n≥Kman-bmWv t]m∏v Xnb-tUm-tdmkv c≠m-a≥.
tIm]v‰nIv ItØm-en°m ]m{Xn-b¿°okv "t]m∏v' F∂p hnfn-°s∏- S p- ∂ n- √ . I¿Zn- \ mƒ At¥m- W n- t bmkv \- K o_v (Bÿm\w:
sIbvtdm) BWv Ct∏m-ƒ tIm]v‰nIv ItØm-en°m doØns‚ -X-eh≥.
Present Catholicoi in the World
1. Karekin II Nersessian - Supreme Patriarch & Catholicos of all Armenians - Etchmiadzin, Armenia - Armenian Apostolic Church.
2. Aram I Keshishian - Catholicos of the Eminent House of Cilicia Antelias, Lebanon - Armenian Apostolic Church.
3. Ilya II - Catholicos - Patriarch of all Georgia - Tbilisi, Georgia - Georgian Orthodox Church.
4. Mar Dinha IV Khanania - Catholicos - Patriarch of the Holy Apostolic
Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Chicago, USA - Assyrian Church of
the East.
5. Mar Addai II Shleemon Geevarghese - Catholicos - Patriarch of the
Ancient Apostolic & Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Baghdad, Iraq
- Assyrian Church of the East.
6. Mar Baselius Marthoma Paulos II - Catholicos of the East & Malankara
Metropolitan - Kottayam, India - Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.
206
8
hn. am¿tØm-am «olm`mc-X-Øns‚ At∏m-kvtXm-e≥
hn]n≥ sI. h¿Ko-kv
hn. thZ-]p-kvXI
- Ø
- n¬ ZnZn-tamkv tXmakv F∂pw bqZmkv tXmakv
F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tXmakv At∏m-kvtXm-e-\mWv `mc-X-Øn¬
I¿Xr- k p- h n- t ijw tLmjn- ® - X v . B ]cnip≤ ]nXm- h ns‚
\maØnemWv \ΩpsS CS-h-Ibpw ÿm]nXam-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mekvXo-\nse Keoen XSm-I-Øns‚ XocØp P\n®p hf¿∂ tXmΩmbpw
IpSpw-_hpw a’y-_-‘\w sXmgn-em-°n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. thZ-]p-kvXI-Øn¬ am¿tØmam F∂ [oc-\mb ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v ]cn-an-X-amb
Nne ]cm-a¿i-ßtf D≈q. emk-dns‚ ac-W-hm¿Ø-b-dn™v tbip{InkvXp _Ym-\y-bn-te°v t]mIp-hm≥ Hcp-ßn-b-t∏mƒ injy-∑m¿
XS-bm≥ {ian-®p. F∂m¬ [oc-\mb \ΩpsS At∏m-kvtXm-e≥ ""Aht\m-Sp-IqsS acn-t°-≠-Xn\v \mapw t]mI'' F∂ {]Jym-]\w hgn
Kpcp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\lw {]I-S-am-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ [oc-\mb tXmam«olm Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ I¿Ømhv injy-∑msc BZyw kµ¿in-®t∏mƒ k∂n-ln-X\
- m-bn-cp-∂n-√. X∑qew At±-lØ
- ns‚ ]utcm-lnXyw,
Ahn-izm-kw F∂n-hsb ]cm-a¿in®v Nne¿ B ]nXm-hns‚ t{ijvTXsb CSn- ® p- X m- g v Ø m≥ {ian- ® p. F∂m¬ bYm¿∞ hkv X pX
am¿tØmam ss]XrI t\c-h-Im-in-I-fmb ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
k`-m a°ƒ Adn™ncn-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-amWv.
am¿tØm-am «olm-bpsS ]utcm-lnXyw
am¿tØm-am-«o-lmbv°v ]´Xzw C√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v ASn-ÿm\-ambn kzoI-cn-°p∂ thZ-`mKw hn. tbml-∂m≥ 20:21˛24 hmIy-ßfmWv. ""tbip ]ns∂bpw Ah-tcmSv \nßƒ°p kam-[m-\w. ]nXmhv
Fs∂ Ab-®-Xp-t]mse Rm\pw \nßsf Ab-°p∂p F∂p ]d-™p.
Cßs\ ]d-™-tijw Ah≥ Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ DuXn Ah-tcmSv ]cnip-≤m-flm-hns\ ssIs°mƒho≥. BcpsS ]m]-ßƒ \nßƒ tamNn°p-∂p-thm Ah¿°v tamNn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p, BcpsS ]m]-ßƒ \n¿Øp-∂pthm Ah¿°p \n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-™p. F∂m¬
tbip h∂-t∏mƒ ]¥n-cp-h-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mb ZnZn-tamkv F∂ tXmakv
207
Ah-tcm-SpIqsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.'' ]utcm-lnXy A[n-Im-c-amb ]m]tam-N-\m-[n-Im-chpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-t\bpw injy-∑m¿°v {]Zm-\wsNbvX-t∏mƒ am¿tØm-am-«olm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂XpsIm≠v am¿tØm-am-«o-lmbv°v ]utcm-lnXyw C√m F∂v ]d-bp-∂p. ChnsS {i≤nt°≠ Hcp hkvXpX injy-k-aq-l-Øn\v apgp-h-\mbpw BWv Cu
A[n-Imcw \¬In-bXv F∂-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv Hmtcm injy-t\bpw
t]sc-SpØv ]d™v Hcp A[n-Im-chpw \¬Ip-∂n√ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v
Xs∂ am¿tØm-am-«olm k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw injy-k-aql-Øn\v apgp-h-\mbpw e`n® A[n-Imcw At±-l-Øn\pw e`n-°p-∂Xn¬ Akz-`m-hn-IX H∂pw C√. IqSmsX Cu kw`-h-Øn\v tijw
kz¿§m-tcm-l-Whpw Ign™v At∏m-kvtXm-e-∑mcpw hnizmkn kaqlhpw IqSn-bn-cp-∂-t∏m-gmWv bqZmbv°v ]I-c-°m-cs\ Xnc-s™-SpØXv. At∏m-kvtXme {]hr-Øn-Iƒ 1:24˛¬ hn. aXym-kns\ sXcs™-Sp-Ø-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v C{]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p: ""kIe
lrZ-b-ß-tfbpw Adn-bp∂ I¿Øm-th, Xs‚ ÿe-tØ°v t]mtI≠-Xn\v bqZm Hgn-™p-t]mb Cu ip{iq-j-bp-tSbpw At∏m-kvtXm-eXz-Øn-t‚bpw ÿm\w e`n-t°-≠-Xn\v Cu Ccp-h-cn¬ Ghs\ \o
Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂p F∂p ImWn®p Xtc-Wta F∂p {]m¿∞n®p
Ah¿°v Noń-´p.'' At∏m-kvtXm-e≥ F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w Abbv°-s∏-´-h≥ F∂m-Wv. AXm-bXv ssZh-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-h≥.
Cß-s\-bp≈ At∏m-kvtXm-e-Xz-Øn-te°pw ssZho-I-ip-{iq-j-bnte°pw aXymkv Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw blq-Zy, FtXym-]y, bdpitew F∂n-hn-Sßfn¬ kphn-tijw Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
I¿Ømhv Xnc-s™-SpØ tXmakv At∏m-kvtXm-e-Xz-Øn\v AtbmKy-\m-hp-Ibpw injy-∑m¿ \dp-°n-s´-SpØ aXymkv tbmKy-\m-hp-Ibpw
sNøp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Xs∂ aT-b-Ø-c-am-Wv.
IqSmsX CXn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb Hcp sXfnhv ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ D≠v.
kwJym ]pkvXIw 11:24˛29 hmIy-ßƒ CtX- km-l-Ncyw hy‡-am°p-∂p: ""Aßs\ tami sN∂p btlm-h-bpsS hN-\-ßsf P\tØmSp ]d-™p. P\-Øns‚ aq∏-∑m-cn¬ Fgp-]Xp ]pcp-j-∑msc Iqń
IqSm-c-Øns‚ Np‰nepw \ndp-Øn. F∂msd btlmh Hcp taL-Øn¬
Cdßn Ah-t\mSv Acp-fn-sN-bvXp. Ah≥taep-≈ Bflm-hns\ Ipsd
FSpØp aq∏- ∑ m- c mb B Fgp- ] Xp ]pcp- j - ∑ m¿°p sImSp- Ø p.
Bflmhv Ah-cpsSta¬ Bh-kn-®-t∏mƒ Ah¿ {]h-Nn-®p. ]ns∂
Aßs\ sNbvXn√ Xm\pw. F∂m¬ B ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ c≠p-t]¿
]mf-b-Øn¬Xs∂ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp-Ø\p F¬ZmZv F∂pw a‰-
208
h\p taZmZv F∂pw t]¿. Bflmhv Ah-cpsS taepw Bh-kn-®p. Ahcpw
t]sc-gp-Xn-b-h-cn¬ D≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw IqSm-c-Øn-te°v sN∂ncp-∂n-√. Ah¿ ]mf-b-Øn¬ h®p {]h-Nn-®p. At∏mƒ Hcp _mey°m-c≥ tami-bpsS ASp-°¬ HmSn-s®∂p F¬ZmZpw taZmZpw ]mf-bØn¬ h®p {]h-Nn-°p∂p F∂v Adn-bn-®p. F∂msd \qs‚ aI-\mbn
_meyw apX¬ tami-bpsS ip{iq-j-I-\m-bn-cp∂ tbmiph Fs‚ bPam-\-\mb tamitb Ahsc hntcm-[n-°-Wta F∂p ]d-™p. tamsi
Ah-t\mSv Fs∂ hnNm-cn®p \o Akq-b-s∏-Sp-∂pthm? btlm-h-bpsS
P\w Hs°bpw {]hm-N-I-∑m-cm-Ibpw btlmh Xs‚ Bflm-hns\
Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ]I-cp-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶n¬ sIm≈m-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d™p.'' Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]mf-b-Øn\v ]pdØp
hcm-sX-bn-cp∂ 2 t]¿°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°p e`n-®-Xp-t]mse ]cn-ip-≤mflm-hns\ e`n-®-Xmbpw Ah¿ Ccp-hcpw a‰p≈-hsct∏mse {]h-Nn-®Xmbpw thZ-]p-kvXIw km£n-°p-∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw injy-k-aq-l-Øn-te°v hnfn®p th¿Xncn-°-s∏´ am¿tØm-am-«olmbv°pw ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw ]m]-tam-N-\m[n-Im-chpw e`n®p F∂Xv kv]jvS-am-Wv.
CXp IqSmsX hn. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-tijw 16:7˛¬ C{]-Imcw
]d-bp-∂p: ""Rm≥ t]mIp-∂Xp \nßƒ°v {]tbm-P-\w. Rm≥ t]mIm™m¬ Imcy-ÿ≥ \nß-fpsS ASp-°¬ hcn-I-bn√. Rm≥ t]mbm¬
Ahs\ \nß-fpsS ASp-°¬ Ab-bv°pw.'' CXv tbip Xs‚ injy∑m-tcmSp ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. ChnsS Imcy-ÿ≥ F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\°pdn-®m-Wv. ChnsS tbip FSpØp ]d-bp∂
Hcp hkvXpX "tbip t]mbn√ F¶n¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv hcn-I-bn√'
F∂mWv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-Øn\v tijw am{Xta
]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv Bh-kn-°p-I-bp≈p F∂pw CXn¬ \n∂pw a\- nem-°mw. At∏m-kvtXm-e-{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ 2:1˛4 hsc-bp≈ `mKØv ]cnip-≤m-flmhv injy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ta¬ Bh-kn-°p-∂-Xmbpw tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu kw`hw kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-Øn\v tijamWv \S°p-∂-Xv.
Ahn-izm-kn-bmb tXmakv (kw-i-bm-ep-hmb tXmam)
ae-¶-c-bn-ep≈ Nne \{kmWn a°ƒ Xß-fpsS ]nXm-hns\ hntijn-∏n-°p∂ ]Z-ß-fmWv Cu `mK-Øns‚ Xe-s°-´mbn \¬In-bn-cn°p-∂-Xv. BZyw kwi-bm-ep-hmb tXmam-sb-°p-dn®pw bmsXmcp kwibhpw C√ F∂v {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ a‰p «ol-∑m-sc-°p-dn®pw hn.
thZ-]p-kvXIw F¥p ]d-bp-∂p-sh∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. tbip-{InkvXp
209
a\p-jy-\mbn «ol-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w Cu temI-Øn¬ Pohn® ImesØ
°pdn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv \mev kphn-tij`mK-ß-fn-em-Wv.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ I_-d-S-°-Øn-\vtijw \S∂ kw`-h-ßƒ hn.
aØmbn 28:16, 17 hmIy-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv:
""F∂m¬ ]Xn-s\m∂p injy-∑m¿ Keo-e-bn¬ tbip Ah-tcmSv Iev]n®n-cp∂ ase°v t]mbn. Ahs\ I≠-t∏mƒ Ah¿ \a-kv°-cn-®p.
Nnetcm kwi-bn-®p.'' ChnsS tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Iev]-\-{]-Imcw
ae-bn-te°v injy-∑m¿ t]mIp-∂-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p. Ah¿ AhnsS h®v
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ \a-kvI-cn-®p. Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ tbip-hns\ kwibn-®-Xmbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ChnsS Nne¿ F∂p _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬
]d-™n-cn-°p-∂XpsIm≠v Xs∂ H∂n-e-[nIw t]¿ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰
{InkvXp-hns\ kwi-bn-®n-cn-°mw. tXmam «olm Dbn¿sØgpt∂‰
{InkvXp-hns\ ImWmsX hniz-kn-°p-I-bn√ F∂mWv ]d-™-sX∂pw
CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {]tXyIw A\p-kva-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
hn. a¿t°mkv 16:9˛14˛¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: ""Ah≥ BgvN-h-´Øns‚ H∂mw\mƒ cmhnse Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n´v Xm≥ Ggv `qX-ßsf
]pd-Øm-°n-bn-cp∂ aKvZ-e-°m-cØn adn-bbv°v BZyw {]Xy-£-\mbn. Ahƒ sN∂v Ah-t\m-SpIqsS Ccp-∂-h-cmbn ZpxJn®pw Ic™pw
sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-h-tcmSv Adn-bn-®p. Ah≥ Poh-t\m-Sn-cn-°p-∂p- F∂pw
Ahƒ Ahs\ I≠p F∂pw Ah¿ tI´msd hniz-kn-®n-√. ]ns∂
Ah-cn¬ c≠p-t]¿ \mń-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ Ah≥ as‰mcp cq]Øn¬ Ah¿°p {]Xy-£-\m-bn. Ah¿ t]mbn tij-ap-≈-h-tcmSv Adnbn-®p. Ah-cpsS hm°pw Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-√. ]n∂-tØ-Xn¬ ]Xns\m-cp-h¿ `£-W-Øn-\n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah≥ Ah¿°p {]Xy-£-\mbn. Xs∂ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰-h-\mbn I≠-h-cpsS hm°v hniz-kn-°mbvIb
- m¬ Ah-cpsS Ahn-izm-kt- Øbpw lrZ-bI
- m-Tn-\y-tØbpw imkn®p.'' aKvZ-e-°m-cØn adn-bbv°pw a‰p c≠p-t]¿°pw tbip Dbn¿sØgp-t∂-‰-tijw {]Xy-£-\mbn. Ch¿ Xßƒ°v {]Xy-£-\mb tbiphns\∏‰n a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv ]d-s™-¶nepw Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-√. s]mXphm-bn-´mWv tij-ap-≈-h¿ F∂pw Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS Ccp-∂-h-cmbn
ZpxJn®pw Ic™pw sIm≠n-cp-∂-h¿ F∂pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ CXn¬ ]Xn-s\m∂v injy-∑m¿ (bqZm Hgn-sI) Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂p-sh∂v ]n∂o-Sp≈ hmIyw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Xm≥ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰p-sh∂ adn-b-bp-tSbpw a‰v c≠p- t]-cp-tSbpw hm°p-Isf hniz-kn°mØ ]Xn-s\m-cp-hsc tbip imkn-°p-∂p.
hn. eqt°mkv 24:8˛11˛¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p: ""Ah¿ Ahs‚
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hm°v Hm¿Øp. I√d hn´p aS-ßn-t∏mbn ]Xn-s\m-cp-h¿ apX-emb
F√mhtcmSpw CXp Hs°bpw Adn-bn-®p. Ah¿ Bsc-∂m¬ aKvZ-e°m-cØn adn-b, tbml-∂m, bmt°m-_ns‚ AΩ adnb F∂-h¿
Xs∂. Ah-tcm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp-≈ a‰p kv{XoIfpw AXv At∏m-kvtXm-e∑m-tcmSp ]d™p. Cu hm°v Ah¿°v shdpw IY-t]mse tXm∂n.
Ahtcm hniz-kn-®n-√.'' Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®v aKvZe-°m-cØn adn-bbpw a‰v kv{XoIfpw «ol-∑m-tcmSp ]d-™p-sh-¶nepw
Ah¿ Ah-cpsS hm°v hniz-kn-®n√ F∂mWv hn. eqt°mkv tcJs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS Ahn-izm-k-sØ-°p-dn®v hn. tbml-∂m≥ 20:24,
25 hmIy-ß-fn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p: ""F∂m¬ tbip h∂-t∏mƒ
]¥n-cp-h-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mb ZnZn-tamkv F∂ tXmakv Ah-tcmSpIqsS
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. at‰ injy-∑m¿ Ah-t\mSv Rßƒ I¿Øm-hns\
I≠p F∂p ]d-™msd Rm≥ Ahs‚ ssII-fn¬ BWn-∏-gpXv
ImWp-Ibpw BWn-∏-gp-Xn¬ hnc¬ CSp-Ibpw Ahs‚ hnem-∏p-dØv
ssI CSp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´-√msX hniz-kn-°-bn√ F∂v Ah≥ AhtcmSp ]d-™p.'' {InkvXp Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰p F∂Xv {InkvXp-hns\
t\cn¬ ImWmsX hniz-kn-°-bn√ F∂mWv tXmam-«olm ]d-™Xv.
hn.- tbm-l-∂m≥ am¿tØm-am-«o-lmsb am{Xw kwi-bm-ep-hmbn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ hn. -a¿t°mkpw hn. -eq-t°mkpw injy-k-aqlsØ (11 t]sc-bpw) apgp-h-\mbpw kwi-bm-ep-°ƒ Bbn tcJ-s∏Sp-Øp-∂p. hn.- a-Ømbn injy-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ tbiphns\ t\cn´p Is≠-¶nepw kwi-bn-®-Xmbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
CXn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ am¿tØm-am-«olm am{X-a√ kwi-bmep F∂p
hy‡-amWv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ At±-lsØ Aßs\ A[n-t£]n-°p-∂Xv i-cn-bp-a-√.
am¿tØm-am-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\w
«ol-∑m¿°v e`n® ss«lnI A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-amWv
knwlm-k\w F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. knwlm-k\w F∂
]Zw-sIm≠v BZyw a\-kn-se-Øp-∂Xv cmPm-hns‚ knwlm-k-\-tØmSp
kam-\-amb Hcp A[n-Imc Itk-c-bm-Wv. I¿Xr-«o-l-∑m-cn¬ B¿s°¶nepw knwlm-k\w (I-tk-c) ÿm]n®v AXn-ep-]h
- n-jvSc
- mbn BflnI`-cWw \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ X°-Xmb Hcp kml-Ncyw H∂mw \q‰m-≠n-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂-Xn-\p≈ G‰hpw henb sXfn-hmWv hn. tbml∂m≥ HgnsI Hcp «olmbv ° pw kzm`m- h n- I - a - c Ww {]m]n- ° m≥
211
Ign™-n-√- F-∂p-≈-Xv. Ah¿ F√m-hcpw c‡-km-£n-I-fm-hp-I-bmbn-cp∂p. tbip-{InkvXp injy-∑m¿°p \¬Inb ]´Xz A[n-Im-chpw
]m]-tamN\ A[n-Im-chpw BWv ss«ln-I- knw-lm-k\w F∂-XpsIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. Cu A[n-Im-c-ßƒ Ct∏m-gsØ ta¬∏-´°m-cnepw sshZn-I-cnepw FØn-bXv ss«lnI ssIhbv]p hgn-bmWv. Cu ss«lnI ssIhbv]p \S-Øm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-sØ-bmWv
ss«lnI knwlm-k\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.
AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ am¿tØm-am-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\w F∂
]Z-{]-tbm-K-Øn¬ bmsXm-cp-hn-[-amb A]m-I-X-Ifpw C√. Cu ]Zw
k`-bpsS Bcw`w apX¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. tcJm-]-c-amb BZysXfnhv 1301˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ sh®v Hcp kJ-dnb siΩm-i≥ ]I¿Ønsb-gp-Xnb I¬Zm-b- kp-dn-bm\n thZ-hm-b-\-°p-dn∏v ]pkvX-I-am-Wv.
hØn-°m≥ sse{_-dn-bn¬ kq£n-°p∂ {]kvXpX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬
A∂v `cn-°p∂ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-sb-∏‰n "Rß-fpsS Xe-h-\mb am¿
bmt°m-_v, am¿tØm-am-«o-lm-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k-\-Øn-t‚bpw
(The Holy see of Apostle St. Thomas) C¥y≥k` apgp-h-t‚bpw A≤y£\pw Xe-h\pw' F∂m-Wv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. 1653 apX-¬ 1815
hsc ae- ¶ ck`sb \bn® 8 sa{Xm≥amcpw am¿tØmam F∂
t]cmWv ta¬∏-´-ÿm-\-ta-‰-t∏mƒ kzoI-cn-®Xv. Ah-cn¬ ]e-cp-tSbpw
bYm¿∞ t]cv as‰m-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. CXv k`m-ÿm-]-I-\mb am¿tØmam-bpsS ss]XrIw ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂p F∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
1817˛¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn ]p∂{X Koh-dp-Kokv am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ (am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv XrXo-b≥) BIvSnwKv ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm InS-ß≥ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv
hmgn-®t- ∏mƒ \¬Inb ÿmØn-t°m-\n¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv kzbw
hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv: ""tXmakv At∏m-kvtXm-es‚
knwlm-k-\-am-Ip∂ ae-¶-c-bp-tSbpw C¥y apgp-h-t‚bpw knwlm-k\-Øn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv F∂p t]cp≈ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm.'' 1829˛¬ A∂sØ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tN∏m´v ]oent∏mkv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv (am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a≥) sXmgnbq¿ CS-h-I-bpsS Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn\v \¬Inb ÿmØnt°m-\n¬ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv: ""ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬
C¥y-bpsS AXn¿Øn-bn-ep-≈ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hkn-°p∂ {InkvXphns‚ Bń≥Ipń-I-fp-tSbpw s]Æm-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw CS-b\pw bmt°m_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n kaq-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhpw ]cn-ip-≤\pw
`mKy-hm-\p-amb am¿ tXmakv At∏m-kvtXm-es‚ knwlm-k-\m-cq-V-
212
\p-ambncn°p∂ ^n-ent∏m-sk∂ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
Bb \mw.'' am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a\v 1840˛¬ At¥ym-Jy-bpsS
C·m-Øn-tbmkv Gen-bmkv ZznXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab® Iev]\-bn¬ ae-¶ck`sb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ""]cn-ip≤ At∏m-kvtXme-\mb am¿tØm-am-bpsS knwlm-k\ CS-hI'' F∂m-Wv.
1848˛se sIm®n ]©m-bØv hn[n-{]-Imcw ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w
{]m]n® ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv ]cn-ip≤
am¿tØm-am-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\w F∂ ÿm\w D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p. 1846˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ FØn, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\Øn\v Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-°pIbpw 1848˛se sIm®n ]©m-bØv
hn[n-aqew B ÿm\w e`n-°msX t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvX At¥ymJy≥ ta¬∏-´-°m-c≥ bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-sb∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p-sIm≠v At±lw ÿm]n® t^m¿´psIm®n ]≈n-bnse X_vsseØm-bn¬ ""C¥y-bnse am¿tØm-am-«olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ bqbm°ow Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-ØmbpsS ssII-fm¬'' F∂p kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Fgp-Xn.
1857˛¬ ae-¶c kµ¿in® bdp-i-te-anse kpdn-bm\n ]m{Xn-b¿°okmb am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv A_vtZZv \pltdm dm°mSv ]≈n kµ¿in®-Xns‚ kvamc-I-ambn At±lw Ahn-SpsØ aZv_-lm-bn¬ ÿm]n®
inem-tc-J-bn¬ bpbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns\ ""ae-¶-c-bp≈ am¿tØmam -«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ hmgp∂'' F∂mWv hntijn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ZznXob≥ (am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥) ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A[nIm-cta‰Xn-s\-°p-dn®v k`m-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb CS-h-gn-°¬ C. Fw. ^nent∏mkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ""am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥
am¿tØm-am-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn≥ta¬ hmgvN Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp'' F∂m-Wv.
Cu hn[w e`y-amb ]pcm-X-\-tc-J-Ifpw am¿tØm-a≥ ss]Xr-Ihpw
am¿tØm-am-«o-lm-bpsS ss«ln-I-knw-lm-k\w F∂ {]tbm-K-Øn\v
km£yw \¬Ip-∂p.

213
9
1912-˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ \S-∂Xv
]p\-xÿm-]-\tam?
hn]n≥ sI. h¿§okv
ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Xe-h≥ 1912- ap-X¬ ImtXmen°m BWv. Cu ImtXm-en-t°‰v ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®-XmWv
Fs∂mcp hmZ-KXn D≠v. ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm]-\hp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v aq∂v Bi-b-K-Xn-Iƒ D∂-bn-°mw. 1) ImtXm-ent°-‰ns‚ ]p\x-ÿm-]\w. 2) ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ am‰nÿm]-\w. 3)
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm]-\w. Ch-bn¬ GXmWv ae-¶-c-bn¬ \S-∂sX∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hm-\mWv Cu teJ-\-Øn¬ {ian-°p-∂Xv.
BZy hmZ-KXn ]p\x-ÿm-]\w F∂-XmWv. ]p\-xÿm-]\w F∂
]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w ho≠pw ÿm]n-°p-I. AXm-bXv \ne-hn¬ D≠mbn-cp∂ H∂v CS-°m-eØv C√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv ho≠pw ÿm]n°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. H∂v AhnsS Xs∂ ho≠pw ÿm]n-®m¬ am{Xta
]p\x-ÿm-]\w F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. ae¶-c-bn¬ (tI-c-f-Øn¬) 1912-˛\v apºv ImtXm-en°m Fs∂mcp ÿm\n
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1653- hsc A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\pw, 1653 apX¬ ae-¶c
sa{Xm\pw ]n∂oSv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Hs° BWv ae-¶-cbn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ]p\xÿm-]n-®-X√ F∂v a\-kn-em-°mw.
as‰mcp hmZ-KXn am‰nÿm]\w. ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v
t]¿jy-bnse Xn{Ko-knse ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ]n¥pS¿® BWv
F∂pw Cu ImtXm-en-t°-‰mWv ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´Xv F∂pw
BWv. Cu hmZ-KXn Ncn-{X-]-c-amb A_≤w BWv. Xn{Koknse
ImtXm-en-t°‰v F∂-XmWv B A_-≤w.
t]¿jy≥ k`-sb-°p-dn®pw ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s\-°p-dn®pw F√mw
IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°mw. am¿tØmam «olm-bm¬ H∂mw
\q‰m-≠n¬ FtU-km-bn¬ {InkvXpkphn-tijw {]N-cn-°s
- ∏-´p. FtUkm-bn¬ \n∂v {InkvXpaXw t]¿jy-bn¬ FØn-b-Xmbn Ncn{Xw ]d-
214
bp-tºmƒ X±m-bn-bpsS injy-\mb "amdn'bmWv ChnsS k` ÿm]n®-sX∂v ]mc-ºcyw ]d-bp-∂p. GXm-bmepw F.Un. 3˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
Ah-km-\-Øn¬ t]¿jy-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb skeq-jy-bnse _nj∏mbn hmgn-°-s∏´ "]m∏' Hcp kzX{¥ k`m-X-e-hs‚ (ImtXm-en°m)
A[n-Im-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. am¿ Ck-lm°v ImtXmen-°m-bpsS ImeØv F.Un. 410˛¬ IqSnb kp∂l-tZmkv k`m-X-eh\v ImtXm-en°m F∂ ÿm\\maw kzoI-cn-®p. Ad-_n-°m-t\m≥
ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ C{]-Imcw \n¿h-Nn-®p. ""ImtXmen-t°mkv ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv. Xs‚ Iogn-ep-≈-h-sc√mw At±-lsØ
A\p-k-cn-°-Ww. t]¿jy-bnse F√m sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cp-sSbpw
sa{Xm∑m-cp-sSbpw ta¬ At±-l-Øn\v A[n-Imcw D≠v. At±-lsØ
hn[n-∏m≥ B¿°pw AhImian-√. A[n-Im-c-]q¿∆w P\-ßsf ]Tn∏n-°p∂ CS-b-\mWv At±-lw. hnizm-k-kw-_-‘-ambn A¥y-Xo-cpam\w FSp-t°-≠Xv At±-l-am-Wv. Bcm-[-\-{Iaw kw_-‘n®pw A{]Imcw Xs∂. s]cp-∂mƒ Znh-k-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw \o°m\pw
At±-l-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Bcm-[-\-{I-a-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkns\ A\p-kva-cn-°-Ww. ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ A¥na-am-bn-cn-°pw. kn\-Up-Iƒ hn-fn-®p-Iq-´p-hm\pw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿
sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ sa{Xm-∑msc AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw `{Zm-k-\-ßƒ
ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw AXn¿Øn-Iƒ am‰m\pw \n¿Ø-em-°m\pw sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°v ÿew-am‰w sImSp-°p-hm\pw At±-l-Øn\v A[nIm- c - a p- ≠ v . B{i- a - ß - f psStaepw At±- l - Ø n\v A[n- I m- c - a p- ≠ v .
hnizmk kwc-£-I-\mWv ImtXm-en-t°m-kv.''
F.Un. 424˛¬ am¿ ZmZotim ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ImeØv \S-Øs∏´ kp∂l-tZmkv ImtXm-en-°m-sb-°p-dn®v \n¿h-Nn-®p: ""]uckvXy
k`m-kw-K-Xn-Iƒ Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv ImtXm-en-t°m-km-bn-cn-°pw.
At±-lsØ hn[n-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-√. At±-lsØ {]kvXpX ÿm\Øv
\nb-an® ainlm At±-lsØ hn[n®psIm≈-s´. ImtXm-en-°m-bvs°Xnsc ]m›mXy ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]°¬ A∏o¬ sImSp-°m≥ ]mSn√.
AXp-t]mse ImtXm-en-°m-bvs°-Xnsc Zpjv{]-N-cWw \S-Ømt\m
k`-bn¬ ]nf¿∏p-≠m-°mt\m Bcpw Xp\n-b-cp-Xv.''
Cu hn[ A[n-Im-c-ß-tfmsS ÿm]n-°-s∏´ ImtXm-en-t°-‰p-ambn
ae-¶-c-k` 1599 hsc _‘w ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm-∑m¿
Bbn-cp∂p ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ BflnI-Im-cy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. ae-¶c-k-`-bp-ambn _‘w D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xm-sW-¶nepw Cu ImtXm-en-t°‰v
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-te°v am‰nÿm]n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°-pIbn-√. ImcWw,
215
t]¿jy≥k` Hcp kzX{¥ k`-bm-Wv. AXv Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p. B k`bv ° v Ct∏mgpw ImtXm- e n- ° m- ÿ m- \ n- I ƒ D≠v .
k`bn¬ D≠mb X¿°-ßsf XpS¿∂v \ne-hn¬ c≠v ImtXm-en-°mÿm-\n-Iƒ D≠v. jn°mtKm Bÿm-\-amb Zn\lm \mem-a≥ l\m\nb ImtXm-en-°mbpw _mKvZmZv Bÿm-\-amb am¿ BZmbn c≠ma≥ «otam≥ Koh-dp-Kokv ImtXm-en-°mbpw Ch-cmWv t]¿jy-bnse
ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\n-Iƒ. Cu ]n≥Xp-S¿®-bn-e-√msX thsd ImtXmen°m ÿm\n-Iƒ Hcp ImeØpw t]¿jy-bn¬ D≠m-bn-ń-√.
Xn{Kokv F∂Xv t]¿jy-bnse Hcp ÿe-am-Wv. Chn-SpsØ
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ae-¶-c-bn-te°v am‰nÿm]n®p F∂-mWv Hcp hmZKXn. F∂m¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Xn{Ko-kn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en°m D≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. Xn{Ko-knse ÿm\n-bpsS ÿm\-\maw a{^n-bm\ F∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ÿm\n°pw At±-l-Øns‚ k`m-k-aq-l-Øn\pw
t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√. Cu k`m kaq-lhpw
ÿm\nbpw Fßs\ D≠mbn F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. t]¿jy≥ cmPm°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ kmt∏m¿ c≠m-a≥ (309-˛79), tImkvdu H∂m-a≥
(531˛79), tImkvdu c≠m-a≥ (590-˛627) F∂n-h¿ tdmΩm-km-{am-Py-hpambn bp≤w sNbvXv tdmΩm-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ Ing-°≥ {]hn-iy-bmb
At¥ym-Jy-bn¬ \n∂pw \nc-h-[n-bm-fp-Isf XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-®psIm≠p h∂p. tImkvdu H∂m-a≥ Ch¿°p-th≠n t]¿jy-bn¬
At¥ymJym F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]´-Whpw ]Wn-Xp-sIm-Sp-Øp. F.Un.
559˛¬ am¿ bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\ t]¿jy-bn-seØn Ch¿°pth≠n
"Blp-ZsΩ' F∂ hy‡nsb sa{Xm-\mbn hmgn®p Ing-°ns‚ henb
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm- F∂ ÿm-\hpw \¬In. 629-˛¬ tamdqtkm F∂
hy‡nsb henb sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm Bbn hmgn®p a{^n-bm\ F∂
]Zhnbpw \¬In. a{^n-bm\ F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w "êw Xcp∂-h≥, P\n-∏n-°p-∂-h≥' F∂n-ß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-Wv. k`m-N-cn-{X-Imc-\mb am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿ F{_mb Xs‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬
t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Ncn{Xw {]Xn-]m-Zn®p XpS-ßn-bn´v 559
apX¬ D≈ `mKØv Blq-Z≥sΩbpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿®°m-cmbn 629 apX¬ h∂ a{^n-bm-\-am-sc-°p-dn®pw BWv ]d-™n-cn°p-∂-Xv. t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Xn{Kokv a{^nbm-\sb At±lw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXv icn-b√ F∂v a\ n-em-°p-hm≥ Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ BZy-`mKw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa∂v
Icp-Xp-∂p. _m¿ F{_m-b-bpsS Ncn-{XsØ B[m-c-am°nbmWv
\ΩpsS k`mNcn{Xw ]Tn∏n®-Xv. CXv Xn{Ko-kn¬ \n∂p≈ ImtXment°‰v ÿm\w ChnsS ÿm]n®p F∂ hmZ-K-Xn°v B[mc-am-bn.
216
Cu a{^n-bm-t\-‰n¬ \n∂p-amWv 1685˛¬ hn. b¬tZm am¿ _tken-tbm-kv, 1751˛¬ am¿ i{I≈m _tk-en-tbmkv F∂o a{^n-bm\m
am¿ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ FØp-Ibpw Chn-sS-sh-®v Xs∂ Imew sNbvXv
bYm-{Iaw tImX-aw-K-ew, I≠-\mSv F∂o ]≈n-I-fn¬ I_d-S-ßpIbpw sNbvX-Xv. Cu a{^n-bm-t\-‰nse Ah-km\ a{^n-bm\ 1850˛¬
ÿm\-ta‰ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv _l\mw BWv. 1860˛¬ At±lw
Imew sNbvXp.
1863˛¬ ]. C·m-Øn-tbmkv bmt°m_v ZznXo-bs‚ A≤y-£-Xbn¬ IqSnb At¥ym-Jy≥ k`m kp∂-l-tZmkv a{^n-bm\m ÿm\w
\n¿Ø-em-°n. At¥ym-Jy-bn¬ \n∂pw ASn-a-I-fmbn ]nSn-®p-sIm≠p
h∂ At¥ym-Jym-°m¿°v, ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \¬Inb a{^n-bm\m
ÿm\w Fßs\ am¿tØm-Ωm \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw. \sΩ
Bcpw Hcn-S-Øp-\n∂pw ASn-a-I-fmbn ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂Xpw A√,
\mw At¥ym-Jy≥ hwi-Pcpw A√. CXn¬\n∂pw Xn{Ko-knse a{^nbm\m ÿm\-a√ Chn-tS°v am‰nÿm]n-®-sX∂v a\- n-em-°mw.
C\n aq∂m-asØ hmZ-K-Xn-bmb ]pXnb ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm]\- s Ø- ° p- d n®v ]cn- t im- [ n- ° mw. ImtXm- e n- ° msb hmgn- ® - t ∏mƒ
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \¬Inb I¬]-\-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°msb-°p-dn®v ]d-bp∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""\nß-fpsS At]-£m-\p-kcWw \ΩpsS hm’-ey-hm-\mb Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ _tk-en-tbmkv
F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ a{^n-bm-\-bmbn Ing-°n-t‚bpw AXm-bXv
C≥Uy-bnepw a‰p-ap≈ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øns‚
ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn \mw ]´wsImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.'' Cu I¬]-\-bnse
Nne {][m\ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Ch-bm-Wv. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS
knwlm-k\w, ImtXm-en°m, a{^n-bm-\, apºp ]cm-a¿in® t]¿jy≥
ImtXm-en-°mbpw am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øns‚
ImtXm-en-°m-bmWv. F∂m¬ At±lw a{^n-bm\ A√. Xn{Kokv
a{^n-bm\ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bnse Hcp tae-≤y-£-\m-Wv. At±-lw
ImtXm-en°m A√. At±-l-Øn\v am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlmk-\-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘hpw C√. At∏mƒ ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXmen°m, a{^n-bm\ Ch c≠pw A√. ae-¶-c-bnse a{^n-bm-\bpw Xn{Koknse a{^n-bm-\bpw XΩn¬ a‰p Nne hyXym-k-ßƒ IqSn-bp-≠v.
Xn{Ko-knse a{^n-bm-\bv°v hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-hm≥ A[nIm-c-an-√. AXn\v sXfn-hmWv i{I≈m am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv a{^nbm\ ae-¶-c-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ hn. aqtdm≥ IqsS sIm≠p-h-∂Xv.
At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bn¬ ]c-am-≤y-£-\mb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p am{Xta
217
hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≈p. F∂m¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬
hmgn-°-s∏´ a{^n-bm-\mbv°v e`n® A[n-Im-c-ß-sf-∏‰n I¬]\ C{]Imcw ]d-bp-∂p:
""\ΩpsS I¿Ømhv tbip-a-in-lm-bm¬ ]cn-ip≤ «ol∑m¿°v
Zm\w sNø-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A≤y-£-\m-bn-cn-°p∂
ae¶c Atkm-tky-j≥ AwK-ß-fpsS Btem-N-\-tbmSp-IqSn ]cn-ip≤
k`-bpsS {Ia-]m-e-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb F√m BflnI Awi-ßfpw
s]mXp-hmbn ip{iq-jn-∏m≥ At±-l-Øn\v ]cn-ip≤ dqlm-bm¬ A[nImcw \¬I-s∏-´p. AXm-bXv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-tcbpw F∏n-kvt°m∏m-am-tcbpw ]´wsI´p-hm\pw ]cn-ip≤ aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-hm\pw
Bflo-b-ß-fmb tij-ap≈ F√m Awi-ß-tfbpw ip{iq-jn-°phm\pw.''
ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ ÿm]n-Xa
- m-bn-cn-°p∂ ImtXm-en°m ˛ a{^n-bm-\mbv°v
t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-°mbpambp≈ kmayw Ccp-hcpw am¿tØm-Ωm«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ BWv F∂-XmWv.
ae-¶-c-bnse a{^n-bm-\bpw Xn{Kokv a{^n-bm-\bpw XΩn¬ a{^nbm\m, _tk-en-tbmkv F∂o ÿm\-\m-a-ßƒ aptJ-\-bp≈ Hcp
kmayw am{Xta D≈q. Ch-sb√mw ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v
XnI®pw Hcp- ]p-Xp-Xm-sW∂pw CXv at‰-sX-¶nepw k`mXe-h∑m-cpsS
]n≥Xp-S¿® As√∂pw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. ]ns∂tbm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥
˛ am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm≥, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-ß-fpsS
hf¿®-bnse ASpØ IÆn am{X-am-Wv. c≠v kl-{km-_vZ-Øn-seØn
\n¬°p∂ am¿tØmΩm \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw tZiob-X-bp-tSbpw {]Xo-I-amWv ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`bpsS ImtXm-en-t°-‰v.

