Enterprise Survey 2011

Transcription

Human Resource Development for a Market Economy (HRDME)
Volume 1: Main Report
Implemented by
November 2012
Table of Contents
1. Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. 7
2. Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................. 8
3. Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 9
້
4. ບົດສະຫຼຸບຫຍໍ ......................................................................................................................
10
4.1. ຄວາມເປັນມາ: ................................................................................................................................. 10
4.2. 10 ຜົນການສໍາຫຼວດທີ່ສໍາຄັນ ................................................................................................................ 10
4.3. 8 ຄໍາແນະນໍາທາງດ້ານນະໂຍບາຍທີ່ສໍາຄັນ .......................................................................................................... 15
5. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 18
5.1. Background: ............................................................................................................................................. 18
5.2. Ten Key Findings ....................................................................................................................................... 18
5.3. Eight Core Policy Recommendations........................................................................................................ 21
6. Background and Introduction ........................................................................................................... 24
6.1. National Development Goals ................................................................................................................... 24
6.2. Lao PDR Economic Performance .............................................................................................................. 25
6.2.1. Growth Sectors ................................................................................................................................ 25
6.2.2. Monetary Policy ............................................................................................................................... 26
6.2.3. Legal Framework .............................................................................................................................. 26
6.2.4. Trade ................................................................................................................................................ 27
6.2.5. FDI Trends: Increased Reliance on Mining and Hydropower ........................................................... 28
6.2.6. Outlook and Risks............................................................................................................................. 30
6.3. HRDME Programme ................................................................................................................................. 31
6.4. Changes in HRDME (Phase 3) Programme ............................................................................................... 32
7. Survey Methodology and Implementation ....................................................................................... 33
7.1 Enterprise Survey Task Force .................................................................................................................... 33
7.2 Questionnaire ............................................................................................................................................ 33
7.3 Enterprise Population and Sample Description......................................................................................... 34
7.3.1 Enterprise Tax Registration in Sample Districts ................................................................................ 35
7.3.2 Enterprise sample - closures and new entrants ................................................................................ 36
7.4 Fieldwork ................................................................................................................................................... 38
8. Enterprise Characteristics, Performance and Business Constraints: ES2011 vs. Previous Years...... 40
8.1. Enterprise Characteristics and Related Changes ...................................................................................... 40
8.1.1. Enterprise Size by Employment ....................................................................................................... 40
8.1.2. Newly Registered Enterprises .......................................................................................................... 42
8.1.3. Age Structure of the Sample ............................................................................................................ 43
8.1.4. Enterprise Sample by ISIC ................................................................................................................ 44
8.1.5. Enterprise Sample by Province & Rural / Urban Locations .............................................................. 46
8.1.6. Nationality of Owners ...................................................................................................................... 47
8.1.7. Source of Inputs, Destination of Outputs ........................................................................................ 49
8.1.8. Gender/Age of owners..................................................................................................................... 51
8.2. Enterprise Performance and Expectations ............................................................................................... 54
8.2.1. Current situation and performance ................................................................................................. 55
8.2.2. Expectations and Investment........................................................................................................... 59
8.2.3. Firms’ Perception of Competition .................................................................................................... 65
8.3. Challenges of Globalisation and Regional Integration ............................................................................. 67
8.3.1. Awareness of WTO/AFTA ................................................................................................................. 67
8.3.2. Perceived impact of AFTA/WTO ...................................................................................................... 70
8.4. Enterprise Internal and External Constraints ........................................................................................... 71
8.4.1. Assessment of Top Internal Constraints Perceived by Firms ........................................................... 71
8.4.2. Assessment of Top External Constraints Perceived by Firms .......................................................... 76
8.5. Human Resources, training and technology ............................................................................................ 82
8.5.1. Level of Training of Owner and Staff by Size/Province/Sector ........................................................ 83
ES2011, page 1
8.5.2. Perceived training needs by Size / Province / Sector ....................................................................... 93
8.5.3. Level of technology used by business by Size/Province / Sector ..................................................... 96
8.6. Business Management ............................................................................................................................. 98
8.6.1. Use of Business Development Services (BDS) .................................................................................. 98
8.6.2. Participation in Business Membership Organisations (BMOs) ...................................................... 100
8.6.3. Accounting System & Mode of Tax Payment ................................................................................. 102
8.7. Regulatory Framework ........................................................................................................................... 106
8.7.1. Rating Local Government Service by Province/Size ....................................................................... 106
8.7.2. Rating Central Government Service by Province ........................................................................... 107
8.7.3. Time Required for Business Registration by Size ........................................................................... 108
8.7.4. Number of Documents Required for Business Registration .......................................................... 110
8.7.5. Comparison with World Bank “Doing Business 2012” ................................................................... 111
8.8. Business Finance .................................................................................................................................... 112
8.8.1. Access to finance............................................................................................................................ 112
8.8.2. Share of Loan Sources .................................................................................................................... 113
8.8.3. Future Financial Needs .................................................................................................................. 114
9. Panel Data: Tracking Changes across EBS2005 – ES2007 – ES2009 – ES 2011 Panel ..................... 116
9.1. Survival (or “Tracking”) Rate of Enterprises ........................................................................................... 116
9.2. Evolution of the Size of the Enterprises ................................................................................................. 117
9.3. BMO Members ....................................................................................................................................... 119
9.4. Access to Finance ................................................................................................................................... 121
Annex 1: Presentation of Preliminary Findings................................................................................... 124
Annex 2: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations ................................................................ 133
Annex 3: Questionnaire ...................................................................................................................... 139
ES2011, page 2
List of Tables
Table 1: 2010-2011 registered enterprises ........................................................................................... 39
Table 2: Number of new enterprises to HRDME survey (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011) ...... 42
Table 3: Total registered enterprises in sample districts (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011) ..... 43
Table 4: Share of registered enterprises, by province (ES2011) ........................................................... 43
Table 5: Average and median staffing (ES2011) ................................................................................... 47
Table 6: Survey Sample (ES2011) .......................................................................................................... 47
Table 7: ISIC sections Rev. 4 and numbers of respective enterprises (ES2011) ................................... 49
Table 8: ‘Rural’ & ‘Urban’ Enterprises by province and district (ES2009) ............................................ 52
Table 9: Ease of Doing Business for Lao PDR covered the period 2009 through 2012....................... 111
List of Figures
Figure 1: GDP Growth (Annual %) ......................................................................................................... 30
Figure 2: Growth and Inflation (% change) ........................................................................................... 31
Figure 3: Merchandise Imports (US$ million) ....................................................................................... 33
Figure 4: World Commodity Prices (index 2005=100) .......................................................................... 34
Figure 5: Contribution of hydro and mining to growth and share of economy ................................... 34
Figure 6: Labour productivity and value added per worker ................................................................. 35
Figure 7: Real GDP Growth (at factor cost), contribution by sector (%) ............................................... 36
Figure 8: Provincial shares of tax registered enterprises in 2010-2011 ............................................... 39
Figure 9: Enterprises registered 2005, 2007, 2009 & 2011 in Sample Districts of Sample Provinces .. 41
Figure 10: Enterprises registered 2005, 2007, 2009 & 2011 in Sample Districts ................................. 41
Figure 11: Enterprise panels (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011) ................................................. 42
Figure 12: Enterprise Survey Sample Size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) .................................. 46
Figure 13: Business size distribution by year (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ............................. 46
Figure 14: Distribution by enterprise size and corresponding employment (ES2011) ......................... 47
Figure 15: Enterprise age structure by enterprise size (ES2011) .......................................................... 48
Figure 16: Enterprise age by ISIC (ES2011) ........................................................................................... 48
Figure 17: Share of enterprises, by top 5 ISIC categories (ES2011) ...................................................... 50
Figure 18: Top 5 ISIC categories by survey year (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ......................... 50
Figure 19: ES2011 Sample, by Province ................................................................................................ 51
Figure 20: ES2011 Sample, by Rural / Urban Location ......................................................................... 51
Figure 21: Nationality of Enterprise Owner (ES2011) ........................................................................... 53
Figure 22: Nationality of owners by size (ES2011)................................................................................ 53
Figure 23: Nationality of owners (Large enterprises) (ES2011) ............................................................ 54
Figure 24: Origin of inputs, by size (ES2011) ........................................................................................ 55
Figure 25: Major customers (ES2011) ................................................................................................... 55
Figure 26: Major customer, by size (ES2011)........................................................................................ 56
Figure 27: Proportion of Female Owners (ES2011) .............................................................................. 57
Figure 28: Size of enterprises owned by women and men (ES2011) ................................................... 58
Figure 29: The share of enterprises owned by women among all newly established enterprises
(ES2011) ................................................................................................................................................ 58
Figure 30: Age of owners, by size (ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011) ......................................................... 59
Figure 31: Current business situation compared to two years ago, by size (ES2011) .......................... 60
Figure 32: Business performance (2010) compared to year before (2009) (ES2011) .......................... 61
Figure 33: Profit change to previous year (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) .................................................. 62
Figure 34: Perceived change in output (2010) compared to year before (2009), by province (ES2011)
.............................................................................................................................................................. 62
ES2011, page 3
Figure 35: Perceived change in turnover (2010) compared to year before (2009), by province
(ES2011) ................................................................................................................................................ 63
Figure 36: Perceived change in profit (2010) compared to year before (2009), by province (ES2011)
.............................................................................................................................................................. 63
Figure 37: Perceived change in employment (2010) compared to year before (2009), by province
(ES2011) ................................................................................................................................................ 64
Figure 38: Expected Profit Change in the Next Two Years (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ......................... 65
Figure 39: Expected Profit Change in the Next Two Years by Province (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ..... 65
Figure 40: Enterprises having made new investments in prior year, by size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009
and ES2011) .......................................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 41: Enterprises having made new investments in prior year, by province (ES2011) ................ 66
Figure 42: Enterprises having made new investments (2010), by ISIC (ES2011) .................................. 67
Figure 43: Fields of investment (ES2011).............................................................................................. 68
Figure 44: Enterprises with investment plans, by size (ES2011) .......................................................... 69
Figure 45: Reasons for not planning to invest in enterprises, by size (ES2011) ................................... 69
Figure 46: External enterprise problems – competition (ES2011)........................................................ 70
Figure 47: Enterprises perceiving problems with their competitiveness, by size (ES2011) ................. 71
Figure 48: External enterprise problems-foreign competition (ES2011).............................................. 71
Figure 49: Businesses' main problems being competitive, by size (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ............ 72
Figure 50: Awareness of AFTA &WTO (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ........................................................ 73
Figure 51: Awareness of AFTA and WTO, by size (ES2011) .................................................................. 73
Figure 52: Awareness of AFTA and WTO, by province (ES2011) .......................................................... 74
Figure 53: Awareness of AFTA and WTO, by ISIC (ES2011) .................................................................. 74
Figure 54: Perception of effects of WTO accession amongst owners aware of the WTO.................... 75
Figure 55: Perception of the effect of AFTA on the owner’s business, by size (ES2007, ES2009,
ES2011) ................................................................................................................................................. 75
Figure 56: Internal constraints in relation to each other (ES2011) ...................................................... 76
Figure 57: Timeline of constraints since EBS2005 (EBS2005 ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ....................... 77
Figure 58: Lack of capital problem by firm size (ES2011) ..................................................................... 78
Figure 59: Lack of management problem by firm size (ES2011)........................................................... 78
Figure 60: Lack of technically skilled labour problems (ES2011) .......................................................... 79
Figure 61: Lack of market integration problems (ES2011) ................................................................... 79
Figure 62: High Labour Cost Problems (ES2011) .................................................................................. 80
Figure 63: Low productivity/efficiency problems (ES2011) .................................................................. 80
Figure 64: Taxes & duties problems (ES2011) ...................................................................................... 81
Figure 65: Duties and Applied Tariffs Compared to China and ASEAN ................................................. 82
Figure 66: Export Taxes Compared to China and ASEAN ...................................................................... 82
Figure 67: Fees & unofficial payment problems (ES2011) .................................................................... 83
Figure 68: Customs regulation problems (ES2011)............................................................................... 83
Figure 69: Electricity price problems (ES2011) ..................................................................................... 84
Figure 70: Fuel price problems (ES2011) .............................................................................................. 84
Figure 71: Telecommunications price problems (ES2011) ................................................................... 85
Figure 72: Road infrastructure problems (ES2011) .............................................................................. 85
Figure 74: Electricity infrastructure problems (ES2011) ....................................................................... 86
Figure 75: Currency exchange regulation problems (ES2011).............................................................. 87
Figure 76: Labour & safety regulation problems (ES2011) ................................................................... 87
Figure 77: Owners’ education (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) .................................................... 88
Figure 78: Owners’ education, by enterprise size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ...................... 89
Figure 79: Owners’ education, by gender (ES2011).............................................................................. 89
Figure 80: Owners’ education by province (ES2011) ............................................................................ 90
Figure 81: Owners’ education, by ISIC (ES2011) ................................................................................... 90
ES2011, page 4
Figure 82: Owners’ training before and after starting the business, by size (ES2011) ......................... 91
Figure 83: Percentage of staff receiving training (ES2011)................................................................... 91
Figure 84: Trained administrative staff, by size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ......................... 92
Figure 85: Trained technical staff, by size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) .................................. 92
Figure 86: Owners interested in receiving training by size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ........ 93
Figure 87: Owners interested in staff receiving training, by size (ES2011) .......................................... 94
Figure 88: Owners interested in training, by ISIC (ES2011) .................................................................. 94
Figure 89: Owners interested in training, by Province (ES2011) .......................................................... 95
Figure 90: Types of training owners’ desire (ES2011)........................................................................... 95
Figure 91: Types of training owners’ desire for staff (ES2011) ............................................................. 96
Figure 92: Use of computers, by size (ES2011) ..................................................................................... 96
Figure 93: Computer use of sampled enterprises (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ...................... 97
Figure 94: Use of computer by province (ES2011) ............................................................................... 97
Figure 95: Purpose of Computer Use (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ......................................................... 98
Figure 96: Use of business development services (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)...................... 99
Figure 97: Enterprise owner/manager ever received advice for developing his/her business, by size
(ES2011) ................................................................................................................................................ 99
Figure 98: Source of BDS advice (ES2011) .......................................................................................... 100
Figure 99: Knowledge about PPPD and LBF, by size (ES2009 and ES2011) ........................................ 101
Figure 100: Participation in the PPPD process, by province (ES2009 and ES2011) ............................ 101
Figure 101: Evaluation of PPPD, by size (ES2009 and ES2011) ........................................................... 102
Figure 102: Correlation between provincial HDI and use of formal accounting system (ES2011) ..... 103
Figure 103: Accounting systems, by province (ES2011) ..................................................................... 103
Figure 104: Accounting systems - % of businesses paying tax with bookkeeping (ESB2005, ES2007,
ES2009, ES2011).................................................................................................................................. 104
Figure 105: Accounting systems, by size (ES2011) ............................................................................. 104
Figure 106: Accounting systems and tax payments (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ................. 105
Figure 107: Accounting systems, by ISIC (ES2011) ............................................................................. 105
Figure 108: Chart kind of taxes (ES2011) ............................................................................................ 106
Figure 109: Owners’ ratings of local authorities now and 2 years ago, by province (ES2011)........... 107
Figure 110: Owners’ ratings of central authorities now and 2 years ago, by province (ES2011) ....... 107
Figure 111: Time required for business registration (owner-reported registration times of businesses
started in the past 3 years) ................................................................................................................. 108
Figure 112: Time required for business registration by enterprise size (ES2009 and ES2011) .......... 109
Figure 113: Time required for business registration by enterprise size (ES2011) .............................. 109
Figure 114: Time required for business registration, by province (ES2011)....................................... 110
Figure 115: Number of documents required for business registration (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009,
ES2011) ............................................................................................................................................... 110
Figure 116: Lao PDR and comparators rankings on ease of doing business....................................... 111
Figure 117: Businesses receiving external financing/loans, by year (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009,
ES2011) ............................................................................................................................................... 112
Figure 118: Sources of external financing/ loans received (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011) ...................... 113
Figure 119: Loans from Banks (ES2009 and ES2011) .......................................................................... 113
Figure 120: Loan Source (micro and small) (ES2009 and ES2011) ...................................................... 114
Figure 121: Enterprises needing financing in order to expand business (ES2011)............................. 114
Figure 122: Expected sources of financing for business expansion (ES2011) .................................... 115
Figure 123: Panel enterprise survival findings (ES2009 and ES2011) ................................................. 116
Figure 124: Tracked panel enterprises, by size (ES2009).................................................................... 117
Figure 125: Evolution of micro-enterprise size category (ES2009 to ES2011).................................... 117
Figure 126: Evolution of small-enterprise size category (ES2009 to ES2011) .................................... 118
Figure 127: Evolution of medium-enterprise size category (ES2009 to ES2011) ............................... 118
ES2011, page 5
Figure 128: Evolution of large-enterprise size category (ES2009 to ES2011) ..................................... 119
Figure 129: BMO and non-BMO panel member comparison (2009).................................................. 121
Figure 130: BMO and non-BMO panel member comparison (2011).................................................. 121
Figure 131: With and without access to financing panel member comparison (2009)...................... 122
Figure 132: With and without access to financing panel member comparison (2011)...................... 123
ES2011, page 6
3. Abbreviations
AFTA
ASEAN
BDS
BMO
CPI
EBS
ES
FDI
GDP
GIZ
HRDME
ISIC
LBF
LNCCI
MoES
MoIC
MPI
NGPES
NSEDP
NUoL
PPPD
SME
SMEPDO
TFP
WTO
ASEAN Free Trade Area
Association of South East Asian Nations
Business Development Services
Business Membership Organisation
Consumer Price Index
Enterprise Baseline Survey (2005)
Enterprise Survey (2007, 2009, 2011)
Foreign Direct Investment
Gross Domestic Product
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH
Human Resource Development for a Market Economy
International Standard Industry Classification
Lao Business Forum
Lao National Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Ministry of Education and Sports
Ministry of Industry and Commerce
Ministry of Planning and Investment
National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy
National Socio-Economic Development Plan
National University of Laos
Provincial Public-Private Dialogue
Small and Medium Enterprise
The National Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Promotion and
Development Office
Total Factor Productivity
World Trade Organisation
ES2011, page 9
4. ບົດສະຫຼຸບຫຍໍ ້
4.1. ຄວາມເປັນມາ:
ໂຄງການ ພັດທະນາຊັບພະຍາກອນມະນຸດສໍາລັບເສດຖະກິດຕະຫຼາດ (HRDME) ໃນໄລຍະສາມ ຂອງການ
ຮ່ ວມມື ລາວ-ເຢຍລະມັນ, ທີ່ດໍາເນີນໂດຍ GIZ ແມ່ ນມີປີການຢູ່ສາມປີ (2011-2014). ຈຸດປະສົງແມ່ ນເພື່ອ
ັ ພາກສ່ວນເອກະຊົນ/ການພັດທະນາວິສາຫະກິດຂະໜາດນ ້ອຍ ແລະ ຂະ
ປັບປຸ ງສະພາບແວດລ ້ອມຕ່ າງໆສໍາຫຼບ
້
ໜາດກາງ (SME). ທາງໂຄງການແມ່ ນມີຄ່ ຮູ່ ວມມືຈາກພາກລັດຂັນກະຊວງຈາກສາມພາກສ່
ວນ - ກະຊວງແຜນ
ການ ແລະ ການລົງທຶນ (MPI), ກະຊວງອຸ ດສາຫະກໍາ ແລະ ການຄ້າ (MoIC), ແລະ ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ
ກິລາ (MoES), ແລະຈາກພາກເອກະຊົນໜຶ່ງພາກສ່ວນ - ສະພາອຸ ດສາຫະກໍາການຄາ້ ແຫ່ ງຊາດລາວ (LNCCI).
ການດໍາເນີນງານຂອງແຜນງານໃນໄລຍະສາມຂອງໂຄງການ HRDMEແມ່ ນຕໍ່ເນື່ອງມາຈາກໄລຍະໜຶ່ງ ແລະ ສອງ,
້ ດ ທີ່ສະແດງໃຫເ້ ຫັນຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່
້ ບຈຸດປະສົງທີ່ໄດ້ກ່າວຜ່ານມາ ພ ້ອມກັບ ສອດຄ້ອງກັບຕົວຊີວັ
ແລະ ຍຶດໝັນກັ
້
້ການສະໜັບສະໜຸນ.
ການພັດທະນາທີ່ທາງໂຄງການໄດ້ປະກອບສ່ວນ ເຂົາແລະໃຫ
້ ນທີ່ມີການເກັບໂດຍການສໍາຫຼວດວິສາຫະກິດປີ 2011 (ES2011) ໄດ້ຕອບສະໜອງຂໍມູ
້ ນຂ່າວສານທີ່ສໍາຄັນ
ຂໍມູ
ໃນການຕິດຕາມກວດກາຂອງການພັດທະນາເສດຖະກິດ ແລະຂອງພາກສ່ວນເອກະຊົນ, ໂດຍສະເພາະແລວ້ ແມ່ ນ
ກ່ ຽວກັບສະພາບແວດລອ້ ມການດໍາເນີນທຸລະກິດ ແລະການພັດທະນາ SME ໃນປະເທດລາວ. ໂດຍການສໍາ
ຫຼວດຈາກກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງທີ່ແມ່ ນຕ່າງໜ້າວິສາຫະກິດຈໍານວນ 728 ຫົວໜ່ວຍຈາກຫ ້າແຂວງ, ການວິເຄາະຈາກການ
້ ປະເມີນການປ່ຽນແປງຂອງການດໍາເນີນທຸລະກິດ ແລະ ສະພາບແວດລ ້ອມຂອງການດໍາເນີນທຸລະກິດ
ສໍາຫຼວດນີໄດ້
ີ ່ ານມາ (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009). ໃນ
ໂດຍມີການປຽບທຽບກັບການສໍາຫຼວດວິສາຫະກິດໃນປີທ່ ຜ
້ ນມີຄວາມຕັງໃຈເພື
່ ອທໍາການວັດແທກຜົນກະທົບຕ່າງໆຂອງ ໂຄງການ HRDME ແລະ
້
ການປະເມີນນີແມ່
້ ດຕ່ າງໆ ແລະ ເພື່ອປະເມີນສະພາບແວດລ້ອມເສດຖະກິດ
ໂຄງການໜ່ວຍງານທີ່ກ່ ຽວຂ ້ອງອື່ນໆ ຕໍ່ກັບຕົວຊີວັ
ັ ໃນການເຮັດທຸລະກິດໃຫ ້ກວ້າງກວ່າເກົ່າ.
ປັດຈຸບນ
້ າຈາກຄະນະຮັບຜິດຊອບ
ັ ການຊີນໍ
ການທໍາການສໍາຫຼວດແມ່ ນໄດ້ຮບ
ES2011
(ESTF2011)
ແລະໄດ້ມ ີ
ັ ຢ່າງໃກ ້ຊິດຕິດແທດໂດຍການຮ່ວມມືກບ
ັ ໂຄງການ HRDME ແລະ ກັບບັນດາຄູ່ຮ່ ວມມືກບ
ັ
ການປະຕິບດ
ັ ພາກສະໜາມແມ່ ນໄດ້ຮບ
ັ ການ
ໂຄງການບໍ່ວ່າຈະແມ່ ນ MPI, MoES, MoIC ແລະ LNCCI. ໃນການປະຕິບດ
່
ິ ຫ່ ງຊາດ
ສະໜັບສະໜຸ ນຈາກບັນດາທີປຶກສາຕ່ າງໆ
ພ້ອມກັບພະນັກງານຈາກກົມສະຖິຕແ
(NSD)
ແລະ
້ ຄອງຈາກມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລແຫ່ ງຊາດ (NUOL).
ພະນັກງານ, ນັກສຶກສາຈາກ ຄະນະເສດຖະສາດ ແລະ ການຄຸ ມ
4.2. 10 ຜົນການສໍາຫຼວດທີ່ສໍາຄັນ
1. ປະເທດລາວ
ປະເຊີນກັບການຂະ
ເທດລາວແມ່
ລາວແມ່ ນໄດ້
ນໄດ້ປະເຊີ
ປະ
ການຂະຫຍາ
ຂະຫຍາຍຕົ
ຫຍາຍຕົວທາງດ້
ທາງດ້ານເສດຖະກິ
ນເສດຖະກິດໄປທາງ
ໄປທາງທິ
ທາງທິດບວກ,
ບວກ,
ເນື່ອງມາ
ອງມາຈາກ
ມາຈາກ
ີ ານ
າງພົ
ນຂອງຂະ
ຂອງຂະແໜ່
ການລາຍໄດ້
ທ່ ສູີ ງຢ່າງ
ພົນ້ ເດັ່ນ
ຂອງຂະແໜ່ ງຊັບພະຍາກອນທໍ
ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ
ມະຊາດ:
ຊາດ: ເສດຖະກິດປະເທດລາວໄດ້ມກ
ການລາຍໄດ້ທີ
ັ ແຕ່ປີ 2002, ໂດຍທີ ຍອດຜະລິດຕະພັນມວນລວມພາຍ
ຂະຫຍາຍຕົວໃນອັດຕາສະເລຍ 7.5% ຕໍ່ປີ ນບ
້ ນເຖິ່ງ 8.5% ໃນປີ 2010. ບໍ່ຄືກບ
ັ ບັນດາປະເທດເພື່ອນບາ້ ນໃນ
ໃນປະເທດ (GDP) ແມ່ ນໄດ້ເພີ່ມຂຶນຈົ
ິ ເສດຖະ ກິດສາກົນໄປໄດ້ດວ້ ຍດີ, ເນື່ອງຈາກວ່າປະ
ພູມມີພາກ, ປະເທດລາວແມ່ ນສາມາດຂາ້ ມຜ່ານວິກດ
ີ ານເຊື່ອມຕໍ່ທາງດາ້ ນເສດຖະກິດໂດຍກົງຢັ ງຢູ່ ໃນລະດັບທີ່ຕໍ່າ
ເທດລາວແມ່ ນບໍ່ໄດ້ມກ
ບໍ່ວ່ າຈະເປັ ນທາງ
້
ການຄ້າສາກົນ ແລະ ການໄລເຂົາຂອງການລົ
ງທຶນ.
ES2011, page 10
້
ແຕ່ວ່ າແນວໃດກໍ່ຕາມ, ໃນຊຸມປີທ່ ຜ
ີ ່ ານມານີ,້ ການໄລເຂົາຂອງ
ການລົງທຶນໂດຍກົງຈາກຕ່ າງປະເທດ
້ ່ າງຕໍ່ເນື່ອງ. ການໄລເຂົາຫຼ
້
້ ກ
ີ ານເພີ່ມຂືນຢ
ັ ໆ ຂອງການລົງທຶນແມ່ ນ
(FDI) ເຂົາປະເທດລາວ
ແມ່ ນໄດ້ມກ
້
ມາຈາກຂະແໜງການຊັບພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ. ການລົງທຶນໃນອຸ ດສາຫະກໍາເຂື່ອນໄຟຟ້າ, ຂຸ ດຄົນແຮ່
ທອງຄໍາ, ກົ່ວ, ຄໍາ ແລະໄມ ້ແມ່ ນເປັ ນຂະແໜງການທີ່ດຶງດູດການລົງທຶນຂະໜາດໃຫຍ່ ຈາກ FDI (ສະ
້
ເລ່ຍແມ່ ນຕົກຢູ່ປະມານ 1.1 ຕືໂດລາສະຫະລັ
ດ) ແລະ ພັກດັ່ນການສົ່ງອອກຕ່າງໆ. ກົງກັນຂາ້ ມກັບຂະ
້
ີ ນອົງ
ແໜງການທີ່ບໍ່ແມ່ ນມາຈາກຊັບພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດຕ່ າງໆ ແມ່ ນ ການເພີ່ມຂືນຂອງລາຍໄດ້
ທ່ ເປັ
່
່
ປະກອບໃນການເຕີບໃຫຍ່ ຂອງເສດຖະກິດຂອງປະເທດລາວ ແມ່ ນຢູ່ໃນອັດຕາທີນ ້ອຍ. ເພືອສະແດງໃຫ ້
້
້ ບພະຍາ ກອນທໍາມະຊາດໄວຫຼາຍສໍາໃດ, ພາຍໃນ 10
ເຫັນວ່າການເພີ່ມຂືນຂອງ
FDI ຕໍ່ຂະແໜ່ ງຂຸ ດຄົນຊັ
້ ນກວມເອົາ 41% ໃນປີ 2000 ແລະ ໃນປີ 2010 ແມ່ ນໄດ້ກວມເອົາເຖິ່ງ
ປີ, FDI ຕໍ່ຂະແໜ່ ງການນີແມ່
83%. ໃນຂະໜາດດຽວກັນ, ຂະແໜ່ ງການຜະລິດ ແລະກະສິກາໍ ແມ່ ນກວມເອົາພຽງອັດຕານ ້ອຍໆ ຂອງ
ື ່ ານີ
ໍ ບໍ້ ່ ໄດ້ໝາຍຄວາມວ່ າການລົງທຶນແມ່ ນຫຼຸດລົງ, ແຕ່
GDP ທັງໝົດໃນແຕ່ ລະປີ . ອັດຕາທີ່ນ ້ອຍ ຫຼຕ
້ ບພະຍາກອນທໍາມະ
ັ ຂະແໜ່ ງການທີ່ອິ່ງໃສ່ ການຂຸ ດຄົນຊັ
ເພາະວ່າອັດຕາການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວແມ່ ນບໍ່ໄວຄືກບ
ຊາດ.
້ ບພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ,
ັ ບັນດາປະເທດອື່ນໆທີ່ການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວເສດຖະກິດອີ່ງໃສ່ ການຂຸ ດຄົນຊັ
ຄືກບ
້ າຍໄປພ້ອມກັບການໄລເຂົາຂອງເງ
້
້
ິນຕາຕ່ າງປະ
ການນໍາເຂົາຂອງປະເທດລາວແມ່
ນຢູ່ໃນອັດຕາທີ່ສູ ງຂືນຫຼ
້ ປະເທດ. ບໍ່ເປັ ນທີ່ໜ້າແປກໃຈ, ສີນຄາ້ ອຸ ບປະໂພກບໍລໂິ ພກກວມເອົາເປັ ນອັດຕາສ່ ວນທີ່ສໍາຄັນ
ເທດເຂົາສູ່
້ ຕົວຢ່າງການນໍາເຂົາລົ
້ ດໃຫຍ່ ແມ່ ນກວມເອົາ 16.5% ຂອງການນໍາເຂົາທັ
້ ງໝົດໃນປີ
ຂອງການນໍາເຂົາ.
2010. ເຖິ່ງແມ່ ນວ່າພັດທະນາດາ້ ນເສດຖະກິດຈະຂະຫຍາຍຕົວໄປທາງທິດບວກກໍ່ຕາມ, ບາງຄວາມສ່ ຽງ
ກໍ່ຍັງຄົງມີຢ່ ູດັ່ງລຸ່ ມນີ:້
•
ຍັງຄົງມີປະກົດການເໜັງຕິງຂອງລາຄາທີ່ສູ ງຫຼາຍທີ່ກ່ ຽວພັນກັບການສົ່ງອອກ ແລະ ລົງທຶນຕ່ າງໆທີ່
້ ບຂະແໜ່ ງການຂຸ ດຄົນແຮ່
້
ຂືນກັ
ທາດ ແລະໄຟຟ້າ.
•
້
ປະເທດລາວໄດ້ເລີ່ມສະແດງອາການເບື່ອງຕົນຂອງ
“Dutch Disease” ເຊິ່ງເປັ ນເຫດການສະພາບ
ຶ ເກີນດຸ ນ, ທີ່ມີຄວາມສ່ ຽງເຮັດໃຫສ້ ະກຸ ນເງ ິນແຂງຄ່ າ ແລະ ການປ່ຽນແປງການຈັດສັນ
ບັນຊີທນ
ົ ກະທົບດຕໍ່ການສົງອອກ
ເນັ່ນການລົງທຶນໃຊຂ້ ະແໜ່ ງການຊັບພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດອາດມີຜນ
ຫຼ ື
້ ຸ ດລົງ.
ລົງທຶນຕ່າງໆທີ່ບໍ່ແມ່ ນຈາກຂະແໜ່ງການນີຫຼ
ເພາະອາດເສຍໂອກາດຂອງການເຕີບໃຫຍ່ ຂະ
ຫຍາຍຕົວຂອງເສດຖະກິດແບບຍືນຍົງໃນໄລຍະຍາວ.
້ : ຈາກການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວທາງ
ນ:
2. ກໍາໄລ ແລະຄວາມ
ມຂືນ
ແລະຄວາມຄາດ
ຄວາມຄາດຫວັ
ຄາດຫວັງຂອງບັ
ຂອງບັນດາຫົວໜ່ ວຍທຸ
ວຍທຸລະກິ
ະກິດກໍາລັງເພີ່ມຂື
ົ ກະທົບຕໍ່ກັບບັນດາ 728 ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດຂອງ
ດາ້ ນເສດຖະກິດມະຫາພາກ ແມ່ ນແນ່ ນອນມີຜນ
້
ຕົວຢ່າງການສໍາຫຼວດ. ການເພີ່ມຂືນຂອງຄວາມອາດສາມາດໃນການໃຊ້
ຈ່າຍ ແລະ FDI ໄດ້ນາໍ ໄປສູ່ ກໍາ
້
ໄລທີ່ສູ ງສໍາຫຼບ
ັ ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດທ ້ອງຖິ່ນ. ໃນປີ 2011, 50.8% ຂອງທຸລະກິດໃນກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງນີໄດ້
້
ີ ່ ານມາ ແລະ 25% ຕອບວ່ າກໍາໄລແມ່ ນຢູ່ ໃນ
ປະສົບການກັບເພີ່ມຂືນຂອງກໍ
າໄລເມື່ອປ່ຽບທຽບກັບປີ ທ່ ຜ
້
ລະດັບປະມານສໍາເກົ່າ. ສ່ວນໃຫຍ່ ແລວ້ (79.2%) ຂອງເຈົາຂອງ/ຜູ
ຈ້ ດ
ັ ການທຸລະກິດມີຄວາມຄາດຫວັງ
ື ່ ູໃນລະດັບເກົ່າ (15.9%) ໃນອະນາຄົດ. ອັດຕາຈາກການສໍາຫຼວດວິ
ວ່ າກໍາໄລຈະເພີ່ມຂືນ້ (63.3%) ຫຼຢ
ີ ະມາຮອດແມ່ ນກວມເອົາ
ສາຫະກິດໃນ ປີ 2011 ທີ່ຄາດວ່ າກໍາໄລຂອງພວກເຂົາຈະຫຼຸດລົງໃນ ປີທຈ
6.8%, ການບັນທຶກທີ່ຕໍ່າທີ່ສຸ ດເມື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບການສໍາຫຼວດຜ່ານມາ (ຮູ ບສະແດງ 38). ປະກົດການ
ES2011, page 11
້
ນີສະແດງໃຫ
້ເຫັນວ່ າບັນດາທຸ ລະກິດແມ່ ນມີຄວາມຄາດຫວັງໄປໃນທິດທາງບວກຢ່າງຕໍ່ເນື່ອງໃນການເພີ່ມ
້
ີ ານ
ຂືນຂອງກໍ
າໄລໃຫ ້ແຫ່ ທຸລະກິດຂອງພວກເຂົາໃນອະນາຄົດ,
ປຽບທຽບກັບປະສົບການທີ່ໄດ້ມກ
ັ ໃນການດໍາເນີນທຸລະກິດແບບທີ່ຜ່ານມາຢ່າງຕໍ່ເນື່ອງ (ຮູ ບສະແດງ 39).
