mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis teqnologia

mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis teqnologia

g. gogoli
mecxoveleobis produqtebis
warmoebis da gadamuSavebis
teqnologia
`teqnikuri universiteti”
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
g. gogoli
mecxoveleobis produqtebis
warmoebis da gadamuSavebis
teqnologia
damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier
Tbilisi
2009
saxelmZRvaneloSi
sakmaod
detalurad
aris
ganxiluli
sasoflo-
sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis moSenebis, kvebis da movla-Senaxvis,
agreTve mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis teqnologiis sakiTxebi. mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili mecxoveleobis
sxvadasxva
dargSi,
agreTve
usafrTxo
sasursaTo
gadamamuSavebel
produqtebis
sawarmoebSi
warmoebis
ekologiurad
teqnikur-teqnologiuri
uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebis aRweras ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
gankuTvnilia
umaRlesi
profesiuli
ganaTlebis
agraruli
biznes-
administratoris specialobis studentebisaTvis. misi gacnobiT saWiro informacias miiReben mewarmeebi, praqtikosi specialistebi da saxalxo meurneobis am dargebiT dainteresebuli sxva pirebi.
redaqtori koba nacvalaZe
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, s.s.i.p. mixeil
rCeuliSvilis mecxoveleobis biologiuri safuZvlebis
institutis direqtoris moadgile.
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009
ISBN 978-9941-14-765-4
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi
formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis
werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Sinaarsi
Sesavali- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
T a v i 1. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis normaluri anatomiisa
da fiziologiis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
(qsovilebi da maTi funqciebi-7; organoebi da sistemebi-8)
Tavi
2. sanaSene saqme mecxoveleobaSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15
(bunebrivi da xelovnuri gadarCeva-15; gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebi-16;
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis konstitucia, eqsterieri da interieri-17;
SerCeva-18; moSenebis meTodebi-19; organizmis individualuri ganviTareba
(ontogenezi)-23; moSenebis teqnika-25; naxiris aRwarmoebis zooteqnikuri
safuZvlebi-25)
Tavi
3. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis jiSebi - - 30
(Zroxis jiSebi-31; kameCis jiSebi-40; Roris jiSebi-42; cxvris jiSebi-44;
Txis jiSebi-47; sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelTa saxeobebi da jiSebi-48;
cxenis jiSebi-55; bocvris jiSebi-56)
T a v i 4. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sakvebi
da normirebuli kvebis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58
(sakvebis saxeebi-59; ulufaSi proteinis da aminmJavebis deficitis Sesavsebi danamatebi-62; sakvebis yuaTianoba-62; sakvebis monelebadoba-68; cxovelTa normirebuli kveba-70; saZovrebis organizacia-72)
T a v i 5. meZroxeoba; rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis
teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75
(Zroxis biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi, konstitucia, eqsterieri da interieri-75; sarZeo produqtiuloba da masze momqmedi faqtorebi-79; furis kveba-81; furis wvela-82; sanaSene xbos gamozrda-83; Senaxvis
sistemebi-86; Zroxis saZovarze Senaxvis teqnika-87; saxorce produqtiulobaze momqmedi faqtorebi-88; sasuqi mozardis gamozrda-suqeba-90; specializebuli saxorce meZroxeoba-92)
Tavi
6. meRoreoba; Roris xorcis warmoebis teqnologia - - - - - - - 94
(Roris biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi-95; Roris warmoSoba-95;
konstitucia da eqsterieri-95; Roris moSeneba-96; sanaSene muSaoba-97; nezvis ganayofiereba-99; make da mawovari nezvis movla-Senaxva da kveba-99;
sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba-100; sasuqi mozardis kveba da movla-Senaxva101; momTabare meRoreobis teqnologia-103; fermispira sazafxulo banakebSi Roris Senaxva-104)
Tavi
7.
mecxvareoba; matylis, cxvris/Txis rZisa da xorcis
warmoebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106
(mecxvareobis mniSvneloba-106; cxvris warmoSoba-107; cxvris biologiuri
Taviseburebebi-107; konstitucia, eqsterieri, interieri-108; cxvris moSeneba-109; gadarCeva da SerCeva-109; cxvris nerbva, doli da mozardis gamozrda-110; cxvris parsva-114; cxvris wvela-115; meTxeoba-115)
Tavi
8. mefrinveleoba; frinvelis xorcisa da kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 118
(sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis moSinaureba-118; sasoflo-sameurneo
frinvelebis bilogiuri Taviseburebebi-119; frinvelis konstitucia da
eqsterieri-120; frinvelis moSeneba-122; kvercxis inkubacia-123; qaTmis
kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia-125; qaTmis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia-127; indauris xorcis warmoeba-129; ixvisa da batis xorcis warmoeba130; cicris xorcis warmoeba-131; mwyris kvercxis da xorcis warmoeba-131)
3
Tavi
9. mecxeneoba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133
(konstitucia-eqsterieri-133; cxenis svla (aluri)-134; cxenis moSeneba-135;
cxenis kveba da movla-patronoba-136; cxenis xorcis da rZis gamoyeneba-138;
sacxenosno sporti-139)
Tavi
10. mebocvreoba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140
(bocvris warmoSoba da biologiuri Taviseburebebi-140; bocvris sakvebi da kveba-141; bocvris mozardis suqeba-142; bocvris aRwarmoeba-142;
sxvadasxva sqesis bocveris garCeva-143; bocvris movla-Senaxva-143).
Tavi
11. zoohigienis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 144
(haeris Sedgeniloba-144; klimati da mikroklimati-146; niadagi-148; wyali-149; sakvebi-150; cxovelTa sadgomebis mowyobis higienuri moTxovnebi-150).
T a v i 12. rZis gadamuSavebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
152
rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi-152; rZis higiena-1545 rZis pirveladi damuSaveba-156; rZis separireba-158; sasmeli rZis
da rZemJava produqtebis warmoeba-159; rZemJava produqtebis damzadebis
zogadi teqnologia-160; karaqis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia-162; yvelis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia-164;
T a v i 13. xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 168
saxorce cxovelis/frinvelis nakveboba-168; dasaklavi pirutyvis/frinvelis transportireba-169; pirutyvis/frinvelis dakvla-171; dakvlis
Tanamdevi produqtebi-176; tanxorcis dabal temperaturaze Senaxva-177;
SaSxisa da loris warmoeba-178; Zexveulis warmoeba-179; naxevarfabrikatebis da dafasoebuli xorcis warmoeba-182; xorcis konservebis
warmoeba-183).
T a v i 14. kvercxis, matylis da tyavbewveulis daxarisxeba da
pirveladi gadamuSaveba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 186
(kvercxis daxarisxeba-185; matylis saxeebi da klasireba-189; bocvris
tyavbewvis damuSaveba-191).
4
Sesavali
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis sursaTisa da agrarul sakiTxTa komisiis (FAO) 2007 wlis moxsenebaSi xazgasmulia, rom XXI saukuneSi kacobriobis winaSe mdgari globaluri problemebidan erT-erTi
yvelaze aqtualuria mosaxleobis sursaTiT dakmayofilebis sakiTxis
gadawyveta. Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, dasmulia sakiTxi adamianis uflebebis nusxaSi erT-erT punqtad sakvebi produqtebiT uzrunvelyofis uflebis Setanis Taobaze.
sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobas erT-erTi wamyvani adgili ukavia
adamianis yoveldRiur yofaSi. is gvaZlevs biologiurad srulfasovan
sakveb produqtebs da msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis nedleuls, xels uwyobs
miwis nayofierebis SenarCunebis saqmes da, imavdroulad, zogierTi saxeobis cxoveli, jer kidev sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc cocxali
gamwevi Zala sasoflo-sameurneo da satransporto samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad, agreTve turizmSi da sportSi.
mniSvnelovania, rom yvela am sargebels cxoveli gvaZlevs iseTi
sakvebis gadamuSavebiT (saZovris balaxi, Tiva, bze, namja, silosi, senaJi,
Zirxvenebi, agreTve rZis, xorcis, Tevzis, marcvlis da Saqris Warxlis
gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebisa da zeTsaxdeli qarxnebis anarCenebi),
romelTac adamiani sxvagvarad ver gamoiyenebda.
mecxoveleobis produqtebs wamyvani adgili ukavia sasursaTo kalaTaSi. dadgenili fiziologiuri normebiT saSualod 1 kacma weliwadSi
unda moixmaros 380 kg rZe da rZis produqtebi (naturalur rZeze gadaangariSebiT), 64 kg xorci da 250 cali kvercxi.
arsebuli monacemebiT, dReisaTvis msoflioSi saSualod erT kacze
iwarmoeba 98,5 kg naturaluri rZe, 40,4 kg xorci da 176 cali kvercxi, rac,
Sesabamisad, fiziologiuri normis mxolod 25.9, 63,1 da 70,4%-s Seadgens.
ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi? statistikuri departamentis monacemebiT 2007 wels CvenSi saSualod 1 kacze
moxmarebulia 186
kg rZe, 29,5 kg xorci da 80 cali kvercxi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom
am produqtebis garkveuli nawili (6-dan 27%-mde) importirebulia, naTeli gaxdeba soflis meurneobis am dargSi arsebuli realuri viTareba.
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gardauvlad gaumjobesebis
pararelulad mosalodnelia am produqtebze moTxovnilebis mkveTrad
zrda, rac dakmayofilebis wyaroebis amoqmedebas Seuwyobs xels.
saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba, agreTve msoflio sasursaTo bazarze arsebuli mwvave deficiti da sxvadasxva sakveb produqtebze fasebis araprognozirebadi meryeoba gvafiqrebinebs, rom aucilebelia ZiriTadi sasursaTo produqtebze, maT Soris marcvleulze, rZeze,
xorcze da kvercxze moTxovnilebis qveynis Sida resursebiT maqsimaluri
doniT dakmayofilebis uzrunvelyofa.
swori agraruli politika, agreTve Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da
qveynis bunebrivi resursebis gegmazomierad Sexameba, uaxloes wlebSi
aamaRlebs Cveni sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobis konkurentunarianobas
da uzrunvelyofs Sida moTxovnilebas adgilobrivi warmoebis produqtebiT.
ekologiurad sufTa, srulfasovani da uvnebeli sakvebi produqtebiT samomxmareblo bazris momaragebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti sityva gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebs ekuTvnis. maTi amocanaa, agreTve, anarCenebis
5
gadamuSavebis efeqturi teqnologiebis danergva da garemos dabinZurebis
Tavidan acileba. bolo 50 welia biologiuri da teqnikuri mecnierebebis,
agreTve teqnologiebis miRwevebis wyalobiT es sfero sakmaod momgebian
samewarmeo saqmed gadaiqca.
amasTan, mecxoveleobis produqtebiT samomxmareblo bazris dakmayofileba mniSvnelovan riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqme is aris, rom
am produqtebis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, “warmoeba-gadamuSaveba-miwodebis” yvela rgolma bazris garkveuli segmentis SevsebasTan erTad unda
uzrunvelyos momxmareblis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba,
misi usafrTxoeba.
dRes gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi ara marto ubralod awvdian
bazars tradiciuli asortimentis mecxoveleobis produqtebs. maT saqmianobaSi wina planze wamoiwia axali saxis, momxmarebelTa yvela sqesobrivi da asakobrivi jgufebisaTvis fiziologiuri mdgomareobis Sesatyvisi dieturi da kombinirebuli sakvebi produqtebis warmoebis gafarToebis aucileblobam, romlebzec moTxovnileba bolo wlebSi gaizarda.
Tavisi adgili ukavia warmoebuli produqtebis SefuTvis, markirebis da
miwodebis formebis srulyofas, rac bazris garkveuli segmentis
dakavebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.
CvenSi dRes ukve funqcionirebs Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebiT aRWurvili rZis da xorcis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi. maTi saqmianobis gafarToeba da efeqturobis amaRleba, agreTve am sferoSi konkurentunarianobis zrda, axali maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis da, maT
Soris, profesionali agrarikos biznes-administratorebis momzadebasTan
aris dakavSirebuli.
am profilis studentebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis disciplinaSi qarTul enaze gamodis pirvelad. masSi, avtoris mier Sedgenili saswavlo programidan
gamomdinare, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tanamedrove midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT
gaSuqebulia yvela is sakiTxebi, romlebTanac, eWvi ar aris, TavianTi
moRvaweobis procesSi mouwevT Sexeba momaval profesional specialistebs.
studentebis mier disciplinis kursis srulyofilad aTvisebis mizniT, yvela Tavi mTavrdeba Temis irgvliv sakontrolo kiTxvebiT. maTTvis, vinc dainteresdeba konkretuli sakiTxze ufro detaluri informaciis miRebiT, aqve motanilia literaturis nusxa.
Zvirfasi kolegebisgan _ umaRlesi skolis profesor-maswavleblebisadan, agreTve praqtikosi specialistebisagan yvela saqmian SeniSvnas,
mosazrebas da winadadebas udidesi gulisyuriT, madlierebis grZnobiT
da axalgazrda kadrebis aRzrdis saqmeSi Tanadgomis survilad miiRebs
avtori.
g.gogoli@posta.ge
6
Tavi I. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis normaluri
anatomiisa da fiziologiis safuZvlebi
sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobis da produqtebis gadamuSavebis
safuZvlebis disciplinis kursis Seswavlisas aucilebelia warmodgena
gvqondes cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sxeulis agebulebasa da cocxal
organizmSi mimdinare procesebze. sxeulis agebulebis Semswavlel mecnierebas ewodeba anatomia, xolo calkeul organoebSi da mTlianad organizmSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebs swavlobs fiziologia.
qsovilebi da maTi funqciebi
cxovelis organizmi agebulia ujredebisagan, romlebic zomiT,
formiT da Sesasrulebeli funqciebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
ujredebis erToblioba hqmnian qsovilebs.
qsovili oTxgvaria- kunTovani, SemaerTebeli, epiTeluri da nervuli.
kunTovani qsovili. Sedgeba sxvadasxva sigrZis boWkoebisagan, romelTac aqvT SekumSvis da modunebis unari. Tavis mxriv, kunTis boWkoebi
orgvaria, ganivzoliani, anu ConCxis da gluvi, anu Sinagani organoebis.
kunTis boWko garedan dafarulia metad Txeli SemaerTebeli qsovilis
afskiT. boWkoebi hqmnian pirvelad, meorad da a.S. konebs, romelTa
SeerTebiT iqmneba kunTi (muskuli). cxovelis organizmSi 200- mde kunTia.
yvela saxeobis cxovelisa da frinvelis ConCxis kunTebi daqselilia
SemaerTebeli qsoviliT da myesebiT dakavSirebulia ZvalTan. kunTebSi
mravladaa sisxlZarRvebi da nervebi. nervuli sistemis gavleniT kunTebi
SeikumSebian an modundebian da uzrunvelyofen cxovelis moZraobas an
sxva aqtiuri funqciis Sesrulebas.
funqciidan gamomdinare kunTebs yofen sam jgufad- statikur, dinamikur da statodinamikur kunTebad. statikuri kunTebi asruleben fiqsaciis, dinamikuri ki aqtiuri moZraobis funqcias.
SemaerTebeli qsovili. pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT sam jgufad:
magari (Zvlebi), naxevrad rbili (xrtilebi, myesebi, iogebi, sisxlZarRvebi) da rbili (cximi sisxli, limfa da sxv.). es qsovili monawileobs
organizmSi mimdinare yvela sasicocxlo procesSi da asrulebs sayrden,
gamtar, damcvelobiT da mkvebav funqciebs.
epiTeluri qsovili, anu epiTeliumi sxeulis zedapirs faravs garedan da gvxvdeba Sinagan organoebSic. garegani epiTeluri qsovili icavs
organizms garemos zemoqmedebisagan, xolo Sinagani asrulebs sxvadasxva
funqciebs (magaliTad, nivTierebebis sinTezi da/an gamoyofa, sayuaTo
nivTierebebis Sewova da sxv.).
nervuli qsovili. Sedgeba grZeli morCebis mqone sxvadasxva formisa da zomis ujredebisagan. morCebi erTdebian konebad da hqmnian nervebs, romlebic gvxvdeba yvela organosa da qsovilSi. nervuli ujredebi
didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinSi. nervuli qsovilis
daniSnulebaa aRiqvas gaRizianeba, gaanalizos is, gadasces impulsebi
nervul centrs da uzrunvelyos sapasuxo reaqcia.
sisxli. Txevadi SemaerTebeli qsovilia. misi saerTo moculobis 5560% plazma anu ufero Txevadi nawilia, xolo 35-40% masSi Sewonili
formiani elementebi- eriTrocitebi, leikocitebi da Trombocitebi.
plazmis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis: 90-91% wyali, 6-8% cilebi, 0,1-0,2% cximebi, 40-160 mg% Saqrebi da 0,8-0,9% mineraluri marilebi, agreTve
fermentebi, hormonebi da sxva mravali nivTiereba. sxvadasxva saxeobis
7
cxovelisa da frinvelis 1 mm3 sisxli Seicavs 5-17 mln eriTrocits, 5-10
aTas leiokocits da 300-500 aTas Trombocits.
eriTrocitebi Seicaven rTul cilas hemoglobins, romelic wiTeli
ferisaa da aqvs Jangbadis SeboWvis unari. hemoglobins filtvebidan
organoebsa da qsovilebSi gadaaqvs Jangbadi da iqidan gamoaqvs naxSirorJangi.
leikocitebis ZiriTadi funqciaa infeqciuri daavadebis gamomwvevi
mikroorganizmebis ganadgureba, xolo Trombocitebi monawileoben
sisxlis SededebaSi, rac uzrunvelyofs sisxldenis SeCerebas.
organoebi da sistemebi
qsovilebi organizmSi gaerTianebulia ufro rTul erTeulebSiSesabamisi daniSnulebisa da funqciis Semsrulebel organoebSi (mag.
Tvali, guli, filtvi da sxv.). Tavis mxriv, saerTo funqciis SesrulebaSi
monawile organoebi hqmnian organoTa sistemebs. aseT sistemebs miekuTvneba: sayrden-mamoZravebeli, saWmlis momnelebeli, sunTqvis, sisxlis
mimoqcevis, Sard-sasqeso, Sinagani sekreciis, nervuli, kani da Tmovani
safarveli.
sayrden-mamoZravebeli sistema. Sedgeba ConCxisa da ConCxis kunTebisagan. ConCxi sxeuls unarCunebs formas, moZraobisas asrulebs berketis
rols da icavs Tavisa da zurgis tvins, agreTve Sinagan organoebs
meqanikuri dazianebisagan
cxovelis ConCxi (sur. 1) iyofa RerZul da periferiul nawilebad.
RerZul ConCxSi gaerTianebulia Tavis qala (1), xerxemlis malebi (2),
neknebi (3) da mkerdis Zvali (4). periferiul ConCxs miekuTvneba wina (5)
da ukana (6) kidurebi, agreTve RerZul ConCxTan maTi damakavSirebeli
sartyelebi- beWisa (7) da gavis Zvlebi, (8).
ConCxis RerZuli nawisur. 1. Txis ConCxis sqema.
li Sedgeba brtyli, xolo
periferiuli nawili lulo1 2 vani Zvlebisagan. calkeuli
8 Zvlebi,
maTi
funqciidan
gamomdinare,
erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli arian uZravad
an moZravad. Zvlebis moZrav
3
7
SeerTebas saxsari ewodeba
frinvelis ConCxi (sur.
6 5 2) ZuZumwovrebis ConCxisagan
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. cxove4 lebTan SedarebiT frinvelis
Zvlebi gacilebiT msubuqi da
magaria;
formasTan
erTad
Secvlilia Zvlis agebulebac:
cxovelTa Zvlebi amovsebulia e.w. Zvlis tviniT, maSin rodesac zrdasruli
frinvelis umetes ZvlebSi aris haeri, romelic iq xvdeba e.w. haermatarebeli CanTebidan.
frinvelis ConCxi iyofa Tavis, sxeulis da kidurebis Zvlebad. amasTan, wina kidurebi warmoadgenen frTebs, xolo ukana kidurebi miwaze gadaadgilebis saSualebaa.
saWmlis momnelebeli sistema: Sedgeba piris Rrus organoebisagan,
saylapavi milisagan, kuWisagan, wvrili, msxvili da swori nawlavisagan, ag8
reTve RviZlisa da, kuWqveSa jirkvlisagan. sakvebis gadamuSaveba cxovelis organizmis mier iwyeba piris RruSi, sadac is gamoyofili nerwyviT
lbeba, kbilebiT ki qucmacdeba, ris Semdeg is saylapavi miliT gadadis
kuWSi.
cxenis da Roris kuWi
sur. 2. qaTmis ConCxis sqema
erTkameriania, xolo mcoxnav
cxovelebs- Zroxas, cxvars da
Tavis
idayvis
Txas aqvT oTxkameriani kuWi.
qala
Zvali
erTkameriani kuWi mdixerxemali
daria sekreciis jirkvlebiT,
sxivis
romlebSic sinTezirdeba da
Zvali
gamoiyofa kuWis wveni. kuWis
neknebi
wvens Seicavs marilmJavas da
mxris
laviwis
sxvadasxva fermentebs (mag.
Zvali
Zvali
pepsins, qimozins, lipazas) da
aqvs mJave reaqcia. daqucmabarZayis
mkerdis
cebuli sakvebis monelebas
Zvali
Zvali
uzrunvelyofs kuWis wvenTan
Sereva, rasac xels uwyobs
mkerdis Zvlis
terfis
kuWis
kunTovani
qsovilis
qimi
Zvali
periodulad
SekumSva
da
moduneba. kuWis SekumSva, aseve uzrunvelyofs sakvebis Tormetgoja nawlavisaken gadaadgildebas,
sadac is damatebiT ganicdis naRvelas da kuWqveSa jirkvlis wvenis
moqmedebas.
nawlavebis talRiseburi SekumSva, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sakvebis wvrili nawlavisaken gadaadgilebas, sadac mTavrdeba misi moneleba
da sayuaTo nivTierebebi Seiwoveba lorwovani garsis xaoiani zedapiris
mier.
saWmlis moneleba mTavrdeba msxvil nawlavSi, sadac mounelebeli
narCenebi sqeldeba, yalibdeba ganavlad da swori nawlavis spinqteris
gavliT periodulad gamoiyofa gareT.
mcoxnavi cxovelebis oTxsur. 3. Zroxis kuWi.
kameriani kuWidan (sur. 3) pirveli
1 sams- faSvs (1), baduras (3)
da
6
wignaras (4) uwodeben winakuWebs,
meoTxes ki- maWiks, anu sakuTriv
2
3
kuWs (5). winakuWebi saWmlis momnelebeli wvenis gamomyof jirkvlebs praqtikulad ar Seicaven,
xolo maWiks aseTi jirkvlebi
aqvs.
4
mcoxnavi cxoveli sakvebs
saTanado daReWvis gareSe ylapavs.
sakvebi saylapavi miliT (2, sur. 3
da 4) gadadis faSvSi, sadac is
5
1. faSvi; 2. saylapavi mili; 3.baduiJRinTeba da rbildeba. faSvSi
ra; 4.wignara; 5.maWiki; 6. Tormetarsebuli mikroorganizmebis cxogoja nawlavi velmoqmedebis wyalobiT sakvebSi
Semavali ujredana iSleba, ra
drosac xdeba cilebisa da vitaminebis sinTezi.
9
faSvSi (10, sur.
4) darbilebuli sakvebi, saylapavi milis
11
gavliT
amoicoxneba
5 6 7
8 9
piris RruSi, sadac
12
mas pirutyvi ReWavs
da saTanadod daquc13
macebis Semdeg kvlav
14
Caylapavs. Caylapuli
sakvebi xvdeba badu1 2 15
raSi (4, sur. 4), aqedan
3 ki wignaraSi, sadac is
damatebiT gadamuSav4 10
deba, kargad aireva da
mxolod amis Semdeg
gadadis maWikSi, aqedan ki Tormetgoja
1.traqea; 2.saylapavi mili; 3.guli; 4.badura; 5.filnawlavSi (6, sur. 3).
tvi; 6.diafragmis konturi; 7.elenTa; 8.sakvercxe;
mcoxnavi cxovele9.swori nawlavi; 10.faSvi; 11.saskore; 12.saSo; 13.saSbis maWikSi da Semvilosnos rqa; 14. Sardis buSti; 15. wvrili nawlavi
dgom nawlavebSi sakvebis gadamuSaveba da sayuaTo nivTierebebis aTviseba xdeba imave sqemiT,
rogorc erTkameriani kuWis mqone cxovelebSi.
frinvelebis kuWi (sur. 5)
sur. 5. frinvelis kuWi
gansxvavdeba ZuZumwovari sasof(A‐garedan, B-Wrili)
lo-sameurneo cxovelebis kuWisagan. is Sedgeba ori nawilisaganjirkvlovani (I) da kunTovani (II). kuWisagan. Tavis mxriv
kunTovani kuWis kedeli agebulia
ganivzoliani
kunTebisagan
(2),
romelic
Signidan
amofenilia
kutikuliT (3). jirkvlovani kuWi
erTi
mxridan
dakavSirebulia
saylapav milTan, meore mxridan
ki kunTovan kuWTan. kunTovani
kuWi, Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia
Tormetgoja nawlavTan (III).
sasunTqi sistema: sasicocxlo procesebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro
energiis misaRebad cxovelis organizmSi uwyvetad mimdinareobs nawlavebidan Sewovili sayuaTo nivTierebebis daJangvis procesi. amisaTvis ki
aucilebelia maTi JangbadiT momarageba da warmoqmnili naxSiorJangis
gamotana. sasunTq organoebs miekuTvneba cxviri, traqea, bronqebi da
filtvebi.
cxviris RruSi SesunTquli haeri Tbeba, mtvrisagan iwmindeba,
teniandeba da gadadis traqeaSi (1, sur. 4). traqea gulmkerdis RruSi iyofa
or bronqad, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian marjvena da marcxena
filtvTan (5, sur. 4). filtvSi bronqebi TandaTanobiT iyofa ufro wvril
milakebad- bronqiodebad da mTavrdeba alveolTa milakebiT romlebic
yurZnis mtevniseburad dakavSirebuli arian buStukebis msgavs warmonaqmnebTan- alveolebTan.
sur. 4 Zroxis Sinagani organoebis
topografia (marcxnidan)
10
alveolebis
SigniTa
kedeli
amofenilia
epiTeluri ujredebiT da daqselilia uwvrilesi sisxlZarRvebiT- kapilarebiT. alveolis kedlebSi xdeba sisxlidan naxSirorJangis gamoyofa da misi JangbadiT gamdidreba. gamdidrebuli sisxli isev ubrundeba ujredebsa
da organoebs, utovebs maT
Jangbads, arTmevs naxSirorJangs, brundeba kvlav alveolebSi da a.S.
sur. 6. qaTmis Sinagani organoebis
topografia
4
sisxlis mimoqcevis anu
gulsisxlZarRvTa sistema: am
sistemaSi Sedis guli (3, sur.
4 da 18, sur. 6), sisxlZarRvebi,
limfuri sadinarebi, sisxli
da limfa.
1.mTavari bronqebi; 2.filtvebi; 3.brma nawguli asrulebs tumbos lavi; 4.sakvercxe; 5.Tirkmeli; 6.kvercxsafunqcias, romlis daxmarebiT vali; 7.kloaka; 8.swori nawlavi; 9.jorsxeulis yvela ujreds Tu jali; 10.msxvili nawlavi; 11.Tormetgoja
organos miewodeba JangbadiT nawlavi; 12.kuWqveSa jirkvali; 13.kunTovani
gamdidrebuli sisxli, xolo kuWi; 14.RviZli; 15.elenTa; 16.naRvlis buSiqidan gamodis nivTierebaTa
ti; 17.jirkvlovani kuWi; 18.guli; 19. CiCacvlis produqtebi. es sistema,
xvi; 20.traqea; 21.saylapavi mili; 22. xorxi;
aseve, uzrunvelyofs organoebisa da qsovilebisaTvis sayuaTo nivTierebis miwodebas da siTbos maregulirebeli da damcvelobiT funqciebis Sesrulebas.
gulis kedlebi, sxva Sinagani organoebisagan gansxvavebiT, agebulia
ganivzoliani kunTebisagan. yru ZgidiT is gayofilia marjvena da marcxena naxevrad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or-or nawilad- winagulad
da parkuWad. maT Soris aris sisxlsadeni xvrelebi, romlebic periodulad ixsneba da iketeba sarqvelebiT ise, rom sisxli gaataron mxolod
erTi mimarTulebiT. sisxlis mimoqcevas uzrunvelyofen gulidan gamomomavali da gulSi Semavali msxvili sisxlZarRvebi.
gulis muSaoba gamoixateba mis periodulad SekumSvasa da modunebaSi. jer erTdroulad ikumSeba orive winaguli, ris Sedegad ixsneba
parkuWTan damakavSirebeli sadinarebis sarqvelebi da sisxli gadadis
parkuWSi. Semdeg ikumSeba orive parkuWi, ris Sedegad ixsneba sisxlZarRvebTan damakavSirebeli sarqvelebi da sisxli gadaitumbeba sisxlis
mimoqcevis sistemaSi. Semdeg orive winaguli da parkuWi dundebian, rasac
pauza ewodeba.
ZuZumwovar cxovelebs aqvT sisxlis mimoqcevis ori wre, didi da
mcire. didi wre iwyeba marcxena parkuWidan, saidanac sisxli gadadis
aortaSi (msxvil arteriaSi), grZeldeba arteriebiT da kapilarebiT,
saidanac
gadadis venur sisxlZarRvebSi da Caedineba marjvena winagulSi. am gziT xdeba yvela qsovilisa da organos momarageba JangbadiT
mdidari arteriuli sisxliT da maTgan naxSirorJangiT gajerebuli
sisxlis gulisken gadatana. sisxlis mimoqcevis mcire wre iwyeba marj11
vena parkuWidan, saidanac venuri sisxli gadaedineba filtvSi, mdidrdeba
iq JangbadiT da arteriuli sisxlis saxiT ubrundeba marcxena winaguls.
nervuli sistema: awesrigebs cocxali organizmis yvela organosa
da sistemis funqcionirebas. mas yofen centralur da periferiul nawilebad. centralur organoebs miekuTvneba Tavisa da zurgis tvini, xolo
periferiuls- tvinidan gamomavali nervebi.
Tavis tvini Tavis qalaSi aris ganTavsebuli da Sedgeba ramodenime
nawilisagan. mis ukana mxareze, e.w. mogrZo tvinSi Tavmoyrilia sunTqvis,
gulis moqmedebis, ofldenis da zogierTi sxva funqciebis maregulirebeli centrebi.
mogrZo tvinis zemoT mdebareobs naTxemi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
cxovelis koordinirebul moZraobas, Sua tvini ki awesrigebs Sinagani
organoebis moqmedebas.
zurgis tvini mdebareobs xerxemlis malebis centralur arxSi.
misgan gamodian mgrZnobiare da mamoZravebeli nervebi, romlebic ganitotebian kunTebSi, kanSi da Sinagan organoebSi. periferiuli nervuli
sistema Sedgeba zurgis tvinidan gamomavali 40 wyvilze meti nervisa da
12 wyvili Tavis tvinidan gamomavali nervisagan.
nervuli sistemis moqmedeba efuZneba gareSe gamRizianebelze
pasuxs, refleqsebs: zemoqmedebisas neironi aRiqvams gaRizianebas (mag.
kidurze Cxvletas) da Sesabamis signals gadascems centrs. aqedan
mamoZravebeli neironi agzavnis Sesabamis signals da iwvevs sapasuxo
reaqcias (kiduris mkveTrad gawevas).
grZnobis organoebi
uzrunvelyofen organizmis garemosTan kavSirs. es organoebia Tvalebi, yurebi, cxviri, ena da kani. am organoebidan
gadacemuli signali Tavs iyris Tavis tvinis qerqSi, romelic aRZravs
sapasuxo reaqcias.
Sard-sasqeso sistema. Sedgeba Sardis gamomyofi da gamravlebis
organoebisagan.
Sardis gamomyofi organoebi Sedgeba Tirkmlebisagan, Sardsadenisagan, Sardis buStisa (6, sur. 7) da saSarde milisagan. am organoebis
saSualebiT organizmidan gamoiyofa cilebis cvlis produqtebi- Sardovana, amiaki, SardmJava da maTSi gaxsnili mineraluri marilebi. gamoyofis funqcias garkveulwilad asrulebs cxovelis kanSi arsebuli
saofle jirkvlebic.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis gamravlebas uzrunvelyofs sasqeso
organoebSi momwifebuli ujredebi, spermatozoidebi da kvercxujredi.
mamri cxovelis gamravlebis organoebia kan-kunTovan parkSi moTavsebuli wyvili saTesle jirkvali, Teslgamtari, da Sardsasqeso mili.
saTesleebis klaknil milakebSi momwifebuli Teslujredebi
(spermatozoidebi) gadadis saTeslis danamatSi, sadac isini sabolood
mwifdebian da Teslgamtaris gavliT gadainacvleben Sardsasqeso milSi.
sqesobrivi aqtis dros TeslgamtarTan da Sardsasqeso gzebTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi sasqeso jirkvlebidan gamoyofili sekreti azavebs
Teslujredebs da aaqtiurebs maT.
mdedris gamravlebis organoebia sakvercxeebi, kvercxsavali, saSvilosno da saSo.
sakvercxe (1, sur. 7) cxovelebSi cercvis formis wyvili organoa.
ZroxaSi is alublis nayofis an qaTmis patara kvercxis zomisaa da
mdebareobs welis areSi. frinvelSi sakvercxe, aseve, welis midamoSi
mdebareobs da yurZnis mtevnis forma aqvs (4, sur. 6).
12
saSvilosno (2) Rru organoa. erTi mxridan is bolovsur. 7. furis Sard-sasqeso sistema
deba kvercxsavalTan dakavSirebuli parkis formis wyvili
2 "rqebiT" (3), meore mxares ki
yeliT, romelic Tavis mxriv
ukavSirdeba saSos (4). sakvercxeSi warmoSobili kvercxuj1
redi mwifdeba sakvercxis garss
qvemodan amozneqil, siTxiT savse burTulaSi. ovulaciis dawyebisas burTula skdeba da
6 5 momwifebuli
kvercxujredi
gadadis kvercxsavalSi (5), am
4 ukanasknelidan ki is gadaina3 cvlebs saSvilosnos rqaSi.
mamrobiTi sasqeso ujredebi saSvilosnos yelisa da sxeulis gavliT aRweven kvercxsavalSi,
sadac xdeba kvercxujredTan maTi Sexvedra da Serwyma. ganayofierebuli
kvercxujredi anu zigota gadadis saSvilosnos rqaSi, aq is miekvreba
lorwovan garss da ikvebeba dedis organizmidan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
ganayofiereba ar moxdeba, xuraoba garkveuli periodis Semdeg kvlav
ganmeordeba.
Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebia hipifizi, farisebri jirkvali,
farzeda jirkvali, Tirkmelzeda jirkvali da sxv. zogi maTganis mier
gamomuSavebuli hormonebi pirdapir sisxlSi gamoiyofa da amitom maT
endokrinul jirkvlebs uwodeben, zogi ki hormons gamohyofs rogorc
garegani sekreciis jirkvali (mag. sasqeso jirkvlebi).
sarZeo jirkvali. sxvadaxva saxeobis pirutyvSi sarZeo jirkvali
formis, zomis da mdebareobis mixeviT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
magaliTad, Zroxis curi Sedgeba
sur. 8. Zroxis curi
oTxi meoTxedisagan da yoveli
meoTxedi
bolovdeba
TiTo
kertiT (sur. 8). Roris ZuZu
ganlagebulia muclis mTel perimetrze da Sedgeba erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli 10-12 nawilisagan,
romlebic
bolovdeba
TiTo
kertiT. cxvrisa da Txis curi
ZgidiT gayofilia or Tanabar
1 nawilad da yovel naxevarze aqvT
TiTo kerti. ori kerti aqvs
2 cxensac.
5
curis jirkvlovani qsovili
(1) Sedgeba alveolebisagan, romel4 3 Ta ujredebSi sinTezirdeba rZe.
alveolebis kunTovani boWkoebis
SekumSviT rZe gadmoedineba sarZeo milakebSi, romlebic erTiandebian
rZis sadinarebad. aqedan rZe Caedineba curis cisternaSi (2), Semdeg ki
kertis cisternaSi (3). kertis sadinari bolovdeba beWdismagvari kunTiTspinqteriT, (4), romelic xels uSlis kertis cisternidan rZis Tavi13
suflad gadmodinebas. curi daqselilia arteriuli da venuri sisxlZarRvebiT (5).
rZis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali cilebis, cximebis da laqtozis
sinTezi xdeba uSualod curSi arteriuli sisxlis mier motanili nivTierebebidan. amasTan, rZeSi da sisxlSi am nivTierebebis koncentracia
gansxvavebulia, xolo zogierTi maTgani (mag. rZis Saqari, anu laqtoza)
sisxlSi saerTod ar gvxvdeba.
dadgenilia, rom 1 kg rZis warmosaqmnelad curSi unda gaiaros
daaxloebiT 400-500 litramde sisxlma.
kani da balnis saburveli: kani (tyavi) cxovelis organizms faravs
garedan. is Sedgeba sami Srisagan - epidermisis, sakuTriv kanisa da
kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan.
epidermisi yvelaze Txeli Srea, Sedgeba epiTeliaruli ujredebis
ramodenime Srisagan da mas ekisreba erTgvari barieruli funqcia. epidermisis Rrma fenebSi gvxvdeba pigmenturi ujredebi, romelic icavs
kans sxivuri zemoqmedebisagan.
sakuTriv kani Sedgeba dvrilovani da badebrivi Sreebisagan. dvrilovani Sre uxvadaa daqselili nervuli kvanZebiTa da kapilaruli
sisxlZarRvebiT. aqve ganlagebulia saofle da cximovani jirkvlebi,
agreTve balnis saburvelis folikulebi da kunTebi. saofle da cximovani jirkvlebis sadinarebi gamodian kanis zedapirze. saofle jirkvlebidan, oflTan erTad gamoiyofa organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa
cvlis produqtebi.
siTbos regulaciaSi kans mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba. sxeulis
zedapirul qsovilebs is ukavSirdeba kanqveSa SriT, romelic agebulia
faSari SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan. masSi grovdeba e.w. kanqveSa qoni,
romelic siciveSi asrulebs Tboizolatoris rols.
balnis saburveli sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelSi iwodeba sxvadasxvagvarad: ZroxeulSi mas eZaxian balans, RorSi
jagars, cxvarSi matyls, frinvelSi bumbuls, bocverSi ki bewvs. es warmonaqmnebi kans faraven zemodan da icaven mas meqanikuri zemoqmedebisagan, agreTve tenis da siTbos dakargvisagan.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis kanidan, saTanado damuSavebis
Semdeg, gamohyavTMfexsacmelebis saZire da sapire tyavi, maJdaki, yarayuli, kraveli da sxva, romlebic metad mniSvnelovani needleulia
msubuqi mrewvelobis sawarmoebisaTvis. tyavidan mzaddeba agreTve sxvadasxva nakeTobebi (labada, qurqi, CanTa, Rvedebi, qamrebi da misT.).
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ramdengvari qsovilisagan Sedgeba cxovelis organizmi?
• rogori kunTebis boWkoebidanaa agebuli ConCxis da Sinagani
organoebis kunTovani qsovili?
• ramdeni nawilisagan Sedgeba cxovelis/frinvelis ConCxi?
• romeli organoebisagan Sedgeba saWmlis momnelebeli sistema?
• ramdeni kamera aqvs Zroxis/Roris kuWs?
• romeli nawilebisagan Sedgeba frinvelis kuWi?
• riT aris Sevsebuli cxovelis da frinvelis Zvlebi?
• ra funqcia akisria sunTqvis organoebs?
• romeli organoebi Sedis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi?
14
•
•
•
•
•
•
romeli organoebisagan Sedgeba da ra funqciebs asrulebs
nervuli sistema?
ra gansxvavebaa Zroxis, Roris da cxvris/Txis sarZeve
jirkvlebs Soris?
romel ujredebSi da ra nivTierebebidan sinTezirdeba rZe?
rogoria kanis agebuleba da ra funqcias asrulebs is?
romeli organoebi Sedis Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebSi?
romeli ujredebisagan Sedgeba sisxli da ra funqciebs
asruleben isini?
literatura:
1. v. qvaWreliSvili, n. milaSvili- zogierTi Sinauri cxovelis,
frinvelis da Tevzis normaluri anatomia. Tbilisi, 2009.
2. g. ramiSvili, d. ramiSvili- cxovelTa normaluri anatomia.
Tbilisi, 1996;
3. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2002;
4. Технология производства и переработки животноводческой продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005
Tavi 2. sanaSene saqme mecxoveleobaSi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis moSenebisas adamiani cdilobs Sromis da sxva materialuri saxsrebis minimaluri danaxarjebiT miiRos meti
raodenobisa da ukeTesi xarisxis produqcia. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cxovelTa sanaSene da produqtiuli Tvisebebis
gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul saqmianoba uwyvetad da gegmazomierad mimdinareobs. saqme is aris, rom mravalsaukunovanma gamocdilebam da biologiuri mecnierebebis miRwevebma SesaZlebeli gaxada seleqciis iseTi
meTodebisa da xerxebis SemuSaveba, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven
maqsimalurad mokle droSi niSan-Tvisebebi SevcvaloT winaswar gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT.
mecxoveleobaSi sanaSene muSaoba aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic sasurveli niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT
cxovelTa gadarCevasa da SerCevasTan erTad iTvaliswinebs maTTvis
normirebuli kvebisa da gaumjobesebuli movla-Senaxvis pirobebis
Seqmnas. unda gvaxsovdes, rom sanaSene muSaobis efeqti miT ufro maRali
iqneba, rac ufro xelsayrel pirobebs SevuqmniT cxovels im Tvisebebis
gansaviTareblad, romelTa gaZlierebisaken miviswrafviT. dadgenilia,
rom amis gareSe sworad dagegmili da uaRresad gulmodgined warmarTuli sanaSene muSaoba dadebiT Sedegs ar gvaZlevs.
bunebrivi da xelovnuri gadarCeva
cocxali samyaros ganviTarebis evoluciuri Teoriis fuZemdebelma
Carlz darvinma yuradReba miaqcia konkretuli garemo pirobebisadmi
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis Semgueblobis maRal xarisxs. imavdroulad
man naxa, rom is organizmebi, romlebic axal garemoSi moxvedrisas
ganicdidnen Sesabamis cvalebadobas gadarCebodnen, xolo amis gareSe
iRupebodnen. am process darvinma bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.
15
bunebrivi gadarCevisagan gansxvavebiT, xelovnuri gadarCeva xorcieldeba uSualod adamianis mier da gulisxmobs sasoflo-sameurneo
cxovelTa jiSebis gasaumjobeseblad da/an axalis gamosayvanad ganxorcielebul mizanmimarTul saqmianobas.
amdenad, bunebriv gadarCevas, ZiriTadad, adgili aqvs gareul cxovelTa samyaroSi, maSin rodesac xelovnur gadarCevas eqvemdebarebian
mxolod Sinauri cxovelebi.
gadarCevis es ori forma erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba agreTve imiTac, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mimdinareobs uwyvetad da exeba cocxali
organizmis TiTqmis yvela niSan-Tvisebas, maSin rodesac xelovnur
gadarCeva dakavSirebulia adamianis saqmianobasTan da exeba mxolod
misTvis saintereso ramodenime niSan-Tvisebas.
sagulisxmoa, rom cxovelTa Sinauri formebis seleqciisas unda
gaviTvaliswinoT maTze bunebrivi gadarCevis uwyveti procesis moqmedeba,
romlis minimumamde Semcirebis mniSvnelovani berketia kvebisa da movlaSenaxvis pirobebis, anu garemos gaumjobeseba.
gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebi
sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobaSi xelovnuri gadarCevis warmateba
damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, maT Soris mTavaria gadasarCevi suladobis ricxovnoba, maTi nayofiereba, agreTve gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebis
raodenoba da cvalebadobis xarisxi.
mniSvnelovania, rom gadarCeva erTdroulad mimdinareobdes ramodenime ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebis (mag. ZroxeulSi- monawvelis, rZeSi cximisa da cilis Semcvelobis, RorebSi- mravalnayofierebis, merZeulobisa
da kanqveSa qonis sisqis da sxv.) mixedviT. amasTan, aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas cxovelis organizmis konstituciuri simagre, garemosadmi Seguebis unari da sxvadasxva daavadebisadmi rezistentobis
xarisxi.
bonitireba. gadarCevis organizaciuli formaa bonitireba. bonitireba (“bonitas”) laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs daxarisxebas, dajgufebas,
raime maCveneblis mixedviT cxovelis identifikacias.
rogorc wesi, bonitirebisas cxovelebs afaseben ramodenime, e.w.
“saseleqcio” niSan-TvisebiT, Tavad Sefasebisa da gadarCevis procesi ki,
pirobiTad, SeiZleba davyoT or etapad, pirveli- konkretul garemoSi
realizebuli memkvidrulobis anu fenotipis mixedviT Sefaseba da meore,
memkvidrulobis potenciurobis anu genotipis mixedviT Sefaseba.
mecxoveleobis fermebSi bonitirebisaTvis monacemebis Segroveba
mimdinareobs mTeli wlis manZilze, xolo saboloo Sedegis dadgena
(Sefaseba) sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebSi xdeba sawarmoo ciklis garkveul etapze: magaliTad, sarZeo jiSis furebSi laqtaciis damTavrebis
Semdeg, nazmatylian da naxevrad nazmatylian cxvrebSi gazafxulze
parsvis, xolo uxeSmatylian cxvrebSi Semodgomis parsvis Semdeg da sxv.
fenotipis mixedviT gadarCevisas cxovelebs afaseben im niSanTvisebebiT, romelTa gazomva-Seswavla SesaZlebelia maTi garegnulad
daTvalierebiT, agreTve produqtiulobis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
maCveneblebis dadgenis gziT. es niSan-Tvisebebia:
1. konstitucia da eqsterieri;
2. saerTo ganviTareba da cocxali masa;
16
3. produqtiuloba (magaliTad, furis monawveli da rZeSi cximis
%, nezvis budis wona, cxvris matylis naparsi, matylis xarisxi
da sxv).
4. nayofiereba da msxvilnayofiereba;
5. teqnologiuroba (magaliTad, sarZeo furebis manqanuri wvelisaTvis vargisianoba).
unda aRiniSnos, rom konkretul pirobebSi cxovelis xarisxis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT fenotipis mixedviT Sefasebis monacemebi metad mniSvnelovania, magram ar iZleva imis informacias Tu ramdenad iqna realizebuli misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT bonitirebisas cxovelis sanaSene Rirsebis dadgenis mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia
misi genotipis, anu winaprebis da/an STamomavlobis xarisxiT Sefaseba.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis konstitucia,
eqsterieri da interieri
konstitucia. am terminis qveS igulisxmeba cocxali organizmis
morfologiuri da fiziologiuri Tvisebebis erToblioba, rac dakavSirebulia mis produqtiulobis donesTan da mimarTulebasTan, agreTve
garemos moqmedebisadmi reagirebis unarTan.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs yofen oTx konstituciur tipadnazi, uxeSi, mkvrivi da faSari.
nazi konstituciis cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wvrili
Zvleuli, momcro da msubuqi Tavi, Txeli da elastikuri tyavi, rbili da
tyavze mWidrod gadakruli bzinvare balani.
uxeSi konstituciis cxovelebs aqvT masiuri sxeuli, didi da uxeSi
Tavi, agreTve sqeli tyavi, romelic dafarulia uxeSi bewviT.
mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis cxovelebi gamoirCevian magari ZvleuliT, kargad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qsoviliT da mkvrivi kaniT;
faSari konstituciuri tipi xasiaTdeba faSari tyaviT, fumfula
kunTovani da Zlier ganviTarebuli kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilebiT.
Cveulebriv, cxovelebSi gvxvdeba am konstituciuri tipebis 4 kombinacia: nazi-mkvrivi, nazi-faSari, uxeSi-mkvrivi da uxeSi-faSari.
nazi-mkvrivi konstitucia damaxasiaTebelia sarZeo Zroxis, sajdomi
tipis cxenis, nazmatyliani cxvris da sabekone Roris jiSebisaTvis;
nazi-faSari konstituciuri tipisani arian saxorce mimarTulebis
Zroxis, saqone mimarTulebis Roris da mZime tvirTmzidi cxenis jiSebi.
uxeSi-mkvrivi konstitucia ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Zroxis sarZeosaxorce, cxvris saxorce-samatylo da Sesabmeli cxenis jiSebis calkeul individebSi;
uxeSi-faSari konstituciuri arc erTi produqtiuli mimarTulebis
cxovelisaTvis ar aris sasurveli. aseTi tipis cxovelebi upiratesad
gvxvdebian Zroxis muSa da cxenis tvirTmzid jiSebSi, agreTve uxeSmatylian cxvrebSi.
garda aRniSnulisa, zooteqniaSi SemoRebulia magari konstituciuri
tipis cneba, rac gulisxmobs cxovelebis karg amtanobas da janmrTelobas. magari konstituciuri tipi sasurvelia yvela jiSisaTvis.
eqsterieri. sxeulis garegnuli formebiT cxovelebis Sefaseba
uZvelesi droidan iyo xelovnuri gadarCevis ZiriTadi meTodi da mas
dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. saqme is aris, rom zogadad
sxeulis da misi calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia orga-
17
nizmis fiziologiur funqciebTan da iZleva cxovelis produqtiuli
Rirsebebis sakmaod zustad dadgenis saSualebas.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT eqsterieris mixedviT cxovelis Sefasebisas
sxeulis saerTo proporciulobasTan erTad iTvaliswineben misi calkeuli nawilebis (Tavi, kiseri, mindao, mkerdi, beWi, zurgi, weli, muceli,
curi da kidurebi) ganviTarebas, maT Sesabamisobas jiSis tipTan.
cxovelis eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT, ganazomebis aRebiT da
fotografirebiT;
eqsterieris TvalzomiT Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba ori xerxi, aRwerilobiTi da balobrivi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sxeulis calkeul nakvTebis
mdgomareobas aRweren sityvierad (magaliTad Tavi- didi, saSualo, patara, an kiseri mokle, saSualo, grZeli da sxv.), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
ama Tu im nakvTis ganviTarebas afaseben cifrebiT (e.w. balobrivi
meTodiT). TvalzomiT Sefaseba gvaZlevs saSualebas SedarebiT swrafad
ganvsazRvroT
cxovelis
konstituciuri
Taviseburebebi,
aRvweroT
Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi. amasTan, es meTodi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakmaod
subieqturia da dakavSirebulia Semfaseblis kvalifikaciasTan.
ganazomis aRebiT eqsterieris Sefaseba iTvleba yvelaze obieqturad, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi gasazomi xelsawyoebis daxmarebiT vadgenT sxeulis calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTarebis raodenobriv maCvenebels.
miuxedavad amisa, ganazomebis cal-calke ganxilva ar gvaZlevs saSualebas vimsjeloT sxeulis saerTo proporciulobaze, mis harmoniul
ganviTarebaze. amis dasadgenad zooteqniaSi mimarTaven ganazomebis monacemTa safuZvelze agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSebas. aseTi midgoma
SesaZlebels xdis
gakeTdes obieqturi daskvna cxovelis organizmis,
rogorc erTiani mTlianis, eqsterierze, mis individualur da jiSobrivi
Taviseburebebze.
sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis ganviTarebaze, cxovelis garegnul
formebze garkveuli msjelobis saSualebas gvaZlevs misi fotografireba.
interieri. am terminiT zooteqnikaSi aRniSnaven cocxali organizmis anatomiur-histologiuri, fiziologiuri, bioqomiuri, nervuli, produqtiuli da sxva Taviseburebebis erTobliobas.
interiersa da cxovelis produqtiulobis maCveneblebs Soris urTierT kavSiris dasadgenad swavloben sisxlis morfologiur da bioqimiur
Sedgenilobas, gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemas, saWmlis momnelebeli organoebis funqciur moqmedebas da sxva maCveneblebs.
interieri ar warmoadgens raRac dasrulebuls, ucvlels. is cocxali organizmis filogenezisa da ontogenezis procesSi ganicdis sxvadasxva faqtorTa zemoqmedebas, ris Sedegad aRiniSneba garkveuli cvlilebebi, es cvlilebebi ki Tavis asaxvas pouloben produqtiulobaSi.
SerCeva
sanaSene muSaobaSi SerCevas uwodeben gadarCeuli mamri da mdedri
cxovelebis winaswar gansazRvruli sqemiT iseT Sewyvilebas, romelic,
savaraudod, SesaZleblobas iZleva miRebul STamomavlobaSi ganvaviTaroT CvenTvis saintereso niSan-Tvisebebi.
konkretuli mamrisaTvis Tavisi msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebis mqone mdedris SerCevisas ufro metad aris mosalodneli STamomavlobaSi gamosavali formebis niSan-Tvisebebis SenarCuneba. amasTan wyvilebis sworad
SerCevisas SesaZlebelia im naklovanebebis aRmofxvra, romelic damaxa18
siaTebelia, vTqvaT, jiSisaTvis, an naxirisaTvis. saerTod ki, mizanmimarTuli SerCeva uzrunvelyofs cxovelTa produqtiuli da sanaSene
Rirebulebis ganviTareba-gaumjobesebas.
Sesawyvilebel cxovelebs SearCeven imave niSan-TvisebebiT, romlis
mixedviT ganxorcielda gadarCeva. gamomdinare gamosavali formebis
jiSobrivi kuTvnilebidan, SeiZleba ganvaxorcieloT xalasjiSiani
moSeneba, Sejvareba da e.w. “TavisSi” moSeneba (anu rodesac najvar
mdedrebs vawyvilebT imave kombinaciis najvar mamrebTan).
ganasxvaveben SerCevis or formas, erTgvarovani (anu homogenuri) da
araerTgvarovani (anu heterogenuri).
erTgvarovani SerCevisas awyvileben iseT cxovelebs, romlebic
xasiaTdebian msgavsi memkvidrulobiT. amis Sedegad, is niSan-Tvisebebi,
romlis mixedviT moxda gadarCeva, SenarCunebuli da gaumjobesebuli
iqneba miRebul STamomavlobaSi.
araerTgvarovani SerCevisas awyvileben iseT individebs, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian erTi an ramodenime niSan-TvisebiT, anu
aqvT gansxvavebuli memkvidruloba. gamosavali formebis memkvidrulobis
SerwymiT miiReba orive mSobeli formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSanTvisebebis matarebeli Taoba.
cnobilia, rom yovel naxiri (kolti, fara, rema) Sedgeba gansxvavebuli produqtiulobisa da sxva niSan-Tvisebebis mqone cxovelebisagan.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda ganxorcieldes iseTi SerCeva, ra drosac
ukeTesi mdedri Seuwyvildeba ukeTes mamrs, xolo uaresi mdedri masze
ukeTes mamrs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs proncipi “kargis kargTan
Sewyvileba gvaZlevs ukeTess”, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi “ukeTesTan SewyvilebiT uaresi ukeTesdeba”.
am principebzea agebuli dabalproduqtiuli jiSebis da naxirebis
gaumjobeseba maRalproduqtiuli mwarmoeblebiT, romlis ufro efeqturad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi warmoCinda sawarmoo praqtikaSi
xelovnuri ganayofierebis meTodis SemoRebis Semdeg.
ganasxvaveben individualur da jgufur SerCevas. individualuri
SerCevisas konkretuli mdedrisaTvis SearCeven konkretul mamrs. SerCevis es meTodi upiratesad gamoiyeneba momavali mwarmoeblis gamoyvanisas, rodesac maRalproduqtiul mdedrs ujvareben specialurad SerCeul, gansakuTrebiT maRalproduqtiul mwarmoebels.
jgufuri SerCevisas msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebis mqone da erTnairi
xarisxis sadede suladobisaTvis SearCeven ufro maRali klasis mamrs
(mwarmoebels). magaliTad, SedarebiT meCxeri da mokle bewvis mqone
nazmatyliani cxvrebis nerbebTan Sesawyvileblad SearCeven iseT verZs,
romelsac ufro xSiri da grZeli bewvi aqvs, an kidev dabalcximiani rZis
momcem furebs awyvileben maRalcximiani xazis kurosTan da sxv.
SerCevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT cxovelis produqtiulobis tipi
da done, agreTve is pirobebi, romelSic viTardeba da gamoiyeneba
STamomavloba.
moSenebis meTodebi
ganasxvaveben sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis moSenebis sam meTods:
1. xalasad moSeneba; 2. Sejvareba da 3. hibridizacia.
xalasad moSenebisas erTmaneTTan awyvileben erTi da imave jiSis
(mag. Zroxis holStinuri jiSis) individebs, Sejvarebisas-sxvadasxva jiSis
19
(mag. Roris landrasisa da msxvil TeTr jiSebs), xolo hibridizacias
sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebs (mag. Zroxas-iakTan).
xalasi moSeneba. aris sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa jiSebis SenarCunebisa da xarisxobrivi gaumjobesebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodi. misi
Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTgvarovani warmoSobis xalasjiSiani cxovelebis mravalwliani Sewyvileba, erTis mxriv, ganapirobebs
niSan-Tvisebebis ganmtkicebas da, meores mxriv, sicocxlisunarianobis
ramdenadme daqveiTebas. aqedan gamomdinare, xalasjiSiani cxovelebi
Tavisi produqtiulobis potenciis gamosamJRavneblad movla-Senaxvisa da
kvebis pirobebisadmi ufro momTxovnebi arian. maTi mniSvnelovani Rirseba ki is aris, rom memkvidrulad stabilurebi arian da, amdenad, arian
dabalproduqtiuli pirutyvis ubadlo gamaumjobeseblebi.
xalasi moSenebiT gamoyvanilia sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa msoflioSi aRiarebuli iseTi jiSebi, rogorebicaa merinosis da yarayulis
cxvari, jersiuli da holandiuri Zroxa, arabuli cxeni da sxv.
xalasi moSenebisas erTi jiSis farglebSi gamoiyeneba cxovelTa
Sewyvilebis ori tipi, aranaTesauri (autbredingi) da naTesauri (inbredingi).
naTesauri Sewyvileba, Tavis mxriv iyofa sam jgufad: uaxloesi,
axlo da Soreuli. naTesauri SewyvilebiT miRebuli STamomavloba Tavis
winaprebs ufro imis gamo emsgavseba, rom misi memkvidreoba mSobeli
formebis msgavsi genotipebis gamo ufro SezRudulia. amave mizeziT
inbredul cxovelebSi aRiniSneba daavadebebisadmi midrekileba, SezRuduli nayofiereba, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcireba da arc Tu
iSviaTad letali Sedegi.
Sejvareba. mecxoveleobis praqtikaSi sakmaod xSirad mimarTaven
sxvadasxva jiSis cxovelebis Sejvarebas. saqme is aris rom, najvari
cxovelebi xasiaTdebian rigi biologiuri TaviseburebebiT, ris gamo,
calkeul SemTxvevaSi, praqtikosi mecxoveleebisaTvis ufro mimzidvelebi
arian.
es Taviseburebebia: gadidebuli sicocxlisunarianoba, cvalebadi
garemosadmi Seguebis ukeTesi unari, zrdis maRali potencia, mSobel
formebTan SedarebiT ufro maRali produqtiuloba da sxva.
hibridul organizmebis aseTi Taviseburebebi 1860 wels pirvelad
aRwera i.kerleiterma da mas uwoda “hibriduli Zala”. ramdenadac am
movlenis aucilebeli winapiroba aris najvari organizmis genotipis
heterozigotulobis maRali xarisxi, j.Seelis mier 1914 wels SemoTavazebuli iqna termini heterozisi, ramac samecniero literaturaSi swrafad daimkvidra adgili.
mkvlevarTa mravali Taobis mcdeloba aexsnaT heterozisis genetikuri buneba uSedegod damTavrda. dReisaTvis arsebuli hipotezebi
xsnian movlenis mxolod calkeul mxareebs, zogadad ki miRebulia aseTi
ganmarteba: najvarTa ukeTesi sicocxlisunarianoba, produqtiuloba da
sxva Tvisebebi aixsneba ufro mdidari memkvidreobiT, ramdenadac isini
warmoadgenen ori gansxvavebuli memkvidruli sawyisis SeerTebis
produqts.
Sesajvarebeli jiSebisa da najvari cxovelebis gamoyenebis
mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganasxvaveben xuTi saxis Sejvarebas: 1.
STanTqmiTi, 2. darTviTi (“sisxlis darTva”), 3. cvladi (rotaciuli), 4
samrewvelo da 5. saaxaljiSo.
20
SejvarebaSi Tu monawileobs ori jiSi, is iwodeba martiv, xolo
orze meti jiSis gamoyenebisas rTul Sejvarebad.
STanTqmiTi Sejvareba. gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi, dabalproduqtiuli,
upiratesad lokaluri mniSvnelobis jiSebis maRalproduqtiulad gardaqmnis mizniT.
amisaTvis, SejvarebaSi monawile adgilobrivi- gasaumjobesebeli jiSis sadede suladobas
anayofiereben maRalproduqtiuli, e.w. gamaumjobesebeli jiSis mwarmoeblebiT, miRebul Taobas kvlav imave jiSis mwarmoeblebiT da a.S. (nax. 1)
vidre meoTxe-mexuTe Taobis miRebamde, ris
Semdeg gamaumjobesebeli jiSis 15/16 da/an 31/32
sisxlian Taobas aSeneben “TavisSi”.
Sejvarebis da mizanmimarTuli gadarCevaSerCevis gavleniT SesaZlebelia gamaumjobesebeli jiSis tipis srulad kopireba, magram es
ar aris sasurveli. miuTiTeben, rom ukeTesia
gardaqmnil cxovelebSi SenarCunebuli iqnas gasaumjobesebeli jiSis zogierTi Tviseba, magaliTad konstituciuri simagre, amtanoba da garemo
pirobebisadmi Seguebis unari.
muSaobis procesSi warmatebis miRwevis
gamaumjobesebeli
erT-erTi ZiriTadi winapirobaa kvebisa da movlajiSi.
Senaxvis pirobebis sistematiurad gaumjobeseba,
gasaumjobesebeli
romelTa gareSe gaweuli Sromis tolfasi SedejiSi.
gis miRweva gaZneldeba.
darTviTi Sejvareba anu “sisxlis darTva”.
niSnavs fermaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi jiSis
maRali Rirsebis jiSTan erTjerad Sejvarebas.
misi mizania ZiriTadi sadgami jiSis axali,
sasurveli TvisebebiT gamdidreba da/an misi
garkveuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvra.
Sejvareba tardeba sam etapad: pirvel
etapze ZiriTadi jiSis saukeTeso furebs
anayofiereben meore maRalproduqtiuli jiSis
mwarmoeblebiT, meore etapze miRebuli I Taobis
najvari sadede suladobidan saukeTesoebs
anayofiereben ZiriTadi jiSis mwarmoeblebiT,
xolo saxareebs gamoiwuneben, mesame etapze
miRebul sadede suladobas anayofiereben ZiriTadi jiSiT, romelTagan miRebul saukeTeso
saxareebs gamozrdian momaval sanaSene mwarmoeblebad da iyeneben naxiris aRwarmoebisaTvis
gamaumjobesebeli
(nax. 2).
jiSi.
cvladi (rotaciuli) Sejvareba SeiZleba
iyos
martivi da rTuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
adgilobrivi jiSi.