10
ae-¶-c-bnse ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en-°m-am¿
(ÿm\m-tcm-l-Ww, \ncymWw F∂ {Ia-Øn¬)
_tk-en-tbmkv
_tk-en-tbmkv
_tk-en-tbmkv
_tk-en-tbmkv
_tk-en-tbmkv
_tk-en-tbmkv
_tk-en-tbmkv
_tk-en-tbmkv
]utemkv {]Y-a≥ 15.09.1912 ˛ 02.05.1913
Koh¿Kokv {]Y-a≥ 30.04.1925 ˛ 17.12.1928
Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ 15.02.1929 ˛ 03.01.1964
HutK≥ {]Y-a≥ 22.05.1964 ˛ 08.12.1975
am¿tXmΩm amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ 27.10.1975 ˛ 08.11.1996
am¿tXmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ 29.04-.1991 ˛ 26.01.2006
am¿tXmΩm ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ 31.10.2005 ˛
am¿tXmΩm ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ 01˛11-˛2010 ˛

AJn-e-`m-cX k` Fs‚ kz]v\w:
]. _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Y-a≥
""C¥y-bnse hnhn[ k`-I-fpsS sFIy-Øn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn°p-hm≥ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ]p\-x-ÿm-]\ k]vXXn BtLmjw
CS-bm-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXn-\mbn {]h¿Øn°m≥ ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k` k∂-≤-am-Wv.
A°m-cy-Øn¬ ae-¶c F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p hnt[b-ambn th≠Xv sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Rm≥ {]Xym-in-°p∂p.''
(ae-bmf at\m-c-a, 1982 sk]v‰w-_¿ 3 sh≈n. ]uckvXy ImtXmen-t°‰v ]p\-x-ÿm-]\ k]vXXn kπn-sa‚ v)
]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm
"]uckvXy ImtXmen-°m-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-th-j'-Øn¬.
`mKw aq∂v
Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ
""\ΩpsS k`bpsS \ne\n¬]n\pw t£aØn\pw ta¬KXn°pw
Hgn®pIqSmØ AXymhiysa∂p \nßfn¬ ]ecpw \tΩmSp IqSn
]cam¿∞ambn hnizkn°p∂Xpw CtXhtcbmbn ]e {]bmkßƒ
kln®p \msa√mhcpw kwc£n®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xpamb ImtXmen°m ÿm]\sØ ]pe¿Øns°m≠pt]mIm\p≈ NpaXebpw
\mw \nßfn¬ HmtcmcpØcnepw ka¿∏n®psIm≈p∂p.''
˛ ]. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv h´-t»-cn¬
(1109 Ipw`w 11 -˛\p tIm´-bØp ]g-b-sk-Ω-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw Ab®
A¥y Iev]-\-bn¬ \n∂pw)
1
ae-¶-c-a-lm-P-\-k`
1901 taSw 12 _p[≥
ae-¶c CS-h-I°p Hcp a{^n-bm-\sb \nb-an-°W-sa∂p Ign™ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Btem-Nn®
Imcyw Atkm-tky-j-\n¬ t_m[n-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v
A∂p Xocp-am-\n®p F¶nepw AXn¬∏ns∂ Atkmtky-j≥ tbmKw D≠m-Im-™X
- n-\m¬ AXn-\n-Sb
- mbn-√. F¶nepw ASpØ Znhkw D≠m-Ip∂ Atkmtky-j\
- n¬ Cu kwKXn t_m[n-∏n-°W
- s
- a-∂p Cu
{]mh-iyhpw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Atkm-tky-j\n¬ Cu
At]£ ASpØ Znhkw sNbvXp F¶nepw ]m{Xnb¿°o- k p- _ mhm Xncp- a - \ - p- s Im- ≠ p ae- b m- f tØ°p Xma-kn-bmsX Fgp-s∂-≈p-hm≥ CS-bps≠∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xn-\m¬ Cu Imcyw Ct∏mƒ
Btem-Nn-®n´p Bh-iy-an-s√-∂mWv Atkm-tky-j\n¬ Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp.
(CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I, 1901 taSw)

222
2
Hcp IØv
tIm\m´v amØ≥ a¬]m≥
""]q¿∆nI kpdn-bm\n PmXn apgp-hs‚ ta¬ A[n-Ir-X-\mbncn°p∂ c≠masØ A_vtZ-Zvan-inlm F∂p Xncp-\m-a-ap≈ At¥ym-Jym-bpsS «olm-bv°SpØ knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmb `mKy-hm-\mb tamdm≥ am¿ C·m-Øntbmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Xncp-a-\- n-te-°v, Xncp-a-\- nse alm-]p-tcm-lnX
ÿm\-am-lm-flysØ t{ijvTa
- m°n sNøp-∂h
- \
- mb I¿Øm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬
Fgp-Xn-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv. Xncp-a-\- nse {]m¿∞\ Rß-tfm-Sp-IqsS D≠m-bn-cn°s´. BΩo≥.
Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v icn-bmb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-Ip-∂p. Xncp-ta\n Rß-sf°p-dn®v DZm-ko-\\
- m-bn-cn-°p∂p F¶n¬ Rßƒ Fhn-tS°p t]mtI-≠p. Rßƒ
]m∏m aX-°m-sctbm Rßsf ssIs°m-≈m≥ {]Xo-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂-hcpw
Rßsf £Wn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb a‰p-≈-h-sctbm A\p-K-an-°t´?
... Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v ]nXmhpw Rßƒ a°-fp-am-Ip∂p F¶n¬ Znhy-amb
Xo£vWXtbmSp-IqSn Rßƒ°p-th≠n Xncp-a\
- - p-sIm≠v Fgp-t∂¬°p-Ibpw
A_vZ≈m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Rß-fpsS ASp-°-te-°p≈ hc-hns\ XS-bpIbpw At±-l-sØ-°p-dn®v \nß-fpsS cmPm-hns‚ apºn¬ Bh-emXn t_m[n∏n®p hyh-lc
- n®v At¥ymJym knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂p At±-lsØ \njvImk\w sNøn-°bpw Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v AXn¬ Ccn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.
...
Ct∏mƒ Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Fgp-t∂‰v i‡n-s∏´p ]ucp-j-tØm-Sp-IqSn
\nß-fpsS ASp-°-ep≈ Cw•ojv ÿm\-]Xn apJm-¥ncw e≠-\n¬ FUz¿Uv
cmPm-hns‚ ASp-°epw, C¥ym-°m¿°p th≠n e≠-\n-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚
sk{I-´-dn-bpsS ASp-°epw Fgp-Ø-b®p icn-bmw-h-Æ-a-√mØ ]m{Xn-b¿°okm-bn-cn-°p-∂-h≥ Rß-fpsS ASp-°¬ hcp-∂-Xns\ XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n
t_m[n-∏n-°-Ww. ... ae-bm-f-Øp-Im-cmb Rßƒ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp tN¿∂p \S∂p-sIm-≈mw. {]tXy-In®pw ae-¶-c-bnse hS-°¿ _e-lo-\-\mb Ft∂m-SpIqsS H∂mbn \n¬°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Bb-Xp-sIm≠p hS-°¿ Xncp-ta-\nsb hnÍ∂p t]mIp-∂-X-√. ...
ho≠pw Xncp-a\
- - nse ASp-°¬ Rm≥ Adn-bn-°p-∂s
- X-s¥-∂m¬, Fs‚
DØ-aa
- mb Btem-N\
- {- ]-Imcw sNøp-Ibpw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v Xncp-a\
- - p-sIm≠p
Ir] {]m]n-°bpw sNøp∂p F∂p hcn-In¬ Xncp-ta\n Rß-fpsS ASp-°¬
hcn-Ibpw Rß-fpsS kIe \S-]-Sn-I-sfbpw icn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
Xncp-ta-\n°p a\- n-√m-Xn-cn-°tbm hm¿≤Iyw \nanØw Rß-fpsS ASp-°¬
223
hcp-∂X
- n¬ Ign-hn-√m-Xn-cn-°tbm sNøp-∂]
- £w C∂msc thW-sa∂p Rßƒ
]n∂mse t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂{]Imcw Rß-fn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ Hcmsf Rßƒ°p
a{]n-bm\ (Im-tXm-en-°m) Bbn Xc-Ww. Rßƒ°p a{]n-bm-\m-bn-s√∂p hcnIn¬ Rßƒ Fß-s\-bmWp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑
- m-tcbpw F∏n-ktv °m-∏∑
- m-scbpw
hmgn-t°-≠Xv? Zqc-tZ-i-tØ°p t]mIp∂Xn\v ae-bm-f-Øp-Im¿ `b-ap≈hcmWv. AXp \nanØw Rß-fn¬ Hcp-Ø\pw sa{Xm-\m-Ip∂Xn\v \nß-fpsS ASp°-te°p hcp-∂-Xn\v a\- n-√msX hcp-∂-]£w Rß-fpsS k`bv°p
ssh[hyw `hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
Xncp-ta\n Adn-™n-cn-°p∂{]Imcw ap≥Im-eØv Xn{Ko-kp- knwlm-k-\Øn¬ hmWn-cp∂ Ing-°ns‚ a{]n-bm-\m-bm-Wv ae-¶c
- sb `cn-®p-h∂
- X
- .v Ct∏mƒ
Xn{Ko-knse a{]n-bm\m C√m-Xn-cn-°p∂p F¶nepw Rß-fpsS ]nXm-hmb am¿
_t en-tbmkv F∂v Xp_-vtZ-\n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cns\ \mw Hm¿°p-∂p.
a{]n-bm-\m Cs√-¶n¬ F¥n-\m-bn-´mWv At±-l-Øns‚ t]cns\ \mw Hm¿°p∂Xv? At±-lØ
- ns‚ t]cns\ Hm¿°p∂p F¶n¬ a{]n-bm\m bYm¿∞-Øn¬
D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. At¥ym-Iy-bn-en-cp∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°m knwlmk\w a¿±o-\nte°p \o°-s∏-´p-sh-¶n¬ Xn{Ko-knse knwlm-k\w C¥y-bnte°p \o°p-∂Xv icn-bs
- √∂p hcp-∂s
- X-ßs\? Bb-Xp-sIm≠v Xn{Ko-knse
knwlm-k\w C¥y-bn¬ ÿm]n®v Rß-fn¬\n∂v Hcm-fns\ Rßƒ°p a{]nbm-\m-bmbn hmgn®p Xc-W-sa∂pw Ing-°ns‚ am¿ _t -en-tbmkv a{]n-bm\m
F∂p \ma-I-cWw sNø-W-sa∂pw Rßƒ At]-£n-°p-∂p. Fs‚ hN-\ßƒ Xncp-a-\- nte°v CjvS-am-bmepw As√-¶nepw Rßƒ°v A\p-{K-l I¬]\ Ab®pXc-Ws
- a∂pw Ir]m-kº
- q¿Æ-am-bn-cn-°p∂ heØp ssI\oń
Rß-sf-sb-√m-h-scbpw A\p-{K-ln-°-W-sa∂pw Xncp-a-\- nse Ip¿_m-\-Ifnepw \a-kvIm-c-ß-fnepw Rßsf Hm¿°-W-sa∂pw Ft∂-°p-ap≈ £b-cln- X - a mb Poh≥ {]m]n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v tbmKy- ∑ m- c mbn Xocp- ∂ - X n\v
Rßƒ°pth≠nbpw ]m]-]-cn-lmc {]m¿∞\ Ign-°-W-sa∂pw At]-£n-®psIm-≈p-∂p.''
(1908 [\p amkw 30˛mw XobXn A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmbv°v
Ab® IØns‚ {]k‡ `mK-ßƒ)

224
3
s]uckvXy
ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w
({]tXyI dnt∏m¿´¿)
\ncWw: ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-bmw-K-ßƒ hf-sc-°m-e-ambn B{K-ln®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xpw CX-c- k-ap-Zm-bß
- f
- psS khn-ti-ja
- mb {i≤sb BI¿jn®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂X
- p-amb "]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-Zm\w', am¿tXm-Ωm-«olm-bm¬ ÿm]n-Xhpw Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤h
- p-amb \nc-WØp ]≈n-bn¬ h®v C∂se
hfsc BtLm-j]
- q¿∆w \S-Øs
- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-te-°mbn At¥ym-Jym-bpsS
tamdm≥ am¿ C·m-tXymkv A_vtZZv aninlm ko\n-b¿ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm
Ah¿Iƒ, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ, am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ, am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bh¿Iƒ apX-em-b-h¿ \nc-WØp ]≈n-°m-cp-sSbpw thsd ]e ]≈n-°m-cpsSbpw a‰pw tIa-amb FXn-tc-evt]m-Sp-IqSn C°-gn™ sh≈n-bmgvN \nc-WØp
]≈n-bn-te°p hcn-Ib
- p-≠m-bn. ]cp-ae knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬\n∂p {]tXyI t_m´pam¿§w ]∂m-bn-°-S-hn¬ FØn Ahn-sS-\n∂v _mhm Ah¿Iƒ ta\m-hnepw
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw a©-en-ep-ambncp∂p bm{X sNbvX-Xv. IpS,
sImSn, s]m≥ sh≈n Ipcn-ip-Iƒ apX-emb Ae-¶m-c-ß-fmepw ]m≠n-hmZyw,
Xtº¿ apX-emb hmZy-tLm-j-ß-fmepw a‰pw Cu bm{X F{Xbpw at\m-l-camb \ne-bn¬ hfsc BtLm-jt- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ CXp-hsc e`n-®n-ń-√mØ "ImtXm-en°m' ÿm\m-`n-tj-IØn¬ kw_-‘n®v "A\p-{Klw' {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn sX°p-\n∂pw hS-°p\n∂pw F∂p-th≠m \m\mZn°p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw A\-h-[n-bm-fp-Iƒ i\n-bmgvN
cmhn-se-Xs∂ hchp XpS-ßn. sshIn´p \a-kv°m-c-k-a-b-am-b-t∏m-tg°v ]e
ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pap≈ Bfp-Iƒ FØn-°-gn-™p. F√m-h-cpw-IqSn _mhm
Ah¿Isf Xma-kÿ
- e
- Ø
- p-\n∂v FXn-tc‰p ]≈n-bI
- t- Ø°v sIm≠p-hc
- n-Ibpw
\a-kv°m-c-Øn-\p-tijw dºm-∑m¿, IØ-\m-c-∑m¿, siΩm-i-∑m¿ apX-em-b-hsc√mw Cuc-≠-Wn-bmbn IØn® sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn \n∂p kpdn-bm\n
Km\-ßƒ sNm√n At±-lsØ FXn-tc‰p apdn-°-I-tØ°p sIm≠p-t]m-IpIbpw Ahn-sS-h®v _mhm Ah¿Iƒ F√m-h-scbpw Bio¿h-Zn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. CXn-s‚-tijw P\-ßs
- fm-´p-ap-°mepw ]ncn-™p. XZ-\¥
- cw `£Ww
Ign™p ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\-Øn\p Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bh
- ¿Isf am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bh
- ¿Iƒ,
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-b-h¿Iƒ, HutK≥ dºm-\-h¿Iƒ (]n∂oSp HutK≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm) ioa dºm-∑m¿ apX-em-bh
- ¿ Iqń-s°m≠v
225
_mhm Ah¿I-fpsS apdn-bn-te°p t]mIp-Ibpw _mhmsb I≠v A\p-hmZhpw A\p-{K-lhpw hmßn®v Xncn-®p-t]m-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Rmb-dmgvN F´p- aWn Ign-™m¬∏ns∂ ]≈n-bI
- t- Ø°v Bfp-Isf Ib‰n-hn-Sp-∂-X-s√∂p \ncWw bph-P-\-ßƒ ap≥Iqń ]ckyw sNbvXn-cp-∂-X-\pk-cns®m Ft¥m cmhnse A©p aWn°p apsº-Xs∂ hntij amXr-I-bn¬
\qX-\-ambn ]Wn Ign-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xpw G‰hpw hnim-e-hp-amb \nc-WØp ]≈nbIw apgp-h\pw P\-ßs
- f-s°m≠p \nd™p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. GI-tZiw A©ca-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn \a-kv°m-c-Øn\p {]th-in-®p. \a-kv°mcw Ah-km-\n-°m-dmb-t∏m-tg°v ]≈n-b-Ihpw ]pdhpw F√mw P\-ß-sf-s°m≠p \n_n-Un-Ir-Xambn F¶nepw Ch-sc-sb√mw icn-bmbn \ndp-Øp-∂-Xnepw Imc-W-ap-≠m-Iptºmƒ Bfp- I ƒ°v Cd- ß n- t ∏m- I p- ∂ - X n\v \Sp- h n¬°qSn Hcp hgn- b p≠m°ns°mSp-°p-∂X
- nepw GXm\pw Nne-cpsS \mb-IX
- z-Øn≥ Iogn¬ ChnsS
{]tXyIw \nb-an-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ hmf‚-d-∑m¿ sNbvX {iaw G‰hpw A`n-\-µ-\ob-am-bn-cp-∂p. GI-tZiw F´p aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn _mhm Ah¿Iƒ Ip¿_m\
A\p-jvTn-®p. ip{iq-jm-th-fb
- n¬ _mhm Ah¿Iƒ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿IfpsS Xe-ta¬ ssIh®v {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw Awi-hSn apXem-bh [cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv Hcp Itk-c-bn¬ CcpØn s]m°n-s°m≠v
_mhmbpw sa{Xm-∑mcpw tijw sshZn-I-P-\-ßfpw IqSn "HIvkn-tbmkv' hnfn°pIbpw CXp IqSmsX "aZp-_lm' as≤ybpw sX°pw hS°pw sIm≠p-t]mbn
aq∂p {]mh-iyw- hoXw Itk-cb
- n¬ s]m°n "HIvkn-tbmkv' hnfn-°p-Ibpw \memasØ {]mhiyw "aZp-_lm'bpsS ]Sn-™msd hmXp-°¬ sIm≠p-h∂v Itkc-bn¬ s]m°n-bp-b¿Øn∏nSn-°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-h®v ae-¶c am¿tØmΩm knwlmk-\-Øn-te°v ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn At∏mƒ hmgn-°-s∏´ tamdm≥
am¿ _t -en-tbmkv _mhm Ah¿Iƒ "Gh≥tKen-tbm≥' hmbn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
Cu {]tXyI ""ip{iqj''bpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬ _mhm Ah¿Iƒ kpdn-bm\n-bn¬ Hcp {]kwKw sNbvXp. B {]kw-K-Øns‚ Npcp°w CtXmsS tN¿°p∂p.
{]kw-Khpw Ign™v Ip¿_m-\b
- psS _m°n ""ip{iqj''Ifpw Xo¿°p-Ibpw
Ah-km-\Ø
- n¬ sshZn-I∑
- m¿ F√m-hc
- pw-IqSn "ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm' Ah¿Isf
Itk-c-bn¬ CcpØn FSp-Øp-sIm≠p Ipcnip, IpS apX-emb ]e Ae-¶m-cß-tfmSpw BUw-_-c-ß-tfmSpw sshZn-I-∑m-sc√mw IØn® sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Isf
]nSn-®p-sIm≠pw kt¥mjkqN-I-amb Ipcp-tØme [cn® At\-Im-bn-c-am-fpI-fpsS AI-ºS- n-tbmSpw BÀmZkqN-Ia
- mb B¿∏p-hn-fn-tbmSpw CS-b°
v n-Sb
- °
v p≠mb Notbgv p hnfn-It- fm-Spw-IqSn ]≈n°p {]Z-£nWw Ign-°p-Ib
- p-≠m-bn.
CXp-Ig
- n-™t- ijw F√m-hcpwIqSn ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_mhm Ah¿I-sfbpw
ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Ah¿I-sfbpw Ah-c-h-cpsS apdn-I-fn¬ AI-º-Sn-tbm-SpIqSn sIm≠p-sN-∂m-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Bio¿hm-Z-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠p
hn{i-aØ
- n-\mbn ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GI-tZiw aq∂p aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ho≠pw
226
]≈n-bn¬ aWn-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw F√m-hcpw ]≈n-b-IØp IqSp-Ibpw Znhy-{io.
]qh-Øq¿ bmt°m_p IØ-\m¿ Ah¿Iƒ, am¿tXmΩm «olm-bm¬ ÿm]nXhpw Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-hp-amb \nc-WØp ]≈n-bn¬sh®v A∂p \S-∂n-cn-°p∂
G‰hpw al-Xzhpw D∂-X-hp-amb ÿm\-am-lm-fly-e-_v[n-sb-∏‰n \mw F√mhcpw ssZhsØ {]tXyIw kvXpXn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw CXp as‰mcp ]≈nbnepw sh®p \S-°msX \nc-W-Øp-sh®p \S∂Xn¬ GtXm ssZhn-I-amb
al-Xzhpw cl-ky-hp-ap-s≠∂pw a‰pw hnh-cn®v Hcp {]kwKw sNøp-Ibpw
CXns\ XpS¿∂v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv knΩ-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏m¬ dh. ^mZ¿ ]n. Sn.
Koh-dp-Kokv Fw. F. (tdm-am-k`-bn¬ tN¿∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv ˛ {KŸ-Imc≥) Ah¿Iƒ ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\-sØbpw AXns‚ Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb
JymXn-tbbpw ÿm\-h-en-∏-sØbpw a‰pw ]‰n Ncn-{X-km-£y-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn
thsdmcp {]kwKw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXv GI-tZiw \mep- a-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn F√mhcpw ]ncn™p.
Cßs\ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-se∂p Xs∂-b-√, C¥y-bn¬ as‰ßpw Xs∂ CXphsc \S-∂n-ń-√mØXpw kpdn-bm-\n-k`m Ncn-{X-Øn¬ X¶-in-em-tc-J-t]mse
Hcn-°epw ambmsX Ft∏mgpw Xnf-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ImtXm-en°m
ÿm\m-`n-tj-I- I¿Ωw k¿h -hn-P-b-I-c-ambpw awK-f-I-c-ambpw ]cn-W-an®p
F∂p kk-t¥mjw ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
(ae-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a, 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 18)
]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS {]kwKw
k`mkzmX-{¥y-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-°√v
""\ΩpsS A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏´ a°-sf, C∂v ChnsS \S-∂n-´p-≈-Xmb I¿Ωw
F{Xbpw al-Ø-c-amb Hcp Znhy-ip-{iq-j-bm-Ip-∂p. \nß-fpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿
ImWp-∂-Xn\v B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂n´p ImWm-Xn-cp-∂-Xmb Hcp kw`-h-amWv C∂p
\S-∂n-´p-≈X
- v.
ae-¶-c-bp≈ \ΩpsS k` \ΩpsS I¿Øm-th-ip-an-in-lmbpsS ]{¥≠v
At∏m-kvtXm-e∑
- m-cn¬ Hcm-fmb hnip≤ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bm¬ ÿm]n-°s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ChnsS F√m-°m-eØpw At∏m-kvtXm-enI ssIsh∏v Ft∂°pw
\ne-\n¬°-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w ChnsS
ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\p ssZhw kwK-Xn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
sa{Xm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Xp¿°n- cmPyw hsc ChnsS \n∂v
C\n-ta-en¬ Bfp-Iƒ t]mtI≠ Bh-iy-an-√. Ct∏mƒ A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏ń-cn-°p∂ ImtXm-en°m am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-t∑¬ Ing°ns‚ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn ]q¿h-Im-eØp skeq-Iy-bn¬ `cn-®p-h∂ ImtXm-
227
en-°m-bpsS A\-¥-c-Km-an-bmbn tamdm≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv F∂ t]tcm-SpIqSn hmgn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. Ct±lw Zo¿Lm-bp-t m-Sn-cn-°-s´. Ct±-lsØ°pdn®p \nßƒ°pw \nß-tfm-Sn-t±-lØ
- n\pw lrZ-b]
- q¿h-amb kvt\lhpw
Ct±-l-Øns‚ `c-Ww- aqew ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p ]q¿hm-[nIw t{ib pw D≠m-Ipam-dm-Is
- ´.
ImtXm-en-°mbv°v th≠pw-hÆ
- a
- p≈ k¿h _lp-am-\ß
- fpw Ct±-lt- ØmSp
\nßƒ ImWn-°-Ww. Ct±-lsØ A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw `‡n-]p-c- cw \nßƒ
kvacn-°p-Ibpw Ct±-l-Øn¬\n∂v At∏m-kvtXm-enI A\p-{K-l-ßƒ {]m]n°p-Ibpw thWw. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-tijw Chn-sS-bp≈ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑m¿°p Xs∂ tbmPn®v Hcp ImtXm-en-°msb A`n-tjIw sNøp-∂X
- n\v A[nIm-c-ap-≈-XmWv. ae-¶-c-k` Ft∂°pw kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn\v
Ct∏mƒ ChnsS ÿm]n-°s
- ∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w klm-bn°-s´.
CXp \nß-fpsS k`-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-°-√m-Ip∂p.
Cßs\ \nßƒ°p ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ÿm]n®p Xcp-∂X
- n\p \sΩ
t{]cn-∏n-®-Xmb ImcWw Fs¥∂p ]d-bmw. Xp¿°n cmPy-Øp-\n∂v C{X-Swhsc hs∂-Øp-∂Xv F{X-am{Xw {]bm-khpw B]¬°-chpw BsW-∂p-≈X
- mWv. C{X-am{Xw IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ F√m-°m-eØpw ae-¶ck`mw-K-ßƒ A\p-`-hn°-W-sa∂p iTn-°p-∂Xv A{I-ahpw Ass{I-kvX-hp-am-Ip-∂p.
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Im-cßsf√mw ImtXm-en-°m-bn-°p-ap-≠v. sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ø-∑msc hmgn-°pI apX-emb k¿hhpw ImtXm-en-°m-am-sc-s°m≠p
\nßƒ°p km[n-∏n-°m-hp-∂X
- m-W.v ImtXm-en-°msb \nßƒ F√m-hn-[Ø
- nepw
_lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.''
(ae-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a, 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 18)
]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m _mhm
Ah¿Iƒ
ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ A`q-X-]q¿∆-am-bn-´p-≠mb ""ImtXm-en°m-ÿm-\m-`n-tj-I''-sØ-∏‰n Rß-fpsS {]tXyI dnt∏m¿´¿ Ab-®p-X∂ hnhcWw CXn¬ as‰m- c n- S Øp tN¿Øn´p- ≠ v . ae- ¶ c- \ n∂p C\n- t a- e m¬
sa{Xmÿm\w ssIs°m-≈p-∂Xn\p Xp¿°n cmPy-tØ°v Bfp-Iƒ t]mtI≠
Bh-iy-an-√. Hcp ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Ime-tijw Chn-sS-bp≈ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ-∑m¿°p thsd Hcp ImtXm-en-°msb A`n-tjIw sNøm-hp-∂-Xpam-Wv. ae¶c ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xv F{Xam{Xw
Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\a
- mb Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-sW∂pw CXp-aqew kpdn-bm-\n-k`- b
- psS `mhnN-cn{Xw F{X-I≠p t`Z-s∏-Sm\nSbp-s≠∂pw a‰pw D≈Xp hnj-b-ß-sf-°pdn®p khn-kvXcw ]n∂mse {]kvXm-hn-®p-sIm-≈mw.
228
kpdn-bm-\n-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS {][m\ ]ptcm-lnX t{ijvT-\mb At¥ymJy-bnse ""]m{Xn-b¿°okv'' _mhm Ah¿Iƒ°p≈ k¿h A[n-Im-c-h-en-∏ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn Hcp ""ImtXm-en-°m''_mhm Ah¿Isf e`n-∏m≥ `mKy-ap-≠m-bn´p≈ ae-¶-c-k-`sb Rßƒ {]tXyIw A\p-tam-Zn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. ae-¶c
am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k-\Øn-te°p ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn tamdm≥
am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv F∂ \ma-Øn¬ A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏´ kap-Zmb]qPy\mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿I-tf-°mƒ CXn-\¿l-\mbn´p thsd-bmcpw C∂p ae-¶c k`-bn-en-s√-∂p-≈Xp Xo¿®-bm-Wv. ]pXp-Xmbn
hmgn-°s
- ∏´ Cu ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Ah¿Iƒ Atcm-KZ- r-VK
- m-{X-\mbn At\I-Imew Pohn-®n-cp-∂p ae-¶ck`bv°pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw DØ-tcm-Øcw A`nhr-≤n-bp-≠mbn hcp-hm≥ ssZhw kwKXn hcp-Øs´.
(a-e-bmf at\m-ca apJ-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ \n∂v. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 18)
ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-k`
Hcp -]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns\t∏mse Xs∂ A[n-Im-chpw Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-ap≈
Hcp ImtXm-en-°msb CZw-{]-Y-a-ambn e`n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠p ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n
k`-bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ A\p-{K-lß
- ƒ A]-cn-an-Xß
- f
- m-bn-cn-°p- s
- a-∂p-Xs∂ hnNmcn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. taemepw ImtXm-en-°mÿm\n-Iƒ XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc D≠mbn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºm-sf√mw ae-¶ck`-bn-te°p sa{Xm∑msc hmgn-°p-Ibpw a‰pw sNøp-∂Xp kap-Zm-bm`nam-\n-Iƒs°√mw AXy¥w
Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-P\
- I
- hpw kt¥m-jm-hl
- hpw AXp ae-¶ck`m Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Hcp
\ho\ `mK-hp-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-≈X
- n\p kwi-ba
- n-√. ]q¿h-tZiy ImtXm-en-°mbpsS \ymb-{]-Im-c-ap≈ ]n≥Km-an-bmb B[p-\nI ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS
Bhn¿`mhw ae-¶c
- k
- `- bv°v Akw-Jy-ßf
- mb A\p-{K-lß
- ƒ°p Imc-Wa
- mbn
`hn-°-s´.
(a-e-bmf at\m-ca apJ-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ \n∂v. 1912 BKÃv 31 i\n-bm-gvN)

229
H∂mw ImtXmen°m,
Xs‚ ImtXmen°m ÿm\mtcmlWsØ∏‰n kz¥w
ssI∏Sbn¬ kpdnbm\nbn¬ FgpXnbn´p≈ `mKw.
(ImtXment°‰ns‚ ImenI {]m[m\yw, tIm´-bv°¬ ]ªn-tjgvkv,
amßm-\w, t]Pv 43)
230
4
ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v
ÿm]-\hpw A\p-_‘
kw`-h-ßfpw
CS-hgn°¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
(CS-h-gn-°¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS (+
1927 Pq¨ 11) Ub-dn-bn¬ \n∂p IpSpw-_mw-K-amb {io. C. F. ^nen∏v Ipdn®p
X∂ hnh-c-ßƒ. Cw•ojv XobXn kqNn-∏n-®n-ń-√mØ kw`-hß-fpsS XobXn
kºm-ZI
- ≥ C‰m-en-Ivkn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≠v).
(1) am¿ C·m-sXymk A_vZw-iolv ]m{Xn-b¿°okp Idm-®n-bn¬ \n∂p
s_mºm-bn¬ FØp-Ibpw AhnsS h®p Fw. F. °mc≥ Koh-dp-Kok IØ\m¿ apX¬s]¿ sN∂p ImWp-Ibpw Hcp-an®p s_mºm-bn¬ \n∂p 1912 Pq¨
8˛\p ]pd-s∏´p ]´m-ºn- hgn Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßsc FØp-Ibpw. AhnsS Ipd®p
Znhkw Xma-kn-®-sijw sIm®n-bn¬ FØp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. sIm®nbn¬\n∂p sX°≥ ]d-hq¿, apf-¥p-cpØn Cu ]≈n-I-fn-se°p s]mbn-cn°p∂p.
(2) am¿ Zoh-∂m-skymk sa{Xm-s∏m-eoØmbpsS Iev]-\-{]-Imcw Askmkn-sb-jy≥ amt\-Pnwß IΩ-ń-bn¬ As±-lØ
- ns‚ `mK-Øp-≈h
- ¿ 1088 Nnßw
12˛mw\p (1912 HmKÃv 27) sNm∆mgvN ]cp-ase knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ Hcp sbmKw
IqSn-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS Fs¥√mw \n›-bn®p F∂p ]c-ky-ambn Adn-bn-®n-ńs√-¶nepw apdn-a-‰Øp am¿ s]ueqk Cuhm-\n-sbmk sa{Xm-s∏m-eo-Ømsb
Ing-°ns‚ ImsXm-en°m (a-{]n-bm-\m) Bbn´p hmgn-°-W-sa∂pw ]p∂qkp
sdºm≥ hmI-Øm-\Øp Imcn-Nnd sdºm≥ apX-embn \me©p-s]sc sa{Xm∑m-cmbn hmgn-°W
- s
- a∂pw \n›-bn-°bpw A_vZw-iol ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_mhm
AXn\p kΩ-Xn-°bpw sNbvXp.
(3) 1912˛m-am≠ sk]vSw-_¿ amkw 8˛mw\p°p 1088 Nnßw 24˛mw\p RmbdmgvN ]cp-ae knΩ-\mcn ]≈n-bn¬ sh®p I√m-s®-cn¬ ]p∂q-k sd-ºms\
{Ko-sKm-dn-sbmk F∂ s]cn¬ sa{Xm-s∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn am¿ C·m-sXymk
A_vZw-iol ]m{Xn-b¿°ok hmgn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. As∏mƒ apdn-a‰
- Øp am¿ Cuhm\n-sbmk sa{Xm-s∏m-eoØmbpw h´-s»cn am¿ Zoh-∂m-skymk sa{Xm-s∏meoØmbpw IqsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu {KnsKm-dn-sbmk Ipdn-®n-]≈n CS-h-Ibn¬ Dƒs∏´ I√m-s®-cn¬ De-l-∂ms‚ aI≥ BIp-∂p.
231
(4) sa¬ ... ]d-bp∂ {]Imcw apdn-a-‰Øp am¿ s]ueqk Cuhm-\n-sbmk
sa{Xm-s∏m-en-Ømsb am¿ _sk-en-sbmk F∂ s]cn¬ Ing-°ns‚ ImsXmen°m F∂ ÿm-\Ø
-- n¬ am¿ A_vZw-iolm ]m{Xn-b¿°ok 1088-˛-m-am≠p
Nnßw 31-˛-mw\p°p 1912 sk]vSw-_¿ 15˛mw\p°p Cueq¬ 2˛mw\p Rmb-dm-gvN
\nc-WØp ]≈n-bn¬sh®p hmgn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. As∏mƒ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\mSp-IqSn am¿ Zoh-∂m-skymk sa{Xm-s∏m-eo-Ømbpw ]pXnb sa{Xm≥ am¿ {KosKmdn-sbmkpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
(5) hmI-Øm-\Øp Imcp-Nnd Koh-dp-Kok sdºm-s\bpw I≠-\m´p Iscm´p
hoń¬ bqbm°nw sdºm-s\bpw 1913 aIcw (kp-dn-bm\n IW-°n¬ 27˛\p)
°p 1088 aIcw 28˛\p (1913 s^{_p-hcn 9) Rmb-dmgvN sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬
sh®p am¿ A_vZw-iol ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm sa{Xm-∑m-cmbn hmgn-®n-cn°p∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\m-Sp-IqsS apdn-a-‰Øp _sk-en-sbmk ImsXm-en°mbpw sa{Xm-∑m-cmb Zoh-∂m-skymkpw {KosKm-dn-sbmkpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Chcn¬ Koh-dp-Kok sdºm\p ]oe-Ivko-s\mkp F∂pw bqbm°ow sdºm\p
Cuhm-\n-sbmk F∂pw ÿm\-s∏¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
(6) am¿ C·m-sXymk A-_vZw-iolv ]m{Xn-b¿°okp ... -_mhm 1913 am¿®
3˛-mw\p°p 1088 Ipw`w 20˛-mw\p XnwI-fmgvN cm{Xn ]cp-ae \n∂p Fd-Wm-Ip-fsØ°pw DSs\ Xs∂ AhnsS \n∂p Xoh≠n am¿§w s_mºm-bn°pw s]mbn.
B hgn kzsZ-i-sØ°p aS-ßp-I-bm-Wp. Du¿s«w hgn-°mWp s]mIp-∂-Xp.
(7) sa¬ ... hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ apdn-a-‰Øp am¿ _sk-en-sbmk ImsXm-en°m hb- p-Im-esØ scmK-Øm¬ sIm´-bØp knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°psºmƒ Zoh-∂m-skymk apX-emb sa{Xm-∑m¿IqSn I¥o-em-bpsS {Iaw Ign®sijw Imskm-en°msb ]mºm-°psS sNdn-b-]≈nbnse°p ]me-∏≈n
s]ueqk IØ\m¿ apX¬s]¿ h∂p sIm≠p-s]m-Ibpw Ahn-sS-h®p 1913
\oskm≥amkw 18˛\p°p sabvamkw 2˛mw\p 1088 saSw 20˛mw\p sh-≈n-bmgvN
Imew-sN-bvIbpw B ]≈n-bn¬ Xs∂ AS-°-s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. ]pØ\mbn hmgn-°s
- ∏´ Cuhm-\n-sbmk bpbm°ow sa{Xm≥ I_-dS- °
- Ø
- n\p lmPcp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- ˛ -Zo-h-∂m-skymkp sa{Xm\pw s]mbn-cp-∂p.
(8) _sk-en-sbmk ImsXm-en-°m-bpsS ... ASn-sb-¥cw ]mºm-°psS sNdnb-]≈
- n-bn¬ sh®p 1088 CShw 18˛\p (1913 tabv 31) i\n-bmgvN Ign-®n-cn°p∂p.
(am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv A_vZ≈m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂v 1910 HmKÃv
28˛\v ta¬∏´ ÿm\-ta‰ Iv\m\mb sa{Xm-k-\-Øns‚ {]Ya sa{Xm-t∏meoØmbmb am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv 1912 ˛ 13 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ am¿ C·m-Øntbmkv A_vtZZv aviolm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ BK-a-\hpw ImtXm-en°m
ÿm\m-tcm-l-Whpw kw_-‘n®p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ
{]tXyIw {it≤-ba
- m-Wv).
kºm-Z-I≥:˛
232
5
]. A_vtZZv aviolm _mhm-bpsS
BK-a-\hpw H∂mw ImtXm-en°m
_mhm-bpsS hmgvNbpw
hmI-Øm\w Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv dºm≥
(1087 CShw) 7˛\v A_vsZ-Zp -aviolm ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm _mKvZm-Zn¬
\n∂p ae-bm-ft- Ø°v bm{X Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- mbn am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Iºn h∂ hnhcw sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm IYm-\m-b-Is\ Adn-bn®p. ...
16˛\v IYm-\m-b-I≥ hmI-Øm-\Øp \n∂pw knΩ-∂m-cn-bn-te°v t]mbn.
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 18˛\v ]m{Xnb¿°okp _mhm I∏¬ hgn Cw•≠n-se-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- mbn sa{Xm-®\p Iºn
h∂p.
19˛\v _mhmsb FXn-tc¬°p-∂X
- n-\mbn Fw. F. Koh-dp-Kokp IØ-\mcpw
F≥. sF. t]mØ\pw t_mws_-bn-te°v t]mbn. _mhm Xn¶-fmgvN t_mws_bn¬ FØp-sa∂v Iºnbpw h∂p. 24˛\v _mhm t_mws_-bn¬ FØn F∂v
Iºn h∂p. A∂v _mhm Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßsc FØp-tºmƒ FXn-tc¬°p-∂-Xn\m-bn´v IYm-\m-b-I\pw am°mwIp∂p-Im-c≥ amØphpw hmen-b-°m-c≥
t]mØbpw IqSn hS-t°m´v knΩ-∂m-cn-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-´p. ]ns‰Znhkw apf¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ FØn. _mhm hcp-tºmƒ B ]≈n-bn¬ sIm≠pt]mhm≥
G\-apt≠m F∂-dnhm\mbn Nmen sIm®ptImc-bpsS ASp-°¬ t]mbn tNmZn®-Xn¬ s]mXphn¬ Btem-Nn®v adp-]Sn Ab-°-m-sa∂v ]d-™p.
k‘y-tbmSpIqsS AhnsS\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v ]ns‰Znhkw Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv
FØn sIm®o t]meokp kq{]≠v Fw. F. Nmt°msb At\z-jn-®-Xn¬
AhnsS Cs√-∂d
- nIbm¬ Xoh-≠n-bn¬ Xriq¿°v ]pd-s∏´v cm{Xn 8 1/2 aWn°v
Xriq¿ Snbms‚ _w•m-hn¬ FØn Xma-kn-°bpw ]ns‰Znhkw Rmb-dmgvN
{Xniq¿ ]≈n-bn¬ t]mbn Ip¿_m\ ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßsc
\n∂pw Hcp ]´-°m-c\pw Hcp siΩm-i\pw h∂s{X I¿Ωw \SØnbXp. 28˛\v
{Xniq¿ \n∂pw kq{]-s≠m-cp-an®v Ip∂w-Ip-f-ß-sc°p h≠n hgn-bmbn ]pds∏´v k‘ybv°p AhnsS FØp-Ibpw _mhmsb Ip∂w-Ipfw ]≈n-bn¬
sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v kq{]≠v ]mØ-∏-t\mSv ]d-Ibpw B hI Nne-hp-Iƒ
sNøm-sa∂v kΩ-Xn-°bpw sNbvXp. A∂p IYm-\m-b-I\pw a‰pw Ip∂w-Ipfw
]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°bpw sNbvXp.
233
31˛\v _mhm ]´m-ºn-bn¬ FØp-Ibpw AhnsS \n∂pw h≠n ]nSn®v Ip∂wIpfw ]´-W-tØm-S-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ ta\mhp sIm≠ph∂v AXn¬ Ib‰n Ip∂wIpfw ]≈n-bn-tebv°v sIm≠pt]mcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. _mhm BZyw ]pØ≥]≈nbn¬ Ibdn epØn-\n-bmbpw Hcp sNdnb {]kw-Khpw Ign®v A\p-{K-ln-°bpw
]ns∂ AhnsS \n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v cm{Xn 7 aWn°v Ip∂w-Ipfw ]≈n-bn¬
FØn Xma-kn-°bpw sNbvXp. _mhmbpw 3 dºm≥amcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {Xniq¿
hgn FXn-tcev]p tIa-am-°m≥ \n›-bn-®n-cp∂ {]Imcw \S-Øm≥ G\-am-ImsØ-Xn-\m¬ ]e¿°pw COm`wK-Øn-\n-Sb
- m-bn.
anYp\w 1˛\v IYm-\m-b-I≥ Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc \n∂pw Xncn®p t]mcp-tºmƒ
_mhm …o_m FSpØv A\p-{K-ln-°bpw a‰pw sNbvXp. A∂v {Xniq¿ FØn
Xma-kn-°bpw ]ns‰ Znhkw ]pd-s∏´v 3˛\v Rmb-dmgvN tIm´-bØp knΩ-∂mcn-bn¬ FØp-Ibpw hnh-c-ßƒ sa{Xm-®-t\m-S-dn-bn°bpw sNbvXp. 6˛\v IYm\m-b-I≥ knΩ-∂m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw hmI-Øm-\-tØ°v t]mcn-Ibpw 9˛\v h≈n°m´v ]≈n-bn¬ t]mbn Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ...
(I¿°-SIw) 26˛\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Iev]\
A\p-kc
- n®v IYm-\m-bI
- ≥ tIm´btØ°v t]mbn. ]ns‰Znhkw Xncn®p t]mcnIbpw sNbvXp. sa{Xm≥-ÿm\w G¬°-W-sa∂pw XS w ]d-b-cpXv F∂pw
\n¿_-‘-ambn Iev]n-®p. ...
(1088 Nnßw) ... 14˛\v (1912 HmKÃv 27) ]cp-ae knΩ-∂m-cn-bn¬ amt\PnwKv
IΩń IqSn c≠p aq∂v t]¿°v sa{Xm-ÿm-\hpw I≠-\m´v CS-h-I-bpsS am¿
Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°p ImtXmen°m ÿm\hpw sImSp-°W
- sa∂v \n›-bn®p.
26˛\v IYm- \ m- b - I ≥ hmI- Ø m- \ Øp ]≈n- b n¬ Ip¿_m\ sNm√n.
At∂Znhkw (1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 8) ]cp-ae sh®p A_vsZZv avinlm ]m{Xnb¿°okp _mhm am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Cu sa{Xm-®≥amcpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS I√m-t®cn¬ ]p∂qkp dºm-®s\ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
F∂ ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ sa{Xm-\mbn ]´m-`n-tjIw sNbvXp.
I∂n-amkw c≠n\v (1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15) \nc-WØp ]≈n-bn¬ sh®
I≠-\mSp CS-hI
- b
- psS am¿ Cuhm-\n-sbmk sa{Xm-s∏m-en-Ømsb Sn _mhmbpw
am¿ Zoh-∂m-skymk, {KosKm-dn-sbmk F∂o sa{Xm-®-∑mcpw IqSn Ing-°ns‚
ImsXm-en-°m-bmbn ÿm\m-`n-sj-Iw sNbvXp.
(I∂n-) 1˛9 Cu Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ IYm-\m-b-I≥ hmI-Øm-\Øp ]≈n-bn¬
Ip¿_m\ sNm√n. ...
... 26˛\v tIm´bw t]jvIm¿ Aø-∏≥]n≈bpw Nß-\m-t»cn aPn-kvt{S´v
\oem-≠-∏n-≈bpw GXm\pw t]meo-kp-Imcpw IqSn hmI-Øm-\Øp ]≈nbn¬
]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hntcm[ I£n-Ifpt≠m F∂-dn-hm\mbn h∂n-cp-∂p. .... Xpem -amkw 2˛\v ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm I√q-∏md
]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Ipdn®n ]≈n-bn¬ hc-Ø°hÆw \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂msd
t]jv°m-cpsS XS w \nanØw hcp-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-bn-√......
234
([\p) 16˛\v hmI-Øm-\-Øp ]≈n-bnepw IYm-\m-b-I≥ Ip¿_m\ sNm√n.
At∂Znhkw ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS kpJ-t°Sp hnhcw Adn™v IYm\m-b-I≥ tIm´-b-Øn\v knΩ-∂m-cn-bn-te°v t]mbn At±-lsØ ImWp-Ibpw
]ns‰Znhkw Xncn®pt]mcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. ...
(aIcw) ... 20-˛\v ... am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS Iev]\
h∂n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IYm-\m-b-I≥ At∂Znhkw k‘y-tbmSp IqsS ]cp-a-e°v
t]mIbpw ]ns‰Znhkw AhnsS FØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AhnsS At∏mƒ
A_vtZZp aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhmbpw ioa- d-ºm-®≥am¿ 3 t]cpw
I√m-t®-cn¬ sa{Xm-®\pw Ic-h´phoń¬ bqbm°nw dºm\pw a‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tIm´-b-tØ°v t]mbncp∂-Xn-\m¬
XΩn¬ Im◊m≥ CS-bm-ImsX IYm-\m-bI
- ≥ AhnsSØs∂ Xma-kn-®p.
26˛\v ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhmbpw a‰pw sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn-te°v \oßØ-°h
- Æw Hcpßnbncn-°b
- m¬ IYm-\m-bI
- ≥ ImesØ Xs∂ X\Xp h≈w
]nSn®v sNß-∂q¿°v t]mIbpw D®-I-gn™v AhnsS FØp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
At∏mƒ AhnsS tIm´-bØp \n∂pw ImtXm-en°m _mhmbpw am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw ImesØXs∂ FØo-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sa{Xm®-\p-ambn XΩn¬ I≠-t∏mƒ ÿm\w G¬°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ]d-Ibpw h√
\nhr-Øn-bp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ CXn¬ \n∂pw IYm-\m-bI
- s\ Hgn®phnS-Ws
- a∂v Adnbn-°bpw kΩ-Xn-°m-™-Xn-\m¬ ssZthjvSw t]mse hcs´ F∂p h®v kΩXn-°bpw sNbvXp. 4 aWn-tbmSp IqsS _mhmbpw ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw henb FXntc¬t∏msS AhnsS h∂ptNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. h∂-bp-Ss\ _mhm sNß∂q¿ ]≈n-bpsS hS°phiØv \∂mbn ASp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]≈n-bn¬ Ibdn
{]m¿∞\ Ign-°bpw ]n∂oSv ]gb henb ]≈n-bn-epw FØn epØn-\n-bmbpw
Hcp sNdnb {]kw-Khpw Ign®v AhnsS Xma-kn-°bpw cm{Xn 9 aWn Ign™v
ÿm\w G¬°p-hm≥ \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂h
- sc sIm≠v i¬aq-km-bn¬ H∏p hbv]n°bpw ssIapØn-°bpw sNbvXp. ÿm\w G¬t°-≠-h¿ cm{Xn \a-kvImcw
sIm≠pw akp-aqdm hmb\ sIm≠pw kabw Ign-®p.
27˛\v (1913 s^{_p-hcn 9) ImesØ F√m-hcpw ]≈n-b-I-Øn-dßn \akvImcw Ign-°bpw _mhm Ip¿_m-\°
- m-cw-`n-°bpw sNbvXp. hnizm-k{- ]-amWw
Ign™v ÿm\w Gƒ°p∂ bqbm°nw dºm-s\bpw IYm-\m-bI
- s\bpw _mhmbpsS ssI apØn®p sIm≠v ]≈n-bpsS hS°p hiØv _mhm Ccn-°p-∂-Xn\mbn sIńHcp-°n-bn-cp∂ apdn-bn-te°v sIm≠pt]mbn c≠v Itk-cb
- n¬ Xebpw
apJhpw timim∏m C´v aqSn Ccp-Øp-Ibpw tijw t]¿ ]≈n-bI
- t- Ø°v t]mbn
Ip¿_m-\b
- n¬ kw_-‘n-°bpw _kp-ap¬°m ka-bØv sa{Xm-®≥amcpw dºm®≥amcpw ]´-°mcpw siΩm-i≥amcpw hSt° apdn-bn-te°v h∂v ÿm\m¿∞nIsf aZv_-lm-bn-te°pw a‰pw sIm≠pt]mIbpw ImtXm-en°m _mhmbpw
sa{Xm-®≥amcpw dºm-®≥amcpw IqSn ]´wsImS-bpsS {Iaw Ign®p XpS-ßpIbpw sNbvXp. ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ c≠p t]cpw ]≈n\S-bn¬ h®v kpdn-bm\n
`mj-bn¬ i¬aqk hmbn®v ÿm\m-`n-tjI ka-bØv bqbm°nw dºm\v Cuhm-
235
\n-tbm-sk∂pw IYm-\m-b-I\v ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv F∂pw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.
AXp Ign™v F√m-hcpw DIvkn-tbmk aq∂p {]mhiyw sNm√n. At∏mƒ
ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf Itk-cb
- n¬ CcpØn ta¬t∏m´v Db¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
Ch-Ifpw Ip¿_m-\bpw Ign™v _mhmbpw tijw t]cpw apdn-bn-te°v
t]mIbpw ]pXnb sa{Xm-®≥am¿ F√m-ht- cbpw ssIap-Øn-°bpw sNbvXt- ijw
]pXnb sa{Xm-®≥amsc Nph∏v tfmlbpw a‰pw [cn∏n®v _mhm-bpsS ASp-°te°p sIm≠pt]mbn. ""A¬ luXdHmbpw'' a‰pw sNm√n-b -tijw _mhm
A\p-{K-ln-°bpw ssIapØn-°bpw sNbvX-tijw F√m-hcpw ]ncn-bpIbpw
sNbvXp. A∂v ]pXnb sa{Xm≥am-cpsS hI-bmbn Hcp kZybpw IqSn-bn-cp∂
]´-°m¿°pw a‰pw sImSp-Øp. ]n∂oSv _mhm-bp-sSbpw ]pXnb sa{Xm-∑m-cpsSbpw a‰pw Hcp t^mt´m FSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂p cm{Xn Xs∂ IYm-\mb-I≥ sNß-∂q¿ \n∂pw hmI-Øm-\t- Ø°v bm{X Xncn-°bpw sNbvXp. hmIØm-\Øp \n∂pw- ]-ecpw sNß-∂qcv FØn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
28˛\v Xn¶-fmgvN 4 aWn°v IYm-\m-b-I≥ ]nem-∏-n≈n¬ IS-hn¬ FØn-bt∏mƒ hmI-Øm-\Øp \n∂pw Nne¿ Ifn-h-≈-ß-fn¬ h∂v FXn-tc‰v BtLmj-ambn sIm≠phcn-Ibpw k‘ybv°p apºmbn hmI-Øm-\Øv ]≈n-bn¬
FØn epØn-\n-bmbpw Bio¿hm-Zhpw Ign®v P\-ßsf ssIap-Øn-°bpw
BbXv Ign™v F√m-hcpw ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]≈n-°m¿°v ap∂-dn-shm∂pw
sImSp-°m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw Ah-cm¬ Ign-bp-∂n-S-tØmfw {]bm-k-s∏´v FXn-tc¬∏v
tamSn-bm-°p-hm≥ {ian-°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√. ...
... 15˛\v IYm-\m-bI
- \pw ]Sn-™msd shń-bn¬ sXmΩ-®\pw Imń¬ sIm®p
]p∂qkpw FÆ-t®-co¬ sIm®p-Ip-´\pw IqSn ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb
Im◊m\pw ssIapØp sImSp-∏m\pw Bbn´v ]cp-ae
- °v t]mIbpw ]ns‰Znhkw
AhnsS FØp-I-bpw sNbvXp. _mhmbv°v 23 ]h\pw dºm-®≥am¿ aq∂p
t]¿°pw 3 ]h\pw Hcp idp-hmb dºm-®\v 3 cq]mbpw ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw,
IYm-\m-b-I\v kvXmØn-t°m≥ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw apSn Np‰n-Ø-cn-Ibpw sNbvX
tbml-∂m≥ dºm-\p≈ 22 cq]m kz¥-am-bn´pw sImSpØp sIm≠v cm{Xn Xs∂
hmI-Øm-\-tØ°v t]mcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. ...
10˛\v ... A∂v kvXmØn-t°m≥ hmßn-s°m≠v hcm-\mbn ]cp-a-e°v Bfb-®t- ∏mƒ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Hcp Nph∏p tfml IYm-\mb-I\v sImSp-Øb
- ®
- p. ap≥]v IYm-\m-bI
- ≥ ÿm\w G‰-t∏mfpw At±lw Xs∂
]´p tfml sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. -A∂p kvXmØn-t°m\pw sIm≠ph∂p. 12˛\v
IYm-\m-b-I\p Ipcnip ]Wn-hm≥ X´m≥ Xºnsb kz¿Æw Gev]n-®p. 17˛\v
hmI-Øm-\Øp ]≈n-bn¬ FÆ-t®-co¬ IØ-\m¿ Ip¿_m\ sNm√n. IYm-\mb-Is‚ kvXmØn-t°m≥ `mjm-¥cw sNbvXXv N°p-]p-c-°¬ siΩm-i≥
hmbn®p.
... 27˛\v IYm-\m-b-I\pw a‰pw Snbn¬ \n∂pw hmI-Øm-\-tØ°v bm{X
]pd-s∏´v ]ns‰Znhkw cmhnse knΩ-∂m-cn-bn¬ FØp-Ibpw Zo\-Øn¬
236
Ccn°p∂ ImtXm-en°m _mhmsb I≠pwh®v 4 aWn°v hmI-Øm-\Øv FØpIbpw sNbvXp.
(taSw) ... 19˛\v (1913 tabv 2) sh≈n-bmgvN ImeØp 7 aWn°v ]mºm-°pS
sNdnb]≈n-bn¬ sh®v Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en°m _mhm Imew sNbvXp.
Cubm≠v Nnßw 31˛\v \nc-WØp ]≈n-bn¬ sh®mbncp-∂p Ct±-lsØ
ÿm\-Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-®-Xp. I_-d-S°w 20˛\v (1913 tabv 3) i\n-bmgvN ae¶c CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpw bqbm°nw am¿
Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw At\Iw ]´-°mcpw P\-ßfpw IqSn
\S-Øn. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Hcp hnh-cWw Snbm≠p taSw 21˛se at\m-ca ]{XØns‚ apJ-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v.
(CShw) ... 18˛\v (1913 tabv 31) ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS ASn-b-¥ncw
]mºm-°psS sNdnb ]≈o¬ sh®p Ign-®p. AXn-te°v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw t]mbn-cp-∂p.
(tIm´bw hmI-Øm\w Nqc-∏m-Sn¬ _lp. sI.- kn.- ]p-∂qkv IØ-\m-cpsS
ssIh-i-ap≈ ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhmbpsS "k`m-PohnX\mƒhgn-'bn¬ \n∂v)
kºm-Z-I≥:-˛
^m. ]n.-sI. Ipdn-bm-t°m-kv, ]≠m-c-°p-t∂¬

]. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm, ]. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkv (h´-t»-cn¬), sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ F∂n-h-tcm-sSm∏w.
237
6
A_vtZZv avinlm
]m{Xn-b¿-°okns‚
c≠p Iev]\-Iƒ
1. H∂mw Iev]\
k¿∆-i‡
- \
- mbn kmcmw-ikw-]q¿W-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ \nXys‚ Xncp-\m-aØ
- n¬
X\n°v kvXpXn. At¥ymJym-bpsS ss«loI knwlm-k\
- Ø
- ns‚ c≠m-asØ
A_vtZZv avinlm B-Ip∂ C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]m-{Xn-b¿°okv
(ap{Z)
skln-tbm≥ amfn-I-bn¬ h®v \ΩpsS I¿Øm-thip avinlm Xs‚ ]cnip≤ injy-∑m¿°p \¬Ip-Ibpw Xs‚ km∂n≤yØn¬ A-h-cpsS lrZ-bßsf kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXX
- mb ssZhnI-Ir-]bpw kz¿§o-bh
- mgvhpw
]cn-ip-≤hpw Bflo-b-hp-amb kam-[m-\hpw hne-tb-dnb Xncp-c-‡-Øm¬
hnebv°p sIm≈-s∏-´h
- cpw hnip-≤- amtamZokm-bm¬ ap{Z-Ip-Øs
- ∏-´h
- cpw kXyhn-izm-kØ
- m¬ Aew-Ir-Xcpw ]t{Xm-kn-\S- pØ ]md-ta¬ kpÿn-Xc
- pw Gh≥tKen-tbm-\yhpw ss]Xr-I-hp-amb Iev]-\-Isf A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb hmgvØs∏´ {][m-\m-Nm-cy-∑mcpw shSn-∏p≈ Al-tcm\y ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw \n¿Ω-ecmb At¥m-\n-tbmkv Zb-dm-b-°mcpw ka¿∞-∑mcpw hn⁄m-\n-Ifpw tim`bp-≈h
- c
- p-amb kvtX∏m-t\mky siΩm-i∑
- mcpw hniz-kX
v c
- mb F∏n-t{Xm-∏∑
- mcpw
{][m-\n-Ifpw t{ijvTc
- mb hr≤-∑mcpw kpc-£n-Xc
- mb inip-°fpw ss]X-ßfpw
]cn-]m-I-X-bp≈ kv{XoIfpw ]p{Xn-amcpw F√m {]mb-Ønepw Af-hnepw Ccn°p∂ hnizm-kn-If
- p-ambn C¥y-bnse ae-_m¿ tZiØv ]nXmhmwssZh-Øns‚
Icp-W-bpsS \ng-en≥Iogn¬ \nh-kn-°p∂ \ΩpsS A\p-Krlo-Xcpw hmgvØs∏´hcp-amb kvt\ln-X-∑mcpw h’-e-cp-am-b-h-cpsS inc- p-Iƒ ta¬ h∂p
Bh-kn-°p-am-dm-Is
- ´. ssZh-amb I¿Øm-hns‚ A\p-{Klw imco-cn-Ihpw am\kn-I-hp-amb F√m ]co-£-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ahsc c£n-°p-am-dm-I-s´. BbXp
ssZh-am-Xm-hmb adn-bm-Ωn-s‚bpw kIe ]cnip≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw a≤y-ÿX
- b
- n¬Øs∂ BΩo≥.
_lp-am-\a
- p-≈h
- cpw Bflo-bc
- p-amb {]nb-s∏-´h
- sc, I≠-\mSv CS-hI
- b
- psS
_lp-am-\-s∏´ ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØmsb°p-dn®v
\nß-fpsS kvt\l-tØmSv \mw Adn-bn-°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬, ]cp-ae sklntbm≥ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v ae-¶c
- b
- psS A\p-Kr-lo-Xt- bm-KØ
- n¬ \nß-fn¬ \n∂pw
ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\t- Øbv°v At±lw sXc-s™-Sp-°s
- ∏-´p. At±lw \ΩpsS
238
]°¬ k∂n-ln-X-\m-hp-Ibpw Bfl-ZrjvSnbm¬ \mw ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xn¬ At±l-Øn¬ \mw AXy-[nIw k¥p-jvS-\m-hp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Ip‰an√mØ Xncp-c‡-Øm¬ hnebv°p sIm≈-s∏´ Bń≥]-‰sØ tabn-∏m≥ kXyhm∑mcpw
sNm∆p-≈h
- c
- p-amb CSb-∑m¿ \nßƒ°v Bh-iy-am-sW∂v \mw {Kln-®p. Fs¥∂m¬ \nßƒ°v Ct∏m-gp-≈-h¿ k`m-]-c-amb {ia-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v
\nßƒ°p aXn-bm-Ib
- n-s√∂v \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p. C{]-Imcw \nß-fpsS Bflob
kvt\l-Øns‚ kwkm-cØ
- n¬ \n∂pw \ap°p t_m≤y-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. BbXp
kIehn[-Ønepw k¿hZm DZm-ko-\X IqSmsX ]men-°p-hm≥ bp‡hpw hnlnX-hp-am-Ip∂p. ssZhw k`-bn¬ BZysa «ol-∑m-scbpw ]n∂oSv Zo¿L-Z¿in-amscbpw Ah-cp-sS-tijw hymJym-Xm-°-sfbpw \nb-an-®p. F∂n-ßs\ ]d-™ncn-°p-∂h
- Æw Xs∂. CXp k`-bpsS {Iao-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n\pw aln-abv°pw AXns‚
Bflo-ba
- °
- f
- psS {Ia-]m-e\
- Ø
- n\pw At{X. \o Fs‚ Ip™m-Sp-Isf tabn°
Fs‚ ]≈m-Sp-Isf tabn°; Fs‚ s]Æm-Sp-Isf tabn° F∂p \ΩpsS
I¿Øm-th-ip-an-inlm ina-thm≥ Io∏m-tbmSv aq∂p {]mhiyw Acp-fn-s®-bvXpsIm≠v `c-ta-ev]n® I¿Ør-]-c-amb {Ia-{]-Imcw CS-b-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]Z-hnbn¬\n∂v \nß-fpsS At]-£sb km[n-®p-X-tc-≠Xv bp‡hpw \ymb-hp-amIp-∂p-h-s√m. BbXp \∑tbm Xn∑tbm Bb {]hrØn-Iƒ°-\p-k-c-W-ambn
Hmtcm-cp-h-t\bpw \ymbw hn[n-∏m≥ Xm≥ Ggps∂≈p-tºmƒ adp-]Sn sImSp∏m≥ Ign-bmsX kXy CS-b\pw F√m CS-b-∑m-cp-sSbpw \mY-\p-am-b-hs‚
k∂n-[n-bn¬ \ap°pw Ip‰w D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-t°-≠X
- n-\s{X. \oXn-am-\mb Cubq_v
"hn[n Znh-k-Øn¬ ssZhw Fgp-t∂¬°p-sa-¶n¬ Rm≥ F¥p sNtø-≠q.
Rm≥ F¥p adp-]Sn sImSp°pw?' F∂v tNmZn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ho≠pw I¿Ømhns‚ \ncq-]W i‡n-bp-≈Xpw, a\p-jy-t‚Xv _e-lo-\-hp-am-Ip∂p F∂v
Gimb Zo¿L-Z¿inbpw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp \nanØw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-thip-an-inlm ina-thm≥ Io∏msb `c-ta-ev]n® I¿Ør-]-c-amb {Ia-{]-Im-c-ap≈
CS-b-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]Z-hn-bn¬ \n∂pw sNbvXp-X-cp-hm≥ \ap°p th≠n-bn-cn°p-∂-hÆw \ΩpsS kXy-k-`-bpsS hnizm-km-\p-k-cWw ]cn-ip-≤-k-`-bpsS
{Ia-Øn¬ \S-Øn-∏n\v Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p∂ F√m Bflo-bmw-iß
- s
- fbpw ip{iqjn-∏m\mbn´v ImtXm-en-°msb (AYhm a{]n-bm-\msb) \nßƒ°p \ne-\n¿Øphm≥ \mw t{]cn-X-\m-bn. ssZh-Ønepw ]cn-ip-≤-dq-lm-bnepw \mw ic-Ws∏´p. Xm≥ a\- m-Ip-∂n-SØp DuXp-Ibpw Bh-kn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ Bhm-kØn≥ {]Im-iØ
- n¬ F√m t_m[-ßs
- fbpw {]Im-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw BflnI-ßfpw
cl-ky-]-c-ß-fp-amb F√m \¬h-c-ß-sfbpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sNøp-∂p.
Bflmhv CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-SØp DuXp-∂p. AXns‚ i_vZw \o tIƒ°p-∂p.
F∂m¬, AXv Fhn-sS-\n∂p hcp∂p Ft∂m Fhn-tS°p t]mIp∂p Ft∂m
\o Adn-bp-∂n-√.
\nc-WØp hnip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn¬h®p ae-¶-c-bnse sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cpsS Xe-h-\mb Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-tbmSpw tijw taev]´- °
- m-tcmSpw Zb-dm-°m-tcmSpw siΩm-i∑
- m-tcmSpw hnizmkn-I-fpsS henb Hcp kaq-l-tØm-Sp-wIqSn anin-lm-Imew 1912 I∂n -amkw
239
2˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN \mw k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn. \nß-fpsS At]-£m-\p-kcWw \ΩpsS BflnI hm’-ey-hm-\mb Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ _t -en-tbmkv
F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ (a{]nbm-\bmbn) Ing°n-s‚bpw C¥y-bnepw a‰p-ap≈
am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n-s‚bpw ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn \mw ]´w
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ F√m ]nXm-°-∑mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw
HIvkn-tbm-kv, HIvkn-tbm-kv, HIvkn-tbm-kv, tamdm≥ am¿ _t -en-tbmkv
ImtXm-en°m tbmKy\pw A¿l-\p-am-Ip-∂p F∂v GI-kz-cØ
- n¬ A´-lk
- n®p
]d-™p. hnfn°p tbmKy\mbn-Øo¿∂{]Imcw At±lw ImtXm-en°m Bbn
BtLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \ΩpsS I¿Ømth-ip-an-in-lm-bm¬ ]cn-ip-≤ -«o-l-∑m¿°p Zm\w sNø-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse. Zoh∂m-tkymkv A≤y-£-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ ae-¶c At m-tky-j≥ AwK-ß-fpsS
Btem-N-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]cn-ip≤ -k-`-bpsS {Ia-]m-e-\-Øn-\mh-iy-amb F√m
BflnI Awi-ßfpw s]mXp-hmbn ip{iq-jn-∏m≥ At±-l-Øn\p ]cn-ip≤
dqlm-bm¬ A[n-Imcw \¬I-s∏-´p. AXm-bX
- v, sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑
- m-scbpw F∏nkvtIm-∏-∑m-scbpw ]´wsI´p-hm\pw ]cn-ip-≤ -aq-tdm≥ IqZm-i -sN-øp-hm\pw
Bfln-I-ß-fm-b- ti-j-ap≈ F√m Awi-ß-sfbpw ip{iq-jn-°p-hm\pw {]tXyIn®p CXp-hs
- cbpw `cn-®n-cp-∂X
- p-t]mse I≠-\mSv CS-hI
- s
- b `cn-∏m\pw Xs∂.
CXp \nanØw \nß-fpsS kt¥mjw Bfln-Ihpw ]cn-]q¿Whpw BIp-amdv
BflnI-i-_vZ-Øn¬ \tΩm-sSm-∂n®v Ah¿ Dss®-kvXcw tLmjn-®p.
ho≠pw hmgvØ-s∏´ \ΩpsS Bfloba°sf, \nßƒ F√m-h-scbpw \mw
{]t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂Xp Fs¥-∂m¬ Cu _lp-am-\y-\mb ]nXm-hns\ \nßƒ
A\p-kc
- n-t°-≠Xp \nß-fpsS apd-bm-Ip-∂p. \nßƒ At±-lsØ bp‡-ambpw
DNn-X-ambpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-hn≥. Fs¥-∂m¬
At±lw \nß-fpsS Xe-h\pw CS-b\pw Bflo-b]
- n-Xm-hp-am-Ip-∂p. At±-lsØ
_lp-am-\n-°p-∂-h≥ \sΩ _lp-am-\n-°p-∂p. At±-l-sØ ssIs°m-≈p-∂h≥ \sΩ ssI-s°m≈p∂p. At±-lØ
- ns‚ sNm∆p≈ hN-\ß
- sf ssIs°m≈m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-ip-≤k
- `- b
- psS Imt\m-\\
- p-kc
- n-®p≈ At±-lØ
- ns‚ A`n{]m-bß
- ƒ°v FXn-cmbn \n∂v [n°-cn-°p-Ibpw a’-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ F√mhcpw Ip‰°m-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. a’-c-Øn¬\n∂pw \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn¬
\n∂pw kq£n-®p-sImƒhn≥. A\p-kc
- n-°p-∂h
- c
- p-sS-ta¬ I¿Ør-k∂
- n-[n-bn¬
\n∂pw Ir]bpw hmgvhpw hkn°pw. At±lw ssZh-I-ev]-\sb ewLn-°pItbm \oXn-bpsS am¿Kw shSn™v \S-°p-Itbm sNøp-Ib
- n-s√-∂v ssZh-Øn¬
\ap-°p- i-c-W-ap-≠v.
\ΩpsS At]£ CXp am{X-am-Ip-∂p. \ΩpsS lrZb kt¥mjw ]cn]q¿W-am-Ip-hm≥ \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw kvt\l-Ønepw sFIy-Xb
- nepw Ccn-∏n≥.
ho≠pw \mw At]-£n-°p-∂p. sskØp-]¿h-X-Øn¬ h®v ]cn-ip≤ Xrss°-Iƒ \oń hnip-≤- «o-l-∑msc hmgvØn-b-h-\mb I¿Øm-th-ip-an-inlm
]cn-ip-≤hpw ssZhn-I-hp-amb AZr-i-h-e-XpssI \oń ssZhn-I-ß-fmb A\p{K-l-ß-fm¬ \nß-sf-√m-h-scbpw hmgvØp-am-dm-I-s´. \nß-fn¬\n∂pw imco-cn-
240
Ihpw Bfln-Ih
- p-amb F√m ]co-£I
- s
- fbpw IS-Øn-°f
- b
- s
- ´. \nß-fpsS kºmZy-sØbpw \nßƒ°p≈ kI-e-sØbpw Xm≥ hmgvØp-am-dm-I-s´. \nß-fpsS
apºn¬ Icp-W-bpsS hmXn-ens\ Xm≥ Xpd-°p-am-dm-I-s´. Xs‚ A\p-{K-l-ßfpw Ir]bpw \nß-sf-√m-h-cp-sS-taepw sNmcn-bpIbpw Xs‚ he-Øp Xrss°bm¬ \nßsf Xmßp-Ibpw sNøp-am-dm-I-s´. \nß-fpsS Bflm-°-fpsS c£bv°mbn Xm≥ \nßsf klm-bn-°p-Ibpw F√m k¬{]hr-Øn-If
- nepw \nßsf
XpW-bv°p-Ibpw F√m Zpjv{]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \nßsf ho≠p-sIm-≈pIbpw sNøp-am-dm-I-s´. \nß-fpsS CS-bnepw \nß-fpsS lrZb-Ønepw Xs‚
kvt\lw hnX-bv°p-Ibpw \nß-fpsS Bbp-jv°mew apgp-h\pw kpIr-X-\-S-]Sn-I-fm¬ \nßsf \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-am-dm-I-s´. \nß-fpsS tZiØp ssZhw
\nßsf kam- [ m- \ - s ∏- S p- Ø p- I bpw \ymbm- [ n- ] - ∑ m- c psS lrZ- b - ß - f n¬
\nßsf°pdn®v Icp-Wbpw `bhpw tXm∂n-°p-Ibpw sNø-s´. kt¥m-j-ßfpsS Ime-ßsf F√mbvt]mgpw \nßƒ°p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNø-s´.
Xm≥ \nß-fp-sS-taepw \nß-fpsS `h-\-ß-fp-sS-taepw Ir]bpw A\p-{Klhpw sNmcn-b-s´. \nß-sfbpw \nß-fpsS acn-®-h-scbpw \oXn-am-∑m-tcmSpw
]pWy-hm-∑m-tcm-Sp-sam-∂n®v kz¿§-cm-Py-Øn\v Xm≥ tbmKy-cm-°n-Øo¿°-s´.
Fs‚ ]nXm-hn-\m¬ A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-hsc \nßƒ h∂p {]th-in®v temIÿm-]-\-Øn-\p aptº \nßƒ°mbn Hcp-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ kz¿K-cmPyw AhIm-in-®p-sImƒhn≥ F∂p ]d-bp∂ kt¥m-ji
- _vZw \nß-sfbpw Ah-scbpw
Xm≥ tIƒ∏n-°-s´. BbXv ssZh-am-Xm-hmb adn-bm-ans‚bpw kIe hnip-≤∑m-cp-sSbpw a≤y-ÿ-{]m¿∞-\-bm¬ Xs∂. -B-Ωo≥.
(H-∏)v
ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ ]q¿∆nI kpdn-bm-\n-P-\-X-bpsS ]m{Xn-b-¿°o-km-Ip∂
A_vtZ-Zvan-in-lm. anin-lm-Imew 1912 I∂n 2˛mw XobXn \nc-Ww-]≈
- n-bn¬h®v
Fgp-X-s∏-´p.
(X¿÷a: bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm)
(A_vtZZv avinlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb ImtXm-en°m Bbn ÿm\m-tcm-lWw \S-Øn-°g
- n™v
1088 I∂n c≠mw (sk]vXw-_¿ 15) XobXn \nc--WØp ]-≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw
Ab® Iev]\)
2. c≠mw Iev]\
k¿∆-i-‡-\m-bn, kmcmw-i-k-ºq¿Æ-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂, BZnbpw A¥-hp-an√mØ \nXys‚ \ma-Øn¬ X\n°p kvXpXn. At¥ym-Iym-bnse ss«lnI
knwlm-k\
- Ø
- ns‚ _e-lo-\\
- mb c≠m-asØ A_vtZZv anin-lm-bm-Ip∂ C·mØn-tbmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv.
(ap{Z)
241
ssZhØm¬ Im°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ae-_m¿ tZi-hm-kn-I-fmb A\p-{K-ln-°s∏-´-hcpw hmgvØ-s∏-´-h-cp-am-Ip∂ \ΩpsS hm’-ey-hm-∑m-cmb ImtXm-en-°mbp-sSbpw hnizm-kn-If
- mb P\-Øns‚ Xe-h∑
- m-cmb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cp-sSbpw
]´-°mcpw Zb-dm-b°
- mcpw siΩm-i∑
- mcpw F∏n-t{Xm-∏m-amcpw hr≤-∑mcpw buh\-°mcpw inip-°fpw ss]X-ßfpw hen-b-hcpw sNdn-b-hcpw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw
kv{XoI-fp-ambn hnip≤ amtam-Zo-km-bpsS dqivam-bm¬ ap{Z-Ip-Øs
- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂h-cp-amb \ΩpsS k¿∆-a-°-fp-sSbpw inc- p-I-fn¬ ssZhn-I-k-am-[m-\hpw
kz¿§ob hmgvhpIfpw h∂m-h-kn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.
BbXv ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s‚bpw am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bp-tSbpw Xs‚ kJn-I-fmIp-∂ ]cn-ip≤ «ol-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-I-fm¬ Xs∂, BΩo≥.
c≠mw {]mh-iyhpw \nßƒ°v \mw Bio¿hm-Z-ßsf X∂-tijw \nßfpsS bYm¿∞ kvt\l-tØmSv Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
anZn-bm-Øn¬ \ΩpsS _e-lo-\X
- b
- psS ASp-°¬ \nß-fpsS Fgp-Øp-Iƒ
FØn-bXp apX¬, ae-_m-dn¬ \ΩpsS Bflob a°-fpsS CS-bnepw ]≈n-Ifnepw A_vZp≈m A^≥Un hnX-®n-´p≈ Ipg-∏-sØ-∏‰n \ap°p hfsc tJZap-≠m-bn. ssZhnI Xo£vWX \sΩ \n¿_-‘n-°p-I-bm¬ k¿∆-i-‡-\mb
ssZh-Øn¬ icWw h®p-sIm≠v \mw Fgp-t∂‰p; \nß-fpsS At]-£{- ]-Imcw
ae-_m-dn-te°p hcp-∂-Xn\v DSs\ ]pd-s∏-´p. Icp-W-bp≈ ssZhw D]-{Zhw
IqSmsXbpw hncp-≤ß
- ƒ IqSm-sXbpw \sΩ hgn-\S- Øn kam-[m-\]
- q¿∆w \nßfpsS ASp-°-te°p sIm≠p-h-∂p. \ΩpsS ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eoØbmb Znh-∂m-tkymkpw At±-l-tØmSp tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ F√mhcpw sNm∆p-≈-h-cm-Ip∂p F∂p \mw I≠p. ChnsS ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬
\mw tbmKw-IqSn \nß-fpsS Bh-iy-sØ-∏‰- nbpw A_vZp≈m A^≥Un sNbvXn´p≈ AIm-t\m-\nI {Inb-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw \ap°p a\- n-em-bn. ae-_m-dnse ]cam¿∞n-If
- mb ssZh-Ip-™m-Sp-If
- psS CS-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ Ie-lhpw sImebpw
\nan-Øhpw \ΩpsS lrZbw ZpxJw-sIm≠p \nd-™p.
\ΩpsS Bflob hm’-ey-`m-P\
- ß
- t- f, Ahs‚ Cu {Inb-Iƒ ssZh-Øn¬
\n∂-√, ]n∂tbm kmØm-\n¬ \n∂t{X F∂v Adn-™p-sIm-≈p-hn≥. ssZhnI
I¿Ω-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Ah \nc-∏v, kam-[m-\w, kvt\lw apX-emb
BIp-∂p-ht- √m. \ΩpsS ssZh-amb aninlm Hcp-Øt- \bpw sIm∂n-ń-√; sIm√phm≥ Iev]n-®n-´p-an-√. F∂mtem ]c-am¿∞n-I-fmb Xs‚ BSp-Iƒ°p-th≠n
Xs‚ Poh≥ hbv°p-Ib
- t{X sNbvXX
- .v Xs‚ CS-hb
- b
- °
v p-th≠n Poh≥ A¿∏n°p-hm≥ Ahn-Sp∂v Xs‚ injy-tcmSv Iev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hr£w AXns‚
ê-ß-fm¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Ahn-Sp-∂-cpƒsN-bvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
CXp-\n-anØw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Iev]\
- bv°p hn]-co-Xa
- mbn {]h¿Øn°p-∂-h≥ Xs‚ k`sb ]Wn-bp-∂n-s√∂pw ""At¥ym-Iy-bnse ss«lnI
knwlm-k\
- sØ Rßƒ klm-bn-°p∂p'' F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv ]c-am¿∞nIsf h©n∏m- \ m- I p∂p F∂pw \nßƒ Xncn- ® - d n™p sIm≈p- h n≥.
242
knwlmk\Øns‚ \ne-\nev]v sIme-]m-XI
- Ø
- n-tem, AXym-{K-lØ
- n-tem, h©\-bntem, hymP-Øn-tem, euIn-Im-[n-Im-cØ
- ntem As√∂v Ah¿ Adn-bp-∂n√.
Fs¥-∂m¬ Ch temI-Øn-t‚bpw PU-Øn-t‚bpw taml-Øn¬ \n∂-√msX
ssZhnI Xo£vW-X-bn¬ \n∂p P\n-°p-∂-h-b√ F∂p a\- n-em-°p-hn≥.
\ΩpsS hm’-ey-a°
- t- f, \nßƒ h©n-°s
- ∏-Sm-Xn-cn∏m≥ kq£n®p sIm≈phn≥. \nXy-Po-h≥ kºm-Zn°W-sa-¶n¬ C{]-Im-ca
- p≈ am¿§-ßf
- n¬ \n∂v AI∂p-sImƒhn≥. F∂m¬ henb ZpxJ-tØmsS \ΩpsS I¿Øm-th-ip-an-in-lmtbm-Sv \mw At]-£n-®-t∏mƒ \nß-fpsS At]-£bpw Bh-iyhpw \nhr-Øn°p-∂Xp \√-Xm-Ip∂p F∂p hnip-≤m-flm-hp -aqew Xm≥ \sΩ Adn-bn-®p.
CXp \nanØw ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ \nß-fpsS At]-£-t]mse _t -en-tbmkv
F∂ \ma-Øn¬ a{^n-bm-\m-tbbpw AXm-bXv ImtXm-en-°m-sbbpw, aq∂p ]pXnb
sa{Xm-∑m-scbpw hmgn-®p. Ah-cn¬ H∂-ma-Xmbn Koh-dp-Kokv {KotKm-dn-tbmkpw,
c≠m-aXmbn bqbm°ow Cuhm-\n-tbmkpw aq∂m-aX
- mbn Koh-dp-Kokv ]oe-Ivknt\mkpw BIp-∂p. \mw ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ ae-_m-dnse
\ΩpsS k` ]e ImcW-ß-fm¬ shSn-∏nepw hnip-≤n-bnepw \ne-\n¬°-bns√-∂v \ap°p a\- n-embn. F∂m¬, Ct∏mƒ I¿Øm-hns‚ i‡n-bm¬ shSn-∏nepw hnip-≤n-bnepw Ft∂°pw AXp \ne-\n¬°p-sa∂pw At¥ym-Jym knw-lm-k\
- t- Øm-Sp≈ kvt\l-_‘
- Ø
- ns‚ kw_-‘Ø
- n¬ apºn-et- Ø-°mƒ
A[n-I-ambn AXp ÿnc-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw \mw Adn-bp-∂p. CXm-Ip∂p \ΩpsS
lrZ-bØ
- n\v kt¥m-jh
- pw.
I≠m-epw, Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS a°sf, \nßƒ kam-[m-\-tØmsS hkn-∏n≥.
\mtam ssZh-Xn-cp-hn-jvS-{]-Imcw t]mIp-∂p. \mw t]mIp∂p F∂n-cp-∂mepw
\nßsf Hcn-°epw \mw ad-°p-∂-X-s√∂v \nßƒ hniz-kn-∏n≥. F∂mtem
CS-hn-SmsX kz¿K-Øn-te°p \ΩpsS IÆp-Isf Db¿Øn \ΩpsS c£n-Xmhmb anin-lm-bpsS hne-tb-dnb c‡-Øm¬ hnebv°p-sIm-≈-s∏´ ]c-am¿∞ap≈ Ip™m-Sp-I-fmb \nßƒ°p-th≠n At]-£-Ifpw {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Ign°p-∂X
- m-Ip-∂p. \ap-°p-th-≠nbpw \ΩpsS kaqlw Hs°-°p-th-≠nbpw {]m¿∞n∏n≥. -kvt\-l-Ønepw \nc-∏nepw kam-[m-\-Ønepw Ccn-∏n≥. \nß-fpsS i{Xp°ƒ°p-th-≠nbpw hrYm \nßsf i]n-°p-∂-h¿°p-th-≠nbpw {]m¿∞n-∏n≥.
B A]-lm-cn-bpsS Imt\m-\n-I-a-√m-Ø-hbpw Imc-W-an-√m-Ø-h-bp-amb apS-°p-I-sf-bpw im]-ß-sfbpw \nßƒ `bs∏tS-≠. Ie-l-ap-≠m-°p-∂-hsc
\nßƒ sNhn-s°m-≈-cp-Xv. \∑-bm-bmepw Xn∑-bm-bmepw Ah-cpsS {]hr-ØnIƒ°v X°-hÆw ssZhw Ah-tcmSp {]Xn-Im-cw s
- N-øs´. {][m-\- C-Sb\mIp∂
\ΩpsS I¿Øm-th-ip-anin-lm-bpsS Xrss°I-fn¬ \nßsf \mw `c-ta-ev]n°p-∂p. Xm≥ \nßsf ]cn-]m-en-®p-sIm-≈-s´.
\nß-fpsS CS-b∑
- m¿, AXm-bXp ImtXm-en-°m- bpw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑
- mcpw,
\nßƒ°p≈ kIe Bh-iy-ß-sfbpw \nhr-Øn-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ ic-W-s∏Sp∂p. ImtXm-en°m, sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-tcm-Sp-IqsS \ΩpsS ]cn-ip-≤ -]n-Xm°-∑m-cpsS Imt\m-\m-Iƒ°v A\p-kc
- W
- a
- m-bn´p \nßƒ°p taev]´- °
- msc hmgn-
243
°p-Ibpw aqtdm≥ Iq-Zm-i s
- N-øp-Ibpw sNøpw. ImtX-men-°m \
- n-cymWw {]m]n°p-tºmƒ At±-lØ
- ns‚ ÿm\-Øn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-°msb hm-gn-°m≥ \nßfpsS sa{Xm-∑m¿°v AwKo-Im- chpw Ah-Im-ihpw D≠v. C-Xn¬ \n∂pw \nßsf
hntcm-[n-∏m≥ H-cp-Ø\pw A[n-Im-c-an-√. F∂m¬, kI-ehpw {Ia-ambpw ]Xnhp-t]m-sebpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-Ip∂ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A≤y-£\
- mbn-cn-°p∂ IΩn‰n-°mcpsS Btem-N\
- t- bm-Sp-IqsSbpw sNø-Ww.
\nß-fpsS kvt\l-tØmSv \mw At]-£n-°p-Ibpw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-th-ipan-in-lm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ \nß-tfmSv k¬_p≤n- D]tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
ImtXm-en-°mbv°pw «olmbv°paSpØ \ΩpsS hnip-≤-k` GXn-t∑¬ ]Wnb-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂thm B ]t{Xm-kn-∂S- pØ \nß-fpsS kXy-hn-izm-kØ
- n¬ \n∂v
\nßƒ sX‰n t]mI-cp-Xv. At¥ym-Jym-bpsS «olm-bv°-SpØ knwlm-k-\-hpam-bp≈ kvt\l-_-‘-Øns‚ _‘-Øn¬ \n∂v A]-lm-cn-bmb Hcp-hs‚
\ymb-a-√mØ {Inb-Iƒ \nanØw \nßƒ th¿]n-cn-b-cpXv F∂v \nß-fpsS
kXy-kvt\-l-tØmSv \mw Iev]n-°p-∂p. apºn-esØ \nß-fpsS ]pWy-hm-∑mcmb ]nXm-°-∑m-sc-t∏mse \nßƒ A\p-k-c-W-ap≈hcpw Xncn-®-dn-hp-≈-h-cpam-sW∂p \mw Adn-bp-∂p. \nß-fpsS ⁄m\-Øn\v CXp- a-Xn. Aev]-Øn¬
\n∂v hfsc \nßƒ a\- n-em-°pw. I¿Øm-hn¬ ip`-am-bn-cn-∏n≥.
\ΩpsS I¿Øm-ho-tim-an-in-lm-tbmSv \mw ho≠pw At]-£n-°p-∂s
- X-s¥∂m¬, skln-tbm≥ amfn-Ib
- n¬h®v ]cn-ip-≤«
- o-l∑
- m-cpsS ta¬ \oń Ahsc
hmgvØn-b-Xpw, A\p-{K-l-ßfpw hmgvhpIfpw \nd-™-Xpw, ]cn-ip≤ I¿Xr-XzØn-\-Sp-Ø-Xp-amb he-ØpssI \ΩpsS _e-lo-\-X-bpsS he-Øp-ssI-tbmSp-IqSn \oń \nß-sf-√m-h-scbpw A\p-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw \nß-fpsS IS-ßfpw
]m]-ßfpw £an-°p-Ibpw hnizm-kn-I-fmb \nß-fpsS ]tc-Xsc ]pWy-s∏-SpØp-Ibpw sNøp-am-dm-Is
- ´.
""Fs‚ ]nXm-hn-\m¬ A\p-{K-ln-°s
- ∏-´h
- t- c, hcp-hn≥; temI-ÿm-]\
- Ø
- n\p-apºv \nßƒ°mbn Hcp-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ kz¿§-cmPyØn\I-Øp-{]-th-in®v
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈p-hn≥'' F∂v he-Øp-`m-K-Øp-≈-h-tcmSv AcpfnsNøp∂ kt¥m-j-{]-Z-amb i_vZw tIƒ°p-hm≥ \nßƒ°pw \nß-fpsS acn-®pt]m-bh
- ¿°pw CS-bm-Is
- ´.
BbXv ssZh-am-Xm-hmb adn-bm-an-s‚bpw kIe ]cn-ip-≤∑
- m-cp-sSbpw ip≤na-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hnip-≤-«o-l∑m-cp-sSbpw C¥y-bpsS Imh¬°mc-\mb
am¿tØmΩm «olmbp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\I
- f
- m¬ Xs∂. BΩo≥.
1913˛m-am≠v ivt_mØv amkw 8˛mw XobXn ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂v.
(A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm 1088 Ipw`w 8˛mw XobXn
]cp-ae skan\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® c≠m-asØ Iev]-\-bpsS
{]k‡ `mKw)