ປະຕິບດ
3. ບັນດາຫົ
ດາຫົວໜ່ ວຍທຸ
ະກິດຈາກກຸ່
ຈາກກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງຢູ່ໃນລາວ
ໃນລາວ ຖືວ່ວ່າຄູ່
າຄູ່ ແຂງທາງ
ແຂງທາງດ້ານ
ທາງດ້ານທຸ
ດ້ານທຸລະກິ
ະກິດຂອງພວກ
ຂອງພວກເຂົ
ພວກເຂົາບໍ່ເຂັມແຂງ
ື ້ອງກັງວົນ: ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດເລົ່ານີບໍ້ ່ ວ່ າຈະເປັນຂະໜາດໃດ ແມ່ ນປະເຊີນກັບບັນຫາໜ້ອຍ
ຫຼຕ້ອງກັ
ຕ
ຕ້ອງ
ັ ເມືອປຽບທຽບກັບປີ 2009. ເມື່ອເບິ່ງໃນແບບຜີວເຜີນ ຫຼບ
ື ່ໍ
ກວ່າເກົ່າກ່ ຽວກັບການແຂ່ ງຂັນໃນປັດຈຸບນ
້
ັ ນີສະແດງໃຫ
ັ ແຕ່ລະຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດ, ແຕ່ ໃນ
ເອົາໃຈໃສ່ ຜົນໄດ້ຮບ
ເ້ ຫັນສະພາບທີ່ໜ້າດີໃຈສໍາຫຼບ
ມູມອງດ້ວຍລວມຈາກລະດັບອຸ ດສາຫະກໍາ ຫຼ ື ຂະແໜ່ ງການ, ການມີລະດັບການແຂ່ ງຂັນທີ່ຈໍາກັດອາດນໍາ
ໄປສູ່ ຄວາມບໍ່ມີສະເຖຍລະພາບ ຫຼເື ຂັມແຂງທາງດາ້ ນເສດຖະກິດໃນໄລຍະຍາວ, ໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ ນ ໃນ
້ ເວທີການແຂງຂັນຢູ່ໃນເຂດການຄາ້ ເສລີອາຊຽນ
ນາມຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດສາກົນທີ່ຈະເຂົາສູ່
(AFTA)
ແລະ ອົງການການຄາ້ ໂລກ (WTO)
້ ຫາແຫຼ່
ັ ບັນດາຫົ
4. ສໍາຫຼບ
ຈາກການແຂ່
ການແຂ່ ງຂັນຕອບວ່
ຕອບວ່ າການເຂົ
າການເຂົາາຫາ
ຫາແຫຼ່ ງທຶນ ແລະ ການ
ະກິດທີ່ຮູ ້ສຶກກົດດັນຈາກການ
ັ ສໍາຄັນ: 57%ຂອງບັນດາທຸລະກິດຂະໜາດ ຈຸລະພາກແລະ
ມຕົ
ຕົວຂອງຕະຫຼ
ອີ່ມ
ຂອງຕະຫຼາດແມ່
ດແມ່ ນເປັ
ນເປັນອຸ ປະສັກຫຼກ
45%ຂອງບັນດາທຸລະກິດຂະໜາດນອ້ ຍຈາກກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງການສໍາຫຼວດ ຕອບວ່າການຂາດແຫຼ່ງທຶນແມ່ ນ
້
ຶ ວ່າໄດ້ຮບ
ັ ຄວາມ
ເປັ ນບັນຫາ “ໃຫຍ່ ” ຫຼ ື “ໃຫຍ່ ຫຼາຍ” (ຮູ ບສະແດງ 56). ບັນດາເຈົາຂອງທຸ
ລະກິດທີ່ຮູ ສ້ ກ
້ ມອີກວ່າ ການຂາດຄວາມຫຼາກ ຫຼາຍໃນຜະລິດຕະພັນ ແມ່ ນ
ກົດດັນຈາກການແຂ່ງຂັນແມ່ ນໄດ້ເວົາຕື
້
່ ພວກເຂົາກໍາລັງພົບພໍ. ບັນຫາພວກເຂົາຈະຍິງເພີ່ມຂືນ້
ັ ດາຫົວໜ່ວຍ
ເປັ ນເຫດຜົນພືນຖານທີ
ເມື່ອມີບນ
້
ທຸລະກິດສາກົນຕ່ າງໆທີ່ສາມາດເຂົາຫາແຫຼ່
ງທຶນ
້
່ ໃນຕະຫຼາດໃນປະເທດລາວ.
ເຂົາມາຂາຍຢູ
ແລະ
ີ ທ່ ເປັ
ີ ນທີ່ຮັບຮູ ຖ
້ ກ
ື ນໍາ
ມີຜະລິດຕະພັນທີ່ມີຍ່ ຫໍ
ຂ້ ອງບັນດາຫົ
5. ຄວາມຮັ
ທາງການຄ້
ການຄ້າແມ່ ນມີ
ນມີ—ໃນລະດັ
ໃນລະດັບທີ່ຈໍາກັດ
ອມໂຍ້ງທາງການ
ຄວາມຮັບຮູຂອງບັ
ດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸ
ະກິດຂອງການ
ຂອງການເຊື
ການເຊື່ອມໂຍ້
ຄວາມສ່ສ່ ຽງແກ່
(ໜ້ອຍ)
ເລີຍ, ເຊີ່ງນີ
ໄປສູ່ ຄວາມ
ຽງແກ່ ພວກເຂົ
ພວກເຂົາຢູ່ໃນໄລຍະ
ໃນໄລຍະກາງ
ໄລຍະກາງຫາ
ກາງຫາຍາວ
ຫາຍາວ:
ຍາວ: ທຸກໆຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະ
ງນີນໍ້ າໄປສູ່
ໜ້ອຍ)ຫາບໍ
ຫາບໍ່ມີເລີ
ກິດ (ນ ້ອຍ, ກາງ ແລະ ໃຫຍ່ ) ເບິ່ງວ່ າການແຂ່ງຂັນພາຍໃນແມ່ ນມີຄວາມທ ້າຖ່າຍ ຫຼາຍກວ່າການແຂ່ ງຂັນ
້ ່ ເນື່ອງມາຈາກການຂາດຄວາມຮັບຮູ ້ກ່ ຽວກັບຂໍຕກ
ົ ລົງທາງດາ້ ນການຄາ້
ຈາກຕ່າງປະເທດ. ການເບິ່ງແບບນີກໍ
ຕ່ າງໆທີ່ກໍາລັງຈະມີ. ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດຈາກກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງ, ພວກເຂົາແມ່ ນມີຄວາມຮັບຮູ ້ໜ ້ອຍກ່ ຽວກັບ
AFTA ແລະ WTO ເມື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບປີ 2009. ໂດຍທີ່ວ່ າຕໍ່າກວ່າ 30% ຂອງບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະ
້ ນມີຄວາມຮັບຮູ ກ
້ ່ ຽວກັບຂໍຕກ
ົ ລົງທັງສອງນີ ້ (ຮູ ບສະແດງ 50). ການບໍ່ມີຄວາມຮັບຮູ ນ້ ໄດ້
ີ ້ ສາ້ ງຂໍ
ກິດນີແມ່
ຈໍາກັດໃຫ ້ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດເພື່ອທໍາການກ ້ຽມພອ້ ມໃນການເປີ ດການຄາ້ ແລະ ເພື່ອຍາດແຍ່ ງ
ໂອກາດຕ່ າງໆຈາກທາງນອກ.
ໃຈໃນບັ
6. ລະດັບຄວາມເພີ
ໃຈ
ໃນບັນດາທຸ
ດາທຸລະກິ
ະກິດແມ່ ນສູ
ນສູງ,
ງພໍໃຈໃນ
ຄວາມເພີ່ງພໍ
້ ເປັນສັນຍາຂອງ
ອາດເປັ
ແຕ່ ນີອາດ
ຍາຂອງອຸ
ຂອງອຸ ປະສັກໃນໄລຍະ
ໃນໄລຍະຍາວ
ໄລຍະຍາວຕໍ
ຍາວຕໍ່
ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດໃນທຸກໆລະດັບສ່ ວນຫຼາຍແມ່ ນເບິ່ງການດໍາເນີນ
ັ ໃນແນວໂນມໃນລະດັບດີ; ມີແຕ່ສ່ ວນນ ້ອຍໆທີ່ເຊື່ອວ່ າ ສະຖານະ
ທຸລະກິດຂອງພວກເຂົາໃນປັດຈຸບນ
ການດໍາເນີນທຸລະກິດຂອງພວກເຂົາແມ່ ນຮາ້ ຍກວ່າເກົ່າໃນ 2 ປີ ທ່ ຜ
ີ ່ ານມາ. ນອກຈາກນີ,້ ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍ
ສະມັດຕະພາບການ
ຕະພາບການຜະລິ
ການຜະລິດ:
້ ຽວກັບການດໍາເນີນທຸ ລະກິດຂອງພວກເຂົາໃນປັດຈຸບນ
ັ ແມ່ ນດີກວ່ າ
ຕ່ າງໆ ຍັງມີຄວາມໜັ່ນໃຈເພີ່ມຂືນກ່
່
້
່
່
ເກົາເມືອປຽບທຽບກັບການສໍາຫຼວດຂອງປີ 2009. ນີເປັ ນການເບິງໃນທາງດາ້ ນບວກໂດຍທົ່ວໄປ, ແຕ່
ES2011, page 12
້
ວ່ າ, ເປັ ນສັນຍານຄວາມສ່ ຽງທີ່ມີຜນ
ົ ກະທົບ ທີ່ສະແດງໃຫ ້ເຫັນວ່າເຈົາຂອງທຸ
ລະກິດໄດ້ລງົ ທຶນໃນທຸລະ
ກິດ ແລະພະນັກງານເຮັດວຽກຂອງພວກເຂົາແນວໃດ.
•
້ອຍ:: ປີ ຕ່ ປີ
ໍ , ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດຈາກກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງແມ່ ນມີ
ຄວາມສົ
ຄວາມສົນໃຈໃນ
ໃຈໃນການ
ໃນການເຝິ
ການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມແມ່ ນໜ
ນໜ ້ອຍ
ຄວາມສົນໃຈໜ້ອຍໃນການຕອບສະໜອງໃຫ ້ການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມຕ່ າງໆ. ໜຶ່ງໃນສົມມຸ ດຕິຖານທີ່ເປັ ນ
ັ ທີ່ທາງທຸລະກິດແມ່ ນໄດ້ຮບ
ັ ກໍາໄລເພີ່ມຂືນ້ ແລະ ບໍ່
ໄປໄດ້ແມ່ ນເນື່ອງມາຈາກສະຖານະການປັດຈຸບນ
້ າ
ຮູ ້ສຶກວ່ າຈໍາເປັ ນຕອ້ ງລົງທຶນໃຫ ້ການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມແກ່ ພະນັກງານ. ທາງຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດອາດຕັງຄໍ
ີ ານຂະ
ຖາມໃຫ ້ຕົວເອງວ່ າ “ເປັ ນຍັງຕອ້ ງລົງທຶນເຝິ ກອົບຮົມແກ່ ພະນັກງານ ໃນເມື່ອທຸລະກິດໄດ້ມກ
່
່
້
ຫຍາຍຕົວໂດຍທີບໍຕ້ອງລົງທຶນ?”. ຍົກເວັນແຕ່ ໃນລະດັບວິສາຫະກິດຂະໜາດຈຸລະພາກ, ຜົນການ
້ ລະກິດໃນຂະໜາດຕ່ າງໆ ໃນການ
ັ ທຶກລະດັບຄວາມສົນໃຈຂອງເຈົາທຸ
ສໍາຫຼວດ ES2011 ໄດ້ບນ
ຕອບສະໜອງການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມໃຫ ້ແກ່ ພະນັກງານແມ່ ນຢູ່ໃນລະດັບທີ່ຕໍ່າທີ່ສຸ ດ (ຮູ ບສະແດງ 86).
ັ ຕາ 7.8%ຫຼຸດລົງນັບແຕ່ ES2009
ນັບແຕ່ມີການສໍາຫຼວດວິສາຫະກິດແຕ່ ປີ 2005 ໂດຍມີອດ
ແລະຫຼຸດລົງດວ້ ຍລວມ 18.3% ລະຫວ່າງ EBS 2005 (73.1%) ແລະ ES2011 (54.8%).
ຕົວເລກເຫລົ່ານີ ້ ບໍ່ໄດ້ບງົ ບອກຢ່າງຈະແຈ ້ງ ຫຼເື ປັ ນກາງ, ເນື່ອງຈາກວ່ າເສດຖະກິດລາວ ແມ່ ນເອົາໃຈ
ໃສ່ ເພື່ອການເຊື່ອມໂຍ່ງທາງດ້ານເສດຖະກິດທີ່ເລິກເຊິ່ງ ແລະ ໄປພອ້ ມກັບການແຂ່ ງຂັນກັບຕ່ າງປະ
ເທດ.
•
ເກົ່ າາ:: ເຖິ່ງຈະມີການເພີ່ມ
ອັດຕາຂອງ
ໃນທຸລະກິ
ະກິດຂອງພວກ
ຂອງພວກເຂົ
ພວກເຂົາຍັງຄືເກົ
ຕາຂອງບັ
ຂອງບັນດາຫົ
ະກິດທີ່ລົງທຶນໃນທຸ
້ ້ວຍລວມແບບສະສົມຂອງກໍາໄລ, ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດຕ່ າງໃນອັດຕາຄືເກົ່າໃນ ໄດ້ຕດ
ັ ສິນ
ຂືນດ
່
ໃຈ ລົງທຶນກັບທຸລະກິດຂອງພວກເຂົາໃນລະດັບສໍາເກົາຄື ES2009. 38% ຂອງທຸລະກິດຂະໜາດ
ັ ສິນໃຈ ບໍ່
ນ ້ອຍ, 40%ຂອງທຸລະກິດຂະໜາດກາງ, ແລະ 50%ຂອງທຸລະກິດຂະໜາດໃຫຍ່ ໄດ້ຕດ
ລົງທຶນ (ເນັ່ນ). ໂດຍອະທິບາຍວ່ າຂະໜາດຂອງທຸລະກິດຂອງພວກເຂົາແມ່ ນສໍາເກົ່າ (ຮູ ບສະແດງ
້
້ ນຂອງການເບິ
່ ງເສດຖະກິດໃນໄລຍະສັ່ນ ເຊິ່ງມັກເປັ ນ
້
ນສັນຍານເບືອງຕົ
44). ປະກົດການນີອາດເປັ
້
້ອມກັບການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຢ່າງໄວ.
ເຫດການເກີດຂືນໄປພ
ັ ທຸລະກິ
ຈໍານວນການ
7. ມີທ້າອ່
ທ ້າອ່ ຽງທີ່ພົນເດັ
ນ້ ເດັ່ນໃນ
ນໃນການ
ໃນການປະຕິ
ະກິດແບບບໍ
ແບບບໍ່ເປັນທາງການ
ທາງການ,
ການ,
ນວນການລົ
ການລົງທະບຽນໜ້ອຍກັ
ທະບຽນໜ້ອຍກັບ
ທ້າ
່
້
ນຂອງການ
ການຈ່
ຫ້ອງການພາສີ
ການຈ່ າຍພາສີແບບເປັ
ບບເປັນກ່ ອນ ທຽບກັ
ທຽບກັບການຈ່
ການຈ່ າຍແບບ
າຍແບບເປັ
ແບບເປັນທາງ
ມຂືນຂອງ
ຫ້ອງການ
ຫ ້ອງການພາສີ ແລະ ການເພີ
ການເພີມຂື
້ ນຂອງຫ ້ອງການພາສີແຫ່ ງຊາດ, ລາຍງານວ່າມີພຽງ 77,482 ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດໄດ້
ການ:
ການ: ອິ່ງຕາມຂໍມູ
ົ
ົ ເລກ
ຈົດທະບຽນກັບຫ ້ອງການພາສີທ່ ວປະເທດລາວ
ປຽບທຽບກັບຕົວເລກໃນປີ 2009 ທີ່ມີຕວ
້
່ ອງມາຈາກ
ີ ານຈົດທະບຽນເທົ່າກັບ 83,181, ມີການລົດລົງ 7.3%. ຕົວເລກນີອາດເນື
ຫົວໜ່ວຍໄດ້ມກ
ການຮ່ວມຕົວຂອງທຸລະກິດ, ແຕ່ ອີກເຫດຜົນໜຶ່ງທີ່ອະທິບາຍໄດ້ແມ່ ນເນື່ອງຈາກວ່ າ ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດ
ຕ່ າງໆ ແມ່ ນມີຄວາມສະດວກສະບາຍທີ່ຈະດໍາເນີນທຸລະກິດແບບທີ່ບໍ່ເປັນທາງການ, ແທນທີ່ຈະຜ່ານສ່ ອງ
ທາງທີ່ເປັ ນທາງການ.
ສໍາໜັບສະໜຸ ນການໄປຕາມເຫດຜົນທີ່ຖືກນໍາສະເໜີຂໍທ່ ສອງ
ີ
: ໃນ
ີ ານຫຼຸດການນໍາໃຊ ້ລະບົບພາສີເປັ ນ
ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດໃນກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງ, ໃນປີ ຕ່ ໍປີ ພວກເຂ◌ົາໄດ້ມກ
ທາງການ, ເລີ່ມຈາກ 53%ໃນປີ 2005 ແລະ ໄດ້ລດ
ົ ລົງເຫຼອ
ື ພຽງແຕ່ 38%ໃນປີ 2011, ແລະ ອັດຕາ
ES2011
້ .
ີ ກ
ີ ານສໍາລະພາສີແບບເປັ ນກອນໄດ້ມກ
ີ ານເພີ່ມຂືນ
ທາງເລືອກທີ່ນໍາໃຊວ້ ທ
້ ສະແດງໃຫ ້
ສະພາບການນີໄດ້
ີ ານຈ່ າຍພາສີແບບເປັ ນທາງການ ແມ່ ນ
ເຫັນວ່າ ວິສາຫະກິດຂະໜາດນ ້ອຍແລະກາງໃນປະເທດລາວ, ວີທກ
້
ແພງຫຼາຍ ຫຼໃື ຊ ້ເວລາຫຼາຍເກີນໄປ. ດ ້ວຍເຫດນີ, ໜ່ວຍງານທີ່ກ່ ຽວຂ ້ອງຄວນພິຈາລະນາຫາສ່ ອງທາງ
ES2011, page 13
ອຶ່ນໆ ແລະ/ຫຼປ
ື ະຕິຮູບວີທກ
ີ ານລົງທະບຽນພາສີ ແລະ ລະບົບການຈ່ າຍໃໝ່ ເພື່ອເຮັດແນວໃດຈະເຮັດໃຫ ້
ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດຕ່ າງໆມີສ່ວນຮ່ ວມໃນການດໍາເນີນທຸລະກິດແບບເປັ ນທາງການ, ເຊິ່ງຖ້າເຮັດໄດ້
້ ່ ເປັນໂອກາດທີ່ຈະຕອບສະໜອງການຄາດຄະເນລາຍຮັບທີ່ແນ່ ນອນທີ່ເປັ ນໄປໄດ້ສໍາຫຼບ
ັ ແຫຼ່ງທຶນສໍາ
ນີກໍ
ຮັອງແກ່ ລັດຖະບານ.
ິ ານການ
8. ມີການນໍ
ການນໍາໃຊ້ການບໍ
ການບໍລິ
ລກ
ຂ້ອນຂ້
ຂ້າງຈະເປັ
ມາຈາກ
ຈາກ
ການ
ການ
ານການພັ
ການພັດທະນາຫົ
ທະນາຫົວໜ່ ວຍທຸ
ະກິດ (BDS) ສູງ, ແຕ່ ຂ້ອນ
ງຈະເປັນມາ
ິ ານທີ
ມາດຖະທານ:
ໜ່ ວຍບໍ
ມາ
ດຖະທານ:
ວຍບໍລກ
ານທີ່ບໍ່ ໄດ້ມາດຖະທານ
73.9%ຂອງຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດທັງໝົດຈາກກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງແມ່ ນໄດ້
ັ ການ
ຮັບຄໍາແນະນໍາ BDS. ແຕ່ວ່ າ ຄວາມໝາຍ/ຄໍານິຍາມຂອງ BDS - “ໃຫ ້ຄໍາປຶ ກສາ//ແນະນໍາ ສໍາຫຼບ
້
ພັດທະນາທຸລະກິດຂອງເຈົາ”” - ແມ່ ນມີຄວາມໝາຍກວ້າງຫຼາຍ.. ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດສ່ ວນຫຼາຍແມ່ ນອິ່ງໃສ່
້
ຄໍາແນະນໍາຈາກສະມາຊິກຄອບຄົວ ແລະ ເພື່ອນແທນທີ່ຈະແມ່ ນຄໍາແນະນໍາຈາກອົງການຈັດຕັງສະມາຊິ
ກ
ທາງທຸລະກິດ (ສະມາຄົມທຸລະກິດຕ່ າງໆ) (BMOs), ຫ ້ອງ ການໃຫ ້ຄໍາປຶ ກສາຕ່ າງໆ ຫຼ ື ຕົວແທນໜ່ວຍ
ັ BDS ຈາກ BMOs
ງານລັດຖະບານຕ່າງໆ.. ມີພຽງ 7.9%ຈາກການສໍາຫຼວດຂອງວິສາຫະກິດທີ່ໄດ້ຮບ
ັ ຈາກລັດຖະບານ ແລະ ຜູ ຕ້ ອບສະໜອງໃຫ ້ການບໍລກ
ິ ານຈາກພາກລັດ.
ແລະ ມີພຽງ 13.0%ທີ່ໄດ້ຮບ
9. ມີຄວາມເຊື
ຄວາມເຊື່ອມ
ອມໂຍ
ໂຍງລະຫວ່
ຄວາມ
ໂຍງລະຫວ່ າງທຸ
າງທຸລະກິ
ະກິດທີ່ປະສົບຜົນສໍາເລັດ ກັບການເປັ
ການເປັນສະມາຊິກ BMO, ແຕ່ ວ່ າຄວາມ
້ ດມີການຫຼ
ການຫຼຸດລົງຈາກຫົ
ຮັບຮູຂອງຄວາມ
ຂ້ ອງຄວາມເຊື
ຈາກຫົວໜ່ ວຍທຸ
ະກິດກ່ ຽວກັ
ຽວກັບ
ໂຍງນີພັ
ອມໂຍງນີ
ຂອງ
ຄວາມເຊື່ອມໂຍ
BMOs:
BMOs:
ັ ໃນປີ
ຄືກນ
້ ,
2009, ສະມາຊິກຂອງ BMO ແມ່ ນດໍາເນີນທຸລະກິດໄດ້ດໂີ ດຍທົ່ວໄປ - ພວກເຂົາລົງທຶນເພີ່ມຂືນ,
້ , ແລະ ຜົນໄດ້ຮບ
ັ ແລະກໍາໄລຂອງພວກເຂົາກໍ່ສູ ງກວ່າຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດທີ່ບໍ່
ຈ ້າງພະນັກງານເພີ່ມຂືນ,
ິ າຫະກິດດໍາເນີນໄດ້ດກ
ີ ວ່າກໍ່ຕາມ
ແມ່ ນສະມາຊິກ. ບໍ່ວ່ າ ການເປັ ນສະມາຊິກຂອງ BMO ຈະເຮັດໃຫວ້ ສ
້
ຫຼ ື ວ່າການທີ່ພວກເຂົາເປັ ນສະມາຊິກໄດ້ເຮັດໃຫ ້ພວກເຂົາມີຄວາມກ ້າວໜ້າ ເຊິ່ງເຫດຜົນແມ່ ນເວົາໄດ້
ຫຼາຍໆເຫດຜົນ. ແຕ່ວ່ າ,, ເຖິ່ງແມ່ ນວ່ າຈະມີການເຊື່ອມໂຍງ//ກ່ ຽວພັນທາງດ້ານບວກກໍ່ຕາມ,, ປະກົດ
ວ່ າຄວາມຮັບຮູ ້ ແລະການມີສ່ວນຮ່ວມ BMOs ຂອງບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດຈາກກຸ່ ມຕົວຢ່າງແມ່ ນ
ັ ການສໍາຫຼວດແມ່ ນຮັບຮູ ້ກ່ ຽວກັບ ການ
ໜ້ອຍ.. ໃນ ES2011, ມີພຽງ 25.3% ຂອງວິສາຫະກິດທີ່ໄດ້ຮບ
້
ສົນທະນາປຶ ກສາຫາລືລະຫວາງພາກລັດ - ເອກະຊົນຂັນແຂວງ
(PPPD) ແລະ ເວທີປະຊຸມປຶ ກສາທຸລະ
້ ນໄດ້
ກິດລາວ (LBF). ອັດຕາຫຼຸດລົງຢ່າງສູ ງ 9.6%ຈາກ 34.9%ໃນES2009. ການຫຼຸດລົງນີແມ່
ມີການສັງເກດຢູ່ໃນທຸກຂະໜາດຂອງຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດ. ນອກຈາກນີ,້ ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດທີ່ຮັບຮູ ້
ັ
ກ່ ຽວກັບ BMOs ແມ່ ນໄດ້ປະກອບສ່ວນໜ້ອຍກວ່າເກົ່າ ແລະ ຫົວໜ່ວຍທີ່ມີສ່ວນຮ່ວມໃນປັດຈຸບນ
ັ ຈາກ BMOs. ການມີສ່ວນຮ່ ວມ ແລະຄວາມພໍ
ແມ່ ນມີຄວາມພໍໃຈໃນລະດັບໜ້ອຍກ່ ຽວກັບຜົນໄດ້ຮບ
້
ັ ນີສະແດງໃຫ
ໃຈໃນ BMO ຂອງສະມາຊິກແມ່ ນໄດ້ຫຸ ດ
ຼ ລົງ 13%. ຜົນທີ່ໄດ້ຮບ
ເ້ ປັ ນວ່ າຈໍາເປັນຕ ້ອງມີ
ີ ານຂອງ BMO ແລະເຮ◌ັດແນວໃດໃຫ ້ມີປະສິດທິພາບກວ່າເກົ່າ..
ການພິຈາລະນາຫາຊ່ ອງທາງປັບປຸ ງວີທກ
ຕ້ອງການ:: ໃນ
ແລະສູ
ຄວາມຕ້ອງການ
ມຄວາມຕ້ອງການ
ແລະສູນກາງ ແລະການ
ແລະການເພີ
ການເພີ່ມຄວາມ
ES2011
ວຍທຸ
ທຸລະກິ
ຖກ
ື ຖາມວ່ າ
ພວກເຂົ
ິ ານຂອງ
ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ ວຍ
ະກິດໄດ້ຖື
ພວກເຂົາຮູ ້ສຶກວ່ າການໃຫ
າການໃຫ ້ການບໍ
້ການບໍລກ
ີ ານປັບປຸ ງ ຫຼບໍ
ື ່ .ໍ
ອປຽບທຽບກັບສອງປີ
ສອງປີກ່ ອນໄດ້
ອນໄດ້ມີ
ມການປັ
ກ
ບ
ກາງແກ່ ພວກເຂົ
ພວກເຂົາເມື່ອປຽບທຽບກັ
ລັດຖະບານຂັ
ຖະບານຂັນທ້ອງ
ນ້ ທ້ອງຖິ
ການ
ທ້ອງ
ທ ້ອງຖິ່ນ ແລະ ສູນກາງແກ່
້
ຖິ່ນ
ຂ້ ອງລັດຖະບານຂັ
10. ປັບປຸ ງຄວາມຮັ
ຄວາມຮັບຮູຂອງລັ
ຂອງ
ຖະບານຂັນທ້ອງຖິ
ນທ້ອງ
້ ບການໃຫ ້ການ
ໂດຍລວມແລ ້ວ,, ບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດທຸກຂະໜາດແມ່ ນມີຄວາມພຶ່ງພໍໃຈເພີ່ມຂືນກັ
ິ ານຂອງພະນັກງານຫ ້ອງການລັດຖະບານທ ້ອງຖິ່ນ ແລະ ສູນກາງເມືອປຽບທຽບກັບສອງປີ ກ່ອນ.. ແຕ່
ບໍລກ
້ ຄອງຈັດການແມ່ ນແຫ່ ງບໍ່
ວ່ າ,, ເມືອປຽບທຽບເປັ ນອັດຕາລະຫວ່າງປີ ການສໍາຫຼວດແລ ້ວ,, ລະດັບການຄຸ ມ
ດີກວ່າເກົ່າ.. ຕົວຢ່າງ, ໃນ ES2011, ມີພຽງ 64% ຂອງຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດລາຍງານວ່ າການໃຫ ້ການ
ES2011, page 14
້ ນກາງແມ່ ນມີປະໂຫຍດ,, ປຽບທຽບກັບ ES2009 ອັດຕາແມ່ ນຢູ່ ທີ່ 73%.
ບໍລກ
ິ ານລັດຖະບານຂັນສູ
ປະກົດການກົງກັນຂາ້ ມນີ ້ ສະແດງໃຫ ້ເຫັນວ່ າມີການປຽບແປງຂອງການຄາດຫວັງລະຫວ່າງບັນດາທຸລະ
້
ັ ສິນຄວາມຮັບຜິດ
ໃນຂະໜາດທີ່ເຈົາຂອງທຸ
ລະກິດໄດ້ຕດ
້
້ ແລະ ດວ້ ຍ
ັ ການປັ ບປຸ ງຂືນກວ່
ຊອບຂອງລັດຖະບານຈະຕ ້ອງໄດ້ຮບ
າເກົ່າ, ພວກເຂົາຄາດຫວັງເພີ່ມຂືນ
້ າເບິ່ງໂດຍລວມແລ ້ວລະຫວ່າງປີ ການ,, ອັດຕາ ຫຼ ື ເປີ ເຊີນທີ່ພວກເຂົາໃຫ ້ແມ່ ນຕໍ່າກວ່າ..
ເຫດນັນຖ້
ກິດ.
ເຫດຜົນອະທິບາຍທີ່ເປັນໄປໄດ້ແມ່ ນ,
4.3. 8 ຄໍາແນະນໍາທາງດ້ານນະໂຍບາຍທີ່ສໍາຄັນ
້ ຄີ ວາມຫຼ
1. ການສ້າງ
ມ
ອອກ:
ການສ້າງໃຫ
ສ້າງໃຫ້ມີ
ວາມຫຼາກຫຼ
ກຫຼາຍຂອງ
ຍຂອງຜະລິ
ຂອງຜະລິດຕະພັນໃນແຜນງານ
ໃນແຜນງານການ
ງານການສົ
ການສົ່ງງອອກ
ອອກ: ເສດຖະກິດຂອງປະເທດລາວ
້
່ ງອອກຫຼກ
ີ ່ ານມາ.. ການສືບຕໍ່ເພີ່ມຂືນໃນການສົ
ັ ໆ
ແມ່ ນຢູ່ໃນແນວທາງສືບຕໍ່ຂະຫຍາຍຕົວໃນ 10 ປີ ທຜ
້
ຂອງຜະລິດຕະພັນຈາກລາວແມ່ ນມາຈາກຂະແໜ່ງການເຂືອນໄຟຟ້າ, ຂຸ ດຄົນແຮ່
ທອງແດງ, ກົ່ວ, ຄໍາ, ໄມ ້
ແລະ ການສົ່ງອອກບາງຜະລິດຕະພັນກະສິກາໍ ລວມມີ ສາລີ ແລະ ຢາງພາລາ. ເພື່ອເປັ ນການຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ
ຂອງບັນດາຄວາມສ່ ຽງທີ່ກ່ ຽວຂ ້ອງກັບການເນັງຕິງຂອງລາຄາຂອງບັນດາສິນຄາ້ ສົ່ງອອກເຫລົ່ານີ,້
ທາງ
ລັດຖະບານແຫ່ ງ ສປປ ລາວ ແລະຄູ່ຮ່ ວມມືການໃນການພັດທະນາຕອ້ ງໄດ້ສຸມໃສ່ ການຍົກລະດັບ/ໃຊ ້ປະ
້ ່ ເພື່ອການ
ັ ແບບນີກໍ
ໂຫຍດຂອງຄວາມເປັນເອກະລັກທີ່ໄດ້ປຽບຂອງສິນຄາ້ ທີ່ມາຈາກລາວ.. ການປະຕິບດ
ັ ການ
ສາ້ ງໃຫ ້ມີຄວາມຫຼາກຫຼາຍຂອງສິນຄາ້ ສົ່ງອອກຈາກປະເທດລາວໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ ນສິນຄາ້ ທີ່ໄດ້ຮບ
ແປຮູ ບ/ປຸ ງແຕ່ ງ ຫຼ ື ແປຮູ ບໃນລະດັບໃດໜຶ່ງ.. ການສາ້ ງໃຫ ້ມີຄວາມຫຼາກຫຼາຍຂອງສິນຄ ້າແຫ່ ງມີຄວາມ
ສໍາຄັນເພີ່ມຂືນ້ ໃນຂະໜາດທີ່ມີການເໜັ່ງຕິງຂອງການຄາ້ ແລະ ການລົງທຶນທີ່ກ ້ຽມພ ້ອມເພື່ອ AFTA.
້ ເປິ ດກວ້າງໃຫ ້ຜູ ຜ
ເຊິ່ງດ້ວຍເຫດນັນ້
ັ ແບບນີໄດ້
້ ະລິດຈາກລາວ ເພີ່ມຄວາມພອ້ ມໃນການ
້ .
ແຂ່ງຂັນທີ່ມີຄວາມສ່ຽງ ແລະ ຍາດແຍ່ ງເອົາທຸ ກໂອກາດຕ່ າງໆທີ່ຈະເກີດຂືນ.
້ ນຂ່ າວສານກ່
2. ການປັ
ລະບົ
ບົບການເຜີ
ຽນຂໍ
ການປັບປຸ ງລະ
ການເຜີຍແຜ່ ແລະ ແລກປ່ຽນ
ຂໍມູ
າວສານກ່ ຽວກັ
ຽວກັບການຄ້
ການຄ້າເສລີ ແລະ ການເຊື
ການເຊື່ອມ
ໂຍງທາງ
ໂຍງທາງດ້
ນເສດຖະກິດ: ທາງລັດຖະບານ, ຄູ່ຮ່ວມມືໃນການພັດທະນາ, BMOs ແລະ ອົງການທີ່ບໍ່
ງທາງດ້ານເສດຖະກິ
້ ບລັດຖະບານ
ຂືນກັ
ຕ້ອງໄດ້ເນັ່ນຄວາມສໍາຄັນຂອງແຜນງານໜ້າວຽກກ່ ຽວກັບການເຊື່ອມ
້
້ ນຂ່ າວສານ ເພື່ອສາ້ ງຄວາມ
ໂຍງທາງດາ້ ນການຄາ້ ແລະການປັ ບປຸ ງຄວາມຕັງໃຈໃນລະບົ
ບການເຜີຍແຜ່ຂໍມູ
ພ ້ອມໃຫ ້ບັນດາທຸລະກິດຂະໜາດນ ້ອຍໃນການແຂ່ ງຂັນກັບບັນດາທຸລະກິດຈາກຕ່າງປະເທດ. ເຊັ່ນດຽວ
(NGOs)
້ ວກເຂົາຊ່ວຍໃຊໂ້ ອກາດຂອງການຄາ້ ທີ່ມີການເປິ ດກວ້າງນີນໍ້ າ.