SejvarebaSi monawileobs ori, meore SemTxvevaSi ki sami da ufro meti jiSi. aseTi Sejvarebis
mizania
heterozisis
efeqtis
mqone
maRalproduqtiuli
samosargeblo daniSnulebis najvari cxovelebis miReba da, rogorc wesi,
mimarTaven sasaqonlo meurneobebSi.
21
martivi cvladi Sejvarebisas jer iReben I Taobis najvarebs,
romelTagan mamrebs asuqeben, xolo mdedrebs
anayofiereben
dedis
jiSis
mwarmoeblebiT.
aseTi SejvarebiT miRebul mamrebs asuqeben,
xolo mdedrebs anayofiereben meore jiSis
mwarmoeblebiT da a.S. morigeobiT, ramodenime
Taobis manZilze (nax. 3).
rTuli cvladi Sejvarebisas I Taobis
najvar sadede suladobas anayofiereben mesame
jiSis mwarmoebliT, da a.S. Taobidan TaobaSi
grZeldeba Sesajvarebelad gamoyenebuli mwarmoeblis jiSTa morigeoba.
Sejvarebis es meTodi upiratesad gamoiyeneba meRoreobasa da mefrinveleobaSi.
samrewvelo Sejvareba. mizania zrdis gadidebuli potenciis mqone sasuqi mozardis miReba.
saqme is aris, rom specialurad SerCeuli jiSebis SejvarebiT miRebul TaobaSi vlindeba
sasurveli jiSi.
heterozisi, rac ganapirobebs maTi zrdis gadidebul potencias (maRal wonamats), konstituZiriTadi sadgami
ciuri simagres, amtanobas da maRal saxorce
jiSi.
produqtiulobas.
moSenebis am saxes upiratesad miimarTaven saxorce meZroxeobaSi,
meRoreobasa da mefrinveleobaSi, SedarebiT iSviaTad ki sarZeo meZroxeobaSi. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba ori, sami da oTxjiSiani samrewvelo
Sejvareba.
saaxaljiSo Sejvareba Zireulad gansxvavdeba mecxoveleobis praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli Sejvarebis zemoT aRwerili meTodebisagan.
rogorc vnaxeT cvladi da samrewvelo Sejvarebis mizania
heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone cxovelebis miReba, STanTqmiTi Sejvarebisas- erTi jiSis meored gardaqmna, darTviTi Sejvarebisas- meurneobaSi moSenebuli cxovelebisaTvis erTi an ori axali Tvisebis SeZena,
xolo saaxaljiSo Sejvarebis mizania sruliad axali jiSis cxovelebis
miReba.
amocanidan gamomdinare, aseTi Sejvarebisas gamaumjobesebeli jiSis
mixedviT ½, ¾ da 7/8 sisxlian cxovelebs “TavisSi” aSeneben. seleqciis
procesSi mimarTaven mizanmimarTul gadarCevasa da SerCevas, xolo sanaSene suladobas inaxaven gaumjobesebuli kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis
pirobebSi.
saaxaljiSe SejvarebiT CvenSi profesor n. gociriZis mier gamoyvanilia Zroxis kavkasiuri wabla jiSis qarTuli populacia, zooteqnikos
i. baZoSvilis mier cxvris nazmatylovani-cximkudiani jiSi, xolo profesor a. natroSvilis mier cxvris naxevradnazmatylovani-cximkudiani jiSi.
hibridizacia: moSenebis es meTodi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili.
cxenisa da viris hibridi- jori cnobili iyo 2000 wlis winaT da konstituciuri simagris, amtanobis, Senaxvis pirobebisadmi naklebi momTxovnelobisa da kargi samuSao Tvisebebis gamo adamianebi xSirad mimarTavdnen aseT Sejvarebas.
dadgenilia, rom sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT jori aRemateba orive
mSobel formas, magram is unayofoa. Sezruduli nayofierebiT xasiaTdebian Zroxisa da bizonis, Zroxisa da iakis hibridebi.
22
nayofier STamomavlobas iZleva arxaris najvarebi cxvarTan, magram
arxari bunebrivad ar uwyvildeba cxvars, xolo misgan spermis aReba
SeuZlebelia. am da rigi sxva garemoebebis gamo saxeobaTaSorisi hibridizacia praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.
miuxedavad amisa, am gziT gamoyvanilia sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa axali jiSebi, romelTa TvalsaCino magaliTia cxvris jiSi arxaromerinosi, agreTve amerikuli bizonis Zroxis evropul jiSebTan
hibridizaciiT gamoyvanili axali saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis
jiSebi amerikani da ketalo.
organizmis individualuri ganviTareba (ontogenezi)
cocxali organizmis individualuri ganviTareba anu ontogenezi
aris raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis erToblioba, romelic
mimdinareobs kvercxujredis ganayofierebis momentidan da grZeldeba
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze memkvidreobiT miRebuli genotipiT gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT.
cxovelis ontogenezs axasiaTeben zrdisa da ganviTarebis fenotipuri maCveneblebis analizis safuZvelze.
zrda aris cxovelis organizmis mier sasicocxlo procesebis
gamovlena, romelsac safuZvlad udevs sami gansxvavebuli movlena:
ujredebis gayofa, maTi masaSi mateba da ujredsSorisi warmonaqmnebis zrda.
ganviTareba aris zrdis procesSi calkeuli ujredebis, qsovilebisa da organoebis xarisxobrivi cvalebadoba, maTi diferenciacia.
mkvlevarebis mier zrdisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebi sakmaod detalurad aris Seswavlili. dadgenilia, rom orive es procesi Seuqcevadia
da cocxali organizmis individualuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodSi mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiTa da intensivobiT.
embrionul periodSi sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis umetesobaSi
intensiurad izrdeba lulovani (periferiuli) da SedarebiT nela brtyeli (RerZuli) Zvlebi. Sebrunebuli suraTi aRiniSneba postembrionul
periodSi, rodesac ufro intensiurad izrdeba RerZuli da SedarebiT
nela periferiuli Zvlebi.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas Zvlovani da kunTovani qsovilebis SedarebiT
ganviTarebaze. saqme is aris, rom embrionul periodSi ufro intensiurad
izrdeba magari qsovilebi (Zvlovani sistema), xolo postembrionul
periodSi rbili (kunTovani da cximovani). Tavis mxriv, postembrionuli
ganviTarebis sawyis etapze metad maRalia kunTovani sistebis zrdis
tempi, maSin, rodesac, asakis matebis kvalobaze es tempi neldeba da
iwyeba cximovani qsovilis ufro swrafad ganviTareba.
msgavs procesebs aqvs adgili sxva qsovilebis, organoebisa da
sistemebis ganviTarebaSi, ris gamo axalSobili cxovelebis sxeulis
proporciebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba zrdasrulisagan (sur. 9).
ase, magaliTad, axalSobili kvici/xbo/goWi/batkani ibadeba maRal
fexebze, maTi sxeuli SedarebiT mokle, brtyeli da naklebad Rrmaa,
ukana mesamedi viwro, gava aweuli da SedarebiT mokle, Tavi grZeli da
farTo, kiseri ki mokle. maTgan gansxvavebiT, normalurad ganviTarebuli
zrdasruli cxenis/Zroxis/ Roris/ cxvris sxeuli grZeli, Rrma da ganieria, zurgis-welis da gavas xazi swori, kiseri ramdenadme grZeli da
sxva, ris gamo maT ufro harmoniuli Sesaxedaoba aqvs.
23
imisaTvis, rom sworad SevafasoT cxovelis eqsterieri da gamovavlinoT mis ganviTarebisas SesaZlo Seferxebebis periodebi, unda vicodeT agebulebis proporciebis saxeobrivi da asakobrivi cvalebadobis
Taviseburebebi. saqme is aris, rom cudi kvebisa da Seusabamo movlaSenaxvis pirobebSi aRiniSneba mTeli organizmis ganviTarebis Seferxeba,
magram ufro metad ziandebian sxeulis is nawilebi, organoebi da
qsovilebi, romlebic am periodSi unda ganviTarebuliyvnen maRali
intensivobiT.
magaliTad,
im
SemTxvevaSi,
sur. 9. axalSobili da 5 wlis
rodesac make mdedrs vkvebavT norasakis cxenis, Zroxis da Roris
maze naklebi yuaTianobis ulufebiT,
sxeulis proporciebi
nayofSi ufro metad aRiniSneba
periferiuli Zvlebis da naklebad
RerZuli
Zvlebis
ganviTarebis
Seferxeba da piriqiT Tu kvebis
Seusabamoba iyo mozardis ganviTarebis postembrionul periodSi,
naklebad
ferxdeba
feriferiuli
Zvlebis da ufro metad RerZuli
Zvlebis zrda.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom
postembrionul periodSi ufro swrafad
izrdeba
rbili
qsovilebi,
kvebis Seferxeba, upirvelesad Seexeba am qsovilebis ganviTarebas, anu
raodenobriv cvlilebebs. Sesabamisad, gavlena miT ufro Zlieri
iqneba da naklebad gamosworebadi,
rac ufro xangrZlivi iqneba ukmari
kvebis periodi.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ukmari
kvebis pirobebi Tu Seicvleba intensiuri
kvebiT,
mTeli
organizmi,
agreTve misi calkeuli organoebi
da qsovilebi iwyeben intensiur
ganviTarebas, magram danakargis anazRaureba, anu sruli kompensacia ar
aRiniSneba. amis Sesabamisad, ganuviTarebeli organizmi ver SesZlebs
Tavisi mimkvidrulobis srulad realizacias e.i. produqtiulobis potenciuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlenas.
ganasxvaveben ganuviTareblobis or formas, embrionalizms da
infantilizms.
embrionalizmi- es aris ganuviTareblobis iseTi forma, romelic
gamowveulia mucladyofnis periodSi nayofze uaryofiTi faqtorebis
moqmedebiT. axalSobil ganuviTarebel xbos/kvics/goWs upirvelesad
yovlisa eqnebaT dabali kidurebi, ris gamo tani gamoCndeba grZeli,
farTo da Rrma, gava ki swori, e.i. agebulebis proporciebiT isini
daemsgavsebian zrdasrul cxovels.
infantilizmi- es aris ganuviTareblobis forma, romelic gamowveulia mozard organizmze arasasurveli garemo faqtorebis moqmedebiT.
amasTan, zrasrul cxovelebSi SesamCnevi iqneba axalSobilisaTvis dama-
24
xasiaTebeli sxeulis agebuleba: grZeli fexebi, aweuli da viwro gava,
mokle, brtyeli da araRrma tani, ramdenadme mokle da farTo Tavi.
im ganuviTarebel cxovels, romelic arasasurvel garemoSi imyofeboda rogorc embrionul, aseve postembrionul periodSi uwodeben embrional-neoteniks.
cxovelis ontogenezis procesi Seiswavleba zrdisa da diferenciaciis kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebiT. amasTan, zrdis procesis Seswavlisa
da monacemTa aRricxvis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi ufro detalurad
aris damuSavebuli. kerZod, zrdis danamikas swavloben drois garkveul
periodebSi cxovelebis awonviT da sxeulis ganazomebis aRebiT. cocxali masis monacemebis safuZvelze sazRvraven saerTo da saSualo dReRamur, agreTve absolitur da SefardebiT namats. ganazomebis monacemebiT
angariSoben sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis absolituri da SefardebiTi
ganviTarebis maCveneblebs, xolo agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSebiT
adgenen sxeulis proporciebis cvalebadobis dinamikas.
cxovelis sicocxleSive diferenciaciis Seswavla da aRricxva
xdeba organizmis calkeuli funqciebis gamokvlevebiT. aseTebs miekuTvneba mdedri individebis sarZeo, cxvrebis samatylo, frinvelebis ki
mekvercxuli produqtiulobis Seswavla. am maCveneblebis gansazRvris
meTodebi da xerxebi iZleva saSualebas davadginoT mTlianad organizmis, agreTve im calkeuli organoebisa da sistemebis mdgomareobisa da
diferenciaciis xarisxi, romlebic uSualod uzrunvelyofen ama Tu im
produqtiulobis maCvenebels.
moSenebis teqnika
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs/frinvelebs adamiani iyenebs sasursaTo
produqtebis (rZe, xorci, kvercxi) da/an teqnikuri daniSnulebis needleulis (matyli, maJdaki, kraveli da sxv.) misaRebad. am saqmianobidan meti
sargeblis misaRebad aucilebelia maTi momravlebisas garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic gamomdinareobs saxeobrivi Taviseburebebidan.
naxiris aRwarmoebis zooteqnikuri safuZvlebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis efeqturad moSenebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs naxiris aRwarmoebis sworad organizacias.
aRwarmoebis qveS igulisxmeba naxiridan (koltidan, faridan, remidan, gundidan) asakovani, dabalproduqtiuli an sxva mizeziT gamowunebuli
cxovelebis Canacvlebas ufro produqtiuli suladobiT. imavdroulad, is
iTvaliswinebs sanaSene daniSnulebis cxovelTa mizanmimarTulad gamozrdis aucileblobas, sadede suladobis pirveli dagrilebis optimaluri
asakis gansazRvras, maTi ganayofierebis xerxis gamoyenebas, cxovelTa
saxeobebis mixedviT wlis manZilze mogebis regulirebas, moSenebis meTodebis SerCevas, berwianobasTan da unayofobasTan brZolas da naxiris
optimaluri struqturis gansazRvras.
ganasxvaveben martiv da gafarToebul aRwarmoebas. amaTgan pirveli
gulisxmobs momdevno wlis imave periodisaTvis fermaSi cxovelTa saerTo suladobis da sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebis urTierT
Sefardebis (struqturis) ucvlelad datovebas, xolo meore- cxovelTa
suladobis zrdas da/an struqturis Secvlas.
aRwarmoebis xasiaTi da tempebi damokidebulia:
25
1. konkretuli saxeobis cxovelTa biologiur Taviseburebebze,
romelSic Sedis maTi nayofiereba, sqesobrivi da sameurneo simwifis miRwevis asaki da nayofis mucladyofnis (an kvercxis inkubaciis) periodis xangrZlivoba;
2. warmoebis zooteqnikur da ekonomikur faqtorebze. aq igulisxmeba
cxovelis sameurneo gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba, mozardis gamozrdis intensivoba da realizaciis asaki.
sqesobrivi da sameurneo simwifis asaki. cxoveli sqesobrivad gacilebiT ufro adre mwifdeba, vidre misi organizmi srulad ganviTardeba.
magaliTad, normalur pirobebSi gamozrdili safure xbo sqesobrivad
mwifdeba 6-8 Tvis, Rori 5-6 Tvis, cxvari 6-8 Tvis, xolo cxeni 1,5 wlis
asakSi. miuxedavad amisa, am asakSi maTi ganayofiereba dauSvebelia, vinaidan organizms zrda da ganviTareba damTavrebuli ara aqvs. imavdroulad
pirveli ganayofierebis Zlier dagvianebam mdedr organizmSi SeiZleba
gamoiwvios nayofierebis daqveiTeba da ekonomikuradac ar aris xelsayreli.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT rekomendebulia sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflosameurneo cxovelebi pirvel dagrilebaze gaSvebuli iqnan Semdeg asakobriv periodSi:
Zroxeuli: - mozveri – 14-16 Tvis;
- dekeuli – 16-18 Tvis;
Rori:
- sakerate – 10-12 Tvis;
- sanezve – 8-10 Tvis;
cxvari:
- saverZe – 1,5 wlis;
- dedali SiSaqi – 1-1,5 wlis;
cxeni:
- ulayi _ 3-4 wlis;
- Waki _ 3-4 wlis;
es vadebi saorientacioa da maTi Secvla konkretuli jiSis malmwifadobidan, agreTve sanaSene mozardis gamozrdis pirobebidan gamomdinare
SesaZlebelia Seicvalos.
magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dekeuls vkvebavT normirebulad,
misi ganviTareba mimdinareobs ufro intensiurad da, Sesabamisad I dagrilebis asaki SeiZleba Semcirdes 16-18 Tvemde. es niSnavs, rom dekeuli
ufro adre aRwevs fiziologiur simwifes da mzadaa mogvces srulfasovani namati ise, rom ar daziandes misi janmrTeloba da ar Semcirdes
produqtiuloba.
I dagrilebis optimaluri periodis, anu fiziologiuri simwifis
miRwevis asakis dadgenisas iTvaliswineben mozardis cocxal masas,
romelic imave saxeobisa da jiSis srulasakovani cxovelis cocxali
masis 65-70% unda iyos.
mdedris droze adre damakebis Tavidan asacileblad sqesobrivi simwifis miRwevis asakamde sxvadasxva sqesis mozardi unda SevinaxoT
erTmaneTisagan izolorebulad. praqtikaSi Zroxis sxvadasxva sqesis
mozards cal-calke inaxaven 5-6 Tvis, Roris- 4-5 Tvis, cxvris- 5-6 Tvis,
xolo cxenis- 20-24 Tvis asakidan.
xuraoba (axureba): sakvercxeebSi kvercxujredis momwifebis perioduloba da, amdenad, mdedris xuraoba sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelSi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, ZroxeulSi xuraoba meordeba yoveli 18-24 dRis
periodulobiT, cxenSi 15-20, RorSi 21-42, xolo cxvarSi xuraoba sezonuria da Cveulebriv iwyeba Semodgomaze. am mxriv gamonaklisia imeruli
jiSis cxvari, romlis xuraobaSi sezonuroba ar aRiniSneba.
26
erTi axurebidan meore axurebamde periods sqesobrivi cikli ewodeba. xuraoba dakavSirebulia mdedris nervuli moqmedebis gaZlierebasTan da garegnulad vlindeba Semdegi niSnebiT: saerTo mousvenroba,
sasircxo bageebis SeSupeba da misgan gaWvirvale lorwos dena, sxva cxovelze da/an sxva cxoveli axteba masze Sextoma, xSiri Sardva, rZis sekreciis Semcireba da sxva.
furebSi xuraoba saSualod grZeldeba 24-34 saaTi, nezvebSi- 36-48,
nerbebSi- 24-36 sT, WakebSi ki 5-7 dRe. amasTan, zogierTi mdedris xuraobis
periodi 6-12 saaTs ar aRemateba, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia xelovnuri
ganayofierebis praqtikisaTvis.
xuraobisas sakvercxedan kvercxsavalSi gadadis momwifebuli kvercxujredi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aq Sexvdeba mamrobiTi sasqeso ujredispermatozoidi, moxdeba ganayofiereba.
sayuradReboa, rom kvercxujredi ganayofierebis unars inarCunebs 48 saaTis manZilze, ris gamo, aucilebelia cxoveli davagriloT droulad. amasTan, mdedris sasqeso organoebis funqciuri Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinare, xelze dagrilebisas da xelovnurad ganayofierebisas rekomendebulia:
• furi pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis gamovlenidan 12 saaTis,
ganmeorebiT ki, aseve, 12 saaTis gasvlis Semdeg;
• nerbi pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis niSnebis gamovlenidan 2024 saaTis da ganmeorebiT ki kvlav 24 saaTis Semdeg;
• nezvi pirvelad davagriloT axurebis dawyebidan 18-24 sT-is,
ganmeorebiT ki 16-18 sT-is Semdeg;
• Waki pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis gamovlenidan 24 saaTis Semdeg, ganmeorebiT ki yoveldRe, sasircxo bageebidan lorwos denis
damTavrebamde.
mdedris ganayofierebis wesebi. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis ganayofierebis sami wesia cnobili, Tavisufali dagrileba, xelze dagrileba
da xelovnuri daTesvla.
Tavisufali dagrilebisas mwarmoebels sadede pirutyvTan erTad
inaxaven da, imisda mixedviT, Tu rodis mova mdedri axurebaSi, xdeba misi
ganayofiereba.
xelze dagrilebisas mwarmoeblebs inaxaven calke sadgomSi, xuraobaSi mosuli mdedri ki mihyavT masTan, sadac xdeba ganayofiereba.
xelovnuri daTesvlisas axurebul mdedrs aseve gamoiyvanen naxiridan, mihyavT xelovnuri ganayofierebis centrSi (punqtSi) sadac specialuri xelsawyo-iaraRebis gamoyenebiT xdeba spermis Seyvana mdedris saSvilosnos yelSi da ganayofiereba. calkeul SemTxvevaSi mdedris ganayofiereba SeiZleba moxdes uSualod sadgomSi, an kidev savele pirobebSi.
dagrilebis wesis mixedviT sanaSene mwarmoeblis datvirTvis normebi metad gansxvacxrili 1. mwarmoeblis wliuri datvirTvis normebi vebulia.
Tavisufmwarmo- Tavisuflad
xelze
xelovnuri
lad dagrilebisas
ebeli dagrilebisas dagrilebisas daTesvlisas is gacilebiT nakkuro
30-40
60-80
20000-mde
lebia (cxrili 1),
xelze dagrilebiverZi
30-40
80-100
18000-mde
sas
ramdenadme
kerati
_
20-30
550-600
meti,
xolo
xelovulayi
20-25
50-60
_
nuri
daTesvlisas
gacilebiT meti, vidre Tavisuflad dagrilebisas.
27
garda amisa, xelovnuri daTesvlisas Cven gveZleva SesaZlebloba
gamoviyenoT saukeTeso produqtiulobis, rogorc wesi, monaSenis xarisxze Sefasebuli mwarmoeblebi da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
Tavidan aviciloT daavadebebis gavrcelebis saSiSroeba.
nayofiereba. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebi da frinvelebi gansxvavebuli nayofierebiT xasiaTdebian. furi weliwadSi gvaZlevs 1, iSviaTad
or xbos, nezvi- saSualod 18-20 goWs (is 2 weliwadSi aswrebs 4-5- jer
mogebas da TiTo mogebaze gvaZlevs 10-12 goWs), cxvris umetesi jiSis
nerbi 1-2 batkans, dedali Txa- 1-2, iSviaTad 3 Tikans, qaTami- 230-250 cal
kvercxs, ixvi-120-180, indauri 100-150, bati- 50-80 cal kvercxs. nayofiereba
cxovelebis gamoyenebis intensivobis erT-erTi maCvenebelia.
unayofoba, berwianoba. zogjer cxovelebi mTlianad an nawilobriv kargaven gamravlebis unars, rac unayofobis/berwianobis mizeziT
xdeba. “unayofoba” biologiuri cnebaa da niSnavs cxovelis mier, ganurCevlad misi sqesisa STamomavlobis mocemis unaris droebiT an samudamod dakargvas. termini “berwianoba” ekonomikur-statistikuri cnebaa da
niSnavs mdedris fiziologiurad da zooteqnikurad aucilebel vadebSi
gaunayofiereblobas an nayofis ar mocemas.
unayofoba rTuli biologiuri movlenaa da yalibdeba Sinagani
(upiratesad genetikuri) da garegani faqtorebis moqmedebiT. mecxoveleobis praqtikaSi miRebulia, rom unayofod iTvleba mdedri, romelic
miaRwevs fiziologiur simwifes (an wina mogebidan zooteqnikurad
sasurvel vadaSi), ar axurdeba da ar ganayofierdeba. aseve unayofod
iTvleba mamri, romelic spermis mankis an sxva mizeziT ver anayofierebs
mdedrs.
droebiTi an sruli unayofoba SeiZleba gamoiwvios: genotipma (Tandayolili unayofoba), cxovelis asakma (asakobrivi unayofoba), ukmarma
kvebam (alimentaruli unayofoba), Seusabamo klimatma (klimaturi unayofoba), arasworma movla-Senaxvam (eqsploataciuri unayofoba), kastraciam
an axurebis SemTxvevaSi ganayofierebis Segnebulad gamotovebam (xelovnuri unayofoba) da daavadebebma (simptomaturi unayofoba).
cxovelTa unayofobasTan da berwianobasTan brZola. sasoflosameurneo cxovelebSi unayofoba, an kidev nayofierebis daqveiTeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios gamravlebis organoebis funqciuri moqmedebis moSlilobam, rac, sakmaod xSirad, gamowveulia kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis pirobebis SeusabamobiT.
normaluri nayofierebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia cxovelebi
vkveboT misi organizmis fiziologiuri moTxovnis Sesatyvisi dabalansebuli ulufebiT. didi mniSvneloba aqvs boselSi mikroklimatis normativebis farglebSi dacvas, zamTarSi yoveldRiur mocions, agreTve zafxulobiT saZovarze Senaxvisas papanaqeba sicxisa da Warbi insoolaciisagan maT dacvas. dadgenilia, rom es faqtorebi ganmsazRvrel gavlenas
axdenen sareproduqcio organoebis normalur funqcionirebaze.
mdedris unayofobis mizezi xSirad xdeba mamris spermis cudi
xarisxi. amitom Tavisuflad da xelze dagrilebisas aucilebelia yvela
mwarmoebeli Semowmdes spermis sixSireze, agreTve spermatozoidebis
aqtiurobasa da maT sworxazobrivad moZraobaze.
xelovnurad ganayofierebisas es problema ar dgas, vinaidan mwarmoeblebs winaswar amowmeben spermis xarisxze. miuxedavad amisa, aucilebelia periodulad, daTesvlis win spermis Semowmeba, vinaidan SesaZlebelia spermiebi daixocon Senaxvis reJimis darRvevis gamo.
28
nayofis mucladyofnis periodi. Zroxis makeobis xangrZlivoba 280285 dRea, kameCis- 305-340, Roris- 114-116, cxvrisa da Txis- 150 dRe, cxenis340, bocvris ki 30 dRe; zogierT jiSebSi makeobis periodi SeiZleba ufro
xanmokle an xangrZlivi iyos.
aqve mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT frinvelis kvercxis inkubaciisaTvis
saWiro periodis xangrZlivoba: qaTmis kvercxis inkubaciis periodi saSualod grZeldeba 21, batis-30, indauris- 27, ixvis- 28, cicris- 26, xolo
mwyris- 17 dRe.
cxovelis sameurneo gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba: aRwarmoebis unari,
nayofiereba da produqtiuloba garkveuli periodis Semdeg asakis
matebasTan erTad mcirdeba. magaliTad: furebSi monawveli klebas iwyebs
VI laqtaciis Semdeg, RorebSi nayofiereba da merZeuloba ki 3-5 wlis
asakidan; qaTmebsa da batebSi kvercxmdebloba iklebs 1,5-2 da 3 wlis
asakidan, Sesabamisad.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, yoveli konkretuli sameurneo pirobebisaTvis
da saxeobis cxovelisaTvis unda ganisazRvros gamoyenebis optimaluri
vada. furebi meurneobaSi hyavT 6-8 (ganviTarebuli mecxoveleobis
qveynebSi- 4,5-5,5), nezvi- 4-6, nerbi-6-8, cxeni ki 14-15 wlis asakamde, ris
Semdeg maT cvlian ufro produqtiulebiT. Sesabamisad gansazRvrulia
yovelwliuri wundebis maCvenebeli, romelic ZroxeulSi Seadgens 15-25%s, RorSi- 20-30%-s, cxvarSi ki 10-20%-s. qaTmis dedals sanaSene fermebSi
aCereben 2-3, xolo samrewvelo fermaSi 1 wlis asakamde.
gamozrdisa da realizaciis asaki dakavSirebulia ara marto cxovelis saxeobasTan, aramed mecxoveleobis mimarTulebasTan. ase, magaliTad,
meZroxeobaSi mozardis saxorced realizaciis optimalur asakad iTvleba
14-18 Tve, meRoreobaSi- 7-8 Tve (80-110 kg cocxali masa), mecxvareobaSi- 6-8
Tve (yarayulis warmoebisas dabadebidan 1-3 dRe).
sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis fermaSi unda iyos naxiris Sesabamisi struqtura. magaliTad, sarZeo meZroxeobaSi, naxiris yovel 100 sul
cxovelze unda modiodes 40-60 furi.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra gansxvavebaa bunebriv da xelovnur gadarCevas Soris?
• SerCevis romeli formebi iciT?
• moSenebis ra meTodebi iciT?
• ra aris hibridizacia?
• heterozisis movlenisas ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba najvari
(hibridi) cxoveli?
• ra cocxal masas unda miaRwios sanaSene mozardma (dekeulma,
sanezvem, dedalma SiSaqma) I dagrilebisas?
• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben naxiris aRwarmoebaze?
• ra aris unayofoba/berwianoba?
• ramdeni dRe makeobs furi, kameCi, nezvi, cxvari, Txa?
• ramdeni dRe sWirdeba qaTmis, indauris, ixvis, batis, cicris da
mwyris kvercxis inkubacias?
• ramdenia mwarmoeblis (kuros, verZis, ulayis) datvirTvis norma
Tavisufali da xelze dagrilebisas, agreTve xelovnuri ganayofierebisas?
• ra aris zrda/ganviTareba?
29
•
romeli qsovilebi izrdeba embrionul/postembrionul periodSi
ufro intensiurad?
literatura:
1. r. mitiCaSvili- cxovelTa momSenebloba. Tbilisi, 2009;
2. g.jorjikia- sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa gadarCeva, SerCeva da
moSenebis meTodebi. Tbilisi, 1988;
3. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
4. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйственных животных. «КолосС», 2005;
Tavi 3. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa
da frinvelebis jiSebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis da frinvelebis umetesoba adamanma
jer SemoiCvia, Semdeg ki moiSinaura Cv.w.aR.-mde 5-7 aTasi wlis winaT.
maTi warmoSobis istoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovan masalas iZleva
uZvelesi adamianis sacxovrisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mopovebuli
Zvlebi da gamoqvabulebis kedlebze aRmoCenili freskebi, romlebzec
warmodgenilia gareuli cxovelebze nadirobisa da SemoCveva-moSinaurebis scenebi. amaze metyveleben, agreTve, eTnografiuli gamokvlevebisas mopovebuli masalebi- cxovelebis gamosaxulebiani sakulto da
yoveldRiuri WurWeli, aveji da misT.
msoflio mecnierebis mier aRiarebul sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa moSinaurebis 6 keras Soris erT-erTi samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze
mdebareobs, romelSic Sedis saqarTvelo. amis gaTvaliswinebiT advili
gasagebi unda iyos CvenSi Camoyalibebuli sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis jiSebis aseTi simravle da nairferovneba, romelTagan zogierTi aborigenuli an endemuria.
adamianis mier gareuli cxovelis SemoCvevis, Semdeg ki moSinaurebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo garkveuli saSualebis (cocxali gamwevi Zalis,
produqciis wyaros) sacxovrebelTan axlos yola. Tavis mxriv, sasoflosameurneo cxovelTa jiSebis warmoqmnis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyo adamianis survili da swrafva Tavisi ama Tu im saWiroebebis
dasakmayofileblad garkveuli sargeblianobis momcemi cxovelis miReba.
amasTan, sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebis urTierTobaTa ganviTarebam
misi miswrafebaTa areali kidev ufro gaafarTova da dRes cxoveli
warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmianobis mniSvnelovan asparezs.
dReisaTvis msoflioSi aRricxulia Zroxis 1000-mde jiSi, Roris100- mde, cxvris- 600-mde, Txis 60-mde cxenis 150-mde, bocveris 60-mde da
Sinauri frinvelebis ramodenime aseuli jiSi.
moSinaurebis gavleniT cxovelebma ganicades mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, Seicvala maTi sxeulis zomebi da forma, zogierT saxeobaSi
daikarga gamravlebis sezonuroba, isini ufro malmwifadebi gaxdnen,
gaizarda sarZeo produqtiuloba da sxva.
magaliTad, Zroxa gadaiqca ufro patara tanis cxovelad, vidre
misi gareuli winapari turi iyo, magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi 5-8 jer
gaizarda misi monawveli. Sinauri cxenebis umravlesoba gacilebiT tana30
dia, vidre gareuli forma. cxvarSi moSinaurebiT daikarga gareuli
winaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gazafxulze gaRvervis anu balnis cvenis
Tviseba, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda matylis sigrZe, zogierTi maTgani ki
gvaZlevs metad naz, e. w. merinosul matyls.
amdenad, saukuneebis manZlze adamianis mizanmimarTuli saqmianobiT
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala moSinaurebul cxovelTa saxeobebis biologiuri
buneba, ris Sedegad warmoiSva ufro wvrili taqsonomiuri erTeulebijiSebi.
jiSi aris adamianis SromiT Camoyalibebuli erTi saxeobis, erTiani warmoSobis, konkretuli pirobebisadmi Seguebuli sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis sakmaod mravalricxovani
jgufi, romlebic xasiaTdebian msgavsi eqsterierul-konstituciuri da sameurneo TvisebebiT da am Tvisebebs gadascemen
STamomavlobas.
mniSvnelovania, rom jiSi ar aris raime mudmivi, ucvleli. is sistematiurad ganicdis cvlilebas da am cvlilebebis mimarTulebebi damokidebulia adamianis saqmianobaze, an aseTis ar arsebobaze.
jiSSi Semavali cxovelebi iyofian naTesaur jgufebad da hqmnian
jiSis struqturas- jilagebs, ekotipebs, xazebs, ojaxebs. jiSebis aseTi
agebuleba misi Semdgom srulyofas aadvilebs, magram, amisaTvis, adamianis mxridan saWiroa sistematiuri da mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba,
romlis gareSe jiSis xarisxi ara Tu SenarCunebuli iqneba, aramed
gauaresdeba.
Zroxis jiSebi
sanaSene muSaobis donis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Zroxis primitiul,
gardamaval da kulturul jiSebs. produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT
ki Zroxis jiSebi iyofa sarZeo, saxorce da kombinirebul (sarZeo-saxorce da saxorce-sarZeo, agreTve sarZeo-saxorce-muSa) jiSebad. specializirebuli sarZeo da saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebi,
ZiriTadad, miekuTvnebian kulturul jiSebs, xolo kombinirebuli produqtiulobis jiSebSi gvxvdeba rogorc kulturuli, aseve gardamavali
da primitiuli jiSebi.
sarZeo jiSebi. ZiriTadad iyofa sam monaTesave jgufad- 1. SavWrel,
2. wiTel da 3. wiTelWrel jiSebad. sarZeo jiSebs aseve miekuTvneba jersiuli da gernsiuli jiSebi, romlebic ar enaTesavebian sxva arc erT
jiSs.
SavWreli jiSebi saTaves iRebs holandiis dasavleTis zRvis sanapiro zolSi odiTganve cnobili SavWreli Zroxidan. am jgufSi Sedis
erTmaneTis monaTesave ramodenime aTeuli SavWreli Seferilobis jiSi,
romlebic, ZiriTadad, iwodebian moSenebis qveynebis saxelebiT: magaliTad germanuli SavWreli, estonuri SavWreli, rusuli SavWreli da sxv.
holStinuri jiSi. erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli da maRalproduqtiulia msoflioSi. gamoyvanilia aSS da kanadaSi holandiuri Zroxis
xalasjiSiani moSenebiT gaumjobesebis gziT. jiSi ferad Sav-Wrelia,
magram gvxvdeba wiTelWreli holStinebic. sakmaod didtaniani cxovelia,
furebis simaRle mindaoSi 142-145 sm, kuroebis 155-160 sm; zrdasruli
furebis cocxali masa 600-700 kg, kuroebis 950-1100 kg, axalSobili xbos
ki 30-35 kg- a;
eqsterieriT tipiuri sarZeo produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxoveliaTavi msubuqi, kiseri saSualo sigrZis da SedarebiT wvrili, mkerdi saSu31
alo siRrmisa da ganieri; sxeulis
ukana mesamedi grZeli da farTo,
Zvleuli wvrili, kani Txeli da
dafarulia xSiri, mokle da bzinvare balaniT; kiserze kani danaoWebulia, kidurebi da Cliqebi
magari, curi moculobiani, upiratesad jamisebri formis, kertebi
umetesad
cilindruli
formis.
furebis saSualo monawveli 8000–
10000 kg. amasTan, rZeSi cximis da
cilis Semcveloba, ZiriTadad, ar
aris didi da, Sesabamisad, 3,6 da
3,1%-s Seadgens.
sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT dRes arsebuli yvela msoflio
rekordi, garda rZeSi cximisa da cilis Semcvelobisa, ekuTvnis am jiSis
furebs. mas aSeneben dasavleT evropaSi, avstraliaSi da aziis kontinentze; Semoyvanilia saqarTveloSic, senakis raionis sof. TeklaTSi,
(kooperativi “tyiri”), saidanac gavrcelda sxva raionebSic.
stepis wiTeli jiSi. Camoyalibda XIX-XX saukuneebSi ukrainis stepis samxreT raionebis mkacri klimatis da SedarebiT mwiri kvebis pirobebSi. jiSis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia holandiel-germaneli menonistebis ukrainaSi CamosaxlebasTan, romlebmac Tan Camoiyvanes wiTelWreli ostfrizuli da wiTeli feris angelnuri jiSis Zroxa.
Semoyvanili cxovelebi ver
Seeguen adgilobriv klimatur sur. 11. stepis wiTeli jiSis furi
pirobebs, ris gamo daiwyes maTi
Sejvareba nacara ukrainuli jiSis, agreTve velikorusul ZroxasTan. Semdgom etapze, sxvadasxva
generaciis najvarebis “TavisSi”
moSenebiT moxda am jiSis formireba.
Tavidan mas kolonisturs,
mogvianebiT ki germanul wiTel
jiSs eZaxdnen, 1941 wels ki jiSs
Seucvales saxeli da uwodes
stepis wiTeli.
mSrali da cxeli klimatisadmi Segueba da amtanoba oraswlovani
seleqciis nayofia da miCneulia jiSis ZiriTad Rirsebad, xolo naklad
iTvleba SedarebiT sustad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qsovili, agreTve
sxva kulturul sarZeo jiSebTan SedarebiT naklebi cocxali masa da
monawveli. jiSi gavrcelebulia ukrainis da ruseTis samxreT raionebSi,
agreTve centraluri aziis qveynebSi. Semoyvanili iyo saqarTveloSi.
eqsterieriT jiSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli merZeuli tipisaa: odnav
wagrZelebuli xmeli Tavi, grZeli kiseri SesamCnevad danaoWebuli kaniT;
mindao viwro da odnav maRali; zurgisa da welis xazi swori; gulmkerdi saSualo siRrmis da SedarebiT viwro; Rababi sustad ganviTarebuli; gava SedarebiT mokle da daqanebuli, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki
saxuravisebri. cxovelebis umetesobas kidurebis dgoma sworia, Cliqebi
ki magari. tyavi Txeli da elastiuria, dafarulia SedarebiT mokle da
sur. 10. holStinuri jiSis furi
32
xSiri balniT; curi saSualo an didi zomis da jirkvlovani, umetesad
abazanisebri an momrgvalebuli, kertebi grZeli an saSualo sigrZis da
umetesad cilindruli formis; sarZeo Wa da sarZeo venebi kargad aris
gamoxatuli.
zrdasruli furebis simaRle mindaoSi 128-130 sm, xolo kuroebis
138-141 sm-a. maTi cocxali masa, Sesabamisad, 450-520 da 750-800 kg-s
Seadgens, axalSobili xbos ki 25-30 kg-s.
sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT jiSis standarti I, II da III laqtaciaze, Sesabamisad 2900, 3300 da 3700 kg rZea, 3,7 % cximiTa da 3,3% ciliT.
jersiuli jiSi. gamoyvanilia kunZul jersize (brit.) normandiuli
Zroxis xalasad moSenebis gziT; 1789 wlidan am kunZulze aikrZala
cxovelebis importi, ris gamo gamoyvanis saseleqcio samuSaoebi xorcieldeobda sxva jiSebisagan izolirebulad, 10-12 aTas suladobaze.
kulturul sarZeo jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze patara taniania,
furebis cocxali masa 450-500, kuroebis 750-850, axalSobili xboebis ki
sur. 12. jersiuli jiSis furi
20-25 kg-a. cxovelebi xasiaTdebian
malmwifadobiT: I dagrilebaze dekeulebs uSveben 12-14 Tvis asakSi;
amasTan, rZe gamoirCeva cximisa (5,55,8%) da cilis (3,6-3,9%) maRali
SemcvelobiT.
samSobloSi furebis monawveli 4500-5000 kg, aSS-Si ki 4700 kg
rZea 4,95% cximiT. calkeul fermebSi wvelian 7-9 aTas kg, rekordisti furebidan ki 11-12 aTas kg rZes;
laqtaciur monawvelSi rZis saSualo cximianobis rekordi Seadgens 8,89%-s.
gavrcelebulia dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, aSS, avstraliaSi da
sxvagan. CvenSi gamoyenebuli iyo qarTuli mTis ZroxasTan Sesajvareblad;
I Taobis najvarebi cocxali masiT, monawveliT da rZeRalianobiT
aRematebodnen adgilobriv jiSs;
kombinirebuli mimarTulebis jiSebi: Svicuri jiSi erT-erTi uZvelesia msoflioSi. gamoyvanilia SveicariaSi. cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiTebelia proporciuli agebulebis sxeuli, patara Tavi, ramdenadme wagrZelebuli formis tani, Rrma da ganieri gulmkerdi, swori zurgisa da
welis xazi, odnav aweuli gava, zomierad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qsosur. 13. Svicuri jiSis furi
vili, magari Zvlovani sistema, moculobiani da upiratesad jamisebri an
abazanisebri formis curi, gamokveTili sarZeo venebi da sarZeo Wa.
cxovelebi wabla feris arian
(Riadan muq wabliferamde), amasTan,
sxeulis sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT,
zurgis xazi, cxviris sarkisa da
Tvalis
irgvliv
midamo,
agreTve
yuris niJarebisa da kidurebis SigniTa mxare ufro Ria feris balniTaa
dafaruli. zrdasruli furebis saSu33
alo cocxali masa 500-600 kg-a, kuro-mwarmoeblebis- 800-1100 kg, xolo
axalSobili xbos 30-35 kg. intensiurad gamozrda-suqebisas mozvrebis
sadReRamiso wonamati 900-1050 g-s aRwevs, saklavi gamosavali ki 55-58%-a.
SveicariaSi furebis saSualo monawveli 4500-5000 kg rZea 3,8-4,5%
cximis SemcvelobiT. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1906 wlidan Secvales
am jiSis seleqciis mimarTuleba da cxovelebis gadarCeva daiwyes merZeulobis niSnebisa da monawvelis upiratesad gadidebis moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare. dReisaTvis aq Camoyalibebulia tipiuri sarZeo produqtiulobis eqsterieris mqone jiSi, romelsac uwodeben Brown Swiss (wabla
Svicuri). aSS-Si is sarZeo produqtiulobiT Camouvardeba mxolod holStinur jiSs.
Svicuri jiSis pirutyvi biologiurad yvela jiSze ufro labiluria, riTac xsnian mis gavrcelebas rogorc civi da tropikuli klimatis
qveynebSi, aseve barisa da maRalmTian raionebSic. dReisaTvis mas aSeneben
msoflios xuTi kontinentis 100-mde qveyanaSi. saqarTveloSi es jiSi
pirvelad SemouyvaniaT 1864 wels.
kavkasiuri wabla jiSi. gamoyvanilia samxreT kavkasiis qveynebsa da
daRestanSi adgilobrivi Zroxis SvicurTan da mis monaTesave jiSebTan
Sejvarebis gziT.
saqarTveloSi, Svicuri jiSis SejvarebaSi gamoyenebis pirveli cdebi dakavSirebulia germaneli memamulis a. kuCenbaxis saqmianobasTan,
romelsac dRevandeli dmanisis raionis teritoriaze ruseTis mefisagan
aRebuli sesxiT SeuZenia 20 aTasi desetina miwa da mouwyvia sarZeo
ferma. vinaidan adgilobrivi Zroxa iwvelida cotas, 1964 wels mas SveicariaSi SeuZenia da Camouyvania
sur. 14. kavkasiuri wabla
Svicuri jiSis 13 dekeuli da 3
jiSis furi
kuro.
imdroindeli cnobebis Tanaxmad Semoyvanili cxovelebi Znelad
eguebodnen adgilobriv ekologiur
pirobebs da masobrivad avaddebodnen, ris gamo kuCenbaxma daiwyo maTi
Sejvareba adgilobriv pirutyvTan
da najvarebis moSeneba.
jiSis gamosayvanad intensiuri
saseleqcio muSaoba dauwyiaT XX
saukunis 40-an wlebSi. jiSad damtkicda 1960 wels. masSi optimaluradaa Serwymuli gamosavali jiSebis niSan-Tvisebebi: Svicuridan man memkvidreobiT miiRo didi cocxali
masa da maRali merZeuloba, xolo qarTuli mTis Zroxidan rZis SedarebiT maRali cximianoba da garemo pirobebisadmi Semguebloba.
qarTuli populaciis cxovelebi eqsterieriT ufro kompaqturi agebulebisani arian, vidre Svicuri jiSi. Tavi saSualo zomis da msubuqi,
zurgisa da welis xazi swori, gava farTo da odnav aweuli; muceli
moculobiani, curi upiratesad abazanisebri an momrgvalebuli formis,
kertebi cilindruli formis kidurebi saSualo simaRlis, Cliqebi magari.
furebisaTvis standartuli cocxali masa Seadgens 370-430 kg-s,
kuroebisaTvis-570-680 kg. furebis monawvelis standarti I, II, III da met
laqtaciaze Sesabamisad aris 2000, 2500 da 2800 kg rZea, 3,7% cximiT.
34
mozardi xasiaTdeba zrdis sakmaod maRali unariTa da saxorce
produqtiulobiT. intensiurad kvebisas 15 Tvis mozvrebis cocxali masa
aRwevs 455 kg, xolo naklavis gamosavali 59%- s Seadgens.
1990 wlisaTvis CvenSi funqcionirebda am jiSis 1 samomSeneblo da
43 sanaSene meurneoba da ferma, romelSic hyavdaT 36000 sulze meti
pirutyvi, sul saqarTveloSi ki aRricxuli iyo 100 aTas sulze meti.
dReisaTvis gavrcelebulia dmanisis, axalcixis, axalqalaqis da ninowmindis raionebSi, agreTve kaxeTSi, upiratesad dedofliswyarosa da
siRnaRis raionebSi.
saxorce jiSebi. ZiriTadad iyofa 3 jgufad- britanuli malmwifadi, frangul-italiuri didtaniani da axali samyaros zebusnairi
jiSebi. britanuli jiSebia hereforduli, aberdin-angusuri, galovei,
SorThorni da sxva. frangul-italiur jiSebs miekuTvneba Sarole,
kianuri, limuzinuri, men-anJu, Ria aqvitanuri, romanuli da markijanuli.
axali samyaros zebusnairi jiSebia santa-gertruda, brafordi, bifmasteri, brangusi, Sarbrei, bramuzini, simbrazini da sxva.
hereforduli jiSi: arealiT da suladobiT am jiSs, saxorce
produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebs Soris, pirveli adgili ukavia
msoflioSi. is gamoyvanilia herefordis sagrafoSi, inglisis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi adgilobrivi muSa tipis Zroxis gaumjobesebiT.
jiSis gamoyvanis samuSaoebi
sur. 15. hereforduli jiSis
daiwyes XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi.
kuro-mwarmoebeli
rbili klimatis gamo cxovelebs
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Ria cis
qveS, saZovarze inaxavdnen, ramac
ganapiroba
misi
konstituciuri
simagre, agreTve saZovris balaxis
kargad gamoyenebis unarisa da movla-Senaxvis pirobebisadmi naklebi
momTxovnelobis Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba.
jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
kompaqturi agebuleba, Tavi saSualo sididis, saxis nawili mokle,
sxeuli kasrisebri formis da harmoniulad ganviTarebuli, fexebi dabali, Cliqebi ki magari. ZiriTadi
feria Sindisferi wiTeli, xolo Tavi, zurgis xazi, Rababi, gugubo,
muceli da kudis funji, agreTve kidurebi majisa da saxtom saxsramdis
TeTrad aris Seferili. amasTan, TeTri da wiTeli Seferilobis zonebi
mkveTrad gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan.
jiSi malmwifadia, 1 wlis asakSi zogierTi individi 350-400 kg- s
iwonis. zrdasruli furebis cocxali masa 500-600 kg, kuro-mwarmoeblebis- 850-1000 kg, xolo axalSobili xbos 30-35 kg-a. furebis merZeuloba 1300-1800 kg-s aRwevs, magram maT ar wvelian, vinaidan xbos zrdian
Tavisufali wovebis, e.w. “furi-xbo”-s (“cow-calf”) meTodiT.
intensiurad kvebisas mozardis sadReRamiso namati 850-1000 g-s aRemateba, xolo saklavi gamosavali 58 – 63%-is farglebSia.
1846 wels dafuZnda sanaSene wigni, romelic 1883 wlidan gamocxadda daxurulad. hereforduli jiSis mwarmoeblebis sperma farTod
gamoiyeneba msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sarZeo jiSebTan samrewvelo
SejvarebisaTvis. amave mizniT hereforduli jiSis mwarmoeblebi Semoy35
vanili iyo saqarTveloSi, siRnaRis raionis wnoris saxorce meZroxeobis
sacdel-specializebul kompleqsSi.
aberdin-angusuri jiSi: gamoyvanilia Sotlandiis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, aberdinisa da angusis sagrafoSi. es zona xasiaTdeba
SedarebiT grili da nestiani klimatiT, reliefi ki gorak-borcviania.
cxovelebi xasiaTdebian cocsur. 16. aberdin-angusuri
xali temperamentiT, harmoniuli agejiSis furi
bulebiT da kargad gamoxatuli
saxorce formebiT: Tavi patara, kiseri mokle, zurgisa da welis xazi
swori da ganieri, sxeuli siRrmeSi
da siganeSi kargad ganviTarebulia
da dafarulia fumfula kunTovani
qsoviliT, barklebi aseve kunTebiT
kargadaa Sevsebuli, Zvleuli wvrili, fexebi dabali, Cliqebi ki magari
aqvT. ferad cxovelebi Savia. damaxasiaTebelia genetikuri urqooba, rac
dominanturi niSan-Tvisebaa.
jiSi malmwifadia. ukve 14-16 Tvis asakSi amTavrebs intensiur zrdas
da cocxali masa aRwevs zrdasruli individebis 80-85%-s. gasuqebuli
pirutyvis xorci didi raodenobiT Seicavs kunTebsSoris da kunTebsSigniTa qons, ros gamo marmarilosebri Sesaxedaoba aqvs.
am jiSis cxovelebi advilad eguebian sxvadasxva klimaturi zonis
pirobebs, ris gamo importirebulia aSS-Si, kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, braziliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, samxreT afrikasa da sxvagan. Semoyvanili iyo
saqarTveloSi (siRnaRis raionis wnoris kompleqsi).
tanadobiT isini Camouvardebian sxva britanul saxorce jiSebs.
furis da kuros cocxali masa, Sesabamisad Seadgens 450-500 da 750-850 kgs, xolo axalSobili xbos masa 25-30 kg-a.
furis merZeuloba sakmarisia mawovari xbos normaluri zrdaganviTarebisaTvis; 6-8 Tvis asakSi dedidan asxletili mozardi 170-190 kgs iwonis, intensiurad suqebisas dReRamuri namati 800-950 grami, xolo 18
Tvis asakSi dakluli mozardis naklavis gamosavali 60-65% -a. xorcis
xarisxiT mas badali ara hyavs. zrdis potenciisa da xorcis xarisxis
gasaumjobeseblad es jiSi gamoiyeneba samrewvelo SejvarebaSi.
Sarole. gamoyvanilia safrangeTis centralur raionebSi, Saroles
provinciaSi. didtanianobasTan erTad gamoirCeva zrdis maRali energiiT,
magram gvianmwifadia. kargad iyenebs
bunebriv saZovrebs.
sur. 17. Saroles jiSis kuroTavis
samSobloSi
furebis
mwarmoebeli
cocxali masa 700-800, kuroebis 10001400 kg-s aRwevs. axalSobili xbos
masa 40-45 kg-a.
zrdis
potenciiT
aRemateba
britanul saxorce jiSebs, magram
naklavis gamosavliTa da xorcis
xarisxiT Camouvardeba maT. 8 Tvis
asakSi asxletili mozardis cocxali masa Seadgens 200-220 kg-s.
mozvrebis saSaulo dReRamuri wona36
mati intensiurad suqebisas 1200 g- a, saklavi gamosavali ki 55-56%.
naklovani mxareebidan aRniSnaven garTulebuli mSobiarobis maRal
sixSires, rac dakavSirebulia axalSobili xbos farToSublianobasTan
da didi masasTan. garda amisa SeimCneva uxeSi Zvlovani sistema da
msxvilboWkovani kunTovani qsovili.
cxovelebSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba “dopelendarizmi”, anu sxeulis ukana mesamedis kunTebis hipertrofia (gaormageba). Saroles jiSs
aSeneben msoflios 5 kontinentze. farTod gamoiyeneba sarZeo jiSebTan
samrewvelo SejvarebaSi.
zebusnairi saxorce jiSebi: Zroxisnairebis qveojaxis (bovinae) xaris
(bos) gvarSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia zebus, anu indur Zroxas (Bos
taurus indicus), romelic aris Cveulebrivi Zroxis nairsaxeoba. is ZroxasTan
Sewyvilebisas iZleva nayofier STamomavlobas, miRebul cxovelebs ki
eZaxian zebusnairebs.
arsebuli monacemebiT msoflioSi Zroxeulis yvelaze gavrcelebul
299 jiSs Soris 121 aris zebu an zebusnairi. sul ki cnobilia zebusa da
zebusnairi Zroxis 380-mde jiSi. maTi suladoba 450 mln-s aRemateba, anu
Zroxeulis saerTo suladobis 1/3- s Seadgens.
zebu xasiaTdeba papanaqeba sicxisadmi tolerantobiT, ZroxasTan
SedarebiT uxeSi sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis ukeTesi monelebadobiT,
agreTve zogierTi infeqciuri da invaziuri daavadebisadmi gadidebuli
rezistentobiT da/an imunurobiT. es Tvisebebi memkvidreobiT aris gansazRvruli da Sejvarebisas maRali ganmeorebadobiT vlindeba STamomavlobaSi. amdenad es cxovelebi Seucvlelni arian tropikuli da
subtropikuli klimatis qveynebis bunebrivi sakveb-savargulebis aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT, xolo zebusnairi axali jiSebi sakmaod efeqturebi
arian intensiuri mecxoveleobis pirobebSic.
zebus jiSebidan gansakuTrebulad sayuradReboa bramanis da misi
monaTesave jiSebi- indubrazili da kuburi zebu.
bramani. gamoyvanilia aSS-Si zebus induri jiSebis- ongoles,
kankrejisa da giris monawileobiT. is saxorce-sarZeo produqtiuli
mimarTulebisaa. misi eqsterierisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kiser-mindaos
midamoSi arsebuli xorcovan-qonovani kuzi, agreTve metad didi zomis
yurebi da kanis naoWebi Rababze, gugubosa da mucelze. ferad cxovelebi
Ria nacrisferia, gvxvdeba wiTeli feris bramanis jiSis naxirebic.
furebis cocxali masa 450-550 kg, kuro- mwarmoeblebis 850-1000 kg,
axalSobili xbos ki 25-30 kg-a.
sur. 18. bramanis jiSis zebus
ZiriTadad
gamoiyeneba
saxorce
kuro-mwarmoebeli
mimarTulebis
teqnologiiT,
ra
drosac xbos zrdian dedis Tavisuflad wovebis pirobebSi. amitom
furebis sarZeo produqtiulobaze
SeiZleba vimsjeloT xbos cocxali masiT 6,5-8 Tvis asakSi asxletisas, rac 185-200 kg-s Seadgens.
bramanis
jiSi
gamoirCeva
papanaqeba sicxisadmi mdgradobiT,
praqtikulad ar avaddeba piroplazmidozebis
iseTi
formebiT,
rogoricaa piroplazmozi, anaplazmozi
da
fransealozi,
xolo
37
TeilerioziT davadeba vlindeba suladobis 15-20%-Si da rogorc wesi,
letali Sedegis gareSe. garda amisa, es jiSi rezistentulia iseTi daavadebisadmi, rogorebicaa brucelozi, tuberkulozi, Turquli, triponosomozi.
gamoiyeneba Cveulebrivi Zroxis jiSebTan samrewvelo SejvarebaSi,
ra drosac heterozisis maRali efeqtis wyalobiT miRebuli Taoba
gamoirCeva orive mSoblebTan SedarebiT zrdis ufro maRali energiiT,
sicocxlisunarianobiT da saukeTeso saklavi produqtiulobiT.
bramanis tipis zebus monaTesave kuburi zebu gamoicada saqarTvelos baris raionebSi. adgilobriv jiSebTan hibridizaciisas gaizarda
sarZeo da saxorce produqtiuloba, agreTve gaumjobesebis furebis
nayofiereba, namatis gamosavlianoba da sicocxlisunarianoba.
induri zebus monawileobis, gamoyvanilia sarZeo produqtiuli
mimarTulebis iseTi jiSebi, rogorebicaa iamaikis imedi (Jamaika Hope),
avstraliuri merZeuli zebu (AMZ) da zebu-frizi (FS).
bifmasteri. gamoyvanilia aSS samxreT da samxreT-dasavleTis StatebSi, bramanis jiSis zebus SejvarebiT saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis SorThornis da herefordul jiSebTan. mis genotipSi ½ sisxli
bramanis, danarCeni ki daaxloebiT Tanabrad SorThornisa da hereforduli jiSebisaa.
sur. 19. bifmasteris jiSis kuroam jiSis cxovelebSi gaerTimwarmoebeli
anebulia samive gamosavali formis
saukeTeso Tvisebebi: zebusgan man
miiRo papanaqeba sicxisadmi gamZleoba da daavadebebisadmi maRali
rezistentoba, xolo SorThornisa
da herefordulisagan malmwifadoba, zrdis potencia, maRali saklavi produqtiuloba da xorcis
saukeTeso sagemovno Tvisebebi.
cxovelebi ferad wiTelia,
calkeul individebSi aRiniSneba
umniSvnelo TeTri niSnebi Tavze
da mkerdze, agreTve curis da sasinjis midamoebSi. furebis cocxali
masa 500-600 kg, kuroebis 850-1000 kg, axalSobili xbos 25-35 kg, xolo
mozardis dedidan 6,5-8 Tvis asakSi asxletisas- 190-220 kg.
jiSs aSeneben xalasad. karg Sedegs iZleva samrewvelo SejvarebaSi,
ra drosac miiReba heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone sasuqi mozardi.
Zroxis qarTuli endemuri/aborigenuli jiSebi. qarTuli mTis
Zroxa. kavkasiis endemia. is berZeni filosofosis aristoteles mier Cv.w.
aR-mde IV saukuneSi aRwerili Zroxis uSualo STamomavalia, romelic
miuxedavad „patara tanis“-a „bevr rZes“ iZleoda.
am ZroxaSi ganasxvaveben fSav-xevsurul, osur, raWul, svanur, afxazur da aWarul jilagebs. maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze merZeulia fSavxevsuruli jilagi.
msoflioSi cnobili 17 juja tanis Zroxis jiSebidan qarTuli mTis
Zroxas me-15 adgili ukavia. zrdasruli furis simaRle mindaoSi 98-102 sma, cocxali masa ki 180-230 kg. kuro-mwarmoeblis cocxali masa 280-300 kg,
xolo axalSobili xbos- 11-15 kg-a.
feriT araerTgvarovania: 51% Savia, 24% wiTeli an Calisferi, 15%
SavWreli, 8% wiTelWreli da 2% veJani. eqsterieriT cxovelebi uaxlov38
debian merZeul tips: Tavi patara da msubuqi; tani zomierad grZeli, zurgisa
da welis xazi swori, gulmkerdi saSualo siRrmisa da siganis, muceli
moculobiani; kani Txeli da elastiuri, kidurebi mokle, Cliqebi magari,
curi upiratesad jirkvlovani da momrgvalebuli formis. gamoirCeva magari
konstituciiT da amtanobiT. mas SeuZlia mTis cicabo, 350- mde daqanebul
saZovarze sakvebis mopoveba.
mwiri kvebisas furis saSualo monawveli 800-900 kg rZea, 4,2% cximiT.
normirebuli kvebis da gaumjobesebuli movla-Senaxvis pirobebSi 7 suli
sxvebze ufro produqtiuli furebis saSualo 305-dRiuri monawveli iyo 2530
kg rZe 4,67% cximiT, xolo yvelaze didi monawveliT gamoirCeoda furi
„guta“ # 236, romelmac IV laqtaciaze moiwvela 4111 kg rZe 4,96% cximiT.
aseTi maRali produqtiuloba ar aris erTeuli SemTxveva: magaliTad, furma
„lela“ # 494-ma V laqtaciaze
sur. 20. qarTuli mTis Zroxis
moiwvela 3126 kg rZe 5,61% cximiT.
jiSi gamoirCeva suqebis kargi
kuro-mwarmoebeli
unariT da xorcis maRali sagemovno
TvisebebiT. naialaRari mozvrebis
suqebisas cocxali masis saSualo
dReRamurma namatma 671 g, xolo
saklavma gamosavalma 51,2% Seadgina.
xorci Seicavs 64% wyals, 19,8% cilebs, 15,3% cximebs da 0,9% mineralur marilebs.
aman ganapiroba fermerebSi am
jiSis popularoba da ganixileba
rogorc
maRalmTiani
regionebis
kurortebisa da dasasvenebeli saxlebis ekologiurad sufTa, e.w.
„naturaluri“ rZiT da xorciT momaragebis erTaderT wyarod.
megruli wiTeli jiSi. gamoyvanilia megreli mejogeebis mier XIXXX saukuneebis mijnaze adgilobrivi patarataniani Zroxis xalasad moSenebiT da mkacri gadarCevisa da SerCevis pirobebSi. sxvebTan SedarebiT
ukeTes Sedegs miaRwies Zmebma kvaracxeliebma, romelTa gvariT sakmaod
xSirad moixsenieba es jiSi.
sur. 21. megruli wiTeli
mTeli wlis manZilze ubijiSis furi
naod Senaxvam da mizanmimarTulma
saseleqcio muSaobam xeli Seuwyo
magari konstituciis cxovelebis
Camoyalibebas, agreTve maTi adaptaciis diapazonis gafarToebas da
janmrTelobis gakaJebas.
cxovelebi Tanabrad kargad
eguebian mTis alpur da kolxeTis
daWaobebul saZovarze Senaxvas da
advilad itanen Sor manZilebze
gadarekvas. zamTarSi isini madianad Seeqcevian kolxeTis daWaobebuli saZovrebis uxeS balaxnars, maT Soris ”xaias” (Cares elata bellardi),
romelsac Zroxis kulturuli jiSebi ar Wamen.