244
7
c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS
ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
... ˛ 13 \p ]pXp-Rm-b-dmgvN IYm-\m-b-I≥ Sn. ]≈n-bn¬ Ip¿_m\ sNm√n.
15 \p k‘ybv°v IYm-\m-b-I≥ ]cp-a-ebv°v t]mbn. 16 \p ]cp-ae \n∂pw
IYm-\m-b-I\pw {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-®\pw a‰p ]ecpw IqSn ]cp-ae ]≈n°¬ {]m¿∞\ Ign®v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-®t- \mSpw Zo\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p∂
sa{Xm-®-t\mSpw bm{X tNmZn®p-sIm≠v AhnsS \n∂v 11 aWn°v ]pd-s∏´v
]∂m-bn-I-S-hn¬ FØp-Ibpw AhnsS \n∂pw ]e ]≈n-°m-cp-sSbpw tIaamb FXn-tc-evt]mSp IqsS 1 aWn°v \nc-WØv FØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv
3 aWn°v tbmKw IqSn-bXn¬ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w IYm-\m-bI
- ≥ G¬°-Wsa∂v ]ecpw \n¿_-‘n-°b
- m¬ kΩ-Xn-t°-≠X
- mbn h∂p IqSn. ]cp-ae \n∂pw
t]mcp-tºmƒ IYm-\m-b-I\v Sn. ÿm\w Gev°m≥ a\- n-s√∂v \n¿_-‘ambn sa{Xm-®-t\mSpw a‰pw ]d-™n-cp-∂p. (1925 G{]n¬ 30 ˛ 1100 taSw 18
sIm√-h¿jw ˛ (17 kp-dn-bm\n IW-°v) ˛ hymgw) ... 17 \p 7 1/2 aWn°v
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-®≥, dºm-®≥am¿, ]´-°m¿, siΩm-i≥am¿ F∂n-h¿
]≈n-b-I-Øn-dßn ip{iq-j-I-fm-cw-`n-®p. \a-kvImcw Ign™p IYm-\m-b-I≥
aZv_l
- mbv°v apºn¬ h∂v \n¬°p-Ibpw ""ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-tØ°v AhnSpsØ hnip≤ dqlm hnfn-°p∂p'' F∂p kp∂-l-tZmkv Xe-h≥ {KotKm-dntbmkv sa{Xm-®≥ ]d-bp-Ibpw IYm-\m-b-I≥ AXv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v
DØ-c-ambn ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C{]-Imcw 3 {]mhiyw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
AXpIgn™v Im∏ apX-emb hnip≤ hkv{X-ßƒ [cn-∏n®v {]tXyI ÿeØn-cp-Øp-Ibpw {KotKm-dn-tbmkp sa{Xm-®\pw 2 ]´°mcpw IqSn hn. Ip¿_m\bv°v Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw Ip¿_m\at[y ImtXm-en°m ip{iqj Ign®v Itkc-bn¬ CcpØn 3 {]mhiyw Db¿Øn D°vkn-tbmkv B¿Øp ]d-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu ka-b-tØ°v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-®-s\bpw aZv_-lm-bn-¬
sIm≠ph∂v Ccp-Øp-Ibpw At±-lhpw Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv {]h¿Øn-°bpw
sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv Ip¿_m\ Ign™v ]pXnb ImtXm-en-°msb Itk-c-bn¬
CcpØn ]≈n°v 3 {]Z-£nWw \S-Øp-Ibpw DIvkn-tbmkv B¿°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. A\-¥cw F√m-hcpw Bizm-kØ
- n-\mbn ]ncn™p. ho≠pw 3 aWn°v
Hcp alm-tbmKw IqSn ae-¶c CS-h-I-bpsS s]mXp-hmb Hcp awK-f-]{Xw IYm\m-b-I\p ka¿∏n-°bpw ]e-cp-sSbpw {]kw-K-ßƒ D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IqSmsX taev]´ ÿm\-tØ°v ]mºmSn dºm-®≥, kn. Fw. tXmakp siΩmi≥, ]mtd´v amXyqkv IØ-\m¿, ]pen-t°m´v siΩm-i≥ F∂n-hsc Xnc-s™Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \nc-W-Øp-Im¿ Hcp Ipcnipw amebpw IYm-\m-b-I\p
ka¿∏n-®p. IqSmsX tIm´bw sNdnb]≈n-°m¿ 81 cq]mbpw ImgvN-h-®p. \ncW-Øp-Im¿ ]n∂oSv Ipcn-ip-h-Ibv°v 51 cq]-bmWv X∂Xv.
245
18˛\p IYm-\m-b-I≥ ip. Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-Ibpw Ip¿_m-\-at≤y _Y-\nbpsS F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmbn Fw. F. Kohdp-Kokv dºm-®s\ am¿ {KotKm-dntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂n-h-cpsSbpw ]e ]´-°m-cpsSbpw siΩm-i≥amcp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ hmgn-®p.
3 aWn°v At±-l-Øn\v Hcp awKf]{Xw ka¿∏n-°bpw At±lw k`mkw_‘-amb Hcp Zo¿L-{]-kwKw sNbvXp. IqSmsX A∂v sa{Xm-∑m-cp-sSbpw ImtXmen-°m-bp-sSbpw t^mt´m FSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂p cm{Xn Xs∂ IYm-\mb-I≥ h≈n-°m´v ]≈n-bn-te°v ]pd-s∏-´p. ]ns‰Znhkw 10 aWn°v AhnsS
FØp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
20 \p IYm-\m-b-I≥ h≈n-°m´v ]≈n-bn¬ sNm√p-Ibpw ImtXm-en°m
ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn®v Zo¿L-am-bn {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw ]n¥p-S¿®-bmbn ImtXm-en°m
ÿm\w ae-¶-c-bn¬ \ne\n¿Øn-s°m-≈p-∂-Xn\v A_vsZZv aviolm ]m{Xnb¿°okp _mhm X∂n-´p≈ Iev]\ hmbn-°-bpw sNbvXp. hfsc Bfp-Iƒ
At∂ Znhkw ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn-bn-cp∂p. h≈n-°m´v ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Ing-t°tdm´p htc-bv°p≈ hgn F√mhcpw IqSn \msf sh´n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xn-\mbn N´w
sI´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ...
(]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mh-mbpsS Ubdn-bmb "k`mPohnX \mƒhgn'bn¬ \n∂pw)

H∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS hmgvNb
- psS hnh-cWw c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS
ssI∏-Sb
- n¬.
246
8
ImtXm-en°m _mhmbv°p
Biw-k-Iƒ
Hcp ]¥o-cm-≠n\p apºv Xn{Ko-knse ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ÿm]\w
ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]p\-xÿm-]n-®Xp kw_-‘n®p ]e Imcy-ßfpw apºv {]kvXm-hn®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ {]kvXpX ÿm]-\Ø
- ns‚ Bhn¿`mhw, ]cn-h¿Ø\w, AXp
ae-¶-c-bn-te°v \o°m-\p≈ A¿lX, ae-¶c kpdn-bm\nk`bv°v B[p\nIImeØv AXp kw_-‘n®p {]tXy-I-am-bp≈ Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ,
Ct∏mƒ knwlm-k-\-ÿ-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS \nkvX¿°-amb
ÿm\km[pXzw apX-emb kwK-Xn-Isf°pdn®p kw£n-]vX-amb Hcp hnhcWw IqsS D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv Cu L´-Øn¬ F{Xbpw Bh-iy-sa∂p hnNmcn-°p-∂p. -ss{I-kvXh k`-bpsS BZn-a-L-´sØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ Ncn{X]cºc tLmjn-°p-∂Xp ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS DZv`hw skeq-Iy-bn-embn-cp∂p F∂mWv.- sk-eqIy ]´Ww Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ Imetijw cmPyw ]¶n-s´-SpØ ssk\ym-[n]cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fns‚ cmP[m\nbmbn-cp-∂p. tdmam- km-{am-Pyhpw t]¿jym- km-{am-Pyhpw XΩn¬ a¬kcn®p \n∂ ImeØv t]¿jym-bnse ]uc-∑m-cmb F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑mcpw a‰p
k`mt\Xm-°-∑mcpw Hcp tdmam cmPy ]uc-\m-bn-cp∂ At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn\p Iogvs∏-ń-cn-°bpw A\p-k-cW_m≤yX hln-°bpw sNbvXm¬
AXv cmjv{Sob\ne-bn¬ t]¿jymbv°v lm\n-Icw BsW∂p t]¿jym N{Ih¿Øn Xocp-am-\n-®p. -X¬^-e-ambn hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßfn¬ k¿∆{X sFIy-ap≠m-bn-cp∂ k` cmjv{S-_-‘-ap≈ `c-W-Øn¬ tIhew kzX-{¥-ß-fmbn `hn®p. Aßs\ ImtXm-en°m hmgvN XpS-ßn-bXpXs∂ kzX{¥ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn
Bbn-´m-Ip-∂p. -`-c-W-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn®pw hnizm-sskIyw am{Xw \n¿_‘n-X-am-°n-bp-amWv ]uckvXy k`m]nXm-°-∑m¿ k`m-L-S\ cNn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.Im-tXm-en°m kzX-{¥-s\-¶nepw tdmam -km-{am-Py-Ønepw t]¿jy-bnepw D≈
k`-Iƒ XΩn¬ sFIyhpw ktlm-Z-c-_-‘hpw kl-I-c-Whpw h¿≤n-°-Wsa∂v H≥]Xmw iX-I-Øn¬ tbml-∂m≥ F∂ Hcp At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv B{K-ln-®p {ian-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. X¬^-e-ambp≠mb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
{i≤m¿l-ß-f-t{X. ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw ImtXm-en-t°mkpw Hcpan®p hcp-tºmƒ
]≈n-bnse Bcm-[-\-bnepw c≠p- t]-cp-ap≈ tbmK-Ønepw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
apº≥, ImtXm-en°m c≠m-a≥. Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°okv A¥-cn-®n´p as‰m-cp-Øs\
Ah-tcm-[n-t°≠ IrXyw \S-tØ-≠Xp ImtXm-en°m, AXp-t]mse ImtXmen-°msb ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw Ahtcm-[n-°Ww. Aßs\ ]c-kv]cw kΩ-Xn®v
Hcp hyhÿ D≠m-°Ww. ]m{Xn-b¿°m CS-h-I-bnse F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑m¿
ImtXm-en-°msb Adn-bn-°msX ]m{Xn-b¿°m ÿm\m-tcm-lWIrXyw \S-Ønbm¬ ImtXm-en°m kwÿm-\-Ønse F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑m¿ ImtXm-en°m
247
ÿm\mtcm-l-W-Øn\p a‰-h-tcbpw Adn-bn-t°≠ IS-a-bn-√. _m¿ F{_mb
Xs∂ Hcp ImtXm-en-°-mbm-bn-cp-∂p. Cuhn[w ka-\n-e-bn-se-¶nepw kl-IcW_p≤ym At\ym\yw h¿Øn®p hcth Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m
knwlm-k\w skeq-Iym-bn¬ \n∂p ssS{Kokp \Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ ssS{Kokv
AYhm Xn{Kokv F∂ sNdnb ]´-W-Øn-te°p am‰n.
ae-¶ck` Xn{Ko-knse A[n-Imckoa-bn¬s∏´p.- Im-tXm-en-°m-bpsS as‰mcp
t]¿ Ing°pZn°ns‚ henb sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. s
- k-eq-Iym-bn¬
\n∂v Xn{Ko-kn-te°v F∂-t]mse ae-¶cbv°pw knwlm-k\w \oßp-∂Xv
F{Xbpw \nb-am-\p-krX-amb Imcyw Xs∂.- A-Xn-te°v At\-I -\ym-b-ß-fp≠v. C≥UybpsS Imh¬°m-c-\mb hn. tXmΩm-«olm ]¥n-cp-h-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mbn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v «olm ÿm]n® k`bv°v F√m-hn[ `c-W-kzm-X-{¥yhpw
Ds≠-∂p≈ XXzsØ Ft^-kqkv kp∂-lt- Zmkv kΩ-Xn-®v "Ipt{]mkv Zzo]nse
k`bv°p kzmX-{¥y-a-\p-hZn®p.' A\y-\m-Sp-I-fnse k`-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w
Btem-Nn-®mepw F{Xtbm Zqc-ÿn-X-amb ae-¶ck` hn. _¿∂-_m-kns‚
Ipt{]mkv k`bv°v Ft^-kqkv kp∂-l-tZmkv A\p-h-Zn®psImSpØ F√m
`c-Wk
- zm-X{- ¥y-ßt- fbpw \nkvX¿°-ambn A¿ln-°p-∂p. C
- h
- s
- bm∂pw Cs√∂p
Xs∂ hcs´. F∂mepw taev]-´-°m-cmb F∏n-kvt°m-∏-∑m¿°v Fhn-tSbpw
Inń-bn-cn-°p∂ A[n-Imcw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ \n∂p «ol-∑m¿ hgn-bm-bn-´p≈-XmWv F∏n-kvtIm∏m ÿm\-Øn¬ A¥¿eo-\-ambpw kzIo-b-am-bp-ap≈
B A[n-Imcw ae-¶c
- k
- `
- b
- nse Hcp F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kwL-Øn-\n-s√∂v Bcp
]dbpw? Imt\m≥ \nb-ahpw ss{IkvXh k`mNcn{X ]c-º-cbpw \nkvX¿°ambn B XXzsØ _es∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. -tem-Im-h-km-\-tØmfw ae-¶ck`-bn¬
F∏n-kvtIm∏m ÿm\w \ne-\n∂p t]mcp∂Xn\p X°-hÆw tamdm≥ am¿
A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Ah¿Iƒ Iev]n-®-\p-h-Zn-°bpw
AXn-te°p Imt\m-\n-I-ambn th≠ ]nSn-]mSp Xcn-Ibpw At±lw Xs∂ ae¶-c-k-`bv°v Hcp ImtXm-en°msb hmgn-°bpw XpSsc hmgn®psIm≈p-∂-Xn\v
At±lw Xs∂ hmgn® aq∂v sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑msc A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øo-´p-≈Xpam-Ip-∂p. B aq∂p sa{Xm-∑m¿ IqSn Xs∂-bmWv ASpØp \S∂ ImtXm-en°m-ÿm-\m-tcm-lW
- Ø
- n¬ ]s¶-Sp-ØXv. Aßs\ ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX
ImtXm-en-°mbpw tijw c≠p sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑mcpw IqSn-bmWv Hcp F∏nkvtIm-∏msb DS≥Xs∂ hmgn-®X
- v.
Cßs\ Imt\m-\n-I-amb Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]-\-Isf Bkv]-Zam-°n-bmWv Ct∏mƒ ImtXm-en°m_mhmsb Ah-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cs√¶n¬ Xs∂bpw F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑m-¿°v AXn-\-[n-Im-c-ap-s≠∂p ta¬ {]kvXmhn-®n-´p-≠t- √m. Fs¥-∂m¬ Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°okv acn-®m¬ ]ns∂ GXp ]m{Xnb¿°o-kns‚ A\p-a-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv ]n≥Km-ansb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
]n≥Kman C∂m-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\pw
ImtXm-en-°mbv°pw Imt\m≥{]Imcw A[n-Im-ca
- n-√.
CXp-h-tcbpw a¿±o-\n¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑msc Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ
248
ae¶cbp≈ F∏n-kvtIm-∏∑msc Adn-bn° ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- A_vZ≈m _mhm
Xncp-hnXmwIqdn¬ h∂p ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSv H∂m-a-Xmbn Bh-iys∏´ kwK-Xn, A_vZ-≈m-_mhm, Imew sNbvX am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v Ab®n-cp-∂Xpw Xs∂ A√msX A_vtZZv anin-lmsb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn kzoIcn-°-cp-sX∂v A`y¿∞n-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp Fgp-Øn¬ ImWmw. Ct∏m-gsØ
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ap≥Kman Ah-tcm[n-®n-cp∂ ImtXm-en°m CS-h-I-bnse F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑m-tcbpw _mhm I£n°m¿ F∂v A`n-am-\n-°p-∂-h-tcbpw Adn-bn-°m-sX-bmWv ]m{Xn-b¿°m CS-hI-bnse sa{Xm-∑m¿ {]h¿Øn-®-Xv.- AXv \ymbhncp-≤hpw A[n-Imcw Ihn™-Xp-amb Hcp \S-]-Sn- Bbn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ta¬ D≤-cn® Imt\m≥
hyhÿ{]Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ Adn-bn-°m-sXbpw ImtXm-en-°msb ChnsS
hmgn-°s
- b-∂Xv F{Xbpw \ymbm-\p-krXw Xs∂.
ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-a\
- - p-sIm≠v kzX-{¥hpw kztZ-io-bhpw ]ucmWn-Ihpw At∏m-kvtXm-en-Im-cw`hpw sIm≠p ]mh-\a
- m-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp k`sb
\nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\p Itø-‰n-cn-°p∂ Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ Ahn-SsØ KmV-amb
Nn¥bv°pw {ia-Øn\pw hnj-bo-`-hn-t°≠ GXm\pw Imcy-ß-fp-≠v. \Ωn¬
\n∂v Hmtcm ImeØpw Hmtcm Imc-W-ß-fmepw th¿]n-cn-bm≥ kwK-Xn- h-∂n´p≈ ktlm-Zc k`-If
- p-ambn HsscIyw D≠m-°m-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ F√m hIp∏n-ep-ap≈ A[n-Im-cn-If
- p-tSbpw t\Xm-°∑
- m-cp-tSbpw {i≤bv°p hnj-ba
- m-t°≠-Xm-Wv. -kz-tZ-iob Imcy-ß-fn¬ {àn®p ebn-®n-cn-°p∂ `mcX `qhm-kn-Iƒ
ss{IkvXh k`-bn-te-°m-I¿jn-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- n\pw k`-bpsS i‡nbpw DZvt_m[-\hpw sIm≠p `n∂ hIp-∏p-Im-cmb ss{IkvXhcpw ss{IkvX-th-Xc∑mcpw
Zqc`mhn-bn-se-¶nepw GI-tbm-Ka
- mbn kwL-Sn-°s
- ∏-Sm≥ X°-t]mse k`-bpsS
Aÿn-hm-ca
- mb XXz-ßsf ]men®psIm≠p Xs∂ tZio-ba
- mb BZ¿i-ßsf
Bhn¿`-hn∏n®v kam-[m\w {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]pcm-X-\-amb ae-¶c kpdnbm\n k`sb sFiz-cy-hØ
- m°n Xo¿°p-∂X
- n\pw ImtXm-en°m Xncp-ta-\nsb
ssZhw DZvt_m-[n-∏n®p {]Im-in-∏n®v A\p-Kr-lo-X-\m°n Xo¿°p-am-dm-Is´
F∂pw ssZhsØ {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.
(1925 G{]n¬ 25-˛mw XobXn hmgn-°-s∏´ ae-¶-c-bnse ZznXob ImtXmen°m _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿§okv {]Y-a≥ _mhmbv°v A\p-tam-Z\w t\¿∂psIm≠v 5˛5-˛1925 ¬ ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn¬ sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf Fgp-Xnb
apJ-{]-kw-Kw)