ກັນເຮັດແນວໃດໃຫພ
ຈາກມູມມອງດາ້ ນ
້
ຍຸ ດທະສາດ,
ຫ ້ອງການຕ່ າງໆຄວນເລີມກະກ ້ຽມໃຫ ້ບັນດາທຸລະກິດມີການເຊື່ອມໂຍງເຂົາຫາເຄື
ອ
ຄາ້ ຍຕ່ອງໂສ້ການຕອບສະໜອງຕ່າງໆ ໃນພູ ມມີພາກ, ແລະໃຊປ້ ະໂຫຍດຄວາມໄດ້ປຽບຕ່ າງໆຂອງຕົນ້
້ ນເລີ
້ ່ ມຕົນການປະສານງານຄວນ
້
ເພື່ອໃຫ ້ພ ້ອມກັບການປ່ຽນແປງຢ່າງກະທັນຫັນທີ່ຈະເກ◌ີດຂືນ້ . ໃນຂັນຕົ
ຕ ້ອງມີລະຫວ່າງລັດຖະບານແຫ່ ງ ສປປ ລາວ, ຜູ ໃ້ ຫ ້ທຶນສະໜັບສະໜຸ ນ ແລະ ຫ ້ອງການ NGOs ທີ່
້ ນ,
ເພື່ອລິກລຽ້ ງການເຮັດວຽກຊໍາກັ
ແລະກະຈ່ າຍໜ້າວຽກໄປໃຫ ້ຂະແໜ່ ງການທີ່
ກ່ ຽວຂອ້ ງສະເພາະ. ສາຍເຫດກໍ່ເນື່ອງຈາກວ່າແຕ່ລະຂະແໜ່ ງການອຸ ດສາຫະກໍາ ແລະກຸ່ ມທຸ ລະກິດແມ່ ນ
ກ່ ຽວຂອ້ ງຕ່າງໆ
ີ ່ າງກັນ. ກ່ ອນການ
ຕ ້ອງປະເຊີນກັບຄວາມທ ້າທາຍ ແລະ ໂອກາດຕ່ າງໆຈາກການເປີ ດການຄາ້ ເສລີທຕ
ັ ,
້ ່ າງນະໂຍບາຍຕ ້ອງໄດ້ປະເມີນຢ່າງລະອຽດວ່ າ
ປະຕິບດ
ຜູ ວ
ພາກສ່ວນສະເພາະໃດທີ່ເປັ ນສື
ທີ່ສາມາດລະດົມບັນດາຂະແໜ່ ງການ//ພາກສ່ວນອຸ ດສາຫະກໍາເພື່ອຈະສະໜັບສະໜຸ ນການເປີ ດການຄ້າ
ີ ານນໍາສະເໜີ ແລະ ຜ່ານສື/ວີທກ
ີ ານອັນໃດ
ີ້
ມີຄວາມຄິດແຜນການສໍາຄັນອັນໃດທີ່ຕ ້ອງໄດ້ມກ
ເສລີນໃດ,
ັ ໝາກຜົນ/ຜົນປະໂຫຍດທີ່ຫຼາຍກວ່າໝູ່ໝົດ.
ຈຶ່ງຈະໄດ້ຮບ
ES2011, page 15
3. ປ່ຽນແປ
ຽນແປງ
ທການເຝິ
ກ
ີ ານເຝິກອົບຮົມ ດັ່ ງນັ
ງນັນບັ
ນ້ ບັນດາທຸ
ດາທຸລະກິ
ະກິດຈຶ່ ງເຫັ
ງເຫັນຄຸນຄ່ າທີ
າທີ່ ການເຝິ
ການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມຈະມອບ
ຈະມອບ
ແປງ/ປັບປຸ ງ ສື/ວີທີ
ການ
ັ ແມ່ ນເຫັນຄຸ ນຄ່ າຂອງການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມບໍ່ຫຼາຍ.. ການບໍ່ເຫັນຄຸ ນຄ່ານີ ້
ໃຫ້: ບັນດາທຸລະກິດຕ່ າງໆໃນປັດຈຸບນ
ັ /ຜ່ານ
ແມ່ ນເປັ ນບັນຫາ,, ເນື່ອງຈາກການທີ່ຈະມີສາມາດຢູ່ໃນເວທີການແຂ່ງຂັນໄດ້ ຕ ້ອງມີແຮງງານທີ່ໄດ້ຮບ
້ , ບັນດາຜູອ
້ ອກນະໂຍບາຍຕ້ອງທໍາອິດຕອ້ ງ ມີການສຶກສາວ່ າເປັ ນຍັງການ
ການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມ. ດ ້ວຍເຫດນັນ,
້ ສະເໜີ
ົ /ປະຕິບດ
ັ . ສົມມຸ ດຕິຖານໜຶ່ງທີ່ບົດລາຍງານນີໄດ້
ຕອບສະໜອງການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມຈຶ່ງບໍ່ເປັ ນທີ່ນິຍມ
້ , ແລະ ໄດ້ໃຫ ້ທັດສະນະວ່າການ
ຜ່ານມາ ແມ່ ນເນື່ອງຈາກບັນດາທຸລະກິດແມ່ ນໄດ້ຮັບກໍາໄລເພີ່ມຂືນ,
ເຝິ ກອົບຮົມແມ່ ນບໍ່ມີຄວາມຈໍາເປັ ນຫຼາຍ.. ແຕ່ວ່ າແນວໃດກໍ່ຕາມ,, ຕ ້ອງມີການສຶກສາເອົາໃຈໃສ່ເພີ່ມຂືນ້
້
ເພື່ອໃຫ ້ມີຄວາມເຂົາໃຈກ່
ຽວກັບປັດໃຈ/ເຫດຜົນ
ເບື່ອງຫຼງັ ທັງໝົດວ່ າຍ ້ອນສາຍເຫດອັນໃດການຕອບ
້
ັ . ພາຍຫຼງັ ທີບນ
ັ ຫາຫຼກ
ັ ແມ່ ນໄດ້ຮບ
ັ ຄວາມເຂົາໃຈແລ
້ວ, ຜູ ້
ສະໜອງການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມຈຶ່ງບໍ່ເປັ ນທີ່ປະຕິບດ
ີ ານ/ໃຊສ້ ຕ
ື ່ າງໆຂອງພວກເຂົາໃຫ ້ມີປະສິດທິຜນ
ົ
ອອກນະໂຍບາຍ ແລະໃຫ ້ການສຶກສາສາມາດເລີ່ມວີທກ
້
ເພີ່ມຂືນ້ ແລະ/ຫຼ ື ດັດປັ ບຫົວຂໍການເຝິ
ກອົບຮົມຕ່ າງໆ ເພື່ອໃຫ ້ຕອບສະໜອງຕາມຄວາມຕ້ອງການຂອງ
້ ມ
ົ ໃຊ.້ ການລິ່ເລີ່ມການນໍາໃຊ້ນະວະຕະກໍາໃໝ່ໂດຍການສົ່ງເສີມການຕະຫຼາດເພື່ອສັງຄົມ ອາດ
ລູກຄາ້ /ຜູ ຊ
້
ສາມາດສາ້ ງບົດບາດການປ່ຽນແປງແນວຄວາມຄິດຂອງເຈົາຂອງທຸ
ລະກິດກ່ ຽວກັບຄຸ ນຄ່ າຂອງການ
້
້ ່ ງ, ຍຸ ດທະສາດເລົ່ານີຄວນມີ
ເຝິ ກອົບຮົມ. ແຕ່ ອີກຄັງໜຶ
ການນໍາໃຊ ້ ໃນເມື່ອປັດໃຈພັກດັນ/ເຫດຜົນຢູ່ເບື່ອງ
ຫຼງັ ຂອງແນວຄວາມຄິດກ່ ຽວກັບການໃຫ ້ການເຝິ ກອົບຮົມແມ່ ນເປັ ນທີ່ອະທິບາຍ/ລະບຸ ຢ່າງກະຈ ້າງແຈ ້ງ..
4. ປັບປຸ ງຄຸ ນນະພາບຂອງ
ນະພາບຂອງ BDS: ຄືກນັ ກັບຫຼາຍຕະຫຼາດທີ່ກໍາລັງພັດທະນາ, BDS ຢູ່ໃນປະເທດລາວສືບຕໍ່
ີ ານ “ບັນຫາພາຍໃນຄອບຄົວ”, ໂດຍທີ່ວ່ າມີພຽງທຸລະກິດຈໍານວນໜ້ອຍທີ່ອິ່ງໃຊ/້ ຝັງຄໍາ
ທີ່ຈະເປັ ນວີທກ
ິ ານ,, ລັດຖະບານ ຫຼ ື ຜູ ໃ້ ຫທ
້ ນ
ຶ ຊ່ ວຍເຫຼອ
ື ລາ້ ຕ່ າງໆ.. ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ ້
ແນະນໍາຂອງຊ່ ຽວຊານໃຫ ້ບໍລກ
ອອກນະໂຍບາຍ,, ຄວາມທ ້າທາຍແມ່ ນຍັງຄົງແມ່ ນວ່າຕ ້ອງໃຫແ້ ນ່ ໃຈວ່ າບັນດາ BDSແມ່ ນຕອບສະໜອງ
້
າໄດ້ ແລະເຊັ່ນດຽວກັນ
ຄໍາແນະນໍາ/ປຶ ກສາທີ່ມີຄຸນະພາບສູ ງ, ບັນດາທຸລະກິດແມ່ ນສາມາດເຂົາຫາພວກເຂົ
້ ງໆ, ແລະລັດຖະບານແມ່ ນມີບດ
ົ ບາດສໍາຄັນໃນການຕອບສະໜອງ
ພາກສ່ວນເອກະຊົນ, ອົງການຈັດຕັງຕ່
ິ ານເຫລົ່ານີ.້
ຄໍາແນະນໍາ/ບໍລກ
ົ ຂອງ BMO ຈຶ່ງງຫຼ
5. ສໍາຫຼວດຫາສາຍ
ຫຼຸດລົງ, ແລະພັ
ແລະພັດທະນາ
ດຫາສາຍເຫດ
ສາຍເຫດວ່
ເຫດວ່ າເປັ
າເປັນຍັງຈໍານວນສະມາຊິ
ນວນສະມາຊິກ/ຄວາມນິ
ຄວາມນິຍມ
ິ ານ ແລະ ດຶ່ງດູດສະມາຊິກໃໝ່ : ໃນເມື່ອກ່ ອນ BMOsໃນ
ແຜນງານ
ະພາບຂອງການ
ຂອງການບໍ
ການບໍລກ
ອປັບປຸ ງຄຸ ນະພາບຂອງ
ແຜນງານເພື
ງານເພື່ອປັ
້
້
ປະເທດລາວແມ່ ນສາມາດບັນລຸ ຄວາມເປັ ນໄປໄດ້/ເປົ າໝາຍຂອງພວກເຂົ
າ, ດວ້ ຍເຫດນັນແມ່
ນຈໍາເປັ ນທີ່
ື ຕອບ. ທໍາອິດ, ເປັ ນຫຍັງ BMOs ຈຶ່ງສູ ນເສຍສະມາຊິກ/ຈໍານວນ
ວ່ າບາງຄໍາຖາມສໍາຄັນຕ ້ອງໄດ້ຖກ
້ ວມຈຶ່ງໜ້ອຍກວ່າປີ ທຜ
ີ ່ ານມາ? ຄໍາ
ສະມາຊິກຈື່ງຫຼຸດລົງ? ຕໍ່ມາ, ເປັນຍັງລະດັບຄວາມພໍໃຈຂອງຜູ ເ້ ຂົາຮ່
້ ນມີຄວາມສໍາຄັນພືນຖານຢ
້
່ າງຕໍ່ເນື່ອງ ເພື່ອການພັດທະນາແຜນງານໃນຕໍ່ໜ້າ
ຕອບຕໍ່ຄໍາຖາມເຫລົ່ານີແມ່
ັ ມີສ່ວນຮ່ວມ.
ເພື່ອດຶ່ງດູດສະມາຊິກໃໝ່ ແລະ ເພື່ອເຮັດແນວໃດທີ່ຈະຮັກສາໃຫ ້ສະມາຊິກໃນປັດຈຸບນ
ມ
້ ປະສິ
ປີ ະສິດທິພາບ ແລະ ປະຕິຮູ
ຮູບລະບົ
ແບບເປັນທາງການ
ນັນໜ
6. ການເຮັ
ການເຮັດໃຫມີ
ລະບົບພາສີແບບເປັ
ແບບ
ທາງການ ດັ່ງງນັ
ນ້ ໜ່ວຍທຸ
ະກິດຂະໜາດ
່ ຈະຮ່ ວມມື/ ປະສານງານກັນ
້
ໄປຈ່ າຍແບບ
າຍແບບເປັ
ອນໜ້ອຍລົ
ງຫັນໄປຈ່
ນ ້ອຍຈຶ
້ອຍຈຶ່ ງຫັ
ແບບເປັນກ່ ອນໜ້ອຍ
ໜ້ອຍລົງ: ຄວນຕ ້ອງມີຄວາມຕັງໃຈທີ
ເພື່ອຫຼຸດ -ເປັ ນໄປໄດ້ແມ່ ນລົບລາ້ ງ-- ການນໍາໃຊ ້ຂອງລະບົບຈ່ າຍເປັ ນກ່ ອນຢູ່ໃນປະເທດລາວ.. ເພາະການ
້ ສາ້ ງຊ່ ອງວາງໃຫມ
້
ັ ແນວນີໄດ້
້ ກ
ີ ານສໍລາດບັ
ປະຕິບດ
ງຫຼວງຂອງບັນດາຫ ້ອງການທ ້ອງຖິ່ນ ແລະ ນໍາໄປ
້ ນສໍາຫຼບ
ັ ບັນດາທຸລະກິດຂະໜາດນ ້ອຍແມ່ ນຢູ່ໃນລະດັບສູ ງ ເຊິ່ງຕ້ອງ
ສູ່ ເຮັດໃຫ ້ລະດັບຄ່ າໃຊຈ້ ່ າຍ/ຕົນທຶ
ີ ານເຈລະຈາອັດຕາຕ່ າງໆກັນ. ນອກຈາກນີ ້ ໃນທີ່ສຸ ດແລວ້ ແມ່ ນມັນຫຍັງຈໍາກັດຄວາມສາມາດຂອງ
ໄດ້ມກ
ES2011, page 16
ຫ ້ອງການອໍານາດການປົກຄອງສູນກາງທີ່ຈະເກັບລາຍໄດ້ແບບເປັ ນປະຈໍາ, ເພາະເນື່ອງຈາກວ່າເງ ິນທີ່ຖືກ
້
່ ສາມາດຖືກໂອນ/ຈ່ າຍເຂົາຫາຄັ
້
ຈ່ າຍເປັ ນກ່ ອນນີອາດບໍ
ງເງ ິນກ ້ອງກາງໄດ້. ແຕ່ວ່ າການທີ່ ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະ
ກິດຈະກ ້າວຜ່ານຈາກລະບົບທີ່ບໍ່ເປັນທາງການມາເປັ ນແບບທາງການ ແມ່ ນຈໍາເປັ ນຕອ້ ງມີໂຄງຮ່າງພາສີທ່ ີ
ີ ່ ວນຮ່ ວມ..
ເປັ ນລະບົບແລະທາງການ ທີ່ສາມາດອໍານວຍຄວາມສະດວກໃຫ ້ທຸລະກິດຂະໜາດນ ້ອຍໄດ້ມສ
່
ໂດຍການມີລະບົບຂະບວນການການຈັດການເອກະສານທີບໍ່ຍຸ ງຍາກ,, ບໍ່ຕ້ອງເສຍເວລາຫຼາຍ ແລະຄ່າໃຊ ້
ຈ່ າຍສູ ງ. ຖ້າຫາກປັດສະຈາກການປະຕິຮູບນີ,້ ເສດຖະກິດຂອງປະເທດລາວແມ່ ນຈະມີຄວາມສ່ ຽງເພີ່ມ
ັ ທຸລະກິດແບບບໍ່ເປັ ນທາງການ
ຂືນ້
ໂດຍທີ່ວ່ າວິສາຫະກິດຂະໜາດນ ້ອຍແມ່ ນຈະຖຶກພັກດັນໃຫ ້ປະຕິບດ
ແລະ ລາຍໄດ້ຂອງລັດຖະບານໃນໄລຍະຍາວແມ່ ນຖືກຈໍາກັດ.
້
ີ ານປັບປຸ ງຕ່ າງໆແລ້ວ
7. ສືບຕໍ່ສ້າງບົ
ທີ່ໄດ້ມີ
ມການປັ
ກ
ປະສິດທິພາບຂອງລັ
ພາບຂອງລັດຖະບານໂດຍ
ງບົນພືນຖານທີ
ນຖານ
ການ
າງໆແລ້ວໃນ
ແລ້ວໃນຄວາມ
ໃນຄວາມມີ
ຄວາມມີປະສິ
ພາບຂອງ
ຖະບານໂດຍການ
ໂດຍການ
້
ນ:: ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດໄດ້ສະແດງຄວາມພໍໃຈໃນ
ເຮັດແນວໃດ
ຂ້ ະບວນການລົ
ແນວໃດໃຫ
ໃດໃຫ້ຂະບວນການ
ຂະ
ບວນການລົງທະບຽນທຸ
ທະບຽນທຸລະກິ
ະກິດໄວຂື
ໄວຂືນ
ັ ຜິດຊອບຂອງອໍານາດການປົກຄອງທ ້ອງຖິ່ນແລະສູນກາງຕ່າງໆ, ແຕ່ວ່ າໃນຂະໜາດ
ການປັບປຸ ງໜ້າທີຮບ
້ ດທີ່ບົ່ງບອກວ່ າການບໍລກ
ີ ວ
ົ ຊີວັ
ິ ານແມ່ ນແຫ່ ງບໍ່ດີກວ່າເກົ່າ.. ດັ່ງທີ່ເຫັນຢ່າງຈະແຈ ້ງກໍ່ຄື ໃນ
ດຽວກັນໄດ້ມຕ
ການລົງທະບຽນທຸລະກິດຂອງທຸກຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດທຸກໆລະດັບ ແມ່ ນໃຊ້ເວລາດົນຫຼາຍ.. ມັນມີຄວາມ
້
ງທະບຽນ
ຈໍາເປັ ນທີ່ໜ່ວຍງານທີ່ກ່ ຽວຂອ້ ງຕ່າງໆແມ່ ນບໍ່ພຽງແຕ່ ປັບປຸ ງລະບົບຂະບວນການຂັນຕອນການລົ
ີ ານປະຕິບດ
ັ ແລ ້ວໃນລະດັບໄດ້ໜ່ ງພາຍໃຕ
ຶ
້ ກົດໝາຍວິສາຫະກິດ
ໃຫ ້ມີປະສິດທິພາບກວ່າເກົ່າ - ເຊິ່ງໄດ້ມກ
ປີ 2005 ແລະ ກົດໝາຍສົ່ງເສີມການລົງທຶນປີ 2010. ແຕ່ ທີສໍາຄັນແມ່ ນຈະຕອ້ ງໃຫແ້ ນ່ ໃຈວ່າການປະຕິ
້ ນຖືກປະຕິບດ
້
້ ນຖານທ
ັ ຢູ່ໃນລະດັບຂັນພື
້ອງຖິ່ນ ແລະ ຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດແມ່ ນມີຄວາມຮັບຮູ ້
ຮູ ບນີແມ່
ກ່ ຽວກັບການປະຕິຮູບນີ.້
້ ຫາແຫຼ່
ື ທາງດ້ານການ
ື
ອ
ນແຜນງານ
ງານການ
ອຍກູ
ຢມ
8. ປັບປຸ ງການເຂົ
ວຍເຫຼອທາງດ້ານ
ອທາງ
ດ້ານການເງ
ການເງ ິນ ບໍ່ພຽງແຕ່
ພຽງແຕ່ ແມ່ ນແຜນ
ງານການປ
ການປ່ອຍ
ກູ/້້/ໃຫ້ຢື
ອຊ່ ວຍເຫຼ
ການເຂົາາຫາ
ຫາແຫຼ່ ງທຶນ ເພື່ອຊ່
່
້ ນທີສໍາ
ໍ ຫ
ິ ານ/
ເທົ່ານັ
ແຕ່ ຕ້ອງໃຫ້
ບ້ ລ
ເງ ິນ ແລະລົ
ານັນ້
ຕ້ອງໃຫ້ຮູຮູບໍ
ານ/ນໍາໃຊ້ເງ
ແລະລົງທະບຽນທຸ
ທະບຽນທຸລະກິ
ະກິດນໍາ: ໃນຂະໜາດທີຂໍມູ
້
່ ງທຶນຂອງວິສາຫະກິດຂະໜາດຈຸລະພາກ ແລະນ ້ອຍໃນກຸ່ ມ
ຫຼວດມາສະແດງໃຫ ້ເຫັນວ່າ ການເຂົາຫາແຫຼ
ັ ການປັບປຸ ງໃນປີ 2011, ຈໍານວນຫົວໜ່ວຍວິສາຫະກິດທີ່ນໍາໃຊ ້ເທັກ
ຕົວຢ່າງການສໍາຫຼວດແມ່ ນໄດ້ຮບ
ນິກລະບົບບັນຊີໃນການບັນທຶກຕິດຕາມການໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ ແລະ ການຈ່ າຍພາສີແບບເປັ ນທາງການພັດຫຼຸດລົງ.
້
້ ນໄດ້ປະເຊີນກັບຄວາມທ ້າທາຍ//ຫຍຸ່ ງຍາກ
້ເຫັນວ່ າບັນດາຫົວໜ່ວຍທຸລະກິດນີແມ່
ສັນຍານນີສະແດງໃຫ
້
ິນກູ ້ເພີ່ມຂືນ້
ໃນການເຂົາຫາເງ
ັ ການເຮັດທຸລະກິດໃນພຽງກອບ
ຖ້າຫາກວ່ າພວກເຂົາຍັງສືບຕໍ່ປະຕິບດ
ໍ ຫ
ິ ານການເງ ິນ ແລະ ການລົງທະບຽນພາສີ
ນອກ//ຮູ ບນອກຂອງເສດຖະກິດແບບເປັ ນທາງການ.. ການຮູ ບ້ ລ
້
ັ SMEs ກູຢື້ ມເງ ິນຈາກທະນາຄານການຄ ້າໄດ້. ດັ່ງນັນ,
ຢ່າງເປັ ນທາງການແມ່ ນບາດກ ້າວທີ່ສໍາຄັນສໍາຫຼບ
ີ ານເຈລະຈາຕ່າງໆໃຫ ້ແກ່
ຄໍາແນະນໍາທີ່ສໍາຄັນແມ່ ນ ຕ ້ອງເພີ່ມການສຶກສາ ແລະ ຄວາມສາມາດວີທກ
ັ ສະ ແລະ ຄວາມຮູ ທ
້ ່ ຈະສາມາດກູ
ີ
້ຢື ມເງ ິນຈາກແຫຼ່ງທີ່ເປັ ນທາງການ
SMEs ເພື່ອທີ່ວ່ າພວກເຂົາຈະມີທກ
ໄດ້.
ES2011, page 17
5. Executive Summary
5.1. Background:
The third phase of the Lao-German Programme “Human Resource Development for a
Market Economy (HRDME), has a time horizon of implementation of three years (20112014) and aims to improve the conditions for private sector/ SME development and a
needs oriented vocational education and training. It has three ministerial partners—
Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), Ministry of Industry and Commerce (MoIC), and
Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES) — as well as Lao Chamber of Commerce and
Industry (LNCCI) as the umbrella organisation for the private sector in Laos. The
implementation of Phase III of the HRDME Programme builds on that of Phases I and II and
adheres to the defined objective as well as to the corresponding indicators capturing the
development impact of Programme support.
The data collected by this year’s Enterprise Survey 2011 (ES2011) provides valuable
information for the monitoring of economic and private sector development, especially with
respect to the business environment and SME development in Laos. Drawing from a
representative sample of 728 firms across five provinces, this analysis assesses changes in
the business performance and environment against previous surveys (EBS2005, ES2007,
ES2009) in an effort to measure the impacts of the HRDME Programme and other
stakeholder programmes against key indicators, and to evaluate the current economic
environment for doing businesses, more broadly.
The survey was guided by the ES2011 Task Force (ESTF2011) and conducted in close
cooperation with HRDME and the Programme’s Lao counterparts MPI, MoES, MoIC and
LNCCI. Practical implementation was supported by consultants as well as by the National
Statistics Department and the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration of the
National University of Laos (NUoL).
5.2. Ten Key Findings
1. Laos has experienced positive economic growth, fuelled by a natural resource
boom: Laos has grown at an average of 7.5% since 2002, with GDP growth reaching
8.5% in 2010. Unlike some of its regional neighbours, Laos weathered the
international crisis well, as it is less interconnected through international trade and
investment flows.
However, in recent years, there has been a steady increase in FDI to Laos, primarily
driven by a natural resource boom. The hydropower, copper, tin, gold, and wood
industries have attracted large amounts of FDI (approximately US$1.1 billion in
2011) and driven exports, while the non-resource sectors have comprised a
continually smaller component of Laos’ economic growth. To put this surge into
context, FDI for resource sectors was 41% of total FDI in 2000 and was 83% of total
FDI in 2010. As such, the manufacturing and agriculture sectors represent a smaller
portion of total GDP each year, not necessarily because they are shrinking, but
because they are not growing as fast as resource-based sectors.
Like many countries with resource booms, Laos’ imports are aggressively trending
upward as foreign exchange flows into the country. Not surprisingly, consumer
goods constitute a significant portion of imports. Cars, for instance, represented
ES2011, page 23
16.5% of total imports in 2010.While growth has been a largely positive
development, some risks remain:
•
There is inherent price volatility associated with an overdependence on minerals
and electricity investments and exports.
•
Laos exhibits some early symptoms of a “Dutch Disease” like scenario in which a
capital account surplus, the risk of currency appreciation and changing resource
allocation could crowd out non-resource based exports and erode the prospect
of sustainable long run growth.
2. Firms’ profits and expectations are rising: The growth experienced by the macro
economy has indeed trickled down to impact the 728 firms in our sample. Increased
spending power and FDI has led to greater profits for local firms. In 2011, 50.8% of
firms in the sample experienced increased profits compared to last year and 25%
acknowledged that profits remained approximately the same. The majority (79.2%)
of owners/managers expect profits to increase (63.3%) or remain the same (15.9%)
in the future. The proportion of enterprises surveyed in 2011 that expect their
profits to decrease in coming years was only 6.8%, the lowest recorded (Figures 38
and 39). This reflects on-going positive expectations about growth in future profits,
reinforced by past experience (Figure 36) of consistent performance.
3. Lao firms in the sample view competition as weakening: Lao firms of all sizes
perceive fewer issues surrounding competitiveness than in 2009. While on the
surface this is a favourable finding for individual firms, from an industry or sectorwide perspective limited competition could leave the economy vulnerable in the
long run, particularly as international firms enter the fray in greater numbers in the
wake of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and World Trade Organisation (WTO)
implementation.
4. Those firms that do feel competitive pressure often cite access to capital and
market saturation as major obstacles: 57% of micro businesses and 45% of small
businesses from the sample expressed that lack of capital is a “big” or “very big”
constraint (Figure 56). Business owners who feel competitive pressure also cite a
lack of product differentiation as a primary reason for their struggles. These issues
will likely be exacerbated when additional international firms with access to working
capital and brand recognition enter into the Lao market space.
5. Firms have little to no knowledge of upcoming trade integration, leaving them
vulnerable in the medium to long term: All firm types (small, medium and large)
view domestic competition as a bigger challenge than foreign competition. This
inward orientation is coupled with an overall lack of awareness regarding upcoming
trade agreements. Firms in the sample, for instance, know less about AFTA and the
WTO than they did in 2009, with less than 30% of the firms aware of each respective
agreement (Figure 50). A lack of awareness limits firms’ ability to prepare for trade
opening and to seize opportunities abroad.
6. Satisfaction levels among businesses are high, but this could be a long run
hindrance to productivity: Firms of all sizes are mostly optimistic about their recent
business performance; relatively few believe the situation has gotten worse in the
past 2 years. Additionally, firms are more optimistic about their recent business
ES2011, page 24
performance than in the previous survey period of 2009. This general optimism,
however, runs the risk of adversely affecting how business owners invest in their
businesses and train their staff members.
•
Less interest in training: Year-on-year, firms from the sample are less interested
in training on aggregate. One plausible hypotheses surrounding this trend is that
firms are experiencing higher profits and don’t feel the need to invest in training.
“Why invest in training when profits have grown without it?” business may ask
themselves. With the exception of micro-sized enterprises, ES2011 recorded the
lowest levels of owners interested in receiving training for their staff by
enterprise (Figure 86) since ES began in 2005 with a 7.8 percentage point
decrease since ES2009 and an overall decrease of 18.3 percentage points
between EBS2005 (73.1%) and ES2011 (54.8%). These figures do not portend
well, as the Lao economy braces for deeper economic integration and additional
competition from abroad.
•
The proportion of firms that are investing in their businesses has remained the
same: Despite rising aggregate profits, an equal proportion of firms have decided
to invest in their businesses as in ES2009. 38% of small firms, 40% of medium
sized firms and 50% of large firms that decided not to invest (emphasis) explain
that they are content with their current size (Figure 44). This could be an early
symptom of economic myopia that often accompanies rapid growth.
7. There is a noteworthy shift towards informal business practices, with fewer firms
registering with the tax office and an increase in lump sum tax payments versus
formal payments: According to National Tax Office 77,482 firms were registered
throughout Laos compared to 83,181 in 2009, a reduction of 7.3%. While this could
imply firm consolidation, another potential reason for the decrease is that firms are
more comfortable operating informally, rather than through formalized channels.
The ES2011 supports the later explanation: among firms in the sample there has
been a year-on-year reduction in use of the formal tax system, starting at 53% in
2005 and declining to just 38% by 2011, and a proportional rise in the use of the
lump sum tax option. These trends illustrate that for SMEs in Laos, formal tax
payment channels are either too costly or too time consuming. As such, stakeholders
should consider how to streamline and/or reform the tax registration and payment
systems to create greater incentives for firms to participate in the formal economy,
ultimately providing a more predictable revenue stream for government coffers.
8. There is high usage of Business Development Services (BDS), but from potentially
less reputable sources: 73.9% of the firms in the sample receive business
development services. Yet the definition of BDS – “consultancy/recommendation for
the development of your business” – is exceptionally broad. Most firms rely on
advice from family members and friends, rather than BMOs, consulting firms, or
government agencies. Only 7.9% of enterprises surveyed received BDS from BMOs
and 13.0% from government and public service providers.
9. There is a positive correlation between business success and Business Membership
Organisation (BMO) membership, yet a reduction in awareness, participation and
satisfaction among businesses with respect to BMOs: As in 2009, BMO members
are generally better in business – they invest more, hire more, and their turnover
ES2011, page 25
and profit increases more than that of non-members. Whether the BMO
membership makes enterprises better or whether they are members because they
are more enlightened is open to interpretation. However, despite this positive
correlation, there appears to be less awareness of, and participation in, BMOs
among firms in the sample. In ES2011, only 25.3% of enterprises surveyed were
aware of Provincial Public-Private Dialogue (PPPD) and Lao Business Forum (LBF), a
significant 9.6 percentage point drop compared to 34.9% in ES2009. This decrease
was also observed across enterprise sizes. Moreover, those firms that are aware of
BMOs are participating less, and firms that are currently participating are less
satisfied with BMOs’ outcomes. BMO participation and BMO satisfaction among
members dropped by 13 percentage points, respectively. These outcomes point to
the need to consider how to improve BMO outreach and effectiveness.
10. Improved perceptions of local and national governance and increasing demands:
Firms were asked in ES2011 if they felt that both local and central government
services have improved compared to two years ago. On aggregate, firms of all sizes
report that they are happier with local and central authorities’ performance
compared to two years prior. However, the aggregate rating of governance between
years has worsened. For instance, in ES2011 64% of firms report central government
services helpful, compared to 73% in ES2009. This apparent contradiction likely
indicates that there is a shift in expectations among businesses. A plausible
explanation is that while business owners judge government responsiveness to be
improving, they expect more and therefore on aggregate between years they have
given lower ratings to authorities.
5.3. Eight Core Policy Recommendations
1. Diversify export portfolio: Laos’s economy has undergone considerable growth over
the past decade. The steady increase in exports has been driven by hydropower,
copper, tin, gold, wood, as well as a number of agricultural commodities including
corn and rubber. To mitigate the risks associated with its volatile commodities
driven exports, the GoL and its development partners must focus on leveraging
unique comparative advantages to diversify Laos’ export portfolio especially with
regard to processed or semi-processed products. Such diversification is even more
critical as trade and investment flows open in the wake of AFTA, thereby opening up
Lao producers to increased competitive risks and emerging opportunities.
2. Improve outreach and information sharing regarding upcoming free trade and
economic integration: Government, Development Partners, BMOs and nongovernmental organisations must sharpen their message regarding trade integration
and improve outreach efforts to prepare small businesses for upcoming competition
from abroad, as well as how to take advantage of opportunities as trade liberalizes.
From a strategic perspective, agencies should begin to prepare businesses to link
into regional supply chains, and leverage comparative advantages to brace for quick
change. Initiatives should be coordinated between the GoL, private sector
representatives, donors and relevant non-government agencies to avoid overlap,
and tailored towards specific sectors, as each industry and business grouping will
face disparate challenges and opportunities in the wake of liberalisation. Before
implementation, policy makers must carefully assess what sector-specific messages
ES2011, page 26
can mobilize industries to brace for liberalisation, what core ideas need to be
presented, and what mediums should have the biggest impact.
3. Change/improve training message so that businesses value offerings: Businesses
appear to value training less than in the past. This is troubling, as a trained workforce
is needed to remain competitive. As such, policy makers should first explore why
training is less popular. One hypothesis that this report puts forth is that businesses
are more profitable, and therefore view training as less necessary. However, more
work must be done to understand all drivers behind trainings waning popularity.
Once the key issues are understood, policy makers and educators can begin to target
their messages more effectively and/or adjust trainings so that they meet the
demands of consumers. Innovative social marketing initiatives could also play a role
in altering business owners’ perceptions of training’s value, but again, these
strategies should only be employed once the key drivers behind perceptions of
trainings are clearly defined.
4. Improve the quality of BDS: Like in many developing markets, BDS in Laos continues
to be “a family affair,” with few businesses relying on professional service providers,
government or the donor community for advice. From a policy perspective the
challenge remains to ensure that BDS offerings are of high quality, that they are
accessible, and that the private sector, organisations, and government play a critical
role in providing them.
5. Explore why BMO membership/popularity is waning, and develop an action plan to
improve the quality of service and attract new members: Before BMOs in Laos can
reach their potential, a few critical questions must be answered. Firstly, why are
BMOs losing members? Secondly, why is satisfaction among participants less than it
has been in previous years? The answers to these questions are useful precursors to
the development of an action plan to attract new members and keep current
members engaged.
6. Streamline and reform the formal tax system so that smaller firms are less inclined
to negotiate lump sum payments: There should be a concerted effort to reduce – if
not eliminate – the use of the lump sum system in Laos. The system creates the
potential for corrupt practices among local officials and leads to high levels of
overhead for small businesses that must negotiate rates. It also ultimately limits the
ability of central authorities to ensure consistent revenue streams, as money may
not ultimately reach coffers. However, transitioning firms from the informal to the
formal system would require a formal tax structure that creates incentives for small
businesses to participate, simplifies the filing process, and lowers the time and
resource burden on them. Without a reform, the Lao economy runs the risk of
marginalizing small entrepreneurs by pushing them to the informal sector and
limiting government revenues in the long run.
7. Build on recent improvements in government effectiveness by speeding up the
business registration process: Firms have expressed improved satisfaction with local
and central authorities’ responsiveness, yet concurrently other responsiveness
indicators have worsened. Perhaps most noteworthy is the longer time for firms of
all sizes to register their businesses. It would behove relevant stakeholders to not
only streamline the registration process—which has already been done to some
ES2011, page 27
extent under the 2005 Enterprise Law and the 2010 Investment Promotion Law – but
to ensure that reforms are implemented on the grassroots level and that firms are
aware of them.
8. Improve access to finance not only through lending programs but via financial
literacy and business registration: While the data illustrates that access to finance
among micro and small enterprises in the sample has improved in 2011, the drop off
in firms’ using book keeping techniques or making formal tax payments indicates
that firms may have more challenges accessing credit if they continue to operate on
the margin of the formal economy. Financial literacy and formal tax registration is
key step for SMEs to become viable loan candidates for commercial banks.