39
cxovelebis sxeuli proporciuli agebulebisaa; Zvleuli wvrili
da magari, kunTovani sistema ki zomierad ganviTarebuli aqvT. srulasakovani furebis simaRle mindaoSi 112,4 sm, tanis iribi sigrZe (joxiT)
133,5 sm, gulmkerdis siRrme ki 61,6 sm-a. jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
sxvadasxva intensivobis wiTeli Seferiloba, rqebi da Cliqebi ki Taflisferi aqvs.
konstituciurad cxovelebi ufro sarZeo tipisaken ixrebian. amasTan, maT axasiaTebs kargi samuSao Tvisebebi, gamZleoba, Rone, Cqari moZraoba da gawevis unari. cdebSi damtkicebulia, rom megruli wiTeli
jiSis xarebis gawevis unarma cocxali masis 57%, maSin rodesac Svicur
jiSSi mxolod 46% Seadgina.
furebis saSualo cocxali masa 270-280 kg (maqsimaluri 358), kuroebis 350-420 kg, axalSobili xbos ki 15-17 kg-a. saZovruli kvebisas
furebis monawveli 1400-1900 kg rZea 4,3-4,4% cximis SemcvelobiT.
lanCxuTis raionis sofel akeTis sanaSene fermaSi I da III laqtaciis furebi iwvelidnen 1800 da 2440 kg rZes, Sesabamisad. mTaSi ialaRobisas saZovrul sakvebze damatebiT 1 kg kombinirebuli sakvebis micemisas
laqtaciis 305 dRiuri monawveli gaizarda da Seadgina 3017 kg rZe, 4,33%
cximiT. jiSis rekordi monawvelis mixedviT ekuTvnis fur ”Toria” #
0861- s, romlisaganac miRebulia 4315 kg rZe, 4,28% cximiT.
jiSi xasiaTdeba damakmayofilebeli zrdis unariT da kargi saklavi produqtiulobiT. dabadebidan zomierad intensiuri kvebisas 18
Tvis asakis mozvrebi iwonidnen 289,2 kg-s, maTi dakvliT miRebulia 144,4
kg masis tanxorci, xolo naklavis gamosavalma 53% Seadgina.
1996-1999 wlebSi samegrelo-guriis raionebis eqspediciuri Seswavlisas fermerul (glexur) meurneobebSi xalasjiSiani cxovelebis suladobam Seadgina 10,6 aTasi suli.
kameCis jiSebi
kameCi miekuTvneba xarisnairTa qveojaxis kameCis (Bubalus) gvars. is
Zroxis monaTesave saxeobaa magram mas ar ujvardeba. ganasxvaveben kameCis
or saxeobas, aziurs (Bubalus bubalus) da afrikuls (Bubalus sincerus); aziuri
kameCis rogorc gareuli aseve Sinauri formaa cnobili, xolo afrikuli
kameCi mxolod gareuli formiTaa warmodgenili.
aziuri kameCis moSinaurebis adgilad iTvleba indoeTisa da indoCineTis naxevarkunZulebi. masSi ganasxvaveben or tips grZelrqian anu
Waobis da moklerqian anu mdinaris kameCs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am or
tips qromosomebis raodenoba gansxvasur. 22. moklerqiani kameCi
vebuli aqvT (Sesabamisad, 2n = 48 da 50s), isini ujvardebian erTmaneTs da
gvaZleven nayofier STamomavlobas.
am saxeobis bunebrivi arealia
aziis kontinenti, evropis samxreTi da
afrikis CrdiloeT nawili. amasTan
gvxvdeba rogorc barSi, aseve mTian
qveynebSic (mag. nepalSi). importirebulia CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi,
avstraliaSi, israelSi, germaniaSi da
sxva qveynebSi. gamoiyeneba rZis da xorcis sawarmoeblad, agreTve rogorc muSa pirutyvi sasoflo-sameurneo da
satransporto samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis da
40
malaiziis arqipelagis qveynebSi kameCis monawileobiT awyoben sxvadasxva
sanaxaobebs da Sejibrebebs.
msoflioSi kameCis suladobam 2005 wlisaTvis 167 mln-s miaRwia.
aqedan 98 mln sulamde hyavT indoeTSi, 31 mln egvipteSi, 23 mln CineTSi,
22 mln ki pakistanSi. 1960 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi kameCis suladoba 60
aTas sulze meti iyo, 2005 wlis monacemebiT ki 27 aTass Seadgens.
aziuri kameCis 40- mde jiSia cnobili. yvelaze meti jiSi- 15 hyavT
indoeTSi. am qveyanaze modis msoflioSi warmoebuli kameCis rZis 50%.
sxvadasxxva jiSebSi laqtaciuri monawveli cvalebadobs 700-dan 2500 kgmde. amasTan, calkeuli individebi iwvelian 4000-4500 kg rZes. laqtacia,
grZeldeba 300-305 dRe, Tumca xSiria Semoklebuli laqtaciis SemTxvevebi.
cxrili 2. kameCis zogierTi jiSis sarZeo produqtiuloba
da cocxali masa
jiSi
qveyana
laqtaciuri
monawveli, kg
rZeSi
cximis %
furkameCis
wona, kg
indoeTi
1800-2500
7,3-7,8
430-460
nili-ravi
“ – “
1800-2000
6,5 -7,3
530-550
surti
“ – “
1500-1750
7,5-8,0
380-440
mehsana
“ – “
1800-2000
7,0-7,3
390-420
jafarabadi
“ – “
2000-2200
7,2-8,0
500-600
“ – “
brazilia
1800-2200
7,5-8,0
500-700
TurqeTi
700-1000
6,6-8,1
300-350
bulgareTi
1600-1800
7,0-7,5
500-600
egvi pturi
egvi pte
1200-2100
6,5-7,0
450-500
kavkasiuri
azerbaijani
1200-1300
6,6-7,0
380-420
saqarTvelo
1100-1500
7,3-7,7
370-450
murahi
anatoliis
bulgaruli
“ – “
kameCis rZe Seicavs TiTqmis 2-jer met cxims da 30-40%-iT met cilas,
vidre Zroxis rZe. amasTan, maT rZeSi qolesterinis raodenoba naklebia,
tokoferolis ki meti, vidre sxva saxeobis cxovelebis rZeSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom tokoferoli aris bunebrivi antioqsidanti, gasagebi gaxdeba am produqtis maRali biologiuri Rirebuleba;
garda amisa, kameCis rZe mdidaria kalciumiTa da fosforiT, xolo
peroqsidazis aqtivoba masSi 2-4- jer ufro maRalia, vidre Zroxis rZeSi;
am saxeobis cxovelis rZidan amzadeben sayovelTaod cnobil
italiur yvels mocarelas. CvenSi didad fasobs kameCis rZidan damzadebuli mawoni, suluguni da naduRi.
kameCi gvianmwifadi cxovelia. rogorc wesi, pirvelad igebs 3,5-4
wlis asakSi. makeobis xangrZlivoba 305-340 dRea. jiSebis umravlesoba
Savi ferisaa. amasTan gvxvdeba TeTri, wiTeli da SavWreli jiSebi. maT
sxeuli kuTxovani formis da tlanqi aqvT, Tavi mZime, mindao odnav
SemaRlebuli, gulmkerdi saSualo siRrmisa da sifarTis, zurgisa da
welis xazi odnav Cazneqili, gava mokle da daqanebuli, muceli
moculobiani, arc Tu iSviaTad CamoSvebuli, kidurebis dadgma swori,
41
kunTebi sustad ganviTarebuli, Zvlovani sistema msxvili, Cliqebi magari,
tyavi sqeli, romelic dafarulia iSviaTi balniT.
am saxeobis cxovelebis moSenebis aucilebeli winapirobaa wylis
arseboba. saqme is aris, rom maT saofle jirkvlebi sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli, ris gamo sicxisas is wyalSi CawoliT cdilobs SeinarCunos
organizmis normaluri fiziologiuri mdgomareoba.
kameCi 12-15%-iT ufro ukeT inelebs uxeSi sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebs, vidre Zroxa. is madianad Seeqceva uxeSi saZovris iseT balaxnars, romelsac, rogorc wesi, Cveulebrivi Zroxa ar Wams. misi moSeneba
ufro efeqturia mwiri kvebisas, magram swrafad reagirebs kvebisa da
movla-Senaxvis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze.
zrdis intensivobiT kameCi CamorCeba Zroxis kulturul jiSebs,
magram sjobs primitiul (mag. qarTul) jiSebs. intensiurad kvebisas 16
Tvis asakisaTvis kavkasiuri kameCis qarTuli populaciis xarzaqis cocxali masa 360-390 kg-s aRwevs. zrdasruli kameCis saklavi gamosavali 4851%-a, intensiurad gamozrdili zaqis ki 54-55%.
kameCis xorci Seicavs 64-69 % wyals, 19-20 % cilebs, 10-15% cximebs
da 0,8-0,9% mineralur marilebs. amasTan, Cveulebriv ZroxasTan SedarebiT, kameCis tanxorcSi naklebia rbilobis (Wamadi nawilis) raodenoba,
simagriT da gemovnebiT ki 2-2,5 wlis asakamde zaqis xorci praqtikulad
ar gansxvavdeba imave asakis Zroxis mozardis xorcisagan; aris cnobebi,
rom zaqis xorci warsulSi anemiis (sisxlnaklulobis) da leikozis
samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda.
Roris jiSebi
inglisuri msxvili TeTri jiSi. universaluri produqtiuli mimarTulebisaa.
gamoyvanilia
me-19
sur. 23. msxvili TeTri
saukuneSi inglisSi, rTuli sajiSis nezvi
axaljiSo SejvarebiT, adgilobrivi gvianmwifadi Roris malmwifad CinurTan da mravalnayofier neapolitanur da portugaliur jiSebTan SejvarebiT.
cxovelebs sxeuli harmoniulad ganviTarebuli aqvT, konstitucia ki magari. isini kargad
eguebian gansxvavebul klimatur
pirobebs da malmwifadebi arian.
zrdasruli keratebis masa 300350 kg-s, nezvebis ki 200-250 kg-s
Seadgens. nezvebis nayofiereba 10-12 goWi, xolo merZeuloba 70-80 kg-a.
kombinirebuli produqtiuli mimarTulebisaa. gamoiyeneba sabekone,
saxorce da saqone suqebisaTvis. intensiuri kvebisas 6 Tvis mozardis masa
100 kg-s aRwevs, xolo 1 kg namatze xarjavs 4 kg sakveb erTeuls.
jiSma udidesi gavlena moaxdina msoflios meRoreobaze, vinaidan
misi monawileobiT gamoyvanilia ramodenime aTeuli jiSi. mas aSeneben
evropis qveynebSi, CineTSi, koreaSi, iaponiaSi, kanadaSi da axal zelandiaSi. Semoyvanili iyo saqarTveloSi.
landrasi. sabekone Roris pirveli specializirebuli jiSia. gamoyvanilia daniaSi adgilobrivi Roris msxvil TeTr jiSTan SejvarebiT
da cxoveluri cilebis didi raodenobiT Semcveli ulufebiT kvebis
42
pirobebSi. amasTan, xangrZlivi periodis manZilze mimdinareobda cxovelebis gadarCeva da SerCeva malmwifadobis, saxorce Tvisebebisa da
wonamatiT sakvebis anazRaurebis gasaumjobeseblad.
reproduqciuli Tvisebebi isesur. 24. landrasis jiSis nezvi
Tive maRali aqvs, rogorc msxvil
TeTr jiSs, xolo masTan SedarebiT
am jiSis Roris tanxorci Seicavs 25%- iT met kunTovan qsovils. misi
tanxorci garedan dafarulia SedarebiT Txeli kanqveSa qoniT.
damaxasiaTebelia wagrZelebuli, farTo da brtyeli sxeuli,
grZeli, Tvalze gadafarebuli yurebi, TeTri da Txeli tyavi, aseve
TeTri da iSviaTi jagari. keratis
cocxali masa 300 kg-s, nezvebis ki 250 kg-s aRwevs, nayofiereba ki 11 goWia.
farTod gamoiyeneba msxvil TeTr da sxva jiSebTan samrewvelo
SejvarebaSi, ra drosac nayofiereba matulobs 5-10%-iT, namatis malmwifadoba 5-12 %-iT, xolo cocxali masis yovel 1 kg namatze sakvebis danaxarji mcirdeba 2-7%-iT.
kaxuri Rori. Camoyalibebulia xalxuri seleqciiT gareuli Roris
kavkasiuri formis moSinaurebis safuZvelze. am saxeobis evropuli jiSebis msgavsad miekuTvneba mokleyura Roris qvejgufs.
garegnulad is Zalian Camosur. 25. kaxuri Rori
gavs gareuli Rors, Seguebulia
mTabarobis pirobebs da kargad
iTvisebs
bunebriv sakveb savargulebs. gamomdinare movla-Senaxvis
upiratesad eqstensiuri pirobebidan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, misi produqtiuloba
mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli foTlovani tyis nayofebis
mosavlianobasTan.
kaxuri RorisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia uxeSi konstitucia, sxeuli dafarulia moSao-wablisferi
grZeli, xSiri jagriT da mokle
TivTikiT. ZiriTadad Savi ferisaa,
gvxvdeba muqi nacrisferi an Ria wiTeli feris erTeuli individebi.
damaxasiaTebelia mokle, samkuTxediseburi nafota sxeuli ukeT
ganviTarebuli wina nawiliT. Tavi didi, profili swori, yurebi mokle
da dacqvetili, mindao maxvilisebri, zurgi da weli odnav amozneqili,
gava sustad ganviTarebuli da daxrili, muceli patara da akruli. nezvebs umetes SemTxvevaSi aqvs 10 ZuZu. keratebis masa 115-120 kg-a, nezvebis 95100 kg, sxeulis sigrZe ki, Sesabamisad, 105-110 da 95-100 sm-s Seadgens.
nezvi erT mogebaze igebs 6-7 goWs, romlebic gareuli Roris
goWebisEmsgavsad dabadebisas zolianebi arian. nezvis merZeuloba 30-35
kg-iT ganisazRvreba. mTabarobis pirobebSi mozardis saSualo dReRamuri
namati 260 grams aRwevs, xolo 1 kg wonamatze xarjavs 8 kg sakveb erTeuls.
kaxeTis mxaris fermerebis da soflad mcxovreblebis mier kaxuri
Roris moSenebas ganapirobebs jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zvirfasi
43
niSan-Tvisebebi, agreTve qveyanaSi safuraJe marcvlis mwvave deficiti da
kombinirebuli sakvebis siZvire.
2000 welTan SedarebiT 2008 wlisaTvis kaxeTis mxareSi Roris
suladoba 11- jer Semcirda da Seadgina 7,4 aTasi suli. amasTan kaxuri
Roris ricxovnobaze da maTSi xalasjiSianebis xvedriT wilze ramdenadme sarwmuno monacemebi ar aris. aseTi mdgomareoba, metad damafiqrebelia, rameTu arsebobs am jiSis mTlianad dakargvis saSiSroeba.
cxvris jiSebi
cxvris sameurneo klasifikacia efuZneba im ZiriTadi produqciis
saxes, xarisxsa da raodenobas, risTvisac aSeneben ama Tu im jiSis
cxvrebs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT cxvrebi iyofa Semdeg jgufebad: nazmatylovani, naxevrad nazmatylovani, naxevrad uxeSmatylovani da uxeSmatylovani jiSebi. es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv iyofa- samaJdake, saqurqesakravelo, saxorce-samatylo da saxorce-samatylo-sarZeve jiSebad.
1997 wels msoflioSi cxvris suladobam Seadgina 1,05 mlrd. suli,
aqedan CineTSi hyavdaT 132,7 mln, avstraliaSi 123,3 mln, indoeTSi 56,5
mln, iranSi 52 mln da axal zelandiaSi 47,4 mln suli.
saqarTveloSi 2007 wlisaTvis aRricxulia 624.0 aTasi suli cxvari,
xolo yvelaze didi raodenoba- 2-mln- mde hyavdaT iyo 1953-1954 wlebSi.
rambulie – gamoyvanilia XIX saukuneSi safrangeTSi, espaneTidan
Seyvanili merinosuli cxvris sxvadasxva jiSebis SejvarebiT. gamosavali
formebisagan isini gansxvavdebian ufro didi zomebiT, malmwifadobiT,
xSiri da grZeli bewviT. verZebis cocxali masa Seadgens 80-90 kg-s,
nerbebis- 50-60 kg-s. verZebis wliuri naparsi- 8-10, nerbebis ki 5-7 kg-a.
matyli 6-7sm sigrZis da 64-70 xarisxisaa. misi monawileobiT gamoyvanilia
ramodenime jiSi, maT Soris avstraliuri merinosi, askaniuri da kavkasiuri nazmatylovani jiSebi.
avstraliuri merinosi – gamoyvanilia XVII saukuneSi espaneTidan,
germaniidan da inglisidan Seyvanili merinosuli cxvrebis SejvarebiT,
mogvianebiT ki SejvarebaSi gamoyenebuli iyo franguli rambulies jiSi.
gxvdeba ramodenime tipis: tipi “fain”- aqvs 70 da ufro maRali xarisxis
matyli, verZebis masa 65-70, nerbebis 35-40 kg; tipi “mediumi”- matyli 64-66
xarisxis, verZebis masa 75-85, nerbebis 40-44 kg; tipi “strongi”- matyli 5860 xarisxis, verZebis masa 80-95 kg,
nerbebis-42-48 kg.
sur. 26. askaniuri nazmatyloavstraliuri merinosis verZevani jiSis verZi-mwarmoebeli
bis saSualo naparsi 9-10 kg (maqsimaluri 20 kg) nerbebis ki 4-5 kg
(maqsimaluri 10 kg), matylis sigrZe
7,5-10 sm-s Seadgens.
askaniuri nazmatylovani jiSi
gamoyvanilia 1925-34 w.w. ukrainis
stepis raionebis mecxoveleobis
samecniero-kvleviT
institutSi,
adgilobrivi nazmatylovani cxvrebis amerikul rambuliesTan SejvarebiT da miRebuli Taobis mizanmimarTuli gadarCeva-SerCeviT.
kargad egueba mSral klimats. verZebis cocxali masa 110-140 kg, nerbebis 60-70 kg, saSualo naparsi
44
verZebis- 10-12 kg, nerbebis 5,5-6 kg. am jiSs ekuTvnis msoflio rekordi
naparsis mixedviT, romelic Seadgens 30,6 kg-s. matyli 64 xarisxis,
sigrZiT ki 7-8 sm- s aRwevs. saukeTeso suladoba hyavT samomSeneblo
“askania-nova”-Si (xersonis olqi).
TuSuri cxvari. gamoyvanilia mTabarobis eqstremalur pirobebSi,
qarTveli mecxvareebis, usaxelo seleqcionerebis mier saukuneebis manZilze ganxorcielebuli mizanmimarTuli gadarCevisa da SerCevis safuZvelze. jiSis sawyisi forma iyo mWlekudiani Zveli qarTuli cxvari,
romelsac saseleqcio muSaobis sxvadasxva etapze ujvarebdnen uxeSmatylovan, cximkudian da dumian cxvrebs. dRes arsebuli saxiT TuSuri
cxvris gamoyvana daTariRebulia XIII-XIV saukuneebiT.
mTeli wlis manZilze saZovrulma Senaxvam da yovelwliurad sazamTrodan sazafxulo saZovrebamde da ukan 200-500 km manZilze gadarekvis
mZime pirobebma xeli Seuwyo TuSuri cxvris konstituciis gamagrebas da
garemo pirobebisadmi tolerantobis gamomuSavebas.
cxovelebs sxeuli harmoniulad aqvT ganviTarebuli, Tavi saSualo
zomis, nazi, msubuqi da balniT sakmaod kargad Sebusuli; profili
nerbebSi swori, verZebSi odnav kexiani; yurebi saSualo sididis, rqebi
verZebSi kargad ganviTarebuli da dagrexili, nerbebSi ki, ZiriTadad,
rkalisebri formisaa, sxeuli saSualo sigrZis, zurgisa da welis xazi
swori, mkerdi Rrma da sakmaod ganieri, fexebi grZeli da SedarebiT
msxvili, Cliqebi magari, gava odnav daqanebuli, romelic mTavrdeba
kargad ganviTarebuli cximkudiT. miekuTvneba uxeSmatylovani cxvrebis jiSebs. gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT
sur. 27. TuSuri jiSis
saqarTveloSi.
verZi-mwarmoebeli
zrdasruli verZebis cocxali masa 60-70 kg-a. nerbebis ki 35-45
kg. axalSobili batknis masa 2,5-3
kg- is, 3,5-4 Tvis asakSi asxletilebis ki 12-19 kg-is farglebSi cvalebadobs. Semodgomaze, mTidan gadmorekvis win naialaRari batknis cocxali masa masa 25-35 kg- s aRwevs;
sxva uxeSmatylovani cxvrebis
msgavsad, verZebsa da nerbebs parsaven weliwadSi orjer- gazafxulze da Semodgomaze, xolo mozards
(batkans)
Semodgomaze.
verZebis
wliuri naparsi 4-5 kg-s, nerbebis
2,5-3,5 kg-s, xolo batknis Semodgomis naparsi 0,8-1,2 kg-s aRwevs.
uxeSmatylovan jiSebs Soris TuSuri cxvris matyli xarisxiT erTerTi saukeTesoa da fraqciuli SedgenilobiTa da sinaziT naxevrad uxeS
matyls uaxlovdeba. is ferad TeTria da gamoirCeva simagriT, drekadobiT, elastiurobiT da bzinvarebiT (lustrovnobiT). kululis saSualo sigrZea 11-16 sm, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki aRwevs 30 sm-s. TivTikissigrZe 6,5-9 sm, gardamavali boWkoebis ki 7,5-10,5 sm-a. saukeTeso teqnologiuri Tvisebebis gamo TuSuri cxvris matyli gamoiyeneba rogorc
xaliCebis, aseve sxvadasxva qsovilebis dasamzadeblad.
1,5 wlis Wedilebis naklavis gamosavali, maTi nakvebobidan da
dakvliswina cocxali masidan gamomdinare, 43-48%-is, zrdasruli cxvrebis ki 40-47%-is farglebSi cvalebadobs. nerbebis laqtaciis xangr45
Zlivoba 150-170 dRea, sarZeo produqtiuloba ki 45-75 kg-a (rekorduli
maCvenebelia 165 kg). rZis umetesi nawili ixarjeba batknis gamosazrdelad, xolo sasaqonlo rZis raodenoba 15-20 kg-a. rZisgan amzadeben
gudis yvels.
imeruli cxvari. Zveli kolxuri cxvaris STamomavalia. gavrcelebulia imereTSi, agreTve raWa-leCxumsa da zemo svaneTSi.
xasiaTdeba magari konstituciiT da mkvircxli temperamentiT. Tavi
saSualo zomis da xmeli, zurgisa da welis xazi swori, kidurebi mokle,
dgoma swori, muceli moculobiani da CamoSvebuli, gvxvdeba rogorc
rqiani, aseve urqo formebi. suladobis umetesobas kudi mWle aqvs, calkeul individebSi gvxvdeba cximkudianobis niSnebic, rac TuSur, voloSur da yaraCaul cxvrebTan usistemo Sejvarebebis Sedegia.
Tanabrad kargad egueba
sur. 28. imeruli cxvris
nestian
da
mSral
havas,
nerbi 5 batkniT
agreTve klimaturi pirobebis
mkveTr cvalebadobas.
sxva jiSebTan SedarebiT patara tanisaa. zrdasruli nerbebis masa 28-32 kg,
verZebis ki 35-37 kg-a; calad
mogebuli axalSobili batknis masa- 1,7-1,9 kg, tyupad an
samcalad dabadebulebis ki
0,8-1,4 kg-a.
gamoirCeva malmwifadobiT. eqvsi Tvis asakis dedali batkanis masa zrdasruli
imeruli cxvris 75%-s aRwevs, e.i. fiziologiurad mowifebulia da SeiZleba dagrildes.
saburveli Txeli da nairbewviania. matyli, ZiriTadad TeTri feris
da bzinvarea. uxeSi bewvi diametriT gardamavals uaxlovdeba. verZebis
wliuri naparsi 2,0 kg, nerbebis- 1,4-1,7 kg, batknis -0,7 kg-a.
cxvris umetesi jiSebisagan gansxvavebiT mas gamravlebis “mkvdari
sezoni” ara aqvs. rogorc wesi, weliwadSi doldeba orjer da nerbebis
94% erT mogebaze gvaZlevs or da met batkans.
mravalnayofierebisa da batknebis zrdis maRali potenciis wyalobiT erTi nerbidan weliwadSi SeiZleba vawarmooT 51 kg-mde xorci (maT
Soris 40 kg batknis) da 3,5 kg matyli.
qarTuli nazmatylovani cximkudiani jiSi. gamoyvanilia 1939-1959 w.w.
dedofliswyaros raionis meurneoba ”eldarSi” soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa kandidatis i. baZoSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, TuSuri jiSis nerbebis kavkasiuri nazmatylovani jiSis cxvris verZebTan SejvarebiT da
sasurveli tipis najvarebis ”TavisSi” moSenebiT.
jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nazi matylisa da cximkudis Sexameba.
jiSis gamoyvanamde zooteqnikur literaturaSi msgavsi faqti ar iyo
cnobili, ris gamo es niSan-Tvisebebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelad iTvleboda.
kargad egueba mTabarobis eqstremalur pirobebs. verZebis cocxali
masa 75-85 kg, nerbebis- 48-50 kg. matylis naparsi 3,3-3,5 kg. matylis sigrZe
7-8 sm, xolo sinaze 60-64 xarisxis.
46
dReisaTvis am jiSis 2 aTas sulamde cxvari hyavT sagarejos
raionis ”udabno”-s meurneobaSi.
qarTuli naxevrad nazmatylovani cximkudiani jiSi. gamoyvanilia
martivi saaxaljiSo SejvarebiT sagarejos raionis ”udabnos” meurneobaSi, profesor a.natroSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT (1936-1948 w.w.): amisaTvis
TuSuri cxvris nerbebi Seujvares saxorce-samatylo mimarTulebis prekosis jiSis verZebs, miRebuli II-III Taobis najvarebi ki moaSenes ”TavisSi”
da maT Seuqmnes gaumjobesebuli kvebis da movla-Senaxvis pirobebi. axal
jiSad damtkicda 1948 wels da ewoda qarTuli cxvari.
jiSis standartuli parametrebia:L verZebis cocxali masa 80-85 kg,
nerbebis ki 45-50 kg-a, matylis naparsi, Sesabamisad, 4,5-5,0 da 3,5-4,0 kg.
matylis sigrZe- 9-12 sm- a, xarisxi- 56 da 50. matyli kargadaa gamoTanabrebuli rogorc kanZis topografiul wertilebze, aseve StapelSi.
nerbebis nayofiereba 107-110% merZeuloba ki 90-110 kg- s Seadgens.
sakmaod popularuli iyo. gasuli saukunis 50-an wlebSi gaiyvanes
CineTSi, monRoleTSi da sxva qveynebSi. dReisaTvis am jiSis tipiuri
sauladoba hyavT sagarejos raionis ”udabnos” meurneobaSi.
Txis jiSebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs Soris Txa adamianma erT-erTi pirveli moaSinaura. Txis jiSebi produqtiulobis mixedviT iyofa sarZeo,
saTivTike-samatylo da saxorce jiSebad.
zaanenuri anu zaanentaluri jiSi.
sur. 29. zaanenuri jiSis
gamoyvanilia SveicariaSi. sarZeo mimardedali Txa
Tulebisaa. maRali produqtiulobisa
da
adaptaciis
kargi
unaris
gamo
msoflioSi moipova popularoba da
iyeneben rogorc xalasad moSenebis
gziT, aseve SejvarebaSi, sxva jiSebis
gasaumjobeseblad..
malmwifadia, 1 wlis asakSi mozardi aRwevs srul ganviTarebas. pirvel
axurebaSi modis 6-8 Tvis asakSi.
ferad TeTria, rqebi ara aqvs; Tavi
mokle; Subli da saxe farTo; yurebi
Txeli; mkerdi farTo da moculobiani;
sxeuli grZeli; welisa da zurgis xazi
swori; gava ganviTarebuli, odnav daqanesur. 30. togenburguli
buli; dgoma swori; Cliqebi magari; curi
jiSis dedali Txa
moculobiani,
kertebi
ganviTarebuli;
balani mokle
da upiratesad Sedgeba
uxeSi boWkoebisagan.
Txis jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze didtaniania. vacebis masa 65-70, dedali
Txis ki 50-55 kg-s aRwevs. laqtacia
grZeldeba 210-300 dRe, monawveli 600-700
kg, kargad kvebisas ki 1000-1200 kg rZea
(rekordi- 2235 kg). namatSi tyupianoba
aRwevs 80%-s, axalSobili Tikanis masa
3,0-4,5 kg-a.
togenburguli jiSi. sarZeo mimar47
Tulebisaa. gamoyvanilia Sveicariis dasavleTis maRalmTan zonaSi. zaanenurTan SedarebiT patara tanisaa, simaRle mindaoSi 70-75 sm, vacis
cocxali masa 60-65, dedali Txis ki 45-50- kg-a. laqtaciuri monawveli
aRwevs 500-640 kg- s.
angoras Txa. saTivTike mimarTulesur. 31. angoras jiSis
bisaa. Txis jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yveTxis verZi-mwarmoebeli
laze patara taniania. vacis cocxali masa
58-65 kg, dedali Txis ki 35-42 kg-a. orive
sqesis cxoveli rqiania, aqvs grZeli,
dakiduli yurebi, mokle kudi da Taflisferi Cliqebi. sxeuli mTlianad dafarulia 20-25 sm-is sigrZis, nazi, TeTri
feris da abreSumis msgavsi lustrovani
(bzinvare) bewviT- moheriT. vacebis naparsi
Seadgens 5-7, dedali Txis ki- 2,2-4,0 kg-s.
megruli Txa. sarZeo mimarTulebisaa.
ferad TeTri, an monacrisfroa. xasiaTdeba magari konstituciiT, wagrZelebuli
sxeuliT, farTo mkerdiT da sworad mdgomi kidurebiT. ferad araerTgvarovania, upitaresad gvxvdeba TeTri feris individebi. cxovelebs rqebi
dagrexili aqvT laTinuri aso “S”-is msgavsad.
vacebis cocxali masa 50-55, xolo dedali Txis- 38-45 kg-a, calkeuli egzempliarebis masa aRwevs 60 (♀) - 90 (♂) kg-s. damatebiTi sakvebis
gareSe Senaxvisas, laqtaciis 180-240 dReSi iwvelis 300-350 kg rZes. yoveli xuTi dedali Txidan tyups igebs ori.
gavrcelebulia samegreloSi, svaneTSi da afxazeTSi. aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi, cxvris farebSi, ZiriTadad, gvxvdeba najvari Txa.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelTa saxeobebi da jiSebi
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebi warmodgenilia Semdegi saxeobebiT:
qaTami, indauri, bati, ixvi, cicari da mwyeri.
seleqciis donis gaTvaliswinebiT frinvelis jiSebi iyofa kulturul, gardamaval da primitiul, produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT
ki mekvercxul, saxorce, kombinirebul,
sur. 32. lehornis jiSis
dekoratiul da ZiZgila (sabrZolo)
qaTmebi
jiSebad. amaTgan, mefrinveleobis produqtebis
warmoebis
TvalsazrisiT
didi mniSvneloba aqvT pirveli sams.
mekvercxuli qaTmis jiSebi da
krosebi: leghorni. am jiSma Tavisi
saxeli miiRo warmoSobis adgilidan,
italiis qalaq livornodan, saidanac
1837
wlidan
is
Seiyvanes
aSS-Si.
espanur, ZiZgila, dekoratiul da TeTr
minorkasTan misi SejvarebiT da mizanmimarTuli saseleqcio muSaobiT Camoyalibda
mekvercxuli
mimarTulebis
maRalproduqtiul jiSad.
ZiriTadi feria TeTri. gvxvdeba
wiTeli, Calisferi da sxva feris leghornis jiSis qaTmebi.
48
dedlebis cocxali masa 1,7-2,0 kg-a, mamlebis- 2,3-2,6 kg. sqesobriv
simwifes aRweven 150-165 dRis asakSi, kvercxmdebloba 220-250 cali, kvercxis masa 60 g. lehornis jiSis monawileobiT gamoyvanilia TiTqmis yvela maRalproduqtiuli mekvercxuli mimarTulebis krosi.
Tanamedrove etapze mekvercxul mefrinveleobaSi, ZiriTadad, aSeneben ori tipis kross. maTgan erTi miRebulia legornis jiSidan da deben
TeTrnaWuWian kvercxs. kvercxmdebloba Seadgens 320-330- s, kvercxis masa,
60-65 g-a, gamoCekvis unari 87%, wiwilis SenarCuneba ki 95%-s aRwevs.
meore krosi miRebulia rod-ailandisa da niu-hempSiris jiSebis
monawileobiT. isini deben yavisfernaWuWian kvercxs. amasTan, maTi mekvercxuloba 8-12 caliT naklebia TeTrnaWuWian krosebTan SedarebiT, magram
cocxali masiT da kvercxis masiT sjobnian lehornis jiSis monawileobiT miRebul krosebs 0,6 kg-iT da 2-5 g- iT, Sesabamisad.
produqtiulobiT aseve gamoirCevian mekvercxuli krosebi „ross“,
„arbor eikris“, „loman indian river“, „loman brauni“ da sxva, romelTa
kvercxmdebloba weliwadSi 300 calze metia.
mexorculi jiSebi da krosebi:
sur. 33. korniSis jiSis
korniSi. gamoyvanilia inglisSi, kornuelis sagrafoSi, inglisuri Zveli tipis
qaTmebi
ZiZgila malais da ZiZgila azilis jiSebis SejvarebiT. ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia TeTri feris korniSi.
zrdasruli dedlebis masa 3,0-3,5
kg, mamlebis ki 4,5-5,0 kg-a. kvercxis debas
iwyeben 180-185 dRis asakSi, weliwadSi
iZlevian 110-130 cal feradnaWuWian kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 58-60 g-a.
wiwila xasiaTdeba zrdis maRali
unariT. 1, 2, 3 da 5 Tvis asakSi maTi
saSualo cocxali masa, Sesabamisad,
aRwevs 0,5-0,6; 1,3-1,4; 2,0-2,8 da 3,0-3,1 kg-s.
plimutroki. gamoyvanilia gasuli
saukunis 80-an wlebSi qalaq plimutSi
(aSS),
espanuri
mamlebis
SejvarebiT
koxinxinis, dorkingis da iavis qaTmebTan.
dedlebis masa 2,8 kg, mamlebis ki 3,9 kg-a.
iZleva Ria yavisfer naWuWian kvercxs, saSualo kvercxmdebloba 160-170
calia, kvercxis masa ki 56-60 g-s Seadgens. feris mixedviT ansxvaveben
ramodenime tips, romelTa Soris
sur. 34. plimutrokis jiSis
yvelaze
gavrcelebulia
TeTri
qaTmebi
feris plimutroki.
korniSisa
da
plimutrokis
jiSebs samrewvelo miznebisaTvis
xalasad ar iyeneben. broilerebis
warmoebaSi dediseul formad farTod gamoiyeneba plimutrokis jiSi.
sayovelTaod cnobilia saxorce hibridebi (broileri), kob-500, kob-700,
ABCD da sxv. am ukanasknelis cocxali masa 40-45 dRis asakSi 1,8-2,0
kg-s aRwevs, xolo 1 kg namatze
49
xarjavs 1,6-1,7 kg sakveb erTeuls.
qaTmis kombinirebuli jiSebi. rod-ailendi. gamoyvanilia XIX s-is
Sua wlebSi, aSS-is rodailendis StatSi, adgilobrivi qaTmebis Sanxais
Calisferi, malais muqi wiTeli feris
sur, 35. rod-ailendis jiSis
da
nacrisfer
legornis
jiSTan
qaTmebi
SejvarebiT. ferad wiTelia. kudis,
frTisa da fafris bolo Savi bumbuliT aris dafaruli. zrdasruli
dedlis masa 2,7-3,0 kg-a, mamlis- 3,5-4,8
kg. kvercxis debas iwyebs 170-180 dRidan, weliwadSi gvaZlevs 160 cal
kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 60 g-a.
niu-hempSiri. gamoyvanilia aSS-is
niu-hempSiris
StatSi
rod-ailendis
jiSis bazaze. dedlebis masa 2,3 kg,
mamlebis ki 3,2 kg-s Seadgens. kvercxmdebloba 180-200 calia, kvercxis masa
ki 58-60 g.
avstralopi.
gamoyvanilia
avstraliaSi. ferad Savia, dedlebis
masa 2,5-2,7 kg-s, mamlebis ki 3,0 kg-s
Seadgens. weliwadSi debs 170-180 kvercxs,
sur. 36. suseqsis
romlis saSualo masa 58-62 g-a. Tavis
jiSis qaTmebi
samSobloSi es jiSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba
sakvercxe mimarTulebis hibridebis misaRebad.
suseqsi. gamoyvanilia inglisSi, suseksis sagrafoSi adgilobrivi qaTmebTan dorkingis, korniSis, TeTri koxinxinis, orpingtonis da Ria feris bramas jiSebis monawileobiT. bumbuli moTeTro-movercxlisfroa,
fafarze aqvs TeTri da Savi zolebi, kudis
bumbuli, agreTve safreni bumbulis SigniTa
mxare Savi ferisaa.
dedlebis cocxali masa 2,5-2,7 kg-a, mamlebis ki- 3,3-3,6 kg. kvercxmdebloba 160-170
cali, kvercxis masa ki 56-58 g-s Seadgens.
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba saxorce mimarTulebis hibridebis misaRebad.
qaTmis adgilobrivi jiSebi. warmodgenilia 5 nairsaxeobiT: Calisferi, megrula (winwklebiani), Savi, nacara da yeltitvela. yvela isini
kombinirebuli mimarTulebisani arian. kvercxdebas iwyeben 160_170 dRis
asakidan, xolo piki aRiniSnebaT 8_9 Tvis asakSi. amasTan, kvercxdebis
SedarebiT gamoTanabreba SeimCneva zafxulis TveebSi, rac adasturebs
maT tolerantobas sicxisadmi. yvelaze maRali kvercxmdebloba axasiaTebs
megrula qaTams (150_160 cali). kvebis da movlis pirobebis gaumjobesebisas ki adgilobrivi qaTmebi kvercxmdeblobas 170-175 calamde zrdian.
Calisferi, megrula, Savi da nacara qaTmebis zrdasruli dedlebis
masa 2,0-2,3 kg, mamlebis ki 3,0-3,3 kg-a. kvercxis saSualo masa kvercxdebis
dasawyisSi 49,5 g, 10 Tvis asakSi- 54 g, 13 Tvis asakidan ki- 58,4 g-a.
yeltitvela qaTmebi ramdenadme ufro didi cocxali masiT
gamoirCevian (♀=2,3-2,7 kg, ♂=3,3-3,7 kg). kvercxdebis dasawyisSi maTi kvercxis saSualo masa 50,7 g, 10 Tvis asakSi 55,5 g, 14 Tvis asakidan ki 59,7 g50
a. sainkubacio kvercxis gamosavlianoba aRwevs 89,5%-s, gamoCekvis procenti ki saSualod 86,8%-ia.
Calisferi, megrula, Savi da nacara qaTmebis zrdasruli dedlebis
masa 2,0-2,3 kg, mamlebis ki 3,0-3,3 kg-a. kvercxis saSualo masa kvercxdebis
dasawyisSi 49,5 g, 10 Tvis asakSi 54 g, 13 Tvis asakidan ki 58,4 gramia.
sur. 37. yeltitvela qaTami
sur. 38. Savi qaTami
mekvercxuli mimarTulebis kulturul jiSebTan SedarebiT, adgilobrivi qaTmebi ukeTesi mexorculobiT xasiaTdebian.. maTi mTavari Rirseba ki is aris, rom xasiaTdebian maRali cxovelmyofelobiT, rac vlindeba maT rezistentobaSi iseTi infeqciuri daavadebebisadmi, rogorebicaa
Wiri, leikozi, mareki.
dadgenilia, rom 12 Tviani eqspluataciisas (5_dan 17 Tvis asakamde)
adgilobrivi qaTmebis wundebis da sikvdilianobis done saSualod 16,5 %
iyo, maSin, rodesac es maCveneblebi leghornis jiSis “krosi 288”- Si 25
%, “xaiseqs braunSi” 27 %, “loman braunSi” ki 26-27 %- s miaRwia.
adgilobrivi qaTmebis es Rirebuli Tviseba ufro metad warmoaCens
fermerul (glexur) meurneobaSi maTi gamoyenebis efeqturobas.
indauris jiSebi. indauri moSinaurebulia CrdiloeT amerikaSi.
sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro metad gavrcelebulia TeTri farTomkerda da
brinjaosferi farTomkerda jiSebi.
TeTeri farTomkerda jiSi gamoyvanilia indauris holandiuri da
inglisuri jiSebis SejvarebiT.
sur. 39. TeTri farTomkerda
dedlebis cocxali masa 7,5-8,0 kg,
indauri
mamlebis 13,0-14,0 kg-a. kvercxmdebloba 8090 cali, gamoCekis xvedriTi wili ki
Cawyobili kvercxis 60-75%-s Seadgens.
xasiaTdeba kargi saxorce TvisebebiT. naklavis gamosavlianoba Seadgens
84%- s.
bolo periodSi farTod gavrcelda indauris sami da oTxxaziani krosebi.
magaliTad inglisurma firmam “riverreit”-ma gamoiyvana msubuqi- 639, saSualo-630 da mZime-350 krosebi.
amaTgan: 1. msubuqi krosi gaTvaliswinebulia 12 kviris asakamde saxorced
gamosazrdelad, ra drosac misi cocxali masa aRwevs 2,5 kg-s. 2. saSu51
alo krosis gamozrdas esaWiroeba 13-18 kvira, xolo periodis bolosaTvis dedlebis masa aRwevs 3,6-4,5 kg-s, mamlebis ki 4,5-6,4 kg-s; 3. mZime
krosidan dasaklavad vargisi indauris misaRebad saWiroa 18-25 kviramde
periodi, ra drosac isini aRweven 7 (♀)-10 (♂) kg-s.
adgilobrivi indauri. saqarTveloSi indauri SemouyvaniaT XVIII
saukunis dasawyisSi. arsebuli monacemebiT dRes CvenSi gavrcelebulia
sxvadasxva feris indauri- Savi, ruxi, Wreli, Calisferi, nacrisferi,
yavisferi da brinjaos elferis. yvela es nairsaxeobebi, SedarebiT
dabalproduqtiulia, magram advilad egueba adgilobriv pirobebs, amtania, kargad iyenebs bunebriv sakveb saSualebebsa da xasiaTdeba gasuqebis
kargi unariT. dedali adgilobrivi indauris cocxali masa 2,8-3,5 kg-a,
xolo mamalis- 5,0-6,5 kg. kvercxmdebloba 60-100 calamdea, kvercxis masa
ki 75-80 g-s Seadgens.
batis jiSebi. batis yvela jiSi saxorce tipisaa. mZime jiSebs ekuTvnis msxvili nacara, emdenis, tuluzuri da xolmogoruli, msubuq tips
ki Cinuri, romenuli da sxvadasxva lokaluri mniSvnelobis jiSebi.
nacara msxvili bati gamoyvanilia tuluzuri batis romenulTan
Sejvarebis gziT. mamlebis cocxali masa 6-7
sur. 40. nacara msxvili
kg, dedlebis- 5,8-6,5 kg-a. kvercxmdebloba
bati
Seadgens 35-40 cals, xolo kvercxis saSualo masa 175 g-a. mozardi xasiaTdeba suqebis kargi unariT da 60ºdRis asakSi aRwevs
4,0-4,5 kg-s.
emdenis jiSi gamoyvanilia germaniaSi,
q. emdenis gareubanSi. ferad TeTria, mamlebis masa 10 kg, dedlebis 8 kg, saSualo
kvercxmdebloba ki 25-35 calia. mozardi 60
dRis asakSi aRwevs 3,8 kg cocxal masas.
tuluzuri bati. gamoyvanilia safrangeTSi (q. tuluza) nacara batis moSinaurebiT da maTi movla-Senaxvisa da kvebis karg pirobebSi moSenebiT.
ferad muqi nacrisferia, mamlebis masa 7-10 kg-s, dedlebis- 6-8 kg-s
Seadgens. saSualo kvercxmdebloba 30-40 calia, kvercxis masa 170-200 g,
gamoCekvis % 60- a, SenarCunebis ki- 92%.
Tavis samSobloSi es jiSi farTod gamoiyeneba msxvili RviZlis
misaRebad.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli bati, ZiriTadad sami ferisaa- TeTri,
nacrisferi da Wreli. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli batis
dedlebis masa 3.8-4.1 kg, dasavleTSi ki-3,3-3,7 kg-a. kvercxis debas iwyeben
10-12 Tvis asakSi, deben 16-25 cal kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 160-170 ga. sakmaod adreulia, 5-6 Tvis asakis WuWulis cocxali masa zrdasrulis
batis masas utoldeba.
ixvis jiSebi. ixvis ramodenime aTeuli jiSia cnobili. maTi saxelebi, ZiriTadad gamoyvanis qveynis/adgilis saxelidan gamomdinareoben.
sameurneo Tvisebebis mixedviT isini iyofa saxorce, saxorce-mekvercxuli
da mekvercxul jiSebad. gamoyvanilia ixvis dekoratiuli jiSebi- nagala,
xuWuWa bumbliani da sxv.
pekinuri ixvi. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularuli
jiSia. gamoyvanilia CineTSi, saidanac XIX saukuneSi gaiyvanes aSS-Si,
aqedan ki, mogvianebiT, evropaSi.
52
frinveli TeTri ferisaa, niskarti ki moyviTalo-narinjisferia.
zrdasruli mamali ixvis cocxali masa 3,5-4,0 kg, dedalis ki- 3,0-3,6 kg-a.
erT ciklze saSualod debs 100-140, rekordistebi ki 200 cal kvercxs.
kvercxis saSualo masa 85 g-a. WuWuli xasiaTdeba zrdis sakmaod maRali
intensivobiT: 50-55 dRis asakSi is aRwevs 3-3,5 kg-s.
pekinuri ixvs, upiratesoba eniWeba
xorcis
samrewvelo warmoebisas.
sur. 41. pekinuri ixvi
amJamad am jiSis ixvis bazaze gamoyvanilia krosebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian maRali kvercxmdeblobiT, suqebis unariTa da kargi saxorce produqtiulobiT. am mxriv, sayovelTaod
aris
cnobili
inglisuri
firmis
“Cerri-velli”-s krosi X-II.
TeTri moskovuri jiSi. gamoyvanilia pekinuri ixvis SejvarebiT
xaki-kembelis jiSTan. garegnulad is
waagavs pekinur ixvs. zrdasruli
mamlebis cocxali masa 4,0-4,2 kg, dedlebis ki- 3,0-3,4 kg-a. wliuri
kvercxmdebloba Seadgens 110-130 cals.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli adgilobrivi ixvi SedarebiT dabalproduqtiulia. dedlebis cocxali masa 1,5-1,8 kg-a. isini saSualod deben
50-60 kvercxs.
muSkiani ixvi. miekuTvneba gareuli ixvis nairsaxeobas. warmoSobis
adgilad miCneulia samxreT-amerika. evropaSi Semoyvanilia XVI saukunis
Sua wlebSi espaneli mezRvaurebis mier. garegnulad gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi ixvisagan: sxeulis gansxvavebul formebTan erTad niskartisa
da Tvalis irgvliv maT wiTeli Seferilobis
wanazardi aqvT.
sur. 42. muSkiani
ZiriTadad gvxvdeba Savi, TeTri, Saviixvi
TeTri frTebiT, cisferi-TeTri frTebiT da
mocisfro-moTeTro Seferilobis. amasTan, iSviaTia erTgvarovani feris bumbulis mqone individebi.
mamlebis cocxali masa 4,3-6,2 kg, dedlebis- 2,5-3,5 kg-a. kvercxis debas iwyebs 6-8 Tvis
asakSi. kvercxdebis pirveli cikli grZeldeba 56 Tve, Semdeg ki iwyeba ganguri. meore cikli
grZeldeba sami Tve. weliwadSi debs 140
calamde, 70-100 g masis kvercxs. inkubaciis
xangrZlivoba 34-37 dRe.
adre mas aSeneben rogorc dekoratiulegzotikuri frinvels. amasTan, muSkian ixvs aqvs
garkveuli sameurneo mniSvneloba. misi xorci
nazi, naklebad cximiani da dieturia, qimiuri
SedgenilobiT ar Camouvardeba wiwila-broileris xorcs, xolo RviZli
sagemovno TvisebebiT utoldeba batis RviZls.
naklovani mxareebidan miuTiTeben dabali aRwarmoebis unars- xelovnurad inkubaciisas WuWulis gamosavali 55-60%- is tolia. amis gamo muSkian ixvs ajvareben pekinuri da xaki-kempbelis jiSebTan. hibridebs uwodeben mulardebs.
53
muSkiani ixvis upiratesoba gamoixateba gamZleobaSi, rigi daavadebisadmi rezistentobaSi, gansxvavebuli klimatisadmi Semgueblobasa da
malmwifadobaSi; amasTan maTi moSeneba SeiZleba iq, sadac wyalsacavi,
mdinare an wylis sxva wyaro ar aris.
cicris jiSebi. cicris samSobloa afrika. is siTbos moyvarulia
da upiratesad aSeneben rogorc dekoratiul frinvels. kvercxi dafarulia metad magari naWuWiT da +4...+6°С
sur. 43. nacara-moyavisfro
temperaturaze inaxeba 90 dRis ganmavcicari
lobaSi.
amasTan,
cicris
kvercxi
Seicavs 1,5-3- jer met vitamins, vidre
qaTmis kvercxi.
nacara-moyavisfro cicari yvelaze gavrcelebuli jiSia. zrdasrul
asakSi mamali cicris cocxali masa 1,81,85 kg, xolo dedlis- 1,65-1,70 kg-a. wliuri kvercxmdebloba 80-100 calia, kvercxis saSualo masa ki Seadgens 45-46 g-s.
cicris kvercxis inkubacia grZeldeba 26 dRe, gamoCekvis maCvenebli ki
sakmaod dabalia (50-60%). Wukis masa 12
kviris asakSi aRwevs 1,0-1,1 kg-s.
jiSis uaryofiTi Tviseba is aris,
rom kani nacrisfrad aris pigmentirebuli, rac naklavs aZlevs arasasiamovno Sesaxedaobas.
TeTri cicari. bumbuli TeTri ferisaa, terfi da niskarti ki
vardisferia. zrdasruli mamlebis cocxali masa 1,9-2,0 kg, dedlebis ki1,6-1,7 kg-a. erTi ciklis manZilze deben 120-130 cal kvercxs, romlis
saSualo masa 43-44 g-s Seadgens. gamoCekvis da SenarCunebis procenti
sakmaod maRali aqvs (Sesabamisad, 79-86 da 91-93%).
mwyris jiSebi. mwyeri zoologiuri klasifikaciiT ekuTvnis
qaTmisebrTa rigs. moSinaurebulia CineTSi IX da iaponiaSi XI-XII saukuneebSi. amJamad Sinauri mwyris ramodenime aTeuli nairsaxeobaa cnobili.
amerikuli katalogis mixedviT ganasxvaveben 44 nairsaxeobas. saqarTvelosa da evropis qveynebSi gavrcelebulia ramodenime jiSuri jgufi,
romlebic miRebulia iaponuri mwyrisagan. maT Sorisaa: iaponuri, marmarilosebri, inglisuri Savi da TeTri, “faraoni”, estonuri da sxv.
am frinveliT daintereseba gamowveulia misi kvercxisa da xorcis
gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT. aRmosavleTis medicinaSi, agreTve Zvel
egvipteSi am produqtebs iyenebdnen samkurnalod. dReisaTvis iaponiaSi
asTmis samkurnalod yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iTvleba mwyris umi
kvercxisa da forToxlis wvenis narevi. zogierTi monacemiT mwyris
kvercxs axasiaTebs antibaqteriuli, imunomamodulirebeli da antisimsivnuri Tviseba (www.goodsmatrix.ru).
mamlebis cocxali masa 115-200 g, dedlebis ki- 140-210 g-a. kvercxdebas iwyebs 40-60 dRis asakSi. weliwadSi iZleva 220-300 cal kvercxs. 1
cali kvercxi saSualod iwonis 9-18 g-s. masSi cilisa da yviTris,
agreTve kalciumis, kaliumis, A, B1 da B6 vitaminebis Semcveloba metia,
vidre qaTmis kvercxSi. kvercxis sainkubacio periodi Seadgens 17 dRes.
54
cxenis jiSebi
arabuli cxeni. sajdomi jiSis cxenia. gamoyvanilia beduinebis mier
arabeTis naxevarkunZulis oazisebSi cxeli klimatisa da zRvis donidan
500-1000 m-is simaRleze mdebare qviani udabnos zegnebze Senaxvis
pirobebSi.
damaxasiaTebelia patara da mSrali Tavi, farTo SubliT, Cazneqili
profiliT da metyveli TvalebiT; kiseri moZravi; fafari xSiri; mindao
grZeli; weli mokle; gava daqasur. 44. arabuli cxeni
nebuli; kidurebi grZeli; myesebi
gamoxatuli; saxsrebi sakmarisad
sqeli; Cliqebi magari. kani muqad
pigmentirebulia. ZiriTadi ferebia lurja, qurana da wabla.
ulayebisa da faSatebSi mindaoSi simaRle, Sesabamisad, aRwevs
150-155 da 148-153 sm-s, gulmkerdis
irgvliva 175-180 da 170-175 sm-s,
xolo nebis irgvliva 19-21 da 17,518,5 sm-s.
cxeni
damyolia,
advilad
ixedneba, marTvadi da uSiSaria.
Seguebulia cxel klimats.
arabuli cxeni, CamorCeba ra
siswrafeSi zogierT jiSebs, grZel manZilze rbolisas inarCunebs
Zalebs da finiSze sxvebze mxned gamoiyureba. misi sisxli dRes arsebul
TiTqmis yvela jiSSi aris Sereuli.
wmindasisxliani sajdomi cxeni. gamoyvanilia inglisSi XVII-XVIII
saukuneebSi, adgilobriv faSatebTan aRmosavluri warmoSobis (arabuli,
berberuli, da Turquli) ulayebis
SejvarebiT. yvela jiSze ufro
sur. 45. wmindasisxliani
swrafi da Zlieria. sxeulis ageinglisuri jiSi
buleba
proporciuli,
Wakebis
simaRle mindaoSi 160 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 184 sm, nebis irgvliva ki 19,5 sm-a.
maT Tavi SedarebiT patara,
Tvalebi didi, yurebiT ki moZravi
aqvT. kiseri grZeli, mkerdi Rrma,
sxeulis sigrZe, rogorc wesi,
mindaoSi simaRlis tolia; kidurebi mSrali, mkveTrad gamoxatuli
myesebiT; ZiriTadi feria qurana,
wabla, yorana da Tafla.
wmindasisxlian jiSs axasiaTebs mkvircxli da energiuli,
zogjer Warbad aRgznebuli temperamenti. es cxeni 1 km manZils erT wuTze ufro nakleb droSi faravs.
gamoyenebuli iyo amerikuli da rusuli CorTmavali cxenis jiSebis
gamoyvanisas. sanaSene wigni daarsda 1793 wels.
TuSuri cxeni. gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. mimarTuleba sajdom-sasapalnea. xasiaTdeba kompaqturi agebulebiT, konstitucia
55
mSrali; Tavi msubuqi da mSrali; profili swori; Subli farTo; yurebi
saSualo zomis da moZravi; kiseri saSualo sigrZis; gulmkerdi Rrma da
saSualo siganis; gava odnav daqanebuli; kidurebi xmeli, kargad gamokveTili myesebiT; qoCoris, fafris da kudis Semosileba saSualo; ZiriTadi feria qurana (45%), gvxvdeba Tafla (20%) da lurja (14%). cxenebis
umetesoba uniSnoa.
sxeulis ganazomebi aseTia: simaRle mindaoSi 135-140 sm, tanis iribi
sigrZe 140-148 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 158-165 sm-mde, nebis irgvliva ki
17-18 sm-a. keTilzniania da axasiaTebT mSvidi temperamenti, amtania da
aqvs mTaSi orientaciis kargi unari.
megruli cxeni. Zveli kolxuri cxenis STamomavalia. mimarTuleba
sajdom-sasapalnea, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo da satransporto samuSaoebSic. kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli cxenis jiSebs Soris erTerTi yvelaze patara taniania: simaRle mindaoSi 129-135 sm, tanis iribi
sigrZe 128-138 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 149-152 sm, nebis irgvliva 16,5-17 sm.
eqsterieri ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSnebia: Tavi sajdomi cxenebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis, saSualo zomis da swori yurebiT; qoCori, kudi da fafari saSualod Semosili; kiseri saSualo sigrZis, arc
Tu iSviaTad mokle; zurgi saSualo sigrZis, swori da farTo; gava iSviaTad daqanebuli; wina kidurebis dadgma swori; zogierT individSi aRiniSneba ukana kidurebis xmlisebri dgoma; kunTebi kargad ganviTarebuli,
ZiriTadi feria wabla an qurana (70%). xasiaTdeba mSvidi temperamentiT.
javaxuri Sesabmeli cxeni. najvari warmoSobisaa. misi formireba
dakavSirebulia XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi ruseTidan javaxeTis zeganze
seqtant-duxaburebis gadmosaxlebasTan. maT Tan Camoiyvanes Sesabmeli
cxeni, romlis gasaumjobeseblad iyenebdnen ardenis, brabansonis da perSeronis jiSis ulayebs.
ganasxvaveben mZime, saSualo da msubuq Sesabmel tips. simaRle mindaoSi 140-150 sm, tanis iribi sigrZe 150-155 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 168180 sm, nebis irgvliva 20-22 sm.
mas aqvs msubuqi nabiji da kargi CorTiT svla. xasiaTdeba energiuli temperamentiT. amasTan, Tvinieri da muSaobaSi gamZlea. ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba yorana da lurja Seferilobis.
bocvris jiSebi
bocvris jiSebs yofen sxeulis
zomis,
balnis sigrZis da produqsur. 46 kaliforniuli jiSis
tiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT. Ziribocveri
Tadi produqtiulobis anu moSenebis
miznidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben:
satyavbewve, saxorce, saxorce-satyavbewve da dekoratiul jiSebs. Tavis
mxriv,
satyavbewve
jiSebs
yofen
mokle da grZelbewvian jgufebad.
kaliforniuli jiSi. saxorcesatyavbewve produqtiuli mimarTulebisaa. gamoyvanilia aSS-Si, axalzelandiuri TeTri, rusuli yaryumis
da msxvili SinSilas rTuli saaxaljiSe SejvarebiT. balani sxeulze
TeTria, yuris niJarebi, drunCi da
56
kidurebis boloebi ki muqadaa pigmentirebuli. agebuleba kompaqturi,
sxeuli ki cilindruli formis aqvT. mkerdi Rrma da ganieria, kidurebi
msxvili, balani ki xSiri da drekadia.
zrdasrulebis cocxali masa 3,5-4,5 kg (5 kg-mde), adreul asakSi
xasiaTdeba zrdis didi siswrafiT da kargi saxorce TvisebebiT. maRali
intensiobiT kvebisas 3 Tvis asakisaTvis baWiebi aRweven 2,7 kg-s.
dedali kurdReli erT dayraze gvaZlevs 6-8 baWias, romelTa
saSualo cocxali masa dabadebisas 45 g-a.
specialistebis gvTavazoben es jiSi gamoviyenoT broileri-mozardis misaRebad da 60-65 dRis asakamde maTi wovebiT gamozrdas.
TeTri goliaTi. saxorce-satyavbewve jiSia. gamoyvanilia flandruli jiSidan. xasiaTdeba nazi da magari konstituciiT. sxeuli mogrZoa,
mkerdi Rrma, zurgi swori da ramdenadme mokle, kidurebi grZeli, dgoma
farTo. ferad TeTria, Tvalebi ki sisxlisferi wiTeli aqvs. zrdasruli
dedlis cocxali masa 5,0-5,5 kg-a, romelic erT dayraze gvaZlevs 6-7
baWias. maTi saSualo cocxali masa dabadebisas 90 g- a, ori Tvis asakisaTvis ki aRweven 1,5 kg-s. dakvlisas gvaZlevs sakmaod farTo da maRali xarisxis saqurqe tyavs.
angoras saTivTike. erT-erTi uZvelesi jiSia. farTod aris gavrcelebuli dasavleT evropis qveynebSi. gvxvdeba sxvadasxva feris- cisferi,
TeTri, Savi da nacrisferi.
zrdasruli dedali bocveris cocxali masa 2,5-4 kg, 4 Tvis asakis
mozardis 1,7 kg, 6 Tvis asakisas ki 2,0 kg-a. sxeuli dafarulia nazi,
fafuki da 15-22 sm sigrZis sqeli safariT, romelSic boWkoebis 90-92%
TivTikia. 1 suli zrdasruli bocvridan TivTikis saSualo wliuri gamosavali Seadgens 150-500 g-s, maqsimaluri ki 1,5 kg-s.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
1. ra aris jiSi?
2. rogoria jiSis struqtura?
3. romeli monaTesave jgufebisagan Sedgeba Zroxis sarZeo produqtiulobis jiSebi?
4. ra jgufebad iyofa saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebi?
5. ra ZiriTadi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian Zroxis adgilobrivi
jiSebi?
6. sad aris moSinaurebuli kameCi da ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba is?
7. sad Camoyalibda da ra sameurneo-biologiuri TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeba Roris msxvili TeTri jiSi?
8. Roris kulturul jiSebTan SedarebiT ra upiratesoba aqvs kaxur
Rors momTabare pirobebSi Senaxvisas?
9. sameurneo klasifikaciis mixedviT ramden jgufad iyofa cxvris
jiSebi?
10. ra sameurneo-biologiuri maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba imeruli cxvari?
11. seleqciis donisa da produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT romel
jgufebad iyofa frinvelis jiSebi?
12. qaTmis adgilobrivi jiSebi romeli nairsaxeobebisagan Sedgebian da
ra produqtiulobiT xasiaTdebian isini?
13. romeli saxeobebis Sedian sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis jgufSi?
14. sad da ra pirobebSi aris gamoyvanili arabuli cxeni da ra maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba is?
57
literatura:
1. n. gociriZe. rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 1997;
2. n. gociriZe, g. dalaqiSvili, l. TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2002;
3. j. guguSvili. mebocvreoba, Tbilisi, 2003;
4. g. dalaqiSvili. rogor movaSenoT kameCi. Tbilisi, 2001;
5. T. paikiZe, mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2006;
6. k.nacvalaZe, r.nozaZe- egzotikuri frinvelebis moSeneba. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009;
7. r. nozaZe, m. xuciSvili, v. zavraSvili mefrinveleobis produqtebis
warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007;
8. v. RliRvaSvili- saqarTvelos meTxeoba. 1997;
9. v. RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargis ganviTareba da produqciis warmoeba fermerul meurneobaSi. Tbilisi, 1999;
10. i.SubiTiZe- rZisa da xorcis warmoebis teqnologia (praqtikuli
rCevebi). Tbilisi, 2008.
11. Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University. Encyclopedia of individual breeds of
cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, and other species. http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds;
12. List of cattle breeds - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. www.en.wikipedia.org;
13. (www.fermer.ru)
(www.zooclub.ru)
(www.agro-eco.ru)
(www.allgoats.com)
(www.krolikoman.ru)
(www.ru.wikipedia.org)
(www.thecattlesite.com/breeds)
(www.media-2.web.britannica.com);
Tavi 4. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis
sakvebi da normirebuli kvebis safuZvlebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis margi mwarmoebluroba uSualod dakavSirebulia maT mier miRebuli sakvebis saxesTan,
raodenobasa da xarisxTan. saqme is aris, rom sakvebi Seicavs cilebs,
cximebs, naxSirwylebs, mineralur nivTierebebs, vitaminebs da sxva
biologiurad aqtiur naerTebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen cocxal organizmSi sasicocxlo procesebis normalurad warmarTvas da gamravlebis
funqciis Sesrulebas. sakvebi, aseve, warmoadgens rZis, xorcis, kvercxis
da matylis warmosaqmnelad aucilebeli substratebis wyaros.
sakvebsa da kvebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelTa janmrTelobis SenarCunebis saqmeSic: veterinati eqimebis monacemebiT mecxoveleobis fermebSi aRricxuli daavadebebis 50% aris alimentaruli xasiaTis, xolo aragadamdebi daavadebebis 92% dakavSirebulia sakvebis
xarisxTan da kvebasTan. esec rom ar iyos, ukmarisi kvebis pirobebSi, an
kidev ulufaSi romelime sayuaTo nivTierebis deficitisas, cxovelis
sustdeba, rac iwvevs sxvadasxva daavadebebisadmi maTi organizmis rezistentobis unaris daqveiTebas.
mniSvnelovania kvebis roli sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ekonomikurobis TvalsazrisiTac, vinaidan mecxoveleobis produqtebis TviTRirebulebis 60-75% modis sakvebze.
kvebis intensifikaciis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom cxovelis produqtiulobis gadidebas mosdevs erTeul produqciaze sakvebis
danaxarjis Semcireba. ase, magaliTad:
58
1. 2000 kg wveladobis furi 1 kg rZis warmoebaze xarjavs 1,3-1,4 sakveb
erTeuls, maSin, rodesac imave jiSisa da cocxali masis, magram
4000 kg mewveli furi- 1 sakveb erTeuls.
2. wliurad 100 cali kvercxis momcemi dedali yoveli 10 cali kvercxis sawarmoeblad xarjavs 4,1 sakveb erTeuls, maSin rodesac 180
cali produqtiulobis mxolod 2,9 sakveb erTeuls.
mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom normirebuli da yvela sayuaTo nivTierebiT dabalansebuli ulufebiT kvebisas produqciis misaRebad ixarjeba gacilebiT naklebi raodenobiT sakvebi, vidre, vTqvaT, proteinis, mineraluri an sxva nivTierebis deficitisas.
sakvebis saxeebi
cxovelTa sakvebi saSualebebi gansxvavdebian fizikuri TvisebebiT,
qimiuri SedgenilobiT, monelebadobiT da saerTo yuaTianobiT/energetikuli RirebulebiT. warmoSobis mixedviT isini iyofa mcenareuli da
cxoveluri warmoSobis sakvebad.
mcenareuli sakvebi. es jgufi cxovelebis ZiriTadi sakvebia da sakmaod mravalferovania. masSi Sedis wvniani, mwvane, uxeSi da koncentrirebuli sakvebi, agreTve mcenareuli nedleulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi.
wvniani da mwvane sakvebi. aq Sedis saZovris balaxi, gaTibuli mwvane masa, silosi, Zirxvenebi, tuberebi, baRCeulis da Zirxvena-tuberianebis
miwiszeda Rero-foTlebi. yvela es sakvebi 60%-ze meti raodenobiT
Seicavs wyals.
wvniani sakvebi aris saWmlis momnelebeli jirkvlebis aqtiuri
aRgmznebi, kargad moqmedebs cxovelis madaze da advilad moineleba misi
kuW-nawlavis sistemaSi. amasTan wvniani sakvebi xels uwyobs sxva sakvebis
monelebasac.
uxeSi sakvebi. aq Sedis Tiva, senaJi, namja, Cala da bze. isini 19-dan
45%-mde Seicaven ujredanas da SedarebiT Znelad moineleba cxovelis
organizmis mier. amasTan erTad, maTSi sakvebi proteinis, Saqrebis,
karotinisa da mikroelementebis Semcveloba sakmaod gansxvavebulia.
yvelaze yuaTiania Tiva, ris gamo ulufaSi mxolod mis nawils Caanacvleben namjiT, CaliT an bzeTi. saerTod ki namja, Cala da bze umjobesia
cxovels mivceT silosTan erTad.
senaJi aris SemWknari balaxisagan uhaero pirobebSi damzadebuli
sakvebi, romelSic tenis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 50-55%-s. misi xarisxi
damokidebulia aRebisas balaxis vegetaciis periodze, mwvane masis
botanikur Sedgenilobaze da damzadebis teqnologiuri parametrebis
zustad dacvaze. senaJis damzadebisas, Tivad aRebasTan SedarebiT, kvebiTi Rirebulebis gamosavali izrdeba 800-1000 kg sakvebi erTeuliT,
xolo dasilosebasTan SedarebiT 300-400 kg sakvebi erTeuliT.
koncentrirebuli sakvebi. aq gaerTianebulia marcvlovani da parkosani mcenareebidan miRebuli marcvleuli, an maTi narevi; marcvleuli
mdidaria advilad monelebadi sazrdo nivTierebebiT da xasiaTdeba maRali energetikuli RirebulebiT. qimiuri Sedgenilobidan gamomdinare
marcvleul sakvebs yofen or jgufad: 1. naxSirwylebiT mdidar marcvlovan mcenareTa marcvlis sakvebad (simindi, qeri, xorbali, Wvavi,
Svria) da 2. proteiniT mdidar parkosanTa marcvlis sakvebad (soio,
muxudo, barda, cercvi, cercvela).
marcvlovanTa marcvlis proteini Raribia zogierTi Seucvladi
aminmJaviT da kalciumiT. amasTan, maTSi bevria fosfori da kaliumi.
59
saerTod ki koncentrirebuli sakvebi sakmao raodenobiT Seicavs B jgufis vitaminebs, aris maTSi “K” da “E” vitaminebi, magram Raribia karotiniT da ar Seicavs “D” vitamins.
mcenareuli nedleulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi. miekuTvneba wisqvilkombinatis, zeTsaxdeli qarxnis, Saqris, ludis da saxameblis warmoebis anarCenebi (koptoni, Sroti, qato, wisqvilis mtveri, JenJo, buyi, xoti,
badagi da dRlabi); isini erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian
qimiuri SedgenilobiT, yuaTianobiT da energetikuli RirebulebiT.
maTi yuaTianobidan gamomdinare anarCenebis erTi nawili SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT koncentrirebul sakvebs. meore nawili yuaTianobiT CamorCeba sawyis nedleuls (mag. marcvals, Warxals, kartofils), zogierTi maTgani didi raodenobiT Seicavs wyals da swrafad fuWdeba; amis gamo am
ukanasknels aSroben an akonserveben da aseTi saxiT iyeneben sakvebad.
cxoveluri sakvebi. miekuTvneba rZe da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi, cxovelebis dakvlisa da xorcis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi, agreTve
Tevzis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi.
rZes da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs miekuTvneba naturaluri rZe,
moxdili rZe, Srati da do.
cxovelebis dakvlisa da xorcis ganamuSavebis anarCenebia Zvlis,
Zvalxorcis da xorcis, agreTve frTa-bumbulis fqvili,
Tvzis gadamuSavebis anarCens miekuTvneba Tevzis fqvili.
rogorc wesi, cxoveluri sakvebi mdidaria advilad monelebadi proteiniT da mineraluri nivTierebebiT, agreTve sakmao raodenobiT Seicavs
vitaminebis kompleqss.
kombinirebuli sakvebi. bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba iseT sakvebi, romelic
optimaluri raodenobiTa da formiT Seicavs cxovelis organizmisaTvis
saWiro yvela sayuaTo nivTierebas. magaliTad, marcvlovani mcenareebis
marcvali didi raodenobiT Seicavs saxamebels, magram maTSi naklebadaa
cilebi da piriqiT, parkosnebi mdidaria cilebiT magram maTSi saxamebeli naklebi raodenobiTaa warmodgnili.
Tu marcvleuls SevurevT ciliT mdidar parkosanTa marcvals,
aseTi nareviT cxovelis kveba ufro efeqturi iqneba, vinaidan saxamebeli
da cilebis urTierTSefardeba ufro optimaluri iqneba misi organizmisaTvis.
viciT ra yvela saxis sakvebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, SeiZleba davamzadoT iseTi narevi, romelSic sasurveli TanafardobiT iqneba warmodgenili sayuaTo nivTierebebi, vitaminebi, makro- da mikroelementebi da sxv.
aseT sakvebs uwodeben kombinirebul sakvebs.
srulfasovani kombinirebuli sakvebnarevi sxvadasxva marcvalTan
erTad Seicavs vitaminebs, mineralur danamatebs, memcenareobis needleulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs, balaxis fqvils, proteinisa da energiis
wyaros (nax. 4).
amasTan, receptura sxvadasxva saxeobis, sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis
da sameurneo daniSnulebis cxovelisaTvis sakmaod gansxvavebulia.
rogorc wesi, Zroxeulis kombinirebuli sakvebi mzaddeba martivi
receptiT, xolo frinvelisaTvis ufro rTuliT (mravalkomponentiania).
kombinirebuli sakvebi, ZiriTadad, ori saxisaa, srululufiani da
koncentrirebuli.
srululufiani kombinirebuli sakvebi warmoadgens koncentrirebuli
da uxeSi sakvebis saTanado recepturiT Sezavebul narevs. is mTlianad
scvlis cxovelis dRiur ulufas da uzrunvelyofs saWmlis mom60
nelebeli traqtis balasturi nivTierebebiT normalurad Sevsebas, rac,
Tavis mxriv, kuW-nawlavis sistemis normalurad funqcionirebisaTvisaa
aucilebeli.
amasTan, masSi cxovelis organizmis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare,
zedmiwevniT aris danax. 4. kombinirebuli sakvebis Sedgeniloba
balansebuli
yvela
sayuaTo
nivTiereba,
mikro da makroelevitaminebi
mentebi da vitaminebi.
marcvleulis
mineraluri
rogorc wesi, srulnarevi
danamatebi
ulufiani kombinirebuli sakvebi gamobalaxis
iyeneba
frinvelebis
qato
fqvili
sakvebad.
kombinirebuli
koncentrati-komsakvebi
binirebuli
sakvebi
melasa
Sedgeba
sxvadasxva
(badagi)
biologiurad
koncentrirebuli
sakaqtiuri
vebis
narevisagan.
nivTierebebi
energiis
sxva sakvebTan (uxeSi,
wyaro
mwvane, wvniani) erTad
Saqris
proteinis
am saxis koncentraWarxlis badagi
wyaro
tis micemisas cxovemaqsimalurad
li
iTvisebs ulufis sayuaTo nivTierebebs.
kombinirebuli sakvebi gamodis dafquli narevis saxiT, agreTve
daroSili, granulirebuli da briketebis fizikuri formiT. yvelaze
ukeTesia 1-dan 2,5 mm zomis cilindris an kubis formis granulebi. aseTi
formisas ukeTesad inaxeba sayuaTo nivTierebebi da vitaminebi, gamoricxulia Semadgenlebis fraqcionireba, ar itkepneba, gaadvilebulia transportireba da sakveburebSi darigeba.
premiqsebi. cxovelTa kvebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia mineralur-vitaminovan danamatebs, anu premiqsebs. isini, upiratesad, warmoadgenen qimiuri da mikrobuli sinTezis nivTierebebiT gamdidrebul narevs
da gamoiyeneba kombinirebuli sakvebis kvebiTi Rirebulebis da biologiuri srulfasovnebis asamaRleblad.
ganasxvaveben vitaminovan, mineralur, vitaminovan-Terapevtul da
sxva saxis premiqsebs. maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Semavsebeli (produqti,
romelsac aqvs unari Seakavos aqtiuri nivTiereba), Svriis fqvili, qato,
balaxis fqvili, koptoni, safuari, agreTve biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi- vitaminebi, mikroelementebi, aminmJavebi, sxva qimiuri da Terapevtuli preparatebi.
premiqsebs awarmoeben specializebul sawarmoebSi an kombinirebuli
sakvebis qarxnebis specialur xazebze. is gaTvaliswinebulia konkretuli
saxeobis da produqtiuli mimarTulebis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelisa
da frinvelisaTvis (magaliTad, mewveli furisaTvis, mekvercxuli qaTmisaTvis, Roris sabekone suqebisaTvis da sxv.).
mineraluri danamatebi. gamoiyeneba ulufaSi ama Tu im mineraluri
nivTierebis deficitis Sesavsebad. magaliTad, kalciumis deficitisas
gamoiyeneba carci, Camqrali kiri, niJaris fqvili, xolo fosforis
naklebobisas fosforini, monokalcium- da/an trikalciumfosfati. makro
61
da mikroelementebiT ulufis gasamdidreblad iyeneben, agreTve, sapropels (tbis lams) da nacars.
vitaminovani preparatebi. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Rorisa da frinvelis kombinirebuli sakvebis vitaminebiT gasamdidreblad. “A” da “D”
vitaminebis wyaroa Tevzis qoni, “D” vitamins Seicavs, agreTve, safuari.
garda amisa mrewveloba uSvebs sxvadasxva vitaminovan preparatebs.
antibiotikebi. gasuli saukunis 60-ani wlebidan kombinirebuli sakvebis SemadgenlobaSi daiwyes antibiotikebis damateba. biologiurad
aqtiuri Tvisebis wyalobiT isini dadebiTad moqmedeben organizmis
nivTierebaTa cvlaze, zrdian produqtiulobas da cxovelebis mier sakvebis gamoyenebis efeqturobas.
dReisaTvis msoflios umetesi qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT antibiotikebis gamoyeneba cxovelTa sakvebad akrZalulia. saqme is aris, rom aseTi
cxovelidan miRebuli rZe, xorci da kvercxi Seicaven narCen antibiotikebs, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze, iwvevs ra
alergiul reaqcias da disbaqteriozs. arsebobs, agreTve, toqsikuri,
teratogenuri da mutagenuri moqmedebis ganviTarebis saSiSroeba.
ulufaSi proteinis da aminmJavebis deficitis
Sesavsebi danamatebi.
azotSemcveli nivTierebebi. Zroxeulisa da cxvris ulufaSi proteinis ukmarisobisas, deficitis Sesavsebad danamatis saxiT iyeneben
sinTetikur azotovan nivTierebebs- karbamids (Sardovanas), bikarbonats,
amoniumis sulfats, amiaks. es nivTierebebi Seicaven aracilovan
azotovan SenaerTebs. dadgenilia, rom am nivTierebebis ulufaSi CarTviT
SesaZlebelia mcoxnav cxovelTa proteinze moTxovnileba dakmayofildes
25%- iT. yvela maTganis sakveb danamatad gamoyenebaze SemuSavebulia teqnikuri pirobebi.
sinTetikuri aminmJavebi. rogorc aRiniSna, mcenareuli sakvebi,
romelic aris cxovelebis ulufis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli, rogorc wesi,
ver uzrunvelyofs maRalproduqtiuli organizmis moTxovnilebas
biologiurad srulfasovan cilebze, anu Seucvlad aminmJavebze.
mcenareul sakvebSi, Cveulebriv, aRiniSneba lizinis, ufro iSviaTad
meTionisis da triptofanis deficiti. amasTan dakavSirebiT daiwyes
sinTetikuri aminmJavebis warmoeba, romlebic danamatis saxiT gamoiyeneba
kombinirebul sakvebSi, an Cveulebriv ureven yoveldRiur ulufaSi.
lizinis sakveb koncentrats iReben mikrobuli sinTeziT da gamodis rogorc mSrali aseve Txevadi saxiT. am preparatis, agreTve meTioninisa da triptofanis koncentratebis kombinirebul sakvebSi dasamatebeli raodenoba ganisazRvreba am aminmJavebis deficitis xarisxiT,
agreTve sxvadasxva saxeobisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelebis moTxovnilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
bolo monacemebiT, sinTetikuri aminmJavebis damatebiT dabalansebuli ulufebiT kvebisas cxovelebis produqtiuloba izrdeba 15-20%- iT.
sakvebis yuaTianoba
sakvebis yuaTianobas anu sargeblianobas gansazRvravs masSi Semavali organuli, araorganuli da biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi
(sazrdo nivTierebebi). maTi raodenoba da urTierT Sefardeba sxvadasxva
saxis sakvebSi metad gansxvavebulia.
62
cxovelis organizmis nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi calkeuli
sayuaTo nivTierebis rolis Seswavlam mkvlevarebi miiyvana daskvnamdis,
rom SeuZlebelia erTi romelime sazomis gamonaxva da saWiroa sakvebi
Sefasdes yovelmxriv, kompleqsurad. aseTi Sefaseba, rodesac gaTvaliswinebulia ara marto, vTqvaT, energetikuli Rirebuleba, aramed proteinis, cximebis, Saqrebis, mineraluri nivTierebebis, vitaminebis da a.S.
Semcveloba daedo safuZvlad kvebis normebs.
saqme is aris, rom sakvebSi Semavali nivTierebebis raodenoba da
xarisxi, agreTve maTi urTierT Sefardeba gansazRvravs sakvebis margi
moqmedebis efeqturobas. aqedan gamomdinare, cxovelis kvebisas aucilebelia maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas yvela is organuli da
araorganuli nivTiereba, romelsac saWiroebs misi organizmi sasicocxlo procesebis Sesasruleblad da produqciis warmosaqmnelad.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, CvenSi sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis ulufebis dabalanseba xdeba 24-35
maCvenebliT, maT Sorisaa sakvebi erTeuli, mimocvliTi energia, monelebadi proteini, mikro da makroelementebi, zogierTi Seucvladi aminmJavebi da vitaminebi.
yvela ama nivTierebaze sxvadasxva saxeobis, sqesis, asakis da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelebis moTxovnileba metad gansxvavebulia,
rac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas ulufebis Sedgenisas. saqme is aris,
rom romelime maTganis, miT ufro ramodenimes danaklisi cocxal organizmSi iwvevs produqtiulobis Semcirebas, nayofierebis daqveiTebas,
erTeul produqciaze sakvebis danaxarjis gadidebas, sicocxlisunarianobis Sesustebas da sxv., saboloo Sedegi ki damokidebulia danaklisis
odenobasTan da aseTi ulufiT kvebis periodis xangrZlivobasTan.
amasTan erTad, calkeuli sayuaTo nivTierebebis da mTlianad
sakvebis efeqturad gamoyeneba damokidebulia calkeuli Semadgenelis
(mag. Saqrebisa da proteinis, kalciumisa da fosforis da a.S.) urTierT
Sefardebaze
sakvebi erTeuli. axlo warsulSi cxovelis sakvebze moTxovnilebis anu kvebis normis ZiriTadi maCvenebeli iyo sakvebi erTeuli. is aris
sakvebis kvebiTi Rirebulebis, anu yuaTianobis saerTo sazomi. 1 sakvebi
erTeuli, 1 kg saSualo xarisxis Svriis marcvlis kvebiT Rirebulebis
tolia, rac uzrunvelyofs Zroxisa da cxvris organizmSi 149 g, xolo
RorebSi 170-180 g cximis dagrovebas.
yvela sxva saxis sakvebis yuaTianobas adarebdnen 1 kg Svriis yuaTianobas. magaliTad, 1 kg mTis saZovris balaxis yuaTianoba 0,26 sakvebi
erTeulia, ionjis Tivis- 0,44 sakvebi erTeuli, TeTri simindis marcvlis1,33 sakvebi erTeuli da a.S. (cxrili 3) amdenad, 1 kg Svriis marcvali
Tavisi yuaTianobiT 4 kg mTis saZovris balaxis, 2,3 kg ionjis Tivis da
0,75 kg TeTri simindis marcvlis tolfasad unda CaiTvalos.
energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli. kvebiTi Rirebulebis sakvebi erTeuliT Sefasebis sistemas aqvs naklovani mxareebi. magaliTad, sakvebis
produqtiuli moqmedeba ar aris mudmivi da damokidebulia cxovelis
organizmis sxvadasxva sayuaTo nivTierebebiT dakmayofilebis doneze.
amitom sakvebis yuaTianoba ar SeiZleba gamoisaxos produqtiuli energiis ubralo jamiT.
Svriis (sakvebi) erTeulis nakli mdgomareobs amaSi, rom ar
iTvaliswinebs sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis saxeobriv gansxvavebebs.
Tavis droze, cximis dagrovebis konstantebi gansazRvruli iqna
63
zrdasruli xarebis suqebisas, xolo Sedegebi gadatanili iqna sxva
saxeobis cxovelebze.
cxrili 3. zogierTi sakvebis Sedgeniloba da yuaTianoba (1 kg-Si)
makroelementebi,g: kalciumi (Ca)
fosfori (P)
magniumi (Mg)
kaliumi (K)
natriumi (Na)
qlori (Cl)
gogirdi (S)
mikroelementebi, mg: rkina (Fe)
spilenZi (Cu)
cinki (Zn)
manganumi (Mn)
kobalti (Co)
iodi (J)
vitaminebi: karotini, mg
A, saerTaSoriso erTeuli
D,
“–“–“
E, mg
B1, mg
B2, mg
B3, mg
B4, mg
B5, mg
B6, mg
B12, mg
0.21
0.42
0.44
0.22
2.88
3.52
317
43
27
11
80
157
6.4
25
3.8
2.3
2.8
0.9
0.9
3.5
0.7
1.5
0.96
16
1.4
6.1
24.7
0.04
0.01
45
3.1
60
-
3.2
3.4
364
33
20
13
114
179
7.4
18
1.2
0.8
2.0
0.8
0.4
1.7
2.6
1.6
0.7
11
1
5
50
0.06
0.03
20
-
2.4
2.6
278
33
18
11
95
127
9.6
28
0.9
0.4
1.2
0.6
0.6
4.3
0.2
1.3
0.9
25
1
4
12
0.11
0.05
30
3.8
48
-
2.24
2.02
2.38
217
35
23
10
54
102
28
1.9
0.9
2.5
0.4
0.4
4.0
0.2
0.5
0.5
70
5.4
15.0
37
0.4
0.04
48
5
50
1.0
1.0
10
75
8
-
6.85
7.28
857
97
55
25
263
414
20
4.2
3.7
7.2
2.2
1.7
16.7
0.4
6.8
1.8
188
5.6
21.2
94
0.1
0.4
15
150
60
2
6
23
800
17
-
6.72
6.23
6.95
830
144
101
22
253
330
9
20
7.3
5.5
17
2.2
3.0
15.6
1.5
2.6
1.8
168
8.2
19.1
26.4
0.2
0.3
49
360
134
1.6
6.3
15
700
19
4
-
4.91
3.68
5.25
849
46
9
15
351
368
3
1.3
1.3
3.3
0.9
1.4
8.0
0.6
2.1
1.0
409
1.1
35
53
0.5
0.45
5
40
-
sagazafxulo
xorblis
namja
0.19
ionjis Tiva
0.25
bunebrivi
saTibis Tiva
0.26
marcvlovanparkosani narevi (naTesi)
Waobis
balaxi
sakvebi erTeuli
mimocvliTi energia: mjouli:
ZroxisaTvis
RorisaTvis
cxvrisaTvis
mSrali nivTiereba, g
nedli proteini, g
m.S. monelebadi proteini, g
nedli cximi, g
nedli ujredana, g
uazoto eqstraqtuli nivT-ba, g
m.S. saxamebeli
“ – “ Saqari
aminmJavebi, g: lizini
meTionini+cistini
mSralobis
balaxi
maCveneblebi
uxeSi sakvebi
mTis saZovris
balaxi
mwvane/wvniani sakvebi
64
cxrili 3. –is gagrZeleba
65
mzesumziris
koptoni
xorblis
qato
rZis Srati
A, saerTaSoriso erTeuli
D,
“ – “ – “
E, mg
B1, mg
B2, mg
B3, mg
B4, mg
B5, mg
B6, mg
B12, mg
Svriis
makroelementebi,g: kalciumi (Ca)
fosfori (P)
magniumi (Mg)
kaliumi (K)
natriumi (Na)
gogirdi (S)
qlori (Cl)
mikroelementebi, mg: rkina (Fe)
spilenZi (Cu)
cinki (Zn)
manganumi (Mn)
kobalti (Co)
iodi (J)
vitaminebi: karotini, mg
TeTri
simindis
sakvebi erTeuli
mimocvliTi energia: mjouli
ZroxisaTvis
RorisaTvis
cxvrisaTvis
mSrali nivTiereba, g
nedli proteini, g
m.S. monelebadi proteini, g
nedli cximi, g
nedli ujredana, g
uazoto eqstraqtuli nivT-ba, g
m.S. saxamebeli
“ – “ Saqari
aminmJavebi, g: lizini
meTionini+cistini
qeris
maCveneblebi
anarCenebi
xorblis
(rbili)
marcvali
1.28
1.15
1.33
1.0
1.08
0.75
0.13
10.8
13.56
12.38
850
133
106
20
17
661
515
20
3
3.7
0.8
3.6
1.0
3.4
0.1
1.2
0.4
40
6.6
23
46.4
0.07
0.06
1
11.9
4.6
1.4
9.6
969
52.5
6.1
-
10.5
12.7
11.2
850
113
85
22
49
638
485
2
4.1
3.6
2.0
3.9
1.0
5.0
0.8
1.3
2.4
50
4.2
35.1
13.5
0.26
0.22
0.5-0.2
50
3.5
1.1
9.4
1100
60
3.1
-
12.8
13.65
12.9
850
92
67
43
43
658
560
20
2.8
1.8
0.4
2.7
1.5
3.7
0.1
1.4
0.3
42
6.0
19.5
8.8
0.06
0.13
0.4
15.0
4.6
1.4
4.0
500
16
8
-
9.20
10.75
9.46
850
108
79
40
97
573
320
25
3.6
3.2
1.5
3.4
1.2
5.4
1.8
1.3
1.4
41
4.9
22.5
56.5
0.07
0.1
1.3
12.9
7.3
1.1
13.0
900
13.0
1.9
-
10.44
12.25
10.46
900
405
324
77
129
221
25
62.6
13.4
15.8
5.9
12.9
4.8
9.5
1.3
1.0
5.5
215
17.2
40.0
37.9
0.19
0.37
2
5
11.0
6.3
3.1
14.9
2300
220
10
-
8.85
9.28
9.41
850
151
97
41
88
526
47
5.4
3.9
2.0
9.6
4.3
10.9
0.9
1.0
1.9
170
11.3
81.0
117.0
0.10
1.75
2.6
20.9
6.0
2.9
23.5
1300
150
15
-
1.31
1.51
90
37
35
1
45
2.9
1.2
1.4
1.0
0.1
1.8
0.6
0.39
1.5
0.8
0.9
4.4
0.21
0.07
0.11
5-20
0.6
0.4
1.8
4.5
120
1.0
1.1
3.6
imavdroulad, rZis an/da matylis misaRebad cxovelebis moSenebis
da maTi aRwarmoebis funqciis dasaxasiaTeblad cximis dagroveba ar
SeiZleba iyos sakvebis produqtiuli moqmedebis erTaderTi kriteriumi.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvadasxva sakvebisa da ulufebis energetikuli yuaTianobis ZiriTad maCveneblad iyeneben mimocvliTi energiiT
Sefasebis monacems. Sesafasebel erTeulad SemoTavazebulia energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli (“ese”), am sididis gazomvis etalonad ki miRebulia 2500 kilokaloria, anu 10,47 megajouli mimocvliTi energia. “ese”-s
sazRvraven sakvebis (ulufis) mimocvliTi energiis 2500 kilokaloriaze
an 10,47 mjoulze gayofiT.
ase magaliTad, me- 3 cxrilis mixedviT mTis saZovris balaxis
mimocvliTi energia ZroxisaTvis Seadgens 2,88 megajouls. amdenad, misi
energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli ki iqneba:
ese = 2,88 : 10,47 = 0,28.
monelebadi proteini. sakvebis azotovani nivTierebebis nawilia
proteini, xolo masSi Semaval yvela azotovan naerTs uwodeben nedl
proteins. am nivTierebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis cilebi da azotis Semcveli sxva aracilovani naerTebi, e.w. amidebi. proteini cxovelis kuW-nawlavis wvenebis moqmedebiT iSleba aminmJavebad da aseTi saxiT Seiwoveba
sisxlSi.
cila cxovelis organizmisaTvis ZiriTadi saSeni masalaa. cocxali
ujredis cxovelmoqmedeba cilebis cvlis mudmivi procesisagan Sedgeba
da, amdenad, sakvebis proteiniT dakmayofilebas misTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom cilovani nivTierebebi monawileoben cocxal
organizmSi mimdinare TiTqmis yvela sasicocxlo procesSi. amasTan, rac
ufro bevria ulufaSi sxvadasxva sakvebi saSualebebi, miT ufro mravalferovnad aris warmodgenili proteini da, amdenad, metia am nivTierebiT
organizmis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis garantiebi.
proteinis Semcvelobas da xarisxs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
mieqces Rorisa da frinvelebis kvebisas. saqme is aris, rom am saxeobebis
moSenebis efeqturoba, ZiriTadad, damokidebulia sakvebSi Seucvladi
aminmJavebis Semcvelobaze, romelTa nakleboba swrafadve aisaxeba nivTierebaTa cvlis moSliT da produqtiulobis SemcirebiT. maTgan gansxvavebiT, mcoxnavi cxovelebis winakuWebSi mikroorganizmebis mier sasicocxlo funqciebis Sesrulebisas xdeba yvela Seucvladi aminmJavas sinTezi,
ris gamo es saxeobebi naklebad ganicdian sakvebSi miRebuli proteinis
dabal xarisxiT gamowveul uaryofiT moqmedebas.
mcoxnavi cxovelebisaTvis ulufis proteinovan yuaTianobas sazRvraven nedli da monelebadi proteinis raodenobiT, xolo frinvelebisa
da RorebisaTvis nedli da monelebadi proteinis, agreTve zogierTi
Seucvladi aminmJavebis SemcvelobiT.
naxSirwylebi (Saqrebi). mcenareuli sakvebi didi raodenobiT Seicavs
am nivTierebebs da maT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc energiis wayros. amasTan, zogadad sakvebis da masSi proteinis gamoyenebis efeqturobis amaRlebis saqmeSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs naxSirwylebisa da
proteinis urTierTSefardebas (“Saqarproteinovan Sefardebas”). am cnebis
qveSi igulisxmeba Tu ra raodenobiT Saqari modis monelebadi proteinis
erTeul raodenobaze. mewveli furebisaTvis es maCvenebeli unda iyos 0,8-
66
1,0- is farglebSi, anu yovel 100 g monelebad proteinze unda modiodes
80-100 g naxSirwylebi.
cximebi. am nivTierebis roli ar Semoifargleba mxolod energetikuli RirebulebiT. is struqturuli masalis saxiT Sedis ujredis protoplazmis SemadgenlobaSi. cximebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali zogierTi
cximmJava (mag. araqidonis, linolenis) gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania
nivTierebaTa cvlisaTvis da cxovelis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. sakvebSi
cximebis ukmarisobisas aRiniSneba cximSi xsnadi vitaminebis (A, D, E, K)
deficiti, amis gamo kvebis normebSi asaxulia am nivTierebaze moTxovna.
mineraluri nivTierebebi. mravalmxriv funqciebs asruleben cxovelis organizmSi. isini warmoqmnian Zvlovan qsovils, monawileoben nivTierebaTa cvlaSi da sxva.
cxovelis organizmi SeiZleba Seicavdes 66-68 qimiuri elements,
romelTagan mudmivad gvxvdeba 47. raodenobrivi Semcvelobidan gamomdinare maT yofen makro da mikroelementebad.
makroelementebidan cxovelebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
kalciumi da fosfori, xolo mikroelementebidan- rkina, spilenZi, TuTia,
manganumi, kobalti da iodi.
mineraluri marilebis gareSe kveba cxovelis gardauval sikvdils
iwvevs, Tundac misi ulufa dabalansebuli iyos energiis da organuli
nivTierebebis mixedviT. garkveuli gadaxrebi aRiniSneba calkeuli mikro
da makroelementis naklebobisas. magaliTad, kalciumis nakleboba iwvevs
zrdis SeCerebas da raqitiT daavadebas, fosforis deficiti- madis
daqveiTebas, osteomalacias da balnis cvenas, rkinis nakleboba ki sisxlnaklulobas.
sasicocxlo funqciebis Sesrulebisas cxovelis organizmi “xarjavs” mineralur nivTierebebs. magaliTad, weliwadSi 3000 kg rZis mewveli furi rZesTan erTad organizmidan gamohyofs 22,5 kg mineralur
nivTierebas. misi gamoiyofa xdeba, agreTve, fekalur masaSi, SardSi,
oflSi da sxv., amitom normaluri mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad cxovelma mineraluri nivTierebebi sistematiurad da gansazRvruli raodenobiT unda miiRos sakvebidan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia:
a) organoTa funqciuri moqmedebis darRveva;
b) aRwarmoebis funqciis moSla da/an daqveiTebuli sicocxlisunarianobis mqone namatis dabadeba;
g) sarZeo produqtiulobis Semcireba da rZis qimiur SemadgenlobaSi cvlilebebi;
d) sakvebis monelebadobis gauareseba da erTeul produqciaze
daxarjuli sakvebis raodenobis gadideba.
sufris marili (NaCl). mineraluri marilebidan gansakuTrebuli
adgili ukavia. am naerTSi 39,3% modis natriumze da 60,7% qlorze. cxovelisaTvis vargisi sufris marili ar unda Seicavdes qviSis minarevebs,
metalis nawilakebs da sxva ucxo CanarTebs.
uSualod meZroxeobisa da mecxvareobis fermebSi es nivTiereba
gamoiyeneba qvamarilisa an dawnexili briketebis saxiT. amaTgan, ufro
efeqturia briketebad dawnexilis gamoyeneba, vinaidan damzadebisas aris
SesaZlebloba masSi mevurioT sxvadasxva elementebi, vitaminebi da
zogierTi invaziuri daavadebis sawinaaRmdego preparatebi, e.i. gavzardoT
misi moqmedebis efeqti.
sufris marilisadmi Zlier mgrZnobiare aris Rori, qaTami, indauri
da yvela saxeobis frinvelis mozardi. am nivTierebiT mowamvlis niSnebia
67
Zlieri wyurvili, sunTqvis sixSiris momateba, kunTebis sisuste, kisrisa
da Tavis arabunebrivi moZraoba.
vitaminebi. sakvebSi metad mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba, magram maTi
biologiuri roli imdenad didia, rom vitaminebis gareSe cxovelis
organizmi ver uzrunvelyofs sasicocxlo funqciebis Sesrulebas. es
nivTierebebi asruleben katalizatorebis rols.
vitaminebis
klasifikacia
damyarebulia
maT
xsnadobaze.
am
maCvenebliT isini iyofa or jgufad: 1. wyalSi xsnadi (B jgufis da C
vitaminebi) da 2. cximSi xsnadi (A, D, E da K).
organizmSi romelime vitaminis naklebobas uwodeben hipovitaminozs, xolo saerTod ar arsebobas- avitaminozs. informacia vitaminebis
naklebobiT gamowveul daavadebebze mocemulia me- 4 cxrilSi.
cxrili 4. sakvebSi zogierTi vitaminebis naklebobiT
gamowveuli daavadebebi
vitaminebis
qimiuri
naklebobiT gamowveuli daavadebebi
dasaxeleba
formula
zrdis SeCereba, Tvalis daavadeba,
C20H29OH
A, rentoli
nayofierebis daqveiTeba
polinevriti,
madis dakargva, kunTebis
C12H17ON4SCl
B1, Tiamini
sisuste, rezistentobis daqveiTeba
zrdis SeCereba, dermatiti, balnis
C17H20N4O6
B2, riboflavini
cvena, pulsis Seneleba
tyavis daavadeba, zrdaSi CamorCena.
C8H11O3N
B6, piridoqoli
B12 ciankobalamini C6H88O14N14PCo anemia, proteinis aTvisebis unaris daqveiTeba
pelagra (specifikuri dermatiti)
C6H5O2N
PP, nikotinmJava
cinga (kbilebis cvena, sisxlCaqcevebi)
C6H8O6
C,askorbinis mJava
osteomalacia, raqiti
C28O44OH
D, kalciferoli
unayofoba, abortebi
C29H50O2
E, tokoferoli
sisxlis Sededebis unaris daqveiTeba
C32H46O2
K, filoqinoni
tyavis daavadeba
C10H16O3N2S
H, biotini
wyali. erT erTi yvelaze efeqturi bunebrivi gamxsnelia. marTalia
is ar Seicavs sayuaTo nivTierebebs, magram sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofaze didadaa damokidebuli cxovelebis produqtiuloba da janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.
pirutyvis sasmeli wylis optimaluri temperatura +8...+160C-is farglebSia. ufro maRali temperaturis wyali cudad klavs wyurvils.
amasTan, ZuZumwovar mozards umjobesia mivceT +30...+320C temperaturis
wyali, erTi Tvis Sesrulebis Semdeg ki +14...+15 C0–is.
cxovelebi wyals dRe-RameSi svamen 6-10 da metjer. bagurad Senaxvisas dasawyurveblad umjobesia gamoviyenoT avtosawyurveblebi. saZovarze
ki ise unda movawyoT sawyurveblebi, rom cxovelebs dRis manZilze
survilisamebr SeeZloT wylis daleva.
sxvadaxva saxeobis da asakis cxovelebisa da frinvelebis moTxovnileba wyalze mocemulia me- 5 cxrilSi.
sakvebis monelebadoba
aris sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis Tviseba saWmlis momnelebeli
wvenebis zemoqmedebiT gadavidnen xsnad mdgomareobaSi da am gziT miiRon
68
kuW-nawlavis sistemis mier advilad asaTvisebeli forma. es maCveneblebi,
damokidebulia sakvebis qimiur Sedgenilobaze, gemoze, sunze da kvebiswina Semzadebaze, agreTve kvebis teqnikaze, cxovelis saxeobaze, mis
asakze da fiziologiur mdgomareobaze.
cxrili 5. sasmeli da sameurneo saWiroebisaTvis saWiro wyali
(saSualod 1 sulze dReRameSi, litri)
pirutyvis saxeoba da jgufi
dRiuri norma
saZovruli
avtosawyureb- avtosawyureb- Senaxvisas
lis gareSe
lis dros
furi (xeliT wvelisas)
70
90
60-75
furi (manqaniT wvelisas)
90
115
60-75
kuro-mwarmoebeli da uSobeli
50
60
Zroxis 2 wlamde mozardi
30
35
40
4-6 Tvis asakis xbo
18
20
cxvari
10
10
6-8
asxletili batkani
3
5
3-4
mawovari nezvi
60
100
40-50
mSrali-make nezvi
25
35
30
kerati-mwarmoebeli
25
35
30
Roris 2 Tveze uxnesi mozardi
10-15
15-25
15
qaTami
0,5
1
indauri
0,75
1
ixvi da bati
1,25
1,75
cxeni
50
60-80
50-60
ujredana
mcoxnavi cxovelebi
saZovris balaxi
71
70
62
Tiva
61
57
51
qeris marcvali
86
70
89
xorblis qato
69
79
71
moxdili rZe
98
95
100
Rori
samyuras balaxi
40
33
12
qeris marcvali
82
77
44
xorblis qato
78
85
71
moxdili rZe
90
90
81
uen
nedli
cximi
nedli
proteini
organuli
nivTiereba
cxrili 6. zogierTi saxis sakvebis
monelebadobis koeficientebi
sakvebi
75
64
92
71
100
66
59
33
26
-
57
89
82
95
16
12
26
-
nivTierebebis monelebadobis koeficienti.
69
sakvebis monelebadobas
gamosaxaven monelebadobis
koeficientiT (%-Si), romelsac sazRvraven
micemuli
sakvebisa da organizmidan
gamoyofili
mounelebeli
nawilis
urTierTSefardebiT. rogorc wesi, sakvebis
organul
nivTierebebTan
erTad sazRvraven, nedli
proteinis, nedli cximis,
uazoto eqstraqtuli nivTierebebis (uen) da ujredanas
monelebadobis
koeficientebs (cxrili 6).
sxvadaxva sakvebis monelebadobis koeficienti cxovelTa saxeobebis mixedviT
metad gansxvavebulia. amasTan, rac metia sakvebSi nedli ujredana, miT dabalia
masSi
Semavali
sayuaTo
cxovelTa normirebuli kveba
cxovelTa produqtiulobis potenciis gamovlenaSi, misi janmrTelobis SenarCunebisa da eqsploataciis xangrZlivobis gazrdaSi kvebas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
mecxoveleobis mravalsaukunovani praqtikiT dasabuTebulia, rom
met-naklebad maRalproduqtiuli jiSebis gamoyvana da/an xarisxobrivi
gaumjobeseba SeuZlebelia srulfasovani da dabalansebuli ulufebiT
kvebis gareSe.
cxovelTa kvebis sworad organizacia iTvaliswinebs sayuaTo nivTierebebiT, mineraluri marilebiT da vitaminebiT cocxali organizmis
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. arasrulfasovani, daubalansebeli ulufebiT kvebisas cxoveli Tavisi sxeulidan xarjavs im nivTierebebs,
romelTa deficiti aRiniSneba ulufaSi. Sedegad, aRiniSneba organizmis
gaRaribeba da rac ufro didxans grZeldeba aseTi kvebis periodi, miT
ufro sustdeba cxoveli, qveiTdeba produqtiuloba da sareproduqcio
Tvisebebi.
fermebSi produqciis warmoebaze da mis ekonomikur efeqtianobaze
mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebisaTvis unda vicodeT:
a) sxvadasxva saxeobis, produqtiuli mimarTulebis, sqesis, asakis
cocxali masisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis da/an
frinvelis moTxovnileba yvela aucilebel nivTierebebze, anu
kvebis norma;
b) ulufebis Sedgenis principebi;
g) arsebuli sakvebi saSualebebis bazaze kvebis optimaluri tipis
SerCeva;
d) cxovelTa kvebis sworad organizacia da teqnika;
e) kvebis pirobebis kontroli da ekonomikurobis Sefaseba.
kvebis norma. aris mecnierulad argumentirebuli moTxovnileba
sayuaTo nivTierebebze, romelic sakvebis zomierad xarjviT uzrunvelyofs cxovelidan Sesabamisi produqciis miRebas, misi janmrTelobis
mdgomareobisa da aRwarmoebis unaris SenarCunebas.
sakvebis yuaTianoba aris Tviseba daakmayofilos cxovelis moTxovnileba ama Tu im nivTierebaze. Tavis mxriv, sakvebis moTxovnilebaSi
igulisxmeba nivTierebebis is raodenoba, romelic unda miiRos cxovelma
saarsebod da produqciis Sesaqmnelad.
mecnierebis mier Sedgenili kvebis normebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs
ganvsazRvroT ulufebi konkretuli saxeobis, jiSis, sqesis, asakis da
fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare.
amasTan, kvebis normebis da pirobebis dacva miRebuli produqciis- rZis,
xorcis, kvercxisa da matylis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis saSualebas
iZleva.
kvebis normebis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia organizmis moTxovnileba arsebobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro sayuaTo nivTierebebze (saarsebo sakvebi) da sayuaTo nivTierebebis is damatebiTi raodenoba, romelic aucilebelia: a) produqciis misaRebad (produqtiuli sakvebi) da
b) aRwarmoebis funqciis Sesasruleblad (sareproduqcio sakvebi).
saarsebo sakvebis raodenoba icvleba cxovelis saxeobis, cocxali
masis, asakis, nakvebobis, individualuri Taviseburebisa da garemos temperaturis gaTvaliswinebiT.
70
produqtiuli sakvebis raodenoba gaiangariSeba cxovelis asakis,
produqtiulobis donis da/an datvirTvis (mag. cxovelis muSaobisas)
xasiaTidan gamomdinare.
mdedri cxovels organizmi kvercxujredis mosamwifeblad, ganayofierebis Semdeg ki nayofis normalurad ganviTarebisaTvis, mamr
cxovels ki spermis warmosaqmnelad garkveuli raodenobiT sakvebi
sWirdeba, romelic iwodeba sareproduqcio sakvebad.
ulufa. mas racionsac uwodeben. ulufa aris cxovelis dRiuri
norma sakvebze da Sedgeba erTi an ramodenime saxis sakvebisagan. sworad
Sedgenilma ulufam unda daakmayofilos cxovelis moTxovnileba yvela
organul da araorganul nivTierebaze.
ulufis Sedgenisas unda gamovideT sakvebis im asortimentidan
romelic gvaqvs meurneobaSi da ra yuaTianobis ulufa mogvcems ufro
maRal efeqts. amis gaTvaliswinebiT cdiloben rac SeiZleba iafi sakvebi
CarTon ulufaSi, magram aman uaryofiTad ar unda imoqmedos cxovelis
produqtiulobasa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs kvebis pirobebis dacvas. es niSnavs, rom cxovels sxvadasxva saxis sakvebi unda mivceT garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT da
zustad gansazRvrul dros. mniSvnelovania, rom ulufaSi axali sakvebis
Setana moxdes TandaTanobiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos saWmlis monelebis moSla.
kvebis (ulufis) tipi. ganisazRvreba ulufaSi Semavali sxvadasxva
sakvebis urTierT SefardebiT da gamoixateba procentebSi. kvebis tipis
saxelad arCeven yuaTianobis mixedviT ulufaSi yvelaze meti raodenobiT
Semavali sakvebis saxels. magaliTad koncentrirebuli tipis, moculobiani tipis, silosis tipis da a.S.
ulufis tips arCeven cxovelis saxeobidan gamomdinare. magaliTad,
Roris ZiriTadi sakvebia koncentrirebuli sakvebi. analogiuri mdgomareoba frinvelebSi, maSin rodesac Zroxa da cxvari SeiZleba SevinaxoT
moculobiani sakvebis maRali xvedriTi wilis Semcvel ulufebze.
kvebis tipi gavlenas axdens organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa
cvlis xasiaTsa da mimarTulebaze, agreTve cxovelis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobasa da aRwarmoebaze. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi is unda
SeiirCes sakvebis saerTo maragis da asortimentis gaTvaliswinebiT.
rogorc aRiniSna, ulufa xels unda uwyobdes produqtiulobis maqsimaluri doniT gamovlenas.
cxovelTa kvebis organizacia. mecxoveleobis fermaSi sakvebi
ulufebis Sedgena xdeba cxovelebis garkveul jgufze. ase, magaliTad,
sarZeo fermaSi furebs yofen daaxloebiT erTnairi cocxali masis, asakis, dRiuri monawvelis, rZeSi cximis Semcvelobis da nakvebobis mixedviT, ris Semdeg dgeba moTxovnilebis Sesatyvisi sakvebi ulufebi jgufis
erT saSualo cxovelze, rogorc fizikuri masiT, aseve Semadgeneli
nivTierebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
erTi furis dRiuri normis gamravlebiT jgufSi cxovelTa saerTo raodenobaze adgenen moTxovnilebas cal-calke yvela saxis sakvebze,
xolo fermaSi arsebuli furebis yvela jgufisaTvis saWiro sakvebTa
dajamebiT ganisazRvreba mTeli moTxovnileba garkveuli periodis
(rogorc wesi erTi Tvis) manZilze. msgavsi principiT ganisazRvreba
sakvebze moTxovnileba meZroxeobis fermis sxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi da
fiziologiuri jgufis cxovelebisaTvis konkretuli Tvis, wlis periodis da/an mTeli wlis manZilze.
71
ramdenadac fermaSi, rogorc wesi, hyavT sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis cxovelebi, gaTvlebis gaadvilebis mizniT SemoRebulia
cneba “pirobiTi suli”, romlis qveS igulisxmeba erTi saSualo safuraJe furi.
sxvadasxva saxeobis, agreTve sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis cxovelebis pirobiT sulSi gadayvana SeiZleba Sesabamisi koeficientebis saSualebiT (cxrili 7). gaTvlebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemiT, ician ra
“erTi safuraJe furis” wliuri moTxovnileba sakvebze, dagegmili kvebis
tipi, fermaSi arsebuli sakvebis da mosalodneli mosavlis savaraudo
yuaTianoba, gadaangariSebiT sazRvraven sxvadasxva saxis sakvebze moTxovnilebas.
cxrili 7. sxvadasxva saxeobis da sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis
cxovelis pirobiT sulSi gadasayvani koeficienti
saxeoba/sqesobrivgadasayvani
saxeoba/sqesobrivgadasayvani
asakobrivi jgufi koeficientebi
asakobrivi jgufi
koeficientebi
furi/furkameCi
1.0
ZiriTadi nezvi
0.47
kuro
0.78
kerati
0.46
uSobeli
0.61
gamosacdeli nezvi
0.34
0.54
0.17
1-dan 2 wlamde
2-10 Tvis sanaSene
mozardi
mozardi
0.23
0.11
1 wlamde mozardi
2-8 Tvis sasuqi
mozardi
0.15
0.21
6 Tvemde xbo
8-dan 11 Tvemde
sasuqi mozardi
nerbi
0.13
ulayi, faSati
0.86
verZi
0.15
kvici 1 wlamde
0.40
SiSaqi
0.11
kvici 1-2 wlamde
0.68
1 wlamde batkani
0.07
2- dan 3 wlamde
0.71
mozardi
ramdenadac, ulufis yvela komponentiT dabalanseba sakmaod Sromatevadi samuSaoa, Seqmnilia specialuri kompiuteruli programebi (magaliTad programa «Коралл»), romelic gvaZlevs saSualebas vareguliroT
cxovelTa ulufebis dagegmva da sakvebze moTxovnileba konkretuli
bunebriv-ekologiuri da sameurneo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saZovrebis organizacia
saqarTvelo mdidaria bunebrivi sakveb-savargulebiT. statistikuri
monacemebiT CvenSi sul aris 1796,6 aTasi ha bunebrivi sakveb-savarguli,
romlidan 1919,0 ha modis sazafxulo saZovrebze da saTibebze, 235 aTasi
ha sazamTroa, xolo 642,6 ha gardamavali saZovaria. maTi efeqturad
gamoyeneba iseTi mciremiwiani qveynisaTvis, rogorc saqarTveloa metad
mniSvnelovania.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom gamomdinare bunebriv-klimaturi da
ekonomikuri pirobebidan Cveni meZroxeoba da mecxvareoba TiTqmis mTlianad efuZneba bunebrivi svargulebidan miRebul sakvebs, gasagebi unda
iyos am sferoSi saqmianobis sworad organizaciis sakiTxis udidesi
mniSvneloba.
saZovrebis mosavlianobis gazrda da maTi sargeblianobis amaRleba
SesaZlebelia zedapiruli da Zireuli gaumjobesebiT.
72
zedapiruli gaumjobeseba. am dros mimarTaven Semdeg RonisZiebebs:
1. kulturteqnikuri samuSaoebi (qvebis gatana, Txunelebisa da WianWvelebis kolxobebis mosworeba, SedarebiT swor farTobebze buCqnarebisa da wvrili tyis gakafva, saWiroebisas teritoriis mosworeba);
2. wylisa da sahaero reJimebis gaumjobeseba (morwyva, kordis gafxviereba);
3. sarevela mcenareebTan brZola;
4. organuli da mineraluri sasuqebis SetaniT miwis ganoyiereba;
5. sakvebi balaxebis SeTesva.
kulturteqnikuri samuSaoebis da sarevelebTan brZolis RonisZiebebis damTavrebis Semdeg im farTobebze, sadac kordi Zlier darRveulia da cenozSi Warbobs fesuriani da meCxerbuCqiani marcvlovnebi, atareben sakvebi balaxebis SeTesvas. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi klimatis, niadagis tipis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT SearCeven SesaTesi sakvebi kulturebis saxeobebs. am RonisZiebis efeqturoba damokidebulia farTobebis teniT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxis gadawyvetaze.
Zireuli gaumjobeseba. arsebobs ori xerxi: pirveli, niadagis moxvnisa da damuSavebis Semdeg 2-3 wlis manZilze erTwlovani kulturebis
Tesva-moyvana da meore e.w. daCqarebuli gamdeloeba, rodesac niadagis
moxvnis Semdeg pirdapir iTeseba mravalwlovani balaxebis narevi.
saZovrebis gaumjobesebis Tu romeli xerxi iqnas gamoyenebuli
yovel konkretul SemTxvevisaTvis unda gadawydes bunebrivi pirobebis,
nakveTis eqsploataciis intensivobis, cenozis mdgomareobis da sxva
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saZovrebis racionaluri gamoyeneba. gulisxmobs cxovelebis Zovebis mowesrigebas. upirvelesi amocanaa gazafxulze cxovelebis saZovarze
gayvanis da Semodgomaze saZovruli Senaxvis damTavrebis optimaluri
vadebis gansazRvra. gazafxulze, cxovelebis saZovarze pirvelad gaSvebis periodis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sazomia balaxnaris simaRle. amasTan,
marcvlovani balaxeulis siWarbisas Zoveba unda daiwyos aRerebis sawyis
stadiaSi, xolo parkosnebis siWarbisas- parkosani balaxebis gverdiTi
ylortebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi.
nebismier tipis saZovarze balaxnaris mosavlianobis da eqsploataciis xangrZlivobis gazrdis, agreTve efeqturobis amaRlebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis sistemis SemoReba.
CvenSi, jer kidev, SemorCenilia usistemo Zovebis tradicia, rodesac pirutyvi yovelgvari winaswar momzadebis gareSe gahyavT fermis
mimdebare nakveTze da xdeba maTi Tavisuflad Zoveba.
usistemod Zovebisas saZovris balaxis mniSvnelovani nawili (3035%-mde) iTeleba cxovelebis gadaadgilebisas. saqme is aris, rom am
SemTxvevaSi, ukeTesi balaxnaris ZebniT cxoveli yoveldRe Semoivlis
mTel farTobs, sakvebis ukmarisobisas ki is Zovs ufro karg da noyier
balaxs. meores mxriv, mosavlis siWarbisas pirutyvi ver aswrebs balaxis
srulad gadaZovnas, is yvavildeba, uxeSdeba da kargavs yuaTianobas.
nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis sistema gulisxmobs mTeli farTobis 4-5
nakveTad dayofas da yovel nakveTSi, morigeobiT, 5-7 dRis ganmavlobaSi
pirutyvis Zovebas. aseT pirobebSi pirutyvi pirvel nakveTs daubrundeba
25-30 dRis Semdeg. drois es Sualedi ki sruliad sakmarisia balaxis
wamosazrdelad da misi sruli simwifis misaRwevad.
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nakveTebis raodenobisa da farTobis gaangariSebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia jgufSi cxovelebis suladoba, maTi sakvebze moTxovnileba,
balaxnaris mdgomareoba, vegetaciisaTvis saWiro tenis uzrunvelyofa da
zogierTi sxva momenti. 1 pirobiT furze unda modiodes 2-3 m siganis
nakveTi, xolo saZovris farTobma dReSi unda Seadginos 12-15 m2.
saZovris nakveTebad dayofisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT bunebrivi sazRvrebiT Semokavebuli farTobebi, an kidev gamoviyenoT ”eleqtro mwyemsi”
(nax. 47), romlis axali modeli ikvebeba mzis batareebiT.
nakveTmorigeobiTi
Zovebis
sur. 47. eleqtro mwyemsis gamoyeefeqturoba gamoixateba, agreTve,
nebis principuli sqema
invaziuri daavadebebis gavrcelebis saSiSroebis nivelirebaSi. saqme is aris, rom periodi, romlis
Semdeg naxiri ubrundeba nakveTs
sruliad sakmarisia
daavadebuli
cxovelis
nakelidan
saZovarze
moxvedrili parazitebis kvercxebis
dasaxocad, e.i. saZovris TviTdawmendisaTvis.
nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebisas
gaadvilebulia saZovris morwyvis
da sxva zedapirulad gasaumjobesebeli RonisZiebebis Catareba.
xelovnuri (kulturuli) saZovrebi. cxovelebisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze iafi da maRali xarisxis sakvebis wyaroa. mowyoba xdeba agroteqnikuri moTxovnebis zustad dacvis pirobebSi, mravalwlovani marcvlovani
parkosani balaxebis narevis TesviT. kulturuli saZovrebi mosavlianobiT 2-3 da ufro metad aRemateba bunebriv saZovrebs.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris raionebisaTvis kulturuli saZovrebis mosawyobad rekomendebulia saTiTuras, mdelos wivanas, ufxo
Svrielas, saZovris koindaris da ionjis narevSi Tesva. 1 ha farTobze am
balaxebis Teslis masam unda Seadginos, Sesabamisad 8, 10, 8 da 6 kg.
aseTi saZovris mwvane masis 1 kg- is yuaTianoba, vegetaciis fazidan
gamomdinare, 0,22-0,24 sakvebi erTeulia da Seicavs 24-28 g monelebad
proteins.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
sakontrolo kiTxvebi.
ra maCveneblebs iTvaliswineben kvebis normebis dadgenisas?
ra gansazRvravs sakvebis yuaTianobas?
ra ewodeba vitaminebis naklebobas da mis saerTod ar arsebobas?
normidan ra gadaxrebia mosalodneli vitaminebis naklebobisas?
rogor vangariSobT sakvebis monelebadobis koeficients?
ra aris sakvebi erTeuli?
rogor gaiangariSeba energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli (“ese”)?
ra saxis sakvebi saSualebebi iciT?
ramdeni maCvenebliT dabalansebas iTvaliswinebs kvebis normebi?
ras niSnavs “saarsebo” “produqtiuli” da sareproduqcio sakvebi?
ra aris Saqarproteinovani Sefardeba da ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas?
ra mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelis sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofas?
74
•
•
•
•
ra aris “pirobiTi suli”?
ra samuSaoebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs saZovrebis zedapiruli
gaumjobeseba?
ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT cxovelebis saZovarze gayvanisas?
ra upiratesoba aqvs nakveTmorigeobiT Zovebas Tavisuflad ZovebasTan SedarebiT?
sacnobaro literatura:
1. g. aglaZe- saqarTvelos mTis saTib-saZovrebis ganoyiereba. Tbilisi,
1980;
2. g. gogoli- garemo da cxoveli; produqtiulobis ekologiuri problemebi meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 1997;
3. l. diursti, m. vitmani- sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa kveba. Tbilisi, “siesta”, 2005;
4. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009;
5. j.RuduSauri, j.guguSvili da sxv.- rCevebi (fermerebisaTvis)
cxovelTa da frinvelTa normirebuli kvebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2001;
6. Нормы и рационы кормления сельскохозяйственных жиоттных. Сост. А.П.Калашников и др., 2002;
7. С. Н.Хохрин- Корма и кормление животных. Учебное пособие. 2002.
8. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
Tavi 5. meZroxeoba; rZis da Zroxis xorcis
warmoebis teqnologia
Zroxis moSenebiT dainteresebis mizezia bunebrivi sakveb savargulebidan, agreTve memcenareobis produqtebidan da anarCenebidan adamianebisaTvis metad Zvirfasi sakvebi produqtebis- rZisa da xorcis mocemis
unari. dReisaTvis msoflioSi warmoebuli rZis saerTo raodenobis daaxloebiT 97% da xorcis 25% modis meZroxeobis dargze.
Zroxis biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi;
konstitucia, eqsterieri da interieri
biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi gapirobebulia istoriuli ganviTarebis anu filogenezis procesSi gancdili cvlilebebiT;
maT Soris ZiriTadia, e.w. domestikuri, anu adamianis Segnebuli da mizanmimarTuli SromiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi.
Zroxa mcoxnavi cxovelia, aqvs 32 kbili da oTxkameriani kuWi. saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis Taviseburi agebuleba aZlevs mas saSualebas
aiTvisos ujredaniT mdidari mcenareuli warmoSobis sakvebi saSualebebis sayuaTo nivTierebebi.
zrdasruli Zroxa xasiaTdeba Semdegi klinikur-fiziologiuri maCveneblebiT:
- sxeulis temperatura normaSi +37,5...+38,9 0C;
- sisxlis raodenoba cocxali masis 7,5-8%;
- gamoyofili nerwyvis raodenoba 980-1900 kg dRe-RameSi;
- kuWis sekretis raodenoba- 60-65 l dRe-RameSi;
- naRvlis wvenis raodenoba- 2-6 litri dRe-RameSi;
75
- Sardis raodenoba- 2-6 l dRe-RameSi;
- ganavlis raodenoba- 35-45 kg dRe-RameSi;
furis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 18-21 welia, magram, rogorc wesi,
is sameurneod gamoyeneba 9-12 weli. Zroxa izrdeba sicocxlis pirveli 45, gvianmwifadi jiSebi ki 6-7 wlis manZilze. mozardi sqesobrivi simwifes aRwevs 7-10, xolo fiziologiur simwifes- 15-20 Tvis asakSi.
Zroxas SeiZleba damakdes da Sesabamisad xbo moigos wlis nebismier Tves. amasTan, daxboianebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens fotoperiodizmi, ris gamo aRiniSneba adre gazafxulze xbos mogebis tendencia.
dekeulebisa da furebis sqesobriv aqtivobas axasiaTebs garkveuli
cikluroba. ara make individebi xuraoben yovel 17-22 dReSi erTxel.
xuraobis refleqsi garegnulad vlindeba cxovelis aqtiurobis
gadidebiT, xSirad SardvaSi, sasircxo bageebidan lorwosmagvari siTxis
gadmodinebaSi, monawvelis SemcirebaSi da sxv. daubmelad Senaxvisas is
axteba sxva cxovels an sxvebi axtebian mas, is ki uZravad dgas (“uZraobis refleqsi”).
axalSobili xbos cocxali masa damokidebulia cxovelis jiSze da
cvalebadobs 11-15 kg-dan (primitiul jiSebSi) 45-55 kg-mde; umetesi
kulturuli jiSis axalSobili xbos saSualo cocxali masa 25-45 kg-a.
amasTan saxareebi dabadebisas saSualod iwonian 1-5 kg-iT ufro mets, da
movla-Senaxvis Tanabar pirobebSi izrdebian 10-15%-iT ufro swrafad,
vidre safureebi.
zrdasruli Zroxis saSualo cocxali masa sxvadasxva jiSebSi
sakmaod farTo diapazonSi cvalebadobs: primitiul jiSebSi furebis
cocxali masa 170-230 kg-a, kuroebis ki 300-380 kg. magaliTad, qarTuli
mTis Zroxis furebi iwonian 180-200 kg-s, xolo simaRle mindaoSi 100 sm-a.
kulturuli jiSis zrdasruli furi iwonis 600-700 kg-s, kuro ki 850-1200
kg-s. magaliTad holStinuris furebi iwonian 650-700 kg-s, xolo mindaoSi
maTi simaRle 150-180 sm- a.
sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT Semdegi rekorduli maCveneblebia
cnobili: dRiuri monawveli- 109,7 kg, laqtaciuri monawveli- 30264 kg rZe,
xolo laqtaciis manZilze rZis saSualo cximianoba- 10,58%. amaTgan,
pirveli ori ekuTvnis holStinur, xolo mesame- gernsiul jiSs.
konstitucia, Zroxis produqtiulobis dones, mimarTulebasa da
xarisxs gansazRvravs misi konstitucia anu cocxali organizmis Sinagani
da garegnuli Taviseburebebis erToblioba.
Zroxas yofen naz, uxeS, mkvriv da faSar konstituciur tipebad;
nazi konstituciuri tipis niSnebia: sxeuli odnav kuTxovani formis, Tavi msubuqi da patara, rqebi da Zvlovani sistema wvrili, mkerdi
SedarebiT viwro da brtyeli, magram sakmaod Rrma, kunTebi SedarebiT
sustad ganviTarebuli. aseTi konstituciis cxovelebs Txeli da nazi
kani aqvs, romelic kiserze warmoqmnis mravalricxovan naoWebs.
uxeSi konstituciis Zroxa xasiaTdeba mZime TaviT, uxeSi da masiuri
ZvleuliT, mkvrivi-uxeSi muskulaturiT, Zlier ganviTarebuli kunTovani
da sustad ganviTarebuli SemaerTebeli qsoviliT, sqeli kaniT, romelic
dafarulia naklebad elastiuri da uxeSi balniT. aseTi konstituciis
cxovelebi ar gamoirCevian maRali sarZeo da saxorce produqtiulobis,
xolo warmoebul produqciaze (rZeze, cocxali masis namatze) xarjaven
didi raodenobiT sakvebs.
mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis Zroxas aqvs mkvrivi muskulatura,
xSiri balniT dafaruli elastiuri kani, kargad ganviTarebuli gul76
sisxlZarRvTa da sasunTqi sistema, agreTve saWmlis momnelebeli organoebi. am tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia garemos uaryofiTi zemoqmedebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari da nivTierebaTa cvlis gaZlierebuli
intensivoba.
faSari konstituciuri tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebia:
wvrili Zvlovani sistema, patara zomis Tavi, farTo da Rrma mkerdi, mokle kiseri, sqeli da rbili kani, rbili da SedarebiT iSviaTi balani,
wvrilboWkovani kunTebi, Zlier ganviTarebuli kanqveSa da kunTebsSorisi
SemaerTebeli qsovili. biologiurad am konstituciuri tipis cxovelebs
axasiaTebT adreuli asakidan gasuqebis unari.