249
9
aq∂mw ImtXm-en°m
ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
... tIm´-bsØ hnP-b-kvXw`w
hºn® sIm´-I, 2000 t]¿°v Ccn-°mw.
kpJskuIcy hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
kw`-cW_mlpeyw
sFI-a-Xyw-˛-a-lm-_ew
{]tXyI teJ-I≥
tIm´bw; Ipw`w 3: C∂sØ kqtcym-Zbw hfsc ca-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂esØ Im¿ta-Lm-hr-Xa
- mb A¥-co£w A√m C∂-ØX
- .v _mem¿°≥ kpkvanX-\m-bn- sN¶-Xn-cp-Iƒ hoin. kpJ-Zm-b-I-amb Ipfn¿Im-‰-Sn-∏q \m\m-Zn-K-¥-ßfn¬ \n∂pw h∂ptNcp∂ bm{X-°m-cn¬ Hcp ]pXpa ImWp∂p. hcp-Ibpw
t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ coXn ssIhn-´p-hc
- p-∂h
- ¿ h-cp-∂h
- ¿ ChnsS
Xs∂ Xmh-fß
- ƒ At\z-jn®p XpSßn. Fhn-sS-\n∂p hcp-∂h
- c
- m-bmepw Ahcp-sS-sb√mw bm{X t\sc at\m-c-a-∏≈n F∂p {]kn-≤-amb am¿ Genbm®m∏en-te-°m-Wv. tam´¿Ih-e-Iƒ IS∂p Ing-t°m-´p≈ hgn-bn¬IqsS P\-ßƒ
Hgp-In-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hnhn[ thj-ß-f-Wn™p hnhn-[-X-c-Øn¬s∏-´bm-fp-I-fmWp bm{X sNøp-∂-Xv. F√m-t]cpw ae-bm-fw-Xs∂ kwkm-cn-°p-∂ps≠-¶nepw \o´pw Ipdp°pw a‰pw sIm≠p `mj-bv°p-Xs∂ hnhn-[Xzw ImWp∂p-≠.v Abvta-\n-Iƒ am{X-a√m ]´°mcpw [mcmfw. [\n-Is
- \t∂m Zcn-{Z-s\t∂m
DtZym-K-ÿ-s\t∂m ]ucs\t∂m Hs°-bp≈ hI-t`-Z-ßƒ ad∂p Htc amXmhns‚ k¥m-\-ßƒ B AΩ-bpsS A`n-am\w kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Hmtcm-cp-h\mepw BIpw-hn[w {]b-Xv\n-°p-∂-Xn\p lrZ-b-]q¿∆w tbmPn-®p-sIm-≠p≈
Hcp bm{X-bm-W-Xv. Rm\pw Ahsc A\p-[m-h\w sNbvXp. hnNn-{X-X-c-ambn
cmP-]mX Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p _≤-I-¶-W-∑m-cmbn H´-\-h[n P\-ßƒ Ahn-ShnsS IqSn-\n∂v Hmtcmtcm tPmen-I-fn¬ FS-s]-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. hf-®p-hm-Xnep-Iƒ tXmc-W-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-bpsS NS-ßp-Iƒ Aev]m-ev]-ambn I≠psIm≠p aµwaµw \S∂p Rm≥ ae-bm-f- a-t\m-ca B∏o-kns‚ ]Sn-°¬ FØn.
IWn-bme \nc-Ønb Ia-\o-b-amb Hcp sNdp-]-¥¬ Rm≥ AhnsS I≠p.
AXns‚ B¿°p-Iƒ apX-em-bh At∏mƒ Xo¿∂n-ń-√. AXn\p Ing-°p-hiw
at\m-ca (Fw.Un. knΩ-\m-cn) sslkvIq-fns‚ hS-°p-h-i-Øp≈ cmP-]m-Xbn¬ sImń¬ amXncn Ibdp ]mIn-∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ]q∏-¥¬ hfsc BI¿jWo-ba
- m-bn-cp-∂p. kqcys‚ sN¶-Xn-cp-Iƒ hnh-n[-\n-dØ
- n-ep≈ IS-em-kp-If
- n¬
{]Xn-^-en®v Ah aµ-am-cp-X-\n¬ Ifn-bm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Rm≥ sslkv°qƒ
250
]. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm 1929˛¬ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn ÿm\m-tcmlWw sNbvX tijw ]nt‰∂v sa{Xm≥ hmgvNbv°p tijw. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv (]mºmSn), ]. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv h´-t»cn¬, ]. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm, Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv (_Y\n. ]n∂oSv ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-te°p t]mbn), am¿ sXtbm-^n-temkv (_Y\n. ]n∂oSv ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-te°p t]mbn).
]. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm, Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv
(]pØ≥Im-hn¬), ]. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv h´-t»-cn¬,
Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv (]mºmSn), am¿ tkthdn-tbmkv
(hmf-°p-gn-bn¬. ]n∂oSv ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-te°p t]mbn) F∂n-htcm-sSm∏w.
251
hf-∏n¬ {]th-in®p hfsc hen-∏-Øn¬ sIt¶-a-amb Hcp ]pXnb FSp-∏mWp
Fs‚ A£n-Iƒ°p e£o-`-hn-®-Xv. Nm∏-en\p ]Sn-™m-dp-h-iØp ]›n-am-`nap-Ja
- mbn hnkvXm-cØ
- n¬ sIń-bn-´p≈ {][m-\]
- ¥
- ¬ am{Xta Ct∏mƒ Xo¿∂p
Ign-™n-´p-≈p. 15 ASn \ofw 10 ASn hoXn-bn-emWv AXp sIń-bn-´p-≈Xv.
.......... hnhn[ h¿Æ-Øn-ep≈ XqWp-Iƒs°m≠p AhnsS Iam\w hnXm\w
Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. AXns‚ apI-fn¬, ImWn-Isf AXy-[nIw B\-µn-∏n-°p-amdv
Ia-\ob-am-bp≈ Nn{X-Iq-SmcØns‚ X´p-Iƒ aq∂pw Ct∏mƒ afi-]-Øn¬
h®p Ign-™n-ń-√. AXns‚ Iosg {]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂X
- n-\p≈ ]oThpw Ccp-]m¿iß-fn-ep-ap≈ amem-J-amcpw an°-hmdpw Xøm-dmbnIgn-™p. ta¬]-d™ afi]sØ XpS¿∂v 24 ASn hoXn-bn¬ 136 ASn \of-Øn¬ Ing-°p-]-Sn-™m-dmbn
Hcp sImń¬ sIń hf-]pc hnXm-\-Øn-\p≈ sh≈ \nhn¿Øp Ign-™p.
AXns‚ sX°pw hS°pw `mK-ß-fn¬ 48 ASn- hoXw hoXn-bnepw 150 ASn
hoXw \of-Øn¬ hºn® c≠p ]¥-ep-Iƒ Cń-´p-≠v. Ahbpw IW-tem-esIm≠p hnXm-\n-®p-I-gn-™p. Cu ]¥-en-te°p aq∂p tK‰p-Iƒ D≠v. Ah
H∂p hS-°p-\n∂pw, c≠m-at-ØXp ]Sn-™m-dp-\n-∂p, aq∂m-at-ØXp sX°p\n∂pw BWv. Ah-bn¬ sXt°- tK-‰p hgn am{Xta kv{XoIƒ°p {]th-i-\ap-≈p. AhnsS sX°p Ing°p `mKØv AXn-Yn-Iƒ°v 23 ASn hoXn-bn¬
sX°p-h-S-°mbn 48 ASn \ofw ÿew hn´p Ign-™m¬ sXt°-`m-KØp
aq∂n¬c≠p -`mKw ÿew kv{XoIƒ°mbn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v. ]Sn-™mtd tK‰phgn ]´-°m¿°pw Ipń-Iƒ°pw {]th-in-°mw. tIhew inip-°sf ]¥-en¬
{]th-in-∏n-®m¬ D]-{Zhw t\cn-Sp-sa∂v I≠v AXns\ XS-bp-hm≥ {]h¿Ø-I∑m¿°v Btem-N\
- b
- p-≠v. kv{XoIƒ°p≈ ÿe-Øn\p hS-°p-hiw ]Sn-™mdp≈ tK‰n\p sX°p-hiw ÿew Ipń-Iƒ°v Hgn-®n-ń-cn-°p-∂p. afi-]-Øn\p
sX°p-h-i-sØ-∂-t]mse hS-°p-h-iØpw AXn-Yn-Iƒ°v ÿew {]tXyIw
Xncn-®n-´p-≠v. a‰p-≈-h¿°v AXn\p ]Sn-™m-dp-h-i-Øp≈ ÿe-amWv InS-°p∂-Xv. Cu ]¥-en-\-IØp ]¥o-cm-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw Bfp-Iƒ°v Ccn-°p-hm≥
Ign-bpw. CXp-sIm≠p t]msc∂v I≠v hS°pw ]Sn-™mdpw hi-ßf
- n¬ hfsc
hnkvXr-X-amb ]¥-ep-Iƒ sIń-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hS-°p-h-iØp Ingt°
A‰Øv Cw•o-jn¬ X¶-°-S-em-kp-sIm-≠p≈ kzmKXw (WELCOME) ]Sp-Øt∏mƒ aWn 10 Bbn-´p-≠v. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Fs‚ {i≤ ]Xn-™Xp ]¥-en\p
]Sn-™m-dp-h-i-Øp≈ kv°qƒsI-ń-S-Øn-te-°m-Wv. AhnsS FIvkn-Iyq-óhv
sIu¨kn¬ IqSn-bn-cp-∂p. Blm-cm-h-iy-ßƒ°p-t]mepw hoSp-I-fn-te°p
t]mIp-∂-X-s√-∂p≈ {]Xn-⁄-tbmSp IqSntbm F∂p tXm∂p-amdp \msfbpw
a‰-∂mfpw \S-°p∂ -a-tlm-’hw hnP-b{]Z-am-°p∂-Xn\p {]kn-U≠p an. .....
apX-em-b-h¿ AhnsS ..... hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ...... -A-h¿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh∂p
ImWp-am-dmb Imcy-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p≈ eLp-te-J-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn {]N-cn∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p t\csØ Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-W-s√m. {]kvXpX al-Øns‚
amlmflyw Ft∏mgpw kvacn-°m≥ X°-hn[w Hmtcm NS-ßn\pw A¥ pw
sKuc-hhpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v Ah¿ _≤-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Bcpw Hcn-SØpw Ccn°msX Ahn-Sh
- nsS FØn Hmtcm kwK-Xn-bnepw [mcmfw {i≤n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm
hn\m-gnI Ign-bpw-tXmdpw ]¥-enepw afi-]Ø
- nepw ]pXnb ]pXnb tamSnIƒ
252
DZn-®p-b-cp-∂p. Imcy-\n¿hm-l-I-∑mcpw tPmen-°mcpw Hcp-t]mse Pm{K-Ømbn
tPmen sNøp∂ kµ¿`-ßƒ CXp-t]mse Rm\-[nIw I≠n-ń-√. sslkvIqƒ
hI ^pSvt_mƒ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ambn Xm¬°m-enI IqSm-c-ßƒ ]eXpw I≠p-Xp-Sßn. ChnsS h∂ptNcp∂ henb P\m-he
- n-bpsS `£-W]
- m-\o-bß
- ƒ°p \n¿hml-I-kw-L-°m¿ sNøp∂ hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv Ch-sb∂p ImWp∂p. ka-kr-jvSnI-fp-tSbpw k¥Xn ]c-º-c-I-fp-sSbpw c£bv°pth≠n {InkvXp `K-hm≥ Xdbv°-s∏´ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ ]e Xc-Øn-ep-≈h [mcmfw kw`-cn®p Ign™p.
]ns∂bpw ]ns∂bpw Ah tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p {ia-ßƒ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂p. apØp-°p-S-Iƒ h∂p-tN¿∂p- Xp-Sßn. Ah Hs∂m-∂mbn sImÍØqWpI-fpsS apIƒ`m-KØp \nhn¿Øp \nc-Øn-s°m-≈p-∂Xn\p \n¿hml-I-∑m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Fw. Un. skan-\mcn apX¬ ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-hsc a‰∂mƒ \S-tØ-≠p∂ tLmj-bm{X sIt¶-aa
- m-°p-∂X
- n-\p≈ Ae-¶m-cß
- ƒ [rXK-Xn-bn¬ \S-∂p-h-cp∂p (A-hsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ Hcp hnh-cWw A\y{X
{]kn≤w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. a. a. ].). AXy¥w BI¿j-Wo-ba
- mw-hn[w 15 B¿°pIƒ sI´p∂ hnhcw {]kn≤w sNbvXn-´p-≠-t√m. thsdbpw B¿°p-Iƒ sIńØp-Sß
- n-bn-´p-≠v.- hym-gmgvN t\cw sshIn-bt- ∏m-tgbv°p tIm´bw ]´-WØ
- ns‚
\ne H∂p t`Z-s∏-´p. cmP-]m-X-Iƒ k¿∆{X Aew-Ir-X-am-bn-°-gn-™p. aµ-amcp-X-\n¬ Dem-Øp∂ tXmc-W-ß-fpw, ]q∏-¥-ep-I-fn¬ Ifn-bm-Sp∂ IS-em-kp]p-jv]-ßfpw BK-X¿°p kzmK-X-a-cp-fp-∂p.
GtX-sX√mw {]tZ-iß
- f
- n¬ \n∂v Bcm-sc-√m-amWp h∂p-tN¿∂n-´p-≈s
- X∂p
\n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿ hfsc Npcp-ßpw. at\m-c-a-∏≈n apX¬ ]gb
skan-\mcn hsc-bp≈ ÿe-ßƒ kµ¿in®pw kplr-Øp-°sf At\z-jn®pw
hk-Xn-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn®pw ]ecpw Np‰n-Øn-cn-bp∂Xp \nanØw P\m-h-en-bpsS
hen∏w A[nIwt]¿°pw {Kln-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-X-√. Hcp Xo¿∞bm{XbpsS ]c-a-`-‡n-tbmSpw, Hcp-°-ß-tfmSpw IqsS Ahn-S-hnsS F´pw ]Øpw
\m¬]Xpw AºXpw Bfp-Iƒ Iq´wIq´-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. kIp-Spw_w h∂p
tN¿∂n-´p≈ Krl-ÿ∑
- m¿°pw IW-°n-√. IrXym-¥c
- _
- l
- p-P\
- mb ]pcp-j\pw,
Krl-`-c-W-]-cym-Ip-e-bmb kv{Xobv°pw eoem-tem-ep-]-cmb Ipń-Iƒ°pw Hcpt]mse `‡n-ckw hgn-s™m-gp-Ip∂ Cu al-\o-b-amb kµ¿`w kI-e-{]-Imc-Ønepw {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-°p-∂Xn-\mWp kv{Xo]pcp-j-∑mcpw _men-Im-_m-e∑mcpw Hcp-ßn-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ch-cn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw apJØp Ifn-bmSp∂ hnP-tbO H∂p {]tXy-I-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-{]kn-≤-amb ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn
kµ¿in-°p-∂Xn\pw am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkp Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-dp¶¬ Ipºn-Sp-∂-Xn\pwth≠n Hcp \√ `mKw P\-ßƒ Atßm´p t]mIp-I-bp≠m-bn. Ahn-sSbpw BUw-_-c-k-∂m-l-ßƒ°p Ipd-hn-√.
kmbw-k-‘y-bm-bn. IXn-\m-sh-Sn-Iƒ apg-ßn. at\m-c-a-∏-≈n-bn¬ Rm≥
FØn. AhnsS _Y-\n-bpsS F∏n-kvt°m-∏m- Xn-cp-ta\n a‰p sshZn-I-∑mcpsS
kl-Ic
- W
- t- Øm-Sp-IqsS k‘ymip{iqj \S-Øn. ]n∂oSp \msfbpw a‰-∂mfpw
A\p-jT
v n-t°-≠p-∂Xmb {Ia-ßƒ Xncp-ta\n sshZn-I∑
- m¿°p-]t- Z-in-®p. FIvknIyq-óhv IΩn‰n {]kn-U≠
- ns‚ A≤y-£X
- b
- n¬ k∂≤-kwLw IqSn Ah¿°p
253
_mUvPp sImSp-°p-Ibpw {Ia-]m-e\
- c
- o-Xn-Iƒ D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kmbw
k‘y-bnse at\m-ca
- ∏
- ≈n AXy¥w tNtXm-lc
- a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. sslkv°q-fns‚
]Sn-™mtd sIńSØns‚ Ings° hcm-¥-bnepw a‰p-ambn ca-Wo-b-amb Zo]°mgvN D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ingt° tK‰p-¶¬ sIń Db¿Øn Cu¥¬ sIm≠p
hf-®p≈ ≤zP-kvXw`w N{µn-I-bp≈ BIm-i-a-fi-e-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂v Ahn-sSbp≈ hnhn[ tKmf-ßsf Ctßm´p £Wn-°-bmtWm F∂p tXm∂n-t∏m-Ipw.
Kmkvsse‰p-I-fm¬ {]tim-`n-X-amb ]¥-en-\Iw G‰hpw taml-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.
sImń-en-\Iw IS-em-kp-am-e-I-fmepw ]¥-en-\Iw Cu¥¬, sImSn F∂n-hbmepw Aew-Ir-Xa
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
afi]w an°-hmdpw hnXm-\n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. apºp {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≈ ]oTw
ÿm]n®p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. F¨tIm¨ hnNn{X IqSm-cØ
- ns‚ aq∂p \ne-Ifpw,
_en-]oThpw AXns‚ apI-fn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂ Ipc-nipw B shfn-®Øn¬ Xnfßn hnf-ßn. Nn{X-°-S-em-kp-Ifpw hnhn[ \nd-ß-fn-ep≈ XpWn-ØdnI-fmepw Aew-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂ XqWp-Iƒ AXy¥w `wKn-bp-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Fhn-sS-t\m-°n-bmepw Hcp DW¿®bpw Ahn-sS-sb√mw FIvkn-Iyq-óhv IΩn‰n
saº¿amcpw hnti-jn®p {]kn-U≠pw {]Xy-£-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. IΩ‰n IqsS-°q-sSIq-Sp-Ibpw Imcy-]-cn-]mSn {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. k`mw-Kß-fn¬ Hcp henb hn`mKw ]¥-enepw ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-ambn ÿm\w
]nSn-®p. cm{Xn-bn¬ Dd-ßn-b-h-cpt≠m F∂v kwi-b-am-Wv.- hn-Xm-\-ßƒ `wKnbm-°p-∂Xn\p Npa-Xe
- s
- ∏-´h
- ¿ tLmj-bm-{Xm-hg
- n-bnepw ]¥-enepw \n∂v Du¿÷n-Xa
- mbn tPmen sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Imcy-\n¿h-lI
- ∑
- m¿ Ahn-Sh
- nsS HmSn\-S∂v Hmtcm∂pw {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. t\cw shfp-°p-thmfw ImdpIfpw a‰p hml-\-ßfpw XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw {]tXyIw
{]tXyIw hk-Xn-I-fn-te°v BK-X¿ s]mbvs°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\msfbpw a‰-∂mfpw \S-°p-∂- hn-injvS kw`h-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈
kw`m-jWw am{Xta Fhn-sSbpw tIƒ°m-\p-≈p. sh≈n-bmgvN shfp-∏n\p
aWn \me-Sn-®-t∏m-tf°p Xs∂ Bfp-Iƒ ]¥-en¬ ÿew ]nSn®p XpS-ßn.
Bdp a
- W
- n°p IXn-\m-sh-Sn-Ifpw aWn-\m-Zß
- fpw apg-ßn-°g- n-™t- ∏m-tf°v Ccp]-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn¬]cw Bfp-Iƒ ]¥-enepw shfn-°p-ambn ÿew ]nSn®p
Ign™p. kv{XoIfpsS kwJy am{Xw t\m°n-bm¬ 3000˛¬ Ipd-bp-Ib
- n√. IpńIfpw GI-tZiw A{Xbpw hcpw. -]p-cp-j-∑msc \ne t\m°n H∂p Xcw Xncn®p
\ndp-Øp-hm≥ {]bm-kw. bmt°m-_mb k`-bn¬ {]_-e-∑m-cmbhsc√m-hcpw
˛ kap-Zm-bm-`n-am-\a
- p≈ kI-ecpw ˛ ]¥-enepw shfn-°p-ambn \nc∂p Ign™p.
hnhn[ {InkvXob hIp-∏-p-I-fn¬s]-´-hcpw a‰p aX-ÿcpw h∂ptNcp-∂p-≠v.
AXnYn-Iƒ°p≈ ÿew \nd™p Ihn-™p. {]am-Wn-Iƒ ]e¿ ]pdta Xs∂
Hgn-™p- am-dn-s°m≠p a‰p-≈-h¿°p ÿew sImSp-Øp. hmf‚n-b¿am¿°p
\nb-{¥n-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØhn[w P\-ßƒ h¿≤n-®p. GI-tZiw ap∂q-tdmfw sshZnI-∑m¿°n-cn-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp∂ ÿeØv aÆp \p≈n-bn-´m¬ XmgmsX-bm-bn.
Bd-c-a-Wn°v taev]-´-°m¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ sshZn-I-∑m¿ sslkv°qƒ
254
lmfn¬ IqSp-Ibpw Nne \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°p tijw AWn-\n-c∂p ]Sn-™mtd
tK‰p IS∂p ]¥-en-te°v BK-X-cm-hp-Ibpw \n¿±njvS ÿm\-ßƒ kzoI-cn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. -A-tXm-Sp-IqsS {]`mX \a-kv°mcw Bcw-`n-®p. _Y-\nbpsS F∏n-kvt°m∏m Ah¿I-fm-bn-cp∂p {]m¿∞\ \S-Øn-bX
- v. ae-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ ImtXm-en-°m- ÿm-\m¿∞nbmb Xncp-ta-\n, sa{Xm≥
ÿm-\m¿∞n-I-fmb dºm∑m¿ apX¬ [mcmfw ]´-°m-cpsS kl-I-c-W-tØm-SpIqsS {]`mX \a-kv°mc ip{iqj Ah-km-\n-®-t∏mƒ aWn Ggc Ign-™p.
""At∏m-kvtXm-en-Ia
- mb AXyp-∂X ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\Ø
- ns‚
]Z-hn-bn-te°p ]cn-ip≤ dqlm Ahn-SpsØ hnfn-°p∂p-∂p''-sh∂p hnip≤
kp∂l-tZmkv ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\m¿∞n-tbmSp ]d™p ap´p-Ip-Øn. At±-lam-I-s´, ""Rm≥ kΩ-Xn®v AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p'' F∂p ]d™p Ipºn´p. At±lØns\ hn. kp∂l-tZm-kns‚ A≤y-£≥ he-Xp-Icw ]nSn®v aZv_-lmbn¬ {]th-in-∏n-®p. B kabw Kmb-Ik
- wLw ""bP-am-\≥ hcp-at- ∂cw'' F∂p
XpS-ßp∂ KoXw G‰w {ipXn-a[
- p-ca
- mbn ]mSn. ]n∂oSp ÿm\m¿∞nsb ÿmt\mNn-X-amb hkv{X-ßƒ [cn-∏n®p {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ apdn-bn-te-°p
_Y-\n-bnse Xncp-ta-\nbpw sa{Xm≥ÿm-\m¿∞n-Ifpw IqsS sIm≠p-t]mbn
Ccp-Øp-Ibpw XncnsI h∂p ip{iqj XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp kw_-‘n®p≈ Ip¿∫m\ AW-®Xp a‰p sshZn-I-∑mcpsS klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqsS ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]mbm-\p-cq]w \c- [m-cm-f-ap≈ Xncpta\n kzX-kn-≤-amb {]uV-Kw-ò-c-X-tbm-Spw, hgn-s™m-gp-Ip∂ `‡n-{]-Np-cnatbm-Spw, BflnI k¥m-\ß
- fn¬ \nd™p Ihn-bp∂ hm’ey {]k-cn-t∏mSpw,
[¿Ωm-\p-jT
v m-\Ø
- n¬ kl-Pa
- mb ZrV-{h-Xt- ØmSpw IqsS afi-]Ø
- n¬ \n∂p
Ip¿∫m\ AW-®Xp ImtW-≠X
- mb Hcp ImgvN Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ip≤ ssZhnI-amb Nn¥m-`m-cØ
- m¬ hn\-tbm-\zn-X\
- mb _Y-\n-Øn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS kmapJyw
GsXm-cp- k-Z - n-\p-sa-∂t- ]mse C∂-tØ-Xn\pw s
- sN-X\
- y-kµm-bI
- a
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
kµ¿`-Øns‚ amlm-fly-Øn-\pw -Ku-c-h-Øn\pw AXp KpW-am-bn. sshZn-I∑mcpw Abvta-\n-Ifpw kzÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n»_vZ]q¿∆w ÿew]nSn-®p.
Ip¿∫m\at≤y _Y-\n-bnse Xncp-ta\n Hcp {]kwKw sNbvXp.- lm-fn¬ A`wKp-c-amb \n»-_vZX ]cn-]m-en-°-W-sa-∂p≈ \njv°¿j-tbm-Sp-IqsS At±lw
{]kwKw Bcw-`n-®p. amXm-hmb hnip≤ I\y-I-a-dn-bhpw hf¿Ø-O\mb am¿
butk∏pw IqsS I¿Øm-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ Du¿t«w ]≈n-bn¬ ImgvN
h®p. amdm-\mbs]cp-∂mƒ Znh-k-amWv Cs∂∂v A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v
AXns‚ kµ¿`-ssh-injvSyw Xncp-ta\n hnh-cn-®p.- A-ß-s\-bp≈ Cu ip`
Zn-\-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-°m -ÿm-\m-tcm-lWw \S-Øp∂-Xns‚ sshinjvSyw
At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p. ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lWw ssZhnIm-\p-{K-lØn-\p-th≠n am{X-am-sW∂pw AXn¬ a‰p bmsXmcp Dt±-i-hp-an-s√∂pw
At±lw bp‡nbp‡w ka¿∞n-®p. {]kwKw BZy¥w a¿Ω-k]
v r-°m-bn-cp∂p.
AXns‚ tijw Ip¿∫m\ XpS-ßp-Ibpw ImtXm-en-°m -ÿm-\m¿∞nsb
XncnsI afi-]-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cnIbpw sNøp-∂p. ""ta¬∏-´-ÿm-\m-`n-tj-II¿Ωw'' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≈ I¿Ω-ßƒ Hs∂m-∂mbn \SØp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ÿm\m¿∞n-bmb am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n kI-eXpw
255
PK-∂n-b-¥m-hn¬ ka¿∏n®v `‡n-bn¬ apgpIn IÆp-\o¿ hm¿Øp-sIm-≠mWv
ip{iq-j-bn¬ kw_-‘n-®Xv F∂p≈ hkvXpX {]tXyIw kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.
KoX-ßfpw {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Ign™v cl-ky-{]m¿∞\ \S-Øp-Ibpw ""Ipdn-tbem-bn-t m≥'' (I¿Ømth! Icp-W-bp-≠m-tI-W-ta) sNm√p-Ibpw, ta¬∏-´-°mcn¬ Hcmƒ ""tImdq-kqtkm'' hmbv°bpw sNbvXtijw ÿm\m¿∞n Ing-t°m´p-Xn-cn™v Ip\n™p \n¬°p-Ibpw hnip≤ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ A≤y-£\mb henb Xncp-ta-\n -ÿm-\m¿∞n-bpsS Xe-bn¬ he-Xp-ssI- sh-®p-sIm≠v
""hnip≤ am¿tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS A\p-{K-ln-°s∏´ hn. ]uc-kvXy-k`- b
- v°mbn
_tk-en-tbmkv ImtXm-en°m ]. ]nXm-hn‚bpw ]p{X-s‚bpw hnip≤ dqlmbp-sSbpw Xncp-\m-aØn¬'' \nXy-Po-h¶
- t- e-°mbn Ah-tcm-[n-°s
- ∏-Sp∂p F∂p≈
{]m¿∞\ sNm√p-Ibpw s\‰n-bn¬ …o_m-bpsS ap{Z IpØp-Ibpw …o_m `cta¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. HmIvk-ntbmkv hnfn Ign™v Awi-hSn kzoI-cn®v
ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-a\
- - p-sIm≠v Awi-hSn Db¿Øn k¿∆ P\-ßs
- fbpw
Bio¿h-Zn®p. Xncp-ta-\n°p th≠n kp: A≤y-£≥ Xncp-ta\n {]m¿∞n-®p.
HSp-hn¬ _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Ipdp_m-\-bpsS _m°n`mK-ßfpw \nd-th‰p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Unhn-j≥ Akn-Ã‚ v an. kn. Hm. am[-h≥ Ipdp-_m\ Bcw-`n®-t∏m-tg°p kZ- n¬ k∂n-ln-X\m-bn-cp∂p. Ipsd Ign-™t- ∏mƒ Unkv{SnIvSv
aPn-kvt{S´p an. B¿. IrjvW-]n≈, Un. t]meokp kq{]≠v an. ]m®p Aø¶m¿ F∂n-h¿ h∂ptN¿∂p. Bw•n-°≥ _nj∏v ssd‰v dh. C. F. F¬. aq¿
Ah¿Iƒ Ip¿_m\ Bcw-`n-®-tijw h∂p-tN¿∂p. hml-\\n-b-{¥Ww apXemb hnj-bØ
- n¬ kv]rl-Wo-ba
- mb klm-bß
- ƒ t]meokp-Im¿ sNbvIb
- p≠m-bn. hmf‚n-b-d-∑m¿ A`n-\-µ-\o-b-ambn s]cp-am-dn.
ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-j-bpsS CSbv°p IXn-\m-sh-Sn-Iƒ apg-°p-Ibpw
_m‚p hmbn-°p-Ibpw D≠m-bn. ]Xn-s\m-∂c aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cu NS-ßp-Iƒ
Ah-km-\n-®p. ]n∂oSp _Y\n F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb Hcp {]m¿∞-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn Ah-tcm-[n-®p. AXns‚tijw Ip¿_m\ Ah-km-\n∏n-®p. At∏mƒ aWn ]{¥≠c Bbn-´p-≠v. B kabw IXn-\m-sh-Sn-Iƒ hbv°s∏-´p. ]n∂oSp ]≈n {]Zn-£Ww \S-Øn. ssIapØp \SØn cmhnesØ NSßp-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p.
(XpScpw)
(ae-bmf at\mca, 1929 s^{_p-hcn 16)
256
ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
AXn-I-a-\o-b-amb Ae-¶mc hnti-j-ßƒ
A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb P\-°q-´hpw \b-\m-`ncma-amb
k÷o-I-c-W-ßfpw
({]tXyI dnt∏m¿´¿)
tIm´bw 4˛6-˛104: ae-¶-c-kp-dn-bm\nk`-bpsS `mKym-Xn-tc-I-Øm¬ am¿
A_vtZZp aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpsS HuNnXy_p≤n-bpsSbpw Zo¿L-Zr-jvSn-bp-sSbpw ê-ambn e`y-amb ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m
ÿm]-\sØ A`w-Ka
- mbn ]cn-]m-en-°p-∂X
- n¬ P\-ka
- p-Zm-bØ
- n-\p≈ AXymwImw-£bpsS {]Xy£ {]Xn-ê
- \
- s
- a-∂p tXm∂-°h
- n-[Ø
- n¬ Cu {]mh-iysØ
ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\m-tcm-lWw k¿∆-hn[ BtLm-j-ß-tfmSpw IqSn AXymUw-_c-]q¿∆w \S-Øp-∂X
- n\pw \qX-\a
- mbn ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNøp∂ ImtXmen-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta-\n-tbbpw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-scbpw am¿ Genbm Nm∏en¬ \n∂p ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn-te°v sIt¶-a-ambhn[-Øn¬ FXn-tc¬°p¥n\pwth≠ Hcp-°-ßƒ h≥]n® tXmXn¬ \S-∂phcp∂ hnhcw bYm-hkcw at\m-ca ]w‡n-I-fn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-cp∂Xm-W-t√m. F∂m¬ C∂p
tIm´bw ]´Ww kµ¿in-°p∂ bmsXmcp a\p-jy-s‚bpw lrZ-b-`n-Øn-Isf
Xń-ØI
- ¿°p-amdp Xnßn-s∏mßn Ihn-™p-hc
- p∂ hnImc ]c-ºc
- I
- sf h¿Æn°p-hmt\m ZrjvSn°p hnj-bo-`-hn-°p∂ AXn-I-a-\o-b-amb Ae-¶m-c-hn-ti-jß-sfbpw Cu alm-a-l-Øn\p F{Xbpw A\p-tbm-Py-ambhn[-Øn¬ sNø-s∏ń-cn-°p∂ AXn-hn-]p-e-ß-fmb k÷o-I-c-W-ß-sftbm hnh-cn-°p-hmt\m
Bbncw \mhp≈ A\-¥\pw km≤y-a-√. ]´-W-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw Xn°pw
Xnc°pw _l-f-hpta Im◊m-\p-≈q. at\m-ca Nm∏-en\p ap≥h-iØv ""tNX m-I¿jI''amw-hÆw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xpw inev]-I-em-ssh-`-h-Øns‚
Dulm-Xo-X-amb lrZb hio-I-cW-i-‡nsb kphy‡w A\p-`-h-t_m-≤y-am°p-∂Xpamb at\m-lc afi-]-sØbpw, AXn\p aq∂p -`m-K-Øp-ambn sIńsbm-cp°n Ae-¶-cn®p tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n®p t\{X km^-eysØ {]Zm\w sNøp-amdv
\b-\m-`n-cm-a-am°n sNø-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ hnkvXr-X-amb ]¥-ens\ ]¥-ens‚
ap≥`m-KØv Dt±iw \m¬]-XSn Db-c-Øn¬ Cu¥¬ ]eh¿Æ°S-em-kp-sImSn-Iƒ, eX-Iƒ BZn-bm-b-h-bm¬ Aew-Ir-X-ambn D®-Øn¬ hln-®n-cn-°p∂
sh≈-s°m-Sn-bpsS aµm-\n-e-\n-ep≈ Nm©m´w aqew PmXn-a-X-t`-Zw- Iq-SmsX
k¿∆ a\p-jy¿°pw lrZ-b-]q¿hI-amb kzmK-X-a-cpfn ]cn-e-kn-°p∂ tKm]pcsØ h¿Æn-°p-∂Xn-s\m-cp-sº-Sp∂Xp kmlkw Xs∂. Nm∏-ens‚ ]ptcm`m-KØp ]›n-am`nap-Ja
- mbn Ccp-]Ø
- m-dSn ka-NX
- p-cØ
- n¬ c≠c ASn Db¿Øn
sIń-bn-´p-≈Xpw ÿm\m-`n-tj-I-ip-{iqjm \n¿h-l-W-Øn\p {]tXyIw Xømdm-°s
- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xp-amb afi-]Ø
- n¬ {]kn≤ inev]I
- e
- m-hn-ZK
- ≤
v \
- mb anÃ¿
257
sXmΩn-°-Æp -_m-Zphm sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ Ae-¶mc hnti-j-ß-fpsS at\m-lmcnX A\p-`h
- n-®m-\µ
- n-°p-IX
- s∂ sNtø-≠X
- m-W.v sIń-s∏m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xpw hninjvSß
- f
- mb Xnc-»o-eI
- f
- m¬ BOm`n-Xhpw Bb afi] Xd-bn¬ F´p-]´- Ø
- nep≈ \mep at\m-lc XqWp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS a≤y-Øn¬ hnNn-{X-∏-Wn-I-fm¬
tNtXm-lc
- n-Xa
- m-°n s
- Nø-s∏-ń-´p≈ aq∂v B¿°p-Ifpw Ah-bpsS ta¬`m-KØv
A{K-Øn¬ at\m-lc
- amwhn[w Ae-¶m-ct- h-eI
- ƒ sNbvXn-´p≈ kph¿Æ {]`m]q-c-X-amb ....... tim-Sp-Iq-Snb F´p]´-.... Hcp tKm]p-c-hp-amWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
F´p ]´-Øn-ep≈ tKm]p-c-Øns‚ Dƒ`m-KØp sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ \b\m\-µ-Ic-amb Ae-¶m-c-th-e-Iƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬.... -kph¿Æ afi]w ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xns‚ A¥¿`m-K-ØmWv t{XmtWmkv AYhm AƒØmc ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.
Z¿i\am{X-bn¬Øs∂ bmsXmcp \nco-iz-c-hm-Zntbbpw `‡-]-c-h-i-\m-°nØo¿°-Ø°hn[-Øn¬ kph¿Æ-ZypXn {]kv^p-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂
AƒØm-c-bpsS a≤y-Øn¬ hnin-jvS-amb Hcp I\-I-°p-cnipw AXns‚ c≠p
`mKØpw Bdmdp NndIp-It- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hmtcm amem-Ja
- m-cp-ambn Zo]vXn-aØ
- mb
sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-sh-fn-®Ø
- n¬ {]tim-`n-°p∂ B ImgvN `‡-P\
- ß
- ƒ°v Fs∂∂pw
kvacn°Ø°-Xp-X-s∂. kph¿Æ afi-]-Øns‚ ]ptcm-`mKw A\m-Om-Z\w
sNbvXv D≈n-te°p ZrjvSntb B\-bn-°p∂ bmsXm-cp-Øs
- ‚bpw lrZ-bØ
- n¬
Ahn-SpsØ B hnin-jvSm-e-¶m-c-ßfpw Ie-I-a-b-amb AXn-tim-`bpw ]d-∂p
\n¬°p∂ amem-J-am-cpsS a≤y-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Ipcnipw F√mw IqSn
kz¿§cmPy kvac-W-Isf Df-hm-°p-sa-∂p-≈Xv \nkvX¿°-am-Wv. CXp-X-s∂bmWp Znhym-\-µ-Zm-b-I-amb \b-\-km-^-eyw. afi-]-Øns‚ Z£n-tWm-Ø-c`m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ sImń-ep-Ifpw ap≥h-i-Øp≈ ]¥-epw Ae-¶mchnj-b-Øn¬
H´pw ]nt∂m-°-a-√. 120 ASn ka-N-Xp-c-Øn¬ ]¥epw AXns‚ a[y`mKØp≈ BdSn hoXn-bn¬ Hcp sImń-ep-am-bn-´mWv ap≥`mKw k÷o-I-cn-®n-cn°p-∂-Xv. ]¥-ens‚ apIƒ`mKw ]®-∏-ń-s\mØ Cu¥-ep-Iƒ hncn®pw CSbv°nsS Ac-bSn AI-e-Øn¬ hnhn[ h¿Æ-Øn-ep≈ sImSn-Ifpw tXmc-Wßfpw sIm≠-e¶
- c
- n-®p t- am-Sn-]n-Sn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]¥-ens‚ \mep-hi
- hpw at\ml-c-ß-fmb B¿°p-Ifpw IS-emkp sIm≠p≈ hnNn-{X-th-e-Ifpw sIm≠p
\b-\m-\µ-I-c-am°n sNø-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. a≤y-Øn-ep≈ sImń-ep-I-fpsS apIfn¬ ip{`-hkv{Xw hncn®p ]pjv]a
- m-ey-ßfpw \£-{X-]w-‡n-Ifpw sIm≠v AewIr-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. afi-]-Øn\p c≠p hi-Øp-ap≈ ]¥-ep-Iƒ hnNn-{XambewIcn®p am\y-mXn-Yn-Iƒ°mbn {]tXyIw Hgn-®n-ń-cn-°b
- m-Wv. ]¥-ens‚
ap≥]n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂ tKm]pcw ]®-h¿Æ-Øn-ep≈ eX-Ifpw Ce-Ifpw sIm≠v
Ae-¶c
- n®v AXo-h t- am-l\
- a
- m-°n-Øo¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. tKm]p-cØ
- ns‚ A{K-Øn¬
\n∂p \m\m-`m-K-tØ°pw sIńbn-cn-°p∂ tXmcW ]w‡n-Ifpw sImSn-°qdIfpw CfwsX∂en¬ Aev]mev]ambn Nen®p P\-°q-´sØ BI¿jn-®p-sIm≠v
Db-c-Øn¬Øs∂ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. C{]-Imcw at\m-ca tImºu-≠n-te°p
{]th-in-°p∂ DS≥ ZrjvSn°p hnj-bo-`h
- n-°p∂ tKm]pcw sImSn-°qd lkvXß-fm¬ P\-k-©-bsØ kzoI-cn-®-`n-hmZyw sNøp-s∂-¶n¬ ]¥epw ]cn-k-cßfpw ZrjvSnIƒ°p \b\km^-ey-tØbpw afi-]Ø
- ns‚ A¥¿`mKw `‡P-\-ßƒ°p lrZ-b-kw-]q¿Æ-amb Znhym-\-µ-tØbpw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p-≠v.
258
C\n \ap°p tdmUn-te°p IS-°mw. at\m-ca Nm∏¬ apX¬ ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cnh-sc-bp≈ c≠p -ssa¬ tdmUp apgp-h≥ tNtXm-l-c-amw-hÆw Ae-¶-cn-°sb∂Xv F{X {ia-km-≤y-amb Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-sW-∂p hmb\-°m¿ Xs∂ Duln®p-sIm-≈p-IbmWp-Ø-aw. tdmUns‚ a≤y-Øn¬ 18 ASnbpw c≠p-h-iØpw
]Xn-\m-eSn Db-c-Øn¬ s\SpsI Ib-dp-sIm≠v Hmtcm tImeIe-Øn¬ Hmtcm
tXmc-W-]w‡n hoX-amWp sIń Ae-¶-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. sNdp-Im-‰n¬ \m\mh¿Æ-ß-fn-ep≈ sImSn-°qd-Ifpw ]pjv]am-ey-ßfpw ]d∂p Ifn-bm-Sp∂ B
ImgvNbmWp tdmUn¬ Fhn-sSbpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂Xv. kzmK-Xm-iw-kI
- t- fm-Sp-IqSn-b -ò-am-Im-c-Øn-ep≈ B¿°p-Ifpw FÆ-Ønepw hÆ-Ønepw Ipd-hn-√. at\m-c-a-bm-∏o-kns‚ {]th-i-\-Zzm-c-Øn-¶¬ B∏o-kp-h-I-bmbn at\m-l-c-amb
Hcp B¿°pw Hcp kzoI-c-W-∏-¥epw Xøm-dm-°o-´p-≠v. kn‰n _m¶p-Im-cpsS
hI-bmbn tUmIvS¿ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Nqf-∏-d-ºn¬ Ah¿I-fpsS Ac-a-\bv°p
]Sn- ™ m- d p- h - i - Ø p≈ Ah- c psS B∏o- k ns‚ apºnepw tIm´- b sØ
hWnIvt{ijvS∑
- m-cpsS hI-bmbn N¥-°h
- e
- b
- nepw Ing-t°-°h
- e
- b
- nepw Hmtcm
B¿°v h∂n-´p-≠v. tIm´-bsØ am¿tØmΩm kpdn-bm-\n- k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-ßƒ
tN¿∂p bcp-itew ]≈n-bpsS ]ptcm-`mKw t\{Xm-\µ
- I
- c
- amwhÆw Ae-¶c
- n®p
awK-f]
- {- X-ka
- ¿∏-WØ
- n\p k÷-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]pjv]a
- m-ey-ßfpw ]®oXep-Ifpw sIm≠p lrZ-bm-I¿j-I-amw-hn[w Ae-¶-cn-®n-´p≈ Cu ]¥epw Cu
ktlm-Zc
- ß
- f
- m¬ ka¿∏n-Xa
- m-Ip∂ awK-f]
- {- Xhpw ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-k`m Ncn{X-Øn¬ kph¿Æ-en-]n-I-fm¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ Hcp \qX\m≤ym-bsØ kamcw-`n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂p-≈Xv Hcp Ahn-X¿°n-X-am-Wv. tbmPn-∏n-s‚bpw kam-[m-\Øns‚bpw _p≤n-tbm-Sp-IqSn am¿tØmΩm k`mw-Kß
- ƒ C∂p _mhm Xncp-a\
- kn-te°p ka¿∏n-°p∂ awK-f-]-{X-tØbpw At±-l-Øn\v Ah¿ \¬Ip∂
kzoI-c-W-sØbpw ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-a-\-kp-sIm≠pw Hcp- ImeØpw
hnkvacn-°p-I-bn-s√∂p \ap°v ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-°mw. bdp-itew]≈n-bpsS
ap≥`m-KØv Ccp-]-XSn NXp-c-Øn¬ Xo¿Øn-cn-°p∂ ]q∏-¥¬ kpdn-bm-\n-k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse Ccp-]-Xp-h-i-ßsf A¿ln-°p-∂p-s≠∂p \n w-ibw A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Np¶w Ih-e, doUnwKv dqw Ih-e, t_°¿ satΩm-dnb¬ kv°qƒ Ihe F∂o ÿe-ßf
- nepw AXn-at- \m-lc
- ß
- f
- mb Hmtcm B¿°pIƒ sIń Ae-¶-cn-®n-´p-≠v. tdmUn-se-hn-sSbpw tXmc-W-]w-‡n-Iƒ am{Xta
ImWp-∂-Xn-\p-≈q. C{X- h-enb Hcp atlm¬k-htam C{Xbpw sIt¶-a-amb
Ae-¶mc khn-ti-jß
- tfm tIm´bw ]´Ww D≠m-bn´p CXp-hs
- cbpw D≠m-bnń-s√-∂p \n›-b-ambpw ]d-bmw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ [\-i-‡n-sIm≠p w hnZym`ymkw sIm≠pw H´pw A{]-[m-\-a-√mØ Hcp ÿm\sØ A¿ln-°p∂ kpdnbm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Hcp {][m-\-tI-{µ-amb tIm´-bsØ {][m-\-∑m¿ XßfpsS kap-Zm-bØ
- n-s‚bpw ÿnXn°pw .... amb h
- n-[Ø
- n¬ ... s
- Im-≠m-Sp-∂Xn\p
... Ahsc lrZ-b-]q¿∆w A`n-\-µn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
(ae-bmf at\mca, 1929 s^{_p-hcn 16; 1104 Ipw`w 5 i\nbmgvN)
259
ae-¶-c-kp-dn-bm-\n-k`
Cu k`-bpsS {][m\ ]ptcm-ln-X-\mbn \ncWw apX-emb CS-h-I-I-fpsS
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Isf tamdm≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv
F∂ ÿm\-\m-a-Øn¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn C∂se tIm´bw am¿
Genbm Nm∏-en¬ sh®v Ah-tcm-[n-®Xp kw_-‘n-®p≈ NS-ßp-Is
- f-∏‰
- n-bp≈
dnt∏m¿´v C∂sØ e°-Øn¬ Xs∂ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ct∏m-gsØ
ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Ah¿I-fpsS ap≥Km-ansb 1100 taS- am-k-Øn¬ \nc-WØp]≈n-bn¬-sh®p Ah-tcm-[n® kabw Cu ]w‡n-I-fn¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-SpØn-bn-cp∂ apJ-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ Rßƒ {]kvXm-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xn¬ IqSp-X-embn
Cu kwK-Xn-sb-∏‰n A[n-I-ambn H∂pw ]d-bm-\n-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v B ap-J{]kw-K-Øns‚ {][m-\ -`m-K-ßƒ kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n´p≈ Nne t`Z-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn Xmsg D≤-cn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. 1100 taS -am-k-Øn¬
\nc-W-Øp-sh®v tIm´bw apX-emb CS-h-I-I-fpsS \n. h. Zn. {io. am¿ ]oeIvko-t\mkp sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Isf ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn A`ntjIw sNbvX-Xn-t\m-Sp-IqSn Cu Ipg-∏-ßƒ°v Hcp ]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂XmWv. A-t±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn \ncWw apXemb CS-hI
- I
- f
- psS am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Isf C∂se
tIm´-bØp am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬ h®p ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-k-`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬
A`q-X]
- q¿∆-amb BUw-_c
- ß
- t- fm-Sp-IqSn s]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn®-Xn-t\m-Sp-IqSn Cu {]ÿm\w ÿmbn-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xn-s\-∏‰n
h√ kwi-b-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ AXpw Zqco-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
{InkvXob k`sb t]mjn-∏n®p ta¬`-cWw sNøp-∂Xn-\mbn {InkvXp-tZh≥
]{¥≠p {][m\ injy-∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw Chsc Xs‚ ssIsIm≠v
sXm´v A\p-{K-ln®p {][m-\m-Nm-cy-Xz-Øns‚ \¬h-cw {]Zm\w sNøp-Ibpw
Cßs\ Ahn-SpsØ lkvX-kv]¿i-\-Øm¬ Znhy-i‡n {]m]n-®-hcpw AhcpsS ]n≥Km-an-Isf ]c-º-cbm ssIh®p ta¬∏-´-°m-cmbn A`n-tjIw sNøpIbpw sNbvX-Xmbpw Cßs\ A`ntjIw ssIs°m≠ -_n-j-∏p-am¿ As√¶n¬ F∏n-kvt°m-∏∑m¿ As√-¶n¬ sa{Xm-∑m¿- F∂p t]cp- ]-d-™p hcp∂
ta¬∏-´°
- m¿ {InkvXobk`-bn¬ XpSsc D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂X
- mbpw Cßs\-bp≈ ta¬∏-´°
- m¿ aqew am{X-amWp tbip-{InkvXp aqew e`n-®n-´p≈ Ir]mh-c-ßƒ a\p-jy\v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂sX∂v s{]m´-Ã‚p hIp-∏p-Im-tcmsSm∏w
]u-c-kvXycpw ]m›m-Xy-cpamb -{InkvXob hIp-∏p-Imcpw ZrV-ambn hniz-kn®p-h-cp∂p. am¿]m∏m Ah¿I-fpsS tae-[n-Imcw kzoI-cn®p hcp-∂-h-cmb `qcn]£w {InkvXym-\n-Isf ]m›m-Xy-hI
- p-∏p-Im-sc∂pw, CX-c- h-Ip-∏p-Imsc ]uckvXy-sc-∂p-amWv \ma-Ic
- Ww sNbvXp-hc
- p-∂X
- v. cmjv{So-ba
- mb ]ncn-®n¬, ÿeZqcw, h¿§o-b-hyXymkw apX-emb ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Hmtcm cmPy-ß-fn-ep≈
_nj-∏p-am¿ As√-¶n¬ sa{Xm-∑m¿ Hcp-an®p tN¿∂pw {InkvXob k`bv°p
s]mXp-hmb {][m-\ -kw-K-Xn-Isf Hgn®p a‰p- Im-cy-ß-fn¬ a‰p _nj-∏p-amcn¬
260
\n∂p th¿s]´pw Ah-c-h-cpsS `c-W-Np-a-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-t°≠ Bhiyw
Bcw-`-Øn¬Øs∂ t\cn-´p. Cßs\ Hcp-an®p {]h¿Øn®ph∂ _nj-∏p-amcpsS \mb-I-\mbn Ch-cn¬ Hcmsf Chcp Xs∂ Ah-tcm-[n-°bpw Cu {][m\-ta¬∏-´-°m-c\p ]m{Xn-b¿°okv As√-¶n¬ ImtXm-en°m F∂p t]cp ]dbp-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂p-≈Xv {InkvXp-k-`-bpsS Bcw-`-Im-e-ß-fn¬Xs∂ \S∏m-bn. GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmPy-Ønse _nj-∏p-am-cp -IqSn Ah-cn¬ Hcmsf
Xß-fn¬ sh®p {][m-\-\m°n Ah-tcm-[n-°m≥ Xo¿®-bm-°p-tºmƒ AXXp
\nXm¥hµy-Zn-hy-alna{io tamdm≥ am¿
_t -en-tbmkv ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm
Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v
cmPy-ß-fpsS Xe-ÿm-\-ß-fnse _nj-∏-∑mtc ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m-cm-bnt´m
ImtXm-en°m Btbm Xnc-s™-Sp-°pI F∂p-≈Xpw kzm`m-hn-Ia
- m-bn-Øo¿∂p.
Cß-s\-bmWv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n¬, Ae-Ik
v {- ¥n-bm, At¥ym-Jym, skeqIym
apX-embn ]q¿∆-Im-e-ß-fn¬ {]_-e-X-bn-en-cp∂ Hmtcm ÿe-ß-fnse _nj∏-∑m¿ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m-cmtbm ImtXm-en-°-mam-cmtbm
261
Db¿Ø-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. Cu Hmtcm {][m\ ta¬∏-´-°mcpw Ahch-tcm-SpIqSn tN¿∂p\n∂ _nj-∏-∑mcpw IqSn-t®-cp∂ kwL-Øn\v AXXp hIp-∏p-Ifp-sS kn\Uv Ft∂m kp∂l-tZm-sk-t∂m t- ]cp {]kvXm-hn-°bpw Cu kp∂ltZmkv IqSn A
- X
- Xp k`m-Imcy-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-Ibpw s
- N-bvXp-h∂
- p. F∂m¬
F√m {InkvXob -k-`-I-sfbpw s]mXp-hmbn _‘n-°p-∂h-\mbn ImX-emb
hnizm-km-Nmc \S-]S- n-Is
- f-∏‰n D≠mb A`n-{]m-b- hy-Xym-kß
- s
- f-°p-dn®v BtemNn®p kΩ-X-amb Xo¿®-Iƒ sNøm-\mbn s]mXp- kp-∂l-tZm-kp-Iƒ (F-Iypsa-\n-°¬ kn-t\Uvkv) IqtS≠ Bhiyw Bcw`w apXte t\cn-´p. \nJym,tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ, Fô-kkv apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn¬ IqSnb s]mXp
kp∂l-tZm-kp-I-fnse Xocp-am-\-ß-fpsS {]mam-WysØ Nne s{]m´-Ã‚p k`°m-scm-gn®p ]uc-kvXycpw ]m›m-Xy-cp-amb F√m {InkvXob hIp-∏p-Imcpw
kzoI-cn-®p-hc
- p-∂p. Im¬knU≥ As√-¶n¬ I¬°p-tZm-\nbm F∂ ÿe-Øpsh-®p-Iq-Snb \mem-asØ s]mXp- kp-∂-l-tZm-kn¬ sh®p tdmΩm-km-{am-Py°m-cpw, CuPn-]vXv, ldn-bm, t]¿jym apX-emb ]uckvXy cmPy-°mcpw XΩn¬
cmjv{So-b-ambpw a‰-t\Iw kwK-Xn-I-fnepw apºp-X-s∂ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂
A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ {]_-e-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kp∂-l-tZmkp tbmK-ßƒ Ign™-tijw Cu ]uckvXy cmPy-ß-fnse _ntjm-∏-∑m-cn¬ Hcp henb `mKw
Bfp-Iƒ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ {]mam-WysØ \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXpaqew k` DS-\Sn c≠mbn ]ncn-™n-√. c≠p `mK-°mcpw Ah-ch
- c
- psS `mKsØ
{]_es∏Sp-Øm-\mbn D‰p {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. IpkvX-¥o-t\mkvt]meokv
]´-W-Øn¬ \mSp-hm-Wn-cp∂ tdmΩm- N-{I-h¿Øn-am-cpsS a\-ÿnXn A\p-kcn®v Hmtcm Ime-Øn¬ Hmtcm -Iq-´¿°p hnPbw kn≤n-°p-Ibpw At∏mƒ
FXncp `mK-°msc ITn-\-ambn D]-{Z-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI Hcp ]Xn-hm-bnØo¿∂p. am¿]m-∏m-am¿ am{Xw Cu Nm©-ey-ßƒ°p hgn-s∏-SmsX Bcw-`wap-Xte I¬°-tZm-\nb kp∂l-tZm-kns‚ {]mam-Wn-I-Xz-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-ambn
hniz-kn®pw AXns\ ]pe¿Ønbpw sIm≠n-cp-∂p. ]e N{I-h¿Øn-am¿ I¬°tZm-\nb kp∂l-tZm-kns‚ ]c-a-i-{Xp-°-fm-bn-cn-°bpw AXp-\n-anØw ]uckvXy-cm-Py-ßf
- nse k`-Ifpw ta¬∏-´°
- mcpw an°-hmdpw FXn .. Dƒs∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. {InkvXm_vZw 518˛¬ A¥-cn® A\-tÃ-jykv N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS C°q´Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ime-sa√mw ]uc-kvXy-k-`bpw ]m›mXy
k`bpw XΩn¬ thdp-Xn-cn™p kacw sNbvXp-h-∂p. Cu N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS
Ime-tijw PÃo-\n-b≥ F∂bmƒ N{I-h¿Øn Bb-Xnt\mSpIqSn as´√mw
amdnhoWp. C‰en cmPyw N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS A[o-\-Øn¬\n∂p hn´p-t]m-bn´p
hf-sc-°mew Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Cu cmPyw Xncn-®p-In-´-W-sa∂p N{I-h¿Øn-°p≠m-bn-cp∂ AXn-tamlw km[n-°p-∂Xn\p am¿]m-∏m-bpsS B\p-Iqeyw AXymh-iy-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ k`-Iƒ XΩn¬ ]p\-sscIyw D≠m-°-W-sa∂p
N{I-h¿Øn tlm¿Ωn-kvZmkv am¿]m-∏m-tbmSv At]-£n-®p. am¿]m∏m Bh-iys∏´{]Im-cs
- a√mw ]uckvXyk`-If
- nse hnizm-km-Nm-cß
- ƒ t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂p
N{I-h¿Øn kΩ-Xn®v sFIyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-X-am-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
FXncp-`m-KØ
- nse {]_-e∑
- m-cmb tae-≤y-£∑
- m¿ Ae-Ivk{- ¥n-bm-bnse Zobkvt°m-tdm-kv, At¥ym-Jym-bnse tkth-dn-tbmkv F∂o ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m-
262
cm-bn-cp-∂p. CuPn-]vXp-Im-tcm-Sp hg-°n\p ]pd-s∏-´m¬ henb Iem-]-ap-≠m-Ipsa∂p N{I-h¿Øn-°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂Xp-sIm≠v At¥ym-Jym-bn-te°p apJw
Xncn®p. hnizm-kÿ
- n-cX
- b
- p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k∑
- m¿ CuPn-]X
v n¬ t]mbn
A`bw {]m]n-®p. kndn-b-bn¬ I¬°-tZm-\nb kp∂-l-tZmkn\p Iogvs∏-SmØ
ta¬∏-´-°m¿ a‰v sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-®m¬ Ah¿°p ac-W-in£ sImSp-°psa∂p N{I-h¿Øn hnfw-_cw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. ... √m-anse tPm¨ F∂ sa{Xm≥ tamtWm-^n-ssk-‰v hnizm-kØn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu tZl-sØ h[n°p-Ibpw -sN-bvXp. F∂m¬ ..... -N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS `mcy-bm-b ..... -N-{I-h¿Øn\n
tamtWm-^n-ssk-‰v - hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ÿnc-s∏´ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ .... ep≈ ]-e-tcbpw ....- k-lm-bn-°-bpw .....- XS-hn¬ InS∂ _ntjm-∏p-am-cn¬
\n∂v ......- a‰p ta¬∏-´-°m¿ ÿm\w {]m]n-°bpw -sN-øp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-bn. Cu
Iq´-Øn¬ bmt°m_v _p¿±m\ F∂ {][m\ -ta¬∏-´-°m-c≥ sa{Xm-\mbn. ....sN-ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ A£o-W-]-cn-{iaw \nanØw tamtWm-^nssk-‰v hnizm-k-Øn\v ...-.. {]m-_-ey-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ kp∂l-tZm-kn-\m-epw .....- ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-k∑
- m-cmepw _ln-j°
v c
- n-°p-Ibpw N{I-h¿Ønbm¬ XShnem-°s
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw s
- NbvX bmt°m-_p _
- p¿±m\ A
- `n-tjIw sNbvX
ta¬∏-´°
- m¿ ..-.. F∂n-hc
- mWp bm-t°m-_m-bk
- `bpsS ]
- m-{Xn-b¿°okv knwlmk\w \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-´p≈sX∂p≈ kwKXn \nkvX¿°-am-Wv. ta¬ hnhcn®{]Imcw Im¬ko-U≥ kp∂l-tZm-kn-\m¬ apS-°-s∏-´-hcpw _ln-jv°-cn°-s∏-´-h-cp-amb GXm\pw ta¬∏-´-°m¿ apS-°ns‚ tijw Pbn-en¬ In-S-∂psIm≠v bmt°m_p _p¿±m-\m-bpsS Xe-bn¬ ssIsh®v At±-lsØ ta¬∏-´°m-c-\m°n F∂p-≈-Xn-s\-∏‰n FXn-cp-I-£n-°m¿°p-t]mepw bmsXmcp X¿°hpw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØhn[-Øn¬ B kw`hw \S-∂Xm-I-bm¬
bmt°m-_p _p¿±m-\m -aqew D≠mb ta¬∏-´-°m¿°p ]´-Xz-an-s√-∂p tdma≥
ItØm-en°mk` t]mepw hmZn-°p-∂n-√. tbip-{InkvXp aqew ssIsh∏p
kn≤n® ta¬∏-´-°m-cn¬\n∂p ssIsh∏v kn≤n-®-h¿°v Cu Znhy \¬hcw
e`n-°p-∂Xm-sW∂pw Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s‚tbm F√m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k∑
- mcpw
_nj-∏-∑mcpw IqSnb s]mXp- kp-∂-l-tZm-kn-s‚tbm apS-°p-sIm≠p t]mepw
ambn-®p-I-f-bm≥ ]mSn-√mØ Hcp kz¿§ob ap{Z Cßs\ ssIsh∏p {]m]n-®h-cn¬ ]Xn-bp-∂p F∂p-≈Xv {InkvXo-b-k-`-bpsS ImX-emb Hcp hnizm-kamWv. Ch-cpsS ta¬∏-´-Xz-Øntem ]´-Xz-Øntem \ymb-amb tae-[n-Im-csØ
kzoI-cn-®n-s√∂pw a‰p-ap≈ hogvN-Iƒ Ds≠-∂-√msX Cßs\ apS-°-s∏´
ta¬∏-´°
- m¿t°m Ah¿ ssIsh®v A`n-tjIw sNbvX a‰p ta¬∏-´°
- m¿t°m
ta¬∏-´-Xz-Øns‚ \¬h-c-an-s√∂p tdma≥ I-tØm-en°mk` t]mepw ]d-bp∂n-√. ta¬hn-h-cn®{]Imcw Pbn-en¬In-S∂ ta¬∏-´-°m-cn¬ \n∂p- ta¬∏´w
kn≤n® bmt°m-_p -_p¿±m\ aqew ssIsh∏p Inń-bn-´p≈ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`bnse ]´-°m¿ ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ tN¿∂m¬ ho≠pw ]´w sImSp-°pI
]Xn-hn-s√∂p am{X-a√ ]´w sImSp-°p∂Xm-bm¬ AsXmcp ITn\ ]m]-ambn
IqSn KWn-°-s∏-´p-w h-cp-∂p. F√m {InkvXob-k-`-bpsS CS-bnepw ]´-sØ-∏-‰nbp≈ hnizmkw Cß-s\-bm-Wv. Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\m-e√
- , Hcp s]mXp kp∂l-tZm-kn¬ apS-°-s∏´ _nj-∏-∑-m-cn¬ \n∂p cl-ky-ambn ta¬∏-´-°m-c-\mbn
263
ssIsh-∏p {]m]n® bmt°m-_p _p¿±m-\m-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ssIsh∏p am{XamWv A_vZp-≈m ]
- m-{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm apX-em-bh
- ¿°p-≈s
- X∂ kwK-Xnbpw
k¿∆-k-Ω-X-am-Wv. Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°okv, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Isf apS-°n-bX
- n-\m¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿I-fpsS
ta¬∏-´X
- zhpw ]´-Xzhpw \nt»jw am™p-t]mbn F∂m-Wt√m Hcp Iq´¿ iTn®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. temI-Øn¬ Imcy-hn-h-c-ap≈ Bsc-¶nepw Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-X√.
Ncn{Xw Ch-cpsS anYym-hm-Zß
- s
- f-∏‰n F¥p ]d-bp-sa-∂p-≈Xp hnNm-cn-®p-t\m°nbm¬ e÷n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√. Cu Iq´¿ apS-°s
- ∏-´h
- s
- c∂v ]dbp∂
]´-°m-cnemsc-¶nepw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tN¿∂m¬ apS-°n-s√∂p
Cu Iq´¿ ]d-bp∂ ]´-°m-cn-em-sc-sb¶nepw I-tØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tN¿°p∂
hn[-Øn¬ Xs∂ a‰-ht- cbpw kzoI-cn-°ptam F∂p-≈Xv Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ \msa√m-hcpw I≠p- t_m-[n-®n-cn-°p∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. temI-Øn¬ \ymb-amb
ssIsh-∏p-≈-h-sc∂v kΩ-Xn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ ta¬∏-´-°m-cn¬ `qcn-]£w BfpIfpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂ Cu ]c-a-kXyw kXy-a-s√∂p hmZn-°p-∂-h-cmbn am¿
bqen-tbm- v, am¿ HkvXm-tXymkv apX-embn GXm\pw Xp¿°n _nj-∏p-amcpw
Ah-cpsS A⁄Xz-sØ-∏‰n a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ i‡n-bn-√m-Ø-hcpw a\- nem-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw At\ym-\y-ap≈ hg-°p-sIm≠v shfn-bn¬ kΩ-Xn-°m-Øh
- cp-ambn Npcp°w Nne-bm-fp-I-fpw ImWn-°p∂Xv -k¿∆m-_-≤-ß-fm-Wv. hmkvXh-Øn¬ Ah¿ iTn-°p∂Xv tI´m¬ `qan-bn¬ -X-ßƒ°p kp_p-≤n-bp-s≠∂pw a‰p-≈h
- ¿°v F√m-h¿°p-amWv {`ms¥∂pw `mhn-°p-Ibpw ]-dI
- bpw sNøp∂ {`m¥-∑m-sc-bmWv a-\ - n¬ Hm¿Ω hcp-∂Xv. Aß-s\-bp-≈h
- sc \mw shdp°p-Itbm Ah-tc-∏‰n a\- n¬ ]mcpjyw h®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°tbm sNømsX
Xp¿°n Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Ch¿°p XpSsc t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂n-´p≈ B]-Øp-Ifn¬°qSn \mw IS∂p-t]m-tI-≠n -h-cp-∂-Xn¬ Ch-tc-°mƒ D¬Ir-jvStam ....
Xtam Bb Hcp a\-ÿnXn \ap-°p-≠m-hptam -F∂p \mw KmVambn ]cymtemNn-®p -t\m-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw .....- ∆amb A-\p-I-º-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn ..... hnI-ev]ßsf £an-t°-≠X
- msW∂pw am{Xw ]d-™p-sIm-≠v ..... kwKXn hnń-cn°p∂p.
Hcp-an®p tN¿∂v ......≥am¿ IqSn Ah-cp-sS ..... ta¬]´-°m-c-\mbn ImtXmen-°m Ft∂m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-sk-∂ t]cntem A≤y-£-∑msc Ah-tcm-[n-°mdp-s≠∂p ta¬{]-kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠t√m. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okp kwÿm]n-Xa
- m-bn Gsd-Øm-ak
- n-bm-sX-Xs∂ skeq-Jy-mbnse ImtXm-en-°m-bp-ap-≠mbn.
At¥ymJym ]´Ww tdmam- km-{am-Py-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´p InS-∂p. t]¿jym,
C≥Uym apX-emb a‰p `c-W-Øn≥Io-gn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂ ta¬∏-´-°m¿°v
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp -am{Xw Xß-fpsS {][m-\m-≤y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xp\n-anØw ]e Aku-I-cy-ßƒ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv Cßs\ Hcp
ImtXm-en°mÿm\w D≠m-Im-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. {InkvXm_vZw \m\q-dn\pw A™qdn-\pw at≤y apX¬ ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\-ap-≠mbn F∂p-≈Xv k¿hkΩ-XamWv. AXn\p apºmbn Xs∂ CXp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂p sFXn-ly-ap-s≠-∂n-cp∂mepw AXn-te°p Ncn-{X-Øn¬ aXn-bmb e£y-an-√. GXm-bmepw A∂papX¬ hf-sc-°m-e-tØ°p ˛ AXm-bXv cmPy-`-c-W-kw-_-‘-amb hnπ-h-ßƒ
264
sIm≠pw a‰pw ImtXm-en°mÿm\w Xs∂ \n∂p t]mb-Xp-hsc ˛ ae-¶-c-k`
skeq-Iy-bnse (Ip-td-Ign-™-t∏mƒ Ch-cpsS Bÿm\w t]¿jybnse
thsdmcp ]´-W-amb Xn{Ko-kn-te°p am‰-s∏-´p) ImtXm-en-°mbv°p Iogvs∏-ńcp∂p F∂p-≈Xpw k¿h-kΩ
- X
- a
- m-W.v ImtXm-en-°mbpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw IqsSHcp ÿeØp IqSn-bm¬ {]mYayw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\m-sW∂pw Znhym-cm-[\
- I
- fnepw a‰pw {][m\ ]ptcm-ln-X≥ D®-cn-t°≠ `mK-ßƒ D®-cn-°m-\p≈ A[nIm-cw- ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\m-sW-∂p-ap-≈s
- Xm-gn®p ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\hpw ]m{Xnb¿°m-ÿm-\hpw XΩn¬ a‰p bmsXmcp hyXym-khpw G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-an-√m-bncp-∂p. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s‚bpw Xn{Ko-knse ImtXm-en-°m-bp-tSbpw
Iogn¬ Ccp∂ k`-Iƒ XΩn¬ hnizm-kkw-KX
- n-If
- nepw a‰pw bmsXmcp hyXymk-hp-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂Xn-\m¬ Ch th¿s]´ c≠p k`-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp hnln-X-as√∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ch¿ XΩn-ep≈ tbmPn∏p ZrVo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰p-≈h¿°p ZrjvSntKmN-c-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂Xn-\p-ambn At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okns\ A`n-tjIw sNøp-∂Xp Xn{Ko-knse ImtXm-en°msb A`n-tjIw sNøp∂Xp At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bn-cn-°W
- s
- a∂pw At¥ym-Jym-bnse bqlmt\m≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Bh-iy-{]-Imcw Ch¿ XΩn¬ Hcp DS-ºSn sNbvXp.
ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w \n∂p-t]mb kabw hsc B DS-ºSn{]Imcw kwK-XnIƒ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\ymb-amb ssIsh∏p kn≤n-®n-´p≈ ta¬∏-´-°m¿ IqSn a‰p ta¬∏-´-°mscbpw, ImtXm-en-°m-tbbpw, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\bpw hmgn-°m-sa-∂p-≈Xv ta¬∏´-ÿm-\-Øn\v kzXkn≤ambn D≈ Hc-[n-Imci‡n-bm-Wv. lnµp-a-X-Øn¬
Hmtcm aTm-[n-]-Xn-Ifpw a‰pw Ah¿ acn-°p-∂Xn-\p -ap-ºmbn C∂m¿ Ah-cpsS
]n≥Km-an-I-fm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p Xo¿®-bm-°pI ]Xn-hp-≠v. F∂m¬ {InkvXp
k`-bn¬ am¿]m-∏m, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp, ImtXm-en°m F∂o {][m\m≤y-£∑msc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw CXp ]Xn-hn-s√∂p am{X-a√ Hcp {][m-\m-≤y£\pw Xs‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿®-°m-cs\ \nb-an-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂p Imt\m≥ N´-ßfn¬ ITn-\-ambn hntcm-[n-° -t]mepw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ _ntjm-∏-∑mcpsS kp∂l-tZm-knepw As√-¶n¬ -kw-L-Øn-\p .... -]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\tbm
ImtXm-en-°m-tb-tbm ..... ]mSn-s√∂p Hcp hn[-Øn-epw ..... -A-_vZp-≈m -]m-{Xnb¿°okv Ct∏m-gsØ Gen-bm-kp ]m{Xn-b¿°okp ap-X-em-b-hsc Hcp ...-..
sXc-s™-Sp-Øp -hm-gn-°-s∏-s´∂pw km[m-cW _nj-∏∑m¿ .... -tN¿∂p Ahtcm-[n-°pI am{X-amWv sNbvXn-´p-≈-sX∂pw B I£n-Iƒ kΩXn-°p-∂-XmW-t√m. .... -A-_vtZZv ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\m¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amcmbn\n-b-an-°-s∏´ ta¬∏-´°mcn¬ -\n∂v H-cmsf Hcp ImtXm-en-°m-bmtbm Hcp
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmtbm Ah-tcm-[n-°m≥ kzX-kn-≤-ambn Ah¿°v A[n-Imcw
D≈-Xm-Wv. Cu A[n-Imcw Ipsd-°m-ea
- mbn {]tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xn-\m¬ ]m{Xnb¿°o-kns‚ A\p-aXn IqSmsX Cu A[n-Imcw {]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn¬\n∂pw ÿm\w kn≤n® ta¬∏-´-°m¿°p kΩ-Xhpw ss[cyhpw
C√m-Xn-cp-∂Xn-s\-∏‰n A¬`p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√. F∂m¬ A_vtZZv ainlm ]m{Xnb¿°o-kp-_mhm ae-¶ck`-bnse ta¬∏-´°
- m¿°v CXnte°v A\p-hmZw sImSp-
265
°p-Ibpw Cu Ah-Imiw B¿°pw XS-bp-hmt\m FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-hmt\m A[nIm-ca
- n-s√∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. A_vtZZv aninlm _mhm-bpsS
ÿm\-Øn-s\-s¥-¶nepw \yq\-X-bp-s≠∂pw a‰pw Nne Iq´¿ I¬]n-°p-∂ps≠-¶nepw temI-am-k-I-e-ap≈ {InkvXob k`tbm Ncn-{Xtam CXp kΩ-Xn°p-∂X-√.
A_vZp≈m _mhm-bpsS apS-°p-{]-tbmKw apX-em-bh \ymb-cl
- n-Xhpw Akm[p-hp-am-sW-∂m-Wt√m ae-¶-c- kp-dn-bm-\n -k-`mwKß-fn¬ `qcn-]£w BfpIfpw hniz-kn-®p-hc
- p-∂X
- v. F∂m¬ {InkvXobk` \ne-\n-dpØn `cn-®p-sIm≠p
t]mIm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]q¿hImew apXte \S-∏p-sIm≠pw kp∂-l-tZm-kpI-fpsS Xocp-am\w sIm≠pw sa{Xm-∑m-cn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂X
- v. sa{Xm-∑msc
]pXp-Xmbn hmgn-°p-∂Xpw a‰pw sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kwL-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap≈
kwK-Xn-bm-sW-∂n-cp-∂mepw hf-sc-°m-ea
- mbn Ncn-{X-kΩ
- Xn kn≤n-®n-´p≈ F√m
{InkvXob k`-I-fn-tebpw \S-]Sn sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kwLw IqSn Hcp ImtXm-en°msbtbm Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\tbm hmgn-°-W-sa∂pw Cßs\ hmgn-°s∏-Sp∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°otkm ImtXm-en-°mtbm t\cn-´p-Xs
- ∂tbm As√-¶n¬ At±l-Øns‚ A\p-aX
- n-It- fm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-If
- mbpw aq∂n¬ Ipd-bmsX _nj∏∑m¿ IqSn tN¿t∂m sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°-W-sa∂mWv hf-sc-°mew \ne-\n∂n-´p≈ \S-∏.v A_vZp-≈m _
- m-hm-bpsS \S-]S- n-∏n-iI
- p-Iƒ°v tijw ]uckvXy
I
- m-tXm-en-°m-ÿm\w ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m-\p≈ kIe G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw
]q¿Øn-bm-°n -sh-®p-sh-¶nepw At¥ymJym k`-bp-ambn th¿s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°-Wsa∂pw ae-¶ck`-bn¬ `n∂X-bp-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°W
- s
- a∂pw t\Xm-°∑
- m¿°v AXnbmb B{Klw D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp-sIm≠pw hf-sc-°mew ae-¶c
- b
- nse H∂m-asØ
ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Hcmsf Ah-tcm-[n-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂Xpw am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ a¿±o-\n¬ t]mbXpw \ymb-ambn
hgn-s∏-Sm-hp∂ F√m kwK-Xn-Ifpw kΩ-Xn®p F∂p-≈Xpw F√m-h¿°pw Adnbm-hp∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. CXn\pw ]pdta a¿±o-\nse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Ct∏mgsØ Ahÿ hnNm-cn-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°m-ÿm\w taem¬ \ne\n¬°p-sa-∂p≈ Bi t]mepw \in-°bpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-t\-∏‰n
Chn-sS-°n-ńb Adnhp at\m-c-a-bn¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXv AhmkvXh-am-sW∂p Xp¿°n sa{Xm-∑mcpw Iqćpw sImń-KvtLm-jn®p h∂p-ht- √m.
A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm Chn-sS h
- c
- p-hm-\n-Sb
- p-s≠∂p at\mc-a-bn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®-t∏mƒ AXn-s\-∏-‰nbpw Cu Iq´¿ Cß-s\-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p-ht√m ]d™ph∂-Xv. -a¿±o-\nse Ct∏m-gsØ ÿnXn-sb-∏‰n C∂-h-gnbn¬ \n∂m-W-dnhp Inń-b-sX∂p ]e Imc-W-ß-fmepw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°bm-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw Ct∏m-gsØ L´-Øn¬ Cu kwKXn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xncn-°p∂Xp hnln-Xa
- s
- √∂p tXm∂p∂Xn-\m¬ hmkvXhw ]d™psIm≈p-∂p.
kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cn¬ \n∂p tdma≥ I-tØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tN¿∂n-´p-≈-hcmb
kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS tae-≤y-£\pw AKm-[- ]-fin-Xs
- \∂pw k¿∆-kΩ
- X
- \
- mb
kmXznI-s\∂pw s]mXp-k-ΩXn {]m]n-®n-´p≈ Bfpw ]uc-kvXyXmcI (Star
of the East) F∂ A]-c-\m-a-Øm¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Bfp-amb tZl-Øns‚
266
Hsc-gp-ØmWv CXn-s\-∏‰n Chn-sS- In-ń-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ct±lØns‚ t]cv At{]wd-l-am\n F∂mWv. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\tam At¥ym-Jym-bpsS C·m-Øntbmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv F∂mWv. Ct±-lhpw \ΩpsS At¥ymJym _mhm-amcpsS h¿§-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ Hcp kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\mWv. Ct±lw {^m≥kp-ImcpsS A[o-\-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ kndnbm cmPy-Ønse Bet∏m ]´-W-Øn¬ Xmakn-®p-h-cp-∂p. A_vZ-p≈m -]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_mhm tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`bn¬ tN¿∂tijw ]Øp- h¿j-°mew At{]-w d-l-am\n F∂ Cu ]m{Xnb¿°okp _mhm-bpsS Iogn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ iºfw ]‰n-s°m-≠mWv Ign®p-Iq-ń-b-Xv. a¿±o≥ ]´-W-Ønse tZhm-e-b-ßfpw a‰pw Xp¿°n ]´m-f-°m-cpsS
hmk-ÿ-e-am-°n-sb∂pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_m-hmsb At±-l-Øns‚ ]utcmln-XysØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ thj-ß-sf√mw am‰n Hcp Abvta-\n-bpsS thjw
am{Xw [cn-∏n®p ]´m-f°
- m-cpsS ]mdm-hn¬ Xma-kn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw FgpXn-Adn-bn-®ncn-°p-∂Xp ta¬∏-d™ hn[-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ Hcp alm-\m-sW∂pw
B FgpØv B¿°pw ImW-Ø-°-hÆw ssIh-i-ap-s≠∂pw ]d-™m¬
Xp¿°n sa{Xm-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS Iq´-cp-a-√msX Cu kwKXn Ahn-iz-kn-°p∂X√-t√m. CXp-t]mse Xs∂ hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-amb thsdm-sc-gpØv CubnsS
ChnsS Inń-b-Xn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm Xp¿°n- ]-´m-f-°m-cn¬ \n∂p
c£s]Sm≥ Ign-bp∂{X ]cn-{i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw dl-am\n ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn‚ Fgp-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Gen-bmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm
Ct∏mƒ GXp-hn-[-Øntem Xp¿°n-bn¬ \n∂p c£-s]´p {_nó-jm-[n-]-XyØn≥Iogn-ep≈ cmPy-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. Ct±-l-Øn-\n-\nbpw Xp¿°ncm-Py-Øn¬ IS-°mt\m a¿±o-\nse ]m-{Xn-b¿°okv knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n-en-cn°mt\m
km[n-°p-sa-∂p hnNm-cn-°m\pw Xc-an-√.
Xp¿°n-bn-ep≈ ta¬∏-´-°m¿ thsdm-cmsf ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn hmgn-®n-´p≈-Xmbpw Hcp tIƒhn-bp-≠.v BI-∏msS hnNm-cn-®m¬ Gen-bmkp ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ A[n-Imcw {]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ kuI-cy-ap-≈-Xmbn tijn-®n-´p≈ ÿeßƒ Cdm-°nepw ]e-ssÃ-\nepw D≈ Npcp°w Nne ]´-W-ßfpw ae-¶-cbpw
BWv. ae-¶-c-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cp-sh®p ]e hn[n-Ifpw apS-°p-Ifpw
apS-°p-Xo¿°-ep-Ifpw {]N-cn-∏n-®p- h-cp-∂p-≠v. Cß-s\-bp≈ ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-Isf-∏‰n hymIp-e-lr-Z-b-∑mcpw a¿±o-\nse kwK-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n tI´ Adn-hp-Iƒ
F√mw A£c{]Imcw kXy-am-sW∂p ]q¿Æ-t_m-[a
- p-≈h
- cpw Npa-Xe
- m-t_m[-ap-≈-hcpamb t\Xm-°∑m¿°v ta¬ hnh-cn® F√m kwK-Xn-Ifpw Btem-Nn®p-t\m-°nb tijhpw Ct∏mƒ ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w \ne-... KXy¥-c-an-s√-∂p ..... A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√. ....-h-S-°p≈ Nne ..... -k-ap-Zm-b- \-∑sb
am{Xw ....... ∑m¿°p ZpxJ-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠√ Cßs\ sNbvXn-´p-≈-sX-∂p≈
kwKXn Ah¿ {]tXyIw [cn-®n-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p-∂p. Ct∏m-gsØ L´Øn¬ Chn-sS-bp≈ _nj-∏∑
- m-cpsS kwLw IqSn I
- m-tXm-en-°m-tbtbm ]m{Xnb¿°o-kn-t\tbm hmgn-°m≥ am¿§-ap-≠m-°p∂p F∂p-≈Xv ta¬ hnh-cn®
kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p ImWm-hp-∂Xm-W-t√m. a¿±o-\ntem at‰m kzX-{¥\pw
hnizm-kÿ
n-cX
- b
- p≈ Bfpw Imt\m-\n-Ia
- mbn ÿm\w e`n-®n-´p≈ Bfp-amb
267
Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°okv D≠m-Ip∂]£w At±-lsØ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn ae¶c P\-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿§w XS-bc
- p-sX-∂p≈ GI B{Klw sIm≠p
am{X-amWv ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w sIm≠p Xr]vXn-s∏-S-W-sa∂p Xo¿®-bm-°nbsX-∂p≈ ]c-am¿∞w hS-°p≈ k`mw-K-ßƒ {]tXyIw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cn°-W-sa∂p At]-£n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. tIm´bw apX¬ sXt°m-´p≈ Bfp-IfpsS {]tXyI kzØmbn ImtXm-en-°msb BcpwXs∂- D-t±-in-®n-ń-√. ImeXm-akw IqSmsX F√m-h¿°pw kwK-Xn-If
- psS bmYm¿∞yw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS tbmPn-∏n\pw \ne-\n¬∏n\pw GI -am¿§w Cu ImtXm-en-°mÿm-\-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Ct∏mƒ a\p-jy-Zr-jvSn°p ImWm-\n-s√∂v Ah¿
kΩ-Xn-°p-sa∂pw Rßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. {InkvXpk`-bpsS
Bcw`w apX¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ k¿∆-{]-[m-\ß
- f
- mb Ncn-{X-kw-`h
- ß
- t- fmSp KmVamb kw_-‘-ap-≈Xpw Ncn-{X-ZrjvSym {InkvXob k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp
{][m\- kw-`-h-sa∂p `mhn-bn¬ sFII-WvtTy\ kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n -h-cp∂Xpw
⁄m\-N-£p- p≈ F√m-h¿°pw A\n-hm-Ny-amb sKuc-h-ap≈ Hcp kw`-hsa∂p Ct∏mƒØs∂ ImWm-hp-∂Xpamb Hcp kwK-Xn-bmWv C∂-se tIm´-bØp-Imcpw CXc CS-h-I-I-fn¬\n∂p h∂p-Iq-Snb _lp-P-\-ßfpw B_m-ehr≤w F{X-am{Xw tbmPn-t∏mSpw BÀm-Z-tØmSpw IqSnbmWv Cu kwK-Xnbn¬ kl-Ic
- n-®s
- X∂pw F{X henb Bƒ°q´w ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw
a‰p-ap≈ CXp IqSn-bn-cp∂ F√m k`mwKßƒ°pw AXy¥w IrXm¿∞-Xm-P\-Ia
- m-bn-cp∂p F∂p≈ kwK-Xnbpw khn-tijw {]kvXm-htbm-Ky-am-Wv.
Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤∑
- m-cmb At\Iw ]ptcm-lnX t{ijvT∑m-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbpw
aq∂m-asØ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbpw Ah-tcm-[n-°s
- ∏-ń-´p≈ bYm¿∞
kn≤\pw kzk-ap-Zm-tbm-∂Xn-°mbn k¿∆m-fl\m {]b-Xv\n-°m\pw GXp-hn[w
{]bm-kß
- fpw kln-∏m\pw k∂≤\p-amb B ]pWym-flm-hns\ Rßƒ lrZb-]q¿∆w A\p-tam-Zn-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-Imew ae-¶-c-kp-dn-bm-\nk-`b
- psS k¿h..hnt{i-b - p-Iƒ .....-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v Biw-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp
sIm≈p-∂p.
(1929 s^{_p-hcn 15˛mw XobXn ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn _tk-entbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm hmgn-°-s∏-´-Xns\°p-dn®v 16-˛mw Xob-Xnbnse at\m-cabpsS apJ-{]kwKw)
ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lW
awKf {]m¿∞\
(KmYm -coXn)
""{ioan-in-lm-hcpw ho≠p-sam-cn-°eo
`qan-bn''-se-t∂hw sNm√n-t°ƒ∏q.
B alm-ssZ-h-Øn≥]p{X-\n-Xp-Im-e˛
268
ao aln-X-∂n-en-d-ßn-ht∂m?
`qXe]pWy{]`m-hØ
- m¬°mcp-Wy˛
°mXemw ssZh-Øn-\p≈ \√˛
ss]X-se-t∂mWw {io am¿ _tk-en-tbmkp
ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm tim`n-°p∂p.
\mń≥]p-d-Øp≈ \√ P\-ß-fm˛
amń≥In-Sm-°t- f-bm-Ia
- m\w
]mń¬s∏-SpØn {io an∂pw k`-bmIpw
Iqń-semcp\ne-bv°mip tN¿∏m≥
CØn-cp-ta-\n°p k¿∆-i-‡≥ ssZh˛
anØn-cn-sbm∂p XpW-®o-Ss´.
{InkvXp-tZ-h≥ Xs‚ Imc-Wy-]q-cØ
- m¬
\nkvXpe-Io¿Øn e`n®p taem¬
kXytØ ]men®pIrXy-ßƒkm[n®p
\¬Øn-cp-ta\n Pbn-®oSs´.
am\-tam-Zm-Ønl ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm
ÿm\-an-bt- ∂mcp k¬Kp-Wm-Vy≥
lm\n IqSmsX hnf-ßs
- ´-bn-Øn-cp˛
ta\n°p awKfw Xnßn-S-s´.
IhnXne-I≥ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ i¶p-Æn
(ae-bmf at\m-ca, 1929 s^{_p-hcn 16-˛se apJ-{]-kw-K- t]Pn¬ {]kn≤oIcn® IhnX)
]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m_mhm
Ah¿Iƒ
""ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS G‰hpw Db¿∂ sshZnI tae-≤y-£-\mb
]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m_mhm Ah¿I-fpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lWw kw_-‘n-®p≈
sshZn-I-I¿Ω-ßfpw AXn-t\m-Sp -kw-_-‘n-®p≈ a‰m-tLm-j-ßfpw G‰hpw
A`q-X]
- q¿∆-amb hn[-Øn¬ Cu Ipw`w \mepw A©pw Xob-Xn-If
- n¬ tIm´-bØp-h®p \S∂ hnhcw {]kn-≤-am-Wt√m. Cu almal-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-°p∂-Xn\p IqSn-bn-cp∂ P\m-h-en-bpsS kwJytbm AXp kw_-‘-ambn tIm´bØp sNbvXn-cp∂ \S-]-Sn-Itfm hnNm-cn-°p∂]£w tIm´bw ]´Ww D≠mb-Xn¬∏ns∂ C{X-am{Xw hnP-bI
- c
- a
- mbpw t{ib-kI
v c-ambpw as‰mcp kwK-Xnbpw
ChnsS \S-∂n-ń-s√∂p kwibw IqSmsX Xs∂ {]kvXm-hn-°m-hp-∂X
- m-Wv.''
(`mjm-t]mjnWnbn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® teJ-\-Øns‚ BZy JfinI,
]pkvXIw 33, e°w 7, 1104 Ipw`w)
269
10
_t -en-tbmkv HutK≥
ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-°-s∏´p
k`bn¬ ]cn-]q¿Æ kam-[m-\-ap-≠m-sb∂p
]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhm-bp-sS {]Jym-]\w
ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- ®
- S- ß
- n¬ P\-e£
- ß
- ƒ kw_-‘n®p
Ãm^v {]Xn-\n[n
tIm´bw, sabv 22 -˛ -P-\-e-£-ßƒ kw_-‘n® `‡n-\n¿`-chpw im¥-Kwò-c-hp-amb Hcp NSßn¬, At¥ym-JybpsS ]. C·m-Øn-tbmkv bm°q_v
XrXo-b≥ Xn-cp-ta-\n, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bb HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øntbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb am¿ _t -en-tbmkv HutK≥ {]Y-a≥ F∂ t]cn¬
]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m Bbn C∂v Ah-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Fw. Un. skan-\m-cn-bnse am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®p {]tXyIw- k-÷o-I-cn-®n-cp∂ afi-]-Øn¬ \SØ-s∏´ ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-jbn¬ \qdp-I-W-°n\p sshZn-I-cpw, et£m-]-e£w k`mw-K-ßfpw, ktlm-Z-cok-`-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw, {]ap-Jm-Xn-Yn-Ifpw a‰pw kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂p.
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®n-cn-°p-∂-tXmsS ae-¶-c-k` Ie-lØnepw hg-°nepw \S∂ Imew apgp-h-\mbn hnkva-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw, k`m-k-am[m\w kºq¿Æ-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠p \ΩpsS kt¥m-jhpw ]q¿Æ-amsW∂pw ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-®-S-ßn\p tijw ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Xncpta\n sNbvX {]kw-K-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®p.
`n∂n-∏n® k`sb ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp _
- m-hm-Xn-cp-ta\n H∂n-∏n® hkvXpX
ae-¶-c-k` Fs∂∂pw kvacn-°p-sa∂pw ]. ]t{Xm-kns‚ At¥mJym knwlmk-\hpw am¿tXmam-bpsS ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\
- hpw c≠m-sW-¶nepw H∂p
Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw am¿ HutK≥ {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-°m- _mhmXncp-ta\n sNbvX
adp-]Sn {]kw-K-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®p.
ae-¶ck`-bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse Ahn-kva-c-Wob kpZn-\-amb C∂v {]`m-Xam-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºp Xs∂ ÿm\m-tcm-lW ÿe-tØ-°p `‡-P-\-ßƒ {]hln-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. cmhnse 7.45-˛\p am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw, 8
aWn°p ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv _m-hm-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw am¿ Genbm
Nm∏-ense ÿm\m-tcm-lW afi-]-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p. A\m-tcmKywaqew
hn{i-an-°p∂ am¿ tXthm-tZm-kn-tbm-kv, ]mºmSn am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv F∂o-
270
Xn-cp-ta-\n-am-scm-gn-®p≈ ae-¶-c-bnse as‰-√m- Xn-cp-ta-\n-amcpw, sXmgn-bq¿ CSh-Ib
- psS am¿ Iq-dn-tem-kv, I¬Zmb CS-hI
- b
- psS am¿ tXmΩm- [¿tΩm, FtXym]y≥ k`-bnse A_p\m am¿ sXtbm-^n-tem-kv, A¿Ωo-\n-b≥ k`m {]Xn\n[n F∂o Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw, ÿm\m-tcm-lW afi-]-Øn¬ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bncp-∂p.
ÿm\-hkv{Xw
am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb kzkp-lr-Ømb HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv am¿
Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Xncp-ta-\n-bmWp ÿm\-h-kv{Xßƒ BZy-ambn kk-t¥mjw
AWn-bn-®-Xv. ip{iq-j-bpsS Bcw-`-tØm-Sp-IqSn F√m Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw ÿm\h-kv{X-ßƒ amdnb ImgvN lrZ-bm-h¿÷-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. 8.50˛\v Bcw-`n® hn.
Ip¿_m-\-bnse Nne `mK-ßƒ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_mhm Xncp-ta\n Xs∂ aebm-f-Øn¬ sNm√n, _m°n ip{iq-j-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ ]ueqkv am¿ ]oeIvkn-t\m-kv, Zm\ntb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv, HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv am¿ Ipdn-bmt°mkv F∂o Xncpta\n-am-cmWv hmbn-®-Xv.
Xp_-vtZ≥ ka-bØp ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm-Xn-cp-ta\n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
ÿm\-al
- n-ab
- v°\
- p-tbm-Py-am-bXpw hoXn-bp≈ Iń-°k
- h
- p-sIm≠p at\m-lc
- ambn Nn{X-∏Wn sNbvXXpamb hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ Im∏ [cn-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂p
10.25-˛\v am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncpta\nsb ÿm\-hk
- {v Xßƒ [cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
]n∂oSv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n, ssZh-tØmSpw, k`-tbmSpw ]q¿∆nIk-`m-]n-Xm-°∑
- m-cpsS kXyhnizm-kt- ØmSpw, At¥ymJym knwlm-k\-tØmSpw
a‰pw hniz-kvX-\mbncn°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂p-≈ kXy{]-Xn⁄ hmbn-®p.
A\-¥cw am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb Xncp-ta-\n-am¿ Hcp Itk-cbn¬ Db¿Øp-Ibpw F√m-hcpw tN¿∂p aq∂p- {]m-hiyw HmIvkntbmkv hnfn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Itk-c-bn¬ Db¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncpta\n kvfo_m-sIm≠p P\-ßsf Bio¿h-Zn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en-°m_mhm Xncp-ta\n, ""\√ CS-b≥ BSp-Iƒ°p-th≠n Pohs\ XyPn-°p∂p''
F∂ thZ`mKw hmbn-®p. Xncp-ta-\nsb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw
a‰p Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw tN¿∂v Awi-hSn ]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Awi-hSn Db¿Øn
ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta\n P\-ßsf A\p-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\¥cw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw
{]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw {]kwKw Ign™p ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta\n hn.
Ip¿_m\ ip{iqj ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-km-\a
- mbn FtXym-]y≥
N{I-h¿Øn-bp-tSbpw k`-bp-tSbpw A¿Ωo-\n-b≥ k`-bp-tSbpw Biw-k-Iƒ
hmbn-°p-Ibpw kΩm-\-ßƒ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿°p \¬I-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv_mhm
NS-ßp-Iƒ°p at≤y ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv _mhm Xncp-ta\n sNbvX {]kwKw
Xmsgt®¿°p-∂p.
271
Fs‚ {]nbtc, ap≈p-If
- psS CS-bnse iqim\]pjv]ß
- s
- f-t∏msebmsW∂p
]d-™n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse k` temI-Ønse ap≈p-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ ÿnXn-sNøp∂ ]pjv]-am-Wv. k`bv°p hntcm-[-ambn Hmtcm -Im-eØv \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬
sRcp-°-ßfpw ]oU-Ifpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. k`m-a-°-fpsS a≤y-Øn¬ Xs∂ CSbv°n-Sbv°v Ie-lß
- ƒ Xes]m°n-bn-´p-≠.v ae-¶c
- k
- ` ]e-hn-[Ø
- n¬ Ielßfn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v C°m-e-L-´-Øn¬ F\n°v ChnsS htc≠n
h∂p. Ie-l-Ønepw hg-°nepw \S∂ Imew apgp-h-\mbn \mw hnkva-cn-®p-I-fbWw. k`-bnse Cu hg°p am‰p-∂-Xn\p hfsc XymK-ßƒ kln-t°-≠n-h∂n-´p-≠v. X∂n-anØw k` hfsc £oWn®p t]mbn. Ie-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
hnap‡n t\Sm≥ ]ecpw Nn¥n®p {]h¿Øn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv a™\n-°-c-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ am¿ Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥_mhm Xncp-ta-\n.
At±lw ChnsS h∂Xp hg-°p-Iƒ Xo¿°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ _mhmXncpta-\n-°p -A-Xn-\-h-kcw e`n-®n-√. AYhm ssZhw AXn-\-t±-lsØ A\p-h-Zn®n-√. BI-bm¬ k`bv°p kam-[m\w \¬tI≠ Bhiyw D≠m-bn. Rm≥
]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bt- ijw C°m-cy-sØ-∏‰n KmV-ambn Nn¥n°p-Ibpw knwlmk-\m-cq-V-\mbn Hcp h¿jw Ign-bp-∂-Xn\p apºv \nßƒ°-dn-hp-≈-Xp-t]mse
kam-[m-\-I-ev]\ Ab-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp aqew Imew sNbvX ].
ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hmsb Rm≥ kzoI-cn-°p-Ib
- p-≠m-bn.
Aßs\ Cu k`-bpsS kam-[m-\-Øn\p ASn-ÿm-\-an-Sm≥ km[n®p.
Ct∏mƒ B kam-[m\w ]q¿Æ-am-t°≠ Npa-Xe IqSn D≠v. AXp-sIm-≠mWv
hfsc Zqsc\n∂pw h∂p Rm≥ \nß-fpsS a≤y-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ \n¬°p-∂-Xv.
kam-[m\w
Cu kam-[m\w ]cn-]q¿Æ-am-bncn°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS kt¥mjw
kºq¿Æ-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p (I-ct- Lm-jw). BI-bm¬ C∂sØ \ΩpsS kt¥mjw
AXn¿Øn-bn-√m-ØX
- m-Wv.
F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Cu k`bv°p ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn°p∂-Xn\p CS-bm-bn (I-c-tLm-jw). Cu \√ {]h¿Ø\w aqew k`bv°p D¬IrjvSX D≠m-Ip-sa∂p Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. C∂p \S-Ønb ÿm\m-tcm-lW
iq{iq-j- aqew Cu k`-bpsS kam-[m-\-Øn\p th≠n {ian-®-hsc√mw kt¥mjn-°pI Xs∂ sNøpw. Cu kpZn\w ImWm≥ \nß-fpsS ]nXm-°-∑mcpw
Ah-cpsS ]nXm-°-∑mcpw B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah¿°nXp km[n-®n-√.
C∂-h¿ Bflm-hn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p-≠mhpw. Cu \√ kwK-Xn-bn¬ F√mhcpw kt¥m-jn-°pI Xs∂ thWw. Ct∏mƒ Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-°m≥
Rm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p.
kzoI-cWw
\mw Ct∏mƒ am¿ HutKs\ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn®p F∂Xp am{X-a√
- ,
\Ωn¬\n∂pw AI∂p\n∂ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-sc-bpw, kIe- ]p-tcm-ln-X∑m-sc-bpw \mw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑msc sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
272
Ø-∑m-cm-bn-Øs∂ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑msc kXy-]p-tcm-lnX∑mcmbnØs∂ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. A{]-Imcw Xs∂ kIe Assh-Zn-I¿°pw
th≠n Rm≥ {]m¿∞\ A¿∏n-°p-∂p.
BI-bm¬ \nßƒ taen¬ `n∂-Xbpw A`n{]mb hyXym-kß
- fpw IqSmsX
Fs‚ Cu ktµiw kzoI-cn-°-Ww. \mw Chsc F{]-Imcw
kzoI-cn-°p∂pthm A{]-Imcw \nßfpw kzoI-cn-°-Ww. \mw \nß-fpsS k`-bpsS CS-bs\∂p \nßƒ hniz-kn-°p∂p F¶n¬ \ΩpsS hN\w A\p-k-cn-°-Xs∂
sNø-Ww. Cu \√ {]hr-Øn-bn¬ Rm≥ \nßsf A\p-tam-Zn-°p-∂p. ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en-°mbv°p ssZhw kt¥m-jhpw A`nhr≤nbpw \¬Ip-am-dm-Is´. At±l-Øns‚ `c-W-Im-eØp k` D∂-Xnbpw t{ijvT-Xbpw {]m]n-°-s´. A{]Imcw F√m sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-scbpw \mw A\p-tam-Zn-°p-∂p. kndn-bb
- n-ep≈
F√m k`ma°fpw Cu {]hr-Øn-bn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p≠v.
\ΩpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb ImtXm-en°m _mhm-Xn-cp-ta-\n-sbbpw a‰p sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-am-scbpw kndnb-bn-te°p Rm≥ £Wn-®p-sIm-≈p∂p. \ΩpsS Cu
{]hr-Øn-bn¬ BI-am-\-k` kt¥m-jn-°m≥ Ch¿ AhnsS hc-Ww. ssZhw
\sΩ A\p-{K-ln-°-s´. ssZhw k`bv°v A`n-hr-≤nbpw D¬°r-jvS-Xbpw \¬Is´. BbXp ssZh-am-Xm-hmb hn. adnbm-Ωn-s‚bpw am¿tØmΩm ivfolm-bpsSbpw k¿h ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\bm¬ Xs∂.
ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-bpsS {]kwKw
ae-¶ck`-bn¬ {ItaW D≠mb kam-[m\w ]q¿Æ \ne-bn¬ FØn-bn-cn°p-I-bm-Wv. k`-bnse `n∂-X-Iƒ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv _mhm Xncp-ta\n C∂p
XpS-®p-\o°n. C∂p kz¿§-Øn¬ kt¥m-ja
- m-Wv. amem-Ja
- m¿ kt¥m-jn-°p∂p.
kn\Uns‚ At]-£-{]-Imcw _e-lo-\-\mb Fs∂ A`n-tjIw sNbvXn-cn°p-Ib
- m-Wv. ]. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_mhm `n∂-Xb
- n¬ \n∂p k`sb
\o°n H∂n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- p-sIm≠p Xncp-ta-\nsb ae-¶c
- k
- ` F°m-ehpw kvacn°pI-Xs∂ sNøpw. Rm≥ BPo-h-\m¥w Xncp-ta-\nsb kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw
Imt\m≥ \nb-aß
- ƒ°pw k`-bpsS {]am-Wß
- ƒ°pw A\p-kr-Xa
- mbn {]h¿Øn°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
]. ]t{Xm-kns‚ knwlm-k\
- a
- mb At¥ymJym knw-lm-k\
- a
- mWv am¿tØmΩm-bpsS knwlm-k-\tØ-°mƒ sa®w. Ime-K-Xnbn¬ am¿tØm-Ωm ivfolmbpsS knwlmk\Øn\v A¬∏w {Kl-∏n-g- h-∂p. At¥ym-Jym- knw-lm-k\sØ kvt\ln-°p-∂h
- ¿°p tXmΩm-ivfo-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\
- sØ kvt\ln°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ km≤y-a-√. c≠pw c≠m-sW-¶nepw H∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv. F√mhcpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS I¬∏\ A£-cw-{]Xn A\p-kcn-°-Ww. BPo-h-\m¥w ]men-°-Ww. Fs‚ `mcn® I¿Øhyw \nd-th-‰m≥
F√m-hcpw kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw F\n-°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-®-S-ßn¬ kw_-‘n® CXc k`m-{]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°p \µn
]d™psIm≠p Xncp-ta\n {]kwKw D]-kw-l-cn-®p.
HSp-hn¬ FtXym-]y≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS Biw-km-k-tµiw Awlm-cn-°p -
273
`m-j-bn¬ At±-l-Øn-\p- th≠n {]Xn-\n[n hmbn-®p. XpS¿∂v AXv Cw•ojnepw ae-bm-fØ
- nepw X¿÷na sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. FtXym-]y≥ N{I-h¿ØnbpsS hI-bm-bp≈ at\m-l-c-amb Im∏-bpw, hSn-bpw, kvfo_mbpw ]. ImtXmen-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta-\n°pw FtXym-]y≥ k`-bnse Bcm-[\
- m-{I-aØ
- ns‚ Hmtcm{]Xn c≠p- _mhmXncp-ta-\n-am¿°pw B_p-\m- am¿ Xntbm-^n-temkv Xncpta\n kΩm-\n-®p. CXn\pw ]pdta ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse F√m Xncp-ta-\n-am¿°pw
Hmtcm kz¿Æ-°p-cnipw B_p-\m- am¿ Xntbm-^n-temkv \¬In.
A¿Ωo\n-b≥ k-`-bpsS kp{]ow-Im-tXm-en-°m-bmb hkv°≥ Xncp-ta\n
sImSp-Ø-b® kz¿Æ kvfo_m {]kvXpX k`m{]Xn\n-[n ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm -Xn-cp-ta-\n°p kΩm-\n-®p.
ae-¶c
- k
- `
- bv°p hn]p-ea
- mb
tkh-\ k
- m-≤y-XI
- ƒ
ImtXm-en°m ÿm\mtcml-W- ktΩf-\Ø
- nse
{]kw-K-ßfpw awK-f-]{X ka¿∏-Whpw
tIm´-bw, sabv 22 ˛ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-tØmsS ae-¶-c-bn¬
]cn-]q¿Æ sFIy-ap≠mbn k` ]q¿hm-[nIw i‡n-s∏-´p-sh∂pw C\nbpw
]. _tk-en-tbmkv HutK≥ {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS
ÿm\m-tcm-l-Ww.
274
k`bv°p hn]p-ea
- mb tkh-\c
- w-Kß
- f
- n¬ {]h¿Øn-°m≥ km≤y-Xbpw I¿Øhyhpw Ds≠∂pw C∂p-®bv°p tN¿∂ kzoI-cW s]mXp-ktΩf\-Ønse
{]kw-K-I¿ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
Cu tbmK-Øn¬ h®p ae-¶-c-k-` -h-I-bm-bp≈ awK-f-]{Xw ]m{Xn-b¿°okp-_mhm Xncp-ta-\n°p \¬Ip-Ibpw A`n-\h ImtXm-en-°msb A\p-tam-Zn°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tbmK-Øn¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw B¿®p_nj∏v tUm.
tPmk^v ]mtd-°m-ń¬ Xncpta\n A≤y-£X hln-®p.
A≤y£ {]kwKw
A≤y£ {]kw-KØ
- n¬ Xncp-ta\n Cßs\ ]d-™p. tIc-fØ
- nse hnhn[
k`mtae-≤y-£-∑mcpw cmjv{Sob kmap-Zm-bnI t\Xm-°-∑mcpw ]s¶Sp°p∂
Cu ktΩf\w tIcf Ncn-{X-Ønse A`q-X-]q¿h-amb Hcp alm ktΩ-f-\amWv.
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm-Xn-cp-ta\n kam-[m-\-Øn-t‚bpw
kulm¿±-Øn-t‚bpw ktµ-ih
- m-lI
- \
- m-bn-´mWp tIc-fØ
- n-tebv°p h∂n-cn-°p∂-Xv. ss{IkvXh hn`m-K-ßƒ XΩn¬ am{X-a√ hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-ßƒ XΩnep≈ A`n-{]mb hyXym-kß
- ƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n®v Hcp tZiob sFIy-\nc krjvSnt°-≠X
- m-hi
- y-am-W.v ss{IkvXh kss`-Iy-Øn\p th≠n Imew sNbvX tPm¨
am¿∏m∏m Xncp-ta\n sNbvX tkh-\-ßsf ]mtd-°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n A\p-kvacn®p.
apJy-a{¥n i¶¿
hnZym-`ym-k-cwKw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kmaq-ly-cw-K-ß-fn¬°qSn tIc-f-Ønse
ss{IkvX-h-k` cmPy-Øn\p \¬Inbn´p≈ al-Ømb skh-\-ßsf apJya{¥n B¿. i¶¿ {]tXyIw A`n-\-µn-®p. At±lw sNbvX A\p-tam-Z-\-{]-kwK-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-™p. tIcfw F√m-Ø-c-Øn-ep≈ kln-jvWp-Xbv°pw
{]tXy-In®p aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbv°pw Io¿Øn- tIń´p≠v. sNdnb Cu kwÿm\-sØ-t∏mse hn`n∂- a-X-ßƒ sskzcy-am-bn-°-gn-bp∂ Ncn{Xw thsdßpw
ImWp-Ib
- n-√. hnth-Ii
- m-en-Ifpw hnim-eh
- o-£W
- a
- p≈hcp-amWv tIc-fØ
- nse
P\-ßƒ. aXØns‚ e£yw B≤y-mfln-I-am-sW∂pw ssZhw Ht∂-bp≈q
F∂pw Ah¿°-dnbmw F∂-XmWp aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ChnsS kwL-´\
- a
- n-√mØ-Xns‚ Imc-Ww. _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BK-a\w aqew ChnsS kwPm-X-ambncn°p∂ al-Ømb {]tNm-Z\w kap-Zm-bØ
- ns‚bpw XZzmcm cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw
\thm-∞m-\Ø
- n\pw Ah-chcpsS ]¶p hln-°p∂Xn\pw CS-bm-°n-Øo¿°s´.
bqlm-t\m≥ am¿tØmΩm
ae-¶ck`-bn¬ A\p-{K-lm-»n- p-If
- psS alm-amcn k¿h-i‡
- \
- mb ssZhw
h¿jn®p Ign-™n-cn-°p-Ib
- m-sW∂p bqlm-t\m≥ am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
Xncp-ta\n {]kvXm-hn-®p ({]-kw-K-th-f-bn¬ ag s]øp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p). Xncpta\n XpS¿∂p:-˛ Hgp-°ns‚ KXn-°-\p-k-c-W-ambn Hgp-Im≥ Iq´m-°msX
275
HgptI≠ Nm\-en-eqsS KXn Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ Xbm-dmb atlm-∂-X-\mWp ].
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv _mhm Xncp-ta\n. Hcp hymg-h´- °
- m-et- Ømfw ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ Xmakn®p k`-bpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw Ignhpw a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-®-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
Cßs\ [oc-amb Hcp \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xncp-ta-\n°p Ign-™Xv. C\nbpw
k`-bnse sFIyw kpZr-Va
- m-t°≠ ISa P\-ßf
- p-tS-XmWv.
tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Hgn-sI-bp≈ as‰√m knwlm-k-\-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Xn\n-[n-If
- psS km∂n≤yw ss{IkvXh k`-bpsS `mhn-bn-te-b°
v mWp hnc¬ Nq≠p∂-sX∂pw Xncp-ta\n {]kvXm-hn-®p.
_nj∏v tPm¨
kn. Fkv. sF. _nj∏v Fw. Fw. tPm¨ Xncp-ta\n sNbvX {]kw-KØn¬ tIc-fØ
- nse ss{IkvXhk`bv°v Cs∂mcp ]pWy-Zn-\a
- m-sW∂p {]kvXmhn-®p.
Hcp sFIy ae-¶-c-k-`sb ImWm≥ Ign-™-Xn¬ sX∂n-¥ym- k`bv°p
kwXr-]vXn-bp-≠v. ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _m-hm-bpsS kµ¿i-\a
- mWv Cu sFIyw
km[y-am-°n-Øo¿ØXv. tIc-f-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n At¥ym-Jymbn-tebv°p aS-ßp-tºmƒ Hcp ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhm-bmbn aS-ßn-hc
- s´ F∂p
Xs‚ ap≥Kman _nj∏v tP°_v Xncp-ta\n Biw-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Biwk C∂p
km£m-Xv°-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. ImewsNbvX ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta\n
X\n°pw Xs‚ ap≥Km-an°pw hPvdJ-Nn-X-amb tamXnchpw Ipcnipamebpw
kΩm-\n® Imcyhpw Xncp-ta\n A\p-kva-cn-®p.
tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿
a{¥n {io. Fw. ]n. tKmhn-µ≥\mb¿ Cßs\ ]d-™p. \n›b Zm¿Vyw,
kulr-Zw, kln-jvWpX F∂nhbpsS ktµ-i-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ \ho-\m≤ymbw tIc-f-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø kpZn-\-am-Wn-∂v. A`n-{]mb-hy-Xymkw \ne-hn-en-cp∂ k`-bn¬ ]q¿Æ sFIyw {]Jym-]n-°p∂ ktµ-iam-Wn∂p cmhnse ChnsS tI´-Xv. Cu cmPyw \∂m-I-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p∂
Cuiz-c-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°v B\µw \¬Ip∂ ktµ-i-am-Wn-Xv.
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ adp-]Sn
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ kam-[m\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xp-sIm≠v Xm≥ kam[m\ZuXyw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bn-s√∂pw ss{IkvX-h-tem-I-Øns‚ apgp-h≥
sFIy-Øn\pth≠n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw At¥ym-Jym-bpsS ]. C·mtXymkv bm°q_v XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Xncp-ta\n ae-¶-c-k`
\¬Inb awK-f-]{XØn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn {]kvXm-hn-®p. tXmΩm am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv awK-f-]{Xw hmbn®p ka¿∏n-®-Xv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬
kam-[m\w D≠m-b-Xn¬ Atßb-‰-sØ- Nm-cn-Xm¿∞y-ap-s≠∂pw ]. ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhm Xncp-ta\n ]d-™p. H‰-s°-´m-bn-\n∂v cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp\∑
e£y-am°n {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ \m\m-Pm-Xn -a-X-ÿ-cmb P\-ß-fpsS k∂-≤X-bmWv C∂sØ tbmK-Øn-eqsS Ah¿ {]I-Sa
- m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- .v AXv {]hrØn]-Y-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-tc≠ Npa-Xe \ap°p≠v.
276
ss{IkvXh sFIy-Øn-\p-th≠n a‰p k`m tae-[y-£-∑m-cp-ambpw \mw
IqSn-bm-tem-N\
- I
- ƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. CØcw Imcy-ßfpsS e£y-{]m-]vXn-bn¬
\mw Hcn-°epw DZm-ko-\X ImWn-®n-ń-√. C°-gn™ hØn-°m≥ kp∂-l-tZmkn-tebv°v \mw {]Xn-]p-cp-js\ Ab-bv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. am¿∏m∏m Xncp-ta-\nbp-ambpw Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
am¿∏m∏m Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw c≠mgvN apºv \aps°mcp IØp e`n-®ncp-∂p. AXn¬ Ccp-k-`-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ kmtlm-Z-cy-_‘w hy‡am-°nbn-´p≠v. BZn-a-\q-‰m≠p apX¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv knwlm-k-\ß-fn¬ H∂m-at- ØXv At¥ym-Jy-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]. _mhm Xncp-ta\n
Nq≠n-°m-ń.
ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-bpsS adp-]Sn
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv_mhm Xncp-a\- nse kµ¿i-\-tØmsS ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬
kwÿm-]n-X-am-bn-´p≈ kam-[m\w imiz-X-ambn \ne-\ndpØp-hm≥ k`mw-Kßƒ H∂-S¶w AI-ag- n™ Bflm¿∞-Xt- bmsS {]h¿Øn-°Wsa∂p ImtXmen-°m-_mhm _t -en-tbmkv HutK≥ {]Y-a≥ Xncp-ta\n X\n°p \¬Inb
A\p-tam-Z-\-Øn\p adp]-Sn-bmbn {]kvXm-hn-®p.
ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-Xn-cp-ta\n Cßs\ XpS¿∂p ]d-™p. ]cn-ip≤
]m{Xnb¿°o-kp-_mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kµ¿i-\-tØmsS F√m-ambn F∂p
hnNm-cn®p \mw Ae-k-cm-bn-°qSm. k`m-k-am-[m-\sØ apsº-∂-tØ-°mfpw
kpZr-V-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-ambn C\n-bp-amWv \mw
aptºm´p t]mtI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ae¶c kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ am{X-a√ ae-bm-fn-Isf√mw hg-°m-fn-If
- m-sW∂ t]cp ]t≠bp-≠v. ]t£, kvt\l-Øns‚ ambmi‡n°v F√m {]iv\-ß-tfbpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p Ignbpw. IpΩmbw
tN¿Øp I√p-Iƒ ASp-°n-h®p aµncw ]Wn-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse kvt\l-am-Ip∂
IpΩmbw D]-tbm-Kn®v i‡n-a-Ømb Hcp ]pXnb kap-Zm-b-ku[w \ap°p
]Sp-Øp-b¿Ømw.
]. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv _m-hm-Xn-cp-ta\n aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂-tXmsS ]e hymJym\-ßfpw C\nbpw D≠m-sb-∂p- hcmw. ]t£, ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmXncpta-\n-bpsS ]cn-ip-≤a
- mb km∂n-≤yw-sIm≠p kwPm-Xa
- m-bn-´p≈ kam-[m-\sØ
C√mbva sNøp-hm≥ \mw Hcn-°epw A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.
A[n-Imcw Ft∏mgpw apƒ°ncoS-am-sW-∂mWv A\p-`hw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
Bflob a°-fmb \nß-fpsS {]m¿∞-\I
- ƒ hgn _e-lo-\\
- mb Fs∂ ssZhw
i‡\m-°n-Øo¿°p-sa∂v F\n°v hnizm-k-ap-≠v. F√m-h-cp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\Ifpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw A`y¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v Xncp-ta\n {]kwKw D]-kwlcn-®p.
]. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv _m-hm-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb A\p-K-an-°p∂ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿,
FtXym-]y≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS {]Xn-\n[n _vfmt´m agvkn l ≥ Im¿t°m v, A¿Ωo-\n-b≥ B¿®p-_nj∏v A{_-lm-an-b≥, FtXym-]y≥ k`m-{]-Xn\n[n A_q\m sXtbm-^n-tem-kv, a{¥nam-cmb C. ]n. ]ueqkv, ‰n. F.
277
sXmΩ≥, Pn√m Ie-IvS¿ ]n. Pn. apc-fo-[-c≥, ae-¶-c-bnse Xncp-ta-\n-am¿ XpSßn-b-h¿ A≤y-£-th-Zn-bn¬ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
tI{µ-a{¥n {io F. Fw. tXmakv kzmK-Xhpw Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oeIvknt\mkv Xn-cp-ta\n IrX-⁄-Xbpw ]d-™p.
^nenw sNbvXp
Be-∏pg DZbm ÃpUn-tbm-°m¿, ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- ®
- S- ß
- p-Ifpw FXn-tcev]p
tLmj-bm-{Xbpw ^nenw sNbvXncp-∂p. AJn-te¥ym tdUn-tbm-bpsS Xncp-h\-¥-]pcw \nebw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ dn°m¿Uv sNbvXp.
P\-e£
- ß
- sf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X
- n¬ Un. Fkv. ]n. {io. _me-Kw-Km-[ctat\ms‚bpw Un. ssh. Fkv. ]n. {io. sI. hn. DΩ-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ t]meokv
\n¿h-ln® tkh-\hpw Pn√m tlmwKm¿Uvkv, kv°u´vkv F∂n-h-cpsS tkh\hpw F√m-h-cp-sS-bpw ap‡-I-W-vT-amb {]iw-kbv°p ]m{Xo-`-hn-®p.
lmcm¿∏Ww
A≤y-£-th-Znbn¬ D]-hn-jvS-cm-bn-cp∂ ]. _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-amsc a{¥n
Cu. ]n. ]ueq-kv, ^m. hn. Fw. Koh-dp-Ko-kv, sa. kn. sP. Ipcy≥, Cu∏≥
tXmakv ]mem-º-Sw, at\m-ca No^v FUn-‰¿ sI.-Fw. sNdn-bm≥, Cu. sP.
tPmk-^v, tUm. Nmt°m tPm¿Pv, Ipcy≥ DXp∏v Ic-tbm-cw, ‰n. ]n. ]oen-t∏mkv, ]n. kn. G{_lmw ]Sn-™m-td-°-c, Cń Ipcy≥, {Smh≥Iq¿ jptKgvkv
B≥Uv sIan-°¬kv No^v F≥Pn-\o-b¿ {io. hn. Fw. amXyp, F≥Pn-\o-b¿
{io. sI. kn. tPm¿Pv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ lmc-a-Wn-bn-®p. ]. ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm
Xncp-ta-\n°v A\p-tam-Z-\-ßƒ t\¿∂p-sIm≠v temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßfnse k`m tae≤y£∑mc-b®
- n-cp∂ ktµ-iß
- ƒ ^m. sI. ôen-t∏mkv hmbn®p.
tLmj-bm{X
tZh-temIw ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-a-\-bn-te-bv°p≈ tLmj-bm{X 5.45˛\v
Bcw`n-®p. hmZy-ta-fß
- t- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb tLmj-bm-{X-bn¬ s]m≥, sh≈n Ipcn-ipI-fp-tSbpw apØp-°p-SI
- f
- p-tSbpw ]n∂n-embn Ia-\o-ba
- mbn Ae-¶c
- n-®n-cp∂ Hcp
cY-Øn¬ ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv _mhmXncp-ta-\nbpw ]. ImtXmen°m _mhmXncpta-\nbpw D]-hn-jvS-cm-bn-cp-∂p. tIm´-bsØ sImta¿jy¬ B¿´v sk‚-dmWv
at\m-l-c-amb Cu cYw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.
Fw. Un. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂p ap°m¬ aWn-°qdp sIm≠mWv tLmjbm-{X- ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-a\
- b
- n¬ FØn-t®¿∂-Xv.
sNdn-sbmcp ag-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂n´p IqSn Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p `‡-P\-ßfpw
At\Iw hml-\ß
- fpw tLmj-bm-{X-bn¬ kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂p.
I™n-°pgn Ak≥j≥ N¿®ns‚ apºn¬ h®v a≤y-tI-cf alm-bn-S-h-Ibp-tSbpw Ak-≥j≥ N¿®n-s‚bpw hI-bmbn Xncp-ta-\n-am¿°v kzoI-cWw
\¬I-s∏-´p. hnImcn dh. Fw. kn. amWnbpw N¿®p IΩn-‰n-bw-K-ßfpw Xncpta-\n-am¿°v lmc-ß-f¿∏n-°p-Ibpw s_ms°-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
278
I≠-®nd tÃmgvkns‚ hI-bmbpw lmc-ß-f¿∏n-°-s∏-´p. Be-‡nI Zo]ß-fm¬ Aew-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂ ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-a-\-bn-tebv°v 6.30˛\p Xncpta-\n-am¿ {]th-in-®p.
Ac-a-\-®m-∏-en¬ k‘ym-{]m¿∞-\bv°p tijw ]. Xncp-ta-\n-am¿ Imew
sNbvX ]. ImtXm-en-°m-_m-h-m Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-dn-¶¬ [q]-{]m¿∞\
\S-Øn.
]pXnb Ac-a-\-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠p ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okp _mhm-Xncp-ta\n
`‡-P-\-ßƒ°p hmgvhp \¬In. XpS¿∂p \S∂ Kwò-c-amb shSn-s°´p Xncpta-\n-am¿ Ac-a-\-bpsS a´p-∏m-hn-en-cp-∂p-sIm≠p Z¿in-®p. tI{µa{¥n F. Fw.
tXmakpw k∂n-ln-X\
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
ae-¶c
- k
- ` C\n-bp-amWp {]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv
]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm kam-[m-\i
- n¬∏n:
a{¥n F. Fw. tXma-kns‚ {]kwKw
tIm´bw, sabv 22 ˛ ae-¶-c-k` Ie-l-ßƒ aqew ]Øp ]©-h¬kc -]-≤Xn-I-fpsS Ime-L´w \jvSs∏Sp-Ønb-Xn-\m¬ C\n-bp-amWp Imcy-ambn
{]h¿Øn-t°-≠-sX∂p a{¥n F. Fw. tXmakv {]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
ae-¶ck`m k
- a
- m-[m-\Ø
- ns‚ inev]n-bmbn ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmXncpta- \ nsb
`mhn- X - e - a pd
ImWp- s a∂pw
a{¥n
]d- ™ p.
ÿm\mtcmlWØn\ptijw \S∂ kzoI-c-W-tbm-K-Øn¬ sNbvX kzmKX
{]kw-KØ
- n-em-Wt- ±lw C{]-Imcw ]d-™X
- v.
{io. tXmakv Cßs\ XpS¿∂p:˛ Hcp hymg-h-´-°mew ChnsS Xma-kn-®ncp∂ ]. ]nXm-hn\p tIc-f-Ønse ]ucXzap≠v. AXm-bXp ]. ]t{Xm-kns‚
knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ hmgp∂ {]Ya ae-bmfnbmWv Cu ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Xncpta\n F∂p ]d-bmw.
ae-¶ck`-bnse `n∂-X-Iƒ Ac- \q-‰m-≠p-Imew \o≠p-\n-∂p-sh-¶nepw
At¥ymIym knwlm-k-\-tØm-Sp≈ AN-©-e-amb `‡n-t°m, _lp-am-\Ønt\m kvt\l-Ønt\m bmsXmcp Ipdhpw kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n-√. At¥ym-Iymknw-lm-k-\hpw ae¶-c-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w kpZr-V-am-°p-I -am-{X-a√ AXp
temIm-h-km-\-tØmfw \ne-\n¬°-Ø-°-hn[w Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p-I-bmWp ].
]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Xncp-ta\n sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
C∂p ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-°-s∏´ ]. _t -en-tbmkv HutK≥ H∂ma≥ Xncp-ta\n XnI®pw ssZhZØ-amb Inco-Sa
- mWv AWn-™n-cn-°p-∂X
- v. ssZh`-‡n-bp-sSbpw hn\-b-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ _mhm Xncp-ta\n a‰m-cp-sSbpw
]n∂n-e-√. k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m≥th≠n Xncp-ta\n \S-Ønbn-´p≈ Bflm¿∞-am-b- {i-a-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-am-Wn∂p Xncp-ta-\n°p e`n®Xv.
279
C\nbpw {]h¿Øn-°Ww
]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Fgp-∂-≈n, kam-[m\w \ne-hn¬ h∂p. C\nbp-am-Wp \mw k`bv°p th≠n {]h¿Øn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Øp- ]-©h¬kc-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS Ime-L´w Ie-l-Øn-eqsS \mw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn.
AXpsIm≠p ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ \mw \√-Xp-t]mse a\- nem°n a‰p ktlm-Zcok`-I-sfbpw aX-hn-`m-K-°m-scbpw Iq´p-]n-Sn-®p- ap-t∂m´p
t]mIp-I-bmWp th≠-sX∂pw {io. tXmakv ]d™p.