Therefore, a key recommendation is to deepen education and advocacy efforts so
that SMEs have the skills and awareness to apply for formal loans.
ES2011, page 28
6. Background and Introduction
6.1. National Development Goals
Over the last two and a half decades the Government of Lao PDR (GoL) has progressed in
the transition from a centrally-controlled to a market-oriented economy. The New Economic
Mechanism (NEM), approved in 1986, provided the impetus for the GoL to implement
numerous institutional and legal reforms, to encourage free enterprise initiatives, the
gradual liberalisation of domestic and international trade and investment and greater
regional decentralisation in governance. This was followed by a series of reforms in the
areas of land use, establishment and operation of enterprises, tax systems and banking,
among others. In 2004 the National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES) was
adopted, providing a framework for GoL development plans and programs geared at
economic growth and poverty eradication with the final strategic objective to overcome
poverty as a social phenomenon by 2015 and to graduate from the status of a least
developed county (LDC) by 2020. The NGPES has been translated into the 7th National SocioEconomic Development Plan 2011–2015 (NSEDP 2011-15) which outlines targets and
principal development activities for the current phase.
The long-term national development goal of Lao PDR is ... to achieve sustained equitable
economic growth (targeting 7.5% to 8% p.a.) and social development, while safeguarding
the country’s social, cultural, economic and political identity.
The foundations for reaching this goal are based on:
• Moving steadily towards a market-oriented economy;
• Building necessary infrastructure throughout the country; and
• Improving the well-being of the people through greater food security, extension of
social services and environment conservation while enhancing the spiritual and
cultural life of the Lao multi-ethnic population.
The 7th Five-Year-Plan which is put under the theme “industrialisation and modernisation” is
targeting an economic growths of more than 8% per year. In order to achieve this goal a
total investment of 32% of GDP or approx. 16 billion USD is needed, with 50-56% to be
contributed by the private sector, predominantly FDI.1
The growth targets by economic sector of the 7th NSEDP and eventually the share of the
respective sector to GDP by 2015 are:
• Agriculture 3.5%
23%
• Industry
15%
39%
• Services
6.5%
38%.
GoL increasingly acknowledges the importance of SME for a sustainable development,
especially with regard to employment, however the achievement of the ambitious growths
targets mainly depends on large foreign investment. A number of so-called mega projects,
among them above all hydropower and infrastructure investments, are expected to
contribute the lion’s share to the growth.
Integration of Lao PDR into regional (ASEAN Economic Community) and international
markets (admission to WTO in 2012) will change the business environment in Laos
1
th
Documents of the 9 Congress of LPRP, Vientiane, 2011, p. 51
ES2011, page 29
fundamentally and will not only require adequate laws and regulation but also a higher level
of competitiveness.
6.2. Lao PDR Economic Performance
Lao PDR has achieved rapid development since it begun transitioning to a market economy
over two decades ago. In recent years, Laos’ economy averaged more than 7.5% annual
growth2, with per capita incomes reaching $1,130 by May 2012.3This growth has been
stable over time: even during the financial crisis in 2008-2009, Laos outperformed its peers
in GDP growth, second only to China in percent change in GDP in 2008 and 2009. The World
Bank projects the Lao economy to grow by 8.3% in 2012 driven by strong development in
the construction, manufacturing, mining and services sectors.4 Laos’ economy is relatively
insulated from the effects of on-going crisis in Europe, as it relies more on its emerging
Asian neighbours, who are expected to do comparatively well, for export demand and FDI.
Nonetheless, concerns about overreliance on foreign investment in mining and hydropower
for growth, and lagging competitiveness in other sectors drives concern about long-term
sustainability of Laos’ growth strategy.
5
Figure 1: GDP Growth (Annual %)
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,6
Percent
8,0
5,9
6,1
6,4
2002
2003
2004
7,1
8,5
7,6
7,8
7,5
2007
2008
2009
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
-2,0
2005
2006
2010
2011
-4,0
Cambodia
China
Lao PDR
Thailand
Vietnam
6.2.1. Growth Sectors
With a small domestic market, recent GDP growth in Lao PDR has been supported by foreign
investment in the natural resource sector, defined as the mining, quarry, and energy
sectors. In 2010, the resource sector contributed nearly half of economic growth: 3.7% out
2
World Bank, Lao PDR Development Report 2010, “Natural Resource Management for Sustainable
Development
3
GNI per capita (Atlas method, $US), World Bank 2012, Annex 2, p. 21
4
Davading, Somneuk; Phimmahasay, Keomanivone; Boyreau, Genevieve. 2012. Sustaining robust growth :
mitigating risks and deepening reforms - Lao PDR economic monitor. Washington D.C. - The World Bank.
5
GIZ Slide 5, data from www.worldbank.org
ES2011, page 30
of 7.8% year-on-year GDP growth (Lao PDR Development Report 2010, p. 10), and is
predicted to average between 3.0% and 3.5% of yearly GDP growth over the next decade.
Mining is currently by far the largest export sector, with copper alone constituting 37% of
exports between 2005 and 2010.6 Garments and electricity are next; the proportion that
hydropower is expected to contribute to GDP growth is set to grow rapidly over the next
decade, dwarfing other sectors. A robust pipeline of mining and hydropower projects
evidence the likelihood of meeting medium-term growth targets of 8% set in Laos’ 7th fiveyear plan.7
8
9,0
8,0
7,5
7,6
Figure 2: Growth and Inflation (% change)
8,5
8,0
7,5
8,3
7,5
7,0
3,7
6,0
4,5
5,0
4,0
5,8
5,0
6,0
5,6
7,7
3,0
4,7
2,0
1,0
0,0
-1,0
1,9
-0,2
2007
2008
3,4
2,6
2009
2010
2011
2,2
1,9
2012
2013-15
Resources (percentage points)
Nonresource sectors (percentage points)
Real GDP growth (%)
Headline inflation (%, annual average)
6.2.2. Monetary Policy
With a few hiccups, Laos’ recent growth has been accompanied with relatively low inflation.
After peaking in 2008 due to high global oil and agricultural prices, inflation dropped
substantially. In April 2009, the CPI actually fell by 0.2% on a year-by-year basis, and
inflation averaged between zero and one per cent for the year. However, inflation picked
up again in 2011, rising to 9% in April 2011, driven by rising international food and oil prices,
monetary expansion, and FDI inflows.9 In 2012, inflation came back down again, with the
latest data showing year-on-year inflation of only 4.4%, following a cooling in energy prices
and measures by the Government of Lao to reduce excess liquidity through security
issuance and reign in credit growth by cutting lending to local governments and banks.10
6.2.3. Legal Framework
Since 2009 several changes have been made to Laos’ legal framework:
•
New Stock Market (2011) and successful IPOs
6
World Bank, Lao PDR Development Report 2010, World Bank
IMF, Lao People’s Democratic Republic – Staff Report, 2011
8
World Bank, Lao Economic Monitor May 2012, p. 5
9
10
7
ES2011, page 31
•
“In 2011, the National Assembly approved the revised General Tax Law. In effect,
this introduced a transparent, turnover-based presumptive tax regime for businesses
with a turnover below the VAT registration threshold. This revision eliminates
minimum business tax.”11
•
“Lao PDR continued to make progress in its process of acceding to the World Trade
Organisation, concluding bilateral negotiations with the European Union and the
United States in late 2011 and with Ukraine, the last bilateral negotiation, in May”
[also from World Bank, July 2, 2012]
•
The National Assembly adopted the SME Promotion Law enacted by the President of
Lao PDR on 16.01.2012. This law strengthens government control over SME
promotion and does no longer define sizes of SMEs.
6.2.4. Trade
Lao PDR overall trade volume has grown by over 30% since 2007, with imports trending
aggressively upwards. With an influx of foreign exchange and capital account surplus,
domestic consumptions is driving imports into Lao PDR and outpacing export growth.
Consumer purchasing power has increased leading to increases in consumer goods imports.
Total exports grew to $1.8 billion in 2008 up from $98 million in 1990. Nevertheless Lao PDR
remains relatively more closed than its neighbours, with a trade-to-GDP ratio of 77.1% in
2008, compared to a regional trade-to-GDP average well above 100%.12
Despite strong performance and capital inflows related to FDI projects and the
establishment of a new stock exchange in 2011, Laos nonetheless runs a core balance of
payments (current accounts net of FDI and ODA) deficit of about 5% of GDP.13 Domestic
demand has expanded rapidly and growing spending power has led firms to experience
growing profits, with high future expectations of profit among firms. These positive
expectations and consumer purchasing power likely serve to stimulate demand for imports,
which would explain the recent acceleration in import volume.
This exposure in the “external position” of Lao PDR is vulnerable to changes in the value and
volume of FDI flows. If foreign capital continues to enter into the country based on the
continued successful consummation of resource projects, the capital account surplus will
continue. However, if changes in global resource prices – a fall in the price of copper, for
instance – put new projects on hold or discourage capital inflows, then the external position
might abruptly change with consequent macroeconomic risks. And conversely, increased
FDI may put more pressure on the Lao Kip to appreciate.
11
Davading, Somneuk; Phimmahasay, Keomanivone; Boyreau, Genevieve. 2012. Sustaining robust growth:
12
WB, 2011, p. 5
13
ES2011, page 32
Figure 3: Merchandise Imports (US$ million)
14
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2007
Capital goods
2008
2009
Raw materials
2010
Consumer goods
2011
2012
Total imports
6.2.5. FDI Trends: Increased Reliance on Mining and Hydropower
Lao PDR economic growth has been supported by substantial foreign direct investment in
the resource sector. FDI has grown year-on-year since 2010, led by rising investment in the
resource sector, particularly electricity and mining. The composition of exports’ value has
changed over the past decade, with the share of non-resource sector foreign investment to
overall FDI decreasing from 59% in 2000 to 17% in 2010, even as it rose in absolute terms.
FDI in sectors including light manufacturing, services, and agriculture increased 38.5% from
2004-2008, before slowing during the financial crisis. Rising world copper and gold price
kept the value of Lao PDR exports from falling much in 2009 and led to their rebound to 46%
growth in 2010.15 Rising world commodity prices in 2010 and 2011 increased the value of
copper, by far Laos’ largest export. It is expected that the resource sector’s contribution to
GDP will continue to grow as mining and especially hydro investment projects are
consummated in coming years.
14
IMF 2011, page 14
15
ES2011, page 33
Figure 4: World Commodity Prices (index 2005=100)
16
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
2005
2006
Crude oil
2007
Gold
2008
2009
Copper
2010
Coffee
2011
2012
Rice
2013
Maize
2014
2015
Rubber
17
Figure 5: Contribution of hydro and mining to growth and share of economy
Contribution of hydro and mining to growth is set to
Mining and hydro are growing at expense of agriculture
and manufacturing (% GDP)
increase dramatically
Productivity of firms in Lao PDR is slightly lower than regional comparators Cambodia and
Vietnam, and lags far behind China, Malaysia and Thailand (World Bank 2011, p. 1).
Additionally, Lao PDR exhibits an unusual pattern in which exporting firms and large firms
have lower labour productivity than non-exporting firms and small firms. Usually, the
pattern is reversed.
This finding may be attributed to exporting firms’ focus on low-value added, labourintensive sectors such as textiles and wood products. It also may be indicative of low
competition in the domestic economy. In highly competitive international markets, the
currency value of output is driven lower; conversely the same physical output might
command higher prices in the domestic market because competition is not so intense. In
that sense, the monetary value of output per unit of labour is higher for non-exporting firms
not because these firms are actually more productive, but because domestic prices are
higher.
Low productivity may also be driven by the negative effects of high foreign investment in
extractive industries, a sort of “resource trap” that makes non-resource sector exportoriented firms less competitive both as exchange rates appreciate and investment resources
16
World Bank Investment Climate Assessment 2011, p. 5
17
ES2011, page 34
fail to be allocated in non-extractive sector. While this is difficult to predict, a low level of
integration in the global economy; indications of low competitiveness in domestic markets;
short lifespan of Lao PDR export products in international markets;18and weakness in key
manufacturing sectors point to this as a risk.
Despite low average labour productivity, businesses are not worried about competitiveness,
and even less worried about competition from foreign producers. Local firms concerns
about competitiveness issues have actually declined since 2009. These findings, and the
troubling combination of low productivity and low perceptions of competition in the export
sector, indicate that export-oriented non-resource industries may be unprepared for the
changes related to WTO and AFTA trade agreements. Exposure to increased global
economic integration competition could cause dislocation as Lao PDR firms find themselves
unprepared for competing in international markets.
19
Figure 6: Labour productivity and value added per worker
Foreign-owned firms and firms with international
Lao PDR ranks in the middle of the sample in terms of
total factor productivity
certifications have higher levels of productivity
Note: TFP is calculated based upon the coefficient
estimates for the country dummies from the OLS
regression
Note: TFP is as per cent of TFP for firms of the
opposite type (e.g., domestic firms, non-exporters,
non-internet users, non ISO certified, and no bank
credit)
6.2.6. Outlook and Risks
Overall, Laos’ growth outlook is positive, and trade balance and current accounts trending in
a positive direction, and macroeconomic framework improving with inflation and exchange
rate generally stable. Nonetheless, the extraordinary growth Lao PDR seen over the past
decade - and expected in the coming one – has been in large part reliant on foreign
investment in copper mining and hydropower. There are several disadvantages of this. One
is vulnerability of Laos’ economy (or at least growth rate) to volatility in global commodity
prices. A second challenge is that resource-based development does not always create a
stable foundation for broad-based
-based employment and poverty reduction. Another is the
potential for exchange rate effects that could make other exporting industries less
competitive. And finally, investment in the resource sector at the expense of other sectors
especially agriculture and manufacturing could reinforce a false confidence – high profits
18
Stirbat, Record, and Nghardsaysone, June 2011, “Exporting from a Small, Land-Locked Country: An
Assessment of Firm-Product-Destination Survival Rates in Lao PDR,” The World Bank.
19
World Bank Investment Climate Assessment 2011, page 9
ES2011, page 35
despite relatively low competitiveness – that seems to be growing among Lao PDR
businesses.
20
Figure 7: Real GDP Growth (at factor cost), contribution by sector (%)
10
8
8,5
7,4
7,4
7,5
8,0
8,3
Services
Electricity, gas, and water
6
Construction
4
Manufacturing
Mining and quarrying
2
Agriculture and forestry
Real GDP growth (%)
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
-2
6.3. HRDME Programme
The ‘Human Resource Development for a Market Economy’ (HRDME) Programme was
agreed upon between the governments of Lao PDR and the Federal Republic of Germany in
2003 to assist in the transformation process from a centrally planned to a market-oriented
economy, in line with the NGPES and NSEDP’s 2006-2010 and 2011-2015. The programme is
part of the wider set-up of Lao-German development cooperation focusing on two priority
areas, namely Rural Development and Sustainable Economic Development. HRDME belongs
to the latter for which the governments of Laos and Germany in 2011 agreed upon a joint
strategy defining ‘Private Sector Development’ as one of the main fields of action. HRDME is
subdivided into two components, namely (1) private sector and SME development and (2)
vocational education and training. The HRDME Programme is a nationwide programme with
three ministerial partners - Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), The National Small
and Medium-Sized Enterprise Promotion and Development Office (SMEPDO) / Ministry of
Industry and Commerce (MoIC) and Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES) - as well as the
Lao National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LNCCI) as the umbrella organisation for
the private sector in Laos. The programme objective reads as follows: ‘Public and private
organisations in the fields of private sector development and vocational training and
education exercise their mandate in a coordinated and efficient manner’. Specifically the
program aims to improve the environment for business and investment through publicprivate dialogue (PPD), streamlining administrative procedures, the promotion of SME
development and nationwide implementation of an integrated labour market-oriented
vocational education and training system.
The programme was to be implemented in three phases. For each phase development
objectives and indicators to measure the results of the jointly implemented activities have
been defined. As a main instrument to capture the development impact a sample survey of
enterprises in selected provinces and districts was developed. This Enterprise Baseline
Survey (EBS) was first undertaken in 2005 and thereafter conducted in a 2 years interval
(2007, 2009, 2011) combining Lao and German efforts. The availability of reliable data
20
World Bank, “Sustaining Robust Growth: Mitigating Risks and Deepening Reforms,” 2012, p. 6
ES2011, page 36
collected on a regular basis should help to monitor the progress and the impact of joint
interventions of Lao and international institutions, enterprises and organisations, in
contributing to the ambitious development goals set by the government of the Lao PDR.
Apart from looking back and evaluating the undertaken joint efforts in promoting the
inclusive and sustainable private sector development, the survey also lays the basis for
designing future interventions in a need-oriented and effective manner. The Enterprise
Survey is designed in a way not to only gather quantitative data but also seeks to provide an
empirical analysis on why changes, positive and negative, may have occurred.
6.4. Changes in HRDME (Phase 3) Programme
In September 2010 an appraisal mission was carried out to review and evaluate the strategy
and implementation progress of the HRDME programme and provide recommendations on
how to make the programme even more effective and efficient. In this line following
changes in the design of the HRDME- 3 Programme have been agreed:
1. Increase effectiveness and impact, based on progress evaluations and lessons learned
from HRDME Phases 1 and 2, and
2. Achieve set objectives and indicators through focusing on promising Fields of
Cooperation (FoC) and geographic areas with partner organisations that share similar
convictions, aims and approaches, as established during the first two phases.
At the same time other significant changes have occurred, including
• Embedding HRDME into the strategic approach of Lao-German Development
Cooperation expressed also in objectives and indicators at different levels of the
cooperation,
• The process of merging implementation organisations in German development
cooperation, namely GTZ, DED and InWent, into the ‘Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) gGmbH’,
• The changes in the management of the programme.
This resulted in the adjustment of the main programme objective from "Government and
private sector jointly improve the administrative, human and institutional conditions for
private sector and SME development of Lao PDR” to “Public and private organisations in the
fields of private sector development and vocational training and education exercise their
mandate in a coordinated and efficient manner”. This reflects the shift to focus more on
supporting counterpart organisations in their capacity development. In this line, also the
indicators have been adapted.
A key challenge for ES2011 was to take into consideration the changes of phase 3 while at
the same time make sure that the survey results are still consistent and can be compared
against the outcomes of the preceding surveys. Furthermore the focus of disclosure of the
results has been shifted from macro-economic assessment only to a recommendation style
analysis for major stakeholders, development partners and government. The ESS11 has
been divided into two parts. The first one was the public presentation of the major findings
which had taken place on May 11, 2012 and the publication of the entire report which is
now available in this printing document in November 2012.
ES2011, page 37
7. Survey Methodology and Implementation
7.1 Enterprise Survey Task Force
As in the previous HRDME enterprise surveys (EBS2005, ES2007 and ES2009), the ES2011
was managed by an ES2011 Task Force (TF) with officially assigned staff from all HRDME
partner organisations (PO: MPI, MoIC, SMEPDO, LNCCI and MoES), and assigned GTZ
consultants.21 The TF was chaired by the DIC Head of Division, Mr Bounlouane Sisomphanya.
The objectives outlined above22 were the guide for the design and the conduct of the
survey.
The cooperation in the TF is seen as an exercise in capacity building for concerned PO and to
ensure the relevance of the questions and findings for policy decision making in the
respective policy fields, i.e. ‘enabling business environment, SME promotion and human
resource development (labour market-oriented vocational education). The ES2011 showed
a higher degree of ownership of the Lao partners, especially MPI/DIC.
The sample design, the revision of the ES2009 questionnaire, the interviewer manual,
organisational issues related to the field work as well as data analysis and the table of
contents of the ES2011 report were decided by the ES2009-TF. The main purpose was to
ensure continuity of the questionnaire for inter-temporal comparisons (of enterprise
characteristics, performance and constraints as well expectations) but also to include
questions related to the new set-up of HRDME with its additional component of ASEAN
trade issues as well as the changes occurring for HRDME phase 3.
Main coordination of the ES2011 was assumed by Mr Bounlouane Somsihaphanya, later
replaced by Mrs Bangthong Thipsomphanh from MPI and Mr Michael Schultze and Mr
Bountham Sitthimanotham on behalf of GIZ HRDME.
7.2 Questionnaire
The questionnaire remained, for the most part, the same as the one used in previous ES.
Some questions were reformulated in order to enhance the quality of answers. These
adjustments followed the expressed interest of programme partners and stakeholders,
especially in accordance with the new trade focus of HRDME with the aim to better reflect
some major trading patterns. Additional input into the upgrading of the questionnaire was
provided by partners form ADB. The questionnaire (attached in Annex 2) captured the
following main enterprise aspects:
I. Basic data;
II. Characteristics of the business/entrepreneur;
III. Business problems and constraints (internal & external);
IV. Skills;
V. Business Development Services
VI. Business Taxes and Finance;
VII. Free comments.
21
22
Members are listed in Annex 1
Section 1.3 above
ES2011, page 38
7.3 Enterprise Population and Sample Description
The decision to rely on the tax instead of the business registry for sampling purposes was
again justified by the fact that the reform of the business registry system has currently led
to big discrepancies in number of registered businesses. In a publication covering data until
the end of 2010 the Enterprise Registration Office states the total number of enterprises in
Lao PDR to be 65.719 compared to 67.190 registered at tax offices. The differences between
ERO and tax registration in different provinces reaches according to this statistic in many
provinces more the 100%, reaching in Phongsaly 344 %. But even the total figure would
mean that compared to the economic establishment census of 2006 the total number of
enterprises in Lao PDR decreased by almost 50%. The number of enterprises registered by
the end of 2011 with the tax office (as provided by Ministry of Finance) was 78.461.
Nevertheless, accessibility and reliability of tax registration data presented also some
problems for the sampling of the enterprise population for the 2011 survey. As registration
data are collected at different levels (tax registration at central, provincial and district
levels), those were not always consistent and up to date.
As a reference for the ES2011 sample, the total number of enterprises registered with the
Tax Department in Laos as of 2011 was 78,461. This means a decrease of registered
enterprises of 5.67% over the two year period, if calculated on the basis of the correct
addition (see note 1 to table 1) of even 6.85%. This needs, of course, further investigation.
Table 1: 2010-2011 registered enterprises
1
total
1
VTE cap
Phongsaly
Lg. Namtha
Oudomxay
Bokeo
Lg. Prabang
Houaphanh
Sayaboury
Xieng Khouang
Vientiane
Bolikhamsay
Khammouane
Savannakhet
Saravane
Sekong
Champasak
Attopeu
total (22+23) production
4
trade
service
total
transport construction
banking tourism hotel
others
total
domestic imort-export
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
5975
252
6227
2100
0
0
0
41
4430
6571
494
24
518
113
28
0
1
32
243
417
458
4
462
270
20
0
5
3
345
643
1921
13
1934
608
31
0
3
17
1493
2152
740
15
755
116
16
0
12
29
274
447
3030
0
3030
1622
59
35
281
1702
3699
1235
17
1252
238
51
0
2
39
278
608
1849
123
1972
4335
28
4
3
940
5310
1826
6
1832
578
52
9
48
673
1360
4175
25
4200
719
81
0
69
323
2078
3270
2503
34
2537
579
80
0
3
25
859
1546
791
35
826
264
39
0
0
4
469
776
1562
65
1627
1060
48
949
2057
539
7
546
198
27
5
0
0
232
462
554
7
561
56
33
0
0
19
268
376
4284
61
4345
1029
38
0
11
29
1421
2528
684
11
695
4
23
0
1
1
909
938
2
14223
1133
1718
4266
2054
6968
1920
7448
3284
7808
5460
3105
6789
2073
972
7080
1707
3
14223
1133
1718
4266
2054
6075
1920
7448
3162
7808
5460
3105
6789
2073
1008
7080
1707
provinces
central
78008
453
77029
453
3486
163
32620
51
699
91
33319
142
13889
8
654
51
5
16
155
2
894
14
17563
57
total
78461
77482
3649
32671
790
33461
13897
705
21
157
908
17620
863
75
83
180
82
239
60
166
92
338
283
182
419
108
35
207
74
1
15
411
29
category
4
5
18
19
650 2063
28
229
2
16
116
11
3
17
438
36
6
20
3130
151
7 registered green card
21
22
23
1857
8665
5558
526
1010
123
1188
530
139
1729
2537
1284
770
826
3950
2125
614
1298
622
634
3145
4303
993
1448
1714
1728
3007
4801
4366
1094
1784
1321
2453
4103
2686
777
1116
957
567
441
1746
4454
2626
11
547
1160
56
9
116
188
922
299
88
51
84
90
197
22
16
14
9
38
69
66
271
13
44
53
26
207
8
51
468
74
461
67
114
2424
451
1474
212
835
144
65
24
4
111
15
61
15
134
3
1176
206
120
56
18
4
92
22
132
15
430
9
1916
2
33160
148
1391
431
285
3
1293
14
1434
5
4974 12276 12304
43661
453
33368
33308
1822
288
1307
1439
4974 12276 12304
44114
33368
Source: Tax Department / Ministry of Finance
1
The addition of data in the table as provided by MoF shows differences to the total number of registered companies for
three provinces
Figure 8: Provincial shares of tax registered enterprises in 2010-2011
1707
2073
VTE cap
972
7080
Phongsaly
14223
6789
1133
Lg. Namtha
1718
Oudomxay
4266
3105
5460
6968
7808
Bokeo
Lg. Prabang
Houaphanh
7448
1920
3284
2054
Sayaboury
ES2011, page 39
The total enterprise population of the selected districts of the five sample provinces (shown also in
the Figure 8 above) amounts to 47,5% of all registered enterprises in Lao PDR in 2010/11, thus
covering four of the economically most important provinces of Lao PDR (plus one ‘rural’ province:
Luang Namtha).
7.3.1 Enterprise Tax Registration in Sample Districts
The selected districts in the 5 sample provinces, except Luang Namtha province,
experienced mixed development trends when compared to the national average. Luang
Namtha achieved a substantial increase of 29%, Vientiane Capital, Savannakhet showed an
increase of registered businesses of 10% and 13% respectively, whereas the 2009 well
performing provinces Luang Prabang and Champasak followed the national trend and had
less registered businesses than two years ago.
Total number of registered enterprises in Champasak 2010/2011 stood according to the
provincial report 2011 at 7,873 units. Pathoomphone showed an increase of 33%, but Pakse
and Khong districts experienced a drop in number of businesses. In Khong this was
explained by a fire which destroyed the market in the district capital after which a number
of shops did not reregister. Savannakhet reached 2010 a total number (including green
card) of 7,573 (3,330) (source: tax department). Among the sample districts Kaysone
Phomvihane district reported a total of 1,863 registered enterprises (thereof 252 newly
registered in 2011) and 1,392 green cards in 2011. Xepon District of Savannakhet had in
September 2011 145 registered enterprises and 38 green cards issued, according to the
provided list. During the discussion the head of tax office stated a number of 204 registered
businesses in the district. The special condition in Xepon is that all enterprises directly at the
border to Vietnam (Dan Savanh) are out of reach for the local tax office because they are
under direct supervision of the provincial tax office. Provincial statistics list 21 enterprises
under border trade. Outhoumphone District had by end of financial year 2009/2010 325
registered enterprises (28 in production, 121 in trade, 109 in service, 67 in transportation),
nearly 20% less than two years before. Local authorities explained this with the relocation of
the Seno market to a new place resulting in additional need for investment of shop owners
which eventually brought about a decrease in numbers of shops.
In Luang Namtha province all three districts showed substantial increases of number of
businesses being highest in Viengphoukha at 56,5%, followed by Muang Sing (38%) and
Luang Namtha (20,5%). The economic development shows significant growth mainly due to
the provinces borders with China and Myanmar. In Viengphoukha Thai investors operate a
large lignite excavation whereas Muang Sing is a tourist attraction.
Luang Prabang shows a very different development as authorities report for Luang Prabang
district almost 75% less registered businesses than 2009. Also the number of registered
businesses in Nambak decreased substantially. As the province as a whole reported a strong
increase of business numbers a possible explanation may be the exclusion of “green card”
businesses from the overall number.
The situation in Vientiane Capital is also not clear. National statistics show a sharp drop of
almost 50%, information which is not supported by the increasing numbers in the three
sample districts averaging 13%. Here as well one of the data sets, in this context the central
level data, excludes green card businesses. However, this matter needs further research.
ES2011, page 40
Figure 9: Enterprises registered 2005, 2007, 2009 & 2011 in Sample Districts of Sample Provinces
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
3480
3268
2957
2614
2835
1762
1265
1051
775
2392
2156
2362
2165
1678
1986
1445
2007
1405
963
2005
2009
919
2011
Vientiane Capital Luang Namtha
Luang Prabang
Champasak
Savannakhet*
*Savannakhet not included in the EBS2005
The registration in the selected districts of sample provinces (see figure above and figure
below) shows a mixed picture. Especially the comparison of 2011 to 2009 shows a slower
increase of companies in urban centres. Information gathered on the spot show the
influence of single events, such as relocation of the Seno market or administrative decisions
as for Xepon. A general trend for certain types of districts, be it ‘semi-urban’ or ‘remote’,
cannot be established.
Figure 10: Enterprises registered 2005, 2007, 2009 & 2011 in Sample Districts
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
2005
500
2007
Vientiane
Capital
Luang Namtha Luang Prabang Savannakhet*
Khong
Pathoomphone
Pakse
Xepon
Outhoumphone
Kaysone
Ngoy
Nambak
Luang Prabang
Viengphoukha
Sing
Luang Namtha
Saythany
Naxaithong
Chanthaboury
0
2009
2011
Champasack
*Savannakhet not included in the EBS2005
7.3.2 Enterprise sample - closures and new entrants
To the extent possible, enterprises that were surveyed in the EBS2005, ES2007 and 2009
were surveyed again in the ES2011.
Of the 728 enterprises surveyed in ES2011, 168 were totally “new” to the GTZ HRDME
enterprise survey and 560 had participated in earlier surveys. A quite high number of 307
among the “old” companies had only participated in the ES2009 which is normal as the
sample in 2009 had almost doubled compared to the earlier surveys.
ES2011, page 41
Figure 11: Enterprise panels (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011)
590 enterprises are from
2009
Panel 2011,
728
138 new random enterprises
Panel 2009,
728
189 enterprises are
from 2007
128 enterprises are
from 2005
Panel
2005, 390
Panel 2007,
490
55 enterprises were panel sample
in all period
Table 2: Number of new enterprises to HRDME survey (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011)
new
total
Vientiane Capital
Chantaboury
Naxaithong
Saythany
Luang Namtha
Namtha
Sing
Viengphoukha
Luang Prabang
Luang Prabang
Nambak
Ngoy
Sanvannakhet
Kaysone
Outhoumphone
Xepon
Champasack
Pakse
Pathoomphone
Khong
unknown
21
13
3
5
39
24
13
2
12
8
1
3
100
69
16
15
14
12
0
2
150
99
16
35
80
50
24
6
80
49
17
14
100
69
16
15
80
64
1
15
Total new to survey
Total
186
490
490
ES2011, page 42
new
total
77
42
6
29
42
20
15
7
96
65
20
11
69
42
12
15
110
82
9
19
1
395
728
new
total
177
110
17
50
76
42
24
10
154
99
35
20
157
103
27
27
164
123
10
31
46
25
3
18
18
9
7
2
32
30
2
0
37
32
2
3
41
30
7
4
177
110
17
50
76
42
24
10
154
99
35
20
157
103
27
27
164
123
10
31
728
174
728
728
Table 3: Total registered enterprises in sample districts (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011)
Location
Vientiane Capital
Chanthaboury
Naxaithong
Saythany
Luang Namtha
Luang Namtha
Sing
Viengphoukha
Luang Prabang
Luang Prabang
Nambak
Ngoy
Savannakhet
Kaysone Phomvihane
Outhoumphone
Xepon
Champasak
Pakse
Pathoomphone
Khong
TOTAL
ES2005
1,265
850
133
282
1,051
529
367
155
963
601
209
153
na
na
na
na
919
737
12
170
4,198
ES2007
1,762
1,046
178
538
775
387
292
96
1,986
1,370
383
233
1,405
854
249
302
2,362
1,727
252
383
8,290
ES2009
2,614
1,554
414
646
1,678
1,007
540
131
2,835
1,722
838
275
2,156
1,590
399
167
3,480
2,334
574
572
12,763
ES2011
2,957
1,642
561
754
2,165
1,214
746
205
1,445
578
587
280
2,392
1,863
325
204
3,268
2,068
763
437
12,227
% change % change % change % change
'07/'05
'09/'07
'11/'09
'11/'05
139.3%
148.4%
113.1%
233.8%
123.1%
148.6%
105.7%
193.2%
133.8%
232.6%
135.5%
421.8%
190.8%
120.1%
116.7%
267.4%
73.7%
216.5%
129.0%
206.0%
73.2%
260.2%
120.6%
229.5%
79.6%
184.9%
138.1%
203.3%
61.9%
136.5%
156.5%
132.3%
206.2%
142.7%
51.0%
150.1%
228.0%
125.7%
33.6%
96.2%
183.3%
218.8%
70.0%
280.9%
152.3%
118.0%
101.8%
183.0%
na
153.5%
110.9%
na
na
186.2%
117.2%
na
na
160.2%
81.5%
na
na
55.3%
122.2%
na
257.0%
147.3%
93.9%
355.6%
234.3%
135.1%
88.6%
280.6%
2100.0%
227.8%
132.9% 6358.3%
225.3%
149.3%
76.4%
257.1%
197.5%
154.0%
95.8%
291.3%
A number of enterprises that were in operation in 2005, 2007, and 2009 however, were not
reachable at the time of the follow-on 2011 survey. The most frequently cited reasons for
this were that the businesses closed temporarily, had moved, changed ownership, could not
be located again or only worked when orders were placed. Additionally, there were a
significant number of business closures.
By province, ES2011 captured between 4.8% and 10.66% of the total registered enterprises
in the selected districts. In total, 5.95% of total enterprises in the targeted districts of the 5
sample provinces were surveyed providing a sound statistical foundation.
Table 4: Share of registered enterprises, by province (ES2011)
Province
1
Vientiane Capital
Luang Namtha
Luang Prabang
Savannakhet
Champasak
Total
Registered
enterprises
(sample
% of total Sample size % of total Percent 4/2
districts)
2
3
4
5
6
2,957
24.2%
177
24.31%
5.99%
2,165
17.7%
76
10.44%
3.51%
1,445
11.8%
154
21.15%
10.66%
3,268
26.7%
157
21.57%
4.80%
2,392
19.6%
164
22.53%
6.86%
12,227
100.0%
728
100.00%
5.95%
7.4 Fieldwork
Preparation for the survey took place from mid of August to November 2011, during which
time the survey team worked with the ES2011 Task Force to:
•
•
Review and adapt the questionnaire and survey manual;
Prepare official approval letters and notices to target provinces;
ES2011, page 43
•
•
•
Discuss ES2011 sampling and establish plans for the field work;
Build and train the survey team and;
Pre-check the availability of businesses sampled in EBS2009.
Due to the unusual long rainy season of 2011 and the related damages to roads especially in
northern Laos fieldwork, originally scheduled for September/October, was postponed to
November. Actual fieldwork was conducted from 31. October until 15. December 2011.
Challenges that impacted data collection during the fieldwork and will help the future
ES2013 included:
•
•
•
•
Incomplete or inaccurate data from the previous surveys and the Tax Offices.
Out of date enterprise contact details from Tax Office data.
Gaining direct access to managerial level staff. In many cases, especially in urban
centres, two or more attempts were needed to meet with managers, further slowing the
survey process
Firms owned by foreigners, particularly Chinese, that were unwilling or unable
(particularly given language challenges) to participate in the survey.
Actual interviews were taken by students in economics of NUoL. The total team consisted of
32 students and 4 lecturers, acting as supervisors. For fieldwork in the provinces the team
was divided into two groups of 16+2 each, working from 06. until 18. November in the
northern (Luang Prabang and Luang Namtha) or southern (Champasak and Savannakhet)
provinces respectively. Most fieldwork time had to be spent in Vientiane Capital.