Cveulebriv, Zroxis jiSebSi gvxvdeba aRwerili konstituciuri
tipebis oTxive kombinacia: maT Soris, nazi-mkvrivi, romelic sasurvelia
sarZeo da sarZeo-saxorce, nazi-faSari- saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis ZroxisaTvis, uxeSi-mkvrivi, naklebad sasurvelia, magram ase Tu
ise misaRebia muSa pirutyvisaTvis, xolo uxeSi-faSari arc erTi
produqtiuli mimarTulebis ZroxisaTvis ar aris sasurveli.
eqsterieri. anu sxeulis garegani forma. gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
rom garegnuli formis, anu eqterieris Seswavlis safuZvelze maRali
sarwmunoebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT Zroxis produqtiul mimarTulebaze.
garegnulad ra niSan-TvisebebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisur. 48. sarZeo (a) da saxorce (b)
sagan sxvadasxva produqtiuli
jiSis Zroxis eqsterieri mimarTulebis Zroxis jiSebi?
sarZeo jiSebis (sur. 48, a)
sxeuls, gverdidan Sexedvisas aqvs
wagrZelebuli
(samkuTxedisebri)
forma; Tavi saSualo zomis da
xmeli, kiseri grZeli, saSualo
sisqis da danaoWebuli Txeli
kaniT, mindao SemaRlebuli, swori
da zomieri siganis, zurgi da
a
b
weli swori, ganieri da odnav
wagrZelebuli, gulmkerdi Rrma da saSualo siganis, gava farTo da
grZeli, muceli moculobiani da akruli.
sarZeo jiSebisagan gansxvavebiT, saxorce jiSis Zroxis sxeuli
kasrisebuli formisaa (sur. 48, b) da gverdidan Sexedvisas aqvs marTkuTxedis forma; Tavi ganieri da xorciani, kiseri mokle da sqeli, mindao
farTo, gulmkerdi Rrma da ganieri, zurgi farTo da swori, sxeulis
ukana mesamedi grZeli da kunTebiT kargad Sevsebuli, kani faSari, kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili kargad ganviTarebuli.
Zroxis eqsterieriT Sefasebas udides yuradRebas uTmoben maRalganviTarebuli meZroxeobis qveynebSi. SemuSavebulia Sefasebis erTiani
moTxovnebi, romlis mixedviT sarZeo furis eqsterieri fasdeba 12 standartuli da 4 damatebiTi maCvenebliT.
moTxovnis Tanaxmad, sxeulis TiToeuli nakvTis Sefaseba xdeba 1dan 9- mde balis mikuTvnebiT. 49- e suraTze motanilia niSan-Tvisebebis
ganviTarebis done, romlis mixedviT maT miekuTvnebaTY1 (marcxniv), 5 (centrSi) da 9 (marjvniv) bali. sanaSene furis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben
misi eqsterieris da produqtiulobis Sesabamisobas jiSis sasurvel
tipTan, romelsac gansazRvraven jiSis momSenebelTa asociaciebi. analogiurad fasdeba kuro-mwarmoeblebi da maTi furSvilebi.
77
sur. 49. eqsterieris Sefasebis standartuli da damxmare niSan-Tvisebebi
I. ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi
1. simaRle
gavaSi
3.
gavis forma
2. sxeulis siRrme
4. gavis sigane
5. ukana kidurebis dadgma
6. Cliqis simaRle
7. curis mimagreba
8. curis siRrme
9. curis Sua Zgide
10. curis ukana meoTxedebis siRrme
11. wina kertebis mdebareoba
12. kertebis sigrZe
II. damatebiTi niSan-Tvisebebi
13. curis wina meoTxedebis sigrZe
14. sarZeo tipi
13. wina kidurebis dadgma
14. saxtomi saxsari
78
sarZeo produqtiuloba da masze momqmedi faqtorebi
furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze msjeloben misgan miRebuli rZis
raodenobiTa da xarisxiT. es maCveneblebia: laqtaciuri da 305 dRiuri
monawveli, rZeSi cximis da cilis %, agreTve rZis cximisa da cilis
saerTo raodenoba.
sarZeo produqtiulobaze momqmedi faqtorebi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba
davyoT or jgufad, genetikuri anu memkvidruli da paratipuli anu
garemo.
furis jiSi. sarZeo jiSebi xasiaTdebian maRali monawveliT. maTTan
SedarebiT ufro mcire monawveli aqvT kombinirebul jiSebs, xolo
saxorce jiSebi iZlevian imden rZes, ramdenic sakmarisia maTi naSieris
gamosazrdelad.
jiSi, aseve, gansazRvravs rZeSi mSrali nivTierebis da maT Soris
cximebisa da cilebis Semcvelobas. magaliTad, jersuli jiSis Zroxis
rZe Seicavs 5,6 % cxims da 4%-mde cilas, maSin rodesac holStinuri
jiSis rZe, Sesabamisad, 3,6 da 3,1%-s.
jiSSi gvxvdeba calkeuli individebi, xazebi da ojaxebi, romelTac
axasiaTebT sarZeo produqtiulobis gansxvavebuli parametrebi. am movlenas uwodeben SigajiSur gansxvavebebs.
furis fiziologiuri mdgomareoba. aq Sedis: xuraoba, makeoba, mSralobis periodis xangrZlivoba, laqtaciis Tve, nakveboba, asaki, da sxva.
normalur pirobebSi furma xbo yovelwliurad unda moigos, xolo
laqtacia unda grZeldebodes 305 dRe. rZis intensiuri sekrecia iwyeba
xbos mogebis pirvelive dRidanve da misi done maqsimalurs aRwevs
laqtaciis meore TvisaTvis, Semdeg ki TandaTan klebulobs. mogebidan 85e dRemde furi unda damakdes, xolo momdevno mogebamde 60 dRiT adre is
unda gaSres. es cikli sqematurad gamosaxulia nax. 5- ze.
nax. 5. furis fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cikli
mogeba
damakeba
“servis”-periodi,
85 dRe
mogeba
makeobis periodi, 285 dRe
laqtaciis periodi, 305 dRe
mSralobis
periodi, 60 dRe
gaSroba
mogebaTa Soris periodi, 365 dRe
“servis–periodi”, grZeldeba mogebidan nayofier dagrilebamde.
xangrZlivi an Zlier Semoklebuli “servis-periodi” amcirebs furis
sarZeo produqtiulobas. adre damakeba naklebad sasurvelia imitom, rom
laqtaciis periodis mokldeba da, Sesabamisad, iwvevs monawvelis 20-30%iT Semcirebas.
mSralobis periodi. furis gaSroba aucilebelia nayofis normalurad ganviTarebisaTvis, agreTve organizmis aRsadgenad da saWiro
rezervebis Sesaqmnelad, anu momdevno laqtaciisaTvis mosamzadeblad.
mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom mSralobis periodis 20-30 dRemde
Semokleba 15-20%- iT amcirebs momdevno laqtaciis monawvels, xbo ki
susti da ganuviTarebeli ibadeba.
laqtaciis Tve. rZis sekreciis intensivoba mTeli laqtaciis manZilze ar aris erTnairi. mogebidan I-II TvisaTvis dRiuri monawveli
79
dRiuri monawveli, kg
izrdeba, Semdeg ki TandaTanobiT klebulobs. amasTan, pikis miRwevidan
me-6 Tvemde monawveli mcirdeba 4-8%-iT, xolo Semdeg ufro intensiurad.
monawvelis cvalebadonax. 6. magari (__) da susti (_ _) konstitubas laqtaciis Tveebis mixedciis furebis laqtaciuri mrudi
viT, gamoxatuls grafikulad, uwodeben laqtaciur
18
mruds (nax. 6). laqtaciuri
16
mrudi, aseve gviCvenebs fu14
12
ris konstituciur simagres.
10
asaki. furi I laqtaci8
aze iZleva SedarebiT mcire
6
raodenobis rZes, Semdgom
4
monawveli TandaTanobiT ma2
tulobs
da
maqsimalurs
0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
aRwevs IV-V (kulturul jiSebSi) an VI-VII (primitiul
laqtaciis Tve
jiSebSi) laqtaciaze.
Cveulebriv,
laqtaciebis mixedviT monawvelis mateba Seadgens: II laqtaciaze pirvelTan
SedarebiT- 15–25%-s, III laqtaciaze meoresTan SedarebiT- 10–16%-s, xolo
IV laqtaciaze mesamesTan SedarebiT- 5_8%-s.
I ganayofierebis da I mogebis asaki: damokidebulia jiSis malmwifadobasa da gamozrdis pirobebze. adreul asakSi dekeulis damakeba, miT
ufro, Tu cocxali masac Seusabamoa, iwvevs mis dakninebas, agreTve zrdaSi Seferxebasa da monawvelis Semcirebas. meores mxriv, didi dagvianebiT
dekeulis damakebisas izrdeba Senaxvis xarjebi, mcirdeba sicocxlis manZilze misgan misaRebi rZis raodenoba da matulobs berwianoba.
cocxali masa. didtanian furs SeuZlia SeWamos da gadaamuSaos
meti raodenobiT sakvebi, vidre patara tanianma. e.i. potenciurad mas aqvs
SesaZlebloba mogvces meti raodenobiT rZe. magram aseTi damokidebuleba yovelTvis ar dasturdeba.
sakvebi da kvebis pirobebi: SeiZleba iTqvas gadamwyveti faqtoria
monawvelis potenciuri SesZleblobis gamovlenaSi. mniSvneloba aqvs
rogorc sakvebis xarisxs, aseve yoveldRiuri ulufis yuaTianobasa da
struqturas. sxvadasxva saxis sakvebi gansxvavebulad moqmedebs rZis
raodenobasa da Sedgenilobaze; kerZod, ulufaSi moculobiani sakvebis
didi xvedriTi wili xels uwyobs rZis cximianobis gazrdas, xolo
koncentratebis didi raodenobiT Semcveli ulufa amcirebs mas. alpur
da subalpur saZovrebze ialaRoba dadebiTad moqmedebs monawvelis
raodenobasa da qimiur Sedgenilobaze.
movla-Senaxvis pirobebi. haeris maRali temperatura da fardobiTi
tenianoba, amcirebs monawvels. msgavsi movlena aRiniSneba boselSi mavne
airebis normaze maRali koncentraciisas, rac, aseve, SeiZleba gaxdes
sxvadasxva daavadebis mizezic. boselSi +5...+200C temperatura da 75%
fardobiTi tenianoba, agreTve haeris 0,5 m/wm moZraobis siCqare da mavne
airebis koncentraciis dabali done xels uwyobs organizms gamoavlinos
sarZeo produqtiulobis genetikuri potencia. am normebis darRveva gansakuTrebulad moqmedebs maRalproduqtiul furebze. daubmelad Senaxvisas, dabmulTan SedarebiT izrdeba erTeul produqciaze daxarjuli
sakvebis raodenoba.
80
xbos mogebis sezonis gavlena furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze uSualod dakvSirebulia fermebSi sakvebi bazis mdgomareobaze. laqtaciis
sawyis stadiaSi rac ufro mwiria kvebis done, miT ufro naklebia furis
monawveli da piriqiT, rac ufro gamoTanabrebulad vkvebavT mas, miT
meti rZis miReba aris SesaZlebeli.
wvelis sixSire. Cveulebriv furs wvelian dReSi orjer, diliT da
saRamos; sxva Tanabar SemTxvevaSi samjer wvelsas miiReba 10-15%- iT meti
rZe. wvelaTaSoris periodi unda iyos Tanabari xangrZlivobis.
aqtiuri mocioni. bagurad Senaxvisas dReSi 3-4 sT aqtiuri mocioni
dadebiTad moqmedebs rZis sekreciaze da monawvelis raodenobaze.
fermis dRis ganawesi. gulisxmobs sawarmoo procesebis Tanamimdevrobas da sazRvravs maTi Sesrulebis zusti dros. darRveva iwvevs monawvelis Semcirebas.
furis kveba
normaluri sarZeo produqtiulobis misaRwevad mogebis win makemSral furs amzadeben momdevno laqtaciisaTvis. kvebis normebis gansazRvrisas iTvaliswineben furis cocxal masas da mosalodnel sarZeo
produqtiulobas (cxrili 8).
cxrili 8. make-mSrali furis kvebis normebi
cocxali
dRiuri norma*
masa,kg
sakvebi mimocvliTi monelebadi Ca, g P, g karoti- NaCl,
erTeuli energia, kj proteini,g
ni, mg
g
mosalodneli 305 dRiuri monawveli 3000 kg rZe
300
5.0
62
600
45
25
200
30
400
6.0
73
720
60
35
240
40
500
7.0
82
840
80
45
280
50
mosalodneli 305 dRiuri monawveli 3500-4000 kg rZe
400
6.8
79
750
70
40
250
40
450
7.2
85
800
75
45
280
50
500
7.5
90
850
85
50
300
60
• ulufaSi sxva komponentebis Semcvelobis normebi motanilia sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa kvebis cnobarebSi;
make-mSrali furis ulufa unda Seicavdes kargi xarisxis Tivas,
siloss, Zirxvenebs; Tivis nawili, daaxloebiT 30-35% SeiZleba Seicvalos
namjiT. yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze mwvane da wvniani sakvebis raodenoba
ar unda aRematebodes 3-4 kg-s. kombinirebuli sakvebic make-mSral furs
unda mivceT SezRuduli raodenobiT.
zamTarSi make-mSrali furi yoveldRiurad unda gaviyvanoT seiranze. mocionis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia haeris temperaturasa da amindze.
msgavs pirobebs uqmnian uSoblebs, romlebic mogebamde 2-2,5 TviT
adre gadahyavT furebis boselSi da zrdaSi rom ar CamorCnen, msgavsi
cocxali masis make-mSrali furis normaze damatebiT 1-2 sakvebi erTeuliT meti yuaTianobis ulufiT kvebaven.
xbos mogebidan 30-35 wT-is Semdeg furs asmeven +25...+350C temperaturis wyals, sakveburSi ki Cauyrian kargi xarisxis Tivas. 1 saaTis Semdeg
curs Tbili wyliT Camobanen da gamomdinare movla-Senaxvis teqnologiidan, pirvel xsens Camowvelian an xbos moawoveben.
81
mogebis Semdeg uxvrZian furebs curi da ukana kidurebi SeiZleba
SeuSupdes. am SemTxvevaSi wvelamde da wvelis Semdeg SeSupebul adgilebze ukeTeben masaJs.
cocxali masisa da monawvelis gaTvaliswinebiT normis Sesatyvisi
ulufebiT kvebaze furi gadahyavT TandaTanobiT, mogebidan pirveli 8-12
dRis ganmavlobaSi, ris Semdeg, daaxloebiT me- 20 dRidan ganwvelis
mizniT ulufis yuaTianobas adideben 10-15%-iT.
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli kvebis normebiT ulufas abalanseben 24
komponentiT, ra drosac iTvaliswineben furis cocxal masas, dRiur
monawvels da rZeSi cximis Semcvelobas. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is,
rom rekomendebuli normebi (cxrili 9) atareben saorientacio xasiaTs
da, amdenad, is SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes monawvelis da
cximrZianobis, agreTve furis nakvebobis mdgomareobis Sesabamisad.
cxrili 9. sxvadasxva cocxali masisa da sarZeo produqtiulobis
furebis kvebis normebi
dRiuri norma*
dRiuri
monawveli, sakvebi mimocvliTi monelebadi Ca, P, g karoti- NaCl,
kg
g
erTeuli energia, kj proteini,g
ni, mg
g
cocxali masa 300 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8
4- mde
5.3
63
550
30
20
190
30
8
7.3
85
760
50
35
290
50
10
8.3
97
870
55
40
340
55
15
11,0
125
1180
75
55
480
75
cocxali masa 400 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8
7
7.5
88
785
50
35
295
50
10
9.0
105
960
60
40
370
60
14
11.0
126
1220
75
55
470
75
20
14.2
160
1650
100
75
620
100
25
17.4
197
2040
120
90
750
120
cocxali masa 500 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8
8
8.6
104
820
57
39
345
57
10
9.6
115
1020
65
45
400
65
15
12.1
144
1340
85
60
530
85
20
14.7
168
1680
105
75
650
105
25
17.8
200
2060
130
95
300
130
30
21.0
230
2460
145
105
900
145
• ulufaSi sxva komponentebis Semcvelobis normebi motanilia sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa kvebis cnobarebSi;
3-4 wlis axalgazrda furebis ulufa normiT gaTvaliswinebulze
damatebiT unda gaizardos 1,0-2,5 kg sakvebi erTeuliT, 11,5-17,5 megajouli
energiiT da 115-145 g monelebadi proteiniT, rac uznunvelyofs mis
normalur zrda-ganviTarebas.
furis wvela
wvelis win curs Camobanen Tbil wyliT, Semdeg ki SeamSraleben
mSrali xelsaxociT.
gamoiyeneba wvelis ori xerxi, xeliT da sawveli aparatiT. praqtikaSi gvxvdeba xeliT wvelis ori wesi, TiTebiT da muWiT wvela. TiTebiT
82
wvelisas mwvelavi cera da saCvenebeli TiTebs uWers kertis fuZes da
dabla CamocurebiT gamodevnis kertis cisternaSi mdgar rZes.
muWiT wvelisas (sur. 50) kerti sur. 50. TiTebis mdgomareoba
moqceulia xelis gulsa da saCvenebel
furis muWiT wvelisas
TiTs Soris, xolo cera TiTi devs am
ukanasknelze zemodan (1). kerts jer
SemouWeren saCvenebel da cera TiTs (2),
Semdeg danarCen TiTebs TanamimdevrobiT mouWeren, ris Sedegad kertis
cisternaSi mdgari rZe TandaTanobiT
gamoidevneba gareT (3). es wesi ara
marto aadvilebs mwvelavis Sromas,
aramed ufro swrafi da furisaTvis
umtkivneuloa.
sawveli aparatiT (sur. 51) wvela
dRes sayovelTaod aris gavrcelebuli.
xeliT wvelasTan SedarebiT is 10-15jer adidebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobas
da aumjobesebs rZis xarisxs.
gamowvelis
principi
efuZneba
sawveli Wiqis Sida moculobasa da kertis bolos Soris 0,5-0,6 atm donis
vakumis warmoqmnas, rac uzrunvelyofs
spinqteridan rZis gamowvelas da sawvel vedroSi an rZis gamtar sistemaSi
gadatanas.
wvelis damTavrebisas curs da
kertebs erTjeradi xelsaxociT SeamSraleben, Semdeg ki mas boloebze
sur. 51. sawveli aparatiT
(spinqters) wausvamen malamos.
wvela
msxvil fermebSi furebs wvelian
sawvel
darbazebSi “tandemis”, “eloC kas”, “karuselis” da sxva tipis sawvel
danadgarebze.
Seqmnilia
avtomaturi
sawveli
danadgari, romelic wvelasTan dakavSirebul yvela operacias- curis Camobanvas, sawveli Wiqebis kertebze morgebas, wvelas, wvelis damTavrebis Semdeg Wiqebis Camoxsnas da sawveli aparatis sanitarul damuSavebas asruleben damoukideblad, adamiani ki mxolod akontrolebs maT muSaobas.
sanaSene xbos gamozrda
miuxedavad imisa, rom axalSobili anatomiurad da morfologiurad
Camoyalibebulia, is fiziologiurad jer kidev moumwifebelia. amis gamo
mogebis pirvel dReebSi xbo gansakuTrebul mzrunvelobas saWiroebs.
xbos mogebis win furs etyoba mousvenroba, daubmelad Senaxvisas ki is
cdilobs moSordes naxirs. mogvianebiT mas ewyeba WinTvebi, dawveba da
xSirad bRavis;
83
sasircxo bageebidan pirveli gamoCndeba Tavwylis buSti, romelic
male skdeba da Semdeg gamoCndeba xbos wina kidurebi da masze dadebuli
drunCi.
nayofis
normaluri
mdgomareobisas
WinTvebis
gaZlierebis
kvalobaze is TandaTanobiT, sakmaod swrafad gamoidevneba saSvilosnodan.
mSobiaroba, roforc wesi, grZeldeba 30-40 wuTi.
axalSobils sufTa tiloTi an erTjeradi xelsaxociT cxviridan da
piridan unda movwmindoT lorwo, xolo sxeuli gavamSraloT aseve tiloTi
(erTjeradi xelsaxociT) an namjiT. Semdeg Wiplarze, muclidan 3–5 sm- is
daSorebiT unda SemovakraT winaswar gadezinfecirebuli kanafi an ubralo
Zafi da “zedmeti” nawili movWraT makratliT an basri daniT. am proceduris
damTavrebisTanave sxeulze darCenili Wiplari unda davamuSaoT iodis 2-3%ni nayeniT an sxva sadezinfeqcio saSualebiT.
mogebidan 10-20 wT-is gasvlis Semdeg furi dgeba da iwyebs xbos lokvas. es aaqtiurebs axalSoblis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemas da dadebiTad
moqmedebs mis organizmze. garda amisa, lokvisas, nerwyvTan erTad nayofis
siTxis gadaylapva astimulirebs furis saSvilosnos momyolisagan
ganTavisuflebis process.
axalSobils dabadebisTanave uaqtiurdeba wovis refleqsis aRmZvreli
nervuli centrebi. amis gamo wamodgomisTanave is iwyebs dedis Zebnas da
cdilobs kertis pirSi Cadebas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xbo sustia, is
miyavT dedasTan da exmarebian xsenis miRebaSi.
sur. 52. xbos indivixbos mier dedis wova ar aris sasurveli,
dualuri galia
vinaidan furi eCveva mas da mocilebis Semdeg,
xSirad, mwvelavs ar emorCileba da/an Znelad
iZleva rZes (ityvian rZes iparavso). amis gamo,
dabadebisTanave xbo gadayavT individualur
galiaSi
da dabadebidan ara ugvianes 2,5-3
saaTisa dedis pirvel xsens aZleven sawovaraTi
(sur. 52). amisaTvis furs wvelian, xsens Tbiladve
asxamen maTaraSi, mas moargeben sawovaras da
aZleven xbos (sur. 53).
pirveli xseni didi raodenobiT Seicavs
imunoglobulinebs (cxrili 10), nivTierebebs,
romlebic gadadian jer limfaSi, Semdeg ki
sisxlSi da uzrunvelyofen organizmis damcvesur. 53. maTaraSi CaslobiTi funqciebis ganviTarebas.
xmuli xseniT xbos
pirveli 3-4 dRis manZilze xbos xsens
aZleven mcire dozebiT, erT jerobaze 0,75–1,0 kg
raodenobiT da dReSi 3-4-jer sixSiriT. Warbi an
civi xsenis dalevineba iwvevs faRaraTs.
xseniT kvebis periodi grZeldeba 7-10 dRe,
mas kvebaven rZiT an rZis SemcvleliT.
axalSobili xbos, Termoregulaciis unaris gamomuSavebamde, 3-4 sT-iT aTavseben +20
...+25°0C-isºpirobebSi, Semdgom ki, vidre 2-3 Tvis
asakis miRwevamde saxboreSi haeris temperatura
0
+12...+20° C-is, xolo fardobiTi tenianoba 75-78%-is farglebSi unda iyos.
10-12 dRidan xbo gadayavT jgufur galiaSi. erT galiaSi unda
moTavsdes erTnairi asakis, sqesisa da cocxali masis individebi. xsenis
periodis Semdeg xbos aCveven rZis vedrodan smas. mniSvnelovania saxbores
optimaluri ganaTebiT uzrunvelyofa. sinaTlis sxivebi spobs kanze moxved84
ril mikrofloras, sisxlSi zrdis eriTrocitebis ricxvsa da hemoglobinis
koncentracias, aZlierebs leikocitebis fagocitur aqtivobasa da organizmis sxva fiziologiur funqciebs.
zafxulobiT, saxboresTan
cxrili 10. xsenis qimiuri Sedgeniloba.
mowyobil seiranze mocionisas
saaTi mo- prote- globu- cximi laq- organizmi ganicdis mzis sxigebidan
ini
linebi
toza vebis zemoqmedebas, xolo zamTarSi aucilebelia movawyoT
0
22,1
0.63
6.5
4.37
xelovnuri dasxiveba, ra miz12
13,7
0,29
6,5
4.51
niTac gamoiyeneba infrawiTeli
24
7.1
0.25
3.6
4.65
an ultraiisferi sxivebis spe60
4.9
0.20
3.7
5.2
cialuri naTurebi.
15-20 dRis asakidan, SeCvevis mizniT, xbos sakveburSi eZleva marcvlovani sakvebi- Svriis an qeris moxaluli marcvlis RerRili, an kidev
specialuri kombinirebuli sakvebi. SesaCvevad, aseve aucilebelia calke
sakveburSi mozards hqondes kargi xarisxis Tiva.
20-25 dRis asakidan, naturaluri rZis ekonomiis mizniT, xbos sakvebad
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rZis Semcvleli fxvnili, romelsac kvebis win 1:8
SefardebiT xsnian +39...+400C temperaturis wyalSi.
rZis fxvnili, naturalur rZesTan SedarebiT iafia, vinaidan mzaddeba
mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis aratradiciuli nedleulidan, xolo
receptura SerCeulia imdagvarad, rom gamoyenebis instruqciis moTxovnebis
dacvisas uaryofiTi movlenebi (faRaraTi, cxovelis zrdaSi CamorCena da
sxv.) ar aRiniSneba.
gamomdinare gamozrdis sqemidan, rZiT kvebis periodi 2,5-4 Tvis asakamde grZeldeba. am dros ulufa imdagvarad unda SeirCes, rom mozardis
saWmlis momnelebelma organoebma mcenareuli warmoSobis sakvebis monelebis specifikuri unari gamoimuSaon.
gamozrdis sqemis SerCevisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT xbos jiSi, sqesi
da cocxali masa. saqme is aris, rom xbos sworad gamozrda uzrunvelyofs
sxvadasxva organoebisa da sistemis harmoniul ganviTarebas, rac momavalSi
maRali sarZeo da saxorce produqtiulobis winapirobaa.
zogjer meZuZuri xbos gamozrdisas mimarTavs e.w. ”wvela-wovebis” wess,
romelic mdgomareobs SemdegSi: wvelis dawyebamde xbos miuSveben dedasTan,
1–1,5 wT-is Semdeg ki mas asxleten da iwyeben wvelas, rogorc wesi,
xbosaTvis mwvelavi Camouwvelavs tovebs erT an or kerts, an furs srulad
ar Camowvelavs, wvelis damTavrebisTanave ki xbos kvlav miuSvebs dedasTan.
xbos gamozrdis es meTodi dakavSirebulia Sromis did danaxarjebTan.
amasTan, xbos SeCveuli furi, asxletis Semdeg Znelad iZleva rZes, calkeul
SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod wyvets rZis gacemas.
rZiT kvebidan mTlianad mcenareul sakvebiT kvebaze gadasvlisas stresuli movlenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, xbos gamozrdis sqemiT gaTvaliswinebulia ulufaSi rZis raodenobis TandaTanobiT Semcireba, an naturaluri rZis moxdiliT Secvla da garkveuli asakis miRwevis Semdeg ulufidan misi mTlianad amoReba.
sworad gamozrdili xbos rZiT kvebis Semdgom periodSi zrdis maRal
potencias gansazRvravs is, rom misi kuW-nawlavis sistema mzad aris gadaamuSaos da aiTvisos koncentratebis, uxeSi, mwvane da sxva saxis sakvebis
sayuaTo nivTierebebi.
85
zrdis mimdinareobis kontrolis mizniT TvveSi erTxel mozardi unda
aiwonos da ganisazRvros ramdenad Seesabameba dRiuri wonamati sakvebis
danaxarjebs.
rZiT kvebis Semdgom periodSi mozardis gamozrda. igegmeba imdagvarad,
rom gamoiricxos dabali wonamatis xangrZlivi drois manZilze miReba,
vinaidan ganviTarebis nebismier etapze zrdis Seferxeba iwvevs organizmis
dakninebas, calkeuli organoebisa da sistemebis proporciulad ganviTarebaSi CamorCenas da sabolood, momavali produqtiulobis daqveiTebas.
optimalurad iTvleba sanaSene safure xbos/dekeulis gamozrdis iseTi
sqema, romelic uzrunvelyofs 1 wlis asakisaTvis dabadebis cocxali masis
8-11-jer, xolo 1,5 wlisaTvis- 13-14-jer gazrdas.
gazafxulis Tbili dReebis dadgomisTanave 6 Tveze uxnesi mozardi
SeiZleba gadaiyvanos saZovarze. am periodSi, kvebisa da movla Senaxvis
pirobebis sworad organizaciisas, damatebiTi kvebis gareSe, SesaZlebelia
mozardis cocxali masis dReRamurma namatma 650-700 g-s gadaaWarbos.
Senaxvis sistemebi
sasaqonlo produqciis warmoebis intensifikaciis doniT ganasxvaveben Zroxis Senaxvis eqstensiur da intensiur sistemas.
Senaxvis eqstensiur sistema CvenSi efuZneba saukuneebis manZilze
damkvidrebul tradiciebs. misi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia.
• rZisa da xorcis misaRebad, agreTve cocxal gamwev Zalad Zroxis
aborigenuli an endemuri jiSebis moSeneba;
• naxiris struqturaSi furebis dabali xverdiTi wili da maTi
dabali monawveli;
• sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis erTeul farTobze warmoebuli
produqciis mcire raodenoba;
• xbos sezonurad mogeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, rZisa da cocxali
masis namatis ZiriTadi nawilis saZovrul periodSi warmoeba,
zamTarSi ki, arc Tu iSviaTad, cocxali masis Semcireba.
• cxovelebis ubinaod an martivi tipis sadgomebSi Senaxva; amasTan,
yvela samuSao, dakavSirebuli cxovelTa movlasTan, kvebasTan, rZis
warmoebasTan da a.S. sruldeba xeliT an/da primitiuli iaraRebiT.
• sanaSene muSaobis dabali done, furebis Tavisufali dagrileba da
xboebis “wvela-wovebis” wesiT eqstensiurad gamozrda.
• sakvebwarmoebis procesis eqstensiuroba, rac niSnavs sakvebis bunebrivi savargulebidan miRebas.
amisagan gansxvavebiT Zroxis Senaxvis intensiuri sistemisas naxiri
dakompleqtebulia maRalproduqtiuli jiSebiT, cxovelebs inaxaven kapitalur binebSi da kvebaven yvela komponentiT dabalansebuli ulufebiT
da a.S. aseT pirobebSi, miuxedavad gaweuli didi xarjisa, sarZeo produqtiulobisa da cocxali masis namatis done uzrunvelyofen erTeuli
sasaqonlo produqciis dabal TviTRirebulebas da konkurentunarianobas.
aRniSnuli orive sistema, TavisTavad gulisxmobs Zroxis stacionalurad da momTabareobis pirobebSi Senaxvas.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi baris zonis mejogeebi sargeblobdnen
civ gomboris, TuSeTis mTiani nawilisa da samcxe-javaxeTis maRalmTiani
saZovrebiT. dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zroxis zamTris saZovrebad gamoiyeneba kolxeTis dablobi, xolo zafxulis- samegrelos, guriis da svaneTis mTebi.
86
stacionalur pirobebSi mimarTaven cxovelebs bagurad, bagursaZovrulad, bagur-banakurad da saZovrulad Senaxvas. warmoebis ama Tu
im sistemaze mikuTvnebisas ZiriTad sazomad aRebulia naxiris saaRmwarmoeblo birTvis, anu furebis Senaxvis pirobebSi ganasxvavebebi.
baguri sistema gulisxmobs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovelebis
ganTavsebas regulirebuli mikroklimatis mqone binebSi, xolo Tbil
dReebSi maT uSveben seiranze. baguri sistemis gamoyenebisas furebs
inaxaven rogorc dabmulad, aseve daubmelad.
bagur-saZovruli Senaxvisas wlis civ periodSi cxovelebi ikvebebian bagaze, xolo gazafxul-zafxulsi TveebSi fermispira saZovarze.
aseTi Senaxvisas yvela ZiriTadi sawarmoo procesi (wvela, rZis pirveladi damSaveba, damatebiTi kveba da sxv.) xorcieldeba ZiriTad sadgomSi.
bagur-banakuri Senaxvas mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saZovrebi mdebareoben fermidan Sors. amisaTvis saZovarze awyoben banaks,
sadac ganlagebulia baki cxovelebis Ramis saaTebSi dasasveneblad,
martivi tipis Senobebi momsaxure personalisaTvis, sarZeve, sakvebis
Sesanaxi da sxva aucilebeli saTavsoebi. gazafxulze, saZovruli sezonis dawyebisTanave cxovelebs gadarekaven banakSi da yvela sawarmoo
procesi iq xorcieldeba.
saZovruli Senaxva. SesaZlebelia mxolod im regionebSi, sadac
zamTari Tbilia da balaxis vegetacia mTeli wlis manZilze grZeldeba.
Senaxvis aseT sistemas mimarTaven Tbili klimatis qveynebSi, ZiriTadad
ki specializebuli saxorce meZroxeobis fermebSi. CvenSi Senaxvis es
sistema gamoyenebuli iyo megreli mejogeebis mier, romlebic zamTarSi
cxovelebs aZovebdnen kolxeTis, zafxulSi ki didi da mcire kavkasionis
alpur saZovrebze.
Zroxis saZovarze Senaxvis teqnika
gamomdinare bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebidan, saqarTveloSi aris
yvela winapiroba Zroxeuli 190-210 dRis manZilze vkveboT saZovruli sakvebiT. Zroxis saZovarze Senaxva imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom cxovelis
Tavisuflad moZraoba, agreTve sufTa haeris da mzis sxivebis moqmedeba
dadebiT gavlenas axdens mis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze, aRwarmoebis
unarsa da produqtiulobaze.
dRes CvenSi mTeli wlis manZilze warmoebuli rZis da cocxali
masis wonamatis 65-70%-ze mets iReben furebis saZovarze Senaxvisas. saZovrebis sworad eqsploataciisas, kombinirebuli da sxva saxis sakvebiT
damatebiTi kvebis gareSe SesaZlebelia furis dRiurma monawvelma 15-20
kg rZes, xolo mozardis sadReRamiso namatma 750-800 g-s miaRwios.
mwvane balaxi, mcenareuli warmoSobis sxva sakvebTan SedarebiT ufro srulad akmayofilebs Zroxis organizms sazrdo da biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebiT; Mmisi 1 kg mSrali nivTiereba 0,8 kg sakveb erTeulsa da 120-150 g monelebad proteins Seicavs, e.i. daaxloebiT imdens, ramdensac maRali xarisxis kombinirebuli sakvebi. amasTan, mwvane balaxi 1,52- jer ufro iafia, vidre sxva saxis sakvebi saSualebebi, rac uzrunvelyofs warmoebuli rZisa da cocxali masis namatis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebas.
mniSvnelovania saZovruli periodis dawyebis vadis zustad gansazRvra. amis erT-erTi maCvenebelia balaxnaris simaRle (cxrili 11).
saZovarze marcvlovani cenozis siWarbisas Zoveba unda daviwyoT
balaxeulis aRerebis sawyis stadiaSi, xolo parkosnebis siWarbisas- am ba87
laxebis gverdiTi ylortebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi.
gviani Semodgomisa da zamTris TveebSi Zroxis ulufa, ZiriTadad,
warmodgenilia uxeSi sakvebiT (Tiva, namja, simindis Cala), calkeul SemTxvevaSi kombinirebuli
cxrili 11. gazafxulze Zroxis saZovarze
sakvebis umniSvnelo ragayvanisas balaxnaris optimaluri simaRle
odenobis damatebiT; amis
saZovris tipi
balaxis si- gaTvaliswinebiT gazafmaRle, sm*
xulze saZovris sakvebis
sayuaTo
nivTierebebis
mSralobis bunebrivi saZovrebi
10-12
kargad aTvisebis uzrunteniani dablobis “ – “ – “
12-15
velsayofad
cxovelma
dablobis bunebrivi da naTesi
15-18
unda
SesZlos
saWmlis
sarwyavi naTesi saZovari
18-20
momnelebeli da nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebis mniSvnelovani gardaqmna, rac moiTxovs garkveuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas:.
1. mTeli suladobis veterinaruli gamokvleva da pirutyvis dajgufeba
sqesis, asakis, fiziologiuri mdgomareobis da nakvebobis mixedviT;
2. avadmyofi da gamxdari individebis calke jgufad gamoyofa da mTeli suladobis damuSaveba sanitarulad;
3. saZovarze gayvanis pirvel dReebSi cxovelebis damatebiT kveba 1,52,0 kg/dReSi uxeSi sakvebiT. umjobesia am sakvebis diliT adre, saZovarze gasvlamde darigeba, rac Tavidan agvacilebs norCi balaxis xarbad Wamas da masTan dakavSirebul uaryofiT movlenebs;
4. mineraluri sakvebiT damatebiT kveba;
5. cxovelebis dacva uaryofiTi klimaturi movlenebisagan; dauSvebelia Tbili boselidan cxovelebis saZovarze swrafad gayvana, gansakuTrebiT ki adre gazafxulis periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel civ,
qarian amindSi, rac Tavidan agvacilebs maTi gacivebis SemTxvevebs.
sxvadasxva asakis, coccxrili 12. dRiuri moTxovnileba mwvane
xali masisa da produqtisakvebze (saSualod 1 sulze/dReSi)
ulobis Zroxeulis saZovsqesobriv-asakobrivi da produq- moTxovni- ris balaxze dRiuri moTxtiuli jgufi
leba, kg
ovnilebis
saorientacio
maCveneblebi mocemulia meI. cocxali masa 350-450 kg:
12 cxrilSi.
a) uSoblebi, make-mSrali da
rogorc aRiniSna (gv.
5-8kg wveladobis furi
30 - 35
69-70)
upiratesoba eniWeba
b) furi 10-12 kg wveladobiT
35 - 45
nakveTmorigeobiT
Zovebas.
g) furi 14-16 kg wveladobiT
45 - 55
dadgenilia,
rom
saSualo
d) furi 18-20 kg wveladobiT
55 - 65
mosavlianobis
xelovnur
II. 700-900kg cocxali masis kuro
40 - 55
saZovarze
1
sul
pirobiT
III. 200-250 kg c/masis mozardi
20 - 30
furze unda modiodes 2-3 m
IV. 180 kg-mde cocxali masis xbo
12 - 18
siganis nakveTi, da 12-15 m2
saZovris farTobi.
saxorce produqtiulobaze momqmedi faqtorebi
gaeros sursaTis da agrarul sakiTxTa (FAO) da janmrTelobis dacvis
(WHO) organizaciebis mier rekomendebulia, rom adamianis mier miRebul
xorcis balansSi Zroxis xorcze unda modiodes 40%, rac gamowveulia am
produqtis maRali kvebiTi da biologiuri RirebulebiT.
88
Zroxis xorcs, ZiriTadad, awarmoeben arasanaSene, anu e.w. zesaremonto
mozardis gamozrda-suqebiT. amasTan, mniSvnelovani sargebeli SeiZleba miviRoT wundebuli zrdasruli pirutyvis saxorced realizaciis win
suqebiTac.
Zroxis saxorce produqtiuloba, upirveles yovlisa, fasdeba dakvlisas miRebuli tanxorcis rbilobis raodenobiTa da xarisxiT. amasTan
erTad, saxorce produqtiulobaze msjelobisas iTvaliswineben cxovelis cocxal masas suqebidan moxsnisas da dakvlis win, tanxorcis,
muclis qonis, nedli tyavis, sxva teqnikuri Tu sakvebi subproduqtebis
masas, gamosavlianobasa da xarisxs. saxorce produqtiulobaze mniSvnelovani informacia miiReba xorcisa da sakvebi subproduqtebis qimiuri Sedgenilobis SeswavliT da energetikuli Rirebulebis gansazRvriT, agreTve gamozrda-suqebis ekonomikurobis SefasebiT. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs erTeul wonamatze sakvebisa da sxva danaxarjebis
dadgenas, ris Semdeg gaiangariSeba wonamatis TviTRirebuleba da xorcis
warmoebis rentabeloba.
saxorce produqtiulobis yvela maCvenebels gansazRvravs mravali
faqtori, romlebic, pirobiTad iyofa orad, 1. genetikuri anu memkvidruli faqtorebi da 2. paratipuli anu garemo faqtorebi. konkretulad
es faqtorebia: cxovelis jiSi, sqesi da asaki, misi gamozrdisa da suqebis pirobebi, kvebis done da tipi, dakvlisas cxovelis nakveboba da sxva.
cxovelis jiSi: xorcs gvaZlevs nebismieri produqtiuli mimarTulebis Zroxa, magram isini gansxvavdebian rogorc cocxali masiTa da
dakvlis produqtebis gamosavaliT, aseve xorcis xarisxiT.
sarZeo da kombinirebuli produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebTan
SedarebiT specializebuli saxorce jiSebi ufro malmwifadebi arian,
swrafad izrdebian, adreul asakSi aRweven dasaklav kondicias da
gvaZleven meti raodenobiT maRalxarisxovan xorcs. garda amisa, erTeul
wonamatze xarjaven 7-12%-iT naklebi raodenobiT sakvebs.
miuxedavad amisa, ar iqneba swori Tu saxorce produqtiulobis
donisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT davupirispirebT gansxvavebuli specializaciis jiSebs. miT ufro, rom dRes msoflioSi warmoebuli Zroxis
xorcis 70%-ze meti modis sarZeo da kombinirebul jiSebze, saqarTveloSi ki saxorce jiSis pirutyvi dRes praqtikulad ara gvyavs.
jiSsSigniTa tipebi: mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen zrdis intensivobaze, dakvlis produqtebis gamosavalsa da xorcis xarisxze. individebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian ufro kompaqturi da Rrma sxeuliT, mokle
kiseriTa da mokle fexebiT, sxva Tanabar SemTxvevaSi gvaZleven meti
raodenobisa da ukeTesi xarisxis xorcsa da dakvlis sxva produqtebs,
vidre brtyeli kuTxovani sxeulis mqone da maRalfexiani individebi.
zogierT jiSSi (mag. saxorce mimarTulebis Saroles jiSi) gamoyvanilia xazebi, romelTac menj-barZayis midamoSi kunTebi normalurTan
SedarebiT gaormagebuli aqvT (am movlenas uwodeben dopelendarizms).
aseTi cxovelebis tanxorcSi rbilobis xvedriTi wili 3-5%-iT metia,
vidre sxva xazis analogebSi.
sqesi:
suqebisas SedarebiT maRali wonamati miiReba daukodavi
mozvrebidan, maSin rodesac ufro gemrielia dekeulis xorci, rameTu is
gamoirCeva wvrilboWkovnobiT, sinaziTa da cvrianobiT. amasTan, dekeulis
suqebisas erTeul winamatze ixarjeba 5-12%-iT meti sakvebi vidre mozvrebis suqebisas. dakodil mozvrebs (e. w. “kastratebs”) zrdis unariT,
89
saklavi produqtiulobiTa da xorcis xarisxiT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba
ukaviaT.
furis xorci xasiaTdeba ufro optimaluri qimiuri SedgenilobiT,
agreTve fizikur-qimiuri da sensoruli TvisebebiT, vidre imave asakis
kuro mwarmoeblis, magram es ukanaskneli aRemateba furs tanxorcisa da
nedli tyavis masiTa da gamosavaliT.
asaki. adreuli asakidan xbo wonaSi matulobs, ZiriTadad, kunTovani qsovilis ganviTarebis xarjze, maSin rodesac zrdasruli Zroxis
suqebisas wonaSi mateba xdeba cximovani qsovilis dagrovebiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, mozardis xorci ufro mdidaria cilebiT, rac ganapirobebs
mis ukeTes biologiur Rirebulebas.
zrdasruli cxovelis xorcSi kunTis boWkoebi ufro msxvilia,
gamagrebulia SemaerTebeli qsovili, ris gamo is ufro uxeSi da
naklebad wvniania, vidre imave jiSis 16 – 18 Tvis mozardis. zrdasruli
Zroxis xorci SedarebiT muqi ferisaa da kargad aqvs gamoxatuli
saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli suni, gemo da aromati;
nakveboba: am terminis qveS igulisxmeba organizmSi kunTovani da
cximovani qsovilebis ganviTarebis done. gamxdari (dabali nakvebobis)
cxovelis saklavi gamosavali 42-45%-s ar aRemateba, maSin rodesac kargad gasuqebulis SeiZleba 60-62% da metic iyos. gamxdari Zroxis
tanxorci naklebi raodenobiT Seicavs Wamad nawils, is SedarebiT
gamomSralis STabeWdilebas tovebs da naklebad kaloriulia.
kvebis done da tipi. sakvebi aris is saSeni masala, romelic
uzrunvelyofs cxovelis organizmis zrdasa da ganviTarebas, rasTanac
uSualod aris dakavSirebuli saxorce produqtiuloba. mwiri kvebis
pirobebSi gamozrdili mozardis cocxali masa 15 Tvis asakSi iyo 187 kg,
xolo imave jiSis intensiurad gamozrdilis –456 kg. Sesabamisad pirvelidan miRebulia 3,1 –jer naklebi wonis tanxorci, vidre intensiurad
nakvebidan.
saxorce produqtiulobaze moqmedebs ulufis struqtura. sxvadasxva raodenobiT koncentrirebuli sakvebis Semcvel ulufaze gamozrda
suqebisas aRmoCnda, rom maRalkoncentratul ulufaze gamozrdilebi 18
Tvis asakSi aRematebodnen moculobian sakvebis metad Semcveli ulufiT
gamozrdil Tanatolebs rogorc cocxali masiT (92 kg-iT, anu 19,1%-iT),
aseve dakvlis produqtebis masiT, gamosavliTa da xarsxiT. amasTan erT
kg wonamatze maT daxarjes 1,2 sakvebi erTeuliT anu 17,4%-iT naklebi
sakvebi.
sasuqi mozardis gamozrda-suqeba
sanaSenesagan gansxvavebiT sasuqi mozardis sakvebi ulufa unda Sedges
imdagvarad, rom mogvces misi genotipiT gansazRvruli wonamatis maqsimumi.
saqme is aris, rom gamozrdisas rac ufro maRalia zrdis siswrafe, miT
ufro naklebia cocxali masis yovel kilogram namatze daxarjuli sakvebis
raodenoba da sxva materialuri danaxarjebi, agreTve sagrZnoblad mokldeba xorcis warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli, umjobesdeba dakvlis produqtebis (xorcis, sakvebi da teqnikuri subproduqtebis) xarisxi da gamosavali.
gasasuqebeli mozardi SeiZleba SeviZinoT sxvadasxva asakSi. sruli
teqnologiuri ciklis sasuqi meurneobebi mozards iZenen 15-25 dRis asakidan.
aseT meurneobebSi warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli iyofa sam periodad:
I – rZiT kvebis, romelic grZeldeba xbos Semoyvanis dRidan 6 Tvemde;
II – rZis kvebis Semdgomi (mosamzadebeli)- 6 Tvidan 9-10 Tvis asakamde;
90
III – suqebis, 9-10 Tvidan suqebis damTavrebamde. Cveulebriv mozardis
suqebas agrZeleben 16-18 Tvis asakamde.
pirveli periodi moicavs or fazas:
I faza grZeldeba Semoyvanis dRidan 1 Tvemde da iTvaliswinebs xbos
naturaluri rZiT da/an rZis SemcvleliT kvebas da mcenareuli sakvebis
miRebis SeCvevas.
II faza grZeldeba 1 Tvidan 5,5-6 Tvis asakamde.
sawyis etapze xbos aCveven Tivis, mwvane balaxis, marcvlis RerRilisa
an/da kombinirebuli sakvebis Wamas, 2,5 Tvis asakidan TandaTanobiT uwyvetaven rZis Semcvlelis micemas, xolo 3-3,5 TvisaTvis is mTlianad gadahyavT
mcenareul sakvebze.
sqesis, asakis da cocxali masis mixedviT gadarCeul mozards inaxaven
jgufurad galiaSi 10-15 sulis odenobiT. 6 Tvis asakamde mozardisaTvis
magar iatakian boselSi/sasuq moedanze 1 sulze unda modiodes – 2,1-2,2 m2
iatakis farTi da 0,3-0,35 m kvebis fronti, mosamzadebel periodSi (6-dan 9-10
Tvis asakamde) 3-3,5 m2 da 0,4-0,5 m, 10 Tveze uxnesi cxovelebis suqebisas ki 44,5 m2 da 06-0,7 m, Sesabamisad; dauSvebelia erTi galiidan meoreSi mozardis
gadayvana.
pirveli periodis mozardis kvebisas sakveburebSi mudmivad unda iyos
marcvleulis narevis RerRili an specialuri (xbos) kombinirebuli sakvebi,
agreTve kargi xarisxis Tiva, an daWrili mwvane balaxi.
rZis Semcvlels xbos aZleven individualuri vedroTi, dReSi orjer,
yovel kvebaze 2-3 kg- is raodenobiT (gamomdinare kvebis sqemidan). asakis
zrdasTan erTad xbo eCveva mcenareuli sakvebis Wamas da, amis Sesabamisad,
ulufaSi rZis raodenobas TandaTanobiT amcireben.
ulufis yuaTianoba unda SeirCes imdagvarad, rom saSualo sididis
jiSebis mozardis cocxali masis dReRamurma namatma ara nakleb 630-650 g.
Seadginos; aseTi gegmiT gamozrdisas periodis bolosaTvis xbos cocxali
masa 145-155 kg-s miaRwevs.
meore periodSi mozards kvebaven iseTi donis ulufebiT, rom uzrunvelyon 650-700 g da ufro maRali dReRamuri namatis miReba. ulufa, ZiriTadad, unda Sedgebodes uxeSi da wvniani sakvebisagan; koncentrirebuli sakvebis xvedriTma wilma ulufis yuaTianobis 25% mainc unda Seadginos.
meore periodis mozardis ulufaSi dasaSvebia yvela saxis sakvebis
CarTva, maT Soris: mwvane balaxis, Tivis, namjis, Calis, marcvleulis,
koptonis, qatos, kombinirebuli sakvebis, badagis, JenJos da a.S. maTi
raodenoba unda Seesabamebodes mozardis kuW-nawlavis sistemis fiziologiuri SesaZleblobas,
cxrili 13. sasuqi mozardis kvebis normebi 650-700 g.
anu ra moculobis
saSualo dReRamuri wonamatis misaRebad
sakvebis miReba SeuZmozardis cocxali masa, kg
maCveneblebi
lia konkretuli asa145-180 185-220 225-250 255-280 kis an cocxali masis
sakvebi erTeuli,kg
4,7
4,9
5,3
5,7
mozards:
mimocvliTi enerdamamTavrebeli
50
54
56
59
gia, mjouli
suqebisas
cxoveli
monelebadi proteuzrunvelyofili
unda
475
500
540
575
ini, g
iyos
maqsimaluri
kalciumi, g
23
25
27
30
raodenobiT
sakvebiT
fosfori, g
9
11
13
15
(anu ramdensac SeWams).
karotini, mg
25
25
30
30
saZovarze
Senaxvisas
sufris marili, g
20
20
25
25
aucilebelia
damate91
biT, koncentrirebuli sakvebis micema. saqme is aris, rom koncentrirebuli
sakvebis ulufaSi CarTva uzrunvelyofs mozaris ufro swrafad ganviTarebas da is ufro adreul asakSi aRwevs dasaklavi kondiciebs.
CvenSi sasuqad upiratesad iZenen rZis periodis Semdgomi asakis, anu 6
Tveze uxnes mozards. SeZenisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT misi ganviTarebis
harmoniulobas da cocxali masas. es ukanaskneli axlos unda iyos konkretuli jiSis standartul maCvenebelTan.
Semoyvanidan pirveli 2-3 Tve mozardi unda SeeCvios axal garemos da
im sakveb ulufas, romliTac navaraudevia misi kveba damamTavrebeli suqebisas.
Zroxis umetesi jiSebis biologiuri Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,
rogorc wesi, 16-18 Tvis asakis miRwevis Semdeg mozardis zrdis intensivoba
sagrZnoblad klebulobs; garda amisa, cxovelis didi cocxali masis gamo
erTeul wonamatze izrdeba sakvebis danaxarjebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,
ufro did asakobriv periodSi suqeba SeiZleba ararentabeluri gamodges.
aqedan gamomdinare, suqebis damTavrebis periodi (asaki, cocxali masa)
unda ganisazRvros gaweuli danaxarjebisa da miRebuli cocxali masis namatis monacemebis Sejerebis safuZvelze. es ki SesaZlebelia sakvebis danaxarjebisa da cxovelis cocxali masis zrdis yovelTviurad kontrolis
pirobebSi.
zrdasruli, wundebuli pirutyvis suqeba. ZiriTadi kontigenti warmodgenilia gamowunebuli furebiT. rogorc wesi suqeba grZeldeba 60-90 dRe, ra
drosac SesaZlebelia 45-75 kg saerTo wonamatis miReba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom zrdasruli pirutyvidan cocxali masis namats, ZiriTadad,
vRebulobT cximovani qsovilis dagrovebis xarjze, rac meti raodenobiT
sakvebis danaxarjebs moiTxovs. amis gamo mizanSewonilia iafi sakvebis
gamoyeneba da wonamatis sakvebis danaxarjebTan Sesabamisobis sistematiuri
kontroli. zrdasruli pirutyvis gasuqeba aumjobesebs mis saklav
produqtiulobas da xorcis xarisxs, rac zrdis aseTi cxovelebis sabazro
Rirebulebas.
ialaRoba. saZovarze suqebis upiratesoba mdgomareobs mis siiafeSi.
saqme is aris, rom ialaRobisas viyenebT mTis bunebrivi saZovrebis praqtikulad muqTa sakvebs. amasTan, ar aris saWiro cxovelebisaTvis raime ZviradRirebuli sadgomis mowyoba, agreTve sawarmoo procesebze Sromisa da sxva
materialuri danaxarjebis gaweva.
ialaRobis periodi sakmaod SezRudulia. gamomdinare mTis klimaturi
pirobebidan, is SeiZleba gagrZeldes 4-4,5 Tve, rogorc wesi, maisis bolodan
oqtombris pirvel ricxvebamde. am periodis manZilze, saZovrebis efeqturad
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi saSualod erTi sulis cocxali masis saerTo
namatma 75-85 kg SeiZleba Seadginos.
ialaRobis efeqturoba damokidebulia sasuqi jgufebis sworad dakompleqtebaze, agreTve baridan mTaSi da piruku pirutyvis gadarekvis sworad
organizebaze.
specializebuli saxorce meZroxeoba
meZroxeobis es dargi (mimarTuleba) upiratesad ganviTarebulia im
qveynebSi, sadac didia bunebrivi saZovrebis farTobebi da/an arsebobs cxovelebis mTeli wlis manZilze Zovebis SesaZleblobebi. saxorce meZroxeoba
aris monoproduqtiuli dargi, awarmoebs mxolod erT sasaqonlo produqtsgasasuqebel an sanaSene mozards.
92
aqedan gamomdinare warmoebis organizaciuli formebiTa da teqnologiiT, agreTve seleqciis meTodebiT es dargi diametralurad gansxvavdeba sarZeo meZroxeobisagan.
saxorce meZroxeobis teqnologiis ZiriTadi elementebia:
1. sareproduqtoro suladobis mTeli wlis manZilze ubinaod, saZovrebze, an wlis civ periodSi msubuqi fardulebis qveS Senaxva;
2. namatis erTdroulad, garkveul sezonSi, erT an or turad, miReba da,
Sesabamisad, sadede suladobis sezonurad dagrileba;
3. 6-8 Tvis asakamde xbos gamozrda Tavisuflad wovebis, e.w. “furi-xbo”
(“cow-calf “) meTodiT;
4. sasuqi mozardis intensiuri suqeba da adreul asakSi cocxali masisa
da nakvebobis maRali kondiciebis miRweva;
miuxedavad intensifikaciis dabali donisa, iafi sakvebi baza, Sromis
da warmoebis sxva saSualebebis minimaluri danaxarjebi, dargs xdis konkurentunarians.
biologiuri da sameurneo TaviseburebebiT saxorce jiSebi gansxvavdebian sarZeosagan: • furebi iwvelian mcire raodenobiT rZes, magram is sruliad sakmarisia mawovari mozardis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis;
• aqvT saZovris aTvisebis kargi unari, mkveTrad vlindeba dedobrivi
instinqti da xasiaTdebian garemos uaryofiTi zemoqmedebisadmi
tolerantobiT;
• sezonuri bioriTmebs ufro mkveTrad avlenen, rac, ZiriTadad, aisaxeba aRwarmoebis ciklurobaSi da balnis safaris sezonuri cvalebadobis ufro maRal intensivobaSi.
xorcis warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli iyofa sam etapad : 1. “furixbo” meTodiT mozardis gamozrda 6-8 Tvis asakamde; 2. asxletili
mozardis daaxloebiT 10-12 Tvis asakamde intensiurad suqebisaTvis
momzadeba, da 3. intensiuri suqeba, 16-20 Tvis asakamde. es ukanaskneli
cikli, rogorc wesi, tardeba specializirebul meurneobebSi. isini
sasuqi mozardis SeZenisas upiratesobas aniWeben heterozisis maRali
efeqtis mqone hibridul suladobas.
rZis realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamo bolo 40
welia daiwyes saxorce mimarTulebis jiSebis intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis
zonebSi moSeneba, ra drosac mimarTaven xelovnuri saZovrebis mowyobas
da xorcis warmoebis sxva elementebis intensifikacias.
1976-1990 wlebSi CvenSi aseTi sqemiT sakmaod warmatebulad muSaobda wnoris mexorculi meZroxeobis sacdel-specializirebuli kompleqsi, sadac hyavdaT 25 aTasamde suli Zroxa (maT Soris 6 aTasamde
furi), xolo xorcis wliuri warmoeba dakluli masiT 2,5 aTas tonaze
meti iyo. samoqalaqo omisa da sazogadoebrivi qonebis privatizaciisas
es meurneoba mTlianad ganadgurda.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze?
• ramden xans grZeldeba da ra etapebiisagan Sedgeba furis fiziologiuri mdgomareobis erTi cikli?
• ra maCveneblebiT sazRvraven furis sarZeo produqtiulobas?
• rogor icvleba monawvelis raodenoba laqtaciis Tveebis mixedviT?
93
• ra nivTierebebs Seicavs xseni, romlebic uzrunvelyofen axalSobilis organizmis damcvelobiT funqciebs?
• rogor unda vkveboT xseniT da rZiT xbo?
• ramdeni dRis asakidan unda mivceT xbos moculobiani da koncentrirebuli sakvebi SesaCvevad?
• CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT Zroxis Senaxvis sistemebi.
• ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian saxorce jiSebi?
• romeli ZiriTadi elementebisagan Sedgeba teqnologiuri cikli
specializebul saxorce meZroxeobis meurneobebSi?
• ramden etapad iyofa mozardis suqebis teqnologiuri cikli?
• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben Zroxis saxorce produqtiulobaze?
literatura:
1. n. gociriZe- rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 1997;
2. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi.
Tbilisi, 2002;
3. g.gogoli, a.dolmazaSvili- jiSTaSorisi hibridizacia da xorcis
warmoebis teqnologia meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, “universali”,2003;
4. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009.
5. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
6. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- Разведеине селскохозяйственных
животных. «КолосС», 2005;
Tavi
6 . meRoreoba; Roris xorcis
warmoebis teqnologia
msoflioSi Roris suladoba 936 mln- s Seadgens da weliwadSi
iwarmoeba 100 mln tonamde xorci, anu saerTod warmoebuli xorcis
daaxloebiT 1/3. yvelaze meti raodenobiT Rori hyavT CineTSi- 468 mln
suli, xolo erT momxmarebelze gadaangariSebiT yvelaze met Roris
xorcs awarmoeben daniaSi- 330kg.
istoriulad Roris xorcs qarTul samzareuloSi mowinave poziciebi ar ekava. miuxedavad amisa meRoreobis ganviTarebas CvenSi garkveuli
yuradReba eqceoda.
statistikuri monacemebiT saqarTveloSi Roris suladoba yvelaze
didi iyo 1985 wels (1173,4 aTasi suli), xolo yvelaze meti raodenobiT
(72 aT. tona) Roris xorci warmoebulia 1989 wels. kaxeTis, Sida qarTlis
da zogierT sxva raionebSi, sadac msxmoiare foTlovani tyis didi
masivebia, istoriulad ganviTarebuli iyo momTabare meRoreoba, gasuli
saukunis 80-an wlebSi ki intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis zonebSi funqcionirebda meRoreobis meurneoba-kompleqsebi.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel wlebSi Roris suladoba
mkveTrad Semcirda, 1997 wlidan ki gamoCnda am dargis aRorZinebis pirveli niSnebi, magram bolo 5 welia, rac aRiniSnebas regresi: magaliTad,
94
2003 welTan SedarebiT 2007 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi Roris suladoba
374 aTasi suliT, anu 4,4 jer Semcirda, rac gamowveulia afrikuli Wiris
anu montgomeris daavadebis gavrcelebiT. saerTod ki intensiuri
meRoreobis ganviTarebas CvenSi xels uSlis zogadad marcvlis da maT
Soris safuraJe marcvlis qronikuli deficiti.
Roris biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi
sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisagan Rori gamoirCeva mravalnayofierebiT (TiTo mogebaze iZleva 10-12 goWs), xSirnayofierebiT (SeuZlia
2 weliwadSi mogvces 5 Taoba) da malmwifadobiT (fiziologiur simwifes
aRwevs 8-10 Tvis asakSi, makdeba da namats gvaZlevs 13-14 Tvis asakSi).
Roris kargad egueba gansxvavebul bunebriv-klimatur da teqnologiur pirobebs. nezvis makeoba saSualod grZeldeba 114-116 dRe (3 Tve,
sami kvira da sami dRe). nezvis merZeuloba ganisazRvreba budis, anu
mawovari goWebis saerTo cocxali masiT 1 Tvis asakSi da kulturul
jiSebSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 50-60 kg-s.
swrafi zrdis wyalobiT 1 sulis cocxali masa 6-7 Tvis asakSi 100120 kg-s aRwevs da, amdenad erTi nezvidan weliwadSi SeiZleba vawarmooT
1,8-2,0 tona xorci (cocxali masiT). amasTan, 1 kg cocxali masis namatze
xarjaven 4-5 kg sakveb erTeuls, xolo saklavi gamosavali- 75-83%-a.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Rors aqvs erTkameriani kuWi, is aris yvelafrismWameli cxoveli. misi nawlavebis sigrZe sxeulis sigrZeze 15-16- jer
grZelia (Zroxis nawlavebis sigrZe sxeulis sigrZeze 20-21- jer metia).