]. am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ _mhm-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-Ww.
280
11
A©mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS
ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm amXyqkv AØ-m\m-tkymkv, am¿tØmam-«o-lmbpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ am¿ tXmam ImtXm-en-t°m-kmbn hmgn°-s∏-´p.
92 hb- p≈ HutK≥ {]Ya≥ ImtXm-en-t°mkv hm¿≤-Iy-kl
- P
- a
- mb tZlmkzmÿyw aqew k`m-`-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p {]bm-k-ap-s≠∂pw Xs‚ ]n≥Kman-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ amXyqkv AØ-m\m-tkym-kns‚ knwlm-k\m-tcm-lWw F{X-bpwthKw \S-Øn- Xs∂ k`m-`-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm°-W-sa-∂pw, ImWn®v kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p ka¿∏n® At]-£sb ]cn-K-Wn®v,
kp∂-lt- Zmkv \n›-b{- ]-Imcw amXyqkv AØ-m\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb
88-˛mw ImtXm-en°m Bbn F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-lt- Zmkv 1975 HIvtSm-_¿ 27˛mw XobXn ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v hmgn-°bpw, At±lw knwlmk\mcqV-\m-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iqj amXyqkv Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, Zm\n-tb¬ ]oe-Ivknt\m-k,v amXyqkv Iqdn-tem-k,v ]oen-t∏mkv sXtbm-^n-temkv, bqlm-t\m≥ tkthdn-tbm-kv, tXmakv Xotam-Øn-tbm-kv, Koh-dp-Kokv HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv, ]ueqkv
{KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, tXmakv a°m-dn-tbmkv F∂o sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑m¿ AS-ßnb
ae-¶c F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kmWv \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. ko\n-b¿ sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw, kp∂-l-tZmkv sk{I-´dn Zm\n-tb¬ ]oeIvkot\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p.
{]`mX {]m¿∞-\sb XpS¿∂v Xqtbm-_m-bn°p tijw "At∏m-kvtXm-en-Iamb ÿm\-tØ°v ]cn-ip≤ dqlm Aßsb hnfn-°p∂p' F∂v ]d-™psIm≠v kp∂-lt- Zmkv AwK-ßƒ F√m-hcpw ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS
apºn¬ ap´p-Ip-Øn. "B hnfnsb Rm≥ kzoI-cn®v AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p' F∂p
{]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠p ÿm\m¿∞n kp∂-lt- Zmkv AwK-ßf
- psS apºnepw ap´pIp-Øn. XZ-hk
- c
- Øn-¬ ko\n-b¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm amXyqkv Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
ÿm\m¿∞nbpsS ssI°p]nSn®v Fgp-t∂¬]n-°p-Ibpw a‰p sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ-∑m¿ ÿm\m¿∞nsb Awi-h-kv{X-ßƒ [cn-∏n®tijw inc v Hcp
timi∏m sIm≠p aqSn aZv_l
- m-bpsS hS°pIng°v k÷-am-°n-bn-cp∂ Itkc-bn¬ Ccp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v Zm\n-tb¬ ]oe-Ivkot\mkv sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p. Ip¿_m-\-at≤y ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iqjbv°p apºp {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Hcp \√ CS-bs‚ e£-Wß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Npa-X-e-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw thZ-]p-kvXIw B[m-c-am°n Hcp {]kwKw
sNbvXp.
281
A\-¥cw hn. t{XmtWm-kn≥apºmsI ÿm\m¿∞n B\-bn-°s
- ∏-´t- XmSp
IqsS ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-j-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®p. ko\n-b¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
{]mcw` {]m¿∞\ \S-Øp-Ibpw a‰p sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑
- m-cpsS kl-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n¬
Zm\n-tb¬ ]oe-Ivkot\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm {][m\ Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-°pIbpw sNbvXp. {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS inc- n¬ hn. thZ]pkvXIw h®p-sIm≠v Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥ hmbn-®p. A\-¥cw ÿm\m¿∞n ]Sn™m-tdm´p Xncn™p \n∂v ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-tØ°p sXcs™-Sp-°s
- ∏´ _e-lo\\mb amXyqkv AØ-m\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbmb Rm≥ Cu ]cn-ip≤ aZv_-lm-bpsS apºm-sIbpw Cu ]cn-ip≤ kp∂-ltZm-kns‚ apºm-sIbpw AXns‚ A≤y-£\
- mb amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
ko\n-b¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm apºm-sIbpw Fs‚ hnizmkw G‰p]d-bp-∂p' F∂
Bap-Jt- ØmSp IqSn Aam-tem-Knb (hn-izm-k{- ]-Jym-]\w) hmbn®v H∏n´p ko\nb¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Gev]n-®p. ae-¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`-bpsS `cWhpw
ta¬t\m-´hpw k`m-]m-cº
- c
- y-ßƒ°pw Imt\m≥ \nb-aß
- ƒ°pw k`-bpsS `cW-L-S-\bv°pw A\p-kr-X-ambn ae-¶c F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kn-t\mSp≈ hnt[-b-Xz-Øn¬ ]cnip≤m-ﬂm-hns‚ Ir]-bmepw i‡n-bmepw \n¿hln®psIm≈m-sa∂v Cu hnizmk {]Jym-]-\-Øn-eqsS At±lw hy‡-ambn
{]Xn⁄ sNbvXp.
ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-j-bnse {][m\ `mK-amb ¢oΩo-kns‚ {]m¿∞\
{][m\ Im¿Ωn-I≥ sNm√n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ, taev∏´- °
- mcpw ]´-°mcpw P\ßfpw "Rß-fpsS I¿Ømth Rß-tfmSp Icp-Wb
- p-≠m-IW
- sa' F∂v A¿∞ap≈ ""Ipdn-tb-em-bn-t m≥'' D®-Øn¬ sNm√n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. X’-abw
ÿm\m¿∞n [ym\-Øn¬ \{ain-ck
- v°\
- mbn kp∂-lt- Zm-kns‚ apºn¬ \n∂ncp-∂p. Cu cl-ky-{]m¿∞-\bv°p tijw ÿm\m¿∞nsb aZv_-lm-bpsS
apºn¬ ]Sn-™m-tdm-´-`n-ap-J-ambn knwlmk\-Øn¬ Ccp-Øn-s°m≠v "am¿
tXmam «olm-bpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k\
- Ø
- ns‚ t{ijvT\mb ImtXm-en°m
tamdm≥ am¿ _t -en-tbmkv am¿tØmam amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ tbmKy≥ tbmKy≥
tbmKy≥' F∂p {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v kp∂-lt- Zm-kns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-Ic
- n®v tkthdn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm HmIvkn-tbmkv sNm√n-bXv a‰p taev∏´- °
- mcpw sshZnIcpw P\-ßfpw H∂n®v D®-kz-c-Øn¬ aq∂p- {]m-hiyw G‰p-sNm√n AwKo-I-cn®p. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ taev]-´-°mcpw ]´-°mcpw tN¿∂v A`n-\h ImtXm-ent°m-kns\ knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n¬ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw At±lw kz¿Æ-…o_m
Db¿Øn P\-°q-´sØ Bio¿h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
XpS¿∂v k`-bpsS `c-W`- m-cß
- ƒ F√mw G¬∏n-°p-∂X
- ns‚ {]Xy£e£yamb Awi-hSn \¬I¬ NS-ßm-Wv \S-∂X
- v. h
- ´- t- »-cn¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm, _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m, HutK≥
{]Ya≥ ImtXm-en°m F∂o alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn®ph∂ kz¿Æ
Awi-h-Sn-bmWv am¿tØmΩm ImtXmen-°m-bn°v XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ \¬In-b-Xv.
ko\n-b¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑m¿ aq∏p-ap-db
- \
- p-kc
- n®v Xmtgm´pw G‰hpw HSphn¬
282
ImtXm-en-t°mkpw Awi-hS- n-bn¬ ]nSn®p. A\-¥cw Xmsg\n∂v Hmtcm ta¬∏´-°m-c\pw ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ ssI FSpØv Ah-c-h-cpsS ssI°p apI-fnembn ]nSn-∏n-®p. HSp-hn¬ G‰hpw apI-fn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ssI Bb-tXmSp
IqSn a‰v F√m-hcpw Awi-hSnbn¬ \n∂v IsøSp-Øp. XpS¿∂v At±lw AwihSn Db¿Øn P\sØ Bio¿h-Zn-®p. CtXmsS ÿm\m-tcm-lW NS-ßp-Iƒ
Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw taev]-´-°mcpw ]´-°mcpw A`n-\-h -Im-tXm-en-°m-bpsS
ssIapØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS tijw `mK-ßƒ A`n\-h- Im-tXm-en°m ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øns‚ Ah-km\ `mK-amb-t∏m-tg°pw `nem-bn¬ Bbn-cp∂ tXthm-tZm-tkymkv FØn-t®¿∂p.
A\p-tam-Z\ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ amXyqkv Cuhm-\n-tbmkv A≤y£w hln®p. amXyqkv Iqdn-temkv {]kw-Kn-®p. ]pXnb ImtXm-en°m A\p-tam-Z\
- ß
- ƒ°p
adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Ibpw ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-ip-{iq-j-bn¬ h∂p kw_-‘n® F√m-htcm-Sp-ap≈ \µn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbmK-Øn¬ h®v kp∂-lt- Zmkv
sk{I-´dn ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpw, kap-Zmb sk{I-´dn ]n. kn.
G{_-lmapw lmc-ßƒ A¿∏n-®p. hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ßƒ hI-bmbpw `{Zm-k-\ßƒ, ]≈n-Iƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS t]cnepw a‰-t\-Icpw lmcm¿∏Ww
\S-Øp-Ib
- p-≠m-bn.
ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-j-bnepw A\p-tam-Z\ ktΩ-f-\-Ønepw Xncp-h√m
cq]-X-bpsS kJ-dn-bmkv AØ-\m-tkymkv, sXmgn-bq¿ CS-h-I-bpsS ]oeIvkot\m-kv, kn.F v.sF. _nj∏v tPmk-^v, _nj∏v Fw. Fw. tPm¨ F∂nhcpw kw_-‘n®p.
ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- Ø
- n\p apºpw ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- t- i-jhpw am¿tXmam ImtXmen°m HutK≥ ImtXm-en-t°m-kns\ kµ¿in-®p. ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- Ø
- ns‚ XteZn-hkw HutK≥ ImtXm-en-t°mkv ]n≥Km-an-bpsS Xe-bn¬ ssIh®v {]m¿∞n®v
A\p-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw F√m hn[ awK-f-ßfpw t\cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ÿm\m-tcml-W-tijw a‰p taev]-´-°mcpw HØv At±lw HutK≥ ImtXm-en-°msb
kµ¿in-®-t∏mƒ HutK≥ _mhm At±-l-Øn\v hPvd-°√p ]Xn® Hcp I\ItamXncw kΩm-\n-®p.
(ae-¶-c-k`m amkn-I, 1975 \hw-_¿)