Fieldwork was supported by staff from the respective Departments of Planning and
Investment at province and district levels who also coordinated with local tax offices.
Cooperation with local authorities was good.
ES2011, page 44
8. Enterprise Characteristics, Performance and Business Constraints:
ES2011 vs. Previous Years
8.1. Enterprise Characteristics and Related Changes
The ES2011 comprises a representative sample of micro, small, medium and large-sized
enterprises that were formally registered in the five target provinces. It does not seek to
capture the numerous informal micro-sized or family-type business establishments that
comprise the broader business landscape.
The GIZ HRDME 2011 Enterprise Survey, as in EBS2005, ES2007 and ES2009, is also unique in
that it applies the SME definitions in order to capture performance and constraints of the
various enterprise size groups. This report therefore briefly describes the sampled
enterprises with respect to:
•
Enterprise Size by Employment
•
Enterprise Age and Size
•
Enterprise sample by ISIC
•
Enterprise sample by urban/rural location
•
Nationality of owners
•
Source of inputs, destination of outputs
•
Gender/age of owners
8.1.1. Enterprise Size by Employment
The definition of ‘Small and Medium-sized Enterprises’ (SMEs) contained in the Prime
Ministers’ Decree 42 is adopted in the Enterprise Survey. In ES2011, following ES2009,
ES2007 and EBS2005, an additional distinction was also made between micro- and smallsized enterprises since the Decree does not set a lower limit for small enterprises, apart
from stipulating that they have to be legally registered. The main reason for this distinction
is to identify size-specific characteristics and performance in order to focus on the problems
and constraints of enterprises with growth and development potential. The Panel Data
provides additional insight into the characteristics of a subset of the sample over time.
However the survey applies only the employment criterion of the SME definition and leaves
the assets and turnover criteria out.
Thus the surveyed enterprises have been classified into the following categories based on
the average number of staff p.a.:
•
Micro enterprises (1-2 staff)
•
Small enterprises (3-19 staff)
•
Medium enterprises (20-99 staff)
•
Large enterprises (100 or more staff)
ES2011, page 45
Figure 12: Enterprise Survey Sample Size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
800
700
# of businesses
600
500
400
728
728
2009
2011
300
490
200
390
100
0
2005
2007
The ES2011 sample includes 728 enterprises. This is the same number as ES2009, however
not all enterprises from ES2009 participated in ES2011 (see Panel Data). This represents an
increase of 238 enterprises from ES2007 and 338 from ES2005 (Figure 12).
Figure 13: Business size distribution by year (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100,0%
90,0%
5,1%
4,1%
4,3%
3,6%
16,4%
14,9%
15,3%
14,0%
80,0%
% of businesses
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
Large (100+ staff)
57,2%
62,2%
60,8%
59,9%
Medium (20-99 staff)
40,0%
Small (3-19 staff)
30,0%
Micro (1-2 staff)
20,0%
10,0%
21,3%
18,8%
19,6%
22,5%
2005
2007
2009
2011
,0%
Enterprise sample by size (according to staff employment) is consistent with the EBS2005,
ES2007 and ES2009 (Figure 13).
ES2011, page 46
Figure 14: Distribution by enterprise size and corresponding employment (ES2011)
100%
90%
3,6%
14,0%
80%
45,9%
70%
60%
50%
Large
59,9%
Medium
40%
29,1%
Small
Micro
30%
20%
10%
23,0%
22,5%
1,9%
0%
ES2011 Enterprises
Provides % Employment
In the ES2011 sample, 164 firms (22.5% of total) were defined as micro-sized (with up to two
full time staff); 436 (59.9%) small-sized (with 3 to 19 staff); 102 (14%) medium-sized (with 20
to 99 staff) and 26 (3.6%) large-sized enterprises (with 100 or more staff). Table 7 (below)
shows the mean and median sizes in each category.
Table 5: Average and median staffing (ES2011)
ES2011 Sample: Total number of permanent paid and unpaid workers
Enterprise Size
Mean
Median
Total Enterprises
Micro
1.6
2
164
Small
7.3
6
436
Medium
39.3
33.5
102
Large
243.0
150
26
728
8.1.2. Newly Registered Enterprises
The ES2011 sample included 34 enterprises that were considered “newly registered,” having
registered their business after ES2009 survey took place. This subset allows for analysis of
potential changes that have occurred between survey periods for specific enterprise topics
such as time and number of documents required to register a business between 2009 and
2011.
Table 6: Survey Sample (ES2011)
ES2011 full data set
Enterprise Size
Frequency
Micro
164
Small
436
Medium
102
Large
26
Total
728
Per cent
22.5%
59.9%
14.0%
3.6%
100.0%
ES2011 newly registered enterprises, 2010 or later
Enterprise Size
Frequency
Per cent
Micro
14
41.2%
Small
18
52.9%
Medium
1
2.9%
Large
1
2.9%
Total
34
100.0%
ES2011, page 47
8.1.3. Age Structure of the Sample
Of the 72223 ES2011 respondents, 25% had been in operation 0-5 years, 33% had been in
operation for 6-10 years, 22% for 11-15 years, 11% for 16-20 years, and 8% for 21 or more
years.
Figure 15: Enterprise age structure by enterprise size (ES2011)
100%
11
12
90%
80%
34
9
58
4
40
82
19
30
96
70%
160
11
60%
28
48
50%
154
40%
240
30%
6
34
20%
62
109
10%
10
0%
Micro
0-5 years
182
4
Small
6-10 years
1
Medium
11-15 years
Large
Total
16-20 years
21+ years
An examination of the age brackets by enterprise size further revealed that the older
categories are more common among the larger enterprises. Among large enterprises in the
sample, 15% are 21 or more years old, and 42% are 16-20 years old. On the other hand, 62%
of micro-sized enterprises are more than 5 years old and remain in the size category. This
may reflect the ES effort to track the same enterprises over time rather than the general age
structure of businesses in Lao PDR.
Figure 16: Enterprise age by ISIC (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
1
14
4
2
20
8
30
33
66
19
1
5
37
2
3
2
6
8
15
2
101
35
3
3
4
10
24
4
6
55
21+ years
15
91
8
27
16-20 years
11-15 years
6-10 years
0-5 years
23
6 of the 728 respondents did not provide a date for starting their business operations
ES2011, page 48
Enterprise age breakdown by ISIC (Figure 16) shows that Manufacturing, Construction, and
Transportation and Storage have the largest share of enterprises operating 16 or more
years, while Administrative and support services have the largest share of businesses
younger than 5 years old. The large share of younger businesses in services shows the
dynamism of the sector relative to manufacturing, construction, and other, more
established sectors.
8.1.4. Enterprise Sample by ISIC
Enterprises were classified according to the products they produce or services they provide,
based on the International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC) system. ISIC codes allow
for classification of products and services by 4 levels - section, division, group and class.
EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011 used the ISIC section and division codes to classify all
enterprises interviewed. The 1-digit ISIC section codes and descriptions used in ES2011 are
outlined below.
Table 7: ISIC sections Rev. 4 and numbers of respective enterprises (ES2011)
Total
ISIC
Section
Description
A:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
8
1.1%
B:
Mining and quarrying
3
0.4%
C:
Manufacturing
112
15.4%
D:
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
1
0.1%
E:
Water supply, sewerage, and waste management
2
0.3%
F:
Construction
41
5.6%
G:
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles
322
44.2%
H:
Transportation and storage
31
4.3%
I:
Accommodation and food service
128
17.6%
J:
Information and communications
7
1.0%
K:
Financial and insurance activities
8
1.1%
L:
Real estate
0
0%
M:
Professional, scientific and technical activities
6
0.8%
N:
Administrative and support activities
28
3.8%
O:
Public administration and defence, social security
0
0%
P:
Education
13
1.8%
Q:
Human health and social work
5
0.7%
R:
Arts, entertainment and recreation
3
0.4%
S:
Other service activities
10
1.4%
728
100.0%
Total
N
%
Table 3 shows a breakdown of industries heavily tilted towards the retail, wholesale, and
motorcycle repair trade in terms of numbers. Food service is the second largest sector
(15.4% of enterprises surveyed) followed by manufacturing (15.4%). These numbers do not
reflect the size of business or the value of their output, but merely the number of
businesses surveyed in ES2011.
Consistent with ES2009, Table 3 does reflect the continued underdevelopment of
commercial agriculture. While 70% of the Lao labour force is engaged in agriculture, only 8
firms out of more than 700 surveyed (1.1%) were classified in the agricultural sector. This
ES2011, page 49
implies room for businesses that can add value through productivity enhancements,
industrialisation of processing, quality improvement and marketing.
Figure 17: Share of enterprises, by top 5 ISIC categories (ES2011)
Construction
6%
All other
sectors
13%
Transportation and
storage
4%
Wholesale and
retail trade, repair
of motor vehicles
44%
Manufacturing
15%
Accommodation
and food service
18%
Figure 18: Top 5 ISIC categories by survey year (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Wholesale and Accommodation
retail trade, repair and food service
of motor vehicles
2005
Manufacturing
2007
2009
Transportation
and storage
Construction
2011
When ES2011 data is compared with EBS2005, ES2007, and ES2009, the share of wholesale
and retail trade (the largest category in each survey year) has grown consistently, while the
share of transportation and storage has continually fallen. The proportion of manufacturing
firms captured in the survey has remained consistent, and no discernible trend can be found
in accommodation/food service. The shrinking proportion of transportation and storage
(logistics) enterprises captured by the sample – despite rising growth and trade, which
ES2011, page 50
would drive demand for logistics services – may indicate consolidation within the sector. It
will be interesting to note whether the share of construction firms, which continued a slight
downward trend, increases in future enterprise surveys, as construction is projected to be a
major driver of growth in 2012 and beyond.24
8.1.5. Enterprise Sample by Province & Rural / Urban Locations
The 728 enterprises in the ES2011 sample are relatively evenly distributed among four of
the five target provinces, each accounting for between 21% and 24% of the total sample. As
in ES2009, enterprises in Luang Namtha comprise 10% of the sample. This smaller share is
by design and is attributed to the smaller enterprise population in Luang Namtha as
compared with the four other target provinces.
Figure 19: ES2011 Sample, by Province
Champasack
23%
Vientiane
Capital
24%
Savannakhet
22%
Luangnamtha
10%
Luangprabang
21%
Location within the province, segmented by ‘urban’ or ‘rural’, was also captured. The
enterprises in rural locations are closely related to Rural Development programmes but are
also covered by SME development efforts, i.e. by SMEPDO and the HRDME programme.
Relevant information is depicted in Figure 20 as well as in Table 4 below.
Figure 20: ES2011 Sample, by Rural / Urban Location
Rural; 35%
Urban; 65%
24
Davading, Somneuk; Phimmahasay, Keomanivone; Boyreau, Genevieve. 2012. Sustaining robust growth :
ES2011, page 51
The selection of districts in each sample province was according to three classifications: the
‘provincial centre’, ‘peri-urban’ district and ‘rural’ district to cover all settings for business
development. The changes of enterprise registration in the respective districts (Table 4)
demonstrate the relationship between the dynamics of the formal business sector and
urban vs. rural locations, i.e., the more central the location more dynamic the sector.
Table 8: ‘Rural’ & ‘Urban’ Enterprises by province and district (ES2009)
ES2011
Location
N
%
% Urban
% Rural
Vientiane Capital
Chanthabuly
Sikhottabong
Sisattanak
Naxaithong
Xaythany
177
107
1
2
17
50
24.3%
14.7%
0.1%
0.3%
2.3%
6.9%
62.1%
100%
100%
100%
-
37.9%
100%
100%
LuangNamtha
LuangNamtha
Sing
Viengphoukha
Long
76
42
23
10
1
10.4%
5.8%
3.2%
1.4%
0.1%
55.3%
100.0%
-
44.7%
100%
100%
100%
LuangPrabang
LuangPrabang
Nambak
Ngoi
154
99
35
20
21.2%
13.6%
4.8%
2.7%
64.3%
100%
-
35.7%
100%
100%
Savannakhet
KaysonePhomvihane
Outhoomphone
Sepone
157
103
27
27
21.6%
14.1%
3.7%
3.7%
65.6%
100%
-
34.4%
100%
100%
Champasak
Pakse
Khong
Pathoomphone
Phonthong
164
121
31
10
2
22.5%
16.6%
4.3%
1.4%
0.3%
73.8%
100%
-
26.2%
100%
100%
100%
TOTAL
728
100.0%
By province, Vientiane Capital has the largest share of the entire ES2011 sample (24.3%)
followed by Champasak (22.5%), Savannakhet (21.6%), and Luang Prabang (21.2%). Luang
Namtha has the lowest share of the sample (10.4%).
8.1.6. Nationality of Owners
The vast majority (94%) of enterprise owners surveyed are Lao citizens, essentially the same
proportion as surveyed in EBS2007 (94.3%) and 2009 (93%). In terms of non-Lao enterprise
owners, Asian owners dominate with Vietnamese, Thai, Chinese holding more or less equal
shares of 1.3% each and “Other” owners also accounting for 1.3% of the total owner
population.
ES2011, page 52
Figure 21: Nationality of Enterprise Owner (ES2011)
Vietnamese
10
1.3%
Chinese
10
1.3%
Lao; 686; 94%
Other; 42; 6%
Thai
12
1.6%
Other
10
1.3%
Nationality of Owners by Size
The largest firms interviewed in 2011 were more likely than small firms to be owned by
foreign nationals. Only 2% of micro-size enterprises surveyed were owned by non-Lao (in
this case, all Vietnamese), while around 5-6% of small and medium enterprises owned by
foreigners. In contrast, non-Lao persons owned 35% of the large enterprises surveyed,
essentially the same proportion as in ES2009. Non-Laotians owned nine out of the 26 large
enterprises: 4 Thai.1 Chinese, 1 Vietnamese and 3 of other nationality.
Figure 22: Nationality of owners by size (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
65%
60%
50%
98%
94%
94%
95%
Lao
Other
40%
30%
20%
35%
10%
0%
2%
6%
5%
Micro
Small
Medium
6%
Large
Total
ES2011, page 53
Figure 23: Nationality of owners (Large enterprises) (ES2011)
Thai; 15%
Lao
Thai
Lao; 65%
Other; 35%
Chinese; 4%
Vietnamese; 4%
Chinese
Vietnamese
Other
Other; 12%
8.1.7. Source of Inputs, Destination of Outputs
This section deals with possible changes in the deepening of the division of labour and
intensifying B2B relations as well as market and export-orientation of enterprises in Lao
PDR. The trade statistics show that the dominant trading partners are ASEAN countries
(Section 5.1.4).
Of the 725 enterprises surveyed, 70.6% purchased their major inputs in Lao PDR, more than
16 percentage point increase over 2005, when slightly more than half (53.9%) of
respondents purchased their major inputs domestically. However, only 26.9% of large
enterprises purchased their inputs from within Lao.
ES2011 saw large-sized enterprises sourcing their greatest percentage of inputs (42.3%)
from Thailand, and decreasing proportionally for medium (23.8%), small (19.3%) and micro
(11%) enterprise sizes (Figure 24). It is clear that size of firm is inversely related to likelihood
of sourcing domestically. This may be due to a combination of larger firms’ greater access to
foreign markets, greater efficiencies of scale in importing goods, and the particular sectors
larger firms are engaged in such as manufacturing for export. It is worth remembering that
more than a third of large enterprises surveyed were owned by foreign nationals
(predominantly Thai) and would therefore be likely to have close links to suppliers in their
home country.
Combining all size categories, nearly 90% of Lao enterprises surveyed in ES2011 purchased
their primary inputs either domestically or from Thailand. This figure is virtually unchanged
from ES2009. The fact that medium and large firms - which employ a large portion of the
labour force and drive Laos’ export-led growth – primarily source major inputs from abroad
may signal that the domestic market is unable to offer inputs of sufficient quantity or
quality. This could prove a constraint to growth.
ES2011, page 54
Figure 24: Origin of inputs, by size (ES2011)
100%
0,6%
1,8%
1,2%
90%
11,0%
3,9%
1,4%
0,9%
19,3%
8,9%
3,0%
3,0%
7,7%
80%
23,8%
70%
15,4%
7,7%
Other imports
60%
Purchase Chinese
50%
42,3%
82,8%
40%
Purchase Thailand
71,3%
Purchase Lao PDR
59,4%
30%
Purchase Vietnam
Gather/collect self
20%
26,9%
10%
0%
2,5%
3,2%
2,0%
0,0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Major Customers
In 2011, a majority of enterprises (66%) indicated they sold directly to “individual
customers” as their primary customer base. Only 8% sold primarily to urban merchants, and
an additional 7% sold primarily to urban businesses. The share of “individual customers” in
ES2011 was similar to 2009, when nearly 65% of enterprises listed “individual customers” as
their primary customer. At about 2.8%, the proportion of enterprises in ES 2011 who
primarily sell their products directly to customers abroad decreased slightly compared with
ES 2009 (3.7%). In 2011, 3.8% of enterprises counted export-oriented business (direct
export and selling to exporting companies) as their primary clients.
Figure 25: Major customers (ES2011)
Urban merchants, 8%
No category, 13%
Urban businesses, 7%
Rural merchants, 2%
Rural businesses, 0%
Exporters, 1%
Other, 6%
Individual customers,
66%
Direct export, 3%
ES2011, page 55
Customer by size
Segmenting major customers by enterprise size (Figure 26) reveals that as enterprise size
increases, the share of “individual customers” as the major customer decreases. In ES2009
medium-size enterprises had the most diverse mix of ‘major customers’ while in ES2011
large-sized enterprises had taken over this position and appear to be diversifying their
customer base at a faster rate.
Large enterprises diversification of customer base saw the majority (63.3%) being
individuals (30%), urban merchants (13.3%) and urban businesses (20%).
Large-size
enterprises also have the largest percentage of customers for export, both direct and
exporters (13.3%).
Despite large-sized enterprises having a more diverse customer base in ES2011, medium
enterprises have the largest percentage of “other” customers at 23.2%. Micro-sized
enterprises remain overwhelmingly reliant on individual customers at 86.5%.
Figure 26: Major customer, by size (ES2011)
100%
Other
90%
80%
Direct export (customers
abroad)
70%
Exporters
60%
50%
Rural businesses
40%
Rural merchants
30%
20%
Urban businesses
10%
Urban merchants
0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
8.1.8. Gender/Age of owners
ES2011 responses relating to the gender and age of enterprise owners are generally
consistent with the results reported from ES2009. The proportion of female enterprise
owners is increasing, driven mainly by increasing numbers of women-owned and –managed
micro-enterprises. In total, 43.4% of enterprises in ES2011 were owned or managed by
women. Owners/managers of large and medium enterprises are more likely to be aged 40
or older. The observed trend of a decrease in the proportion of enterprises owned/managed
by someone under 40, seen first in ES2009, continues to be evident in ES2011 results.
Gender / Age of owners
As shown in Figure 26, 43.4% of the ES2011 sample was women-owned or –managed
enterprises, the highest number at any time since EBS2005. In context, this represents a
slight increase of 2.3 points over ES2009 (41.1%). ES2009 itself showed a 2.0 percentage
point drop from ES2007 (43.1%).
ES2011, page 56
Figure 26: Women owned / managed enterprises (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100,0%
% of business owners/managers
90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
Male
40,0%
Female
30,0%
20,0%
36,2%
43,1%
41,1%
43,4%
2007
2009
2011
10,0%
,0%
2005
Women own/manage the largest share of micro-size enterprises (62.8%), increasing by 4.2
percentage points over 2009 (58.6%), and 11.7-percentage point increase over 2007 (51.1%)
and a significant 25.5 percentage point increase over 2005 (37.3%). The trend of increasing
women owned/managed micro-enterprises may be attributable to lower capital costs or
barriers to entry for micro-sized enterprises.
Figure 27: Proportion of Female Owners (ES2011)
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
2011
2009
2007
2005
2011
2009
2007
2005
2011
2009
2007
2005
2011
2009
2007
2005
2011
2009
2007
2005
0,0%
Total
ES2011, page 57
Figure 28: Size of enterprises owned by women and men (ES2011)
Size of Enterprises Owned
by Women
Size of Enterprises owned by
Men
Large;
Medium Large; 5
; 25
21
Medium
; 77
Micro;
103
Micro;
61
Small;
253
Small;
183
The gender gap becomes most apparent with medium and large-sized enterprises, where
women own only about one-quarter and one-fifth of businesses respectively. The finding
that businesses owned by women are generally smaller than those by men –that proportion
of male owners increases with enterprise size –is consistent with previous years’ surveys.
This reflects the marginalisation of women at the highest levels of economic activity.
Women do comprise a much larger share of the ownership of large firms in 2011 (19%) than
in 2005 (4.8%), though this level has not changed since ES2007.
Figure 29: The share of enterprises owned by women among all newly established enterprises (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
84
316
70%
60%
50%
Female
40%
Male
30%
84
412
20%
10%
0%
New in ES2011
All of ES2011
The share of women-owned and –managed enterprises among newly established
enterprises (those new to ES2011), was 50%, compared with 43% among all ES2011
enterprises.
ES2011, page 58
Age of owners
Examining the age of the entrepreneur by enterprise size (Figure 30), confirms the ES2009,
ES2007 and EBS2005 finding that larger businesses have greater shares of older
entrepreneurs and micro and small-sized enterprises have the greatest share of young
entrepreneurs (<40 yrs.).
Figure 30: Age of owners, by size (ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011)
100%
90%
0,0%
14,1%
8,0% 6,9% 6,1% 9,0%
23,6%
17,3% 18,4% 24,5%
80%
70% 28,3%
25,8%
22,3%
18,8%
24,1% 21,6%
27,0%
29,0%
32,1% 36,4%
15,4%
34,0% 34,7%
50%
34,9%
31,2%
34,0%
32,9% 32,4%
20,8%
40% 38,0%
30%
38,5%
25,0%
24,7% 27,9%
30,6%
60%
6,7% 7,6% 10,9%
13,7% 9,9% 17,0% 10,0%
32,0%50,0%
18,8% 26,5%
29,5% 26,5%
20%
35,5%
26,2%
24,7%
10% 19,6% 23,6%
16,0%
0%
42,3% 29,8% 25,9%
21,6%
24,8%
21,0%
15,0%
9,8% 11,3% 8,7%
9,7%
8,9% 8,8% 7,8%
4,1% 8,1% 3,0% 0,0% 0,0% 3,8%
0,0%
2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011
Micro
Small
<30
Medium
30-40
41-50
Large
51-60
Total
>60
The share of owners under 40 fell most steeply among large enterprises, dropping from 15%
in ES2007 to 3.8% ES2011. Over the same period, the share of owners over 60 among large
companies increased from 10% in 2007 to 38.5% in 2011. One explanation for the trend is
the small sample of large enterprises in the survey—a difference of three enterprises (out of
a total of 26 large enterprises in ES2011) would account for all change in the share of large
enterprises owned/managed by people under 40 between ES2009 and ES2011.
There was no evidence of a similar trend for medium-, small-, and micro-sized enterprises.
However the direction, if not the magnitude, of the changes, illustrates a potential
challenge: Large-sized enterprises accounted for nearly 50% of total employment in ES2009.
An increase in the share of these older owners may point to a lack of opportunities for
younger Laotian entrepreneurs, and consequentially a lack of innovation.
8.2. Enterprise Performance and Expectations
ES2011 looked at the following indicators to assess enterprise performance and
expectations:
•
•
•
Current situation, performance and profit
Expectations and investment
Firms’ perceptions of competition
ES2011, page 59
Overall, firms are doing well and their future expectations are generally positive. Of the
sample, 50.8% of firms reported that profits increased in 2011 over the previous year. 73%
of large and 57% of medium enterprises made new investments in 2011, though the
percentages were lower for small (45%) and micro (40%) enterprises.
Concurrently, individual firms’ concerns about competition decreased. The number of firms
considering domestic competition a “big” or “very big” problem decreased to 46.7% from
49.7% in ES2009, and concerns about international competition similarly decreased to
13.2% from 19.1% in ES2009. Decreasing domestic competition, when coupled with low
awareness of AFTA/WTO, points to a potential area of vulnerability for Lao firms when
AFTA/WTO opens domestic markets to increased competition.
8.2.1. Current situation and performance
This section briefly describes the samples with respect to the following aspects:
•
Current business situation compared to two years ago, by size
•
Perceived enterprise performance in 2010 compared to the year before
•
Profit in 2011 compared to the previous year
Current business situation compared to two years ago, by size
In ES2011, enterprise owners/managers were asked to compare their current business
performance today and two years ago. The survey found that perceived performance
improvement increases as enterprise size increases. 46% of micro, 57% of small, 71% of
medium, and 83% of large business owners believe their current situation is better than in
2009. 58% of owners reported an improvement over two years ago, a significant increase
from 44% in ES2009.
Figure 31: Current business situation compared to two years ago, by size (ES2011)
100%
2%
90%
25%
1%
19%
80%
4%
8%
4%
1%
19%
18%
70%
60%
0%
11%
23%
23%
27%
Don’t know
50%
Worse
83%
40%
About the same
71%
30%
20%
58%
57%
Better
46%
10%
0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Total
When owner responses are compared with ES2009, owners/managers have an improved
perception of their business situation. In ES2011, 81% of owners/managers believed their
ES2011, page 60
business is better than 2 years ago, an increase from 66% in ES2009. The percentage of
ES2011 respondents who think their business has gotten worse also decreases from 32% in
ES2009 to 19% in ES2011. One explanation for the dramatic 13% decrease is the negative
impact of the global financial crisis cited by respondents in ES2009. ES2011 responses are
more in line with those of ES2005 (23%) and ES2007 (16%), suggesting that the current
outlook has returned to pre-crisis levels.
Perceived enterprise performance in 2010 compared to the year before
In ES2011, owners/managers were asked to compare the performance of their business in
2010 and 2009. As illustrated in Figure 32 (below), there was a high consistency in responses
to changes in level of profit, turnover, and output between 2009 and 2010. Approximately
50% of respondents reported an increase (51%, 52% and 51%, respectively); approximately
25% reported no change (24%, 24% and 25%, respectively); and approximately 25%
reported a decrease (24%, 24% and 23% respectively). In contrast, 65% reported no change
in number of employment between 2009 and 2010.
These figures are consistent with and slightly more positive than the results of ES2009,
when the equivalent results were approximately 45% reporting an increase in profits,
turnover and output, 20% no change, and 35% a decrease. As expected, change in
employment lags other measures of firm growth.
Figure 32: Business performance (2010) compared to year before (2009) (ES2011)
100%
90%
3
3
3
164
160
154
164
161
170
4
62
80%
70%
60%
Don't know
440
50%
40%
Decrease
Remain the same
30%
342
349
345
Increase
20%
143
10%
0%
Profit
Turnover
Output
Number of
Employees
In ES2011, 50.8% of businesses reported that profits had increased over the previous year
(Figure 33). This represents a 15-percentage point increase from 43.8% in ES2009. The share
of businesses reporting a decrease in profits shrank 9.1 points from 33.5% (ES2009) to
24.4% (ES2011), while the share of businesses reporting unchanged profits was 24.4%
(ES2011), roughly consistent with previous surveys. The return of the share of businesses
reporting an increase in profits to 2007 levels may indicate a return to the conditions that
existed before the 2008 global financial crisis.
ES2011, page 61
Figure 33: Profit change to previous year (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100,0%
90,0%
,4%
1,2%
2,7%
24,4%
21,0%
33,5%
80,0%
% of owners
70,0%
24,9%
60,0%
24,4%
Don't know
21,5%
50,0%
Decreased
Unchanged
40,0%
Increased
30,0%
51,4%
50,8%
43,8%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
2007
2009
2011
Perceived enterprise performance in 2010 compared to the year before, by province
Enterprise performance indicators for output, turnover, profit and employment were also
disaggregated by province. In line with the nationwide figures, approximately half of all
businesses surveyed in each province perceived an increase in outputs in 2010 compared to
2009. Champasak had the largest number of enterprises reporting an increase at 61%,
followed by Vientiane Capital at 53%, Savannakhet at 49%, Luang Prabang at 48%, and
Luang Namtha at 41%. Enterprises in Luang Namtha had the highest percentage of outputs
(36%) that remained the same compared to the year before while Champasak had the
lowest percentage (19%).
Figure 34: Perceived change in output (2010) compared to year before (2009), by province (ES2011)
Outputs
120%
100%
0%
1%
0%
0%
22%
24%
23%
36%
29%
28%
41%
48%
49%
Luangnamtha
Luangprabang
Savannakhet
26%
80%
1%
19%
19%
21%
60%
40%
53%
20%
61%
0%
Vientiane Capital
Increase
ES2011, page 62
Remain the same
Decrease
Don't know
Champasack
Similar to the perceived increase in output, Champasak had the highest share of enterprises
reporting an increase in turnoverat61%, followed by Vientiane Capital (54%), Luang Prabang
(50%), Savannakhet (48%), and Luang Namtha (40%), respectively. The share of enterprises
that reported no change in turnover was highest in Luang Namtha (36%), followed by
Savannakhet (28%), Luang Prabang (24%), Vientiane Capital (21%), and Champasak (17%).
Figure 35: Perceived change in turnover (2010) compared to year before (2009), by province (ES2011)
Turnover
120%
100%
80%
60%
0%
25%
0%
25%
0%
24%
24%
28%
50%
48%
Luangprabang
Savannakhet
1%
23%
21%
36%
1%
21%
17%
40%
20%
54%
40%
61%
0%
Vientiane Capital
Luangnamtha
Increase
Remain the same
Decrease
Champasack
Don't know
The share of enterprises reporting an increase in profit in 2010 over the year before ranked
highest in Champasak (60%) and lowest in Luang Namtha (40%) with the other provinces
falling in between—Vientiane Capital (52%), Luang Prabang (49%), and Savannakhet (48%).
This is consistent with the perceived changes in turnover and output reported, as provinces
with an increased turnover and output rate reported a higher percentage in increased profit
than those with a lower turnover and output rate.
Figure 36: Perceived change in profit (2010) compared to year before (2009), by province (ES2011)
Profits
100%
0%
1%
0%
0%
1%
90%
80%
26%
23%
25%
24%
22%
70%
60%
22%
26%
28%
49%
48%
Luangprabang
Savannakhet
17%
36%
50%
40%
30%
20%
52%
40%
60%
10%
0%
Vientiane Capital
Luangnamtha
Increase
Remain the same
Decrease
Champasack
Don't know
ES2011, page 63
The majority of businesses surveyed in all provinces reported that the number of their
employees was unchanged in2010 over 2009. Again, the share of enterprises in Champasak
reporting an increase in number of employees was highest among surveyed provinces at
29%—consistent with the responses for turnover, output and profit. It was followed by
Vientiane Capital (24%), Luang Prabang (23%), Savannakhet (23%), and Luang Namtha (6%).
Figure 37: Perceived change in employment (2010) compared to year before (2009), by province (ES2011)
Number of Employees
100%
0%
8%
1%
13%
90%
0%
8%
0%
9%
69%
70%
23%
21%
Luangprabang
Savannakhet
1%
8%
80%
70%
60%
62%
50%
61%
86%
40%
30%
20%
24%
10%
29%
6%
0%
Vientiane Capital
Luangnamtha
Increase
Remain the same
Decrease
Champasack
Don't know
8.2.2. Expectations and Investment
This section briefly describes the sample with respect to the following aspects:
•
Expected profit change in the next two years
•
Enterprises making new investments
•
Enterprises Investments by Province
•
Enterprise Investments by ISIC Category
Expected profit change in the next two years
The majority of owners/managers (79.2%) expect profits to increase (63.3%) or remain the
same (15.9%). The proportion of enterprises surveyed in 2011 that expect profits to
decrease in coming years was only 6.8%, lower than in ES2007 or ES2009, and reflecting
continued positive expectations about future profit growth.
ES2011, page 64
Figure 38: Expected Profit Change in the Next Two Years (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100,0%
2,7%
9,8%
90,0%
80,0%
13,9%
14,9%
6,8%
10,5%
21,8%
15,9%
70,0%
17,4%
% of owners
60,0%
Don't know
50,0%
Decrease
40,0%
No change
65,7%
30,0%
63,3%
57,1%
Increase
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
2007
2009
2011
Expectations of profit growth by province are also positive. Over half of businesses in each
province expect profits to increase over the next two years. 69.5% of enterprises in Luang
Prabang expect profits to increase, followed by Luang Namtha at 65.3%, Champasak at
64.6%, Vientiane Capital at 61.4% and Savannakhet at 57.1%.
Figure 39: Expected Profit Change in the Next Two Years by Province (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
13,6%
12,0%
9,7%
9,3%
7,3%
7,9%
15,6%
15,2%
13,3%
15,3%
5,8%
21,4%
19,9%
2,5%
13,0%
60%
50%
40%
30%
61,4%
65,3%
69,5%
Vientiane Capital
Luangnamtha
Luangprabang
57,1%
64,6%
20%
10%
0%
Increase
Remain the same
Decrease
Savannakhet
Champasack
Don't know
Enterprises Making New Investments
Across all enterprise size categories, 49.4% of enterprises reported making investments, a
slight increase from 47% in ES2009. Consistent with the results reported in the earlier
surveys (ES2009, ES2007, EBS2005), larger firms were more likely to report having made
ES2011, page 65
new investments during the prior year in ES2011. As described in Figure 40 (below), the
ES2011 figures were 73% of large-, 57% of medium-, 45% of small- and 40% of micro-sized
enterprises. This is a likely consequence of larger firms having better financial resources or
collateral required to make investments.
Figure 40: Enterprises having made new investments in prior year, by size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and
ES2011)
90%
81%
80%
73%
70%
60%
60%
50%
57%
50%
46%
40%
43%
45%
40%
39%
54%
46%
43% 45%
40%
31%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2005200720092011
2005200720092011
Micro
2005200720092011
Small
2005200720092011
Medium
Large
Enterprises’ Investments by Province
By province, the share of enterprises having made investments in 2010 was highest in Luang
Namtha (64%)—18 percentage points above the 46% 5-province average—followed by
Luang Prabang (51%), Vientiane (44%), Savannakhet (43%) and Champasak (40%).
Figure 41: Enterprises having made new investments in prior year, by province (ES2011)
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
78,
51%
49,
64%
78,
44%
65,
40%
67,
43%
Champasack
Savannakhet
337,
46%
10%
0%
Luangprabang
ES2011, page 66
Vientiane
Capital
Luangnamtha
Total
Enterprise Investments by ISIC Category
By sector, there were five ISIC categories where over 50% of enterprises made investments
in 2010 (Figure 42). In rank order, these were: “Construction” at 71%, “Manufacturing” at
58%, “Agriculture, forestry and fishing” at 57%, “Education” at 54%, and “Transportation
and Storage” at 52%. Driven largely by Construction, the median investment figure over the
top 8 ISIC categories was also above 50% at 53.5%.
Compared with ES2009, the construction sector remained the highest, reflecting continuing
growth in that sector. Among other industries, “Manufacturing” and “Education” rose into
the top five. A notable change from ES2009 was “Administrative & support services,” where
the share of enterprises reporting an investment in the previous year dropped by 16
percentage points to 43% in ES2011, possibly reflecting earlier overinvestment in the sector.
Figure 42: Enterprises having made new investments (2010), by ISIC (ES2011)
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
71%
57%
58%
43%
52%
50%
43%
54%
Fields of Investment
Of the enterprises that made new investments in 2010 (Figure 43), the largest share of
those investments (excluding “other”) went towards “vehicles used for business” (16%),
consistent with the 17% reported in 2008. “Company buildings” accounted for 15% of
investments and “machinery” for 14%, both consistent with ES2009. In comparison, new
investments made in 2006 and in 2004 saw the largest shares going towards “buildings”
(28%) and “office equipment” (23%).