Rori gansakuTrebulad momTxovnia sakvebis xarisxisadmi. is cudad
inelebs ujredaniT mdidar uxeS sakvebs. amasTan, madianad Seeqceva
advilad mosanelebel wvnian, koncentrirebul da cxoveluri warmoSobis
sakvebs, Tivis fqvils, tyis nayofs, saZovars, agreTve samzareulos da
ojaxuri meurneobis anarCenebs. amis gamo meRoreoba iTvleba maRalSemosavlian dargad.
Roris warmoSoba
Roris yvela Tanamedrove jiSi gamoyvanilia 6-7 aTasi wlis winaT
moSinaurebuli SedarebiT patara tanis aziuri da ufro didtaniani
evropuli gareuli Rorebis SejvarebiT.
moSinaurebul pirobebSi Rorma Seicvala rogorc qcevis reaqciebi,
aseve produqtiuloba. is gaxda ufro adreuli, moimata nayofierebam, man
gamoimuSava kanqveSa qonis ufro swrafad dagrovebis unari, gaumjobesda
saklavi produqtiuloba da xorcis gemovnebiTi Tvisebebi.
konstitucia da eqsterieri
RorebSi gvxvdeba yvela is konstituciuri tipi, rogoric aris sxva
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebSi. ganurCevlad produqtiuli mimarTulebisa, RorisaTvis sasurvelia magari konstituciuri tipi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mis janmrTelobas da garemo faqtorebis mimarT tolerantobas.
amasTan, saqone tipis RorisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia faSari konstitucia,
sabekone da saxorce jiSebs ki mkvrivi konstitucia moeTxovebaT.
ganasxvaveben Roris eqsterieris ramodenime tips- sabekone, saqone,
saxorce da universaluri.
sabekone tipis eqsterieris mqone cxovelebi xasiaTdebian SedarebiT brtyeli, magram metad grZeli sxeuliT, Rrma gulmkerdiT da maRali
kidurebiT. aseTi formebis gamo sxeulis sigrZe 15-20 sm-iT aRemateba
gulmkerdis irgvlivas.
95
saxorce tipis Rorebis eqsterieris Taviseburebebia: swori zurgisa
da welis xazi, kargad Sevsebuli barklebi, magari Zvleuli, Txeli da
unaoWo kani. maTi sxeulis iribi sigrZe aseve metia gulmkerdis irgvlivaze, magram sxvaoba sabekone RorSi aRniSnulTan SedarebiT bevrad
ufro naklebia.
saqone Roris jiSebs aqvT SedarebiT dabal kidurebze mdgari
momrgvalebuli, ganieri da sakmarisad grZeli sxeuli. damaxasiaTebelia
agreTve mokle drunCi da kiseri. amasTan, sxeulis iribi sigrZis
ganazomi naklebia gulmkerdis irgvlivaze.
saxorce-saqone, anu universaluri tipis Rorebis eqsteriers aqvs
saxorce da sabekone tipis Rorebis eqsterieris Sualeduri parametrebi
da sxeulis yvela nakvTis Sesabamisi proporciuloba.
Roris eqsteriers afaseben 100 baliani skaliT. is cxovelebi,
romlebis
eqsterieris
SefasebiT
sur. 54. gasaRebi Roris
miiReben 79 balze naklebs, sanaSened
eqsterieris aRwerisaTvis
ar gamoiyeneba.
Sefasebisas, eqsterieris yovel
nakvTs (magaliTad Tavs, kisers, mkerds
da a.S.), adareben, ase vTqvaT, “tipis
etalons” da konturze (sur. 54) aRniSnaven ramdenad aris damaxasiaTebeli
sxeulis saerTo proporciuloba da
agebulebis cakleuli nakvTi sasurvel tipTan axlos.
naklad iTvleba: uxeSi an gadana1.Tavi normaluri; 2.profili Caznezebuli Tavi, grZeli, viwro da brtyeqili; 3.yurebi horizontaluri; 4.beWebs ukan naSarti; 5.mkerdi farTo; li kiseri, maRali an gayofili min6.gava normaluri; 7.barZayi Sevsebu- dao, viwro, Cazneqili an amozneqili
li; 8. fexebi susti; 9. (“Sn”) Sebu- zurgi, naklebad Rrma da viwro gulmkerdi, naSarti beWebs ukan, mokle,
suloba normaluri
viwro da daqanebuli gava, kidurebis
iqsisebri, xmlisebri, xbosebri dgoma, susti Cliqebi, nezvebSi 12- ze
naklebi krateruli kertis arseboba, maTi asimetriuli ganlageba an
ganuviTarebloba, keratebSi- saTesle jirkvlebis ganuviTarebloba da
saTesle parkis asimetriuloba.
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis Roris interieric. magaliTad, tanxorcSi kunTovani qsovili meti aqvs sabekone da
saxorce jiSebs, maSin rodesac cximovani- saqone jiSebs. imavdroulad,
sabekone RorSi nivTierebaTa cvlisa da anatomiur-fiziologiuri
maCveneblebi ufro maRal donezea, vidre saqoneSi.
Roris moSeneba
meRoreobis meurneobaSi erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgens nezvis intensiurad gamoyeneba, weliwadSi misi orjer dagoWianeba da saSualod 18-20 goWis gamozrda.
produqtiulobis da aRwarmoebis maRal maCveneblebs gansazRvravs
memkvidruli faqtorebi da movla-Senaxva-kvebis pirobebi. Roris moSeneba
efeqturi iqneba maSin, rodesac movlis, Senaxvis da kvebis pirobebi
uzrunvelyofen produqtiulobis Semdeg minimalur maCveneblebs (cxrili
14).
96
kolti Sedgeba ZiriTadi da Sesamowmebeli nezvebisagan, keratebisagan, saremonto da
cxrili-14. Roris minimaluri (wliuri)
sasuqi mozardisagan,
produqtiulobis maCveneblebi
rZis asakis da asxmaCveneblebi
kulturuli
kaxuri,
letili goWebisagan,
jiSebi
mangali- agreTve 5-6 Tvis asacuri
kis sarealizacio sawovebis periodi, dRe
56
42
35
50-60
naSene mozardisagan.
dadolebis raodenoba
1.9
2.0
2.1
1.5-1.8
koltis struqmiRebulia goWi 1 nezvze
16
17
18
8-9
tura
sxvadasxva
gayidulia 1 nezvidan,
daniSnulebis meurne13.5 14.0 14.5
5-6
suli
obaSi SeiZleba gansgoWis cocxali masa
xvavebuli iyos. sasa15
10
8
8-9
asxletisas, kg
qonlo
meurneobis
wonamati gamozrdisas, g
365-385
140-150
koltis struqturawonamati suqebisas, g
400-500
250-270
Si, rogorc wesi, yvexorcis warmoeba 1
laze maRali xved104-113
52-55
sulze, kg
riTi wili, 50%-mde,
1 kg namatze daxarjumodis sasuq sulado6.5
8.0
lia sakvebi, kg sak. erT.
baze.
sanaSene muSaoba
sanaSene da sasaqonlo meurneobebSi sanaSene muSaobis formebi
gansxvavebulia. sanaSene meurneobebSi hyavT mxolod xalasjiSiani maRalproduqtiuli suladoba, muSaoben xazebis gamoyvanasa da srulyofaze,
ZiriTadi meTodia xazebad moSeneba. nezvebis 25-30%- dan iReben sakuTari
koltisaTvis saremonto mozards, danarCenebidan miRebul suladobas ki
yidian sanaSened. wyvilTa SerCeva individualuria, xolo ZiriTadi
nezvebis suladobis wundeba Seadgens 20-25%-s.
sasaqonlo meurneobaSi
cdiloben
koltis
ZiriTadi
birTvi
daakompleqton erTi jiSis cxovelebiT, romelTa nawils iZenen sanaSene
meurneobidan, nawili ki sakuTari reproduqciisaa. sadede suladobas
yofen or jgufad, sasaqonlo da sanaSene. amaTgan sasaqonlo jgufis
nezvebs agrileben sxva jiSis kerati-mwarmoeblebiT, e.i. mimarTaven samrewvelo Sejvarebas heterozisis efeqtis mqone sasuqi mozardis misaRebad. meores mxriv, sadede suladobis Sesavsebi cxovelebis misaRebad
sanaSene nezvebs awyvileben imave jiSis kerat-mwarmoeblebTan.
bolo wlebSi heterozisis efeqtis mqone namatis misaRebad mimarTaven erTi da imave jiSis, magram specialurad gamoyvanili xazebis
(xazTaSoris) Sejvarebas, rasac uwodeben hibridizacias.
sanaSene aRricxva. saseleqcio-sanaSene muSaobis warmoeba cxovelTa
identifikaciisa da Canawerebis warmoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. identifikaciis qveS igulisxmeba cxovelis danomvra da saxelis mikuTvneba,
agreTve warmomavlobaze da produqtiulobaze arsebuli informaciis
specialur JurnalebSi, formebSi da/an individualur sanaSene baraTebSi
Setana.
goWs marcxena yurze dabadebisTanave ukeTdeba budis da budeSi
misi rigiTi nomeri. budis nomeri yoveli axali kalendaruli wlidan
iwyeba pirveli nomriT da aRmavali rigiT grZeldeba wlis bolomde. es
nomeri droebiTia da mas iyeneben goWis asxletamde.
97
saidentifikacio anu sainventaro nomeri goWs ukeTdeba asxletisas,
marjvena yurze. TeTri feris Rors nomraven tatuirebis wesiT. feradi
Roris danomvrisas mimarTaven yurebis daservas Roris dasanomrad aseve
gamoiyeneba metalis an polimeruli masalisagan damzadebuli birkebi.
aRricxvis gaadvilebis mizniT sakerates akuTvneben kent, xolo sanezves
wyvil nomers (bolo cifris mixedviT).
plastmasis nomris upiratesoba is aris, rom advilia misi Soridan
wakiTxva, rac aRricxvisas minimumamde amcirebs Secdomebs. amasTan, es
nomrebi mzaddeba sxvadasxva feris da gamoiyeneba Sifris saxiT, jgufebis gasarCevad.
meRoreobaSi saxelis mikuTvnebis Taviseburi sistemas mimarTaven.
yvela sakerates akuTvneben mamis, sanezves ki dedis saxels. amdenad, gansxvaveba iqneba mxolod maT saidentifikacio nomrebSi. amasTan, dauSvebelia adamianis, mdinaris, qalaqis da sxva kerZo saxelis cxovelze mikuTvneba.
sanaSene Canawerebis warmoeba da cxovelTa produqtiulobis
individualuri aRricxva savaldebuloa rogorc sanaSene meurneobisaTvis, ise sasaqonlo meurneobebis sanaSene birTvis cxovelebisaTvis.
yoveli niSan-Tvisebis mniSvneloba formdeba garkveuli pirobebis
dacviT:
• cocxali masis da
sxeulis ganazomebis maCveneblebi Segvaqvs
mxolod mTeli ricxvebiT, 1 kg- is da 1 sm- is sizustiT, Sesabamisad. budis masa dabadebisas, 21 dRis da 2 Tvis asakSi mTeli
cifrebiT, aseve 1 kg-s sizustiT, xolo goWis cocxali masa
dabadebisas, 21 dRis da 2 Tvis asakSi Caiwereba meaTedi sizustiT.
• dauSvebelia gadasworebuli an waSlili Canaweris arseboba. uneblie Secdomis gasasworeblad mcdar Canawers gadausvamen erT xazs,
xolo imave grafaSi Caweren swor monacems.
sanaSene aRricxvisaTvis monacemebs iReben zooteqnikuri Canawerebidan, risTvisac arsebobs sxvadasxva Jurnalebi da formebi: sanaSene
keratis piradi baraTi, sanaSene nezvis piradi baraTi, keratis produqtiulobis aRricxvis baraTi, nezvis dagrilebisa da xelovnuri ganayofierebis aRricxvis Jurnali, saremonto mozardis gamozrdis Jurnali, sanaSene keratisa da nezvis eqsterieris Sefasebis registraciis Jurnali,
mawovari nezvis sadolfaro baraTi, bonitirebis jumluri uwyisi da sxv.
sanaSene mozardis gadarCeva. RorTan sanaSene muSaobisas erT-erTi
ZiriTadi principia is, rom koltis Sesavsebad gadaarCeven mxolod im
mozards, romlis mSoblebi Sefasebulia sakontrolo suqebis meTodiT.
aseTi mSoblebidan miRebul da kargad ganviTarebul individebs ayeneben
sakontrolo gamozrdaze, xolo maTgan miRebul goWebs sakontrolo
suqebaze. aseTi midgoma uzrunvelyofs Roris adremwifadobis da
sameurneo TvalsazrisiT sxva sasargeblo niSan-Tvisebebis gaumjobesebas.
sanaSene sanezves gadaarCeven 2 Tvis asakSi. maTi raodenoba 4- jer
meti unda iyos, vidre gamosawunebeli nezvebis raodenoba, vinaidan: 1. gamozrdis procesSi sanezvvebis nawili iZulebiT gamosawunebeli xdeba, xolo
nawili ar makdeba da 2. dagoWianebis Semdeg Sesamowmebeli nezvebis TiTqmis naxevari gamosawunebeli xdeba dabalnayofierebis da cudi dedobrivi instinqtis gamo.
sanaSened ar toveben im sanezves, romelsac aqvs krateruli kerti.
am mankis SemCneva sakmaod advilia- kertis bolo CaRrmavebulia da masSi
98
WuWyi grovdeba, rac daTvalierebisas Savi wertiliviT mosCans. aseTi
ZuZudan rZe ar gamoiyofa.
sakerates gadarCevisas sxva maCveneblebTan erTad yuradRebas aqceven saTesle jirkvlebs, romlebic kargad ganviTarebulni, erTi zomis,
mkvrivi agebulebis da odnav daSvebuli unda iyos. mankad iTvleba
kriptorxizmi, anu SemTxveva, rodesac erTi an orive saTesle jirkvali
muclis siRrmeSia da garedan ar Cans.
rogorc sakerates aseve sanezves kani jiSisaTvis tipiuri feris
unda hqondes, dauSvebelia misi danaoWeba. orive sqesis sanaSene mozards
kudi maRla aweuli da gadagrexili unda hqondes.
nezvis ganayofiereba
axurebuli nezvi unda dagrildes orjer. pirvelad xuraobis
gamovlenisTanave da meored pirveli dagrilebidan 12-18 saaTis Semdeg.
meored dagrilebisas sasurvelia gauSvaT imave jiSis sxva kerati. es
xels uwyobs maRal nayofierebas da namravli ibadeba ufro sicocxlisunariani da gamZle.
nezvis yvela dagrilebisas ar nayofierdeba. amis mizezi SeiZlebas
iyos: uxarisxo sperma, daavadebebi, arasrulfasovani kveba da sxva.
sanezveebis pirveli ganayofiereba sasurvelia moxdes 9-10 Tvis
asakSi, anu maSin, rodesac maTi cocxali masa zrdasruli nezvis wonis
70% mainc iqneba.
droulad rom gavigoT damakda Tu ara nezvi saWiroa masze
dakvirveba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dagrilebidan 22-23 dRe nezvi ar
axurdeba, maRali albaTobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom is damakebulia.
Tu aRniSnul periodSi nezvi kvlav axurda, maSin is sxva keratiT unda
davagriloT.
make da mawovari nezvis movla-Senaxva da kveba
mSrali-make nezvis nakveboba saSualo unda iyos. mas inaxaven jgufurad galiaSi da mxolod makeobis bolo kviras gadahyavT individualur dolfaraSi. amave dRidan iwyeben ulufis Semcirebas, im varaudiT,
rom mogebis win nezvma miiRos fiziologiurad saWiro normis naxevari
yuaTianobis ulufa.
nezvs mogebis niSnebi etyoba 2-3 dRiT adre. is mousvenaria, curi
Sevsebulia, kertebi izrdeba da wiTldeba, mogebamde erTi dRiT adre ki
kertze xelis moWerisas gamoiyofa xseni.
mogebamde 2-3 saaTiT adre nezvi mSviddeba, CiCqnis qveSsafens, mas
agrovebs dolfris erT-erT kuTxeSi, akeTebs budes, xSirad wveba da dgeba. goWebis dayra, rogorc wesi grZeldeba 2-3 saaTi. WinTvebis dawyebidan
yovel 5-10 wuTSi ibadeba 1 goWi. mogeba damTavrebulad iTvleba momyolis dabadebis Semdeg.
mogebis Semdeg nezvi isvenebs. 4-6 saaaTi mas sakvebs ar aZleven.
goWebis pirveli wovebis Semdeg nezvs asmeven Tbil wyals.
mogebis dRes nezvs aZleven xorblis qatos da Svriis an qeris RerRilis narevis Txel salafavs 0,5 kg-is raodenobiT. ulufaSi sakvebis
raodenobas zrdian TandaTanobiT, im varaudiT, rom normiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnileba srulad dakmayofildes mogebidan me-5–me-6 dRes.
nezvis ulufa 50-60 % koncentrirebuli sakvebs mainc unda Seicavdes, danarCeni SeiZleba iyos: zamTarSi wvniani, uxeSi da mineraluri,
zafxulSi ki parkosanTa (ionjis, samyuras an cercvelas) mwvane masa.
99
2 welze uxnes mawovar nezvs yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze aZleven
1,5 sakveb erTeuls da damatebiT, yovel mawovar goWze 0,5 sakveb
erTeuls. sasurvelia 1 kg sakveb
sur. 55. axladmogebuli nezvis
erTeulze modiodes 115 g moneSesanaxi dazga.
lebadi proteini. ulufa dabalansebuli
unda
iyos
sxva
sayuaTo da mineraluri nivTirebebiTac.
Roris kvebis normebi, asakis, cocxali masis da mawovari
goWebis raodenobis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, mocemulia
me- 15 cxrilSi.
mawovari nezvis Sesanaxad
Seqmnilia specialuri dazga (sur.
55), romelic mawovari goWebis
damatebiTi sakvebiT kvebis saSualebas iZleva.
cxrili 15. mawovari da make nezvis kvebis normebi*
2 wlamde asakis 2 welze uxnesi
make
cocxali masa, kg
120-140
181-200
<140
201-220 161-180 161-180
mawovari goWebis raodenoba**
I pe- bolo
riodi
Tve
8
8
10
10
sakvebi erTeuli, kg
5.1
5.7
5.8
6.7
2.4
2.9
mimocvliTi energia, mj
56.4
63.1
64.2
74.2
26.6
32.0
mSrali nivTiereba, kg
3.92
4.38
4.46
5.15
2.29
2.76
monelebadi proteini, g
568
635
647
747
240
290
lizini, g
31.4
35
35.7
41.2
13.7
16.6
meTionini + cistini,g
1.8
21
21.4
24.7
8.2
10.0
nedli ujredana, g
274
307
312
360
321
320
• danarCeni 20 maCveneblis moTxovnilebaze informacia mocemulia specialur cnobarebSi (literaturis siaSi ixileT # 4 da № 6 wyaro);
** goWebis asxleta 35-45 dRis asakSi;
Cveulebriv, goWis wovebiT gamozrdis periodi 45-60 dRe grZeldeba; am periodis 35 dRemde Semcireba SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
goWebis sakvebad viyenebT rZis da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs (ix. sasuqi
mozardis kveba). aseTi teqnologia sagrZnoblad aumjobesebs nezvis
gamoyenebis efeqturobas.
mogebidan 4-5 dRis Semdeg nezvs da goWebs uSveben saseirnod,
romlis xangrZlivoba zamTarSi 15-20, zafxulSi ki 45-50 wT- a.
sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba
ganasxvaveben Roris kvebis or nairsaxeobas, mSrali da sveli.
mSrali kveba. mSralad umjobesia mivceT srululufovani kombinirebuli sakvebi. aseTi sakvebis upiratesoba is aris, rom organizmi Rebulobs yovelmxriv dabalansebul ulufas. amasTan, mSralad kvebisas auci-
100
lebelia Rors Seuzudavad hqondes sufTa sasmeli wyali, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba zrdis intensivobis daqveiTeba.
mSrali sakvebiT kvebisas gamoyofili nerwyvi ar aris sakmarisi
sakvebis mTlianad dasasveleblad da monelebis dasawyebad. garda amisa,
mSrali sakvebi advilad ibneva da ifanteba.
sveli kveba. sxvadasxva sakveb narevi (magaliTad daWrili kartofili, bostneuli, samzareulos anarCenebi, marcvleuli, balaxeuli, kombinirebuli sakvebi da sxv.) cxovelebs eZleva winaswar Termulad damuSavebuli (moxarSuli an CaorTqlili) narevis saxiT. vinaidan sveli
sakvebi swrafad mJavdeba, cxovels is unda mivceT imdeni raodenobiT,
ramdensac erTjerobaze SeWams, xolo anarCenebisagan sakveburi droulad
unda davasufTaoT.
Roris mier Txevadi sakvebis miRebisas nerwyvi praqtikulad ar
gamoiyofa da, amdenad, piris RruSi moneleba ar iwyeba.
sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba. sagemovno Tvisebebis da monelebadobis gasaumjobeseblad sakvebs winaswar Seamzadeben. marcveluls winaswar RerRaven, ZuZuTa goWisaTvis 0,5-0,8 mm, axlad asxletilebisaTvis- 0,91 mm, xolo danarCeni suladobisaTvis 1,0-1,5 mm zomis nawilakebis miRebis
varaudiT. ufro wvrilad dafqva auaresebs sakvebis monelebadobas, adidebs kuWis mJavianobas, iwvevs nawlavis funqciis darRvevas da, arc Tu
iSviaTad, kuWis wylulovan daavadebas.
wisqvilis ar qonis SemTxvevaSi marcvls kvebamde 12-24 saaTiT adre
unda davasxaT wyali an rZis Srati. marTalia svel marcvals Rori ufro
cudad inelebs, vidre daRerRils an daroSils, magram gacilebiT ukeT,
vidre mSrals.
koptons kvebis win aqucmaceben, mwvane balaxisagan umjobesia momzaddes pasta, Zirxvenebi gairecxos da daiWras, samzareulos anarCenebi
ki wamoduRdes.
dauSvebelia srululufovani kombinirebuli sakvebis maRal temperaturaze CaorTqvla an moxarSva, vinaidan +550C-ze ufro cxel wyalSi
iSliba biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis mniSvnelovani nawili.
sveli marcvalnareviT kvebisas, 1 wil sakvebze unda modiodes 1,5
wili wyali. aseTi Sefardebisas izrdeba sakvebis Wamadoba da umjobesdeba monelebadoba.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Rors kvebaven bostneulisa da samzareulos anarCenebis da sxva sakvebnareviT, wamoduRebisa da gacivebis
Semdeg mizanSewonilia mineralur-vitaminovani premiqsebis damateba.
sasuqi mozardis kveba da movla-Senaxva
2 Tvis asakidan goWis sakvebad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT parkosanTa
balaxi, gaTibuli mwvane masa, stafilo da sxva saxis sakvebi, romlis
raodenoba sawyis etapze dReSi unda iyos 300-400 g/1 sulze. dauSvebelia,
wvnian sakvebze mkveTrad gadasvla, vinaidan is iwvevs dispepsias. aseve ar
SeiZleba nedli da/an mwvane kartofiliT kveba, agreTve mwvane kartofilis naxarSi wyliT sakvebis momzadeba.
ufro momgebiania goWebis gazafxulze suqeba, vinaidan am dros
aris iafi mwvane sakvebiT da bostneulis anarCenebiT maTi kvebis, agreTve
msubuqi tipis sadgomSi Senaxvis SesaZlebloba.
goWebis gamozrda-suqebis teqnologiur cikls yofen sam periodad:
1. rZiT kvebis - dabadebidan 45 dRis asakamde (an 2 Tvemde). pirveli 1015 dRe goWis ZiriTadi sakvebia dedis rZe. amasTan, me-3 – me-4 dRi101
dan sakveburSi maT mudmivad unda hqondeT mSrali kombinirebuli
sakvebi an daRerRili marcvalnarevi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kombinirebuli sakvebis Wamis SeCvevasTan erTad, aRiniSneba goWis kuW-nawlavis traqtis moqmedebis gaumjobeseba. me- 5 dRidan goWebs unda
SeeZlos sasmeli wylis nebaze miReba. aseTi teqnologiiT gamozrdili goWebi dedidan asxletisas iwonian 10-15 kg- s;
nezvis dabali merZeulobisas goWebs unda mivceT 100-300 g/sulze/dReSi naturaluri an moxdili pasterizebuli rZe. karg
Sedegs iZleva rZis nacvlad acidofiluri prostokvaSiT kveba.
meZuZuri goWis damatebiTi sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis sqema mocemulia me- 16 cxrilSi.
cxrili 16. rZis asakis goWis gamozrdis sqema (sakvebi 1 sulze/g-Si)
asaki
rZe
koncen- Tivis
stakarNaCl carci
trati
filo
fqvitofiTve deka- naturamoxli
li
da
luri
dili
1
2
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
50
150
250
300
150
150
200
250
450
25
100
150
200
300
400
10
20
50
100
150
10
15
20
25
30
20
50
100
200
450
2
3
4
4
5
10
3
3
5
5
10
15
2. mosamzadebeli periodi - grZeldeba asxletidan 3,5-4 Tvis asakamde.
stresuli movlenebis Tavidan asacileblad mniSvnelovania, rom
nezvidan asxletili goWi davtovoT imave dolfaraSi, sadac
imyofeboda dedasTan erTad. stresis ganviTarebisas goWebi didi
raodenobiT Wamen sakvebs, romlis monelebas ver aswrebs maTi kuWnawlavis sistema da aRiniSneba dispepsia.
sasurvelia am periodis goWebi vkveboT II periodis mozardisaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri kombinirebuli sakvebiT, an marcvlovan-parkosani sakvebnareviT. ulufis 1 kg unda Seicavdes 1,12 kg
sakveb erTeuls, 11-12 mjoul mimocvliT energias, 134 g monelebad
proteins, 7,7 g lizins, 45 g nedl ujredanas, 8 g kalciums da 6,5 g
fosfors.
sakvebs aZleven normis mixedviT, mSrali saxiT da dReSi 3-4
jer. periodis bolosaTvis goWebis cocxali masa aRwevs 40 kg-s.
3. damamTavrebeli suqebis, romelic grZeldeba 3,5-4 Tvis asakidan 8
Tvemde. periodis dasawyisSi mozardis cocxali masa daaxloebiT
35-40 kg-a. sakvebs aZleven mSrali saxiT, dReSi 3-4 jer. cocxali
masis maRali namatis miRebis garantias iZleva simindis marcvlisa
da ciliT mdidari mwvane masis, da/an Tivis fqvilis kombinacia. am
ukanasknelTa xvedriTi wili unda iyos ulufis yuaTianobis 10-20%.
suqebas amTavreben 100-120 kg cocxali masis miRwevisas. ufro maRali cocxali masis kondiciamde suqeba, erTeul wonamatze sakvebis
danaxarjebis gadidebis gamo ekonomikurad gaumarTlebelia.
gamozrda suqebis samive periodSi cxovelebs mudmivad unda hqondeT sufTa sasmeli wyali da mineraluri sakveb danamati (maT Soris
carci, wiTeli Tixa da naxSiri).
102
goWis dRiuri ulufa SeiZleba Sedgebodes marcvlovani sakvebis
narevisagan, mwvane masisagan, stafilos da CaTuTqul kartofilisagan
(cxrili 17). dRiuri norma damokidebulia mozardis cocxal masaze da
dagegmil saSualo dReRamur wonamatze..
mozardis suqebis
cxrili 17. sasuqi goWis samagaliTo ulufa
mesame etapze da saercocxali
sakvebi, kg
Tod
Roris
kvebaSi
marcval- mwvane stafikartomasa, kg
karg Sedegs iZleva komnarevi
masa
lo
fili
binirebuli
silosi,
20 kg-mde
0,8
2,5
0,5-1
0.6-1.5
romlis
60-70%
unda
20-30
1,0
3.0
1.5-2.0
1.0-1.5
Sedgebodes ara umetes
30-40
1.0
5.0
2.0-3.0
1.5-2.0
1-2% ujredanas Semcveli sakvebisagan (Saqris
40-50
1.3
7.0
3.0-3.5
2.0-2.5
Warxali,
kartofili,
50-60
1.5
8.0
3.0-3.5
2.0-2.5
gogra,
stafilo
da
sxva), agreTve simindis tarosagan, mwvane masisagan da sxva danamatisagan.
goWis dakodva. ara sanaSene daniSnulebis mamr goWebs, SemTxveviTi
Sewyvilebis Tavidan asacileblad kodaven. garda amisa dakodili cxovelis xorci ufro xarisxiani da mimzidvelia. swored amas efuZneba bekonis dasamzadebeli Roris tanxorcis standartis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
moTxovna, romlis mixedviT nedleuli miRebuli unda iyos ara ugvianes 4
Tvis asakSi dakodili cxovelisagan.
goWis dakodvis optimaluri vadaa 4-6 kvira, Tumca zogierTi
sawarmoebis gamocdilebiT efeqturia ufro adreul asakSi dakodva.
dadgenilia, rom rac ufro mozrdilia goWi, miT ufro SesamCnevia am
dakodvis Sedegad ganviTarebuli stresis uaryofiTi moqmedeba mis zrdaganviTarebaze.
momTabare meRoreobis teqnologia
saqarTvelos teritoriis 1/3 mTagoriania da misi mniSvnelovani
nawili foTlovani tyiTaa dafaruli. momTabare meRoreobas swored im
raionebsa da soflebSi misdeven, romlebic esazRvrebian aseTi tyis
masivebs. sxvadasxva monacemebiT saqarTveloSi warmoebuli Roris xorcis TiTqmis 20-25% modioda momTabare meRoreobaze.
samTabarod upiratesad gamoiyeneba kaxuri Rori, kaxuris mangalicur jiSTan najvari da sxva adgilobrivi populaciebi, romlebic
Seguebulni arian movla-Senaxvis eqstensiur sistemas, kargad iyeneben
foTlovani tyis nayofs da sxva bunebriv savargulebs.
tyis nayofi xasiaTdeba maRali kvebiTi RirebulebiT. 1 kg mSrali,
CenCogaclili rkos yuaTianoba 1,21 sakvebi erTeulia da Seicavs 42 g
monelebad proteins, wiflis- 2,06 da 110, xolo wablis- 0,99 da 70 g
sakvebi erTeuli da monelebadi proteini, Sesabamisad. Rori, aseve, warmatebiT iyenebs sxva sakveb savargulebs- bunebriv saZovrebs da erTwliani
kulturebis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Cabneul marcvleuls da sxva
anarCenebs.
arsebuli resursebis ukeTesad gamoyenebis mizniT tyis masivebTan
axlos awyoben banaks. aqve ganlagebulia bina momsaxure personalisaTvis, inventarisa da sakvebis Sesanaxi saTavso, Roris msubuqi tipis sadgomi ramodenime “ganyofilebiT” sxvadasxva asakis cxovelebisaTvis,
agreTve individualur dolfarebi mawovari nezvebisa da rZis asakis
goWebisaTvis.
103
Rors SeuZlia aiTvisos ZiriTadi sadgomis irgvliv 10-15 km radiusis tyis masivi. banakis mimdebare farTobi, rogorc wesi,
eTmoba
mawovar nezvebs da 2 Tvis asakamde goWebs, xolo ufro moSorebuli
teritoriebis aTvisebis mizniT, ZiriTadi sadgomis garda aucilebeli
xdeba damatebiTi sadgomis mowyobac, sadac sasuq suladobas toveben
dazamTrebamde (Tovlis safaris dadebamde).
vinaidan tyis nayofis mosavlianoba sxvadaxva wlebSi gansxvavebulia, saWiroa suladobis raodenobisa da farTobis gamoyenebis regulireba. mosavlian wels Rori naklebad gadaadgildeba sakvebis Zebnis
mizniT da met wonamatsac iZleva. karg Sedegs iZlevas xeebidan nayofebis
Camobertyva.
gegmazomierad Zovebisas Rori niadags afxvierebs, rac aumjobesebs
misi zeda fenis aeracias. imavdroulad tyis nayofebi miwaSi “CaiTeseba”
da iqmneba maTi aRmocenebis xelisSemwyobi pirobebi.
mniSvnelovania, rom Zovebam xeli ar SeuSalos tyis bunebriv ganaxlebas. rogorc wesi, aprilis meore naxevridan iwyeba mcenareebis amosvla da, amdenad, am periodSi Roris tyeSi gayvana ar SeiZleba.
karg Sedegs iZleva tyispira Tavisufal ferdobze, an kidev sazamTro sadgomTan ionjis, samyuras da miwavaSlas saZovrebis mowyoba. es
farTobebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc gazafxul-zafxulis TveebSi,
aseve zamTarSic, rodesac cxovelebi ganicdian sakvebis mniSvnelovan
deficits.
klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT umjobesia namatis miReba
daigegmos gazafxulze, tyis masivebSi gasvlis wina periodisaTvis. aseT
SemTxvevaSi maqsimlurad gamoiyeneba gazafxul-zafxulis Tbili klimatis sikeTe da wlis bolomde namatis cocxali masa aRwevs 50-60 kg- s,
anu sarealizacio kondicias.
sxvebTan SedarebiT momTabare meRoreobisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli pirobebi aris axmetis raionSi, gansakuTrebiT ki soflebis- zemo da
qvemo alvanis mimdebare teritoriaze (jaburi, bawara, fiCxovani, pankisisa da iltos xeoba, CaCxrialis tye). aq tyis da mdelos bunebriv
saZovrebze uxvadaa Roris sakvebi- wifeli, rko, wabli, panta, maJalo,
TuTa, bali, tyemali, zRmartli, mayvali, kuneli, marwyvi da sxva.
mTabarobis pirobebSi karg Sedegs iZleva sasuqi mozardis damatebiTi kveba marcvlovani sakvebnarebiT, ra drosac saSualo dReRamuri
namati 280-320 g- s aRwevs da, Sesabamisad, umjobesdeba gasuqebuli Roris
saklavi produqtiuloba.
fermispira sazafxulo banakebSi Roris Senaxva
am RonisZiebas xels uwyobs saqarTvelos umetesi raionebis gazafxul-zafxulis klimaturi pirobebi. banakis mowyoba da mTeli suladobis
iq gadayvana gvaZlevs ZiriTadi sadgomebis dasufTavebis, dezinfeqciis
da mimdinare remontis Catarebis saSualebas.
banakad Roris gayvanas veterinaruli TvalsazrisiTac aqvs udidesi
mniSvneloba. am SemTxvevaSi zamTris sadgomebi mTlianad Tavisufldeba
mavne mikroorganizmebisagan da mRrRnelebis umetesi nawilisagan. praqtikiT damtkicebulia, rom veterinaluri da teqnologiuri “Sesvenebis”
gareSe, erTi da igive sadgomis gamoyenebisas, matulobs paTogenuri
mikrofloris koncentracia, rac zrdis daavadebebis saSiSroebas.
banaki umjobesia movawyoT ZiriTad sadgomTan axlos, raTa gamoviyenoT fermis wyalgayvaniloba, sakvebi saamqro, nakelsacavi da sxva
104
nagebobebi. is Sendeba mSral, SedarebiT SemaRlebul da SeZlebisdagvarad qarisagan dacul adgilze. SerCeul teritorias SemoRobaveben da
yofen bakebad. cxovelebis wvimis da qaris, agreTve papanaqeba sicxisas
mzis sxivebis pirdapiri zemoqmedebisagan dasacavad yvela baks unda hqondes msubuqi tipis farduli, romlis qveS idgmeba sakveburebi da sawyurveblebi.
mawovari nezvisa da goWebis Sesanax bakSi iataki magarsafariani
unda iyos, romelzec ageben xis masalisagan damzadebul fars.
sazafxulo banakebSi sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebisaTvis bakis zomebze, jgufebSi dasaSveb suladobasa da 1 sulze saWiro
farTobze parametrebi mocemulia cxril 18-Si.
cxrili 18. sazafxulo banakSi dolfaris parametrebi
1 sulze farTobi,m2
asakobrivi jgufi
1 bakSi
kvebis
dasaSvebi
fardulis seiranze fronti,
suladoba
m
qveS
mawovari nezvi goWebiT
1
4.5
6
0.45
salTi da make nezvi
20
1.4
3.0
0.45
asxletili goWi
30
0.3
1.0
0.20
saremonto mozardi
25
0.5
1.3
0.30
sasuqi Rori
25
0.5
1.3
0.30
ZiriTadi kerati
1
6.0
10
0.45
banakis asaSeneblad gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi arastandartuli da
iafi masala, xis nagverduli, gamouyenebeli betonis sinkari, naSali
aguri, bloki da sxv. saxuravad yvelaze iafia isli.
banakad yofnisas Roris kvebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saZovars. sufTa haerze yofna da mzis sxivebi gansakuTrebulad dadebiTad
moqmedebs make nezvebze- maTgan miiReba janmrTeli da ganviTarebuli
goWi, iSviaTia garTulebuli mSobiaroba, mcirdeba berwianoba da maRldeba daavadebebisadmi rezistentoba.
diliT Rori saZovarze unda gavuSvaT sakvebis micemamde. nakvebi
Rori cudad Zovs da maleve cdilobs banakSi dabrunebas. maRalmosavlian naTes saZovarze yoveldRiurad Rors aZoveben 1,5-2 saaTi, bunebrivze
ki- 3-3,5 saaTi.
mosavlianobis SenarCunebis, saZovris efeqturad gamoyenebis da
parazitul daavadebebTan brZolis mizniT mimarTaven nakveTmorigeobiT
Zovebas. amisaTvis mTel farTobs yofen ramodenime nakveTad, im varaudiT,
rom TiToeul nakveTze kolts sakvebi eyos 4-5 dRe mainc. Semdeg
cxovelebi gadayavT meoreze nakveTze, Semdeg mesameze da a.S., ise, rom
sasurvelia kolti pirvel nakveTs daubrundes 1-1,5 Tvis Semdeg.
saWiro farTobis gaangariSebisas gamodian Semdegi parametrebidan:
1 suli ZiriTadi nezvisaTvis dReSi saWiroa 10 m2, xolo asxletili
mozardisaTvis 2 m2- mde saZovari.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• romel konstituciur tips miekuTvneba saqone an saxorce jiSis
Rorebi?
• rogori mozardi unda gadavarCioT sanaSened?
• ra procedurebi tardeba sanaSened gadarCeuli mozardis Sesafaseblad?
105
• ra principiT xdeba sakerateebze da sanezveebze saxelebis mikuTvneba?
• romeli saxeli ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT cxovels?
• ratom ar SeiZleba srululufiani kombinirebuli sakvebis +550C- ze
ufro cxeli wyliT Cafufqva?
• rogori unda iyos kombinirebuli sakvebisa da wylis urTierT Sefardeba svelad kvebisas?
• romel sakvebiT da rogori foriT unda vkveboT axladmogebul
nezvi?
• ramdeni SeiZleba iyos koncentrirebuli sakvebis minimaluri xvedriTi wili Rorebis ulufaSi?
• ras uwodeben heterozisis efeqtis miRebis mizniT erTi da imave
jiSis Roris sxvadasxva xazebis Sejvarebas?
literatura:
1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi.
Tbilisi, 2002;
2. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009;
3. i.SubiTiZe- rZisa da xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2008;
4. j.RuduSauri, j.guguSvili- rCevebi (fermerebisaTvis) cxovelTa da
frinvelTa normirebuli kvebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2001;
5. Г. С. Походня, А. Г. Нарижный, П. И. Бреславец, Г. В. Ескин, Е. Г. Федорчук, А. П.
Бреславец- Свиноводство, Изд-ство «Колос», 2009;
6. Нормы и рационы кормления сельскохозяйственных животных. авт. А.П.Калашников, Н.И.Клейменов и др., М., «Колос», 2002;
7. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
8. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйственных
животных. «КолосС», 2005;
Tavi
7.
mecxvareoba. matylis, cxvris/Txis xorcisa
da rZis warmoebis teqnologia;
mecxvareobis mniSvneloba
cxvari iZleva ramodenime saxis sakveb produqts (xorcs, rZes, qons)
da msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis Zvirfas nedleuls (matyls, saqurqe da
sabewve tyavs, kravels da maJdaks). Tanamedrove msoflio mecxvareobis
Taviseburebas warmoadgens, matylTan SedarebiT, xorcis warmoebis gadidebisaken orientacia, rac dakavSirebulia safeiqro mrewvelobis mier
sinTezuri boWkoebis gamoyenebaze gadasvlasTan da, Sesabamisad, matylze
moTxovnilebisa da fasebis SemcirebasTan.
bolo 30 welia msoflios mraval qveyanaSi mecxvareoba viTardeba
krosbreduli tipis saxorce-samatylo produqtiuli mimarTulebis
cxvrebis moSenebaze gadasvliTa da dargis Semdgomi intensifikaciis
gziT. amaze miuTiTebs statistikuri monacemebi, romelTa Tanaxmad miuxedavad suladobis ramdenadme Semcirebisa, cxvris produqtebis warmoeba
sul ufro izrdeba. ase, magaliTad, 1999 welTan SedarebiT 2002 wlisaT106
vis msoflioSi cxvris suladoba Semcirda 1,83 mln suliT, maSin rodesac xorcis warmoeba gaizarda 137 aTasi toniT, anu 1,8%-iT.
warmoebuli xorcis saerTo balansSi cxvris xorcs, jer kidev,
sakmaod mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia (6,8 mln t, anu yvela saxis xorcis
warmoebis 2,8%). cxvris xorcis yvelaze didi mwarmoebeli qveyanaa
CineTi, xolo mecxvareobis dargis intensifikaciis TvalsazrisiT mowinave poziciebi ukaviaT axal zelandias da avstralias.
saqarTveloSi mecxvareobas uZvelesi droidan misdevdnen. amis dasturia cnobili legenda argonavtebze, romelTac Cv. w. aR-mde 1100 wlis
winaT saberZneTidan kolxeTSi “oqros sawmisis” mosataceblad ilaSqres.
odiTganve mecxvareoba CvenSi vaJkacur saqmed iTvleboda da am saqmes
mxolod rCeulebs andobdnen.
sxva garemoebebTan erTad, CvenSi dargis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda
bunebrivi saZovrebis didi masivebi da rbili klimati.
istoriulad saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda cxvris Senaxvis sami ZiriTadi sistema: momTabare, naxevrad stacionaluri da stacionaluri (anu
sakarmidamo). amaTgan, momTabare tipis mecxvareobas misdeven aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos 19 raionis, naxevrad-stacionalurs, ZiriTadad samcxe-javaxeTis da aWaris a.r.-is fermerebi, xolo stacionalurs qveynis dasavleT
nawilSi mcxovrebni.
gasuli saukunis 90-an wlebamde CvenSi cxvris suladoba 1,7-2,0 mlnis farglebSi cvalebadobda. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel
wlebSi, samoqalaqo omisa da sazogadoebrivi qonebis moufiqreblad
privatizaciis gamo, cxvris raodenoba 583 aTas sulamde (1994 w.) Semcirda. momdevno wlebSi SeimCneva cxvris suladobis zrdis tendencia da
2007 wlis bolosaTvis CvenSi aRricxulia 624,0 aTasi suli yvela asakis
cxvari, maT Soris 372,8 aTasi suli nerbi. 2007 wels saqarTveloSi
warmoeulia 3,9 aT. t cxvris da Txis xorci (dakluli masiT) da 1,9 tona
matyli (fizikuri masiT). Sesabamisad, wlis dasawyisSi arsebuli erTi
cxvridan saSualod warmoebulia 6,2 kg xorci (dakluli masiT) da 3,0 kg
matyli. xorcis saerTo balansSi cxvris xorcis xvedriTi wili Seadgens
mxolod 5,6%- s.
cxvris warmoSoba
cxvari moaSinaures Cv.w.aR.-mde 6-7 aTasi wlis winaT. cxvris
Tanamedrove jiSebi Zlier gansxvavdebian gareuli, agreTve im Sinauri
cxvrebisagan, romelnic dRes ukve aRar arseboben. aseTi mdgomareoba
arTulebs im gareuli formebis dadgenas, romlebic Tavis droze
SemoCveuli da moSinaurebuli iqna adamianis mier. varaudoben, rom
moSinaurebuli iyo gareuli cxvris ori jgufi mufloni da argali,
xolo moSinaurebis adgilebad miCneulia wina da mcire azia, samxreT
evropa, CrdiloeT afrika, Sua da centraluri azia.
cxvris biologiuri Taviseburebebi
sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT cxvari ukeT iyenebs uxeS da saZovrul sakvebs, rasac ganapirobebs misi organizmis fiziologiuri Taviseburebebi da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis agebuleba.
dadgenilia, rom saZovarze gavrcelebuli mcenareebis 800 saxeobidan
cxvari Wams 520- ze mets, Zroxa 460- s, xolo cxeni 416- s. amasTan, cxvari
naklebad momTxovnia saZovris xarisxisadmi da advilad iTvisebs SedarebiT dabal balaxnars.
107
cxvari kargad itans Sor manZilze gadarekvas da gamoirCeva garemo
pirobebisadmi adaptaciis didi potencialiT, rac nebismier ekologiuri
zonaSi misi moSenebis saSualebas iZleva.
cxvris metad mniSvnelovani biologiuri Taviseburebaa kritikuli
situaciebis advilad gadatanis unari. kerZod, sasmeli wylisa da sakvebis sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis manZilze ukmarisobisas cxvari sakuTari rezervebis (sxeulSi, dumaSi da/an cximkudSi dagrovili cximis) xarjze inarCunebs WenWianobas da aRwarmoebis funqcias. amasTan, cxvris
jiSebis umravlesoba farexSi Senaxvisas cudad itans maRal tenianobas
da orpir qars, agreTve daWaobebul saZovrebs, haeris maRal temperaturasa da fardobiT tenianobas. gansakuTrebuli biologiuri Taviseburebebis gamo zogierTi jiSi (mag. yarakulis) gavrcelebulia mxolod
cxeli klimatis pirobebSi- udabnosa da naxevraudabnos zonebSi, xolo
zogierTi jiSebi Tavs kargad grZnoben notion klimatis pirobebSic.
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 10-12 welia, magram rogorc wesi faridan
gamoiwuneben 6-8 wlis asakamde. cxvars kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli joguri instinqti, ris gamo inaxaven SedarebiT didi suladobis farebad.
konstitucia, eqsterieri, interieri
sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebi Zvlovani da
kunTovani sistemis, tyavis, kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilis da saWmlis
momnelebeli organoebis ganviTarebiT, agreTve temperamentiT sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. me- 7 naxatze naCvenebia sxvadasxva
produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebSi calkeuli qsovilebisa da organoebis ganviTarebis proporciebi.
dadgenilia, rom samatylo mimarTulebis cxvrebs tyavi da Zvlebi
ufro Zlier, magram kunTovani da kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili ufro
sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli, vidnax. 7. sxvadasxva qsovilebis ganviTare saxorce da merinosul jirebis damokidebuleba cxvris
Sebs.
produqtiul mimarTulebasTan
cxvrebs yofen naz, uxeS,
mkvriv da faSar konstituciur
tipebad.
• uxeSi konstituciuri tipis
cxvrebs Zvlebi da Tavis
qala ufro Zlier aqvT ganviTarebuli. isini ufro didtanianebi magram araharmoniuli agebulebiT xasiaTdebian, sxeulze matyli gamoTanabrebuli ar aris, sak1. tyavi; 2. kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovebis anazRaureba ki daqvevili; 3. kunTovani qsovili; 4. ZvloiTebulia.
vani qsovili; 5. saWmlis momnelebeli
• nazi konstituciuri tipis
aparati
cxovelebs Zvlebi SedarebiT
sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli, maTi tyavi Txeli da faSaria, matyli
metad nazi, mokle da iSviaTi, kidurebi da muceli cudad aqvT
Sebusuli, amasTan axasiaTebT simkvircxle da nivTierebaTa cvlis
gaZlierebuli intensivoba;
• mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis cxvrebis kani mkvrivia, maT Zvlebi zomierad, kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili ki sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli,
108
organoebsa da qsovilebSi cximi naklebad grovdeba, matyli xSiri da
jiSidan
gamomdinare,
SedarebiT
nazia.
gamoirCevian
kargi
janmrTelobiTa da simkvircxliT;
• faSari konstituciis cxvrebs kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili Zlier
aqvT ganviTarebuli, sxeuli damrgvalebulia, Zvleuli susti, kani
sqeli, matyli grZeli, magram iSviaTi. isini naklebad moZravni arian
da xasiaTdebian dabali nayofierebiTa da merZeulobiT.
amasTan, nebismieri produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvari sasurvelia
xasiaTdebodes magari konstituciuri tipiT, romlis qveS igulisxmeba
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleobis da sakvebis anazRaurebis harmoniulad
Sexameba maRal produqtiulobasTan da aRwarmoebis unarTan.
eqsterieri. aris cxvris produqtiuli mimarTulebis erT-erTi
maCvenebeli. is gvaZlevs saSualebas, erTi da imave konstituciis farglebSi, SevafasoT cxvris ganviTarebis xarisxi. eqsterieris Sefaseba
gamoiyeneba cxvris bonitirebisas, ra drosac aqceven yuradRebas
garegnuli formebis naklovanebebs, an piriqiT, gansakuTrebulad karg
ganviTarebas.
cxvris eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT, konkretuli jiSisaTvis
specialurad SemuSavebuli skalis mixedviT. skala iTvaliswinebs sxeulis calkeuli nakvTebze (magaliTad Tavze, zurgze, welze da sxv.)
garkveuli Sefasebis (balis) miekuTvnebas da miRebul Sedegis dajamebas.
rac ufro axlosaa jami 100- Tan, miT ufro sasurveli tipisaa Sefasebuli cxoveli.
TvalzomiT SefasebasTan SedarebiT ufro zustia ganazomebiT
Sefaseba, ra drosac sazomi xelsawyoebiT sazRvraven sxeulis calkeuli
nawilebis (simaRlis, sigrZis, siganis da garSemowerilobis) ganviTarebas. miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze adgenen eqsterieris profils da
sazRvraven agebulebis indeqsebs.
interieri. Sefasebisas did mniSvnelobas aniWeben hematologiuri
maCveneblebis, sisxlis jgufebis, kanis histostruqturis da sxva maCveneblebis Seswavlas, agreTve maTi kavSiris dadgenas zrdis energiasTan,
cocxal masasTan, matylis gamosavalTan da xarisxTan, cxovelis gamZleobasTan da aRwarmoebis unarTan.
cxvris moSeneba
iseve rogorc mecxoveleobis sxva dargebSi mecxvareobaSic gamoiyeneba moSenebis ori meTodi, xalasjiSiani (xazobrivi, xazTaSoris krosireba) da jvaruli (darTviTi, cvladi, STanTqmiTi, saaxaljiSe da SedarebiT iSviaTad samrewvelo Sejvareba).
gadarCeva da SerCeva
cxvris gadarCevas awarmoeben niSan-TvisebaTa kompleqsiT, ra drosac iTvaliswineben warmoSobas, eqsteriers, produqtiulobas, matylis
simsxos, Sebusulobis sixSires, malmwifadobas, mravalnayofierebas da
sakvebis efeqturad gamoyenebis maCvenebels.
bonitireba. sasurveli tipis cxovelebis gadasarCevad atareben
bonitirebas. cxvris sicocxlis manZilze ZiriTadi bonitireba tardeba
erTxel da im asakSi, rodesac ufro metad aris SesaZlebeli eqspertuli
gasinjviT misi swori Sefaseba.
nazmatylovan da naxevrad nazmatylovan cxvrebs, agreTve maT najvarebs uxeSmatylovan jiSebTan abonitireben erTi wlis asakSi, gazaf109
xulze, pirveli parsvis win, elitur jgufSi gamoyofil cxvars ki
ganmeorebiT individualurad abonitireben ori wlis asakSi.
uxeSmatylovan saxorce-saqone cxvrebs abonitireben pirvel dagrilebaze gaSvebis win, daaxloebiT 1½ wlis asakSi.
samaJdake mecxvareobaSi batknebs abonitireben 1-3 dRis asakSi,
xolo saqurqe mecxvareobaSi mozardis mier 7-8 Tvis asakis miRwevisas.
cxvris bonitireba orgvaria, individualuri da klasuri.
individualuri bonitireba. ewodeba niSan-TvisebaTa kompleqsiT
cxvris konkretuli individis calke Sefasebas da bonitirebis JurnalSi
da/an individualur baraTebSi Sesabamisi Canawerebis Setanas. individualurad abonitireben sanaSene meurneobebisa da fermebis sakuTari
aRwarmoebisaTvis gankuTvnil mozards, STamomavlobis xarisxze Semowmebuli verZebidan miRebul batknebs (asxletisas da 1 wlis asakSi) da
sanaSened gasayid suladobas.
klasuri bonitireba. ewodeba sabonitiro klasebze cxvris mikuTvnebas misi jiSuri, konstituciuri da produqtiulobis xarisxis eqspertuli Sefasebis safuZvelze. klasuri bonitirebisas yovel individs
afaseben cal-calke, magram ufro Semoklebuli sqemiT, vidre individualurad bonitirebisas. cxovelebis daxasiaTebas Canawerebis saxiT ar
afiqsireben, xolo klasis mikuTvnebas aRniSnaven yurze Sesabamisi seris
(niSnis) dadebiT. am wesiT dabonitirebuli pirveli klasis suladobidan
gamoyofen jgufs individualuri bonitirebisaTvis.
klasuri bonitireba tardeba sasaqonlo farebSi, agreTve sanaSene
meurneobis im suladobaze, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian individualur
bonitirebas.
sxvadaxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebisaTvis cal-calke
Sedgenilia bonitirebis teqnikuri pirobebi. masSi mocemulia is minimaluri moTxovnebi (I klasis standarti), romelsac unda akmayofilebdes
konkretuli sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis cxoveli.
bonitirebis monacemebis safuZvelze yvela produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebs yofen elita, I da II, klasebad. amas damatebiT, nazmatylovan da naxevrad nazmatylovan mecxvareobaSi najvar cxvrebs akuTvneben III da IV sabonitiro klass.
individualuri bonitirebis masalebis safuZvelze fermaSi adgenen
individualuri SerCevis gegmas (konkretuli nerbis gasanayofiereblad
gamoyofen konkretul verZs, an spermas), xolo klasurad dabonitirebul
nerbebs jgufuri SewyvilebisaTvis SeurCeven ramodenime verZs.
cxvris nerbva, doli da mozardis gamozrda
cxvris umravlesi jiSebi xuraoben zafxulis bolodan gvian Semodgomamde. es ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT metad momgebiania, vinaidan doli
emTxveva gazafxulis dadgomas, e.i. daTbobas da saZovris balaxnaris
intensiuri vegetaciis dawyebas.
SiSaqebis da saverZeebis pirvel nerbvaze gaSveba xdeba 1,5 wlis
asakSi, rodesac maTi cocxali masa zrdasruli asakovnebis masis 65-70%-s
aRwevs. nerbvis dawyebisas cxvari normalur SexorcebaSi unda iyos. amisaTvis nerbvis dawyebamde 30-40 dRiT adre wyveten cxvris wvelas. uxeSmatyllovani jiSis cxvrebSi nerbvamde unda Catardes parsva, faris
dakompleqteba da sxva samuSaoebi (wundeba, bonitireba, danomvra, veterinarul-profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi).
110
nerbvis saxeebi. mecxvareobaSi gamoiyeneba Tavisufali nerbva, xelze nerbva da xelovnuri ganayofiereba. Tavisufali nerbvisas 1 suli verZis datvirTva 25, xelze nerbvisas 60-100, xolo xelovnuri ganayofierebisas 500-700 suli nerbia. gansakuTrebiT maRalproduqtiuli verZebis
datvirTvas xelovnurad ganayofierebisas zrdian 5-6 aTasi sulamde.
xelovnuri ganayofiereba rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve veterinaruli
TvalsazrisiT, momgebiania.
axurebuli nerbis gamorCeva. axurebuli nerbebis swori da drouli
gamorCeva uzrunvelyofs ganayofierebis maRali donis miRwevas. axureba
vlindeba sqesobrivi aRgznebiT. am dros nerbi TviTon uCerdeba verZs
dasagrileblad. Cveulebriv axureba grZeldeba 24-29 saaTs, calkeul
SemTxvevaSi sam dRemde. axurebul nerbs gareTa sasqeso organoebi SeSupebuli da gawiTlebuli aqvs, saidanac pirvel dRes uxvad gamoiyofa
lorwosmagvari gamWirvale, meore dRes ki TeTri-mRvrie siTxe.
pirveli axurebis dros nerbi Tu ar damakda 16-17 dRis Semdeg
xuraoba isev meordeba cxovelis damakebamde. sasurvelia nerbebis mTeli
suladoba ganayofierdes 35-40 dReSi.
xelovnuri ganayofiereba. axurebuli nerbebis gamosavlenad gamoiyeneba msinjavi (megolari). yovel 1000 nersur. 56. megolari verZi
bze saWiroa 10-12 suli, SedarebiT dabali
winsafriT
sanaSene Rirsebis, magram janmrTeli da
sqesobrivad aqtiuri axalgazrda saverZeebi.
xelovnuri ganayofierebis damTavrebis Semdeg isini SeiZleba gamoviyenoT gaunayofierebeli nerbebis gasanerbad.
faraSi gaSvebamde megolarebs ukeTeben winsafars (sur. 56), rac Tavidan gvacilebs
SemTxveviT
ganayofierebas.
amave
mizniT gamoiyeneba qirurgiuli CareviT
vazomqtimrebuli (spermis sadinarebi gadaketili) megolarebi. axurebul cxvrebs
faridan arCeven yoveldRiurad diliT adre, 2-3 saaTis manZilze. is
nerbebi, romlebic daiTesla wina dRes, magram kvlav avlenen xuraobis
niSnebs ganmeorebiT unda daiTeslos, Semdeg ki SeerioT ganayofierebuli nerbebis faras.
Tavisufali nerbva. am dros verZebi gaSvebuli arian faraSi da
Tavisuflad anayofiereben axurebul nerbebs; Tavisuflad nerbvisas gaZnelebulia zooteqnikuri aRricxva da SeuZlebelia wyvilebis individualurad SerCeva;
xelze nerbva. xelze nerbvisas, iseve rogorc xelovnuri ganayofierebisas, gvaqvs saSualeba organizebulad warvmarToT sanaSeno muSaoba,
sworad CavataroT SerCeva, zustad aRvricxoT yvela nerbis dagrilebis
dro da SevadginoT dolis kalendaruli gegma. axurebul nerbebs gamoarCeven saerTo suladobidan da gadahyavT calke bakSi, sadac afiqsireben xeliT an Caayeneben specialur dazgaSi da gasanayofiereblad miuSveben winaswar SerCeul verZs.
arian cxvris iseTi jiSebi, romlebic wlis yvela periodSi modian
xuraobaSi. aseT jiSebs miekuTvneba imeruli cxvari, romelic saukeTeso
jiSia batknis xorcis uwyveti warmoebisaTvis.
dolisaTvis mzadeba. cxvris makeoba grZeldeba 144-155 dRe. janmrTeli da sicocxlisunariani batknis misaRebad saWiroa make nerbis
111
srulfasovani kveba, makeobis bolo periodSi ki ulufis yuaTianobis 2025%- iT gazrda.
dolis dawyebamde 8-10 dRiT adre farexi kargad unda dasufTavdes
da gamoicvalos qveSsafeni. specialurad damzadebuli ficris tixrebiT
gamoiyofa adgili axladmogebuli batknebisa da nerbebisaTvis, keTdeba
dolfarebi (koraknebi) im nerbebis Casasmelad, romlebic ar awoveben
qorfa batkans; aseve ewyoba sakveburebi, cal-calke gamoiyofa sadgomi
daudolebeli nerbebisaTvis da SiSaqebisaTvis.
doli. batknebi, ZiriTadad, ibadeba 1,5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. nerbi Tu
janmrTelia da mogeba normalurad mimdinareobs, procesi mTavrdeba 40
wuTSi. Tu mogeba yovndeba da nerbi wuxs, maSin saWiroa gamocdili
mwyemsis an veterinari eqimis Careva. garTulebul mSobiarobas iwvevs
nayofi didi zoma da/an misi araswori mdgomareoba.
mogebisas batkans, rogorc wesi, Wiplari TviTon wydeba, magram Tu
Wiplari ar mowyda mas muclidan 6-8 sm daSorebiT moaWrian da
adezinficireben iodis nayeniT, an sxva saSualebiT.
dabadebisTanave batkans sufTa tiloTi mowmenden cxvirsa da
tuCebs da miusvamen dedas. sasurvelia dedam galokis batkani, vinaidan
lokva, erTis mxriv xels uwyobs nerbis mier momyolis droul mogdebas,
meores mxriv ki batknis organizmSi sisxlis mimoqcevis gaumjobesebasgarda amisa, lokvis procesSi deda eCveva batkans da uSvebs mas mosawovad. dabadebidan 15-20 wuTis Semdeg janmrTeli batkani fexze dgeba, eZebs
curs da iwyebs dedis wovas.
farexis dasadolebel ganyofilebaSi haeris temperatura unda iyos
+15...+170C- is farglebSi. dauSvebelia gamWoli qari da maRali tenianoba.
batknis gamozrda. mecxvareobis praqtikaSi batknis gamozrdis sxvadasxva meTods mimarTaven. saqarTvelos momTabare mecxvareobaSi, nerbebis suladobidan gamomdinare, dolis dros zogjer dRe-RameSi 20-dan
100-mde batkani ibadeba da Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis Znelia imis dadgena Tu romeli batkani, romeli nerbisaa. Zvelad am saqmes emsaxureboda
specialuri mwyemsi `mcnobari~, romelic mxedvelobiTi maxsovrobisa da
gansakuTrebuli smenis wyalobiT Seucdomlad asrulebda am saqmes.
dReisaTvis dadolebul nerbebs TavianT batknebTan erTad yofen
mcire jgufebad da 2-3 kviris ganmavlobaSi aTavseben erT galiaSi, rac,
bunebrivia xsnis problemas. Semdgom cxvari gayavT saZovarze, batkans ki
inaxavdnen sabatkneSi did jgufad, sadac eZlevaT xarisxiani Tiva, Svriis
da qeris RerRili an kombinirebuli sakvebi.
diliT saZovarze gasvlamde nerbebsa da batknebs erTimeoreSi ureven. nerbis mier Tavisi batknis povnis Semdeg orive gamohyavT calke da
20-30 wuTi awoveben. am process gasardvla hqvia. wovebis Semdeg batkans
asxleten da SehyavdaT sabatkneSi, cxvars ki saZovarze garekaven. saRamos, saZovridan dabrunebul nerbebTan kvlav miuSveben batknebs, wovebis
damTavrebis Semdeg ki, dilamde maT inaxaven cal-calke.
pirveli Tve batkani, ZiriTadad, dedis rZiT ikvebeba. zrdasTan
erTad misi moTxovnileba sakvebze matulobs, amitom 2-3 kviris asakidan
mas aZleeven damatebiT sakvebs- kargi xarisxis Tivas da koncentrirebul
sakvebs, an kidev marcvlovnebis (qeris an Svriis) RerRils.
cxvris kveba. sxvadasxva zonis bunebrivi klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT mecxvareobis praqtikaSi miRebulia cxvris Senaxvisa da kvebis ramdenime sistema.
112
113
karotini,
mg.