283
12
]pXnb ImtXm-en°m
A`n-jn-‡-\mbn; C∂v A©v
sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn°pw
]cp-ae: ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm amXyqkv am¿ Iqdo-tem-kns\ am¿tØmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n¬ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv
ZznXo-b≥ F∂ t]cn¬ ae-¶-c-bnse Bdm-asØ ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bmbn
C∂se Ah-tcm-[n-®p.
tae-≤y-£-ÿm-\-tØ°p t\ctØ sXc-s™-SpØp dºm≥ ÿm\m-`ntjIw Ign™ A©p-t]-tcbpw C∂v ChnsS sa{Xm-∑m-cmbn hmgn-°pw. Ggcbv°p ip{iqj Bcw-`n-°pw.
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse GI {]Jym-]nX ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]cp-ae Xncpta-\n-bpsS Bflob ssNX\yw XpSn®p \n¬°p∂ ]≈n°p kao-]-ap≈
hnim-e-amb HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-Øn¬ {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb aZv_-lm-bn¬ \S∂
efn-Xhpw `‡n-\n¿`chpamb ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-jbv°p
tae-≤y-£∑mcpw sshZn-Icpw Dƒs∏sS hºn® kZ v km£n-I-fm-bn.
]cp-a-e-bn¬ BZy-ambn \S-°p∂ ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\m-tcm-l-W-ip-{iqjbv°p ko\n-b¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw A¶-amen ˛ t_mws_ `{Zm-k\
- m-[n-]\p-amb tUm. ^nen-t∏mkv am¿ sXtbm-^n-temkv apJy Im¿Ωn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p
F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-lt- Zm-knse \mew-Kß
- ƒ HgnsI F√m sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-amcpw ktlm-Z-co-k-`-I-fnse _nj-∏p-amcpw Ht´sd sshZn-Icpw `‡-P\-ßfpw ]s¶-SpØ ip{iqj \mec aWn-°q¿ \o≠p-\n-∂p.
k`-bnse tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv (a-e-_m¿ `{Zm-k-\w), tUm.
]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv (U¬ln), tPmk^v am¿ ]t°m-an-tbmkv (I≠-\m-Sv), kJ-dn-bmkv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv (a-{Zm-kv), amXyqkv am¿ _¿∂_mkv (C-Sp-°n), Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zob-ktv °m-tdmkv (Xn-cp-h\
- ¥
- ]
- p-cw), amXyqkv
am¿ F∏n-∏m-\ntbmkv (sIm√w klmb sa{Xm≥), ^nen-t∏mkv am¿ butk_n-tbmkv (Xp-º-a¨ klmb sa{Xm≥), tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv
(sN-ß-∂q¿), Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv (\n-c-Ww) F∂n-h¿ klIm¿an-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p. C∂p sa{Xm≥ÿm\w G¬°p∂ Ipcym-t°mkv dºm≥,
Koh¿Kokv dºm≥, tUm. aØmbn dºm≥, kJ-dnbm dºm≥,- tPm_v tXma-kv
d-ºm≥ F∂n-hcpw thZn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sshZn-I-{SÃn ^m. aØmbn \qd\m¬ Bbn-cp∂p ip{iq-j-°m-c≥.
284
tXmakv am¿ a°m-dn-tbmkv (A-ta-cn-°), Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
(tIm-´-bw), kvtX∏m-t\mkv am¿ tXthm-tZm-kn-tbmkv (I¬°-´), ]utemkv
am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv (Ip-∂w-Ip-fw) F∂o sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ \mń¬ C√mØ-Xn-\m¬ NS-ßn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√.
]pWykvac-W-Iƒ XpSn-°p∂ a\-kp-ambn ]Xn-\m-bn-c-ßƒ kwK-an-°p∂
]cp-a-e-bn¬ cm-hnse 7.15˛\p Xs∂ ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-jbv°p XpS°w
Ipdn-®p.
]º-bp-sSbpw A®≥tIm-hn-em-dn-s‚bpw ssIh-gn-Iƒ t]mse ]e hgn-Ifn¬\n∂v Hgp-In-sb-Ønb P\-k-©bw ]cp-a-e-∏-≈nbpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw \nd-®t∏mƒ ip{iq-jb
- psS XpS-°a
- m-bn.
\nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°msb ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ \n∂v HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-Øn-te°p
tLmj-bm-{X-bmbn B\-bn®t∏mƒ tZhm-eb
- Ø
- nse aWn-Iƒ XpSsc apg-ßn.
Ipcn-ip-ambn kap-Zmb {SÃn ]n. kn. G{_lmw, ImtXm-en-°m -]-Xm-I-bp-ambn
kap-Zmb sk{I-´dn Fw. Sn. t]mƒ, amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n AwK-ßƒ, sshZnI
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, sshZn-I¿, I\ym-k{v Xo-Iƒ, dºm≥am¿, Awi-hS- n-bp-ambn sshZnI-{SÃn ^m. aØmbn \qd-\m¬, sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿, \nbp‡ ImtXm-en°m, `‡-P\
- ß
- ƒ F∂o {Ia-Øn-emWv ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- t- h-Zn-bnte°v \oßnb-Xv.
Aøm-bncwt]¿°v Ccn-∏n-Sk
- u-Ic
- y-ap≈ HmUn-t‰m-dn-bØ
- nse aZv_l
- m-bn¬
{]th-in-®t- XmsS 7.45-˛\p \a-kv°mc ip{iqj XpS-ßn. \a-kv°m-ca
- t≤y apJy
Im¿Ωn-I≥ ^nen-t∏mkv am¿ sXtbm-^ntemkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm hnip≤
Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Xqtbm-t_mbv°p {]th-in-®p.
]. am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-Ww.
285
ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- Ø
- ns‚ BZy-L´- a
- mb Blzm-\{- ]-Jym-]\w CtXmsS \S∂p. ""]cn-ip≤ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ BcqV-\m-bn-cp∂v k` apgp-h-s‚bpw ]c-am-[n-Imcw D≈ ImtXm-en°m Bbn-Øocp-hm≥ ]cn-ip≤ dqlm Atß hnfn-°p∂p'' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v apJy
Im¿Ωn- I ≥ sXtbm- ^ n- t emkv sa{Xm- t ∏m- e o- Ø mbpw kp∂- l - t Zmkpw
ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS apºmsI ap´p-IpØn. "B hnfnsb Rm≥ kzoI-cn®v AwKoI-cn-°p∂p' F∂p {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v ÿm\m¿∞n kp∂-lt- Zm-kns‚ ap∂n¬
Ipºn´p.
kvtXm{X ImgvN-°p-tijw alm]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ A¿∞-sØ-°p-dn®v
tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm {]kw-Kn-®p (te-hy¿
8:4). k` ssZh-Øns‚ A[n-hm-kÿ
m-\a
- m-Wv. alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥ k`-bm-Ip∂
kaq-l-Øn¬ hkn-°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-am-Wv. Xs‚ P\sØ lrZ-bØn¬ hln-®p-sIm-≠p-thWw alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥ ssZh-k∂
- n-[n-bn¬ \n¬t°≠-Xv.
{]Im-ihpw \oXnbpw sNmcn-bp∂ ]X-°a
- mWp alm-]p-tcm-ln-X\pw Xnf°w
\¬tI-≠-Xv. ]pXnb alm-]p-tcm-ln-X\v Cu hc-ßƒ e`n-°p-hm≥ F√m-hcpw
{]m¿∞n-°W
- s
- a∂v sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`y¿∞n-®p.
ssZh-tØbpw a\p-jy-t\bpw XΩn¬ ASp-∏n-°p∂ A\p-cRvP-\-ip-{iq-jbmWv alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-t‚-Xv. At±lw P\-Øn-\p-th≠n \nc-¥cw {]m¿∞\
Ign®v Ahsc ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn-te-°p-b¿Ø-Ww.
\√ CS-bs
- \-t∏m-se-bmWv alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥. \√ CS-b≥ BSp-Isf t]cp
sNm√n hnfn-°p-Ibpw ]®-ta-®n¬∏p-d-ß-fn¬ \S-Øp-Ibpw i{Xp-hn¬ \n∂p
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. henb alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mbpw \√ CS-b-\mbpw
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ Cu ]pXnb alm-]p-tcm-ln-X\p Ign-bs´ F∂p {KotKm-dntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Biw-kn-®p.
]Ø-cbv°p ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iqj XpS-ßn. kp∂l-tZmkv A≤y-£s‚
apºmsI ta¬∏-´-°m¿ ÿm\m¿∞nsb \n¿Øn. "kz¿Ko-b-amb \ns‚ Zm\Øn-\mbn ImØn-cn-°p∂ \ns‚ Cu Zmks‚ ta¬ \o Bh-kn-t°-Wta'
F∂p {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I≥ {]m¿∞n-®p.
F≥. sI. tImcpXv a¬]m-s‚bpw ^m. Fw. ]n. tPm¿÷n-s‚bpw t\Xr-XzØn¬ skan-\mcn hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw en‰¿Pn-°¬ ayqknIv kv°qfnse hnZym¿∞nIfpw Cu kabw "]pWy-sa-\n-t°-IpI \o am{Xw Icp-Wm_vt[' F∂ at\ml-c-Km\w Be-]n®v A¥-co£w `‡n-km-{µ-am-°n.
XpS¿∂p «olm hmb-\bv°p tijw kp∂-lt- Zmkv A≤y-£≥ ÿm-\m¿∞nbpsS Xe-bn¬ thZ-]p-kvXIw h®p-sIm≠p {]m¿∞n®p.
CXn-\p-tijw ta¬∏-´°
- m¿ ÿm\m¿∞nsb t{XmtWm-kns‚ apºn-te°p
\bn-®p. Ahn-sS-\n-∂p-sIm≠v At±lw hnizm-k-{]-Xn⁄ (A-tam-tem-Kn-bm)
sNm√n.
286
""]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-tØ°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ _e-lo-\\mb Rm≥ Cu ]cn-ip≤ aZv-_lmbpsS apºm-sIbpw Cu ]cn-ip≤ kp∂-ltZm-kns‚bpw apºm-sIbpw Fs‚ hnizmkw G‰p ]d-bp-∂p'' F∂p ]d-™psIm≠v hnizm-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-amb Ggp Imcy-ßƒ At±lw {]Jym-]n®-t∏mƒ HmUn-t‰m-dnbw Xnßn-\nd™ kZkpw ]pdsØ hnim-e- ]-¥-en¬
t¢mkvUv k¿Iyq´v sSen-hn-j-\p-Iƒ°p apºn¬ {]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-cmbn \n∂
Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p hnizm-kn-Ifpw Dƒ]p-fIw sIm≠p. XpS¿∂p ÿm\m¿∞n
{]Jym-]-\-Øn¬ -H-∏n-Sp-Ibpw AXp kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ G¬∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
"Ipdn- t b- e m- b n- t km≥' Bbncw \mhp- I - f n¬ \n∂v Db- c p- ∂ - X n- \ nsS
ÿm\m¿∞n ap´p-IpØn {]m¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I≥ ssIIƒ
Db¿Øn sNm√n: ""I¿Øm-th, ChnsS Xncp-ap-ºmsI ASp-Øp-h∂p kz¿§o-bZm-\-Øn-\mbn ImØn-cn-°p∂ Cu \ns‚ Zmks\ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mbmbn ]q¿Øo-Ic
- n-t°-Wta.''
XpS¿∂v kp∂l-tZmkv A≤y-£≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS s\‰n-bn¬ X≈hn-c¬ sIm≠p aq∂p Ipcnip hc®tijw {]Jym-]\w \SØn: ]uckvXy
tZisØ kXy-hn-izm-kn-If
- psS ]cn-ip≤ k`bv°v ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn _tken-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ]nXm-hns‚ \ma-Ønepw ]p{Xs‚
\ma-Ønepw Poh\pw hnip-≤n-bp-ap≈ dqlm-bpsS \ma-Ønepw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p...''
CtXmsS ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- Ø
- ns‚ ]c-a{- ]-[m-\`- m-Ka
- mb "HmIvkn-tbmkv' hnfn
apgßn: am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ k`-bpsS ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m
knwlm-k-\-Øn\p tamdm≥ am¿ am¿tØmΩm _tk-en-tbmkv ZznXo-b≥
tbmKy≥ F∂¿∞-ap≈ "HmIvkn-tbmkv' aq∂p-h´w sNm√n. At∏mƒ ta¬∏-´°m-¿ ÿm\m¿∞nsb ]oT-Øn¬ FSp-Øp-b¿Øn. P\w AXyp-®Ø
- n¬ "HmIvkntbmkv' G‰p-]m-Sn. A`n-\h _mh …o_m Db¿Øn P\-ßsf Bio¿h-Zn-®p.
Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®n-cp∂ knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠p ImtXm-en°m Gh≥tKen-tbm≥ hmbn-®p.
AP-]m-e-\-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-amb Awi-hSn G¬]n-°p∂ NS-ßm-bn-cp∂p
]n∂o-Sv. {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I≥ Awi-h-Sn-bpsS G‰hpw apI-fn¬ ]nSn-®p. AXn\p-Xmsg aq∏p apd-b\
- p-kc
- n®v a‰p sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ ]nSn®p: G‰hpw Xmsgbmbn ImtXm-en-°m-bpw.
]n∂oSv ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ssIbpsS apI-fn¬ Awi-h-Sn-bn¬ ]nSn-®n-cn°p∂ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ]nSn-hn-Sp-Ibpw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ssIbn-e¿∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. HSp-hn¬ {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ssI]n-Sn®v F√m-hcp-sSbpw ssIIƒ°p apI-fn-embn Awi-hSn ]nSn-∏n-®p. AP-]m-e\ A[nImcw e`n® ImtXm-en°m Awi-hSn Db¿Øn P\-ßsf Bio¿h-Zn-®p.
XpS¿∂p ta¬∏-´°
- mcpw ip{iq-jI
- cpw kam-[m\ Npw_\w \SØn. ]pXnb
287
_mhm-bpsS Im¿a-nI
- X
- z-Øn¬ Ip¿∫m-\b
- psS _m°n`mK-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°pIbpw At±lw P\sØ Bio¿h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXt- XmsS 12 aWn°p ip{iqjbv°p Xnc-ioe hoWp.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ]q¿Æ-amb tbmPn-∏p-≠m-Ip-hm-\pw, imizX XXz-ßƒ°p
hnLmXw IqSmsX A\p-cR
- vP\ap-≠m-Ip-hm\pw Bflm¿∞-ambn B{K-ln-°p∂p-sh∂p ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXmen°m _mhm {]kvXm-hn-®p. ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bmbn ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
\S-Ønbtijw \S∂ A\p-tam-Z\ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ adp-]Sn {]kwKw \S-ØpI-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.
F√m ss{IkvXhk`-Ifpw Ign-bp-∂{X kl-I-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\pw,
k`-I-fpsS ]c-kv]c sFIyw IqSp-X¬ {]I-S-am-°p-hm\pw {ia-ßƒ Bh-iyam-Wv. `mc-X-Øn¬ aXw a\p-jys\ a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂v AI-‰p∂ i‡n-bmbpw
aX-hn-izmkw cmjv{So-bØ
- ns‚ D]m-[n-bp-am-bn-cn-°p-Ib
- m-W.v cmjv{So-b{- ]-h¿Ø\w
PmXn-aX
- t- `-Zs
- at\y F√m-h¿°pw \oXnbpw, \ymbhpw kmº-ØnI kmaq-lnI
`{Z-Xbpw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ˛ _mhm ]d-™p.
am¿tØmΩm k`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y-£\
- mb tUm. Ae-Ik
v m-≠¿ am¿tØmΩm
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tbmK-Øn¬ A≤y-£X hln-®p.
A`n-\h ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤nbpw XymK-]q¿Æ-amb
Pohn-Xhpw k`bv°v F∂pw A\p-{K-la
- m-bn-Øo-cs
- ´-sb∂p am¿tØmΩm sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm Biw-kn-®p. k`-Iƒ XΩn¬ {InkvXp-hns‚ kvt\l-Øn¬ AwKoI-cn-°p-Ibpw kl-Ic
- n-°p-Ibpw thWw. k`-bpsS DØ-ch
- m-ZnXzw ]≈n-Iƒ°p
]pdØp kaq-lØ
- n-te°v FØ-Ww. k` [m¿ΩnI A[x-]X
- \
- Ø
- n-s\-Xn-scbpw
i‡-amb \o°w \S-ØWw ˛ At±lw ]d-™p.
emfn-Xyhpw ssZh-ktv \-lhpw \nd™ ImtXm-en°m_mhm P\-ßsf Adnbp∂ AP-]m-e-I-\m-sW∂v B¿®v _nj∏v _\-UnIvSv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
]d-™p.
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` sI´p-d-∏p≈ kaq-l-am-Wv. `bm-i-¶-Iƒ IqSmsX
k`sb \bn-°m≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhmbv°p Ign-b-s´-sb∂p Nß-\m-ticn
B¿®v _n-j∏v tPmk^v ]u∆-Øn¬ Biw-kn-®p.
Im‰pw tImfpw aqew Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` XI-cmsX kq£n-°m≥ tbmKycmb t\Xm-°sf X°-k-a-bØp ssZhw Db¿Øp-∂p-sh∂p I¬Zmb k`bnse tUm. ]utemkv am¿ ]utemkv {]kvXm-hn-®p.
Z£n-tW¥ym k`-bnse a≤y-tI-cf alm-bn-S-h-I-bn¬ Ipsd-\mƒ apºp
Nne {]iv\-ßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-™-t∏mƒ klm-b-l-kvX-hp-ambn FØnb
k`mt\Xm-°-fn¬ {][m\n Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p _nj∏v
Fw. kn. amWn \µn-]q¿∆w kvacn®p.
288
k`-bnse BNm-c-ßƒ ]eXpw Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jv°-cn-°-W-sa∂v
PÃokv tPm¨ amXyp- B-iw-km-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in®p.
tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm kzmK-Xhpw sshZn-I{- SÃn
^m. aØmbn \qd-\m¬ \µnbpw ]d-™p.
ÿm\-XymKw sNbvX amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS Biwk-Iƒ tPmk^v am¿ ]t°m-an-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm hmbn®p.
A©p dºm∑msc sa{Xm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v C∂v Ah-tcm-[n-°p-sa∂
kp{][m\ Adn-bn∏v ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm {]Jym]n-®p.
s]mXp-kt- Ω-f\
- Ø
- n-\p-tijw {]Z-£n-Wa
- mbn ImtXm-en°m _mhmsb ]≈nbn-te°v B\-bn-®p. XpS¿∂p ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS I_dn¶¬
_mhm [q]-{]m¿∞\ \S-Øn. ]n∂oSv [ym\-a-µn-c-Øns‚ apI-fn-esØ \nebn¬ \n∂p P\-ßsf Bio¿h-Zn-®p.
ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-bpsS {][m\ Im¿an-I-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw C∂sØ
sa{Xm-`n-tjI ip{iqj ˛ ]cp-ae ]≈n-tbmSp tN¿∂p≈ hnim-e-amb HmUnt‰m-dn-bØ
- n¬.
]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ \n∂p \nbp‡ sa{Xm-∑m-sc-bpw, ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm a‰p
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ F∂n-hs
- cbpw HmUn-t‰m-dn-bØ
- n-te°v B\-bn-°pw.
{]`m-X-\-a-kv°m-c-Øn-\p-tijw Fń\p Ip¿∫m\ XpS-ßpw. HºXp- ap-X¬
12.30 hsc-bmWp sa{Xm-`n-tj-I-ip-{iq-j. XpS¿∂v A`n-\h sa{Xm-∑msc ]≈nbn-te°v B\-bn-°pw. ]n∂oSp s]mXpktΩ-f-\w.
\mep a
- W
- n°p ]pXnb ImtXm-en°m_mhmsb At\Iw Imdp-If
- psS AIº-Sn-tbmsS tIm´bw tZh-temIw Ac-a\
- b
- n-te°v BtLm-ja
- mbn B\-bn-°pw.
am¿K-at≤y F√m ]≈n-Iƒ°pw ap∂n¬ kzoI-cWw \¬Ipw.
(ae-bmf at\m-ca, 1991 G{]n¬ 30)