ES2011, page 67
Figure 43: Fields of investment (ES2011)
Private house, 5%
Advertisement, 5%
Office equipment,
8%
Machinery, 14%
Company buildings,
15%
Vehicles for
business use, 16%
Marketing, 3%
Private cars, 2%
Training, 2%
Other, 47%
Other, 30%
Combining shares of investment into (i) “hardware” (office equipment, company buildings,
company vehicles, machinery) (ii) “software” (marketing, training, advertisement) (iii)
“personal” (private car, private house) and (iv) “other”, reveals that in 2010 53% of
investment went towards hardware (compared to 56.6% in ES2009), 5% went towards
software (compared to 7.4% in ES2009), 7% went to personnel (compared to 7% in ES2009)
and 30% towards others (compared to 28.2% in ES2009).
The ES data are not detailed enough to support a conclusion on the efficiency of
investments. However, it is interesting to note that the share of companies investing in
advertising (5%), marketing (3%), and training (2%) are comparable to the share investing in
private homes (5%), and private cars (2%). Overall, a larger share of enterprises reported
investment in business vehicles than advertising, marketing, and training put together, thus
demonstrating the relatively low priority given to these means of increasing long term
competitiveness through increased sales (advertising and marketing) and better human
resources (training).
At the same time, when combined with the reported increase in expectations around future
growth and profits, the lack of real shifts from 2008 shows that the current areas of
investment are proving profitable for entrepreneurs, and continued investment
demonstrates the expectation of continued profitability.
Enterprise Investment Plans
More than half of all entrepreneurs surveyed in ES2011 have an investment plan for the
future (53%), as shown in Figure 44 (below). This represents a 6.5 percentage point increase
over ES2009 (46.5%). Larger enterprises are more likely to have future investment plans in
place. Large-sized enterprises have the highest percentage at 73% and micro-sized
enterprises have the lowest at 46%. The 53% of small-sized enterprises with investment
plans is equal to the total across all enterprise sizes.
ES2011, page 68
Figure 44: Enterprises with investment plans, by size (ES2011)
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
73%
65%
30%
53%
53%
20%
46%
10%
0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Total
Business entrepreneurs without an investment plan were asked to state the reasons why no
plan is in place (Figure 45). Responses in ES2011 were almost identical to ES2009. The most
common response given was that the entrepreneur is satisfied with their business—about
four in ten respondents in each size category chose this response. A smaller portion of
enterprises also indicated lack of market, lack of profit and lack of funds as contributing
factors. The global financial crisis, however, did not appear to be a major reason for
businesses not planning to invest, and very few enterprises identified bureaucratic
constraints as the main reason for not investing.
Figure 45: Reasons for not planning to invest in enterprises, by size (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
15%
20%
1%
2%
2%
70%
26%
2%
4%
36%
60%
50%
40%
Other
50%
38%
GFC
Too much bureaucracy
Satisfied with my business
40%
2%
Lack materials
16%
30%
20%
13%
0%
0%
13%
5%
9%
17%
13%
10%
4%
6%
No market
13%
No profit
9%
12%
10%
9%
13%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
0%
Lack funds
ES2011, page 69
8.2.3. Firms’ Perception of Competition
ES2011 collected information on the perceptions of enterprise owner/managers relating to
competition, specifically the sources of competitive threats, and problems with
competitiveness.
External vs. Domestic Competition
The majority of enterprise owners/managers are more concerned about domestic
competition than international competition (Figure 46).
65.7% of enterprise owners stated that competition from other domestic firms was either a
“very big problem,” “big problem” or “medium problem,” representing a 4.4 percentage
point drop from 70.1% in ES2009. 33.6% of enterprise owners stated that externaldomestic-competition was either a “small problem” or “no problem” compared to 29.7% in
ES2009.
Almost 50% of enterprises considered domestic competition as a “very big problem” or “big
problem,” compared to only 13.2% of the same perception for international competition
(Figure 46). 61% of enterprises stated that international competition is “no problem.”
Figure 46: External enterprise problems – competition (ES2011)
Owners' ratings of the degree competition is a problem, by source
,1%
100,0%
90,0%
% of business owners
80,0%
21,3%
32,4%
,7%
3,3%
2,8%
6,1%
27,0%
8,4%
70,0%
6,6%
60,0%
10,6%
50,0%
16,7%
20,4%
66,1%
59,7%
61,0%
19,0%
Don't know
No problem
40,0%
29,6%
30,0%
23,9%
Small
13,1%
20,0%
10,0%
8,3%
29,0%
16,3%
20,1%
2007
2009
10,1%
9,6%
Big
10,1%
5,7%
6,9%
4,9%
10,3%
17,7%
8,8%
7,0%
6,2%
2011
2007
2009
2011
,0%
With domestic competitors
Medium
Very big
With foreign competitors
Competition
Problems with Competitiveness
Across all enterprise sizes, the majority of businesses consider competitiveness an issue
(Figure 47). However, ES2011 found statistically significant drops in the proportion of micro, small-, and medium-sized enterprises perceptions of competitive problems from ES2009.25
25
The drop for micro and small-sized enterprises (19.0% and 11.1%, respectively) were significant at the 99%
level. The change in the proportion of medium-sized enterprises perceiving a competitiveness problem (11.6%)
was significant at the 90% level. These were calculated with an independent t-test formula. Given that many of
the firms from ES2009 were surveyed again in 2011, the independent t-test understates the power of the t-
ES2011, page 70
While on the surface a focus on domestic competition is a positive trend implying a more
mature local business environment, the survey results point to a potential long-run
vulnerability for Lao firms: lack of exposure to international competition. Combined with the
widespread unawareness of coming changes related to AFTA /WTO (Section 8.3.1) and the
poor bookkeeping systems (Section 8.6.4), falling perceptions of competitive pressures
indicate Lao firms are unprepared for increased global competition. After AFTA and the
WTO agreements enter into full force, firms that have prospered in the current environment
face increased competition from international investors and exporters, and they do not
currently appear to be preparing for the challenge.
Figure 47: Enterprises perceiving problems with their competitiveness, by size (ES2011)
90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
2005200720092011
Micro
2005200720092011
2005200720092011
Small
2005200720092011
Medium
Large
Owners of large enterprises more frequently rated competition from foreign firms as a
problem. 53.9% of large enterprise owners responded that foreign competition was a
“medium” to “very large problem.” Owners of micro, small and medium size enterprises are
less concerned with foreign competition ranking it at 14.7%, 22.3%, and 33.4% respectively.
Figure 48: External enterprise problems-foreign competition (ES2011)
Owners' ratings of the degree competition is a problem,
by size
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
38,5%
30,0%
11,8%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
9,4%
6,1%
4,3%
4,3%
Micro
Small
Big
Very big
10,8%
7,7%
7,1%
5,8%
Medium
10,8%
7,7%
Medium
Large
test giving a conservative estimate of significance. With a dependent t-test, the significance would likely be
even higher.
ES2011, page 71
Reasons given for competitive problems vary considerably by enterprise size. In some size
categories they have changed considerably across ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011. In particular,
the main competitiveness problem identified by micro enterprises in ES2007 was “too small
scale of production. 68% of enterprises reported it as a challenge in ES2007, which then
dropped to 14% in ES2009, and increased again to 34% in ES2011. Similarly, 16.7% of micro
enterprises identified unit costs as a problem in ES2007, then 64.8% in ES2009, and 37.4% in
ES2011.
One consistent trend is that smaller firms experience greater volatility in their main
competitive problems than larger firms. Additionally, the share of businesses identifying
“other problems”
Smaller firms are more susceptible to shocks and experience greater volatility year-on-year
compared to larger enterprises. “Other problems” for micro, small, and medium businesses
have increased from 2007 to 2011. Notably, two of the main “other problems” identified
were issues around business licensing and increased transportation costs.
Figure 49: Businesses' main problems being competitive, by size (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
80,0%
70,0%
% ofbusiness owners
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
0,0%
2007
2009
2011
Micro
2007
2009
2011
2007
2009
2011
2007
Small
Low quality of own product/service
Medium
Too small scale of production
Unit cost/price of product/service
Unequal treatment by authorities
Protectionist measures
Other problems
2009
2011
Large
8.3. Challenges of Globalisation and Regional Integration
Lao PDR has been continuously integrating into the regional and global markets. The
dominant trading partners belong to ASEAN. Progress in the WTO accession process is
underway, and there is progressive compliance with requirements to reduce tariffs under
the AFTA Common Effective Preferential Tariff scheme.
8.3.1. Awareness of WTO/AFTA
Among enterprise owners, awareness of both the WTO and AFTA frameworks remains
below 30% in ES2011 (Figure 50). At 26.0%, WTO awareness is slightly lowerthanES2009
(28.9%). Awareness of AFTA similarly decreased to 24.7% in ES2011 from 27.7% in ES2009,
but has increased from ES2007 (21.2%).
ES2011, page 72
Figure 50: Awareness of AFTA &WTO (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
35,0%
30,0%
25,0%
20,0%
AFTA
15,0%
WTO
10,0%
5,0%
,0%
2007
2009
2011
Awareness of AFTA/WTO by Size
Entrepreneur awareness of AFTA and WTO by enterprise size (Figure 51) is largely
unchanged from ES2009. Within each enterprise size group awareness is roughly the same
for both AFTA and WTO, and approximately the same as ES2009. Secondly, awareness of
either framework increases with enterprise size: micro-enterprises report extremely low
awareness (3-4%), while approximately 70% of large business owners are aware of the AFTA
and WTO trade agreements. That the majority of small and medium enterprises are
unaware of AFTA/WTO could be a cause for concern, as it implies a lack of preparedness for
competitive pressures related to regional and global trade integration.
Figure 51: Awareness of AFTA and WTO, by size (ES2011)
100%
90%
27%
31%
73%
69%
80%
55%
70%
75%
60%
50%
55%
77%
96%
97%
40%
30%
45%
20%
25%
10%
0%
45%
23%
4%
3%
Know AFTA Know WTO Know AFTA Know WTO Know AFTA Know WTO Know AFTA Know WTO
Micro
Small
Medium
Yes
Large
No
ES2011, page 73
Awareness of AFTA/WTO by province
The results by province (Figure 52) underscore a need for greater awareness-raising and
information dissemination on related opportunities and challenges, especially those
enterprises located outside of Vientiane. Fewer than 40% of firms in the capital are aware of
AFTA/WTO, but this is nearly double the figure for other provinces. International trade may
play less of a role in provincial economies at present, but it is expected to increase so this
reveals a potential future area of challenge and opportunity.
Figure 52: Awareness of AFTA and WTO, by province (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
60,5% 63,8%
77,4% 77,4% 80,3% 82,2% 78,6% 77,3%
92,1% 92,1%
No
39,5% 36,2%
Yes
22,6% 22,6% 19,7% 17,8% 21,4% 22,7%
Know
AFTA
Know
WTO
Vientiane
Capital
Know
AFTA
Know
WTO
Champasack
Know
AFTA
Know
WTO
Savannakhet
Know
AFTA
Know
WTO
Luangprabang
7,9%
7,9%
Know
AFTA
Know
WTO
Luangnamtha
Awareness of AFTA/WTO by industry
Awareness of AFTA and the WTO also varies significantly by industry. About 57% of
enterprises in construction are aware of AFTA/WTO, compared to about 16% in retail.
Surprisingly only 29% of firms in the transportation sector were aware of either. Again, the
wide differences in levels of awareness of AFTA/WTO imply certain industries will not be
prepared for increased competition.
Figure 53: Awareness of AFTA and WTO, by ISIC (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
41,5%
43,9%
70%
60%
77,7%
83,0%
84,2%
83,9%
15,8%
16,1%
77,3%
78,9%
22,7%
21,1%
71,0%
71,0%
29,0%
29,0%
50%
40%
30%
58,5%
56,1%
20%
10%
22,3%
17,0%
0%
Know AFTA Know WTO Know AFTA Know WTO Know AFTA Know WTO Know AFTA Know WTO Know AFTA Know WTO
C: Manufacturing
F: Construction
G: Wholesale and retail I: Accommodation and H: Transportation and
trade, repair of motor
food service
storage
vehicles
Yes
ES2011, page 74
No
8.3.2. Perceived impact of AFTA/WTO
Business owners who were aware of the future WTO accession were asked a follow-up
question regarding their perception of its effect upon their business. Results of ES2011 show
that about half of enterprise owners (47.3%) perceived WTO accession as having a positive
effect on their business. A smaller share (37.1%) perceived the effect of WTO accession on
their business as “neutral” and 8.6% as “negative”. In general, owners who were familiar
with WTO accession had a favourable impression of the potential impact.
Figure 54: Perception of effects of WTO accession amongst owners aware of the WTO
100,0%
90,0%
14,8%
80,0%
8,6%
7,0%
8,6%
% of owners
70,0%
37,1%
60,0%
Don't know
34,4%
50,0%
Negative
40,0%
Neutral
30,0%
20,0%
42,1%
47,3%
2009
2011
Positive
10,0%
,0%
A parallel question has been asked about AFTA since ES2007. Analysing responses by
enterprise size, medium-sized enterprises saw a rise in positive perceptions of the effect of
AFTA of 10.2 percentage points to 55.3% in ES2011 from 45.1% in ES2009. Responses by
owners of enterprises of other sizes remained static in comparison with small-sized
enterprises remaining essentially the same from 43.4% in ES2009 to 43.8% in ES2011.
Positive perceptions of AFTA among large businesses decreased only slightly from 42.3% in
ES2009 to 38.9% in ES2011.
Figure 55: Perception of the effect of AFTA on the owner’s business, by size (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100,0%
90,0%
% of busines owners
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
5,6%
9,8% 6,4% 11,1%
,0%
12,9% 8,0% 6,7%
6,4%
19,2%
22,6%
13,3% 12,4%
13,7%
17,7%
15,4%
31,9%
44,4%
55,6%
35,4% 37,1%
31,4%
23,1%
48,4%
46,8%
11,1%
30,0%
43,4% 43,8%
20,0%
10,0%
45,1%
22,6%
Rather negative
No effect
55,3%
29,0%
Don't know
33,3%
42,3% 38,9%
Rather positive
,0%
2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011
Small
Medium
Large
ES2011, page 75
8.4. Enterprise Internal and External Constraints
This subsection deals with enterprise performance factors that can be influenced by the
enterprise and its management. It briefly describes the sample with respect to the following
areas:
•
Assessment of top internal constraints perceived by firms
•
Assessment of top external constraints perceived by firms
8.4.1. Assessment of Top Internal Constraints Perceived by Firms
In ES2011 respondents were asked to identify the degree to which certain internal
constraints presented a problem to their business. The internal constraint response choices
were predetermined to be consistent with ES2009 and earlier Enterprise Surveys.
In analysing the responses from EBS2005 through the present survey, “lack of capital” has
consistently been the most frequently cited “big” or “very big” constraint. At 47.74% in
ES2011, the most recent responses are similar to both ES2009 (50.4%) and ES2007. The next
most frequently cited constraints were “lack of management skills” (23.49%), “lack of
technically skilled labour” (19.75%), and “lack of market information” (19.14%).
Figure 56: Internal constraints in relation to each other (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Very big
Big
Medium
Small
No problem
Other/Don't know
ES2011, page 76
Figure 57: Timeline of constraints since EBS2005 (EBS2005 ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
60,00%
Lack of capital
50,00%
Lack of
management/accounting
40,00%
Lack of technicallly skilled
labors
Low productivity efficiency
30,00%
Lack of market information
20,00%
Low level of technology
10,00%
Lack of management staff
0,00%
High labor costs
2005
2007
2009
2011
Looking at the timeline of responses from EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011, a second
trend that stands out is the dramatic shift in the proportion of enterprises citing “lack of
management/accounting” as a constraint. While other responses were consistently around
or below ~20% across the three surveys, the share of enterprises that indicated “lack of
management/accounting skills” as a “big” or “very big” problem appears to have increased
dramatically.
This apparent trend may be explained by a change in the data collection methodology. After
ES2007, the single choice “lack of management/accounting” replaced by separate choices
for “lack of management” and “lack of accounting skills.” In order to make a proper
comparison, these two responses from ES2009 and ES2011 were combined in Figure 57.
However, the potential for double counting remains—and the responses are consistent with
a large of enterprises for which both accounting and management were a big or very big
problem. For example, in ES2007 17.35% of respondents thought “lack of
accounting/management skills” was a “big” or “very big” problem compared to 17.72% in
ES2009 and 17.88% in ES2011. Assuming this is correct, the percentage of respondents with
management issues apparently increased from ES2007 to ES2011.
Medium-sized enterprises overall reported the highest share of “very big” internal
constraints, followed by large enterprises. Micro and small enterprises generally did not
report a large share of “big” or “very big” internal constraints with the major exception of
“lack of capital,” where the picture is reversed: micro, small and medium enterprises
reported capital as a big constraint much more frequently than larger firms.
Lack of capital was reported as a “very big” problem among 26.6% of the enterprises in
ES2011. This indicates that capital constraints are perceived as a more pressing issue to
businesses in Lao than other “softer” skills and staffing issues, despite attempts by the
government to increase available credit. This contradiction between the national figures and
what individual enterprises are seeing may indicate that available credit is unequally shared
in Lao PDR, perhaps flowing more easily to state-connected enterprises or major foreign
investment-related projects than to private businesses captured in the enterprise survey.
ES2011, page 77
Smaller enterprises may also face challenges accessing credit because they lack modern
accounting systems (see 8.6.1).
Interestingly, 46% of large businesses indicated that capital was not a problem, compared to
26% of medium-sized enterprises and 24.6% overall. This is in line with trends in comparable
economies, as large firms tend to have stability and better access to capital via cash or
credit.
Figure 58: Lack of capital problem by firm size (ES2011)
100%
2%
90%
15%
80%
6%
70%
20%
1%
1%
27%
26%
10%
7%
60%
17%
50%
40%
31%
46%
Small
14%
12%
19%
15%
20%
26%
26%
Don’t know
No problem
18%
30%
10%
4%
34%
12%
Medium
Big
Very big
12%
0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
A potential danger exists if enterprises focus solely on the access to capital challenges
versus improvements in management, skills, and efficiency which could lead to overall
shortening of the cash cycle thus creating greater liquidity in the company.
The internal constraints with the second and third highest shares of enterprises reporting
them as a problem were “lack of management skills” and “lack of technically skilled labour.
These findings are similar to ES2009, and are broken out by firm size in Figure 59.
Figure 59: Lack of management problem by firm size (ES2011)
100%
4%
0%
0%
4%
90%
33%
80%
70%
43%
Don’t know
60%
13%
30%
0%
ES2011, page 78
Small
19%
12%
31%
22%
12%
12%
13%
6%
10%
Micro
Small
Medium
Big
16%
18%
20%
10%
No problem
12%
50%
40%
38%
49%
20%
8%
8%
Medium
Large
Very big
Figure 60: Lack of technically skilled labour problems (ES2011)
100%
3%
0%
90%
80%
70%
60%
15%
12%
20%
18%
40%
15%
17%
14%
15%
6%
1%
4%
Micro
Small
Don’t know
No problem
Small
20%
15%
20%
0%
27%
27%
50%
10%
4%
44%
60%
30%
0%
Medium
Big
19%
27%
Very big
15%
Medium
Large
The findings relating to lack of management and lack of technically skilled labour are
consistent with the hypothesis that the availability and cost of skilled workers is a constraint
to growth, particularly for firms larger than micro-enterprises. As expected, micro
enterprises reported the lowest share of enterprises facing challenges with management
and technically skilled labour.
In ES2011, 23% of small firms, 36% of medium firms, and 16% of large firms indicated that
“lack of management” was a “big” or “very big” problem. This represented an increase of
12% for small firms and 11% for medium firms and a 3% decrease for large firms from
ES2009. In terms of technically skilled labour, the data did not differ greatly from ES2009 to
ES2011. 19% of small, 34% of medium, and 42% of large enterprises reported “lack of
technically skilled labour” as a “big” or “very big” problem in ES2011 compared to ES2009
figures of 20% of small, 38% of medium, and 42% of large enterprises respectively. Based on
the data in ES2009 and ES2011, it is evident that the availability of labour remains a
significant challenge for non-micro enterprises.
Figure 61: Lack of market integration problems (ES2011)
100%
5%
1%
0%
4%
90%
80%
70%
39%
34%
38%
Don’t know
53%
60%
21%
19%
50%
No problem
8%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
15%
21%
13%
14%
21%
Small
Medium
38%
Big
Very big
15%
10%
3%
6%
10%
4%
8%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
ES2011, page 79
Lack of market information is a bigger problem for larger firms. Over 50% of small (60%),
medium (67%), and large (58%) enterprises report lack of market information problems.
Medium enterprises rate lack of market information as a bigger challenge, with 25% of
enterprises indicating it as a ‘very big’ or ‘big’ problem.
Figure 62: High Labour Cost Problems (ES2011)
100%
2%
1%
0%
4%
90%
29%
80%
35%
41%
70%
60%
15%
15%
50%
Don’t know
13%
71%
40%
No problem
Small
Medium
38%
Big
30%
31%
20%
10%
10%
13%
0%
38%
Very big
15%
2%
1%
9%
3%
5%
4%
4%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
The high cost of labour was ranked as a problem by over half of small (58%), medium (69%),
and large (61%) enterprises. Medium enterprises report the biggest challenge, with 20%
indicating it as a ‘very big’ or ‘big’ problem. Together with the findings on low worker
productivity, entrepreneurs may be having challenges identifying the best path to growth.
Figure 63: Low productivity/efficiency problems (ES2011)
100%
2%
3%
0%
4%
90%
36%
80%
44%
70%
42%
60%
Don’t know
60%
No problem
18%
50%
Small
21%
40%
30%
19%
14%
Big
16%
19%
23%
23%
7%
3%
9%
4%
10%
8%
4%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
20%
11%
10%
0%
ES2011, page 80
Medium
Very big
Over half of small, medium, and large enterprises report problems in management, skills,
access to market information, high labour costs, and low productivity/efficiency. Though a
larger share rated access to capital as a big or very big problem than other areas, the lack of
the above core business competencies suggests businesses are facing several significant
challenges to achieving long-term competitiveness and growth.
8.4.2. Assessment of Top External Constraints Perceived by Firms
This subsection deals with the subject of business framework conditions (or how ‘enabling’
or ‘disenabling’ the business environment is). This is also the subject of the ‘Private Sector
and Investment Climate Assessments’ conducted by the World Bank in many countries.
In terms of external constraints, the business environment featured prominently among
enterprises of all sizes in ES2011. “Taxes and Duties” were considered a “big” or “very big”
problem across the board (micro: 46%, small: 45%, medium: 44% and large: 36%).
Figure 64: Taxes & duties problems (ES2011)
100,0%
,6%
,5%
90,0%
16,0%
16,2%
11,7%
8,6%
80,0%
8,0%
20,0%
16,0%
6,0%
8,0%
70,0%
% of owners
Don't know
60,0%
25,8%
29,7%
30,0%
No problem
32,0%
50,0%
Medium
40,0%
30,0%
Small
28,8%
29,5%
22,0%
Big
16,0%
Very big
20,0%
10,0%
17,2%
15,5%
Micro
Small
22,0%
20,0%
Medium
Large
,0%
Data available from the World Bank put this constraint in context, suggesting that Lao PDR
has high rates of duties and tariffs in comparison to the trade-weighted average of ASEAN
members. As a percentage of the value of imported goods, Lao PDR’s customs and duties
are 5.6% versus 2.3% for Thailand, 1.93% for China, and 1.49% for ASEAN as a whole. As a
percentage of applied tariffs (including trade preferences), Lao PDR’s rates are 14.88%
versus 4.22% for China, and 2.68% for ASEAN as a whole.
ES2011, page 81
Figure 65: Duties and Applied Tariffs Compared to China and ASEAN
16%
26
14,88%
12%
Customs and Other Import
Duties (as a percent of goods
imports) (2006-09 Latest)
8%
5,60%
4,22%
4%
2,03%
1,93%
2,68%
1,49%
Applied Tariff incl. prefs - Trade
Weighted Average - All Goods
(%) (2006-09 Latest)
0%
Lao PDR
Thailand
China
ASEAN trade
weighted
average
In addition, at 0.29% of exported goods, Lao PDR has higher export taxes, than Thailand
(0.08%), and ASEAN’s weighted trade average (0.10%).
Figure 66: Export Taxes Compared to China and ASEAN
0,30%
27
0,29%
0,20%
0,10%
0,10%
0,08%
Export taxes (as a percent of
goods exports) (2006-09 Latest)
0,00%
Lao PDR
Thailand
China
ASEAN trade
weighted
average
Not only do Lao enterprises face challenges with import duties and export taxes but also
with “fees and unofficial payments.” The share of enterprises reporting this constraint grew
in relation to firm size (micro: 11.3%, small: 17.3%, medium: 22.8% and large: 34.6%).
26
World Bank, World Trade Indicators 2009/2010. Accessed online 17 October 2012 at
http://www.worldbank.org/wti/
27
Source: World Bank, World Trade Indicators 2009/2010. Accessed online
online 17 October 2012 at
http://www.worldbank.org/wti/
ES2011, page 82
Figure 67: Fees & unofficial payment problems (ES2011)
100,0%
1,3%
,7%
90,0%
33,3%
80,0%
7,7%
26,7%
26,9%
45,9%
% of owners
70,0%
18,8%
60,0%
16,2%
Don't know
7,7%
50,0%
40,0%
32,5%
Big
19,2%
23,3%
Very big
11,9%
12,8%
10,0%
,0%
Small
Medium
31,7%
30,0%
20,0%
23,1%
18,2%
No problem
11,3%
,0%
4,5%
Micro
Small
10,9%
15,4%
Medium
Large
The share of firms reporting customs regulations as a big or very big problem was higher for
larger sized enterprises. It was a leading constraint for both medium- (20.8%) and large-size
enterprises (28%). This would imply that while the economy has seen consistent growth, the
business environment in terms of the governance infrastructure has not matured
accordingly.
Figure 68: Customs regulation problems (ES2011)
100,0%
3,1%
3,5%
2,0%
4,0%
90,0%
28,0%
80,0%
43,6%
40,6%
70,0%
Don't know
% of woners
64,4%
12,0%
60,0%
13,9%
50,0%
18,3%
40,0%
Small
28,0%
14,4%
20,0%
20,4%
10,0%
13,1%
,0%
5,0%
,0%
3,5%
Micro
Small
10,7%
Medium
Big
22,8%
30,0%
No problem
Very big
9,9%
20,0%
10,9%
8,0%
Medium
Large
The cost of energy and telecommunications was considered problematic by a majority of
enterprise owners. About three-quarters of enterprises considered electricity prices a
problem; more than two-thirds of business owners consider fuel prices a problem; and over
half regard the cost of telecommunications as an issue.
ES2011, page 83
While enterprise owners consider physical infrastructure and fuel/electricity prices to be
constraints, it is difficult to draw conclusions from these absolute numbers about the actual
negative impact of infrastructure conditions or energy prices.
Figure 69: Electricity price problems (ES2011)
100,0%
,6%
90,0%
20,1%
27,2%
1,0%
3,8%
22,5%
15,4%
12,7%
19,2%
21,6%
19,2%
80,0%
13,2%
70,0%
% of owners
12,3%
Don't know
60,0%
50,0%
No problem
27,9%
27,2%
Medium
40,0%
23,5%
30,0%
20,0%
24,1%
28,2%
10,0%
,0%
Small
8,6%
10,6%
Micro
Small
18,6%
Medium
Big
30,8%
Very big
11,5%
Large
Figure 70: Fuel price problems (ES2011)
100,0%
,6%
90,0%
80,0%
31,3%
% of owners
70,0%
60,0%
27,0%
ES2011, page 84
5,9%
12,0%
Don't know
28,0%
25,8%
Medium
22,5%
Big
24,0%
20,9%
No problem
Small
24,9%
27,9%
22,5%
10,0%
,0%
16,0%
25,5%
30,0%
20,0%
23,5%
12,4%
13,5%
50,0%
40,0%
4,0%
8,0%
7,8%
Micro
Small
Medium
16,0%
Large
Very big
Figure 71: Telecommunications price problems (ES2011)
100,0%
,6%
1,4%
1,0%
3,8%
38,7%
38,2%
34,6%
90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
51,9%
% of owners
Don't know
60,0%
10,8%
50,0%
40,0%
Medium
16,7%
29,4%
34,6%
Big
Very big
28,5%
24,1%
17,6%
10,0%
,0%
No problem
Small
21,8%
30,0%
20,0%
11,5%
4,9%
1,9%
7,0%
2,6%
2,9%
Micro
Small
Medium
7,7%
7,7%
Large
The condition of physical infrastructure (including roads, water, telecom and internet) was
perceived by many businesses to be a constraint, although to a lesser degree than energy
and telecom prices. About half of micro, small, and medium sized enterprises found poor
infrastructure to be a constraint, while relatively fewer large enterprises considered it to be
a constraint.
Figure 72: Road infrastructure problems (ES2011)
100,0%
,6%
,2%
,0%
51,2%
52,2%
49,0%
3,8%
90,0%
80,0%
% of owners
70,0%
57,7%
60,0%
No problem
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
Don't know
7,9%
15,9%
Small
7,8%
11,0%
Medium
12,7%
7,7%
Big
15,7%
15,4%
Very big
15,2%
14,0%
11,5%
10,4%
9,9%
Micro
Small
10,0%
,0%
14,7%
15,4%
Medium
Large
,0%
ES2011, page 85
Figure 73: Telecommunications infrastructure problems (ES2011)
100,0%
1,8%
,5%
,0%
63,0%
59,4%
3,8%
90,0%
80,0%
% of owners
70,0%
54,9%
Don't know
69,2%
60,0%
50,0%
Small
Medium
40,0%
15,2%
10,9%
16,8%
7,7%
20,7%
15,9%
6,1%
1,2%
6,9%
5,9%
15,4%
4,6%
4,8%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
10,0%
,0%
Big
11,1%
30,0%
20,0%
No problem
Very big
,0%
3,8%
Figure 74: Electricity infrastructure problems (ES2011)
,6%
,0%
49,4%
52,9%
3,8%
50,5%
% of owners
53,8%
Don't know
No problem
Small
11,6%
11,1%
12,9%
Medium
11,5%
18,3%
17,1%
13,9%
15,4%
10,9%
14,6%
10,4%
5,5%
8,5%
11,9%
11,5%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Big
Very big
3,8%
ES2011 also inquired about government regulation problems related to currency exchange
and labour relations. Overall a smaller share of enterprises found these areas to be
challenging compared to other external constraints.
ES2011, page 86
Figure 75: Currency exchange regulation problems (ES2011)
100,0%
,6%
1,2%
2,0%
56,0%
52,0%
3,8%
90,0%
80,0%
38,5%
% of owners
70,0%
60,0%
Don't know
73,5%
No problem
50,0%
19,2%
40,0%
Medium
12,7%
Big
22,5%
30,0%
18,6%
30,8%
20,0%
13,6%
10,0%
8,6%
3,7%
,0%
3,5%
,7%
2,9%
7,7%
,0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
,0%
16,2%
Small
Very big
11,8%
Figure 76: Labour & safety regulation problems (ES2011)
100,0%
2,5%
,7%
1,0%
3,8%
90,0%
80,0%
45,1%
56,3%
% of owners
70,0%
60,0%
46,2%
Don't know
No problem
79,5%
50,0%
Small
18,6%
40,0%
11,5%
Big
20,8%
30,0%
20,0%
Medium
24,5%
26,9%
10,0%
11,2%
16,8%
,0%
6,2%
,6%
,0%
4,4%
,9%
8,8%
2,0%
11,5%
,0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Very big
8.5. Human Resources, training and technology
‘Human resource development’ is very critical for enterprise development in a constantly
changing market environment requiring product and process innovations to keep pace with
those of national, regional and international competitors. The HRDME programme
philosophy is based on the direct relationship between the ability of enterprises and
businesses to compete and develop and the skills of management and as well as the labour
force to master the growing complexity and technology content of products and production
processes.
ES2011, page 87
As reflected in the HRDME programme and Component 2 indicators, the share of
professionally skilled staff has to increase over time in order to enable the enterprise to
better master the challenges of tightening competition and increasing product quality on
markets. This concerns the owners/managers as well as the staff employed.
8.5.1. Level of Training of Owner and Staff by Size/Province/Sector
Owner Figures
The highest level of education attained by business owners has not changed dramatically
from ESB2005 to ES2011.
Figure 77: Owners’ education (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
Highest level of education attained by business owners
100,0%
90,0%
80,0%
30,0%
28,4%
32,8%
30,4%
23,7%
11,6%
14,4%
70,0%
60,0%
13,1%
50,0%
40,0%
Higher/Post-graduate
Vocational/Technical
37,4%
36,2%
37,3%
33,9%
30,0%
Up through Secondary
Up through Primary
20,0%
10,0%
19,5%
14,1%
19,4%
17,9%
2009
2011
,0%
2005
2007
Owners’ education levels rise in relation to enterprise size (Figure 78). In ES2011, 8% of
owners of micro-sized businesses, 32.3% of owners of small-sized enterprises, 49% of
owners of medium-sized businesses, and 65.4% of owners of large-sized enterprises had a
graduate degree or higher. Higher education levels have incrementally increased among
micro and small-sized enterprises between EBS2005 and ES2009 from 6% to 8.3% and from
25.7% to 34.5% respectively. However, it has decreased among owners of medium-sized
enterprises 59.4% in EBS2005 to 47.3% in ES2009 and owners of large-sized enterprises
from 80.9% to 71%. Between ES2009 and ES2011, higher education levels of owners by size
of enterprise remained largely the same.
28
GTZ, Enterprise Survey 2009, chapter 3, 2009
ES2011, page 88
Figure 78: Owners’ education, by enterprise size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
6,0%
4,3%
9,6%
25,7% 24,6%
22,8% 10,3% 12,3%
34,5% 32,3%
80%
8,3%
8,0%
47,3% 49,0%
70%
16,2%
38,6%
60%
71,0%
27,5% 10,9% 15,6%
45,5% 45,4%
65,4%
80,9% 80,0%
44,6%
50%
15,5% 14,7%
28,3%
10%
28,1%
35,9% 34,4%
15,4% 12,5% 18,2% 14,4%
Micro
Small
Up to Primary
Up to Secondary
ES2011
ES2009
ES2007
EBS2005
ES2011
ES2009
ES2007
EBS2005
0%
7,7%
30,9% 28,4%
20,5%
4,7% 5,5%
6,4%
7,8%
Medium
12,9%
15,4%
5,0%
9,5% 5,0%
9,7%
4,8% 10,0%
11,5%
6,5%
4,8%
ES2011
45,7%
13,7%
ES2009
37,6%
ES2007
35,4%
7,9%
EBS2005
30%
36,4%
ES2011
42,8%
ES2009
40%
20%
59,4% 60,3%
ES2007
90%
EBS2005
100%
Large
Graduate and higher
Consistent with women owning a greater proportion of small and micro-sized enterprises,
whose owners tend to have a lower education level, than men, male business owners are on
average twice as likely to have attained higher education than female business owners
(39.3% vs. 18.7%) in ES2011 (Figure 79). The number of women owners with higher levels of
education has risen slightly compared to ES2009.
Figure 79: Owners’ education, by gender (ES2011)
Highest level of education attained by business owners
100,0%
90,0%
18,7%
39,3%
80,0%
13,0%
70,0%
60,0%
15,5%
50,0%
46,3%
40,0%
Up through Primary
30,0%
30,3%
20,0%
10,0%
21,9%
14,8%
,0%
Female
Male
By province (Figure 80), Savannakhet is notable for the percentage rise in owners with
vocational and higher levels of education from 52% in ES2009 to 76% in ES2011.