P, g
Ca, g
monel. proteini g
mimocvl.iTi
energia,
mjouli
sakv. erT.
kg.
cocxali
masa, kg
CvenSi, nebismieri sistemiT Senaxvisas, mTeli wlis manZilze cxvris
ZiriTadi sakvebia saZovris balaxi.
amasTan, gviani zamTrisa da adre gazafxulis TveebSi aRiniSneba
saZovruli sakvebis garkveuli deficiti. amis gaTvaliswinebiT Rrmad
make nerbebs saZovris sakvebze damatebiT aZleven 0,5kg, xolo mawovar
nerbebs 1,0 kg koncentrirebul sakvebs, rac mTlianad uzrunvelyofs
cocxali masisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis Sestyvisi raodenobis
sayuaTo nivTierebebis miRebas (cxrili 19).
verZis kveba. wlis
cxrili 19. make da mawovari nerbis
yvela periodSi, verZikvebis norma
mwarmoebli unda iyos
sanaSene
kondiciaSi.
amis
gaTvaliswinebiT
SemuSavebulia
kvebis
normebi, rac mxedvelobaSi
unda
miviRoT
saZovris
mosavlianobidan
gamomdinare.
makeobis I periodi
rogorc wesi, verZ40 0.75-0.95 8.3-10.6
60-75
3.7-4.7 2.3-2.9
mwarmoebels damatebiT
50
0.85-1.05 10.1-11.4 75-90
4.2-5.1 2.5-3.1 10-12
kvebaven mxolod ner60
0.95-1.15 11.2-13.5 81-95
4.7-5.6 2.8-3.4
bvis periodSi.
makeobis bolo 2 Tve
mozardis
kveba.
dabadebidan
1
Tvis
asa40
1.1-1.2
12.1-13.1 95-115 6.5-7.5 3.2-4.0
50
1.15-1.35 12.4-14.5 115-125 7.5-8.5 3.5-4.5 15-20 kamde batknis kveba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia
60
1.30-1.40 14.8-15.5 115-135 8.0-9.0 4.1-5.0
nerbis merZeulobasTan.
mawovari nerbi
laqtaciis mesame Tvi40
1.4-1.8
15.5-19.1 140-180 7.2-8.4 4.2-5.2
dan
rZis
raodenoba
15-20
51
1.5-1.9
16.3-20.1 150-190 7.6-8.8 4.4-5.4
klebulobs. am droisaTvis
batkani
ukve
60
1.6-2.0 17.6-22.0 160-200 8.0-9.2 4.6-5.6
SeCveulia
organizmis
moTxovnilebis Sesabamisi yuaTianobis uxeSi da/an saZovruli sakvebis
Wamas. amis misaRwevad batkans 3-4 kviris asakidan dedis rZeze damatebiT
aZleven kargi xarisxis Tivas da daRerRil marcvleuls.
sami Tvis asakis batkani dReSi ukve 0,3-0,5 kg Tivas da 150 gr koncentrats Wams, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva mozardis sadReRamiso wonamatma saSualod 400-500 g-s miaRwios.
momTabare mecxvareobis pirobebSi 3-3,5 Tvis asakis batkani ukve
mTaSia ayvanili, sadac xdeba misi dedisgan asxleta. asxletil mozards,
rogorc wesi, mTaSi SeurCeven binasTan axlos mdebare saZovaris yvelaze
karg nakveTs.
cxvris suqeba. mozardis suqeba ZiriTadad mTis saZovarze xdeba.
zogjer ki ialaRobidan dabrunebul mozards 30-45 dRe intensiurad
asuqebaen, risTvisac awyoben martivi tipis sasuq moedans. iq, sadac
maRali xarisxis sazamTro saZovrebia, zrdasrul, wundebul cxvars
asuqeben 60 dRe, xolo mozards 90-120 dRe.
suqebisas 7-8 Tvis asakis batkani 1 kg cocxali wonis namatze xarjavs 5-6 sakveb erTeuls, zrdasruli cxvari ki 9-10 kg sakveb erTeuls.
cxvris parsva.
parsva erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sawarmoo procesia. misi droulad da
sworad Catareba mtylis xarisxis amaRlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pirobaa.
parsvis vadebi. sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSis
cxvrebs parsaven sxvadasxva dros da sixSiriT; erTgvarovani matylis
mqone cxvris jiSebi (nazmatylovani da naxevrad nazmatylovani) iparseba
weliwadSi erTxel gazafxulze, xolo Sereuli matylis mqone jiSebi
(naxevrad uxeSmatylovani da uxeSmatylovani) weliwadSi orjer gazafxulze da Semodgomaze.
Sereuli matylis mqone batkani pirvelad iparseba 6-7 Tvis asakaSi.
erTgvarovani matylis mqone batknebi SeiZleba gaiparsos amave asakSi, Tu
matylis sigrZe 4 sm da metia. maTi Semdegi parsva tardeba momdevno wels.
gazafxulze cxvris parsvis dawyebis ZiriTadi pirobaa Tbili amindebis dadgoma. dauSvebelia gril amindSi parsva, vinaidan gaparsuli
cxvari swrafad civdeba. amasTan, parsvis dagvianebac ar aris mizanSewonili, vinaidan sicxeebis dadgoma gauparsav cxvar awuxebs, iklebs
cocxali masa da nakveboba, mawovar nerbebs ki umcirdebaT merZeuloba.
saqarTvelos barSi gazafxulze parsva tardeba aprilSi, rac saSualebas iZleva sazafxuli saZovrebze gadarekvamde cxvars wamoezardos
da mouswordes matyli. aprilSi parsva sasurvelia imitomac, rom am
dros iwyeben daavadebebis profilaqtikis mizniT cxvris gabanebas. saqme
i saris, rom gauparsavi cxvris gabaneba ar SeiZleba, radgan qimiuri
saSualebebis moxvedrisas matyli kargavs teqnologiur Tvisebebs da
safeiqro mrewvelobisaTvis gamousadegia.
Semodgomis parsva tardeba seqtemberSi, ise, rom zamTris civi dReebis dadgomamde cxvars matylis saburvelis wamozarda moeswros.
parsvis wina dRes gasapars faras ar aZoveben, xolo 12 saaTiT adre
mas unda uwyvitaven wylis micemas. maZRari cxvari parsvisas wuxdeba,
xolo savse kuWidan gamoyofili ganavaliTa da SardiT matyli WuWyiandeba. dauSvebelia sveli cxvris parsva.
parsvisaTvis momzadeba. cxvars parsaven xeliT (duqardiT) da
eleqtro saparsiT. parsvisaTvis gamoyofili bina an martivi farduli
winaswar unda dasufTavdes da Cautardes dezinfeqcia. cxvari SeiZleba
gaiparsos specialurad mowyobil magidaze, romlis sigrZe da sigane
1,7X1,5 m, simaRle ki 0,40-0,50 m- a. Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris, matylis
danagvianebis Tavidan asacileblad ageben ficris iataks an miwaze
daafenen brezents.
parsvis wesebi. parsva unda Catardes mSvid viTarebaSi. matylis
xarisxi didad aris damokidebuli mparsavis kvalifikaciaze. yvelaze
did defeqtad iTvleba arasworad parsviT gamowveuli matylis sigrZis
Semcireba.
parsvisas aucilebelia mparsavma daicvas Semdegi Tanamimdevroba:
1. cxvari unda daawvinos marcxena gverdze, zurgiT mparsavisaken;
2. pirvelad gaparsos fexebi da curis irgvliv midamo (es matyli
calke grovdeba);
3. Semdeg iparseba muceli da gverdi;
4. gamorTos saparsi agregati, cxvari unda gadabrunos marjvena
mxares mucliT mparsavisken da gaparsos menji, Semdeg ki marcxena
beWi;
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5. saparsis gamorTvis Semdeg, cxvars kvlav marcxena mxareze gadaabrunebs, mucliT mparsavisken da parsavs marjvena beWis midamosa
da ferds;
6. Semdeg parsavs welis da xerxemlis midamos;
7. bolos parsavs Tavs da kisris marjvena mxares.
8. saparsi aparatis gamorTvis Semdeg cxvars wamoayenebs da gauSebs
gaparsuli cxvrebis jgufSi.
gaparsul cxvars veterinari eqimi umowmebs Cliqis mdgomareobas da
aWris wanazardebs.
parsvisas kanis SemTxveviT gaWrisas, Wrilobaze esmeba sadezinfeqcio saSualeba.
parsvis Semdeg kanZs gaSalian specialur magidaze, Sida monaWeriT
zeviT, da dabertaven
mtvrisagan.
Tu kanZi Wrelia feradi matyli
grovdeba calke.
cxvris wvela
wvelian mxolod araerTgarovan matylovan cxvrebs. momTabarobisas
cxvris wvelas iwyeben mTaSi asvlidan 5-7 dRis Semdeg. es periodi saWiroa cxvris mgzavrobis Semdeg dasasveneblad, batknebis asasxletad da
axali garemo pirobebisadmi maT SesaCvevad, agreTve wvelisaTvis bakebis
da inventaris mosamzadeblad.
zogierTi fermeri cxvars barSic wvelis, Tumca rigi mizezebis
gamo es arc Tu mTlad gamarTlebulia.
CvenSi wvelis ori wesi gamoiyeneba, bakSi wvela da beraSi wvela:
a) bakSi wvela. am wesis gamoyenebisas nerbebs Serekaven specialurad mowyobil bakSi, ise, rom iq isini mWidrod arian. aseT SemTxvevaSi
mwvelavi advilad iWers da afiqsirebs mosawvel nerbs. aucilebelia
nerbi srulad moiwvelos, vinaidan curSi darCenili rZe iwvevs mis
droze adre gaSrobas.
b) beraSi wvela. am wess mimarTaven mcire kavkasionze momTabare
fermerebi, romlebic mTaSi asvlis Semdeg, wvelis periodSi batkans
nawilobriv acileben dedas. nerbs wvelian bakTan mowyobil viwro gasasvlelSi- beraSi. mis orive mxareze zis ramodenime mwvelavi da Semosuli
cxvari mosawvelad rigrigobiT gadadis xelidan xelSi. bolo Camowvelis Semdeg nerbs uSveben gareT. es meTodiT ufro efeqturad unda
CaiTvalos, vinaidan nerbi gvian Sreba da met rZes iZleva. wvelamde
nerbebi da batknebi imyofebian cal-calke, xolo wvelis damTavrebis
Semdeg maT 1_2 saaTiT ureven erTmaneTSi, ra drosac batkani curSi
darCenil rZes wovs. amasTan, praqtikosi mecxvareebis umravlesoba bakSi
wvelas amjobinebs, vinaidan beraSi wvela ufro Sromatevadia. garda
amisa, bakSi wvelisas cxvari ufro srulad gamoiwveleba da, vinaidan
rZis bolo ulufa ufro met cxims Seicavs, aseTi meTodiT mowvelili
rZisgan ufro maRali xarisxis yveli mzaddeba
nerbebi agvistos pirveli dekadis bolosaTvis unda gaSres, rac
aucilebelia maTi nerbvisaTvis mosamzadeblad.
meTxeoba
Txa gvaZlevs sxvadasxva sakveb produqtebs (rZes, xorcs, qons) da
msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis TivTiks, matyls (moheri) da balans (Txisura).
misi mniSvneloba gamoixateba agreTve imiTac, rom is advilad iTvisebs
sxva saxeobebisaTvis miuwvdomel cicabo reliefis mqone ekal-bardian
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savargulebs da mwiri kvebis pirobebSic gvaZlevs sakmao raodenobiT
produqcias.
FAO- s monacemebiT msoflioSi Txis suladoba, sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafi tempiT izrdeba (saSualod
weliwadSi 8,7 mln suliT), ris gamo 2006 wlisaTvis am saxeobis cxovelebis suladobam 763 mln suli Seadgina. imave periodisaTvis Txis rZis
warmoebam msoflioSi miaRwia 11,5 mln tonas, xolo xorcis- 4,7 mln
tonas (dakluli masiT).
CvenSi sxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan erTad, Txis
moSenebas mniSvnelovani adgili ekava, xolo afxazeTis, samegrelos da
mTiani aWaris mcxovrebTaTvis is Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo.
bolo aTwleulSi Txis suladobis dinamikaSi aRiniSneba arastabiluroba: 2004 wlisaTvis, 1999 welTan SedarebiT Txis suladoba gaizarda
33,5 aTasi suliT, anu 44,3%-iT, magram 2007 wlis bolosaTvis Semcirda
40.0%-iT.
Txis biologiuri Taviseburebebi. biologiurad Txa sakmaod axlos
dgas cxvarTan, magram isini sxvadasxva saxeobebs miekuTvnebian da ar
ujvardebian erTmaneTs.
ZroxasTan erTad, Txa erT-erTi pirveli moiSinaura adamianma. is ar
saWiroebs kvebis da movla patronobis gansakuTrebul pirobebs, advilad
egueba gansxvavebul garemos, ris gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvela bunebriv-klimatur zonaSi.
Txas SeuZlia sakvebi moipovos iseT saZovarze, romelsac Zlieri
daqanebis sxva saxeobis cxoveli ver iyenebs. is moZravi da mgrZnobiare
cxovelia da swrafad reagirebs mis garSemo arsebul mdgomarebaze.
smenis aparati ise aqvs mowyobili, rom yurs amoZravebs erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad da aRiqvams bgeriT cvlilebebs, romlebic miedinebian
sxvadasxva wyaroebidan da mxridan. Txa advilad eCveva adamians. aqvs
cxvris faris winamZrolobis unari, ris gamoc momTabare mecxvareobaSi
did rols asrulebs, mis gareSe cxvris gadarekva sazafxulo saZovrebis
rTuli reliefis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
Txa cxvrisagan gansxvavdeba qcevis reaqciebiT, temperamentiT, xmis
tembriT, siTbomdgradobiT da zogierTi sxva niSan-TvisebiT. iolia misi
marTva, farebad Zoveba da individualurad Senaxva, kargad egueba dabmulad Senaxvas. mis saWmlis momnelebeli sistemas SeuZlia gadaamuSaos
64%-mde ujredanas Semcveli sakvebi.
Txa mravalnayofieri cxovelia. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 5-7 Tvis,
xolo fiziologiur simwifes aRwevs da nayofierdeba 1,5 wlis asakSi.
makeoba saSualod grZeldeba 150 dRe da, rogorc wesi, erT mogebaze
iZleva or Tikans.
Txis rZe. uvnebelia yvela asakis adamianisaTvis da ar aris saSiSi
alergiis TvalsazrisiT. rigi TvisebebiT sakmaod axlos dgas qalis
rZesTan, amitom Cvili bavSvebis sakvebad misaRebia. mdidaria vitaminebiT,
kalciumiT, fosforiT, kobaltiT da rigi sxva mineraluri nivTierebebiT, axasiaTebs Zlieri antiinfeqciuri, antianemiuri da antihemoragiuli
Tvisebebi. kalciumis marilebis didi raodenobiT Semcvelobis gamo Txis
rZe saukeTeso saSualebaa im bavSvebis sakvebad, romlebsac mineraluri
marilebis cvla darRveuli aqvT, an raqitiT arian daavadebulebi.
Tavisi SedgenilobiT, fizikur-qimiuri da sensoruli TvisebebiT
Txis rZe iTvleba Zvirfas produqtad. misgan mzaddeba ramdenime saxis
yveli da karaqi.
116
Txis xorci sakmaod gemrielia, cxvris xorcTan SedarebiT is
ufro Ria (rZisfer-vardisferi) ferisaa, qoni ki TeTria. maRali xarisxis
xorci miiReba adreul asakSi dakodili im mamali Txisagan, romelic
saZovrul pirobebSia gasuqebuli.
Txis matyli. gansakuTrebuli Zvirfasi xarisxis matyli aqvs
angoris Txas, romelic gamoirCeva erTgvarovnebiT. gansakuTrebul naz
matyls is iZleva 1 wlis asakSi.
Txis TivTiki. miekuTvneba gansakuTrebul kategorias matyleulis
nedleulTa Soris da gamoirCeva simsubuqiT, sirbiliT da sinaziT.
Txis tyavi. Tavisi xarisxiT, gamZleobiT, simtkiciT bevrad aRemateba cxvrisas. misgan mzaddeba saukeTes xarisxis tyaveuli- Sevro, zamSi,
laika. gamoiyeneba, agreTve, saqurqe da bewveulis warmoebisaTvis.
Txis nakeli. maRali xarisxis organuli sasuqia da gamoiyeneba,
rogorc erTwliani, aseve mravalwliani kulturebis qveS dakavebuli
farTobebis gasanoyiereblad.
meTxeobaSi ZiriTadad gamoyofen warmoebis sam mimarTulebas: merZeul, saTivTike da samatylos.
Txis moSeneba da kveba. garda calkeuli specifikuri momentebisa
Txis moSenebis meTodebi da movla-Senaxva-kvebis teqnika praqtikulad
mecxvareobaSi gamoyenebulis msgavsia.
Txis wvela. rogorc wesi, Txas dReSi orjer wvelian, maRalproduqtiulebs ki samjer. iseve rogorc Zroxis wvelisas, Txis wvelian
gverdidan. Txis monawveli izrdeba mesame-meoTxe laqtaciamde.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra mimarTulebiT viTardeba Tanamedrove mecxvareoba da ratom?
• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba cxvari?
• ra niSnebia damaxasiaTebeli nazi, uxeSi, mkvrivi da faSari konstituciis cxvrebisaTvis?
• ra maCveneblebiT afaseben cxvris eqsteriers?
• bonitirebis ramdeni xerxi gamoiyeneba cxvris gadarCevisas?
• bonitirebis masalebis safuZvelze ramden klasad iyofa cxvari?
• dagrilebis romeli meTodia yvelaze misaRebi da ratom?
• ramdenia 1 verZis datvirTvis norma Tavisufali dagrilebisas,
xelze dagrilebisas da xelovnuri ganayofierebisas?
• ra maCveneblebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT nerbis kvebis normis gansazRvrisas?
• cxvris xeliT wvelis romeli meTodebia cnobili da ra upiratesobebi aqvs TiToeul maTgans?
• ra TanamimdevrobiT sruldeba parsvis operaciebi?
• rodis iparseba erTgvarovanmatylovani/araerTgvarovanmatylovani
cxvrebi?
• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba Txa?
• ra TvisebebiT aqvs Txis rZes?
literatura:
1. a.dolmazaSvili- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi, ”universali”, 2009;
2. T. paikiZe- mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2004;
3. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeoba, Tbilisi, 1997;
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4. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargis ganviTareba da produqciis warmoeba fermerul meurneobebSi. Tbilisi, 1999;
5. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargisa da produqtebis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2001;
6. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
7. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйственных
животных. «КолосС», 2005;
T a v i 8. mefrinveleoba. frinvelis xorcisa
da kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia;
bolo 30 welia msoflioSi, mecxoveleobis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT, mefrinveleoba ufro swrafad da dinamiurad viTardeba. 2002 wlisaTvis frinvelis kvercxis warmoebam 917 mlrd. cals, xolo xorcis
warmoebam 73,9 milion tonas miaRwia. xorcis balansSi frinvelis xorcis
wilze modis 30%.
frinvelis xorcis warmoebaSi msoflio lideria aSS, xolo kvercxis warmoebaSi CineTi. erT sul mosaxleze frinvelis xorcisa da
kvercxis warmoebis maCvenebliT mowinave pozicia ukavia aSS- s.
ise rogorc mecxoveleobis sxva dargebSi, mefrinveleobaSic saqarTvelos mosaxleobas didi tradiciebi aqvs. es dargi, warmoadgenda ra
glexuri meurneobis saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad sferos, mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobda qveynis ekonomikaSi. sxva monacemebTan erTad amis
TvalsaCino magaliTia XIX saukunis 80-90- ani wlebis oficialuri cnobebi, romelTa Tanaxmad ruseTSi, britaneTSi, safrangeTSi da evropis
sxva qveynebSi saqarTvelodan didi raodenobiT gahqondaT kvercxi da
mefrinveleobis sxva produqtebi.
gasuli saukunis 70- iani wlebidan CvenSi swrafad viTardeboda
samrewvelo mefrinveleoba. Sedegad xorcis warmoebam miaRwia 40 aTas
tonas, kvercxis ki 90 mln. cals.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgom periodSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis gamo, iseve rogorc saxalxo meurneobis sxva dargebma,
mefrinveleobamac seriozuli zarali ganicada. es aris imis mizezi, rom
2006 wels 1990 welTan SedarebiT frinvelis xorcis warmoeba Semcirda
27 aTasi toniT, xolo kvercxis- 410 milioni caliT.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis moSinaureba
frinvelTa samyaros ramodenime aTasi warmomadgenelidan adamianma
SemoiCvia da moaSinaura mxolod ramodenime saxeoba: qaTmisnairebidan–
qaTami, indauri, cicari da mwyeri, batisnairebidan ki- bati da ixvi.
arsebuli monacemebiT frinveli moSinaurebuli iqna 9 aTasi wlis
win. zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT pirvelad mouSinaurebiaT bati, misi
gareuli winapari ki nacara batia, romelic gadamfreni frinvelia.
batis gareuli forma dResac gvxvdeba evropisa da aziis samxreT
raionebSi, sadac isini zamTarSi binadroben wyalsacavebTan. maTi SemoCveva sakmaod iolia Tu daviWerT axladgamoCekil WuWuls. saberZneTSi,
mcire da centralur aziaSi bati iTvleboda wminda frinvelad da siuxvis simbolod.
118
dadgenilia, rom jer kidev 4500 wlis winaT moCxubar qaTmebs amravlebdnen indoeTSi, saidanac is gavrcelebula CineTSi, iranSi, egvipteSi
da sxvagan. Sinauri qaTmis gareuli winaparia e.w. bankivis qaTami, romelic dResac gvxvdeba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi- indoeTis, indoneziisa
da birmis bambukis tyeebSi da buCqnariT dafarul masivebze.
varaudoben, rom ixvis moSinaureba dauwyiaT saberZneTSi Cv.w.aR-mde
I aTaswleulSi, muskusuri ixvi ki amerikis kontinentze mouSinaurebiaT
evropelebis gamoCenamde. misi gareuli formebi binadroben braziliaSi,
boliviasa da paragvaiSi.
cicari moSinaurebulia dasavleT afrikaSi, kerZod ki dRevandeli
gvineis teritoriaze. pirveli cnobebi moSinaurebul cicarze daTariRebulia Cv.w.aR.-mde XV saukuniT. evropaSi misi moSeneba dauwyiaT romis
imperiaSi, saidanac gavrcelda evropis sxva qveynebSi da amerikis kontinentze.
moSinaurebis procesSi yvela saxeobis frinvelma mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi ganicada:
1. ConCxi naklebad mkvrivi, faSari gaxda, frTebis Zvlebi damoklda
da dapataravda;
2. Seicvala sxeulis saerTo agebuleba da misi calkeuli nawilebis
proporciebi;
3. Sinaur frinvelebSi bumbulis Seferiloba ufro mkveTri da
mravalgvari gaxda, maSin rodesac maTi gareuli formebis feri
ufro erTgvarovania da Sexamebulia garemosTan;
4. saxeobis farglebSi, gareul formebSi sxeulis sidide praqtikulad erTnairia, maSin rodesac moSinaurebulebSi cvalebadobs
sakmaod farTo diapazonSi; magaliTad, qaTmebSi 400-500 gramidan 4,55 kg-mde, indaurSi 2-dan 20 kg-mde, batSi 2-dan 12 kg-mde da a.S;
5. kvercxmdeblobaSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiricxa sezonuroba da gaizarda
mekvercxuli produqtiuloba. magaliTad, bankivis qaTami debs 8-12
cal kvercxs, maSin rodesac mekvercxuli dedali 300 calamde;
6. gaumjobesda xorcis xarisxi. Sinauri frinvelis xorci, gareulTan
SedarebiT ufro Ria ferisaa, ufro xSirad TeTria, met cxims
Seicavs da ufro nazi da gemrielia;
7. Seicvala qcevis reaqciebi. gareuli frinveli ufro mkvircxli da
agresiulia, garkveuli raodenobiT kvercxis dadebis Semdeg kruxdeba, Zlier aqvs ganviTarebuli dedobrivi instinqti. maTgan gansxvavebiT Sinaur frinvelebSi kvercxmdeblobis zrdam daTrguna
dedobrivi instinqti, xolo zogierT saxeobebSi savsebiT miCqmala.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis
bilogiuri Taviseburebebi
sasoflo-sameurneo
frinveli
warmodgenilia
oTxi
ZiriTadi
saxeobiT, qaTami, indauri, ixvi da bati. garda am saxeobebisa, samewarmeo
an sxva miznebisaTvis adamianebi aSeneben cicars da mwyers.
yvela aRniSnuli saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sameurneo TvalsazrisiT sami metad mniSvnelovani niSan-Tviseba, malmwifadoba, maRalnayofiereba da yvelafris mWameloba (polifagia).
malmwifadoba. frinvelebi SedarebiT mokle periodSi aRweven simwifes da anazRaureben gaweul xarjebs. magaliTad, qaTami da ixvi kvercxdebas iwyebs 5-6 Tvis asakidan, indauri- 7-8 Tvis asakidan, bati- 8-10
Tvis asakidan. imavdroulad, qaTmis da ixvis broilerebis suqeba mTavr119
deba 6_7 kviraSi, indauris- 10, batis ki 9 kviraSi. aseT mokle droSi
dasaklavi masis miRweva ganpirobebulia mozardis intensiuri zrdis unariT: wiwilis cocxali masa 7-8 kviris asakamde periodSi 35-jer imatebs,
ixvis WuWulis- 40-50 jer, batis 9 kviriani WuWulis- 40-jer indauris
Wukis ki 4 Tvis asakisaTvis 70-jer.
mravalnayofiereba da aRwarmoebis Tavisebureba. qaTami weliwadSi
iZleva 250-280 (300 calamde) kvercxs, mwyeri 240-250 cals, cicari 140
calamde, ixvi 110-130 cals, indauri 85-100 cals da bati 50-70 cals.
potenciurad SesaZlebelia yvela maTganidan ganviTardes nayofi.
Cveulebriv, erTi qaTmidan weliwadSi iReben 100-ze met wiwilas,
indauridan 60-70 Wuks, ixvisagan da batisagan, Sesabamisad, 90-100 da 15-30
WuWuls.
ZuZumwovrebisagan gansxvavebiT frinvelis nayofi embrionalur
periodSi viTardeba dedisagan damoukideblad kvercxis bunebrivi an
xelovnuri inkubaciiT. amis Sesabamisad aris agebuli mdedris sasqeso
organoebic, romelic Sedgeba sakvercxisa da kvercxsavalisagan. sakvercxe yurZnis mtevnis formis organoa da mimagrebulia xerxemalze filtvebsa da Tirkmlebs Soris. masSi warmoiqmneba da viTardeba gacilebiT
meti kvercxujredi, vidre ZuZumwovrebis sakvercxeebSi.
yvelafris mWameloba anu polifagia. frinvelis saWmlis monelebis
sistema isea mowyobili, rom SeuZlia rogorc mcenareuli, aseve cxoveluri sakvebis aTviseba da gadamuSaveba.
sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT frinvels SeuZlia
bevrad ufro swrafad gadaamuSaos miRebuli sakvebi. misi kuW-nawlavis
sistema sakmaod moklea, magram funqcionalurad moqmedebs metad intenseurad, ris gamo miRebuli sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis moneleba da
aTviseba 2-4 saaTSi mTavrdeba.
sasqeso qromosomebis Tavisebureba. ZuZumwovrebisagan gansxvavebiT
mdedrobiTi sasqeso qromosomebi warmodgenilia “XY”, xolo mamrobiTi
“XX” qromosomebiT. amdenad, frinvelebSi gansxvavebulia sqesTan SeWiduli niSan-Tvisebebis memkvidreoba.
frinvelis konstitucia da eqsterieri
termini konstitucia gulisxmobs cocxali organizmis morfologiur da fiziologiur Taviseburebebs, romelTac gansazRvravs memkvidreoba, garemo pirobebi da dakavSirebulia produqtiul mimarTulebasTan.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebSi gvxvdeba magari, nazi, mkvrivi da
faSari, iSviaTad uxeSi konstituciuri tipis individebi.
eqsterieriT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT frinvelis saxeoba, jiSi,
produqtiuli mimarTuleba, sqesi, asaki, fiziologiuri mdgomareoba,
janmrTeloba da, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, produqtiulobis done.
konstituciisa da eqsterieris Sefaseba xdeba frinvelis sicocxleSi orjer, pirvelad axladgamoCekil wiwilebSi- gamozrdaze dayenebis win da meored zrdasrul asakSi.
qaTmis konstitucia da eqsterieri. ganasxvaveben eqsterieris sam
tips (sur. 57) mekvercxuls (a), kombinirebuls (b) da mexorculs (g).
mekvercxuli qaTmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nazi-mkvrivi konstitucia, msubuqi Tavi, saSualo zomis niskartiT, didi zomis da foTliseburi bibilo, didi, elastiuri da Ria wiTeli feris Rababi, TeTri sayure, mbzinvare Tvalebi, saSualo zomis da SedarebiT wvrili kiseri, naklebad
ganviTarebuli wina nawili, saSualo zomis muceli, wvrili Zvlovani
120
sistema, zomierad ganviTarebuli kunTebi, Txeli kani, fexebi saSualo
simaRlis, romelzec aqvs oTxi TiTi.
sur. 57. sxvadasxva produqkargi kvercxmdebeli qaTmis eqstetiulobis qaTmis eqsterieri
rieris mixedviT Sesafasebeli niSnebi da
calkeuli simaxinjeebi naCvenebia 58 da
59 suraTebze.
mexorculi qaTmebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia nazi-faSari konstitucia, sqeli
kani, kanqveSa qonis dagrovebisaken midrekileba, masiuri Zvaleuli, fumfula
kunTebi, flegmaturi temperamenti. maT
Tavi mokle da masiuri, niskarti mokle
da msxvili, bibilo mtevnisebri an
foTlisebri formis, Rababi saSualo
sididis, Tvali mowiTalo-narinjisferi,
kiseri mokle aqvT. sxva niSnebidan
aRsaniSnavia: sxeulis wina nawili kargad
ganviTarebuli, zurgi ganieri da mokle,
muceli didi, fexebi msxvili da ganierad
mdgomi, kudi mokle da Sebumbvla faSari.
kombinirebuli
(mekvercxul-mexorculi) qaTmis jiSebi konstituciiT da
eqsterieriT xasiaTdebian zemoT aRwerili
tipebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
formebis Sualeduri gamovleniT. isini
ufro nazi-faSari konstituciuri tipisaken ixrebian, axasiaTebT mSvidi temsur. 58. sxvadasxva kvercxmdeblobis
qaTmis eqsterieris Taviseburebebi
sur. 59. qaTmis
eqsterieris simaxinjeebi
1. kargi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis Zvlebs Soris
sami TiTi eteva);
2. cudi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis Zvlebs Soris
mxolod ori TiTi eteva);
3. kargi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis da mkerdis
Zvlebs Soris oTxi TiTis dadebaa);
4. cudi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis da mkerdis
Zvlebs Soris ori TiTis dadebaa).
1.mongreuli terfi; 2. moxrili
TiTebi; 3. X-sebri dgoma; 4. yvavisebri Tavi; 5. mamlisebri
Tavi; 6. CamoSvebuli bibilo; 7.
marwuxisebri niskarti; 8. gverdze gadaxrili bolo.
121
peramenti da magari Zvlovani sistema.
indauris eqsterieri. Tavi grZeli da msxvili, Tavze da kisris
zeda nawilze aqvs naoWiani-xorciani wanazardebi, romelic mSvid mdgomareobaSi wiTeli ferisaa, xolo gaRizianebisas lurjdeba. niskarti grZelia da zemoTa mxareze xorTumi aqvs, kiseri grZelia da ukan gadaxrili,
mkerdi ganieri da momrgvalebuli, mis centralur nawilSi wamozrdilia
uxeSi bumbulis kona, frTebi mZlavri da grZeli, zurgi ganieri da
grZeli.
ixvis eqsterieri. pekinuri jiSis eqsterieris ZiriTadi niSnebia:
grZeli Tavi, odnav moxrili niskarti, saSualo sigrZis kiseri, mkvrivi
da TeTri feris Sebumbvla, mokle fexebi, TiTebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia afskiT.
batis eqsterieri. saSualo an didi zomis Tavi, saSualo sigrZis da
swori an moxrili niskarti, romelic narinjisferi an yviTelia da
dasawyisSi didi wanazardi aqvs, Tvalebi didi, mkerdi kargad ganviTarebuli, ganieri da win wamoweulia, zurgi ganieri da grZeli, sxeuli
wagrZelebuli, frTebi gverdebze mWidrod mikruli, kudi mokle, Sebumbvla mkvrivi, fexebi magari, TiTebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia afskiT.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT,
ganazomebis meTodiT da fotografirebiT. sxeulis proporciuli ganviTarebis dasadgenad ganazomebis safuZvelze iangariSeba sxeulis agebulebis indeqsebi.
frinvelis moSeneba
mefrinveleobaSi mimarTaven xalas da jvarul moSenebas. moSenebis
meTodis SerCeva gamomdinareobs dasaxuli miznidan da iTvaliswinebs
sasargeblo niSan-Tvisebebis gaumjobesebas.
xalasad moSenebis mizania jiSis SenarCuneba da mizanmimarTuli
gadarCeva-SerCevis gziT axali maRalproduqtiuli xazebis gamoyvana.
xalasjiSian moSenebas mimarTaven samomSenebloebSi, saseleqcio centrebSi da eqsperimentul bazebSi.
xalasad moSenebisas ZiriTadad mimarTaven xazebad moSenebas,
xazTaSoris krosirebas, agreTve uaxloes da axlo inbridings. naTesauri
Sewyvilebis Sedegs afaseben imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad dahomozigotda sasurveli genebi. amiT, aseve xdeba letali da naxevradletali
genebis gamovlena.
xazTaSorisi krosirebiT iReben e.w. sinTetikur xazebs.
Sejvarebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT gamoyavT axali jiSebi da samrewvelo daniSnulebis, heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone hibridebi. Tanamedrove samrewvelo mefrinveleoba dafuZnebulia swored aseTi hibriduli frinvelebis (e.w. broilerebis) gamoyenebaze.
sanaSene muSaoba. mekvercxuli mimarTulebis qaTmebSi seleqciis
mizania maRali kvercxmdeblobis, didi masis kvercxis momcemi da malmwifadi xazebisa da krosebis gamoyvana.
mexorculi mimarTulebis qaTmebSi seleqciis mizania iseTi xazebisa da krosebis Seqmna, romlebic swrafi zrdis wyalobiT adreul
asakSi aRweven dasaklav kondicias, erTeul namatze xarjaven mcire
raodenobiT sakvebs da aqvT kargi gemovnebiTi Tvisebebis mqone xorcis
maRali gamosavali.
indaurebis fermaSi mamlebs arCeven zrdis siswrafis, mexorculi
formebis, sicocxlisunarianobisa da aRwarmoebis maCveneblebis mixedviT.
122
dedal indaurSi ZiriTad yuradRebas aqceven kvercxmdeblobas, gamoCekvis
dones, zrdis siswrafesa da sxeulis agebulebas.
ixvebSi sanaSene muSaoba miznad isaxavs cocxali masis, xorcis
xarisxis, WuWulis Sebumbvlis xarisxis, mozardis SenarCunebis, kvercxmdeblobis da sakvebis anazRaurebis gaumjobesebas.
gadarCeva. mefrinveleobaSi mimarTaven ori saxis gadarCevas, masobrivs da individualurs. masobrivi gadarCeva xdeba garegnulad daTvalierebiT, xolo individualuri- eqsterierisa da konstituciis, warmoSobis, produqtiulobis da STamomavlobis xarisxiT Sefasebis SedegebiT.
mefrinveleobaSi ZiriTadi saseleqcio niSan-Tvisebebia: kvercxmdebloba, kvercxdebis intensivoba, kvercxis masa da xarisxi, cocxali masa,
xorcis xarisxi, sicocxlisunarianoba, sakvebis anazRaureba, adreuloba,
Sebumbvlis siswrafe da xarisxi.
SerCeva. SerCevis meTodi gamomdinareobs moSenebis meTodidan.
xalasjiSiani (xazebad) moSenebisas mimarTaven erTgvarovan SerCevas,
maSin rodesac hibridizaciisas- araerTgvarovans. araerTgvarovani
SerCevis safuZvelze, sxvadasxva saxeobebis, jiSebisa Tu xazebis
SewyvilebiT miiReba heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone STamomavloba.
bonitireba. mefrinveleobaSi klasur bonitirebas atareben yovelwliurad, ra drosac produqtiulobis donisa da xarisxis mixedviT
adgenen frinvelis klass. mozards abonitireben uSualod sanaSened
gadarCevis momentSi, meored ki mozrdil asakSi, ZiriTadi gundis
formirebisas. sabonitiro klasebi ganisazRvreba ZiriTad niSan-TvisebaTa
kompleqsiT.
kvercxis inkubacia
inkubatori. aris danadgari/mowyobiloba, romelSic winaswar gansazRvruli temperaturul-tenianobis da haeris mimocvlis reJimis pirobebSi kvercxidan xdeba wiwilis/Wukis/WuWulis gamoCekva.
sainkubacio kvercxis gadarCeva. sainkubaciod ar varga araswori
formis, wagrZelebuli an mokle kvercxi. aseve dauSvebelia defeqtiani
naWuWis mqone (faruli bzari, wanazardebi, uswormasworo, xaoiani),
saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli patara an didi zomis, agreTve didxans
Senaxuli kvercxi. es ukanaskneli advilad gasarCevia naWuWze mocisfro,
momwvano an movardisfro laqebiT da miuTiTebs daSlis procesis dawyebaze. sainkubacio kvercxi unda iyos swori formis.
mekvercxuli qaTmis sainkubacio kvercxi unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg parametrebs: masa- minimaluri 52 grami, sahaero saknis diametri- 1,8
sm, yviTrSi vitamin “A”- s Semcveloba 6 mk/1 g-Si, karotinoidebis Semcveloba- 18 mkg/1 g-Si, ganayofierebis %- 95 da gamoCekvis %- 90.
inkubaciis reJimi. sainkubaio karadaSi qaTmis kvercxis Calagebisas
haeris temperatura unda iyos +37,60C. tenianobas adgenen fsixrometris
“sveli” da “mSrali” Termometrebis maCveneblebiT. zemoTaRniSnuli
temperaturisas “sveli” Termometri unda uCvenebdes +29,00C-s, rac
Seesabameba 60% fardobiT tenianobas. sainkubacio karadaSi Calagebisas
sxva saxeobis frinvelebis kvercxis inkubaciis reJimis parametrebi mocemulia me- 20 cxrilSi.
qaTmis kvercxis gamoCekvisas “mSrali” Termometri unda uCvenebdes
+37,20C-s, xolo “sveli”-+34,0...+35,00C-s. es niSnavs, rom inkubatorSi iqneba
80-90% fardobiTi tenianoba.
123
inkubaciis nebismier etapze optimalurze dabali temperatura anelebs Canasaxis zrdas da ganviTarebas, is cudad iyeneben cilas, ris
Sedegad bevri embrioni iRupeba uSualod gamoCekis win.
cxrili 20. sxvadasxva saxeobis frinvelis kvercxis inkubaciis reJimi
temperatura,
qaTami indauri
ixvi
bati
cicari
mwyeri
0C
sainkubacio karada
+37.6
+37.6
+37.5
+37.8
+37.8
+37.6
mSrali
(1-14 dR.)
(1-12 dR.)
Termometris
+37.2
+37,6
(15-27,5 dR.)
+29.0
+29.0
+27.5
sveli
Termometris
(13-27 dR.)
+29,0
+31.0
(1-14 dR.)
(1-12 dR.)
+27,5
+28,5
(15-27,5 dR.)
(12-27 dR.)
+28.5
gamosaCeki karada
mSrali
Termometris
+37.2
+37.2
+37.0
k v e r c x i s
sveli
Termometris
+29
+34...+35
+37.2…+37.0
+37.2
+37.0
g a m o t e x v a m d e
+29...+30
+28.5
g a m o C e k v i s d r o s
+33...+35 +29...+30
+33...+35
+33...+35
+32.0
+29...+31
+29-+30
+29
kvercxis gacieba iwvevs gamoCekis periodis gaxangrZlivebas da
gamoCekili mozardis xarisxis gauaresebas. maRali fardobiTi tenianoba
aferxebs Canasaxis zrda-ganviTarebas, da iwvevs kvercxSi mSrali
nivTierebis zedmetad dagrovebas; Tavis mxriv dabali tenianoba kvercxis
SigTavsidan wylis Warbad amoSrobas iwvevs, naWuWSiga garsi Sreba, is
kargavs haeris gatarebis unars da Canasaxi uhaerobiT iRupeba.
inkubatorSi naxSirorJangis 0,4-0,6% koncentraciisas Canasaxi
normalurad viTardeba, 1%- mde gazrdisas- mcirdeba gamoCekis xvedriTi
wili, xolo 1,2-2% koncentraciisas Canasaxi masobrivad iRupeba.
inkubaciis reJimis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgenelia kvercxis gadabruneba. bunebrivi inkubaciisas frinveli fexebis moZraobiT
periodulad abrunebs kvercxs. inkubatorSi, specialuri meqanizmebis
daxmarebiT kvercxi dRe-Ramis manZilze, vidre gamosaCek karadaSi gadatanamde vertikaluri RerZidan 450-iT 24- jer brundeba.
wylis frinvelebis kvercxis inkubaciisas mimarTaven kombinirebul
gagrilebas: jer haerze, 20-30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg ki susti koncentraciis (movardisfro elferis) kaliumis permanganatis wyalxsnaris
dasxurebiT.
sainkubacio karadidan gamosaCek karadaSi Taroebi unda gadavitanoT kvercxis gamotexvamde, rac Tavidan agvacilebs embrionis dainficirebas.
Tanamedrove inkubatorebSi temperaturul-tenianobisa da haercvlis reJimi, agreTve kvercxis gadabrunebis sixSire regulirdeba specialuri kompiuteruli programebiT (aseTi programaa magaliTad “navigatori”).
124
qaTmis kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia
mefrinveleobis fabrikebi awarmoeben ori saxis kvercxs, sainkubacios da sasursaTos. amis Sesabamisad kvercxmdebeli qaTmebi pirobiTad
SeiZleba davyoT mSobelTa da samrewvelo gundad.
mSobelTa gundis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa xarisxiani sainkubacio
kvercxis warmoeba, xolo samrewvelo gundidan Rebuloben mxolod
sasursaTo kvercxs.
sanaSene meurneobebSi sawarmoo procesebi iTvaliswinebs sainkubacio kvercxis warmoebas, inkubacias, saremonto
mozardis gamozrdas,
sadede gundis dakompleqteba-aRwarmoebas, sanaSene produqciis (kvercxis)
Segrovebas, daxarisxebas da SefuTva-realizacias.
mSobelTa gundis Senaxvis ori sistema gamoiyeneba, iatakze (Rrma
safenze) da galiuri.
iatakze Senaxva. evropis qveynebSi upiratesad mimarTaven Rrma
safenze Senaxvas. iatakze Senaxvisas safrinveleSi yovel 5-6 kvercxmdebelze ewyoba erTi sabudari, saidanac kvercxs iReben yoveli 2 sT-is
SualediT. qveSsafenis mowyobis principi iseTivea, rogoric saxorce
broileris gamozrdisas.
dasmis simWidrove Seadgens 5-6 frTas 1 m2- ze. yovel 4-6 frTa kvercxmdebelze unda modiodes erTi wveTovani an mikroTefSuri sawyurebeli. kvebis frontma mrgvali sakveburebis gamoyenebisas unda Seadginos
6,3 sm, Raruli sakveburebis SemTxvevaSi ki 6-12 sm, dawyurvebis frontma
ki 2,5 sm.
galiuri Senaxva. Rrma safenTan SedarebiT aqvs rigi upiratesobebi. maT Sorisaa: izrdeba Senobebis tevadoba ris gamo erTeul farTobze miiReba samjer meti kvercxi, gaadvilebulia sawarmoo procesebis
meqanizacia-avtomatizacia, Semcirebulia safenis SeZenis, mowyobisa da
aRebis xarjebi.
erT galiaSi, 30-32 frTa dedalTan erTad aTavseben 3-4 mamals.
produqtiulobis periodSi gundidan gamoiwuneben mxolod sust, uferulbibiloian, tramvirebul da zedmetad gasuqebul frinvels. dasmis
simWidrove frinveli sqesisa da asakis mixedviT icvleba 200-1200 sm2- is
farglebSi.
safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +21...+220C, fardobiTi
tenianoba ki 60-70%. sakveburis simaRleze ganaTebis intensivobam unda
Seadginos 10-15 luqsi. amasTan, rekomendebulia sinaTlis wyvetili
reJimi, rac zrdis mekvercxul produqtiulobas da amcirebs energetickul danaxarjebs. mavne airebis dasaSvebi koncentraciaa: naxSirorJangis0,25%, amiakis- 15 mg/m3 da gogirdwyalbadis 5- mg/m3.
mekvercxuli qaTmebi kvercxdebas iwyeben 4-5 Tvis asakidan, momdevno
2-5 Tve kvercdebis intensivoba izrdeba, Semdeg ramodenime Tve erT donezea, dabolos TandaTanobiT klebulobs. kvercxdebis aseTi cvalebadobis gamo mimarTaven mSobelTa gundis mravaljer dakompleqtebas.
kveba. mekvercxul qaTmebSi sakvebnarevis yuaTianobis, energetikuli
Rirebulebisa da aminmJavuri Sedgenilobis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyenebulia orfaziani an samfaziani kveba. ulufas adgenen frinvelis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, asakisa da produqtiulobis donis gaTvaliswinebiT.
kvercxdebis I periodSi qaTami izrdeba da, amdenad, mas sWirdeba
energiisa da nedli proteinis gadidebuli raodenoba (Sesabamisad- 1,13
125
mjouli da 17%). kvercxdebis Semcirebis Semdeg ulufaSi proteinis
Semcveloba SeiZleba Semcirdes 15-16%- mde.
maRali kvercxmdeblobis periodSi qaTmebs sakvebs aZleven SeuzRudavad, Semdeg ki ulufis yuaTianobas amcireben 7-10%-iT, rac gavlenas
ar axdens maT kvercxmdeblobaze, magram sakvebis ekonomiis saSualebas
iZleva.
cxrili 21. mekvercxuli krosebis dRimniSvnelovania, rom uluuri moTxovnileba (1 frTaze)
faSi kalciumisa da fosforis
maCvenebeli
asaki, kvira
raodenoba da urTierTSefar20-45
46 <
deba iyos normis farglebSi.
mimocvliTi energia,
20-45 kviris asakobriv peri1,299-1,341
1,257
100 g-Si, mjouli
odSi kalciumis dRiuri nornedli proteini, g
20,0
19,0
maa 4,3%, xolo fosforis 0,8%.
lizini, g
0.95
0.90
amdenad, ulufaSi 4 wil kalmeTionini+cistini, g
0.86
0.83
ciumze unda modiodes daaxarginini, g
1.0
0.98
loebiT
1
wili
fosfori.
triptofani, g
0.21
0.20
produqtiuli periodis meore
treonini, g/100 g
0.64
0.58
naxevarSi kalciumis Semcvekalciumi, g/100 g
4.3
4.5
lobas kombinirebul sakvebSi
zrdian 0,2%- iT (cxrili 21).
fosfori, g/100 g
0.8
0.75
kvebaze kontroli xornatriumi, g/100 g
0.21
0.21
cieldeba cocxali masis periodulad dadgeniT. amisaTvis safrinveles sxvadasxva ubnidan amoarCeven
100 frTamde kvercxmdebels, niSnaven maT da yovelTviurad wonian.
sasursaTo kvercxis warmoeba. aseTi kvercxis misaRebad calke safrinveleSi hyavT samrewvelo gundi.
sur. 60. kvercxmdebili qaTmis
maT, ZiriTadad, 1- dan 12- mde iarusad dalagebul sxvadasxva markis
galiebSi Senaxva
batarea-galiebSi
inaxaven.
erT
galiaSi Casmulia erTnairi cocxali
masisa da asakis 6-10 frTa kvercxmdebeli. amasTan, sakvebis normirebulad darigebis procesis gamartivebis mizniT dabla iarusebze
galiebSi Casvamen saSualoze dabali
cocxali
masis,
Sua
iarusebze
saSualo cocxali masis da maRla
iarusebze saSualoze maRali cocxali masis dedlebs. maT sakvebi
miewodeba jaWvuri sakvebdamrigebliT, dawyurveba xdeba wveTovani sawyurebliT, kvercxis Segroveba da
nakelis gatana ki transportioriT. Tanamedrove tipis safrinveleSi
mikroklimatis parametrebi kontroldeba avtomaturad, kompiuteruli
programebis daxmarebiT.
samrewvelo gundis dakompleqtebis win mTel safrinveles, aparatura-mowyobilobas da inventars ukeTdeba mimdinare remonti, sanitaruli
dasufTaveba da dezinfeqcia, ris Semdeg Casvamen 17 kviris asakis
saremonto mozards. Senaxvis procesSi SearCeven e.w. sakontrolo
galiebs da masSi msxdom frinvelebs TveSi erTxel wonian. miRebuli
Sedegebis safuZvelze xdeba misacemi sakvebis raodenobis gansazRvra. 20
126
kviris asakSi frinvelebi gadayavT kvercxmdebelTa jgufSi, xolo samrewvelo gunds inaxaven daaxloebiT 1,5 wlis asakamde.
qaTmis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia
Tanamedrove etapze qaTmis xorcis warmoeba, ZiriTadad, emyareba
broilerebis gamozrdas. broileris warmoebam intensiurad ganviTareba
daiwyo gasuli saukunis 20-ani wlebidan. am saqmis pionerebi iyvnen aSS-s
delaveris Statis mefrinveleebi, saidanac gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi.
sityva broileri (to broil) inglisuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs
“naxSirze Sewvas”. termini ”broileri” niSnavs hibriduli warmoSobis
saxorced dasaklav wiwilas, romelic xasiaTdeba swrafi zrdiT, malmwifadobiT, sakvebis maRali konversiis unariT, kargi saklavi produqtiulobiT da xorcis saukeTeso sensoruli TvisebebiT.
daxuruli ciklis meurneobaSi broileris xorcis warmoebis
teqnologiuri cikli sqematurad gamosaxulia me- 8 naxazze. sqemis
Tanaxmad, mSobelTa gundis
nax. 8. broileris xorcis warmoeba
saamqroSi awarmoeben finaludaxuruli ciklis meurneobaSi
ri
hibridebis
sainkubacio
kvercxs, inkubatorSi gamoCemSobelTa gundi
kili wiwilebis sanaSene nawili
gadahyavT
saremonto
mozardis gamosazrdel, xolo
danarCeni dasaklavi mozardis
gamosazrdel saamqroSi. sareinkubatori
monto
mozardis
saamqroSi
gamozrdili
frinvelebis
saukeTeso nawili gadahyavT
saremonto
dasaklavi
mSobelTa gundis saremontod,
mozardis
mozardis
xolo
danarCens,
dasaklav
gamozrda
gamozrda
mozardTan da mSobelTa gundidan gamowunebul suladobasTan erTad gadaamuSaveben
sasaklao
sasaklaoze.
broileris
gamozrdis
ramodenime xerxia cnobili, romelTa Soris ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Rrma
safenze da galiebSi gamozrda.
gamosazrdelad SearCeven janmrTel, erTdRian wiwilebs, romelTac
unda hqondeT sufTa, mbzinavi, fafuki da sxeulze mikruli bumbuli,
didi da moZravi Tvalebi. akruli da rbili muceli, Sezrdili Wiplari.
maTi cocxali masa unda iyos 38-40 g- is farglebSi.
Rrma safenze gamozrda. Casmis win iatakze Slian Camqral kirs- 0,51,0 kg/m2- ze da zemodan moayarian qveSsafens- daWril namjas an simindis
naquCs, burbuSelas da/an naxerxs. simSralis SesanarCuneblad periodulad qveSsafens amateben. erT frTa wiwilaze gamozrdis manZilze saWiroa 2,5-3 kg qveSsafeni. periodis bolos Rrma safenis sisqe zafxulSi 510, xolo zamTarSi 15-20 sm- s. saSualod 1 kvadratul metrze erTdRiani
wiwilas dasmis simWidrove ar unda aRematebodes 12-15 (18- mde) frTas.
wiwilis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovania sufTa
haeri, agreTve temperaturis, tenianobis da ganaTebis reJimis dacva.
haercvlas uzrunvelyofen Semwov-gamwovi ventilatorebiT da/an haeris
specialuri damatenianebeliT. safrinveleSi dauSvebelia orpiri qari.
127
gamozrdis pirvel kviras safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda
iyos +28...+320C, meore kviras +24...+25, mesame kviras +20, xolo meoTxe
kviridan +180C. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 70%-s.
ganaTebis intensivoba pirveli 7 dRe Seadgens 20-25 luqss, me-8 – me-12
dReebSi 10-20 (TandaTanobiT Semcireba), xolo 21- e dRidan 10 luqsia.
dReRameSi safrinvele ganaTebuli unda iyos 23 saaTi.
galiaSi gamozrda. farTobis ekonomiis mizniT galiebs dgamen orsam iarusad. 0,5 m2 farTobis galiaSi svamen 10 frTa erTdRian wiwilas
da gamozrdis damTavrebamde ase inaxaven.
mTavari amocanaa galiebis yvela iarusze erTnairi temperaturis
SenarCuneba. amisaTvis rekomendebulia galiebis meore iarusis doneze es
maCvenebeli 1-5 dRis wiwlebisaTvis iyos +340C- is, 6-12 dRis- +30...320C, Semdeg ki TandaTanobiT amcireben 50-e dRisaTvis +180C-is miRwevis grafikiT.
haeris normaze naklebi temperaturisas wiwilebi jgufebdebian galiis
erT-erT adgilas da ar iRweben sakvebs da wyals. gamozrdis yvela
etapze fardobiTi tenianoba 60-70%- is farglebSi unda iyos. pirveli
sami kvira galiebi 24 saaTi ganaTebuli unda iyos, Semdeg ganaTebis
xangrZlivobas TandaTanobiT amcireben dRe-RameSi 17 sT-mde da ase
amTavreben gamozrdas. 10 dRis asakamde wiwilebisaTvis sakveburis da
sawyureblis ganaTeba unda iyos 35, Semdeg ki 5-6 luqsi.
gamozrdis orive meTodis komentirebisas miTiTebuli temperaturis
normebi pirobiTia. misi koreqtireba xdeba wiwilebis qcevaze sistematiuri dakvirvebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac wiwilebi wvanan frTagaSlili,
kiserwagrZelebuli da maRla aweuli TaviT, temperaturas amcireben.
broileris kveba da dawyureba. moicavs or periods, sastarto
(pirveli 4 kvira) da safiniSo (me-5 kviridan gamozrdis damTavrebamde).
wiwilas sakvebi unda mivceT gamoCekidan ara ugvianes 12-13 sT-sa. sastar‐
to sakvebi unda Seicavdes adviladmonelebad komponentebs- simindis,
xorblis, qeris da fetvis burRuls, soias Srots da sxv. kargia rZis
produqtebi, magram yuradReba unda mivaqcioT rom is ar gafuWdes.
cxoveluri sakvebis xvedriTi wilis 30-35%- ze naklebi Semcvelobisas ulufa ar balansdeba Seucvladi aminmJavebiT, liziniTa da meTioniniT. aseT SemTxvevaSi skvebSi SeaqvT sinTetikuri aminmJavebi.
rekomendebulia Semdegi Sedgenilobis sakvebnarevi (cxrili 22).
Cveulebrivi fizikuri formiT narevis micemisas wiwilebi upiratesad
Wamen marcvleulis burRuls, danarCen Semadgenlebs ki toveben
sakveburSi. amitom umjobesia sakvebnarevi mivceT 2,5 (sastarto) da
3,0-3,5 mm (safiniSo) mm-is zomis granulebis saxiT.
gamozrdis pirvel kviras 1 frTa wiwilas aZleven 12-15 g, meore
kviras- 20, mesame kviras 40-45, meoTxe kviras- 60-65, mexuTe- 75-85, meeqvse da
meSvide kviras ki 90-100 g granulirebul sakvebs. pirveli aTi dRe broilers kvebaven yovel or saaTSi erTxel, 10-12 dRis asakidan ki dRe-RameSi
6-jer. gamozrdis efeqturobas amaRlebs kombinirebuli sakvebis vitaminebiT
gamdidreba. karotinoidebs didi raodenobiT Seicavs da karg Sedegs
iZleva parkosnebis Tivis fqvilis ulufaSi CarTva.
sakvebis monelebadobis gasaumjobeseblad wiwila-broilers sakveburSi mudmivad unda hqondes wvrili kenWebi da/an msxvilmarcvlovani
lami (5-6 kg-mde yovel aTas sulze gamozrdis periodSi). 2-3 kviramde
asakis wiwilebisaTvis nawilakebis zoma unda iyos 1-2 mm. 128
safrinveleSi yovel 50 frTa
vebeli.
periodulad awonviT akontroleben wiwilebis zrda-ganviTarebas.
sxvadasxva
asakSi
maT
saorientacio
cocxal
masaze
informacia mocemulia
23- e
cxrilSi. es maCvenebeli SeiZleba
Seicvalos Casmuli krosis zrdis
intensivobis potenciuri SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare.
broileris gamozrdis damTavrebis
optimalur
periods
adgenen
zrdis
mimdinareobaze
dakvirvebiT. arsebuli rekomendaciebiT gamozrda mizanSewonilia
vidre sakvebi gamoyenebis maCvenebeli maRalia. Tanamedrove krosebisaTvis es asaki Rrma safenze
Senaxvisas Seadgens 7-8, xolo
galiaSi Senaxvisas 6 kviras.
cxrili 23. broileris saorientacio cocxali masa
asaki,
cocxali masa, g
kvira
mamlebi
dedlebi
6
1180
994
7
1530
1218
8
1676
1398
9
1970
1606
wiwilas sWirdeba erTi vakum-sawyurcxrili 22. saxorce broileris sakvebnarevis Sedgeniloba da yuaTianoba
ingredientebi, %
asaki
1-28
39-56
simindi
45
45
xorbali
10
10
qeri
9
7,5
mzesumziris Sroti
16,5
soias Sroti
16
safuari
5
5
Tevzis fqvili
7
4
Zvlis fqvili
3
mSrali moxdili rZe
3
Tivis fqvili
3
3
carci
1
1
sakvebi cximi
1
5
100 g sakvebnarevi Seicavs
mimocvliT energias,
1,296
1,351
mjouli
nedl proteins, %
21,6
19,7
nedli cxims, %
3,6
8,3
nedl ujredanas, %
3,2
5,0
kalciums, %
1,157
1,055
fosfors, %
0.856
0,779
natriums, %
0,324
0.350
lizins, mg
1239,8
881,8
meTionini+cistins, mg 679,9
667,6
тeльнoгo пpoиcxoждeния в
indauris xorcis warmoeba
indauris xorci xasiaTdeba zomieri cximianobiT, maRali kaloriulobiT, qolesterinis mcire raodenobiT SemcvelobiT da kargi sagemovno TvisebebiT. 2006 wlisaTvis msoflioSi warmoebulia 5,03 mln tona
indauris xorci, romelTagan naxevarze meti (2,64 mln tona) modis aSS da
kanadaze. saqarTveloSi indauris xorci tradiciuli sakvebi produqtia
da, miuxedavad amisa, masze moTxovnileba ufro sezonuria (Soba-axali
wlis dReebSi).
indauris mSobelTa gunds inaxaven iatakze da galiebSi. zafxulobiT karg Sedegs iZleva msubuqi tipis gadasatan fardulebSi maTi gadayvana da banakuri Senaxva.
Rrma safenze Senaxvisas safrinveles yofen (gadatixraven) seqciebad da kedlis gaswvriv yovel oTx frTa kvercxmdebelze awyoben erT
budes. dasmis simWidrove mZime krosebisaTvis saSualod Seadgens 1,5,
saSualo krosebisaTvis ki 2,5 frTas 1 m2 farTobze. kvebis fronti 8-12
sm, dawyurebis ki 2,5-4 sm- a.
safrinveles mikroklimatis parametrebi SeiZleba cvalebadobdes:
haeris temperatura +12...+16 0C- is, fardobiTi tenianoba 60-70%- is, ganaTebis reJimi ki sxvadasxva asakis indaurisaTvis 7-16 sT-is farglebSi.
saxorced gamosazrdelad gamoiyeneba orive sqesis Wuki. ufro gavrcelebulia did jgufebad (250 frTamde) seqciebSi Rrma safenze gamoz129
rda. dasmis simWidrove 16 kviris asakamde mamlebisaTvis 4,7 frTa/m2- ze,
xolo 23 Tvis asakamde dedlebisaTvis 2,8 frTa/m2- ze.
pirvel sam dRes Wukebs kvebaven sakvebnareviT, romelSic Sedis: 60%
daRerRili simindi, 27% xorbali, 10% soias Sroti, da 3% mSrali rZis
fxvnili. me- 4 dRes ulufis 75% warmodgenilia zemoT motanili receptiT damzadebuli sakvebnareviT da 25% I asakis kombinirebuli sakvebiT,
me-5 dRes- es Sefardeba 50/50- is, me-6 dRes 25/75%-is tolia, ris Semdeg
mozardi mTlianad gadahyavT I asakis kombinirebul sakvebze. gamozrdis I
kviras saSualod 1 frTaze dReSi saWiroa 10 g sakvebi, II kviras – 25 g,
III kviras- 40 g, da a.S. 16 kviris asakSi ki- 305 g. ufro efeqturia granulirebuli sakvebis gamoyeneba, romlis zomebi izrdeba Wukis asakis
zrdis kvalobaze.
zrdasrul indaurs dReSi SeuZlia 400 g-mde mwvane balaxi SeWamos.
fermerul meurneobebSi maT aZleven WinWars, kombostos, stafilos,
Warxals da zogierT sxva saxis mwvane masas. intensiurad Senaxvisas mas
balaxis nacvlad kvebaven 40-50 g/dR balaxis fqviliT.
ixvisa da batis xorcis warmoeba
ixvis gamozrda. ixvis saxorce mozards zrdian iatakze an galiebSi, agreTve sazafxulo fardulebSi da wyalsacavebis mimdebare fermebSi. intensiurad kvebisas pekinuri ixvis gamozrdas amTavreben 6-7kviris
asakSi, ra drosac maTi cocxali masa aRwevs 3400 g-s. muSkiani ixvis
gamozrdas amTavreben 10-12 kviris asakSi.
gamozrdis sawyis etapze sasurvelia ixvis WuWuli davawyuroT
KMnO4- is susti vardisferi wyalxsnariT. sakvebad pirvel dRes kargia
simindis RerRilSi an qeris da Svriis burRulSi areuli naWuWgaclili,
moxarSuli da daqucmacebuli qaTmis an ixvis kvercxis micema. mesame
dRidan maT SeiZleba mivceT wvrilad daWrili WinWris, ionjis da
bardas mwvane masa. 1 kviris asakidan ulufaSi SeiZleba CavrToT daqucmacebuli Zirxvenebi, kartofili da samzareulos anarCenebi.