289
13
ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ _mhm
ÿm\-ta‰p
]cp-ae: am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\
- Ø
- ns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-c\pw
ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Ggmw ImtXm-en-°m-bp-ambn ]cn-ip≤ _tken-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ ÿm\-ta-‰p. ÿm\-XymKw sNbvX
]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhmbpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \S∂ `‡n-km-{µ-amb ÿm\m`n-tjI NS-ßn\p k`-bnse _nj-∏p-amcpw sshZn-Icpw \qdp-I-W-°n\p hnizmkn-Ifpw km£n-I-fm-bn. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn Rmb-dm-gvN-Xs∂
At±lw ÿm\-ta-‰n-cp-∂p.
cmhnse Bdp -a-Wn°p \nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°msb ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ \n∂p
kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {]Z-£n-Wt- ØmsS ÿm\m-`n-tjI NS-ßp-Iƒ XpS-ßn.
k`m sk{I-´dn tUm. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Imc-bv°¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ]Xm-Ibpw
sshZnI{SÃn dh. tUm. H. tXmakv hnip≤ thZ-]p-kvXI
- hpw hln®p apºn¬
\S-∂p. a‰p _nj-∏p-amcpw sshZn-Icpw I\ym-kv{Xo-Ifpw `‡-P-\-ßfpw {]Z£n-WØ
- n¬ AWn-tN¿∂p.
{]`mX \a-kv°m-csØ XpS¿∂p am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kns\ _nj-∏p-am¿
aZv_-lm-bn-te-°m-\-bn-®p. ÿm\m-`ntjI-Øns‚ H∂mwLámb Blzm\
ip{iqj XpS¿∂p \S-Øn. ""]cn-ip≤ tXmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\Øn¬
Bcq-V\m-bn-cp∂p k` apgp-hs
- ‚bpw ]c-am-[n-Imcw D≈ ImtXm-en°m ˛ AXmbXv Xe-h-∑m-cpsS ]nXmhv ˛ Bbn-Øo-cp-hm≥ ]cn-ip≤ dqlm Atß hnfn°p-∂p.'' Cu Blzm\ {]Jym-]\w \S-Øn-bXp apJyIm¿Ωn-I-\mb tUm.
tXmakv am¿ a°m-dn-tbmkv Bbn-cp-∂p.
XpS¿∂p am¿ a°m-dn-tbmkpw a‰p ta¬∏-´-°mcpw \nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°mbpsS ap∂n¬ ap´pIpØn. At±-lhpw Ah-cpsS apºmsI ap´pIpØn \n∂v
"CXp Rm≥ kΩ-Xn®p kzoI-cn-°p∂p' F∂p ]d-™p. 7.15 \p tXmakv am¿
a°m- d - n tbm- k ns‚ apJy Im¿Ωn- I - X z- Ø n¬ Ip¿∫m\ Bcw- ` n- ® p.
Ip¿∫m\at[ybmbn-cp∂p ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øns‚ c≠mw L´w. AXn\p
apt∂m-Sn-bmbn tUm. amXyqkv am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv {]kw-Kn-®p.
"bP-am-\≥ hcp-a-t∂-c-Øp-W¿hp-t≈m-cm-bv...' F∂p XpS-ßp∂ Km\-tØmsS-bmWv c≠mw L´Øn\p XpS°w Ipdn-®X
- .v Hcp aWn-°q-tdmfw \o≠ {]m¿∞\-If
- p-sSbpw Km\-ßf
- p-sSbpw HSp-hn¬ ]pXnb ImtXm-en°m_mhm hnizmkw
G‰p-]-d™v H∏n´v AXp apJy Im¿Ωn-Is\ G¬∏-n®p. XpS¿∂v F√m-hcpw
tN¿∂p hnizm-k-{]-amWw sNm√n.
290
]pXnb ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS s\‰n-bn¬ aq∂p XhW Ipcn-ip-h-c®p apJyIm¿an-I≥ aq∂p XhW tamdm≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv
{]Y-a≥ F∂ t]cv {]Jym-]n-®p. P\-°q´w Ipdn-tb-em-bn-tkm≥ F∂v
G‰psNm√n. AXn-\p-tijw ImtXm-en-°msb knwlm-k\
- Ø
- n-en-cpØn Db¿Øn
tbmKy≥ F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "HmIvkn-tbmkv' sNm√n.
"am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ k`-bpsS ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mknw-lm-k\Øn\p tamdm≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv {]Ya≥ HmIvkn-tbm-kv, HmIvkn-tbm-kv, HmIvkn-tbmkv' F∂p _nj-∏p-am¿ ]d™-t∏mƒ `‡-P-\hpw "HmIvkn-tbmkv' F∂v G‰p-sNm-√n. aq∂p-X-hW
knwlmk-\-ap-b¿Øn HmIvkn-tbmkv sNm√nbtijw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® knwlmk-\Ø
- n-en-cp∂p ImtXm-en-°m- _mhm Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥ (th-Z]
- p-kX
v I
- w) hmbn®p.
]n∂oSv A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ Nn”-ambn Awi-hSn \¬In. hSn-bpsS G‰hpw
apIfn¬ ÿm\-XymKw sNbvX amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm ]nSn®p. Xmsg-bmbn aq∏p-{I-a-Øn¬ a‰p _nj-∏p-amcpw G‰hpw Xmsg-bmbn ]pXnb
_mhm-bpw. {]m¿∞\ sNm√nbtijw ÿm\-ta‰ ImtXm-en°m Hgn-sI-bp-≈h¿ Awi-h-Sn-bn¬ \n∂p ]nSn hn´p. XpS¿∂v A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ Nnlv\-amb
Awi-hSn At±-l-Øn¬ h∂ptN¿∂p.
ÿm\-Nn-”-amb Ipcn-ip-ame amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm Xs∂-bmWp ZnZntamkv {]Y-a≥ _mhmsb AWn-bn-®-Xv. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Nn{Xap≈ ame,
tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS Nn{X-ap≈ ame F∂n-hbpw At±-lsØ AWn-bn-®p.
CtXmsS ÿm\m-tcm-lW NS-ßp-Iƒ kam-]n®p.
]n≥Km-an-bpsS ÿm\m-`n-tjI NS-ßn¬ ÿm\-sam-gn-bp∂ ImtXm-en°m
]s¶-Sp-°p∂Xpw ÿm\-Nn”w AWn-bn-°p-∂Xpw ae-¶ck`-bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønem-Zy-am-Wv. Ip¿∫m-\b
- psS _m°n`mKw ZnZn-tamkv ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bmWp
]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. Ip¿∫m-\m-\-¥cw amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm ]n≥Km-ansb
Bt«-jn-°p-Ibpw kvt\l-Npw-_\w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
t\csØ amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm ÿm\-XymKw sNbvXp-sIm-≠p≈
I¬]\ F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv sk{I-´dn tXmakv am¿ AØm-\mtkymkv hmbn-®p. kap-Zmb {SÃn ]n. kn. G{_lmw ]Sn-™m-td-°c, sshZnI
{SÃn dh. tUm. H. tXma-kv, k`m sk{I-´dn tUm. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Imc-bv°¬
F∂n-h¿ ]cn-ip≤ _mhmsb lmcm¿∏Ww sNbvXp. ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bv°pth≠n FUn‰¿ amΩ≥ amXyp lmcw AWn-bn-®p.
k`m-a-°ƒ H∂m-bn-Øo-cWw: ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥
_mhm
]cp-ae: k`-bpsS sFIy-Øn\pw AJ-fi-Xbv°pw k`m-a-°ƒ HsØm-cp-
291
an®p {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂p ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv
{]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm Blzm\w sNbvXp. kvt\l-Øn-eq-sSbpw A\pcRvP\-Øn-eq-sSbpw k`ma°ƒ H∂m-bn-Øo-cW
- s
- a-∂mWv B{K-lw. AXn-\mbn
{]b-Xv\n-°p-Ibpw {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
Ass\-Iy-Øn\p ImcWw kzm¿∞-Xb
- m-Wv. AXn-√m-sX-bm°n F√m-hcpw
HsØm-cp-an®v apt∂m´p t]mIWw. k`-bpsS D∂Xn°pw kaq-l-Øns‚
\∑bv°pw {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bmWv Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iyw. CXn-\mbn
ÿm\n-Ifpw sshZn-Icpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw H‰-s°-´mbn Htc e£y-Øn¬ apt∂d-W-sa-∂p _mhm ]d-™p.
sI´p-d∏pw A®-S-°-hp-ap≈ kaq-l-Øn\p am{Xta hf-cp-hm≥ Ignbq.
_mly-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sp-hm≥ k` k÷-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ B¥-cn-Iamb sFIy-Øn-te°p \mw hf¿t∂ Ignbq F∂p adp-]Sn {]kw-K-Øn¬
_mhm ]d-™p. ip{iqjm at\m-`m-h-Øn-eqsS kaq-lsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-hm≥
Ignhpw {]m]vXn-bp-ap≈ sshZnI ˛ A¬amb \nc k`-bpsS ê-h-Ømb
t{]jnX ZuXy-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. 14 h¿jw k`sb ]cn-]m-en®
]. am¿tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv {]Ya≥ _mhm-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-Ww.
292
_tkentbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhmsb
XpS¿∂pw k`m a°ƒ s\©n-te‰n ]cn-]m-en-°p-sa∂v DØa hnizmkaps≠∂v
_mhm ]d-™p. CXc k`-Isf ktlm-Zco k`-I-fmbn I≠p kl-I-cn®p
hcp∂ ]mc-ºcyw XpS-cp-sa∂v At±lw Adn-bn-®p.
ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a\v Biw-kI
- t- fmsS amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥
]cp-ae: ]cn-ip≤ ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-°m_mhmbv°p Zo¿L-Imew
k`sb sFiz-cy-Ønepw D∂a-\-Ønepw hf¿Øm≥ Ign-bs´sb∂p ÿm\XymKw sNbvX ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥
ImtXm-en°m_mhm Biw-kn-®p. ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS ÿm\m-`n-tj-IØn\p tijw \S∂ A\p-tam-Z\ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ {]kw-Kn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
At±-lw. Btcm-Ky-tØm-sS-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ ÿm\w ssIam-dm≥ Xocp-am\n-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]cn-ip≤ ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ _mhm-bpsS P∑-Zn-\hpw k`bpsS ip≤o-Ic
- W Znh-khpw k`m-h¿j-Øns‚ BZy Znh-khpw ÿm\ssIam‰-Øn\p Ign-™-Xn¬ kt¥m-j-ap-≠v.
1991˛¬ ImtXm-en-°mbpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbp-ambn ÿm\-ta-‰Xp
apX¬ \nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°mbpw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øa
- mcpw amt\-PnwKv IΩ-n‰nbpw
k`m-P-\-ßfpw \¬Inb klm-b-Øn\p \µn ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn At±lw ]d™p. ]pXnb ImtXm-en°m_mhmsb amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm ]qam-e-b-Wnbn®v Bt«-jn-®p.
F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-lt- Zmkv sk{I-´dn tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv
A[y-£X hln-®p. sshZn-I-{SÃn dh. tUm. H. tXmakv, k`m sk{I-´dn
tUm. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Imc-bv°¬,- a-e-_m¿ `{Zm-k\ sshZn-I-kwLw sk{I´dn ^m. Koh¿Kokv s]mt∂me F∂n-h¿ {]kw-Kn-®p. ÿm\m-`n-tjI NSßn¬ tUm. tXmakv am¿ a°m-dn-tbmkv Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p. ko\n-b¿ _nj∏v
tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv, tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv,
Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ ¢nΩo-kv, amXyqkv am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbm-kv, ^nen-t∏mkv
am¿ butk-_n-tbm-kv, ]utemkv am¿ ]°m-an-tbm-kv, ]utemkv am¿ anenØn-tbm-kv, tUm. amXyqkv am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\ntbm-kv, tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Iqdntem-kv, tUm. kJ-dn-bmkv am¿ sXtb-m^ntem-kv, tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ {IntkmÃ-tamkv, HutK≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv, tUm. K{_n-tb¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv, tUm. bmt°m_v am¿ sFtd-\ntbm-kv, tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿ kl-Im¿an-Ic
- m-bn-cp∂p.
tZh-temIw Ac-a\
- b
- n-se-Ønb ]cn-ip≤ ImtXm-en°m_mhmsb a{¥n-amcmb sI. Fw. amWn, kn. F^v. tXma-kv, tPmk^v Fw. ]pXp-ticn
Fw.F¬.F., tdmjn AK-Ãn≥ Fw.F¬.-F. F∂n-h¿ kµ¿in®v Biw-kb¿∏n-®p.
293
k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse A]q¿h-X-I-tfmsS ]cn-ip≤
amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm
]cp-ae: ae-¶c
- k
- `- b
- nse \mem-asØ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lWw
apX¬ ]n≥Km-an-bmb Ggm-asØ ImtXm-en-°mbpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lWwhsc
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn km∂n-[y-ta-Im≥ Ign™ A]q¿∆ `mKy-Øn\v DS-abmWv ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXmen°m_mhm. tIm´bw Genbm IØo-{U-en¬ 1964 sabv 22˛\p I≠-\mSv `{Zmk-\m-[n-]≥ HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kns\ ]cn-ip≤ Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn ae-¶ck`-bnse sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-am-cpsS Im¿an-I-Xz-Øn¬ A`n-jn-‡-\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ amXyqkv am¿ Iqdntemkv (]-cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXmen°m_mhm) Im¿an-I\
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
A©mw ImtXm-en-°mbmbn tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ 1975 HIvtSm-_¿
27˛\p \nbp‡ ImtXm-en°m amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns\, ]cn-ip≤
amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhmsb∂ t]cn¬ A`n-jn-‡\
- m-°n-bt- ∏mƒ
A∂sØ ko\n-b¿ sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp∂ ]mtd´v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, Zm\n-tb¬
am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv F∂n-h¿s°m∏w apJy-Im¿an-IXzw hln-°m≥ sIm√w
`{Zm-k-\m-[n-]≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂ amXyqkv am¿ Iqdn-temkpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
ae-¶ck`-bnse Bdmw ImtXm-en-°mbmbn ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ 1991
G{]n¬ 29˛\v A`n-jn-‡\
- mb ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv
ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øns‚ ]nt‰∂p ]cp-a-e-bn¬
A©p sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-®-Xpw -N-cn-{X-am-bn. aq∂p -X-h-W-bmbn ]cp-a-e-bn¬
11 sa{Xm-∑msc A`n-jn-‡-cm-°nb _mhm k`-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ sa{Xm∑msc hmgn® ImtXm-en-°-mam-cn¬ Hcm-fm-Wv. ]cn-ip≤ Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥
ImtXm-en°m_mhmbpw 11 sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-®n-cp-∂p.
]n≥Km-an-bmbn \nbp‡ ImtXm-en°m tXmakv am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbm-kns\
]cn-ip≤ ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bmbn ÿm\m-`n-jn-‡\
- m-°nb-t∏mƒ ip{iq-jb
- n¬ ]s¶-SpØv ]n≥Km-an°p ÿm\-Nn-”ßƒ ssIam-dm\pw
A\p-{Klw t\cm\pw ]cn-ip≤ amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhmbv°p Ign-™p.
A≥]-Øn-c-≠c h¿j-ambn ta¬∏-´-ÿm-\Øp XpS-cp∂ ]cn-ip≤ ZznXo-b≥
ImtXm-en°m _mhm `mcX ss{IkvXh k`mNcn-{X-Ønse A]q¿∆-t\-´-hpam-bmWp k`-bpsS ]c-am-[y-£-ÿm\w Hgn-™-Xv.
ZnZn-tamkv F∂ tXmakv
]cp-ae: {InkvXp-in-jy\pw `mcX At∏m-kvtXm-e-\p-amb tXmΩm-«o-lmbpsS \ma-t[bw t]dp∂ ]pXnb ImtXm-en°m_mhm tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS
Xs∂ as‰mcp t]cmb ZnZn-tamkv F∂ t]cp kzoI-cn-°p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p. ZnZntamkv
294
F∂Xp {Ko°v ]Z-am-Wv. AXns‚ Acmay ]Z-amWp tXma-kv. ss__n-fn¬
ZnZn-tamkv F∂ tXmakv F∂mWp tXmam-«o-lmsb kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-´p≈-Xv. Cc´ F∂mWn-Xn\v A¿∞w.
]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXmen°m_mhm-bpsS ÿm\m-`n-tjIw ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Ncn-{XØn¬ Ahn-kvac
- W
- o-ba
- m-bn. k`-bpsS ip≤o-Ic
- W
- Z- n-hk
- hpw Bcm-[\m h¿jØns‚ Bcw-`-hp-amb Rmb-dm-bvN-bmWp ]cn-ip≤ ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn ÿm\-ta-‰Xv. ]nt‰∂p ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-`n-tj-Ihpw
\S-∂p. ]pXnb ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS 85-˛mw P∑-Zn-\w HIvtSm-_¿ 29˛\mbncp-∂p.
]pXnb ÿm\-e_v[n tXSn-sb-Øn-bXp P∑-Zn\ kΩm-\w-t]mse ]nt‰∂pw.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse BZysØ {]Jym-]nX ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS
103˛mw Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂mƒ C∂pw \msfbpw BtLm-jn-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb ImtXmen°m ÿm\m-tcm-lWw A]q¿hX-bm-Ip-∂p.
Enthronement of New Catholicos
Indian Orthodox Herald News Service
Kottayam: November 1 2005:: Baselios Marthoma Mathews II Makes the
Abdication a Gracious Event for the Orthodox Church.
True to His Holiness’s ingrained quality of being with malice towards none and
but with goodwill to all Baselios Marthoma Mathews II abdicated the throne enabling the Seventh Catholicos and Malankara Metropolitan to be well in office with
the divine christening as Baselios Marthoma Didymos I. Amidst prayerful chanting
that swelled from the faithful at the Parumala Seminary Church H. B. Thomas Mar
Thimothios was ordained as the Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan
on Monday 31 October 2005.
For the first time in the history of the Church, the newly ordained Catholicos
was privileged with the physical presence of his predecessor during the installation
ceremony. Invoking prayers from one and all, when Catholicos Baselios Marthoma
Mathews II offered the shepherd Staff – Amsavadi - and adorned the successor with
three engelpions – one of Cross and another of St. Mary and another of St. Thomas,
with the words – the Spiritual authority and the Temporal authority that the Church
entrusted with me fourteen years ago is now handed over to you with all the satisfaction of the heart - it was a divine will that was fulfilled. Choking the eyes and hearts
of all, when His Holiness Marthoma Mathews II Bava stood up, at the conclusion of
the ceremony, to hug and garland his successor, it was a meeting of the Past and the
Present, giving way for the latter.
More touching was the parting message given by the outgoing Catholicos, wishing the new Catholicos God’s benison in the discharging of the duties for the steadier
295
growth of the Church. Then taking leave of his Authority and the Throne, with his
head held high, H. H. Baselios Marthoma Mathews II, stepped down from the Holy
Place of the Parumala Seminary Church assisted by Fr. V. M .James and Fr. Varughese
and Deacon Siby, leaving the destiny of the Church, safely and graciously, in the
hands of Catholicos Baselios Marthoma Didymos First and other Metropolitans ,
Priests, Deacons and the Faithful.
We Keep The Doors Wide Open:
His Holiness Marthoma Didymos I
Indian Orthodox Herald News Service
Kottayam: November 2 2005: The Supreme Head of the Church of Malankara
His Holiness Baselios Marthoma Didymos I said he was praying for peace not only
in the church and for believers, but in the entire nation. Talking to newspersons after
assuming the highest position of the church of Malankara at the church headquarters
at Devalokam, His Holiness said his desire to establish peace with the patriarch
faction is his primary concern. He is ready to start peace talks based on the constitution of the church with the Patriarch faction, if they take the initiative.
“We were keeping our doors wide open, now it is for them to take a decision,’’
His Holiness was answering to a question to the media persons.
Referring on a media report of an alleged ultimatum given by the Catholicos
Baselios Thomas I, head of the Patriarch faction, that they would take possession of
the churches under dispute if the government did not take steps to re-open them, he
declined. “Violence is not the path of the Orthodox church. The government should
take steps to reopen the churches under dispute on the basis of the court verdict,’’
His Holiness said.
His Holiness the Catholicos Baselios Marthoma Didymos I was enthroned as
supreme head of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian church on October 31 following the
abdication of the throne by Catholicos Baselios Marthoma Mathews II due to ill
health and old age.
His Holiness also expressed his gratitude to the authorities of the Gulf countries
for giving permission for establishing churches in their country. His Holiness also
said that the possibility of convening a meeting of the Malankara Association will be
discussed with the necessary committees to elect a designate Catholicos, since there
is no constitutional provision for that position.
Metropolitan Dr. Thomas Mar Makarios and Sabha Secretary Dr. Alexander
Karakkal was also with His Holiness to attend the press conference.
Many dignitaries also visited His Holiness at his head quarters Devalokam
Aramana.

296
14
alm CS-b-\mbn ]utemkv
ZznXo-b≥ _mhm ÿm\-ta‰p
ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ C\n henb _mhm
]cp-ae: {]m¿∞\ sXmgp-ssI-I-fmbpw BÀmZw \nd-I-Æp-I-fmbpw ]cp-ae-bpsS ]pWy-`q-ansb ]p¬Inb {]`mXw ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm-\nk-`bv°p ]pXnb alm-bn-S-bs\ kΩm-\n-®p. Nmscbpw Zqsc-bp-ambn `‡-e£-ßƒ ka¿∏n® {]m¿∞-\m-a-{¥-ß-fpsS ssI]n-Sn®p ]cn-ip≤ _tk-entbmkv am¿tØmΩm ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm ae-¶c a°fpsS ]c-am-≤y-£-\mbn hn\-b-]q¿∆w Xe hWßn. ]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k-\Øn-te°p t{ijvT \nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°msb Ah-tcm-[n®v ÿm\-Xym-KØ
- ns‚
al-\ob amXr-I-bmb ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv {]Ya≥ _mhmsb C\n k`m-a-°ƒ henb _mhm F∂v AXym-Z-c-thmsS s\©nte-‰pw.
]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS km∂n≤yw ]cn-afw ]c-Øp∂ ]pWy-`qan, ]cn-ip≤s‚ henb s]cp-∂m-fn\mbn t\mºp-]h
- m-kß
- t- fm-sS-sb-Ønb Bbn-cß
- ƒ:
ÿm\-sam-gn-bp∂ ImtXm-en°m ]q¿Æ-k-a-bhpw apJy Im¿Ωn-I-\mb
A]q¿hX ˛ k` ]pXnb CS-bs\ kzoI-cn-®Xv A\p-]a ssZhm-\p-{K-lØ
- ns‚
]pWy\mfn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-°mbp-ambn ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm C\n ae-¶-csb ]pXnb ta®n¬∏p-d-ß-fnte°p \bn-°pw. t{ijvT \nbp-‡ _mhm ]utemkv am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv
F∂ ]gb t]cv C\n Ncn-{X-Øn-te-°v.
ae-¶-c-bpsS t{ijvT ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ {]Jym-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p ÿm\m-tcmlWw. {]`m-X-{]m¿∞-\bv°p tijw ZnZn-tamkv _mhm apJyIm¿Ωn-I-\mbn
Ip¿∫m-\. tXmakv am¿ AØm-\mkntbmkv Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS kl-Im¿Ωn-I\m-bn. alm-]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ^m. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pns‚
{]kw-K-Øn-\p-tijw ÿm\m-tcm-lW ip{iq-j. k`m-ÿm-]-\hpw ss«lnI
]n≥Xp-S¿®bpw tLmjn-°p∂ thZ-`mKw (G-h≥tK-en-tbm≥) ZnZn-tamkv _mhm
hmbn®p.
kp∂-l-tZmkv sk{I-´dn tUm. amXyqkv am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv t{ijvT
\nbp‡ _mhmsb aZv_lm a[y-Øn-te°v B\-bn-®p. \nbp‡ _mhm hnizmk-{]-Jym-]\w H∏n-´p ]cn-ip≤ _mhmbv°v ssIam-dn. ]cn-ip-≤- _mhm s\‰nbn¬ aq∂p- X-hW Ipcn-ip-h-c®v t]cp- sNm√n hnfn-®p: ]cn-ip≤ _tk-entbmkv am¿tØmΩm ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥.
297
]q¿Æ ÿm\-h-kv{X-ßƒ AWn-bn®p ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhmsb
sa{Xm≥ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Db¿Øn HmIvkntbmkv (tbmKy≥) sNm√n.
XpS¿∂p≈ _mhm-bpsS Gh≥tKen-tbm≥ BSp-Iƒ°p-th≠n Poh-s\-s°mSp-°p∂ \√ CS-bs‚ D]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-bmWp
Ip¿_m\ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bX
- v.
henb _mhmbpw ]cn-ip-≤ -_m-hmbpw ]c-kv]cw lmc-a-Wn-bn-®-tijw
sshZn-I-{SÃn ^m. tUm. tPm¨kv G{_lmw tIm\m-´v, A¬amb {SÃn Fw.
Pn. tPm¿÷v apØq-‰v, k`m sk{I-´dn tUm. tPm¿÷v tPmk^v F∂n-hcpw
hnhn[ {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw _mhmsb lmc-a-Wn-bn-®p.
k`-bnse sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿, hnizmkn kl-{k-ßƒ F∂n-h¿s°m∏w
tUm. ^nen-t∏mkv am¿ {IntkmÃw am¿tØmΩm henb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm,
B¿®v _nj∏p-am-cmb am¿ tPmk^v ]uh-Øn¬, am¿ tPmk^v s]cp-t¥m´w,
cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ XpSßn {]ap-J¿ ÿm\m-tcm-lW
- Ø
- n\p km£n-If
- mbn.
]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_dn-S-Ønepw ]n∂oSp tIm´bw ]gb skan-\mcn, tZh-temIw, h≈n-°m´v Zbdm F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse k`m ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS
I_-dp-I-fnepw ]cn-ip≤ _mhm [q]-{]m¿∞\ \SØn. tZh-temIw ImtXmen-t°‰v Hmô-knseØn _mhm Npa-Xe -G-s‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]. am¿tØmΩm ]utemkv ZznXob≥ _mhm-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-Ww.
298
A\p-{Klw t\¿∂v, ssI]n-Sn®v henb _mhm
lrZ-b-tØmSp tN¿Øv ]cn-ip-≤-_mhm
]cp-ae: kºq¿Æ ka¿∏-W-tØmsS ]n≥Km-an°p hgn-sbm-cp°n ae-¶c
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS henb _mh-bmbn hn{i-a-Po-hn-X-Ønte°p {]th-in-°p∂ ]cn-ip≤ _t -en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZznZn-tam-kv {]-Ya≥ _mhm-bpsS km∂n-≤yhpw apJyIm¿an-I-Xz-hp-am-bn-cp∂p ]pXnb _mhmbpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lW NS-ßnse BÀm-Z-\n-an-j-ßƒ. ip{iq-j-bpsS HmtcmL-´Ø
- n-ep-sa-∂t- ]mse, ]pXnb CS-b\v Biwk ssIam-dn-bt- ∏mgpw ZnZn-tamkv
_mhm Ah kvt\l-Øn¬Øs∂ Nmen®p \¬In. ""Fs∂ tPyjvTs
- \-t∏mse
IcpXn kvt\ln-°p∂ \nbp‡ _mhm ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-tØ°p hcptºmƒ F\n°v Gsd kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. At±lw \nbp‡ _mhm Bb-t∏mƒ
apX¬ ASp-Ø-SpØ apdn-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw Hcpan®p `£Ww Ign-°pIbpw sNbvXmWp Rßƒ apt∂m´p t]mb-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
k`m-`-cWw F{Xtbm A\p-{Kl{]Z-am-bn-Øo-cm\pw hmgvhpw A\p-{K-lhpw
Rm≥ t\cp-I-bm-Wv.'' ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS adp-]-Sn-{]-kw-Khpw
\hXn ]n∂n´ ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a≥ _mhm F∂ Xm]-t{i-jvT-\p≈ IrX⁄Xm{]Im-i\
- a
- mbn. At±-lØ
- ns‚ ]pWy-Ic
- ß
- ƒsIm≠v Cu ]ctam-∂X
t{ijvTa
- l
- m-]p-tcm-lnX ]Z-hn-bn-te°v \bn-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- n-ep≈ `mKyw ]utemkv
ZznXo-b≥ _mhm ]¶p-h®p: ""DØa amXr-I-bmbn ZnZn-tamkv _mhm \bn®
A©p h¿jw ae-¶-c-bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse kph¿Æ Ime-L-´-am-Wv. Xs‚
]n≥Km-an-bmb ImtXm-en°m_mhm, 14 sa{Xm∑m¿ F∂n-hsc hmgn-°p-Ibpw
aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp B `mKy-Po-hnXw. Fs∂ aI-s\-t∏mse
Icp-Xp-Ibpw lrZ-bt- Øm-Sp-tN¿Øp-\n¿Øn D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]nXmth,
Aßv Bbncw kqcy tim`-tbmsS Rß-fpsS henb _mhm-bmbn ]q¿Æm-tcmKy-tØmsS Ime-ßt- fmfw Rßƒs°m∏w D≠m-hW
- s
- a∂v Rm≥ {]m¿∞n-°pI-bm-Wv.'' kt¥m-jØ
- n-s\m∏w Bi-¶I
- fpw Xs‚ hgn-If
- n¬ shfn®w Imńb
Kpcp-°∑m-cpsS Hm¿Ωbpw ]¶n-´mWv ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm {]kwKw
]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. ""Ip∂w-Ipfw amßmSv {Kma-Øn¬ Hcp km[m-cWIpSpw-_Øn¬ P\n® _e-lo-\-\mb Fs∂ Cu henb ZuXy-Øn-te°p hnfn-°ptºmƒ ssZh-Øn¬ Rm≥ F√mw A¿∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]®-bmb ]p¬∏p-d-ß-fnte°v AP-K-W-ßsf \bn-°m≥ aÏq-Sm-c-amb Fs∂ tbmKy-\m-t°-Wta
F∂mWp {]m¿∞\.''
k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn\p hgn-Im-ńb am¿tØmΩm amXyq-kv {]-Y-a≥ ImtXmen°m_mhm, bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv F∂n-h-cpsS Hm¿Ω-bv°p- ap∂n¬ ]cn-ip≤ _mhm \µn A¿∏n-®p.
_mly-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-tb-°m-fp-]cn hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Iq´m-bvabmbpw a\pjys‚ BIp-e-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂, Imcp-Wy-Øns‚ hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-∂nSp∂ k`-bmbn CXp cq]m-¥-c-s∏-SWsa∂ kz]v\hpw ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥
299
_mhm ]¶p-h®
- p. Ass\-Iyhpw kam-[m-\a
- n-√m-bvabpw am‰m≥ Bthmfw {ian°pw. Bi-¶-I-fp-s≠-¶nepw {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS \bn® ]pWy ]q¿hnI-cpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v Du¿÷-apƒs°m≠v CSbip{iqj \bn-°psa∂
hmKvZm-\-tØm-sS-bmWv ]pXnb CS-b≥ henb ]Z-hn-bn-te°v {]th-in-®-Xv.
ae-¶c
- b
- psS ]pXnb alm-bn-Sb
- ≥ ÿm\-ta-‰Xv tIc-f∏
- n-dhn hm¿jnI Zn\Ønse∂Xpw as‰mcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS BZy ImtXm-en°m _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv {]Y-a-\ptijw Hcp \q‰m-t≠mfw ]n∂n-Sp-tºm-gmWv ]utemkv F∂ t]cn¬ as‰mcp
ImtXm-en-°msb ae-¶-cbv°p e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ iXm_vZn 2012˛¬ \S-°p-tºmƒ AXn-te°p \bn-°p∂Xv ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-bmhpw F∂Xv ssZhw ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°mbn
ImØp-h® ]pWy \ntbm-Kw.

300
15
1958-˛se k`m GIo-I-cWw
]. ImtXm-en°m_mhm-bpsS Iev]\
\º¿ 105
kzb-ÿn-X\pw BZy-¥a
- n-√m-Øh
- \pw kmcmw-ik
- º
- q¿Æ-\p-amb {XntbI
ssZh-Øns‚ Xncp-\m-a-Øn¬ (X-\n-°p -kvXp-Xn)
hnip≤ am¿tXmΩm -«o-lm-bpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-Øn-t∑¬ BcpV-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ _e-lo-\-\mb c≠m-asØ KohdpKokv F∂v A`n-[m-\ap≈ _t -en-tbmkv ImtXm-en-°m.
(ap-{Z)
\ΩpsS A[n-Imckoa-bn¬s∏´ \ΩpsS kvt\l-`m-P-\-ß-fmb taev]-´°m¿, ]´-°m¿, siΩm-i∑
- m¿ Ch¿°pw hnizm-kn-If
- mb P\-ßƒ°pw ssZhnI
Ir]bpw At∏m-kvtXm-enI hmgvhpw kZm- h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.
Zo¿L-Im-e-ambn \ΩpsS k`-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂ph∂ Ak-am-[m-\hpw Ie-lßfpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂X
- n\p Imew sNbvX am¿ KohdpKokv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw \mapw ]e {ia-ßfpw \S-Øn-b-Xn¬ kam-[m\w ssIhcp-Øp-∂-Xn\p km[n-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂-Xn¬ \mw Ft∏mgpw ZpxJ-Øn¬ Ccp-∂n-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Ak-am-[m\w Xo¿Øv H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ k∂-≤-X- ImWn®p \mw H∂m-bn-t®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \mw AXy-[nIw kt¥m-jn-°pIbpw ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
k`-bnse kam-[m-\-Øn-\p-th≠n ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {In-kvXym\n Atkmkn-tb-j≥ ]m m°n \S-∏n-en-cn-°p∂ `c-WL
- S- \
- bv°p hnt[-ba
- mbn tamtdm≥
am¿ C·m-tXymkv bm°q_v XrXo-bs\ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Bbn
kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v \mw {]km-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
At±-l-Øns‚ Iogn¬ ae-¶-c-bp≈ taev]-´-°m-scbpw Sn `cW LS-\bnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v A\p-k-c-W-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p \ap°v kt¥mj-ap≠v.
k¿∆-i‡
- \
- mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw A\p-{K-lß
- fpw \nß-sf-√m-ht- cmSpw
IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-Is
- ´. B
- b
- Xp ssZh- am-Xm-hmb hnip≤ I\yIa-dn-bm-an-s‚bpw C≥Uy-bpsS Imh¬]nXm-hmb am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bp-sSbpw
tij-ap≈ F√m ip≤n-am-∑m-cp-sS-bpw ip≤n-a-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-I-fm¬
Xs∂.
BΩo≥
301
BIm-i-Øn-ep≈ Rß-fpsS _mhm... CXym-Zn.
F∂v
1958 Unkw-_¿ 16˛mw XobXn
tIm´bw ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-a\
- b
- n¬ \n∂pw
]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Iev]\
\º¿ 447
k¿∆i‡-\m-bn, kmcmwi kºq¿Æ-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ \nXys‚ Xncp-\m-aØ
- n¬
At¥ym-Jym-bp-sSbpw Ing-s°m-s°-bp-sSbpw ss«lnI knwlm-k-\-Øn-s‚
_e-lo-\\
- mb bmt°m_v XrXob≥ C·m-tXymkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
(ap-{Z)
At¥ym-Jym-bp-sSbpw Ing°v H°-bp-sSbpw ]t{Xm-kn-\-Sp-ØXpw ss«lnI-hp-amb knwl-mk\Øns‚ A[n-Imckoa-bn¬s]´ ae-¶c
- b
- n-sebpw C≥Uybn-sebpw \ΩpsS kvt\l`mP-\ß
- fmb t{ijvT sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑
- m¿ _lpam\y tIm¿F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑m¿, kpIr-X-ap-≈- Z-b-dm-°m¿, shä-bp≈ Iioi-∑m¿, \n¿Ω-ec
- mb siΩm-i∑
- m¿ F∂n-h¿°pw hnizm-kn-If
- mb kIe kpdnbm\n P\-Xbv°pw ssZhamXm-hmb adn-bm-an-s‚bpw kIe ip-≤n- am∑m-cp-sSbpw
{]m¿∞-\-I-fm¬ Znhy-k-am-[m-\hpw At∏m-kvtXm-enI hmgvhpw kZm -h¿≤n®ncn-°p-am-dm-I-s´. BΩo≥.
\nß-fpsS BflnIhpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb t£aw At\z-jn-®p-sIm≠v \mw
]d-bp-∂Xv:˛- ""kam-[m\w \S-Øp-∂h
- ¿ `mKy-hm-∑m¿. Ah¿ ssZha°ƒ F∂p
hnfn-°-s∏Spw'' F∂v I¿Ømhv Acp-fn-sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. ""kam-[m\w'' F∂
hN-\w- F{X Cº-hpw, {ihW a[p-chpw lrZ-bm-h¿÷-I-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Fs¥∂m¬ kam-[m\w CSn-™h
- sb ]Wn-bp-Ibpw hnS-hp-Isf AS-b°
v p-Ibpw lrZb-ßsf kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Hcp P\-X-bpsS Ah-b-hßsf Iqń-t®¿Øv
hf¿Øp-Ibpw GI k`-bpsS a°sf GI sFIy-X-bn-te°v sIm≠phcnIbpw sNøp-∂p. kz¿§w `qan-tbmSv tIm]n-®n´v Aøm-bncw kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p
tijw c£m-I-c-amb a\p-jym-h-Xmcw apJm-¥cw CXp-t]m-semcp amk-Øn¬
ssZhw B hnip≤ kam-[m\w `qX-e-Øn\p \¬In.
GXm≠v AºXv kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p apºv ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬
Bhn¿`-hn-®-Xmb X¿°w, \m\m-{]-Im-tcW k`sb £oWn-∏n®v £bn-∏n®p
F∂ Imcyw Hcp cl-ky-a√. {]mcw-`w -ap-Xse k`m kvt\ln-Ifpw ssZh-`‡-cp-amb At\-Icpw kam-[m-\hpw sFIyhpw Cu `n∂-Xbv°v Hcp ]cn-lmchpw Z¿in-°p-∂-Xn\v G‰w B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂n´pw AXv km[n-°msX ZpxJ-\n-a·-cmbn sFln-I-hmkw shSn-bp-hm-\n-S-bm-bn. \mapw ae-¶ck`-bn¬ kam-[m\hpw GI-Km-{X-Øns‚ Ah-bh
- ß
- f
- psS sFIy-hpw, ImWp-∂X
- n\v ]t≠ Xs∂
A`n-e-jn-®n-cp-∂p.
302
]cn-ip≤ At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-Øn-t∑-ep≈ \ΩpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lW-Øn\p tijw, \nßƒ°-b® \ΩpsS ss«ln-I-amb HutZym-KnI teJ-\Øn¬ Cu hm©vO \mw hni-Za
- m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS Cu A`n-hm©vO XWpØ-pt- ]m-ImsX ssZ\w-Zn\w Xo£-W
v a
- mbn i‡n-s∏-´p-hc
- n-Ibpw \mw apJ-m¥cw
Cu hnShv AS-b°
v p-hm≥ X°-hÆw ssZhwXºp-cm≥ {]km-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXncn-°p-∂p. -Xs‚ \ma-Øn\p al-Xzw.
ae-¶-ck-`-bn¬ kam-[m\w ÿm]n-t°-≠-Xn-te-°mbn CXn-\m¬ tam¿
_t -en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Ko-kns\ ImtXm-en-t°m-kmbn \mw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
BI-bm¬ \nßƒ B\-µ`- c
- n-Xc
- mbn `hn-°p∂ kam-[m-\Ø
- ns‚ Cu amkØn¬ im¥n-bpsS kzmK-Xm¿l-hpw, lrZy-hp-amb `mhp-Iß
- ƒ \nßƒ°v CtXmsSm∏w \mw Biw-kn-°p-∂p. I¿Ømhv Xs‚ sFiz-cy-ta-dnb A\p-{K-l-ßƒ
\nß-fp-sS-ta¬ h¿jn-°p-∂X
- n\p \mw {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. Akq-bm¿lhpw kIe
kpIr-X-ß-fmepw ka-ew-Ir-Xhpw Bb P\-ambn \nßƒ Xocp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n
Xs‚ DØa Xncp-ln-X-Øn\v {]oXn-I-c-amb Znhy-]-cn-]m-e\w sIm≠pw
BtcmKyw sIm≠pw kp`n-£X
- s
- Im≠pw ssZhwXºp-cm≥ \nßsf [\y-cm°n
Xo¿°p-amdmIs´.
BbXp Xs‚bpw Xs‚ ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw ]cn-ip≤ dqlm-bp-sSbpw Ir]-bmepw, Icp-W-bmepw Xs∂. BΩo≥.
BIm-iß
- f
- n-en-cn-°p-∂...
\ΩpsS ]m{Xn-b¿°m hmgvN-bpsS c≠mw B≠v {InkvX_vZw 1958 Unkw_¿ 9˛\p kndn-bm-bn¬ tlmwkn-se \ΩpsS Ac-a-\-bn¬ \n∂pw.
(Im-tXm-en-t°-‰p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ {][m-\-ambpw
kam-l-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ {]km-[-I\pw Ncn{X Kthj-I-\p-amb tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sm-Wv. tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sns‚
kzImcy sse{_-dn-bn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ ]gb ]{X-ßƒ, ae-¶ck`m
amkn-I-bpsS amt\-P-cm-bn-cp∂ A¥-cn® ^m. ‰n. Pn. kJ-dn-bm\¬Inb ]gb ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, Imew sNbvX HutK≥ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n "ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ \n[n' F∂ {KŸ-{]-kn≤o-I-c-W-th-f-bn¬ "ae-bmf at\m-ca'bn¬ \n∂pw ]I¿Øn-s®-SpØ
]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ; ImtXm-en-t°‰v k]vXXn kph-\o¿, c≠mw ImtXmen-°m-bpsS Ubdn (Im-tXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ \n[n), C -Uv. Fw. ]mtdńs‚ ae- ¶ c \{km- W n- I ƒ F∂nhbn¬ \n∂pw kam- l - c n®
tcJIfmWv {KŸ-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- ˛- {K-Ÿ-Im-c≥)
]uckv
Xy ImtXm-ent°‰v Ncn-{]n∂n¬
Xhpw {]k-‡
nbpw
ImtXment°‰ns‚
\n∂hcn¬
]. h´t»cn¬ Xncpta\n ]. ]utemkv {]Ya≥
A¬hmdokv am¿
bqentbmkv
H. Fw.
sNdnbm≥
tIm\m´v amØ≥ B¿®v _nj∏v am¿
tImsd∏nkvt°m∏m Cuhm\ntbmkv
am¿ ]oeIvknt\mkv am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv
]pØ≥Imhn¬
]mtd´v
AeIvk{¥tbmkv Fw. kn. Ipdn ^m. tP°_v
aev]m≥ a´bv°¬ bmt°mkv dºm≥
aWen¬
sI.kn. amΩ≥
am∏nf
C. sP.
ôent∏mkv
{]ap-J303
¿
kvIdnb aev]m≥
sNdnbaTØn¬
Fw. F. Nmt°m C. sP. tPm¨
]p∂qkv h°o¬
tXm∏n¬
F. Fw. h¿°n

Catholikka Ennu Cholli Vazhthi Njayam

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