ES2011, page 89
Figure 80: Owners’ education by province (ES2011)
15 14
22
27 34
13
13 14
9
44 39
15
20
29 32
17 40 13
27
38
Vientiane Capital
58
30 29
Luangnamtha
Up to Secondary
Luangprabang
ES2007
ES2011
15 36 33 13 27 23
ES2009
ES2011
ES2009
ES2007
EBS2005
Champasack
21
ES2007
24
27 23
ES2011
78
34
33
ES2009
5
EBS2005
ES2011
9
39 49
EBS2005
33
13 13 21 16
ES2009
9
6
59 58
36
38 30 44 53
ES2007
9
36 53 65
24
Up to Primary
7
32
28 26
ES2007
19
2
ES2011
13
2
10
ES2009
22 27
49
64
81
80 83 84
EBS2005
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Savannakhet
Graduate and higher
Owners' education by ISIC (Figure 81) shows the level of education attained by enterprise
leaders in the five largest sectors captured in ES2011.Construction company owners remain
the most educated, with nearly half (48.8%) having attained higher education. Slightly over
a third of “transportation and storage” sector owners/managers received higher education,
followed by “manufacturing” at 32.1%, but a much greater proportion of enterprise leaders
in “transportation and storage” (nearly 4 in 10) had received no more than primary school
education. Wholesale and retail enterprise owners on average appear to have the least
amount of formal education.
Figure 81: Owners’ education, by ISIC (ES2011)
Highest level of education attained by owners of businesses in the 5 most common
ISIC sections
100,0%
90,0%
80,0%
21,5%
32,1%
35,5%
48,8%
13,7%
70,0%
60,0%
13,4%
9,7%
50,0%
12,2%
41,1%
40,0%
30,0%
40,6%
29,3%
38,7%
23,7%
14,3%
9,8%
C: Manufacturing
F: Construction
,0%
Up through Primary
ES2011, page 90
15,6%
16,1%
40,2%
20,0%
10,0%
29,7%
14,1%
G: Wholesale & retail H: Transportation & I: Accommodation &
trade
storage
food service activities
The percentage of owners that had received some form of training before they started their
business (Figure 82) remained around 35% as it has since 2007. Owners that received
training after their business opened decreased slightly from 32.9% in 2009 to 30.6% in 2011.
With the exception of medium-size enterprises, owners received more training prior to
starting their businesses than after the businesses were operating.
Figure 82: Owners’ training before and after starting the business, by size (ES2011)
80,0%
73,1%
70,0%
64,0%
59,6%
54,9%
60,0%
Had management
training when
started business
50,0%
40,0%
35,0%
30,6%
33,9%
28,4%
30,0%
Had management
training since
started business
19,1%
13,5%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Total
Staff Figures
The results of ES2011 show that 38.3% of the owners/managers of surveyed enterprises say
they employ technical staff having received formal technical training. This represents a
decrease from 50% reported in ES2009 and is below the indicator target of 50%. However, it
still represents an increase over the 35.9% reported in EBS2005.
The equivalent figure for formal administrative training is 55% of businesses, also a decrease
from 63% in ES2009, and the lowest figure reported across the survey periods.
Figure 83: Percentage of staff receiving training (ES2011)
Businesses with at least one trained staff member, by type
80,0%
70,0%
% of businesses
60,0%
50,0%
2005
40,0%
2007
69,4%
30,0%
62,1%
2009
63,0%
55,0%
20,0%
50,0%
35,9%
36,3%
2011
38,3%
10,0%
,0%
Administrative
Technical
ES2011, page 91
This trend may in part be due to the increase in number of micro-sized enterprises in that
year’s sample; but since ES2011’s sample has only 22 more micro-sized enterprises than
ES2009, changing size composition of the survey sample cannot fully account for the yearon-year decline.
Figure 84: Trained administrative staff, by size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
Businesses with at least one trained administrative staff
member
100,0%
90,0%
% of businesses
80,0%
70,0%
Micro
60,0%
Small
50,0%
Medium
40,0%
Large
30,0%
Total
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
2005
2007
2009
2011
In general, a greater proportion of enterprises employed at least one trained administrative
staff than trained technical staff in 2011 (consistent with EBS2005, ES2007 and ES2009).
Figure 85: Trained technical staff, by size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
Businesses with at least one trained administrative staff
member
100,0%
90,0%
% of businesses
80,0%
70,0%
Micro
60,0%
Small
50,0%
Medium
40,0%
Large
30,0%
Total
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
2005
ES2011, page 92
2007
2009
2011
8.5.2. Perceived training needs by Size / Province / Sector
Owners Desire for Business Skill-Building
Enterprise owners/managers were asked whether they want to learn any skills in order to
improve their businesses. ES2011 findings show that medium and large-enterprise
managers are more interested in building skills than smaller enterprises. With the exception
of micro-enterprises, around two-thirds of enterprise owners are interested in learning skills
with that figure reaching above 70% for large businesses.
Figure 86: Owners interested in receiving training by size (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100,0%
90,0%
80,0%
80,6%
78,1%
75,3%
75,0%
73,6%
71,2%
70,0%
65,1%
58,7%
60,0%
50,0%
58,8%
44,4%
40,0%
65,9%
30,0%
20,0%
85,0%
79,5%
73,1%
71,6%
64,1%
60,6%
59,1%
41,3% 45,1%
10,0%
,0%
Micro
Small
2005
Medium
2007
2009
Large
Total
2011
Owners’ Desire for Staff Training
With the exception of micro-sized enterprises, ES2011 recorded the lowest levels of owners
interested in receiving training for their staff by enterprise (Figure 86) since ES began in
2005 with a 7.8 percentage point decrease since ES2009 and an overall decrease of 18.3
percentage points between EBS2005 (73.1%) and ES2011 (54.8%). This could indicate that
owners of enterprises of most sizes are satisfied with the level of training their staff already
possess and do not feel that training is necessary during periods of growth or that the
quality of training in the past has not met owners’ expectations. It could also reflect owners’
reluctance to invest in staff training because high labour mobility does not give them
adequate time to recoup the investment through higher productivity.
In general and consistent with previous surveys, the larger the enterprise, the more likely
the owner is to seek training for him/herself and his/her staff with trends indicating staff
training is a higher priority than training for the owner. In this regard, large-size enterprises
remain above 90% compared to micro-size enterprises remaining at or below 30% (Figure
87).
Larger-size enterprises are also more likely to comprehend the need for trained staff to
implement longer-term investment/expansion plans and also have more capital available to
provide skill specific training than enterprises of a smaller size.
ES2011, page 93
The long term decrease in interest in training could have damaging medium to long term
effects, especially since the economy has experienced a decade of sustained growth and is
approaching trade integration milestones. It implies a satisfaction with levels of localized
growth without preparedness for increased future international competition.
Figure 87: Owners interested in staff receiving training, by size (ES2011)
100,0%
95,0% 96,8%
92,3%
100,0%
90,0%
87,7%
85,9%
82,0%
83,0%
80,0%
75,5%
70,0%
73,1%
71,1%
67,8%
66,7%
62,6%
57,8%
60,0%
54,8%
50,0%
2007
2009
40,0%
30,0%
2005
31,3%
27,5% 27,3%
23,4%
2011
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Total
By ISIC (industries with ten or more enterprises), enterprises in Administration and support
services (78.6%), Construction (70.7%), and Education (66.7%) had the highest percentage
of owners wanting to improve their businesses through learning more skills, which matched
the findings of ES2009 (Figure 88). Agriculture, forestry and fishing (28.6%) had the lowest
percentage of the ISIC categories.
Figure 88: Owners interested in training, by ISIC (ES2011)
90,0%
78,6%
80,0%
70,7%
70,0%
60,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
0,0%
ES2011, page 94
63,3%
51,6%
50,0%
40,0%
66,7%
28,6%
56,3%
54,5%
Owners interested in training by province (Figure 89) were most highly concentrated in
Vientiane Capital (65.3%) followed by Luang Prabang (60.4%) and Champasak (59.9%).
Figure 89: Owners interested in training, by Province (ES2011)
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
65,3%
30,0%
57,9%
60,4%
59,9%
48,4%
20,0%
10,0%
0,0%
Vientiane Capital
Luangnamtha
Luangprabang
Savannakhet
Champasack
In terms of type of skills owners would most like to learn, the top 3 skill sets remain the
same for ES2011 as in ES2007 and ES2009 (Figure 90). Owners and managers believe
marketing management, financial management and business planning are most needed for
improving their businesses. Although the top 3 skill sets remain the same, ES2011 revealed a
greater percentage spread across all sectors perhaps indicating that owners recognize that a
diversity of skill sets are needed for success.
Figure 90: Types of training owners’ desire (ES2011)
70,0%
61,8%
% of business onwers
60,0%
50,0%
37,0%
40,0%
32,6%
29,6%
30,0% 23,2%
24,3%
17,3%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
51,2%
42,8%
33,4%
26,5% 28,1%
19,8% 18,6% 18,7%
17,2%
15,2% 17,5%
15,0%
14,7%
14,3%
9,1%
8,4%
6,1% 6,1%
3,2%
2007
2009
2011
ES2011, page 95
Figure 91: Types of training owners’ desire for staff (ES2011)
80,0%
66,9%
70,0% 63,2%
60,0%
44,3%
43,9%
50,0%
42,7%
40,7%
35,6%
34,1%
33,3%
40,0%
27,9%
25,8%
23,7%
30,0%
21,5%
21,2%
18,4%17,2%
17,4% 19,3%
17,2%
20,0%
12,3%
12,3%
10,7%
7,2%
10,0%
,0%
2007
2009
2011
8.5.3. Level of technology used by business by Size/Province / Sector
The level of technology used and the innovation in product as well as production systems
are a prerequisite to stay or become competitive in target markets, whether national,
regional or international.
Comparing computer use by enterprise size (Figure 92) reveals the finding that larger
businesses are much more likely to use computers. In all survey years, 100% of large-size
enterprises have been using computers; nearly 9 in 10 medium-sized enterprises use
computers. With small enterprises, that figure drops to around half; and fewer than one in
seven micro-enterprises use a computer to conduct business.
Figure 92: Use of computers, by size (ES2011)
8% 14% 10%
16%
0% 0% 0% 0%
54% 56% 53% 48%
53% 54% 52% 50%
92% 95% 88% 87%
84%
100%100%100%100%
92% 86% 90%
46% 44% 47% 52%
47% 46% 48% 50%
Micro
Small
Medium
Yes
ES2011, page 96
No
Large
Total
2011
2009
2007
2005
2011
2009
2007
2005
2011
2009
2007
2005
2011
2009
2007
2005
2011
2009
2007
8% 5% 12% 13%
2005
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Comparing computer use among sampled enterprises (Figure 93) across the four ES surveys
shows a small but consistent increase in the aggregate percentage of enterprises using
computers. Across all firm size categories in ES2011 (with the exception of large enterprises,
where computer was already 100%), computer use rose slightly, albeit by no more than 5%
in any category. The largest increase was in small-size enterprises from 47% in 2009 to 52%
in 2011; the first time it has risen above 50%. 90% of medium-size enterprises now utilize
computers, while fewer than one in seven (13%) of micro enterprises utilize computers.
Figure 93: Computer use of sampled enterprises (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
52,8%
53,7%
49,9%
51,6%
60%
50%
No
40%
Yes
30%
20%
47,2%
46,3%
48,4%
50,1%
EBS2005
ES2007
ES2009
ES2011
10%
0%
By province, use of computers (Figure 94) was highest in Vientiane Capital (63.8%) followed
by Champasak (54.9%) and Luang Prabang (48.7%). The lowest use of computers by
province was in Luang Namtha (27.6%) and this figure impacted on the national average of
50.1%.
Figure 94: Use of computer by province (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
36,2%
51,3%
58,0%
45,1%
49,9%
54,9%
50,1%
72,4%
63,8%
48,7%
27,6%
42,0%
No
Yes
In ES2011, the purpose of computer usage (Figure 95) remains largely unchanged from
ES2007 and ES2009 with “Text processing” (85%), “Accounting” (82%) and “Internet use”
ES2011, page 97
(56%) the leading utilisations. E-commerce has still not established itself as a widespread
feature of the business environment with the year-on-year average remaining at just 4%.
Figure 95: Purpose of Computer Use (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2007
2009
2011
Text processing
Accounting
Customer relations
Producing own advertisement
Market research
Internet use
E-commerce
Other
8.6. Business Management
The ability to manage an enterprise, to seize opportunities and to overcome challenges
posed by changing market trends (in terms of demand, price, quality, innovation,
competition, trade regulations, etc.) is critical for business growth. The SME development
strategy assigns great importance to the development of entrepreneurship and
management skills in order to promote SME development as part of the national economy.
Decisions to invest in innovation, to scale up production, to improve productivity or to
enhance product quality, for instance, require adequate business management and analytic
ability. Apart from the relevant training, education and experience of owners or managers, a
supportive enabling environment and organisations that can play an advisory role also
facilitate these decisions.
The indicators captured by the ES2011 relate to the following:
•
Use of BDS
•
Membership of/participation in BMO
•
Accounting Systems & Mode of tax payment
8.6.1. Use of Business Development Services (BDS)
ES2011 findings illustrate that enterprises’ use of BDS (defined as
“consultancy/recommendation for the development of your business”) has continued at
similar levels to those recorded in ES2009. Depending on enterprise size, the use of BDS in
ES2011 ranged between 71% and 77% of the sample and on the margin increased in
proportion to firm size category. 71.2% of micro-sized enterprises (116 out of 163), 74.4% of
small-sized enterprises (323 out of 434), 75.2% of medium-sized enterprises (76 out of 101)
ES2011, page 98
and 76.9% of large-sized enterprises (20 out of 26) had used BDS to develop their business.
The average use of BDS across all enterprises in the panel was 73.9%.
Figure 96: Use of business development services (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
% of owners who have ever received advice for
developing their businesses
100,0%
90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
2005
50,0%
2007
40,0%
2009
30,0%
2011
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Total
Figure 97: Enterprise owner/manager ever received advice for developing his/her business, by size (ES2011)
100,0%
90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
No
40,0%
71,2%
74,4%
75,2%
76,9%
73,9%
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Total
Yes
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
From a policy perspective the challenge remains to ensure that BDS offerings are accessible
and of high quality. Most firms rely on receiving advice from informal sources such as family
members and friends (Figure 98), while more formal sources of advice including BMOs,
professional providers, government agencies and development projects still rank among the
least used sources in the sample. While the data show entrepreneurs understand the need
for BDS, the advice is of uncertain quality.
ES2011, page 99
Figure 98: Source of BDS advice (ES2011)
350
332
300
250
200
150
100
50
180
138
94
58
57
53
41
14
0
0
7.9% of enterprises surveyed received BDS from BMOs and 13.0% from government and
public services, totalling 20.9%, up 1.9 percentage points from 2009. The HRDME target set
in EBS2005 – to increase the percentage of owners/managers receiving business services
from public organisations or business associations to 20% – was therefore met by 0.9% in
ES2011. Despite meeting the target, further research is needed to determine why there was
a drop in enterprises receiving BDS from BMOs since ES2007 (34.0%).
8.6.2. Participation in Business Membership Organisations (BMOs)
The participation of enterprises in Business Membership Organisations (BMO) reflects the
endeavour by enterprise owners or managers to actively influence their business
environment. Thus the questions about participation in either of the BMOs included in the
survey gives an indication of the quality of the management. Two were included, the
provincial-level public-private dialogue, and the national-level Lao Business Forum.
The Lao-German HRDME initiative supports the introduction and institutionalisation of
provincial public-private dialogue (PPPD) fora in the two selected programme areas Luang
Prabang and Champasak provinces. PPPDs allow for transparent communication channels
among and between the private and the public sectors. In this dialogue process, the public
and the private sector jointly identify and solve issues at the provincial level that constrain
the setting up and running of businesses, with the ultimate goal of ensuring broad-based
economic growth. Any issue that cannot be solved on the provincial level are then to be
transferred for the consideration of decision makes at national level and discussed at publicprivate dialogue for a on the national level, such as the Lao Business Forum.
In ES2011, 25.3% of enterprises surveyed were aware of PPPD and LBF, a significant 9.6
percentage point drop compared to 34.9% in ES2009 and this decrease was also observed
across enterprise sizes. By enterprise size, the larger the enterprise the more likely it is to
have knowledge about PPPD/LBF. 57.7% of large-sized enterprises, 47.1% of medium-sized
enterprises, 25.2% of small-sized enterprises and 6.7 % of micro-sized enterprises were
aware of PPPD and LBF (compared to 77%, 50%, 33%, and 6%respectively in ES2009). In
ES2011, page 100
ES2011, micro-sized enterprises were the only ones that experienced increased awareness,
though this increase was marginal.
Figure 99: Knowledge about PPPD and LBF, by size (ES2009 and ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
6,2%
6,7%
33,6%
25,2%
59,5%
25,3%
34,9%
47,1%
57,7%
77,4%
93,8%
93,3%
66,4%
74,8%
40,5%
74,7%
65,1%
52,9%
42,3%
22,6%
2009
2011
2009
Micro
2011
2009
Small
2011
2009
Medium
Knowledge of LBF / PPPD: No
2011
2009
Large
2011
Total
Knowledge of LBF / PPPD: Yes
In terms of participation by province (Figure 100), ES2011 saw significant decreases in many
areas compared to ES2009. Participation in the PPPD process appears to fluctuate
considerably between provinces year on year. Luang Namtha experienced a 39 percentage
point decrease from ES2009 (93%) to ES2011 (54%), Savannakhet experienced a 48
percentage point decrease from ES2009 (74%) to ES2011 (26%) and Champasak experienced
a 20 percentage point decrease from ES2009 (83%) to ES2011 (63%). Policy makers should
consider the key drivers behind these swings to ensure the ultimate sustainability of the
PPPD, particularly in provinces with large rural populations such as Luang Namtha or where
there is less business engagement. These figures perhaps indicate that the PPPD process is
not yet well enough understood or established to maintain consistent participation across
enterprise size and geographic area.
Figure 100: Participation in the PPPD process, by province (ES2009 and ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
7%
40%
38%
46%
34%
42%
17%
26%
37%
30%
63%
70%
2011
2009
43%
74%
93%
60%
62%
54%
66%
58%
83%
74%
57%
26%
2009
2011
Vientiane
Capital
2009
2011
2009
2011
2009
2011
Luangnamtha Luangprabang Savannakhet
Participate in PPPD processes: Yes
2009
Champasack
2011
Total
Participate in PPPD processes: No
ES2011, page 101
Despite fluctuations in participation, the evaluation of PPPD by participants reveals that 80%
of participating enterprises consider PPPD to have a positive effect on their ability to
improve their businesses (Figure 101). Yet this figure belies some troubling findings:
•
Overall, positive evaluation by enterprise size fell by 13 percentage points between
ES2009 (93%) and ES2011 (80%).
•
The largest decline of 29 percentage points came in micro-sized enterprises (100% in
ES2009 vs. 71% in ES2011) with small-sized enterprises recording a 16-percentage
point drop (91% in ES2009 vs. 75% in ES2011).
•
The drop was less pronounced in medium-sized enterprises (98% in 2009 vs. 91% in
ES2011), while large-sized enterprises saw a 5-percentage point increase (87% in
ES2009 vs. 92% in ES2011).
In conclusion, participating enterprises still give the PPPD process high marks; however,
there is lower overall participation among the firms in the sample as well as a growing
number of participating firms that feel the PPPD process was not helpful compared to 2009.
These underlying trends indicate that policy makers and private sector representatives
should reconsider how to engage more firms and improve the quality and effectiveness of
the PPPD process.
Figure 101: Evaluation of PPPD, by size (ES2009 and ES2011)
100%
0%
2%
9%
90%
9%
13%
8%
87%
92%
2009
2011
7%
20%
25%
29%
80%
70%
60%
50%
100%
98%
91%
40%
91%
93%
80%
75%
71%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2009
2011
Micro
2009
2011
2009
Small
PPPD was helpful for doing business: Yes
2011
Medium
Large
2009
2011
Total
PPPD was helpful for doing business: No
8.6.3. Accounting System & Mode of Tax Payment
Provinces with higher levels of human development—a useful though imperfect proxy for
institutional development and management capacity—are generally more likely to utilize
the formal tax system rather than a negotiated lump sum tax, though all provinces remain
below 50% (Figure 102). Vientiane-based firms from the sample have the highest
percentage of formal accounting system payments at 49%, followed by Champasak at 47%.
ES2011, page 102
Luang Namtha has the lowest level of formal tax payment at just 12%, given the
predominance of smaller firms and the level of institutional development in that region.
Figure 102: Correlation between provincial HDI and use of formal accounting system (ES2011)
Payment (not lump sum)
% of firms in sample that use formal accounting
system
60
50
Champasak
VTE Capital
y = 75,461x + 1,9972
R² = 0,5561
40
Savanakhet
Luangprabang
30
Linear (Accounting System
Payment)
20
Luangnamtha
10
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Human Development Index Rating (2009 UNDP Report)
Figure 103: Accounting systems, by province (ES2011)
100%
12%
90%
31%
80%
37%
47%
49%
38%
70%
60%
50%
88%
40%
69%
30%
63%
53%
51%
62%
20%
10%
0%
Vientiane
Capital
Luangnamtha Luangprabang Savannakhet
Lump sum tax
Champasack
Total
Tax according to accounting system
ES2011 found that only 38.3% of businesses paid taxes by using formal book keeping
systems, a 3.8 percentage point decrease compared to 2009 (41.9%) and an overall drop of
5.8 percentage points since 2005 when 44.1% of businesses paid taxes calculated through
book keeping (Figure 104). This finding indicates that within the sample there is a
movement towards informal taxation structures, which could be somewhat driven by the
increase in micro and small enterprises.
ES2011, page 103
Figure 104: Accounting systems - % of businesses paying tax with bookkeeping (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009,
ES2011)
60,0%
% of businesses
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
2005
2007
2009
2011
Not surprisingly, the larger the business, the more likely it is to pay taxes using a formal
accounting system rather than a lump sum payment. The majority of micro-sized
enterprises pay a non-accounted lump sum tax (79%), while the majority of large-sized
enterprises in the sample use accounting systems to pay tax (92%). Small and medium sized
firms have mixed results: small-sized enterprises paid 64.3% lump sum whereas just 35.4%
of medium-sized enterprises negotiate a lump sum payment.
Figure 105: Accounting systems, by size (ES2011)
100%
90%
21,0%
35,7%
80%
70%
38,3%
64,6%
60%
92,0%
50%
40%
79,0%
64,3%
30%
20%
61,7%
35,4%
10%
8,0%
0%
Micro
Small
Lump sum tax
Medium
Large
Total
There has also been a continuous decline in the number of businesses in our sample that
use book keeping methods to calculate their tax payments. ES2011 revealed only 38.3% of
ES2011, page 104
businesses use book keeping to calculate their tax payments compared to 41.9% in ES2009,
49.6% in ES2007 and 53.1% in EBS2005 (Figure 106).
Figure 106: Accounting systems and tax payments (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
46,9%
50,4%
70%
58,1%
61,7%
41,9%
38,3%
2009
2011
60%
50%
40%
30%
53,1%
49,6%
20%
10%
0%
2005
2007
With bookkeeping
Without bookkeeping
ES2011 analysis of book keeping use by ISIC (Figure 107) illustrates that “Construction”
(63.4%), “Transportation and storage” (51.6%) and “Manufacturing” (43.2%) are the top
three sectors that employ bookkeeping. “Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor
vehicles” (30.7%) and “Accommodation and food services” (31.2%) used bookkeeping to
calculate tax payments the least.
Figure 107: Accounting systems, by ISIC (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
30,7%
43,2%
70%
31,2%
51,6%
63,4%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
69,3%
56,8%
68,8%
48,4%
36,6%
10%
0%
C: Manufacturing F: Construction G: Wholesale and H: Transportation I: Accommodation
retail trade, repair and storage
and food service
of motor vehicles
Lump sum tax
ES2011, page 105
Enterprise owners by province were also asked what kind of taxes they paid (Figure 108). In
keeping with the findings generated by province and in line with the findings of ES2009,
Vientiane, Champasak and Savannakhet paid the most wide-ranging types of taxes. Excise
tax and profit tax are the most cited types of tax payments, followed by income tax and
minimum tax.
Figure 108: Chart kind of taxes (ES2011)
80
70
75
69
62
66
60
50
50
40
35
31
31
30
20
43
38
33
41
23
3
4 6
5
4 4 3
1 1 0
34
33
28
25
22
19
13
12
10
47
2
0
4
0
Vientiane Capital
Luangnamtha
Luangprabang
Savannakhet
Profit tax
Excise tax
Income tax
Business Turnover tax
Value added tax
Minimum tax
Champasack
Other
8.7. Regulatory Framework
This subsection briefly describes the ES2011 sample with respect to the following three
areas:
•
Current Rating of Local Government Service
•
Current Rating of Central Government Service
•
Time Required for Business Registration
•
Documents Required for Business Registration
8.7.1. Rating Local Government Service by Province/Size
By province, owners rate authorities now as performing better than two years ago. With the
exception of enterprises in Luang Prabang, firms reported that authorities were “very
helpful” or “helpful” at a rate 2-4 percentage points higher than two years ago.
Interestingly, Vientiane Capital ranked last for both responses—a potential area for future
research. In total, 63.8% of firms from the sample reported local authorities as being
“helpful” or “very helpful” this year, compared to 60.2% two years ago.
ES2011, page 106
Figure 109: Owners’ ratings of local authorities now and 2 years ago, by province (ES2011)
100,0%
90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
Very unhelpful
Unhelpful
Neutral
Helpful
Very helpful
Two Now Two Now Two Now Two Now Two Now
years
years
years
years
years
ago
ago
ago
ago
ago
Vientiane LuangnamthaLuangprabangSavannakhet Champasack
8.7.2. Rating Central Government Service by Province
In relation to owners’ ratings of central government services by province, similar findings
were noted as with local government services, but with even greater positive improvements
on the margin. With the exception of Vientiane Capital, every province noted
improvements, which ranged from 2-8 percentage points. On aggregate, 61% of firms from
the sample reported local authorities being “helpful” or “very helpful” compared to 56.3%
of firms rating “helpful” or “very helpful” two years ago, a difference of 4.7 percentage
points.
Figure 110: Owners’ ratings of central authorities now and 2 years ago, by province (ES2011)
100,0%
90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
Very unhelpful
40,0%
Unhelpful
30,0%
Neutral
20,0%
Helpful
10,0%
Very helpful
,0%
Two
years
ago
Now
Vientiane
Two
years
ago
Now
Two
years
ago
Now
Two
years
ago
Now
Two
years
ago
Now
Luangnamtha Luangprabang Savannakhet Champasack
ES2011, page 107
8.7.3. Time Required for Business Registration by Size
The results of ES2011 show an increase in the time required for business registration over
previous years. More businesses report taking 91 or more days to register (the longest
category), and fewer report taking 1-5 days to register (the shortest category) than in any
previous survey period. Nearly every time category deteriorated in 2011, with a greater
proportion of business in the longer categories and fewer in the shorter categories than
ES2009, as seen below in Figure 111.
Figure 111: Time required for business registration (owner-reported registration times of businesses started
in the past 3 years)
100,0%
90,0%
8,9%
28,9%
80,0%
21,2%
29,6%
22,2%
91+ days
31-90 days
33,7%
16-30 days
23,1%
40,0%
27,8%
20,0%
6-15 days
1-5 days
20,0%
10,0%
16,7%
23,1%
50,0%
30,0%
13,0%
23,2%
70,0%
60,0%
7,4%
12,6%
20,0%
23,1%
23,2%
13,0%
,0%
2005
2007
2009
2011
In ES2011 70.4% of all business registrations were completed within 1 month (30 days). This
represents a 10.3 percentage point decrease from ES2009 (though a slight increase from
EBS2005 and ES2007). Only 13% of business registrations were processed in 1-5 days, the
lowest level since 2005 and a 10.2 percentage point decrease from ES2009. Likewise, in
ES2011 13% of business registrations were processed in over 90 days, the highest level since
2005.
Analysis of the time required for registration, after disaggregating by business size (Figure
112) clearly shows that the increase in average time to register a new business in ES20011
was driven by a large decrease in the percentage of micro-enterprises that took 1-5 days to
register. In ES2009, 63% of surveyed micro enterprises registered in only 1-5 days; in
ES2011, that share fell to less than 20%, while the share taking over 90 days to register
more than doubled from 4% to 10% over the same period. For small businesses in ES2011
there was also a noticeable increase in registrations that took over 90 days, increasing to
16% from 9% in ES2009.
Despite the aggregate slowdown in the speed of business registration for firms in the
sample, large enterprises have fared well. 100% of large business registrations processed in
1-30 days, compared to 2007 when just 50% of business registrations were processed in
that timeframe. Similarly, in 2011 71% of all medium sized business registrations processed
between 1-30 days, whereas in 2007 just 65% of registrations were completed in 30 days or
less. For micro enterprises the time required to register appears to be far less predictable
for entrepreneurs over the survey’s time horizon. For instance, 92% of micro enterprises
ES2011, page 108
were registered in 1-30 days in 2009, whereas in 2011 just 50% of micro firms from the
sample were registered in that timeframe.
The sample sizes for medium and large businesses are small enough that observed shifts in
registration time do not greatly impact the overall picture. Given that not all enterprises in
the ES2009 sample are represented in ES2011, and that the ES2011 results for microenterprises more closely resemble those of other enterprise sizes, one logical explanation
would be that micro-enterprises are starting to follow a business registration process similar
to that of other enterprises, or that existing regulations are being applied more consistently.
Figure 112: Time required for business registration by enterprise size (ES2009 and ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
5% 0%
5% 5% 4% 10%
7% 9%
4%
14%
16% 20%
25%
16% 21% 11%
14%
16%
20%
30%
13%
18%
0%
19%
17%
25%
19%
34%
30%
29%
30% 23%
22%
50%
24%
45%
39%
22%
63% 20% 27%
39% 32%
41%
31%
20% 10% 25%
20% 19% 16%
6% 10% 3% 10%
0%
0%
14%
13%
17% 13%
29%
50%
6% 7%
17%
21%
50%
26%
29%
23%
30%
21%
100%
5%
34%
25% 33%
50%
33%
28%
50%
0% 5% 0% 0%
20% 18% 23%
13%
2005200720092011200520072009201120052007200920112005200720112005200720092011
Micro
1-5 days
Small
6-15 days
Medium
16-30 days
Large
31-90 days
Total
>90 days
Figure 113: Time required for business registration by enterprise size (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
0%
13%
11%
10%
11%
29%
50%
70%
60%
25%
More than 90 days
35%
Between 31-90 days
50%
30%
32%
Between 6-15 days
34%
50%
20%
10%
Between 16-30 days
57%
40%
19%
0%
Micro
9%
14%
0%
0%
Small
Medium
Large
Between 1-5 days
Across all enterprise sizes, 66% of businesses took between 6 and 30 days to register,
compared with 57% in ES2009, 59% in ES2007 and 46% in EBS2005. Thus the overall
ES2011, page 109
registration time is becoming more predictable. Greater numbers of micro- and small-sized
enterprises take longer than 30 days to register (24% of micro and 22% of small,
respectively) but this may be a reflection the much smaller sample size of medium and large
enterprises.
By province, 78% of businesses are registered between 1 and 30 days with the majority
being processed in 6 - 15 days. Luang Namtha had the highest percentage (42%) of
businesses registered in 1 -5 days and Champasak had the highest percentage of businesses
registered in 31-90 days (Figure 114).
Figure 114: Time required for business registration, by province (ES2011)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
6%
9%
0%
8%
0%
23%
6%
14%
7%
11%
33%
33%
37%
33%
8%
9%
12%
Champasack
Vientiane
Capital
Total
25%
8%
50%
19%
55%
12%
33%
35%
28%
42%
24%
15%
6%
Savannakhet
Luangprabang
1-5 days
Luangnamtha
6-15 days
16-30 days
31-90 days
More than 90 days
8.7.4. Number of Documents Required for Business Registration
For enterprises registering anew, the number of documents required for business
registration has remained virtually unchanged since ES2009. ES2011 data illustrates that
98.3% of businesses started in the last three years have required 1-10 documents with 60%
requiring only 1-5 documents. Over time since 2005, the number of businesses requiring
11+ documents to register has decreased considerably from 13.3% to 1.7%. This finding
portends well for the business enabling environment and may indicate that procedures and
for registration are being more consistently applied throughout the country.
Figure 115: Number of documents required for business registration (ESB2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
Owner reported registration times of businesses started in the
past 3 years
100,0%
80,0%
60,0%
11+ documents
40,0%
6-10 documents
20,0%
1-5 documents
,0%
2005
ES2011, page 110
2007
2009
2011
8.7.5. Comparison with World Bank “Doing Business 2012”
The HRDME Enterprise Survey and World Bank Doing Business report both attempt to
measure the time taken to register a business, as one indicator of the overall ease of
business formation in a country. The two studies differ in their methodology, leading to
substantially different results. The World Bank Doing Business methodology tallies the
maximum number of days for different procedures as prescribed in laws and regulations.
The HRDME Enterprise Survey methodology (for EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009 and ES2011), on
the other hand, surveyed businesses to determine the actual time it took them to register
their business. It is this current, primary data by size, industry and province, enabling the
Enterprise Survey to yield a different degree of disaggregated information.
The World Bank methodology indicates an average of 93 days and 7 procedures to start a
business in 2011. The length is down from 198 days in 2005, 103 in 2007, and 100 in 2009;
while the number of procedures is down from 9 in 2005, 8 in 2007, and steady at 7 since
2009. In comparing this with the ES1011 results, it is interesting to note that there has also
been steady decrease in the gap between the theoretical registration time and the actual
times reported in the Enterprise Survey.
29
Table 9: Ease of Doing Business for Lao PDR covered the period 2009 through 2012
Doing Business Result
Change
Indicator
(2010 to ‘12)
2012
2010
2009
Doing Business Index
165
167
165
+2
Starting a Business
89
89
92
0
Dealing with Construction Permits
80
115
110
+35
Employing Workers
107
85
Registering Properly
72
161
159
+89
Getting Credit
166
150
145
-16
Protecting Investors
182
182
180
0
Paying Taxes
123
113
113
-10
Trading Across Borders
168
168
165
0
Enforcing Contracts
110
111
112
+1
Closing a Business
183
181
30
Figure 116: Lao PDR and comparators rankings on ease of doing business
Thailand
17
Malaysia
18
Regional Average (East Asia & Pacific)
86
Vietnam
98
Indonesia
129
Philippines
136
Lao PDR
165
Timor Leste
168
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
29
Doing Business, World Bank and IFC, 2012, pg. 8. ESP 2009, GIZ, pg. 161.
Doing Business, World Bank and IFC, 2012, pg. 7.
30
ES2011, page 111
8.8. Business Finance
The access to Business Finance of enterprises determines to a large extent their capability to
invest, innovate and expand operations and is, therefore, a critical ingredient for the
dynamism of an enterprise, an industry or a size category of enterprises. In particular, the
limited access to finance of SMEs impedes their speed of growth and business development.
This subsection briefly describes the ES2009 findings with respect to the following four
aspects:
•
Access to Finance, by Size
•
Share of Loan Sources, by Size
•
Shares of Firms Needing Loans, by Size
8.8.1. Access to finance
Access to finance per year in ES2011 (Loan 1) showed a slight increase in the number of
businesses reporting receiving external financing/loans, to 38.1%, from 32.1% in ES2009.
This could indicate a rebound to the higher incidence of external funding in ES2007 (46.5%)
and EBS2005 (48.8%).
As in previous years, the bulk of external funding was provided by banks (Figure 117). 82.2%
of external financing in ES2011 came from a bank, up 6.1 percentage points from 76.1% in
ES2009. Looking at trends across ES2007-ES2009-ES2011, fewer businesses have relied on
friends, relatives, and money lenders as sources of financing, while the percentage receiving
credit from suppliers has increased to 6.5% from 3.0% in ES2009 and 2.2% in ES2007,
possibly indicating greater trust between suppliers and customers and strengthening supply
chain linkages.
Figure 117: Businesses receiving external financing/loans, by year (EBS2005, ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
100,0%
90,0%
80,0%
% of owners
70,0%
No, didn't receive a
loan/external financing
60,0%
50,0%
No, couldn't access external
financing
40,0%
No, didn't need external
financing
30,0%
Yes, received loan/external
financing
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
2005
ES2011, page 112
2007
2009
2011
% of owners
Figure 118: Sources of external financing/ loans received (ES2007, ES2009, ES2011)
90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
,0%
2007
2009
2011
8.8.2. Share of Loan Sources
ES2011 loan sources by enterprise size (Figure 119 and Figure 120) show that the banksourced loans continue to be the major source of finance across all enterprise sizes. For
micro-enterprises in particular, the bank-sourced loans comprised 33 of the 52 loans
reported (63.4%), compared to a total of only 19 loans reported by micro-enterprises in
ES2009. The increase in the number of loans to micro-enterprises is indicative of the success
of efforts to increase the accessibility of the formal banking sector to micro-entrepreneurs.
While this finding is indeed favourable, other survey results around increasing use of lump
sum tax payments over formal accounting systems, particularly in micro-enterprises (see
section 8.6.4), suggest micro-entrepreneurs could encounter difficulties accessing formal
credit from commercial banks in the medium term.
Among small, medium, and large enterprises, the proportion of bank-sourced loans
increased slightly from ES2009 to ES20011, from 97 of 149 (65.1%) to 131 of 196 (66.8%) for
small; from 45 of 69 (65.2%) to 51 of 74 (68.9%) for medium; and from 15 of 20 (75%) to 11
of 14 (78.6%) for large enterprises.
Figure 119: Loans from Banks (ES2009 and ES2011)
140
120
100
80
131
60
97
40
20
0
19
2009
2011
Micro
51
45
33
2009
2011
Small
2009
2011
Medium
15
11
2009
2011
Large
ES2011, page 113
Figure 120: Loan Source (micro and small) (ES2009 and ES2011)
100%
2
1
1
3
90%
80%
4
70%
1
60%
7
3
1
1
2
2
3
10
5
3
7
4
4
16
4
2
6
5
9
7
19
23
From other sources others
From relatives
From micro-credit schemes
50%
From money lenders
40%
Fom friends
30%
131
97
33
From suppliers
19
From family members
20%
From banks
10%
0%
2009
2011
2009
Micro
2011
Small
8.8.3. Future Financial Needs
The majority of enterprises surveyed in ES2011 (60.63%) stated they would require external
financing in order to expand their business operations. Approximately one third (32.52%) do
not require external financing to expand, while less than a tenth (6.85%) of enterprises
stated they had no plans to expand (Figure 121).
Of the enterprises that would seek external financing, the vast majority (90%) expected to
source these funds through the formal banking sector (Figure 121).
Figure 121: Enterprises needing financing in order to expand business (ES2011)
6,85
Yes
32,52
No
60,63
ES2011, page 114
Not going to expand
Figure 122: Expected sources of financing for business expansion (ES2011)
% of owners
2011 Expected sources of financing to
expand business
100,0
90,0
80,0
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
,0
Suppliers
Family
members
Friends
Money
lenders
Banks
Micro Relatives
credit
schemes
Other
sources
ES2011, page 115
9. Panel Data: Tracking Changes across EBS2005 – ES2007 – ES2009 – ES
2011 Panel
This chapter focuses on a panel sample of 551 enterprises that were interviewed in the
ES2009 and ES2011. The following sections trace and compare company-level changes from
2009 to the most recent finding in 2011.
9.1. Survival (or “Tracking”) Rate of Enterprises
Of the total 728 sample enterprises in ES2009, 551 could be traced again in ES2011,
representing an approximate “survival” rate of 75.6%.31 Of the 177 enterprises that were
not traceable, findings generally show that:
The majority (approx. 84.7%) of non-traceable enterprises were micro- and small-sized
enterprises, compared with approximately 75% in ES2007-ES2009. Interestingly, while in
ES2009, the proportion of non-surviving micro and small-sized enterprises was roughly even
at 38.0% and 40.0% share of the micro and small-size categories, respectively, in ES2011,
the share of non-surviving small enterprises was roughly 61.6% to 23.2% for micro
enterprises. Small enterprises therefore represent a significant and growing sub segment of
non-surviving firms.
Similarly the share of “non-surviving” medium and large enterprises changed significantly,
from 15.1% and 15.0% respectively in ES2007-ES2009 to 10.2% and 5.1% in ES2009-2011.
The data indicates that since 2009 medium and large firms are dying at a slower rate,
whereas small firms are dying at a quicker rate.
By province, Vientiane Capital had the highest proportion of non-traceable enterprises, at
26.5%, while Luang Prabang had the lowest proportion of non-traceable enterprises, at
20.2%. Interestingly, the variation in the traceability of enterprises was dramatically reduced
between ES2009 and ES2011. In ES2009, the difference between the highest and lowest
traceability rates by province was approximately 40%, compared to only 6.4% in ES2011.
However it is difficult to conclude whether this effect is attributable to better data collection
or a real change in the business environment.
Figure 123: Panel enterprise survival findings (ES2009 and ES2011)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
17
35
111
14
2
25
10
31
85
4
4
30
42
4
28
26
1
20
7
25
93
69
111
34
33
21
7
24
5
22
96
74
18
34
4
14
76
Large
23
Medium
Full
2011
Full
2011
Full
2011
Full
2011
Full
2011
2009 Panel 2009 Panel 2009 Panel 2009 Panel 2009 Panel
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Vientiane
Capital
31
Luang Namtha Luang Prabang
Champasack
Small
Micro
Savannakhet
As noted in the ES2009 report, the unique identifiers needed to track specific enterprise-level pane data
from EBS2007 and ES2007 were not available at the time of analysis. The similar comparison made in the
ES2009 report was based on self-reported participation in previous HRDME Enterprise surveys, and therefore
could not be identified for panel analysis in ES2011.
ES2011, page 116
9.2. Evolution of the Size of the Enterprises
Enterprise evolution of the same 551 panel enterprises was also tracked from 2009 to 2011
to determine positive or negative change in terms of total number of employees.
The breakdown of 551 enterprises by size in 2009 was: 103 micro-size enterprises, 337
small-size enterprises, 88 medium-size enterprises, and 23 large-size enterprises.
Figure 124: Tracked panel enterprises, by size (ES2009)
Small
337
Micro
103
Medium
88
Large
23
In the micro-enterprise size bracket, the number of enterprises increased by 1 in 2011.
However, the marginal growth in microenterprises was not paralleled by a decrease in
employment. When individual staffing in each of the 551 panel enterprises was tracked, the
analysis revealed that 39 enterprises had moved into larger size categories (36 had moved
from micro to small-size and 3 moved from micro to medium-size enterprise brackets) while
40 existing small-size enterprises decreased employees and fell into the micro-enterprise
size category.
Figure 125: Evolution of micro-enterprise size category (ES2009 to ES2011)
Small
Medium
Large
+40
-36
Micro
+1
-3
In the small-size enterprise bracket, there was a net decrease of 5 enterprises in 2011.
When individual business employment was tracked, analysis revealed that 16 small
enterprises increased employment and joined the medium enterprise size category, while
another 16 medium enterprises decreased employment and joined the small enterprise size
category. Interestingly, 1 enterprise increased employment significantly enough to move
the small enterprise category into the large enterprise size category.
ES2011, page 117
Figure 126: Evolution of small-enterprise size category (ES2009 to ES2011)
Micro
Medium
Large
-16
-40
+16
-1
Small
-5
+36
In the medium-size enterprise bracket, there was a net increase of 5 enterprises in 2011. As
previously discussed, 3 micro- and 16 small-enterprises increased employment to join the
medium-sized enterprise category, while 16 medium-sized enterprises decreased
employment to join the small size category. Additionally, 3 medium-size enterprises
increased employment to join the large enterprise size category, while 5 large enterprises
reduced employment to join the medium size category.
Figure 127: Evolution of medium-enterprise size category (ES2009 to ES2011)
Micro
Small
Large
+16
+3
+5
-16
Medium
+5
-3
Lastly, in the large-size enterprise bracket, there was a net decrease of 1 enterprise in 2011.
While the individual changes in category have been discussed above, it is interesting to note
that while the net change was only 1 enterprise (or less than 5% of the total), 5 enterprises,
or 22% of the total, decreased employment and joined the medium size enterprise category.
ES2011, page 118
Figure 128: Evolution of large-enterprise size category (ES2009 to ES2011)
Micro
Small
Medium
-5
+3
+1
Large
-1
In total, between 17% and 38% of enterprises in each size category changed categories
between 2009 and 2011. Key takeaways from these staffing level changes between 2009
and 2011, by size, are:
Micro-size Enterprises:
•
62% of micro-size enterprises (0-2 employees) remained in their size category.
•
38% increased staffing and reached higher size brackets.
Small-size Enterprises
•
83% of small-size enterprises (3-19 employees) remained in their size category.
•
12% decreased employment and joined the micro-enterprise size category.
•
5% increased employment and reached higher size brackets.
Medium-size Enterprises
•
78% of medium-size enterprises (20-99 employees) remained in their size category.
•
18% decreased employment and joined a smaller size category.
•
3% increased employment and reached higher size brackets.
Large-size Enterprises
•
78% of large-size enterprises (100+ employees) remained in their size category.
•
22% decreased employment and joined the medium-enterprise size category.
Thus there has been both up- and downward migration in category size between 2009 and
2011, with upward movement dominating in the micro size groups and downward migration
in the remaining groups (small, medium, and large).
9.3. BMO Members
BMO member development compared with non-BMO member development among the
551 panel enterprises was also tracked from 2009 to 2011.
In 2009, (Figure 129) there was a clear difference between the performance of BMO
members and non-BMO members in terms of enterprise staffing, profit and turnover. The
share reporting an increase in staffing was over two times greater for BMO members than
ES2011, page 119
non-members (28% vs. 13%); the share reporting an increase in profit was 27% greater for
BMO members (51% vs. 40%); and the share reporting an increase in turnover was 25%
higher (53% vs. 42%). Additionally, the share of businesses reporting that staffing, profit and
turnover remained the same was greater for BMO members than non-members.
Interestingly, however, the share of BMO members reporting a decrease in profit, staffing,
and turnover, was uniformly higher than for non-members. One possible explanation for
this inconsistent result is the higher share of non-BMO members that were unable to
answer the questions about changes in profit, staffing, and turnover—only 5 BMO members
within the panel were unable to answer these questions, while 24 non-BMO members were
unable to do the same. If the non-responses are included as decrease, then BMO members
were consistently less likely to report a decrease in profits, staffing, and turnover.
In 2011, the same 551 panel enterprises were examined to determine if the differences
among the performance of BMO members and non-BMO members remained valid (Figure
130). The findings supported the 2009 data. Among the 551 panel enterprises, the share
reporting an increase in staffing was over 109% greater for BMO members than for nonmembers (32% vs. 15%), as well as 38% and 40% greater for profit (59% vs. 43%) and
turnover (61% vs. 44%), respectively. Consistent with this, proportionally fewer BMO
members reported that these indicators stayed the same, or decreased. The share of BMO
members reporting that staffing stayed the same was 15% lower than for non-BMO
members (58% vs. 69%); the share reporting that profits stayed the same was 40% lower
(18% vs. 29%); and the share reporting that turnover stayed the same was 45% lower (16%
vs. 29%). The share of BMO members reporting that staffing decreased was 23% lower than
for non-BMO members (8% vs. 11%); the share reporting that profits decreased was 10%
lower (24% vs. 26%); and the share reporting that turnover decreased was also 10% lower
(23% vs. 26%).
BMO membership was consistent with a greater share of increased staffing, profits, and
turnover across the panel from 2009-2011. This is similar to the observation from ES2009
looking at a similar comparison across 2007-2009. While the trend is consistent across both
time periods, the difference between BMO members and non-BMO members is smaller
across 2011-2009 than 2007-2009. This may be due to a variety of factors, including: (i.)
differences in the enterprises that comprise the panel, (ii.) an improvement in the business
environment which has mitigated some of the advantage of BMO membership; and/or (iii.)
defections among well performing firms that once were BMO members and no longer see
the value of membership, thereby bringing non-BMO indicators up.
ES2011, page 120
Figure 129: BMO and non-BMO panel member comparison (2009)
100%
5
24
80%
5
13
24
31
90%
65
107
5
24
64
104
70%
60%
50%
128
29
77
27
73
245
40%
30%
20%
104
140
107
147
57
10%
48
0%
Not a BMO
Member
BMO Member
Not a BMO
Member
Profit
BMO Member
Not a BMO
Member
Staffing
Increase
Remain the same
BMO Member
Turnover
Decrease
Don't Know
Figure 130: BMO and non-BMO panel member comparison (2011)
100%
90%
80%
6
0
91
49
70%
60%
3
17
18
37
6
0
89
48
33
36
120
101
50%
100
237
40%
30%
20%
125
121
150
147
66
10%
53
0%
Not a BMO
Member
BMO Member
Profit
Increase
Not a BMO
Member
BMO Member
Staffing
Remain the same
Decrease
Not a BMO
Member
BMO Member
Turnover
Don't Know
9.4. Access to Finance
Among panel enterprises, businesses that were receiving external financing were compared
with businesses that were not receiving external financing during the 2009-2011 period.
Among members of the present panel in 2009, the share of businesses reporting an increase
in staffing was 68% greater for those that had received financing than among businesses
that had not received financing (26% vs. 16%); the share of businesses reporting an increase
in profits was 21% greater (50% vs. 41%); and the share of businesses reporting an increase
in turnover was 18% greater (51% vs. 44%).
ES2011, page 121
Among members of the present panel in 2011, the share of businesses reporting an increase
in staffing was 25% greater for those that had received financing than among businesses
that had not received financing (25% vs. 20%); the share of businesses reporting an increase
in profits was 18% greater (54% vs. 46%); and the share of businesses reporting an increase
in turnover was 21% greater (56% vs. 46%).
The ES2009 report stated that, “In 2007… there was little difference in performance – in
terms of enterprise staffing, profit, and turnover, between businesses that had received
financing and business that had not received financing.” In 2009, however, there was a clear
difference—businesses receiving external financing clearly outperformed those that had
not.
Access to finance was consistent with a greater share of increased staffing, profits, and
turnover across the panel from 2009-2011, and consistent with the finding from ES2009.
While the results for 2009 are consistent across both panels, the effect is smaller in 2011
than 2009. There are many possible explanations for how financing effects were mitigated.
For one, it takes time to receive return on investment from external financing. Secondly, the
data do not detail the scale of external financing—firms may be taking out smaller loans
following the economic crisis, which in turn means external financing has less net impact.
Lastly, the decreased effect of external financing may illustrate a core determinant of strong
firms: those that were able to continue accessing finance during the economic crisis were
able to weather the dip in demand, whereas those who could not suffered—hence the
strong effect in 2009. By the 2011 survey, demand had picked back up, boosting the positive
results for all firms.
Figure 131: With and without access to financing panel member comparison (2009)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
16
13
119
53
85
21
15
34
14
10
105
268
16
13
117
51
79
21
164
90
Don't Know
Decrease
88
156
46
59
Increase
No
Received
No
Received
No
Received
Financing Financing Financing Financing Financing Financing
Profit
ES2011, page 122
Remain the same
Staffing
Turnover
Figure 132: With and without access to financing panel member comparison (2011)
100%
6
90%
80%
15
38
38
6
16
0
6
36
101
102
70%
60%
0
53
55
82
130
80
227
50%
40%
30%
20%
113
109
162
159
10%
50
69
0%
No Financing
Received
Financing
Profit
Increase
No Financing
Received
Financing
Staffing
Remain the same
Decrease
No Financing
Received
Financing
Turnover
Don't Know
ES2011, page 123
Annex 1: Presentation of Preliminary Findings
ES2011, page 124
ES2011, page 125
ES2011, page 126
ES2011, page 127
ES2011, page 128
ES2011, page 129
ES2011, page 130
ES2011, page 131
#
ES2011, page 132
Annex 2: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations
ES2011, page 133
ES2011, page 134
ES2011, page 135
ES2011, page 136
ES2011, page 137
ES2011, page 138
Annex 3: Questionnaire
ES2011, page 139
Enterprise Survey 2009 of Lao-German HRDME Programme
Enumerator:......................................................................................................................................................................................
Interview date:................/................./2011
Fieldwork Supervisor:
Interview time: start ….:……, end …..:……
...........................................................................................................................................................
Date checked: :................/................./2011
Name of data entry: ..................................................................................................................................................................
Date entered: .............../................./2011
Name of Supervisor (Central Level): ..........................................................................................................................
Date checked: :................/................./2011
Enumerator: ask for business card from owner-manager/interviewee and attach to this form
I. Basic data
7.Name of business (as registered):__________________________________________
8.Registration (Tax) code number:
9.Start year of business
10.Gender of the owner-manager
 Male
 Female
11.Age of owner-manager
12. Nationality of owner-manager (SINGLE ANSWER)
 Lao,
 Chinese
 Vietnamese,
 Thai
 Other, specify
…………………………………….
13.Name of ethnic group of the owner-manager
code attached
Name of ethnic group……………………………………………………
14. Education of owner-manager (SINGLE ANSWER)
 no schooling,
 upper secondary
 some primary,
 vocational
 completed primary,
 technical
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó
2
 lower secondary,
 higher
 post graduated
15. Ownership and form of enterprise (as per enterprise law)
(SINGLE ANSWER)

Individual Enterprise

State Company

Sole Limited Company

Mixed Company

Limited Company

Ordinary Partnership

Public Company

Limited Partnership

Cooperative
16. Form of enterprise (as per laws on domestic and foreign
investment) (SINGLE ANSWER)
 domestic
 joint-venture,
 wholly owned foreign
17. Location of business (SINGLE ANSWER)
 home,
 industrial area,
 traditional market,
 roadside,
 shopping center,
 other specify:______________________
 commercial district,
18. Premise (SINGLE ANSWER)
 his/her own,
 rental,
 Other Specify:_________________________
19.On site utilities (SINGLE ANSWER)
 electricity only,
 water only,
 water and electricity,
 no utilities,
20. How many months does the business operate per year?
3
21-29.
Permanent full time worker
Total
a. Total Number of permanent PAID &
Female
21.
22.
21a.
22a.1
21b.
22b.1
b. Number of unpaid family members
23.
24.
c. Number of permanent paid workers
25.
26.
UNPAID workers ( including owner /
manager)
a.1. Number of Management/
Administration staff
a.2. Number of technical staff/worker
Logic Check: number in 21.
= number in 21a. + number in 21b.
= number in 23.. + number in 25
number in 221. = number in 22a.1 + number in 22b.1 = number in 24. + number in 26.
Part-time worker
Total
a. Total Number of part-time workers
Female
27.
27.a
Note: Part-time workers are workers who DO NOT work full time a day (8 hours, etc) and/or DO NOT work
on all working days in the week, BUT work on regular basis.
Temporary worker
Total
Female
b. Total number of temporary workers at peak
season
28.
28.a
c. Total number of temporary workers at low
season
29.
29a.
Note: Temporary workers are workers who are hired to work in short-term period.
Interviewer, only ask new companies in the sample if in old sample, proceed to Q31:
30.Number of workers at start up business
31. Who are your primary (largest) customer(s)?
 individual customers,
Most
importend
-1
second
third
-2
-3
 urban merchants,
-1
-2
-3
 urban businesses,
-1
-2
-3
 rural merchants,
-1
-2
-3
 rural businesses,
-1
-2
-3
exporters
-1
-2
-3
 direct export (customers abroad)
-1
-2
-3
other……………………………
-1
-2
-3
4
32. Origin of inputs (SINGLE ANSWER)
 gather / collect self,
 purchase Viet,
 purchase Lao,
 purchase Chinese,
 purchase Thai,
 other imports
33. Company assets this year 2010 (as stated to authorities) (SINGLE
ANSWER)
 less than 100 Mill Kip,
 between 100-250 Mill Kip,
 250-750 Mill Kip,
 750-1.200 Mill Kip,
 above 1.200 Mill Kip
34. Company liabilities this year 2010
 between 100-250 Mill Kip,
 250-750 Mill Kip,
 750-1.200 Mill Kip,
 above 1.200 Mill Kip
35. Turnover 2010 (as stated to tax office) (SINGLE ANSWER)
 200-400 Mill Kip,
 401-700 Mill Kip,
 701-1.000 Mill Kip,
 more than 1.000 Mill Kip
II. Characteristics of the business/entrepreneur
Interviewer, only ask new companies in the sample, if the enterprise is in the old list skip to 39 and if the ownermanager respond to  also skip to 39
36.What did you do before you started this business? (SINGLE ANSWER)
 ran another business but closed
 employed by another business,
 was farmer,
 worked for a SOE,
 was trader,
was unemployed,
 worked for government,
 was too young to work,
 worked for family business,
others ________________
5
Interviewer, only ask new companies in the sample, if the enterprise is in the old list skip to 39
37. Why did you close the old business? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
Not profitable,
new idea/better opportunities in new business,
too high competition,
closed down by authorities,
increasing taxes,
ran bankrupt,
private/family reasons,
other
Interviewer, only ask new companies in the sample, if the enterprise is in the old list skip to 39
38.What was the MAIN reason for you to start this business instead of doing something else?
(SINGLE ANSWER)
 No other options available,
 prefer to work for myself,
 family pressure,
 identified profitable opportunity,
 inherited business,
 some capital available,
 provides better income than alternatives,
 other ________________
Interviewer, do not ask trading and service companies:
39.What is the level of technology you mainly use in your business?(SINGLE ANSWER)
 Hand tools/utensils,
 portable power tools and electrical appliance,
 small fixed motorized equipment,
 large machinery,
 motorized vehicles
40. What type of communication equipment do you have? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-None (SINGLE CODE IF ANSWER IS -“NONE”)
2-fixed line telephone
3-mobile telephone
4-Fax
5-Internet/ EMAIL
6-Other, specify:________________________
41. Do you use computers and for what purposes? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1 do not use computers
2-text processing,
6-market research
3-accounting,
7-internet use
6
4-customer relations,
8-e-commerce
5-producing own advertisement
9-Other, specify:_________________
42. How did your business develop in 2010 compared to the year before (2009)?
If the enterprise started between 2009-11 skip to 46
increase
remain the same
decrease
don’t know
41.1 output
-1
-2
-3
-4
41.2 turnover
-1
-2
-3
-4
41.3 profit
-1
-2
-3
-4
41.4 number of employees
-1
-2
-3
-4
43 How did your business did develop during the last six months compared to the same
period of the year before?
increase
remain the same
decrease
don’t know
41.1 output
-1
-2
-3
-4
41.2 turnover
-1
-2
-3
-4
41.3 profit
-1
-2
-3
-4
-1
-2
-3
-4
44. Did you make some new investments last year (2010) ?
 Yes, I invested,
 No, I didn’t invest,
skip to 45
45. If you make some investment, which field did you invest?
(MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1.machinery,
6. Marketing
2.company buildings,
7. training
3.vehicles for business use
8. private cars
4.Advertisement,
9.private house
5. office equipment,
10.Other, specify______________________
46. What are your expectations regarding the development of your business
in the next 2 years? (Situation from 41.1 to 41.4) Increase, Remain the same or Decrease
increase
remain the same
decrease
don’t know
44.1 output/
-1
-2
-3
-4
44.2 turnover
-1
-2
-3
-4
7
44.3 profit
-1
-2
-3
-4
-1
-2
-3
-4
47 Do you have any investment plan ?
 Yes, I have,
 No, I don’t have, skip to 49
48. If you have investment plan, in which fields you plan to invest?
1.machinery,
6. Marketing
2.company buildings,
7. training
3.vehicles for business use
8. private cars
4.Advertisement,
9.private house
5. office equipment,
10.Other, specify______________________
49. If you have no investment plan, please indicate the reasons?
1-No profit,
5-Satisfied with my business
2-No market
6-Too much bureaucracy
3-Lack of fund
7-Because of global crisis
4-Lack of raw material
8-Other, please specify______________________
50. Do you know AFTA / WTO? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1 don’t know
skip to 53
2 Know AFTA
answer 51
3 Know WTO
answer 52
51. How do you think AFTA has affected your business? (SINGLE ANSWER)
 no effect,
 rather positive effect,
 rather negative effect
 don’t know
52. How do you think WTO will affect your business after become a member?
(SINGLE ANSWER)
 no effect,
 rather positive effect,
 rather negative effect
 don’t know
8
III. Problems and framework conditions of the business
Give respondent “problem rate” showcard and ask for each items
53. Please rate in the following table internal problems your business might face currently:
very big
Business-internal problems:
a.Lack of management/
b Lack of accounting skills
c.Lack of technically skilled labor
d.Lack of management staff
e.Low level of technology
f.Lack of market information
g.Lack of capital
h.High labour costs
i.Low productivity/efficiency
k.Other, specify:
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
big
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
Medium
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
small
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
no
problem
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
don’t
know
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
Give respondent “problem rate” showcard and ask for each item
54. Please rate in the following table external problems your business might face
currently:
Business-external problems:
very big
a. Competition with domestic competitors
b. Competition with foreign competitors
c. Too high taxes & duties
d. Other fees and unofficial payments
e. Lack of infrastructure:
1 - Roads
2 - Water
3 - Electricity
4 - Telephone
5 - Internet
6 - Others …………………………………….………….
f. Electricity prices
i. Fuel prices
j. Telecommunication prices
k. Customs/foreign trade regulations
l. Foreign currency exchange regulations
m. Labor & safety regulations
n. Other ………………………………………………………….
big
medium
small
no
problem
don’t
know
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
-3
-4
-4
-4
-4
-5
-5
-5
-5
-98
-98
-98
-98
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
-98
55. If you have any problems with competitiveness, what are the main problems?
1- no problem
skip to 57
2-Low quality of own product/service
3-Too small scale of production
4-Unit cost/price of product/service
5-Unequal treatment by authorities
5-Protectionist measures
7-Other, specify……………………..……………………………..
9
Interviewer, only ask new companies in the sample:
56. Registering your business with the local authorities took? (SINGLE ANSWER)
(Whole process of licensing, until start of operation)
 1-5 days,
 6-15 days,
 16-30 days,
 31-90 days,
 more than 90 days
Interviewer, only ask new companies in the sample. If the enterprise in the old list skip to 58
57. (Ask new entries only) How many licenses/documents did you need to register your
business? #
58. How many licenses/ documents do you need to reregister your business #
59. What type of documents do you have to submit to get the necessary licenses to run
your business? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-Application form
8-Criminal record,
2-Bank statement
9-CV of the owner
3-Location map
10-Asset declaration
4-Enterprise regulation
11-Import permit
5-Business plan
12-Business hand over certificate
6-Construction permits
13-Technical certification
7-Other contracts
14-Environmental impact assessment
15-other document, specify:________________
60. Did you have any problems when you started the business?
 yes,
 no (if no skip to Q62)
61. What were the most severe problems you faced when you started the business?
1-Lack of working capital
9-Suppliers
2-Competitiveness
10-Marketing
3-Limitation of experiences
11-Lack of skilled labor in production
4-Taxation
12-Small production volume
5-Location
13-Too many procedures in business registration
6-Infrastructure
14-Product costing
7-Law enforcement
15-Language barrier
8-Lack of labor
16-Poor Banking Services
17-Other, please specify………………………
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 10
62. How do you EVALUATE the current economic situation in general compared to 2
years ago? (SINGLE ANSWER)
 better,
 about the same
 worse,
 don’t know
Give respondent “helpful rate” show card and ask for each item
63. Please rate the facilitation of the central government now compared to 2 years ago
regarding your businesses on the following scale:
very helpful
helpful
neutral
unhelpful
very unhelpful
a.Now
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
b.Two years ago
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Give respondent “helpful rate” show card and ask for each item
64. Please rate the facilitation of the local authorities now compared to 2 years ago
regarding your businesses on the following scale:
very helpful
helpful
neutral
unhelpful
very unhelpful
a.Now
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
b.Two years ago
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
65. Did you get any notices about regulations related to your business?
1-no (SINGLE CODE IF “NO”)
2-yes, from local authorities
3-yes, from central authorities
4-yes, from LNCCI/BMOs
5-yes, from other sources, specify:________________
66. What business laws and regulations relating to your business do you know?
(MULTIPLE ANSWER POSSIBLE)
1-none (SINGLE CODE IF “NONE”)
6-Accounting law,
2-Tax law
7-Criminal law
3-Investment law
8-Land law
4-Labor law
9-Bank regulation
5-Enterprise law
10-Other, please specify…………………………
67. How did you get this knowledge? (MULTIPLE ANSWER POSSIBLE)
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 11
1-from media (Radio/TV, newspapers),
2-from special seminars organised by state agencies,
3-from special seminars organised by business institutions,
4-from related civil servants,
5-from other sources, specify: _______________________
68. Are you a member of any business organisation? If yes, which ones?
1 None (SINGLE CODE IF “NONE”)
2-LNCCI
3-Provincial CCI
4-Business Association
5-Business Group
6-Other, specify……………………..……………………………..
69. If you are a member, why?
1-Marketing purpose
6-Access to Training
2-Because of the rule/regulation
7-More power in negotiating
3-Help in problem solving
8-Advocacy for business
4-to achieve fair competition in business
9-Share information and experience
5-Better organize business
10-Access to business services
11-Other, specify……………………..……………………………..
70. Do you know about LBF / PPPD? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1 no
skip to 75
2- PPPD
3- LBF
answer 73
71. Did you participate in PPPD processes?
 yes,
 no
72. Do you think PPPD was helpful for doing business?
 yes,
 no
73. Did you participate in LBF processes?
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 12
 yes,
 no
74. Do you think LBF was helpful for doing business?
 yes,
 no
IV. Skills
75. Did you (owner, manager) complete any vocational and technical skills training?
 yes,
 no (if no skip to Q.78)
76. If yes, what is your profession?
1.........................................................................................................................................................................................
2.........................................................................................................................................................................................
3.........................................................................................................................................................................................
77. Where did you receive this training? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-in the family,
5-non-formal training course,
2-Self study,
6-by authorities,
3-from friends,
7-vocational or technical school,
4-project,
8-other, specify: ____________________
78. What type of professional training does your management and office staff have?
(MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) (Please indicate also numbers in relation to Q21a)
1-none
2-trained in the company, ___________persons
3-short course training outside the company, ___________persons
4-graduated from public vocational or technical school, ___________persons
5-graduated from private school/college, ___________persons
6-graduated from university, ___________persons
7-Other, specify ______________, ___________persons
79. What type of professional training do your workers and technical staff have?
1-none
2-trained in the company, ___________persons
3-short course training outside the company, ___________persons
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 13
4-graduated from public vocational or technical school, ___________persons
5-graduated from private school/college, ___________persons
6-graduated from university, ___________persons
7-Other, specify ______________ ___________persons
80. Suppose that you want to expand your business, what level of skills/training should
your new employees have? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-No skills
2-Some skills but no certificate
3-Graduated from a public vocational / technical school
4-Graduated from private school/college
5-Graduated from university
6-Don't know
7-Other, specify____________________,
81. Did you (owner / manager) have any management training when you started your
business?
 yes,
82. If yes, what kind of management training did you have? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS
POSSIBLE)
1-occupational health and safety
6-laws and regulations
2-cost calculation
7-quality management
3-business management
8-business finance
4-accounting
9-others, specify: ________________
5-marketing
83. From what source did you get this training?
1-in the family,
5-project,
2-from friends,
6-by authorities,
7-other, specify:____ ______________
84. Since you started your business, did you (owner / manager) get any management
training?
 yes,
85. If yes, what kind of management training did you have?
1-occupational health and safety
6-laws and regulations
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 14
2-cost calculation,
7-quality management,
3-business management,
8-business finance,
4-accounting,
9-others, specify:________________,
5-marketing,
86. From what source did you get this training? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-in the family,
5-project,
2-from friends,
6-by authorities,
7-by BMO
8-other, specify: ___________________
87. Do you (owner / manager) want to learn any skills in order to improve your own
business?
 yes,
88. If yes, what skills would you like to learn to improve your business?
1-Formulate a business plan,
5-Informational management
2-Financial management,
6-Production management
3-Marketing management,
7-Technology management
4-legal framework for doing business
8-Quality management
9-HR management
10-Other, specify__________________
89. Do you (owner / manager) want your employees to be trained?
 yes,
90. If yes, what skills would you like your employees to learn?
1-Customer service,
5-Operation of machinery and tools
2-Accounting,
6-Computer
3-Record keeping,
7-Documentation and filing
4-Foreign languages, specify________________
8-Other, specify………………………………..
V. Business Development Services
91. Did you (owner / manager) ever get any advice for developing your business?
 yes,
 no,
if no ask Q.96
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 15
92. Whom did you ask for consultancy/recommendation for the development of your
business? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-Spouse,
5- BMOs
2-Family members,
6- Government agencies
3-Friends,
7-Development projects
4-Business partners
8-Professional providers
9- others (please specify)__________
93. Did you pay for such kind of advice? If yes, how much (for the last 12 months)
(SINGLE ANSWER)
 No
 up to 1 million Kip
 million to 10 million Kip
 more than 10 million Kip
 don’t know
94. Why did you choose this provider? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1- professional service
2-cost efficiency
3-fast delivery of services
4-best fit to my demand
5-Other, specify……………………..……………………………..
95. How do you know about these service providers? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-from media
2-special seminars organized by state agencies
3-special seminars organized by business institutions
4-related civil servants
5-Other, specify……………………..……………………………..
VI. Business Taxes and Business Finance
96. Which type of taxes are you paying?
 Tax according to accounting system,
 Lump sum tax, (IF Lump sum tax skip to Q 98)
97. What kind of taxes are you paying? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-Profit tax
2-Excise tax
3-Income tax
4-Excise tax
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 16
5-Value added tax
6- Business Turnover tax
7-Other, specify…………………………
98. How much tax do you pay on average per month currently?
Amount: ______________________kip
99. How much tax did you pay on average per month last year?
Amount: ______________________kip
100. Do you have a bank account, and where? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1 no,
4-at a bank in the provincial center
2-at a bank in my home town/ban
3-at a bank in the district center
5-at a local savings institution
6-Other, please specify _______________,
101. Did your business receive any external financing?
 yes,
 no, because I don’t need a loan (skip to Q104)
 no, because of no access to source of finance (skip to Q104)
102. If yes, from what sources? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-from suppliers,
5-from banks,
2-from family members,
6-from micro-credit schemes,
3-from friends,
7-from relatives
4-from money lenders,
8-from other sources others, specify:…………………………………………
103. What did you use the funds for? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-machinery,
8-training
2-business buildings,
9-supporting for exports
3-business vehicles
10-imports
4-marketing
11-Repare my private house
5-local inputs
12-Purchase private vehicle
6-office equipment,
13-Other, specify………………………………………….
7-land
104. If you are going to expand your business, do you need any financing?
 yes,
 no,
 I will not expand,
skip to VII additional comment
skip to VII additional comment)
105. How much financing do you need to expand your business?
Short term (up to 6 months) ____________________Kip
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 17
Long term
___________________ Kip
106. From what source do you expect to receive those funds?
1-from suppliers,
5-from banks,
2-from family members,
6-from micro-credit schemes,
3-from friends,
7-from other sources others ________________
4-from money lenders,
8-from relatives
107. What will you use the funds for? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
1-machinery,
8-training
2-business buildings,
9-supporting for exports
3-business vehicles
10-imports
4-marketing
11-Repare my private house
5-local inputs
12-Purchase private vehicle
6-office equipment,
13-Other, specify………………………………………….
7-land
Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 18
VII. Do you have any things to say that we did not ask you?
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VIII. Please feel free to add any comments:
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Á®®¦º®«¾´ÎÉ¾êó 19
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Registerd offices
Bonn and Eschborn, Germany
Human Resource Development for a Market Economy (HRDME)
PO Box: 10838
Vientaine, Lao PDR
T +856 21 353605
F +856 21 312408
E giz-laos@giz.de

Enterprise Survey 2011

Transcription

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