10 dRis asakamde ixvis WuWuls sakvebs aZleven 6-8- jer dReSi, 11-30
dRis periodSi 4-5- jer, 31-50 dRis SualedSi ki 4- jer dReSi.
ixvis WuWuls wyalsacavSi uSveben 20-30 dRis asakidan. wylis zedapiris 1 ha farTobze maqsimaluri datvirTvaa 120-150 frTa. imisaTvis, rom
WuWulma ukeTesad aiTvisos wyalsacavis sakvebi, diliT gaSvebisas maT
ar kvebaven da sakvebs pirvelad aZleven mxolod 9-10 saaTisaTvis.
batis gamozrda. saxorced gamosazrdel batis WuWuls gamoCekidan
ara ugvianes 10 sT-sa gadaarCeven da sakvebad aZleven simindis, qeris,
xorblis, mSrali moxdili rZisa da safuarisagan Semzadebul sakvebnarevs. sakvebs dReSi aZleven 6-8- jer. meoTxe dRidan SeiZleba mivceT
winaswar wyalSi dambali koptoni, agreTve moxarSuli kartofili da
Warxali. me-20 dRidan mozards kvebaven 4-jer dReSi. umjobesia sakvebnarevi mivceT dasvelebuli saxiT. gamozrdisas kviraSi erTxel sakveburSi uyrian wvril xreSs- yovel 100 frTaze 0,5-1 kg- is raodenobiT.
batis WuWuls sistematiurad unda hqondes sufTa, axali wyali. me10 dRidan, profilaqtikis mizniT, sasmel wyalSi amateben KMnO4- s,
susti vardisferis miRebamde.
pirveli oci dRis periodSi 100 g sakvebnarevi unda Seicavdes 1,173
mjoul mimocvliT energias da 20% nedl proteins.
gamozrdis pirvel sam dRes safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda
iyos +300C, Semdeg temperaturas TandaTanobiT amcireben ise, rom 21- e
130
dRidan miaRwios +180C- s. miuxedavad imisa, rom bati wylis frinvelia, is
uaryofiTad reagirebs safrinveleSi fardobiTi tenianobis 75%-ze zeviT
momatebaze.
iatakze gamozrdisas batis WuWulis qveSsafeni sveldeba ufro
metad, vidre qaTmis wiwilis gamozrdisas, amitom yovel 2-3 dReSi erTxel unda davamatoT sufTa. pirveli 7 dRe safrinvele ganaTebulia 24
saaTiani reJimiT, 8-20 dRis asakobriv periodSi ki ganaTebis xangrZlivobas TandaTanobiT amcireben da dahyavT dRe-RameSi 14-16 sT-mde.
gamoCekvidan 5-7 dRis Semdeg, Tbil mzian amindSi, batis WuWuli
SeiZleba gavuSvaT saseirno moedanze, an mravalwlovani balaxeulis
naTes nakveTze, jer 20-30 wuTiT, xolo ori Tvis asakidan maT unda
mieceT seiraniT mTeli dRis manZilze sargeblobis saSualeba.
60-70 dRis asakisaTvis mozardi aRwevs dasaklav cocxal masas.
cicris xorcis warmoeba
saxorced gamosazrdel cicris mozards inaxaven iatakze an galiabatareebSi. gamozrdis periodi ar aRemateba 12 kviras.
pirveli kvira cicris Wuks kvebaven yovel 3 saaTSi erTxel, Semdeg
ki 4-jer dReSi, 2,5 mm zomis granulirebuli sakvebiT. maRali wonamatis
da sakvebis minimaluri danaxarjebis misaRwevad Casmis sixSire da
mikroklimati unda Seesabamebodes mozardi organizmis moTxovnilebas: 1
m2 farTobze unda Caisvas 14-18 frTa mozardi. pirveli 4 kvira safrinvele ganaTebuli unda iyos dRe-RameSi 24 sT- is, xolo Semdeg, gamozrdis damTavrebamde 17 sT- is manZilze. am periodebSi, Sesabamisad, kvebis
frontma unda Seadginos 2 da 4 sm, xolo dawyurebis- 0,6 da 1 sm.
mwyris kvercxis da xorcis warmoeba
kvercxis warmoeba. Sinauri mwyeri kvercxdebas iwyebs 50-60 dRis
asakSi. is weliwadSi debs 250-300 calamde kvercxs, romlis masa 10-14 g-a.
mwyris kvercxis naWuWi pigmentirebulia
sur. 61. mwyris kvercxi
(laqebiania; sur. 61).
sasursaTo kvercxis misaRebad dedal
mwyers aTavseben 40 X 30 X 20 sm zomis galiebSi, sadac 1 frTaze unda modiodes 80-85
sm2 farTi. haeris temperatura unda iyos
+18...+20 0C (ara nakleb +160C-sa), xolo fardobiTi tenianoba 55%. ganaTebis optimaluri
xangrZlivoba dRe-RameSi 16-17 sT-a. 12 sT-ze
naklebi xangrZlivobiT ganaTebisas mwyeri
wyvets kvercxdebas. karg Sedegs iZleva
galiaSi lamis abazanis dadgma.
dauSvebelia kvebaSi wyvetiloba. saSualod 100 frTa dedal mwyers
TveSi sWirdeba 90 kg sakvebi, xolo amave periodSi isini deben 2200-2300
kvercxs.
mwyris kvercxis warmoeba ufro iafi jdeba, vidre qaTmis. amasTan,
misi kvercxis biologiuri Rirebuleba gacilebiT maRalia da rekomendebulia bavSvebisa da mozardebis dietaSi zogierTi daavadebis dros. is
ar iwvevs alergiul reaqciebs im adamianebSi, romelTac qaTmis kvercxis
miReba am mizeziT akrZaluli aqvT. amdenad, mwyris kvercxi samomxmareblo bazarze Zvirad fasobs.
mwyris mSobelTa gundis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba 40 kviraa. 131
gamozrda-suqeba. pirveli 24 dRe mwyris wiwilis gamozrda SeiZleba
umniSvnelod gadakeTebul qaTmis wiwilis galia-batareaSi. is Zlier
mgrZnobiarea, amitom haeris temperatura farTo diapazonSi ar unda meryeobdes, optimaluri temperatura ki +30...+320C- is farglebSia. haeris
temperaturis cvalebadobas mozardi pasuxobs Sesabamisi qcevis reaqciebiT: dabali temperaturisas isini grovdebian erTad da wripineben,
xolo sicxisas cdiloben moSordnen siTbos wyaros. erT frTaze unda
modiodes 50 sm2 iatakis farTi.
gamozrdis pirveli sam kviras safrinvele 24 saaTi unda iyos ganaTebuli, Semdeg yoveldRiurad ganaTebis xangrZlivobas amcireben 2-2 sTiT, vidre ar miaRweven minimalur maCvenebels- 17 sT-s.
25- e dRidan mozardi gadayavT 76 X 60 X 15 sm gabaritebis galiaSi,
romelSic aTavseben 30-35 frTas. 1 frTaze unda modiodes 90 sm2 iatakis
farTi, xolo haeris temperatura unda iyos +22...+250C. dasawyurveblad
gamoiyeneba vakumuri sawyurvebeli. pirvel dReebSi sasurvelia maT
mivceT KMO4-is Ria vardisferi wyalxsnari. gamozrdis yvela etapze
dauSvebelia orpiri qari da temperaturis mkveTri cvalebadoba.
mwyris wiwila metad moZravia da swrafad izrdeba. ori Tvis
asakisaTvis misi cocxali masa matulobs 20-jer da praqtikulad aRwevs
zrdasruli mwyris kondiciebs. gamozrdis pirvel kviras maT kvebaven
yovel 2 sT-Si erTxel. karg Sedegs iZleva moxarSuli da daqucmacebuli kvercxis Sereva kombinirebul sakvebSi an mananis burRulSi, 3
dRis Semdeg ki maT SeiZleba mivceT qaTmis wiwilis kombinirebuli sakvebi. I kviras 1 frTa mwyris wiwils dReSi sWirdeba 4 g, II kviras- 7 g,
Semdeg 13-17 g, xolo 7 kviraze uxness 25 g sakvebi.
zrdaze kontrolis mizniT wiwilebi yovel 7 dReSi erTxel jgufurad unda aiwonos da 1 frTis saSualo cocxali masa unda SevadaroT
konkretuli jiSis Sesabamisi asakis cocxali masis normativebs. 2 Tvis
asakSi maTi cocxali masa 130-200 g-a.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian sasoflo-sameurneo
frinvelebi?
• eqsterieris ra maCveneblebiT ganasxvavebT maRali kvercxmdeblobis qaTams dabali kvercxmdebelisagan?
• eqsterieris ra simaxinjeebi gvxvdeba qaTmebSi?
• ra maCveneblebiT unda gadavarCioT sainkubacio kvercxi?
• gaciebis mizniT ra procedurebs atareben wylis frinvelis
inkubaciisas?
• romeli teqnologiuri rgolisagan (saamqroebisagan) Sedgeba broileris xorcis daxuruli ciklis sawarmo?
• rogori unda iyos temperaturis da tenianobis reJimi broileris
gamozrdis sxvadasxva periodSi?
• ra formiT unda mivceT sakvebnarevi broilers da ratom?
• ras iwvevs cxoveluri sakvebis xvedriTi wilis Semcireba saxorce
broileris kvebisas?
• iatakis ra farTobi unda modiodes didi da saSualo tanis
indaurze Rrma safenze Senaxvisas?
• ra asakSi amTavreben Cveulebrivi da muSkiani ixvis mozardis
gamozrda-suqebas?
132
• ra maCveneblebiT gansxvavdeba mwyris kvercxi qaTmis kvercxisagan?
literatura:
1. r.nozaZe, m. xuciSvili, v. zavraSvili- mefrinveleobis produqtebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007;
2. k.nacvalaZe, r.nozaZe- egzotikuri frinvelebis moSeneba. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009;
3. Б.Ф.Бесарабов, Б.Э.Бондарев, Т.Д.Столяр - Птицеводство и технология производства яиц и мяса птиц. Санкт-Петербург, «Лань», 2005;
4. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
5. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйственных животных. «КолосС», 2005;
6. Выращивание цыплят бройлеров. www.pticevod2.narod.ru;
7. Кормление бройлеров - проблемы на старте. www.webpticeprom.ru;
8. Бройлеры - птицы капризные. www.fermer.ru/sovet;
9. А. Ф. Зипер- Содержание уток при производстве мяса, www. zhivotnovodstva.net/
oв
выpaщивaния.
Tavi 9. mecxeneoba
cxeni intensiurad gamoiyeneba sportsa da turizmSi, zogierT qveyanaSi ki rogorc xorcisa da rZis momcemi cxoveli. amasTan, miuxedavad
meqanizaciis ganviTarebis maRali donisa, mas rogorc samuSao Zalas ar
daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mTian adgilebs.
cxens didi mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, biologiuri mrewvelobisTvis
rogorc profilaqtikuri da samkurnalo Sratebis reproducents.
saqarTveloSi mecxeneobas didi tradiciebi gaaCnia, es gapirobebuli iyo, erTis mxriv, mtrebis gamudmebuli SemosevebiT, rodesac cxeni
qveynis damcvelebisaTvis Seucvlel saSualebad iTvleboda, xolo
meores mxriv, momTabare mecxoveleobis maRal doneze ganviTarebis gamo.
garda amisa, CvenSi mravladaa iseTi tradiciuli TamaSebi da sanaxaobebi,
romelSic monawileobas iReben saTanadod gawvrTvnili cxenebi.
konstitucia da eqsterieri
sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT cxenis organizmi funqciurad mzad aris daZabuli, xangrZlivi da gansxvavebuli
samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. nervuli sistema aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas
aRiqvas da zustad Seasrulos adamianis brZaneba, gamoimuSaos da ganimtkicos pirobiTi refleqsebi. metabolizmis siCqare da intensiuroba
cxenSi gacilebiT Zlieria, vidre sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelSi.
konstituciurs miekuTvneba cxenis is Taviseburebebi, romlebic
Tavis asaxvas poulobs mTeli organizmis sasicocxlo funqciebSi da
vlindeba rogorc morfologiuri, aseve misi fiziologiuri reaqciebis
individualur TaviseburebebSi. cxenis organizmis konstituciur Taviseburebebs miekuTvneba sxeulis agebuleba, Zvlovani, kunTovani da cximovani qsovilebis urTierTSefardeba, sasunTqi, saWmlis momnelebeli da
nervuli sistemebis Taviseburebebi, mwarmoebluroba da sxva.
133
cxenis eqsterieris zogadi cnebis qveS igulisxmeba sxeulis zomebi
da forma, asakobrivi Taviseburebebi, sxeulis nakvTebis agebuleba, feri
da niSnebi.
eqsterieris Seswavlis ZiriTadi meTodebia TvalzomiT Sefaseba,
ganazomebis aReba, agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSeba da fotografireba.
TvalzomiT Sefasebisas cxenis calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTarebis da
misi garegani agebulebis harmoniulobis ganxilva xdeba mis jiSianobasTan, temperamentTan da moZraobis xarisxTan kavSirSi. aseTi midgomisas
iReben informacias cxenis tipze, formatze, masiurobaze da agebulobis
kompaqturobaze, misi kidurebis simagreze, calkeuli nakvTebis Rirsebebsa da mankebze.
eqsterieris Sefasebisas tipis dadgenis mizniT cxens aTvaliereben
zogadad, Semdeg ki, rogorc gaCerebul mdgomareobaSi, ise moZraobisas
(nabijiT, rboliT, navardiT an ToxarikiT svlisas) ufro detalurad
swavloben calkeul nakvTebs. kidurebs aTvaliereben orive gverdidan,
agreTve winidan da uknidan, afaseben kbilebis mdgomareobas da sasunTqi
sistemis funqcionirebas.
ganazomebidan ZiriTadia simaRle mindaoSi, sxeulis sigrZe, gulmkerdisa da nebis irgvliva. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi damatebiT iReben
gulmkerdis siganis, gavis sigrZis da sxva ganazoms. maT safuZvelze
angariSoben formatis, masiurobis, kompaqturobis da Zvlovanobis
indeqsebs.
yvelaze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba eqsterieris Semdegi mankebi: “irmis
kiseri”, “viwromkerdianoba” “unagirisebri zurgi”, “CamoSvebuli muceli”,
“Zroxiseburi dgoma”. memkvidrul mankebad iTvleba, stveniTi sunTqva,
kurba, Jaba da sxvadasxvanairi Zvlovani wanazardebi.
cxenis svla (aluri)
aluri aris cxenis winsvliTi moZraobis forma, rac, umTavresad
ukana kidurebis biZgiT sruldeba. bunebrivi svlis nairsaxeobebia- nabiji, rbola (CorTi), navardi, Toxariki da xtoma.
nabiji. or da sam Cliqze dayrdnobiT oTxtempiani neli gadaadgilebis aluria. cxenis nabijis sigrZe 0,8-1,2 m-a, sixSire ki wuTSi 100mdea. tvirTmzidavi jiSis cxeni saaTSi 4-5 km- s gaivlis, swrafi aluris
ki 6-7 km-s.
rbola. ori diagonaluri Cliqis dayrdnobiT ortempiani swrafi
aluria. aseTi aluriT moZraobisas marcxena ukana da marjvena wina fexi
erTdroulad gadaidgmeba, Semdeg ki SenacvlebiT- marjvena ukana da
marcxena wina da a.S. neli CorTis siswrafe saaTSi 9-10 km- is, saSualo11-13- is, xolo swrafi- 14-15 km- is tolia.
navardi. samtempiani, xtomiTi gadaadgilebaa. is yvelaze swrafi
aluria. navardis dasawyisSi cxeni erT-erT ukana fexzea dayrdnobili,
Semdeg mas uerTdeba ukana meore fexi, winas diagonalurad, romlebiTac
cxeni erTdroulasd eyrdnoba miwas da bolo damwyebi ukana fexiT
ascildeba miwas. am fexis mocilebis Semdeg cxens miwaze sayrdeni ar
aqvs, is haerSia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, am momentSi “mifrinavs”, “navardobs”.
Toxariki. gverdiTi ori fexis
miwaze dayrdnobiT ortempiani
swrafi aluria. aseTi moZraobisas cxeni jer erTi, Semdeg ki meore
mxaris kidurebs erTdroulad iRebs miwidan da dgams miwaze.
xtoma. aris erTjeradi rTuli moZraoba da Sedgeba biZgis, gaqanebisa da miwaze daSvebis etapebisagan.
134
cxenis moSeneba
aRwarmoeba. faSatis normaluri sqesobrivi cikli meordeba yovel
18-28 dReSi, xolo xuraobis xangrZlivoba 3-9 dRea. mecxeneobaSi dagrilebis sami ZiriTadi wesi gamoiyeneba: xelze, ilxuri da bakSi. xelovnuri ganayofierebas mecxeneobaSi sakmaod iSviaTad mimarTaven.
xelze da ilxuri dagrilebis wesi upiratesad gamoiyeneba stacionalur da stacionalur-saZovruli Senaxvisas, xolo bakSi dagrilebas
mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mwarmoebeli ilxuri dagrilebis
pirobebs SeuCvevelia.
xelze dagrileba yvelaze Sromatevadi da rTulia, ris gamo upiratesad gamoiyeneba sanaSene mecxeneobaSi. ilxuri forma iTvaliswinebs
remidan faSatebis garkveuli raodenobis (ilxis) saZovarze calke yolas
da masSi Tavisuflad dagrilebis mizniT ulayis gaSvebas. bakSi dagrilebisas faSatebis jgufi gahyavT bakSi da yoveldRiuraT maT dasagrileblad uSveben ylays.
xelze dagrilebisas ulayis datvirTvis normaa 40-50, ilxuri
wesisas- 20-25, xolo bakSi dagrilebisas 25-30 faSati.
TavlaSi Senaxvisas cxenis dagrilebis optimaluri periodia Tebervlidan ivlisis Tvemde, jogur pirobebSi ki- aprilis dasawyisidan
ivlisis bolomde.
ganayofierebis maRali Sedegebi miiRweva ulayi-mwarmoeblis dasagrileblad winaswar saTanadod momzadebisas. amisaTvis, dagrilebis
dawyebamde isini yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze unda iRebdnen 2,5-2,8 kg
sakveb erTeuls. sasurvelia ulufaSi moxdili rZis, qaTmis kvercxis,
vitaminovani sakvebis da fetvis marcvlis CarTva. mniSvnelovania, agreTve
is, rom koncentrirebul sakvebis xvedriTi wili ar unda iyos ulufis
yuaTianobis 60 %- ze naklebi.
axladdamakebuli faSati mgrZnobiarea cudi kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis pirobebisadmi. misi makeobis xangrZlioba ukmari kvebis pirobebSi
matulobs, sakvebis qronikuli deficitisas ki maRali albaTobiT
mosalodnelia makeobis Sewyveta (aborti). ukmari kvebis garda faSatis
aborti SeiZleba gamoiwvios zogierTma infeqciurma daavadebam, sakvebiT
mowamvlam, gacivebam da muSaobisas gansakuTrebulad mZime datvirTvam.
kvicis mogeba, rogorc wesi, garTulebis gareSe, sakmaod iolad
mimdinareobs, xolo momyolis SeCereba praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. axladdabadebuli kvici sakmaod swrafad wamodgeba fexze da SeuZlia dedasTan erTad sakmaod Sor manZilze gadaadgildes.
pirveli ori Tve kvici ikvebeba mxolod dedis rZiT. yoveldRiurad
is rZis misaRebad sakmaod xSirad midis dedasTan (calkeul SemTxvevaSi
50- jer) da dReSi wovs 20 kg-mde rZes. cocxali masis 1 kg namatze mas
sWirdeba daaxloebiT 10 kg rZe.
ori Tvis asakidan kvici iwyebs mcenareuli sakvebis Wamas. dasawyisSi mizanSewonilia mas mivceT winaswar daWyletili Svriis marcvali
0,5 kg/dReSi raodenobiT, xolo yovel momdevno Tves es raodenoba unda
gaizardos 0,5 kg-iT.
5-6 Tvis asakSi kvics daRaven da detalurad aRweren mis garegnul
niSan-Tvisebebs. dedidan mas asxleten 6-7 Tvis asakSi. am periodisaTvis
maT yoveldRiurad unda miiRon 2,6-2,8 sakvebi erTeuli 100 kg cocxal
masaze gadaangariSebiT.
135
asxletili kvici zamTarSi unda sargeblobdes SeZlebisdagvarad
xangrZlivi mocioniT da utardebodes jgufur varjiSi. 1 wlis asakidan
kvicebs yofen sqesis mixedviT da inaxaven cal-calke.
cxenis samuSaod gamoyeneba. cxenis datvirTva unda moxdes cocxali masis, muSaobis unaris, Sexorcebis, asakis, sqesis, garemos temperaturis, makeobis periodis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ulayebi, make mawovari faSatebi da susti cxenebi msubuq samuSaoze unda
gamoviyenoT. normalur pirobebSi cxeni 10 saaTs unda vamuSaoT, yoveli
1,5-2 saaTis Semdeg ki 15 wuTiT unda davasvenoT. amdenad, 10 saaTiani
samuSao dRis manZilze man 2 saaTi mainc unda daisvenos, ra drosac
cxeni, rogorc wesi ikvebeba.
soflis meurneobis garda cxeni samuSaod gamoiyeneba geologiur
da arqeologiur eqspediciebSi, sasazRvro jarebSi da policiaSi.
cxenis srulfasovnad dasatvirTad aucilebelis kargad SeurCioT
Sesabmeli da SesakvanZi mowyobiloba (caluli, kexi, unagiri, sadave,
aRviri da sxva).
cxenis kveba da movla-patronoba
cxenis ulufas abalanseben 28-29 maCvenebliT. moTxovnilebas sazrdo nivTierebebze gansazRvravs cxenis fiziologiuri mdgomareoba da
cocxali masa, agreTve Sesrulebuli samuSaos saxe.
make faSatis kveba. cxenis makeoba daaxloebiT 11 Tves grZeldeba.
am periodSi normalurma kvebam da movla-patronobam unda uzrunvelyos
rogorc nayofis normaluri ganviTareba, aseve muSaobis unarianoba.
makeobis pirveli 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi faSati unda vkveboT iseTive
normebiT, rogoriTac ikvebeba imave cocxali masis ara make faSati,
meSvide Tvidan ki misi dRiuri norma izrdeba (cxrili 25).
makeobis pirvel periodSi faSati SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Cveulebriv
samuSaod, meore periodSi ki mas unda SevurCioT msubuqi samuSao. amasTan, makeobis bolo ori Tve da mogebis Semdeg 15 dRe - erTi Tve, cxeni
saerTod unda gamovaTavisufloT samuSaodan. am periodSi aucilebelia
dReSi 1 saaTi mocioni.
mawovari faSatis movla da kveba. mogebis dRidanve faSatis ulufa
unda gaizardos 2-3 kg mSrali nivTierebiT, 2,5-3,5 kg sakvebi erTeuliT
da 25-35 kjouli mimocvliTi energiiT. Sesabamisad izrdeba moTxovnileba
normirebuli kvebis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva komponentebzec.
mogebidan 5-6 dRis ganmavlobaSi faSats unda mivceT sveli qato da
maRali xarisxis Tiva. ulufaSi koncentrirebuli sakvebis xvedriTi
wili TandaTan unda gaizardos da 6-8 dRis Semdeg gadayvanili iqnas
srul ulufaze.
mawovari faSatisaTvis saukeTeso sakvebi saZovaria, magram Tu amis
saSualeba ar aris, SeiZleba misi Secvla kargi xarisxis marcvlovnebis
da parkosnebis TiviT da silosiT. cxenis ulufaSi garkveuli adgili
ukavia koncentrul sakvebs- Svrias, qers, qatos da koptons.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom cxenis normaluri mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad aucilebelia kanis, curis da kidurebis sisufTavis dacva,
saWiroebisamebr danalva da samuSao dRis reJimis dacva.
ulayis movla da kveba. ulayi ZiriTadad aRwarmoebisaTvis gamoiyeneba, amitom is mudmivad unda iyos sanaSene kondiciaSi. saqme is aris,
rom misi kondiciis daqveiTeba iwvevs sqesobriv modunebas, saerTo sisustes, agreTve spermis moculobis Semcirebas da xarisxis gauaresebas.
136
cxrili 24. sajdomi da CorTmavali jiSis faSatis kvebis normebi
maCveneblebi
ara make
makeobis me-9 Tvidan
cocxali masa, kg
400
500
600
400
500
600
sakvebi erTeuli
5.72
7.15
8.6
7.0
12.5
15.0
mimocvliTi energia, mjouli
58.9
75.7
90.9
75.2
91.5
109.8
nedli proteini, kg
0.88
1.1
1.32
1.0
1.25
1.5
monelebadi proteini, kg
0.62
0.77
0.92
0.7
0.87
1.05
lizini
35
44
53
45
56
67
nedli ujredana, kg
1.76
2.2
2.64
2
2.5
3
sufris marili, g
20
25.3
29
24
30
36
kalciumi, g
35
44
53
45
56
67
fosfori, g
26
33
40
35
44
52
magniumi, g
11.4
14.3
17.4
13
16
19.5
rkina, mg
704
880
1056
800
1000
1200
spilenZi, mg
70
88
106
85
106
127
cinki, mg
220
275
330
300
375
450
kobalti, mg
2.6
3.3
4
4
5
6
manganumi, mg
264
330
396
300
375
450
iodi, mg
2.6
3.3
4.0
4
5
6
karotini, mg
114
143
172
150
187
225
55.6
57.2
68.8
60
74.8
90
vitamini A, aT. saerT. erT.
5.1
6.4
7.6
4
5
6
“ – “ – “ D, “ – “ – “
176
220
264
250
312
375
“ – “ – “ E, mg
22
27.5
33
30
37.5
45
“ – “ – “ B1, mg
22
27.5
33
35
44
52.5
“ – “ – “ B2, mg
26.4
33
40
50
62.5
75
“ – “ – “ B3, mg
880
1100
1320
1000
1250
1500
“ – “ – “ B4, mg
57
71
86
65
81
97
“ – “ – “ PP, mg
13
16
18.5
15
19
22
“ – “ – “ B6, mg
44
55
66
60
75
90
“ – “ – “ B12, mg
9
11
13
14
17
21
“ – “ – “ Bc, mg
ulayis sakvebi ulufa aucileblad unda iyos dabalansebuli monelebadi proteiniT, mineraluri nivTierebebiT da vitaminebiT. datvirTvis
periodSi kargia Tu ulufaSi SevitanT 8-10 litr moxdil rZes, 5-10 cal
um kvercxs da xorblis qatos. ulayi da faSatebi unda SevinaxoT calcalke. rogorc wesi, ulayebis movlas andoben gamocdili mejinibeebs.
kvicis movla da kveba. kvicis movlaze da srulfasovan kvebazea
damokidebuli cxenis moSenebis efeqturoba.
kvici dabadebidan 1-1,5 saaTis Semdeg cdilobs fexze adges da
iwyebs dedis ZuZus Zebnas, ra drosac sasurvelia mas davexmaroT ZuZus
povnaSi.
1-1,5 Tvis asakidan kvici unda mivaCvioT damatebiT sakvebs. amisaTvis
kargia Tu mivcemT Svriis RerRils sufTad an xorblis qatosTan
narevSi, jer 150-200 gramis odenobiT dReSi, Semdgom ki raodenoba
TandaTan izrdeba da 4 Tvis asakSi aRwevs 1 kg-s.
zafxulobiT kvicis sakvebad saukeTeso saSualebaa saZovari, mogebidan 2 kviris asakSi dedasTan erTad SegviZlia is saZovarze gavuSvaT.
137
am dros ara marto maRali xarisxis sakvebs Rebulobs, aramed sufTa
haerze mzis sxivebis moqmedebiTa da Tavisuflad moZraobiT kaJdeba.
ZuZudan kvici 6 Tvis asakSi unda avsxlitoT, joguri mecxeneobis
pirobebSi ki 1 wlis asakSi. asxletis DSemdeg ulufa unda davabalansoT
yvela komponentiT, gansakuTrebiT ki monelebadi proteiniT, mineraluri
nivTierebebiT da vitaminebiT.
mozardis muSaobis unarianobasa da samuSao Tvisebebze gamocda.
muSaobis unarianobaze gamocda xdeba ipodromze, 2 wlis asakidan. amas
win unda uZRodes cxenTsaSenSi jgufurad da individualurad sistematiuri wvrTna, ra drosac mozards uviTardeba myesovan-iogovani sistema,
organizmi janmrTeldeba, kaJdeba da misi agebuleba harmoniuli xdeba.
pirvelad iwyeben jgufur wvrTnas, romelsac atarebs zrdasrul
da wynar cxenebze mjdomi ori gamocdili mxedari. isini Tavdapirvelad,
3-4 wuTi kvicebs amoZraveben CorTiT, Semdeg ki gadahyavT navardze.
moZraoba unda iyos Tanabari, 1 km-is 4-5 wT-Si gavlis varaudiT. jgufuri
wvrTna xels uwyobs kvicis saerTo fiziologiur ganviTarebas, Tavisuflad moZraobis unaris gamomuSavebas da uzrunvelyofs misi intensiuri
datvirTvisaTvis momzadebas.
meore rgolia individualuri wvrTna, romelsac atareben or etapad: noembridan-ianvramde da Tebervlidan aprilis CaTvliT. amasTan, kviraSi erTi dRe cxenebs eZlevaT dasvenebis saSualeba.
sajdomi cxenis gamocda, rogorc wesi, xdeba sada doRebSi 1000 da
2000 m da marulaSi 10 km manZilze.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs datvirTvis intensiobis periodulad cvlilebas. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom didi datvirTvis Semdeg (ramodenimejer swrafi navardi da doRi) cxenebs eZlevaT 2-3 dRe dasveneba,
Semdeg ki 7-10 dRe maT aZleven msubuq datvirTvas.
TuSuri da megruli jiSis cxenebis wvrTnisas unda gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas isic, rom maT uxdebaT Tavisi cocxali masis 30-35%- is simZimis tvirTis (sapalnis) gadazidva, upiratesad ki mTian raionebSi da, arc
Tu iSviaTad, 40-450-iT daqanebul ferdobebze.
Sesabmel cxens asxletidan wvrTnian jgufurad. iwyeben cvladi
aluriT, pirvel dReebSi 2-3 km-ze nabijisa da CorTis cvliT, Semdeg ki
manZils zrdian 5-7 km-mde. javaxur cxens CorTiTa da nabijiT swraf
moZraobaSi da SezRudul manZilze (ara umetes 100 m-sa) weviT gamZleobaSi
cdian 2,5 wlis asakidan.
nebismieri wvrTnisas mniSvnelovania cxenisadmi individualuri midgoma, gansakuTrebiT ki gamosvlebis dagegmvisas da swrafi navardiT
wvrTnisas. aucilebelia cxenis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze sistematiuri kontroli.
cxenis xorcis da rZis gamoyeneba
cxenis xorci maRali Rirebulebis kvebis produqtia. zogierT qveyanaSi cxenis xorcze moTxovnileba wlidan wlamde izrdeba. am produqts yidulobs aSS, safrangeTi, inglisi, belgia, holandia, italia,
iaponia da sxva. cxenis xorcs ZiriTadad awarmoeben adgilobrivi jiSis
cxenebidan, romelTa moSeneba-gamozrda xdeba jogur pirobebSi bunebrivi
sakveb-savargulebis gamoyenebiT. cxenis xorcisagan kvebis mrewveloba
amzadebs naxevrad Sebolil da Sebolil Zexveuls, sosiss, sardels,
xorcis konservs da sxva.
138
cxenis laqtacia grZeldeba 6-8 Tve. naklebadmerZeuli faSatebis
monawveli 700-1500 litria, xolo maRalmerZeulebis 2500-3000 l. pirveli
ori Tvis rZes, ZiriTadad, kvici moixmars, ra drosac is dReSi 10-12 l
rZes (20 l-mde) svams da 1-2 kg dReRamur namats iZleva.
cxenis rZe meti raodenobiT Saqars (laqtozas) da nakleb cximsa da
cilas Seicavs. rZis cilebSi meti xvedriTi wili modis albuminze. rZis
cximi sakmaod didi raodenobiT Seicavs mono da poligaujerebel
cximovan mJavebs. rZis cximis ioduri ricxvi 100-108, maSin rodesac Zroxis rZisaTvis es maCvenebeli 25-40- is farglebSia. faSatis rZeSi didi
raodenobiTaa A, C da E, agreTve B jgufis vitaminebi.
cxenis rZidan, ZiriTadad, amzadeben kumiss. is advilad klavs wyurvils da aZlierebs madas, agreTve xasiaTdeba dieturi da samkurnalo
TvisebebiT. Seicavs ra advilad aTvisebad formaSi sayuaTo da mineralur nivTierebebs, agreTve rZis mJavas da spirtebs, kumisi matonizireblad moqmedebs nervul sistemaze, aaqtiurebs saWmlis monelebas da
astimulirebs sisxlis warmoqmnas.
sacxenosno sporti
sportis es saxeoba saTaves iRebs II-III saukuneSi Cv.w.aR-mde. qsenofontes kapitaluri Sroma “hipika da hiparxi” mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi saomari da sportuli cxenis gawvrTnis ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelod iTvleboda. jer kidev 680 wels Cvens eramde, saberZneTSi olimpiur
TamaSebSi pirvelad moewyo cxenebSebmuli etlebiT Sejibri, xolo 648
wlidan sacxenosno sportuli Sejibri doRebSi.
sacxenosno sportis mravali saxeobaa cnobili. yvela maTgani
sakmaod lamazi sanaxaobaa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warmoadgens namdvil
xelovnebas, romelic miiRweva mxedrisa da cxenis xangrZlivi momzadebis
Sedegad.
Seqmnilia sacxenosno sportis saerTaSoriso federacia (ФЭИ),
romelSic gawevrianebulia 60-ze meti qveyana. sportis es saxeoba Tanamedrove olimpiuri TamaSebis programis mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia.
sacxenosno sportis klasikuri saxeebia: xedniloba, dabrkolebaTa
gadalaxva (konkuri) da samWidi.
xedniloba - Sejibri tardeba Ria an daxurul moedanze 60X20 m2
farTobis maneJSi. mxedarma am saxeobaSi unda gamoavlinos cxenis
marTvis xelovneba. yvela bunebriv svlaze (nabiji, rbola, navardi) cxeni
sworad unda moZraobdes, xolo garkveul figurebsa da varjiSs gamokveTilad unda asrulebdes.
xednilobis dros bunebriv moZraobaSi arCeven: alagmur, mokle,
saSualo da aCqarebul CorTs. rTul elementebs miekuTvneba: maneJis
diagonalze rboliT da navardiT moZraoba; naxevradpirueti _ navardiT
moZraobisas fexis monacvleoba; pirueti - nabijiTa da navardiT moZraobisas ukana kidurebze Semobruneba; pasaJi - maRali, riTmuli Semoklebuli CorTi; aseTive moZraobas adgilze Sesrulebuls piafi ewodeba.
konkuri. anu dabrkolebaTa gadalaxva sacxenosno sportis yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebuli, klasikuri saxea, romelic mxedrisagan moiTxovs
gamZleobas, gambedaobas, mixvedrilobas, xolo cxenisagan Zlier naxtoms,
radgan dabrkolebis simaRle 160-200 sm-s aRwevs.
samWidi. Seicavs samaneJo svlas, savele gamocdas da dabrkolebaTa
gadalaxvas. samWidSi Sejibri sami dRis ganmavlobaSi tardeba. pirvel
dRes sruldeba samaneJo svla, romelic xednilobis gamartivebuli
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variantia. masSi CarTulia cxenis mxolod bunebrivi moZraoba da zogierTi ararTuli varjiSi.
stipl-Ceizi. anu dabrkolebiani doRi sportis saxeobebs Soris
yvelaze saintereso da rTulia. trasis sigrZe 4-8 km- a, sadac keTdeba
36 sxvadasxva tipis da sididis dabrkoleba.
sayovelTaod cnobilia sacxenosno sportis qarTuli tradiciuli
saxeobebi: marula, isindi, yabaxi, cxenburTi da sxv.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi.
• ra asakSi uSveben pirvel dagrilebaze dedal kvics?
• ra maCvenebliT adgenen cxenis moTxovnilebas ulufis sazrdo nivTierebebze?
• ra saxis sakvebi da rogori formiT unda mivceT axladmogebul
faSats pirveli 5-6 dRe?
• rogor xdeba mozardis muSaobis unarianobasa da samuSao Tvisebebze gamocda?
• ramdeni Tve grZeldeba faSatis laqtacia da ramden rZes iZleva is
laqtaciis manZilze?
• ra sasmels amzadeben cxenis rZidan da ra TvcisebebiT xasiaTdeba
is?
• ra klasikuri saxeebisagan Sedgeba klasikuri sacxenosno sporti?
literatura:
1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2002;
2. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
T a v i 10. mebocvreoba
bocvris warmoSoba da biologiuri Taviseburebebi
Sinauri bocveri gareuli bocveris moSinaurebuli formaa. moSinaurebis adgilad iTvleba samxreT-dasavleTi da Sua evropa (espaneTi da
safrangeTi). gareuli bocveris bunebrivi arealia dasavleT evropis
qveynebi britaneTis kunZulebis CaTvliT, xolo aRmosavleTis ukiduresi
sazRvari gadis ukrainis samxreT-dasavleT raionebze.
gareuli bocveri ekuTvnis kurdRlisnairTa rigs, magram gareuli
kurdRlisagan is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba:
1. bocveris makeobis xangrZlivoba 28-32 dRea, kurdRlis 50-52 dRe;
2. bocveri mogebis win Txris soros da iq baWiebisTvis awyobs budes,
maSin rodesac kurdReli binadrobs buCqnar adgilebSi;
3. bocvris baWia ibadeba brma da SiSveli (Seubusavi), kurdRlis ki
Tvalaxelili da kargadaa Sebusuli bewviT;
4. kurdReli mxolod ramodenime dRe awovebs ZuZus baWiebs, maSin,
rodesac bocveri 1-1,5 Tvis asakamde;
5. erTi kviris asakis kurdRlis baWiebi iwyeben damoukideblad cxovrebas, maSin rodesac am asakis bocvris mozardi mTlianad damokidebulia dedaze;
140
6. kurdReli erT mogebaze igebs 4-5 baWias, bocveri ki 7-9- s, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki 18- mde.
7. kurdRlis cocxali masa ar aRemateba 6,5-7 kg- s, maSin rodesac
Sinauri bocvris cocxali masa aRwevs 14 kg-mde;
8. gareuli da Sinauri bocvrebis SejvarebiT miiReba nayofieri da
sicocxlisunarian STamomavloba, maSin rodesac kurdReli da bocveri erTmaneTs ar ujvardeba.
bocvris sxva sameurneo-biologiuri TaviseburebebSi aseve Sedis:
• adreuloba; mdedri baWiebi sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 3,5-4
Tvis asakSi, xolo makdebian 7-8 Tvis asakSi;
• swrafad gamravlebis unari; wlis ganmavlobaSi bocveri igebs
5-6- jer da gvaZlevs 40-50 baWias;
• zrdis maRali energia; baWia dabadebisas saSualod iwonis 4090 g-s, meeqvse dRisaTvis misi cocxali masa ormagdeba, xolo
1 Tvis asakisaTvis 10-12- jer izrdeba;
• kaprofagia; bocverisTvis normaluri fiziologiuri aqtia
Ramis ganavalis Wama, romelic didi raodenobiT Seicavs
mounelebel sayuaTo nivTierebebs, mikrobul cilebs, “B” jgufis vitaminebs da mikroelementebs;
bocvris sakvebi da kveba
koncentrirebuli sakvebad gamoiyeneba marcvlovnebis da parkosnebis marcvali (Svria, qeri, simindi, xorbali, barda, soia), agreTve maTi
gadamuSavebis anarCenebi. saukeTeso sakvebad iTvleba Svria, romelsac
bocvers aZleven naturaluri saxiT. qeri umjobesia daiRerRos da mieces
narevSi, vinaidan qeris marcvali garedan dafarulia Znelad mosanelebeli garsiT da iwvevs saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis aSlilobas.
ulufaSi proteinis gazrdis mizniT bocvers sakvebSi umateben
mzesumziris da selis koptons, agreTve Zvalxorcisa da Tevzis fqvils,
romlebic mdidaria mineraluri nivTierebebiT; sakvebnarevi umjobesia
mieces granulirebuli kombinirebuli sakvebis formiT.
bocveri ikvebeba yvela saxis bostneuliT, magram isini gansakuTrebulad madianad Seeqcevian stafilosa da Warxals. Zirxvenebidan
SeiZleba mivceT turnefsi, Talgami, baRCeulidan- yabayi, sakvebi gogra
da maTi foCi.
sakvebi balaxeulidan sasargebloa samyuras ionja, cercvelasa da
Svriis, agreTve cercvelasa da bardas narevi mwvane masa. timpaniis Tavidan asacileblad umjobesia mwvane masa kvebis win SevaSroT (SevaWknoT).
Semodgoma-zamTris da adre gazafxulis TveebSi bocverisaTvis
ZiriTadi uxeSi sakvebia marcvlovan-parkosanTa narevbalaxis Tiva. maT
sakvebad, aseve, SeiZleba mivceT aryis xis, akaciis, verxvis da alvis xis
foToli, agreTve naZvisa da fiWvis totebi.
bocvris srulfasovani kveba aris maRali xarisxis tyavbewvis da
kondiciuri tanxorcis miRebis safuZveli. Warbi kveba iseve mavnea,
rogorc ukmari kveba. 4,5-5 kg cocxali masis zrdasruli mamali da dedali bocveris wliuri moTxovnileba sakvebze aseTia: 35 kg uxeSi sakvebi;
265 kg mwvane sakvebi da 42-42 kg wvniani da koncentrirebuli sakvebi.
kvebis normis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben cxovelis fiziologiur mdgomareobas, asaksa da wlis sezons.
zrdasrul bocvers sakvebs dReSi orjer, mozards ki samjer aZleven. diliT aZleven dRiuri normis naxevar koncentrats, SuadRes 40%
141
Tivas da balaxs, xolo saRamos danarCen koncentrirebul da moculobian sakvebs. axali sakvebi ulufaSi SeaqvT TandaTanobiT, 5-6 dRis manZilze; aseve nawil-nawil CanacvlebiT gadadian zamTris ulufidan zafxulis ulufaze da piruku.
bocvris mozardis suqeba
suqebaze ayeneben 2-3 Tvis baWias. intensiurad suqeba grZeldeba
erTi Tve. amisaTvis, pirveli 10 dRe ulufaSi amcireben Tivis raodenobas
da mas Caanacvleben imave yuaTiaobis koncentratebiT.
sawyisi (pirveli aTi dRis) ulufa SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes ase: 150
g Tiva, 400-500 g Zirxvenebi, an kartofili, da 80 g koncentrati. danamatis saxiT maT SeiZleba mivceT kombostos foTlebi.
momdevno aTi dRe ulufaSi CarTaven iseT sakvebs, romlebic bocvris organizmSi aZliereben cximis dagrovebas. aseTebs miekuTvneba simindis, Svriis da qeris marcvali, agreTve mcired marilian kartofilSi
Sereuli qato.
bolo aTi dRe bocvers kvebaven ise, rom man miiRos sakvebis maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli raodenoba. amis miRweva SeiZleba uxeSi sakvebis
minimumamde SemcirebiT da ulufaSi aromatuli balaxeulis- kamas,
oxraxuSis, niaxuris da sxva mcenareebis CarTviT, romelTac es cxovelebi Seeqcevian madianad.
ufro Sedegiania, rodesac mozards asuqeben cal-calke galiaSi. suqeba iTvleba damTavrebulad, rodesac cxovels mindaoze da sasinjTan
xeliT mosinjvisas SeiniSneba cximovani qsovilis grovebi, xolo
xerxemlis zurgis nawilis malebi Sexebisas ar isinjeba. kargad nasuqi
bocvris mozardi iRebs momrgvalebul formebs, xolo bewvi tanze gadatkecili
da bzinvarea. mkacrad unda davicvaT dRis ganawesi. bocveri unda vkveboT zustad
gansazRvruli grafikiT. rogorc wesi, RamiT isini iReben dRiuri normis
60% sakvebs. amitom saRamos kveba unda moxdes rac SeiZleba gvian, im
varaudiT, rom sakvebi eyos dilis 5-7 saaTamde. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
saRamos mivcemT mcire raodenobiT sakvebs, dilis kvebisas micemul sakvebs bocveri Wams xarbad, piris RruSi naklebad amuSavebs, ramac SeiZleba kuW-nawlavis traqtis aSliloba gamoiwvios.
bocvris aRwarmoeba
kardi dedobrivi instinqtis mqone dedal bocvrebs aRwarmoebisaTvis iyeneben 3-5, mamlebs ki 2-3 weli. dedlebSi sqesobrivi cikli meordeba yovel 8-9 dReSi da xuraoba grZeldeba 3-5 dRe. dasagrileblad dedali bocveri gadayavT mamlis galiaSi, sadac is advilad nayofierdeba da
maleve abruneben Tavis galiaSi.
makeobaze Semowmebis mizniT ganayofierebidan mexuTe-meeqvse dRes
dedali kvlav gadayavT mamlis galiaSi da akvirdebian. im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac dedali makea, is mamals ar ikarebs. dReSi erT mamal bocvers
SeuZlia gaanayofieros 4-5 dedali.
make bocvers inaxaven individualur galiaSi. mogebamde 4-5 dRiT
adre galias asufTaveben da adezinficireben, Cadgamen sabudars, romelSic Cafenilia mSrali namja. mogebamde dedali bocveri awyobs budes- is
ReWavs namjas, muclidan iclis TivTiks da agrovebs sabudaris erT
adgilze. mogebamde 2-3 saaTiT adre budes amowmeben.
bocveri, ZiriTadad, igebs saRamos da Ramis saaTebSi. deda bocveri
lokavs axladmogebul baWiebs, Semdeg Wams momyols da svams wyals.
142
zogierT SemTxvevaSi bocveri Wams Tavis baWiebs. ZiriTadad, amis
ori mizezia garkveuli: pirveli, makeobisas arasrulfasovani kveba da
gansakuTrebiT ulufaSi mineraluri marilebis nakleboba da meore,
mogebisas sasmeli wylis uqonloba. aseTi deda bocveri eqvemdebareba
wundebas.
pirvel dReebSi baWiebi imyofebian budeSi. me-5-me-7 dRidan maT
amodiT bewvi da iwyeben budeSi gadaadgilebas. me-9-me-10 dRes baWiebs
exilebaT Tvalebi, xolo me-16–me-20 dRidan iwyeben budidan gamosvlas. es
imis mimaniSnebelia, rom maT ar yofniT dedis rZe. amitom sakveburSi
unda eyaroT koncentrirebuli sakvebi.
baWiebs dedidan asxletaven 45 dRis asakSi. am periodSi isini unda
vkveboT imave sakvebiT, romlebsac iRebdnen wovebisas, dedis rZeze
damatebiT. axladasxletil baWiebs kvebaven dReSi 4-5- jer. saRamosa da
dilis kvebas Soris periodi ar unda aRematebodes 8-10 saaTs.
sxvadasxva sqesis bocveris garCeva
garegnuli niSnebiT mamali da dedali bocveri naklebad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amasTan, kargad dakvirvebisas, SeiZleba davinaxoT
gansxvavebuli meoradi sasqeso niSnebi: mamali bocveri tanad ufro momcroa, Tavi mokle da kvadratuli formisaa, konstitucia ki uxeSi. dedal
bocvers Tavi viwro, sxeuli ufro nazi, gava ki farTo aqvs. mucelze mas
or rigad ganlagebuli aqvs kertebi (sul 8 an 10).
dedal da mamal bocvers erTmaneTisagan arCeven sasqeso organoebze TiTis daWeriT, ra drosac sqesobrivad momwifebul mdedrs gamouCndeba xvreli, xolo mamrs sasqeso aso. amasTan, dedlebSi analuri da
sasqeso xvreli Zlier miaxloebulia erTmaneTTan, maSin, rodesac mamlebSi sasqeso organo sakmaod moSorebulad mdebareobs.
bocvris movla-Senaxva
bocvrebs inaxaven 120-140 X 65-70 X 45-50 sm zomis galiebSi. iataki
mavTulbadis, an xis lartyis SeiZleba iyos. normiT zrdasruli bocvrisaTvis Sesanaxi farTobi 0,5-0,7 m2/sulze, mozardis jgufurad
Senaxvisas ki 0,12m2/sulze Seadgens. galias tixriT yofen or nawilad
sabudar da sasadilo ganyofilebad. tixarSi keTdeba 20 X 20 sm zomis
saZromela. sasadilo ganyosur. 62. dedali bocvris Sesanaxi
filebaSi awyoben sawyurveerTiarusiani galia
bels da sakveburs koncentratebisaTvis.
umjobesia
mozardis
gamozrda jgufurad seiraniT
aRWurvil
galiaSi,
romelsac aqvs sakveburi da
sawyurvebeli. jgufSi SearCeven erTnairi sqesisa da
asakis 8-10 sul baWias,
wlis
civ
periodSi
galiis iatakze ageben namjis
1. karebi; 2. Stuceri koleqtoris miliT; qveSsafens, romelsac yovel
3. sakveburi; 4. rezinis mili; 5. dgari; 3-5 dReSi erTxel cvlian. 33,5 Tvis mozardebi xSirad
6.avtosawyurvebeli
Cxuboben da erTmaneTs uzi143
aneben tyavbewvs. amitom, ufro agresiuli individebi gadayavT sxva
galiaSi.
galiebi SeiZleba iyos ramdenime iarusad dalagebuli. Seduri
(fardulebSi) Senaxvisas upiratesad gamoiyeneba erTiarusiani galiebi
(sur. 62).
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra saxis sakvebiT ikvebeba bocveri?
• dReSi ramdenjer unda vkveboT zrdasruli/mozardi bocveri?
• ra asakidan iwyeben mozardis suqebas da ramden xans grZeldeba is?
• ramdeni dRe grZeldeba bocvris xuraoba?
• rogoria datvirTvis norma mamali bocverisaTvis?
• ra mizeziT aris gamowveuli deda bocvris mier baWiebis Wama?
• ramdeni dRis asakSi aisxliteba dedidan baWia?
• ra niSnebiT varCevT erTmaneTisagan mamal da dedal bocvers?
literatura:
1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l. TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2001;
2. j. guguSvili, g. dalaqiSvili- `rogor movaSenoT bocveri~ Tbilisi, 2004;
3. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,
”universali”, 2009;
T a v i 11. zoohigienis safuZvlebi
termini zoohigiena ori berZnuli sityvisagan Sedgeba da niSnavs
cxovelTa janmrTelobas (“zoo”- cxoveli, “higienos”-janmrTeloba). is swavlobs garemos- haeris, wylis, niadagis, sakvebis da sxva faqtorebis
gavlenas cxovelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobasa da produqtiulobaze,
agreTve, mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis anarCenebisagan garemos
dabinZurebis Tavidan acilebas.
garemos cvalebadoba gansxvavebul reaqciebs iwvevs cxovelis
organizmSi. zogjer es cvalebadoba organizmis adaptaciis diapazonis
farglebSia, zogjer ki eqstremaluri da iwveven daZabulobas, stress,
ris gamo mosalodnelia paTologiuri procesebis ganviTareba. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT zoohigiena gansazRvravs cxovelTa movla-Senaxvis, kvebis da eqsploataciis normebsa da wesebs.
haeris Sedgeniloba
Cveulebriv, atmosferos haeri Sedgeba 78,09% azotisagan, 20,95% Jangbadisagan, 0,03% naxSirorJangisagan da zogierTi sxva airisagan.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad cxovelTa sadgomebSi) haerSi
SeiZleba Sereuli iyos organuli naerTebis daSliT wamoqmnili airebi,
amiaki (NH3) da gogirdwyalbadi (H2S). cxovelTa sadgomebSi, aseve sakmaod xSirad aRiniSneba naxSirorJangis (CO2) sasurvelze ufro maRali
koncentracia.
amiaki. ufero, sakmaod mZafri da mxuTavi sunis mqone airia. haerSi
is Cveulebriv pirobebSi ar gvxvdeba. cxovelTa sadgomebSi is, ZiriTa144
dad, warmoiqmneba Sardis (Sardovanas) daSliT. cxovelebis nakelidan
amiaki SedarebiT naklebad warmoiqmneba, xolo frinvelis nakelidan
sakmaod didi raodenobiT.
sadgomis haerSi amiakis koncentracia ar unda aRematebodes 0,0026%s, anu 20 mg/m3- Si. haerSi misi normaze maRali Semcvelobisas cxovelebSi
aRiniSneba zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis gaRizianeba, agreTve
Tvalebis anTeba da cremldena, xolo metad maRalma koncentraciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios filtvebSi sisxlis Caqceva, rac mTavrdeba letali
SedegiT.
gogirdwyalbadi. ufero, laye kvercxis sunis mqone, aqroladi
airia. sadgomSi is warmoiqmneba cxovelTa gamonayofebis gadaumuSavebeli proteinebis xrwniT, ra drosac sxvebTan erTad xdeba gogirdSemcveli aminmJavebis daSla. xasiaTdeba Zlier toqsikuri TvisebiT: 0,015%ze ufro maRali raodenobiT Semcveli haeris CasunTqvisas uaresdeba
gulis muSaoba, xolo aseT sadgomSi xangrZlivad yofnisas mosalodnelia sasunTqi centrebis dambla da cxovelis sikvdili.
sadgomSi amiakisa da gogirdwyalbadis koncentraciis mateba SeiZleba gamoiwvios sanitarul-higienuri normebis daucvelobam, gamonayofebis dagvianebulma gatanam, agreTve ventilaciisa da kanalizaciis
gaumarTavma muSaobam.
naxSirorJangi. Cveulebriv haerSi CO2- is koncentracia 0,3-0,4%-is
farglebSia, sadgomebSi ki misma raodenobam 0,5-1%- s SeiZleba miaRwios,
rac gapirobebulia
organizmis cxovelmoqmedebis procesSi, agreTve
organuli naerTebis xrwnisas am airis gamoyofiT. naxSirorJangis normaze meti Semcveloba, uaryofiTad moqmedebs cxovelebis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobasa da produqtiulobaze.
rogorc wesi, cxovelTa sadgomebSi mavne airebis koncentraciis
matebis mizezia saventilacio sistemis mouwesrigebloba, an arasworad
gamoyeneba.
mtveri. atmosferos haerSi mravladaa organuli da araorganuli
warmoSobis meqanikuri minarevebi. cxovelis sadgomis haeri upiratesad
organuli warmoSobis mtvers Seicavs. cocxal organizmze mtvris
uaryofiTi moqmedeba gamoixateba sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis,
kanis da Tvalis koniuqtivas dazianebaSi.
mikroorganizmebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom haeri ar aris mikroorganizmebisaTvis xelsayreli garemo, masSi sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba
rogorc saprofituli, aseve pirobiTad paTogenuri da paTogenuri formebi. es ukanasknelni, rogorc wesi, gvxvdeba mecxoveleobis fermebisa da
meurneobebis mimdebare teritoriis haerSi, sadac isini xvdebian sadgomebis ventilirebisas gamotanili haeriT. Tavad sadgomebis haerSi paTogenuri da pirobiTad paTogenuri mikroflora, ZiriTadad, xvdeba avadmyofi da bacilamatarebeli cxovelebis mier amosunTquli haeriT da
sxvadasxva gamonayofebiT.
sanitarul-higienuri normebiT sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis
sadgomis 1 m3 haerSi mikroorganizmebis raodenoba SeiZleba cvalebadobdes 20-100 aTasis farglebSi.
aerogenuri gziT vrceldeba iseTi daavadebebi, rogoricaa tuberkulozi, Turquli, paragripi-3, yvavili, Zroxisa da Roris Wiri, rinopnevmonia, frinvelis pasterelozi, niuklasis daavadeba da sxv. CamoTvlilidan zogierTi daavadeba iZens gavrcelebis epizootur xasiaTs.
145
klimati da mikroklimati
klimati aris drois sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis manZilze amindis
saSualo maCveneblebi. misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia haeris temperatura,
tenianoba da atmosferuli wneva.
mikroklimati aris mcire garemos klimati (magaliTad, romelime
wyalsacavis mimdebare teritoriis, qalaqis romelime raionis da sxv.).
mecxoveleobaSi es termini gamoiyeneba cxovelTa sadgomebis zoohigienuri parametrebis- temperaturis, tenianobis, haeris moZraobis siswrafis
da ganaTebulobis, agreTve haerSi mavne airebis, mtvrisa da mikroorganizmebis koncentraciis maCveneblebze msjelobisas.
haeris temperatura. sxvadasxva saxeobis, agreTve erTi da imave
saxeobis farglebSi sxvadasxva jiSis, asakisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelebi sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben haeris temperaturis
cvalebadobaze. Sesabamisad maTi moSenebisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT
Tu ra temperaturis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli maqsimaluri produqtiulobis miReba. magaliTad:
1. Roris, Zroxis, cxvrisa da qaTmisaTvis Termoneitraluri temperaturis diapazoni sakmaod gansxvavebulia (nax. 9).
2. mozardisaTvis optimaluria sakmaod maRali temperatura, maSin
rodesac imave saxeobis zrdasruli individebisaTvis aseTi temperatura, umetes SemTxvevaSi, eqstremaluria (nax. 9);
3. Zroxis evropuli jiSebis umetenax. 9. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxosobisaTvis
Termoneitralurad
velebis Termoneirtaluri temiTvleba +0...+160C haeris tempeperaturis zonebi
ratura, xolo aziuri ZroxisaTvis anu zebusaTvis es diapazoni
wiwila
+12...+37,50C-is farglebSia. analoqaTami
100 giuri gansxvavebebia sxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxove0
nezvi
lebisa da frinvelebis jiSebs
goWi
4 Sorisac.
0
14 Termoneitralurze
maRali
an
dabali haeris temperatura uaryofifuri
xbo
120 Tad moqmedebs cxovelis organizmze.
0
amasTan, siciveSi siTbos gacemis gaZ16 lierebiT
gamowveuli
danakargebis
aRdgena
SesaZlebelia
maRali
energenerbi
0 batkani
5
tikuli ulufebiT kvebiT, maSin, rode 110 sac sicxisas, sxeulis normaluri
temperaturis SesanarCuneblad gaZli‐5 0 +5 +10 +15 +20 +25 +30 erebuli danakargebis fonze cxohaeris temperatura
velebi umadobis gamo ver iReben
sakmarisi
raodenobis
sakvebs
da,
imavdroulad, uqveiTdebaT sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis monelebadoba.
rogorc sicxis, aseve sicivis moqmedebisas mcirdeba cxovelTa produqtiuloba, izrdeba erTeul produqciaze sakvebis danaxarji da qveiTdeba aRwarmoebis unari, xolo eqstremaluri temperaturis xangrZlivad
moqmedebisas mosalodnelia temperaturuli stresi, janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis gauareseba da calkeul SemTxvevaSi cxovelis sikvdili.
sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sadgomebSi haeris
optimaluri temperaturis parametrebi mocemulia 25- e cxrilSi.
146
tenianoba. haeris tenianobis daxasiaTebisas gamoiyeneba higrometruli maCveneblebi- absolituri, maqsimaluri da fardobiTi tenianoba,
agreTve gaJRenTvis deficiti da namis wertili. haeris tenianoba unda
ganvixiloT rogorc haeris eqstremaluri temperaturis uaryofiTi moqmedebis mamodificirebeli komponenti. imavdroulad gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom maRali tenianoba xels uwyobs mikroorganizmebis gamravlebas,
xolo metad dabali- haerSi mtvris koncentraciis gazrdas.
cxrili 25. cxovelTa sadgomebSi
saxeoba, asaki
haeris fardo
tempebiTi
teniratu0
anoba,
ra, C
%
mikroklimatis parametrebi
haeris
mtvris
mikro- xelovmoZra- nawilabuli
nuri
obis
kebis
moTesganasiswSemcveviloTeba,
rafe,
loba,
ba,
luqsi
m/wm
mg/m3
aT/m3
Z r o x e u l i
+16...+18
70
0.3-0.5
0.3-0.5
50-70
75-100
+17...+20
70
0.1-0.5
2.0-4.0
20-40
50-75
+15...+17
70
0.1-0.5
2.0-4.0
20-40
50-75
samSobiaro
profilaqtoriumi
saxbore
furi da 1 welze
uxnesi mozardi,
+8...+10
dabmulad Senaxvisas
igive, daubmelad
+5...+8
Senaxvisas)
mozardi 4 Tvidan 1
+10...+12
wlamde
70
0.5-1.0
1.0-4.0
70-120
50-75
70
0.3-0.5
1.0-4.0
70-120
50-75
70-75
0.3-1.2
1.0-3.0
70-120
50-75
R o r i
kerati, make da moge+14...+16
buli nezvi
75
0.3-1.0
1.0-3.0
100-150
50-100
mosagebi ganyofileba
+18...+22
da 4 Tvemde goWebi
70
0.1-0.6
1.0-2.0
40-50
50-100
75
0.3-1.0
c x v a r i
1.0-3.0
70-90
20-50
sasuqi suladoba
+12...+18
verZi, nerbi, SiSaqi,
+5...+8
75-80
0.5-1.0
1.0-4.0
70-120
30-50
asxletili batkani
samSobiaro, sabatkne +12...+15
75
0.2-0.5
1.3-3.0
70-90
50-100
f r i n v e l i *
zrdasruli qaTami
+12...+16
60-70
0.3-0.6
4-8
220
10-70
„ – „ – „ indauri
+12...+16
60-70
0.3-0.6
4-8
220
10-70
„ – „ – „ ixvi
+7...+14
70-80
0.5-0.8
4-8
220
10-70
” – ” – ” bati
+10...+15
70-80
0.5-0.8
4-8
220
10-70
* parametrebi ufro detalurad motanilia me- 10 TavSi „mefrinveleoba.
frinvelis xorcisa da kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia”.
cxovelTa sadgomebSi haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 50-80%- is farglebSi SeiZleba cvalebadobdes. amasTan, papanaqeba sicxisas maRali fardobiTi tenianoba aqveiTebs cxovelis Termoreguliaciis meqanizmebis efeqturobas, ris gamo SesaZlebelia organizmis gadaxureba. mniSvnelovania
vicodeT, agreTve, rom teniani haeri gajerebulia agresiuli airebiT, rac
iwvevs liTonis konstruqciebis da aparatura-mowyobilobebis korozias.
147
meore mxriv, arc Zalian dabali fardobiTi tenianobaa sasurveli,
vinaidan cxovelebs uSrebaT zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsi,
mosalodnelia kanis dazianeba, xolo matyli mSrali da mtvrevadi xdeba.
haeris moZraoba. haeris swrafi moZraoba rogorc sicxisas, aseve
sicivisas amcirebs kanis da balnis safaris damcvelobiTi funqciebis
mniSvnelobas. amasTan, Tu haeris garkveuli siswrafiT moZraoba papanaqeba sicxeSi sasargebloa organizmis siTburi stresis Semsubuqebis
TvalsazrisiT, siciveSi piriqiT, xels uwyobs mis zedmetad gagrilebas.
orive SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba Warbi energetikuli danaxarjebi.
sinaTlis reJimi. sinaTle xels uwyobs organizmis fiziologiuri
funqciebis gaaqtiurebas. amitom cxovelTa binebi kargad unda iyos ganaTebuli. arasakmarisad ganaTebul sadgomebSi gaZnelebulia momsaxure
personalis muSaoba.
ganaTebis erTeulad miRebulia luqsi. cxovelTa sadgomebSi ganaTebis sidide SeiZleba cvalebadobdes sakmaod farTo diapazonSi, xolo
dRe-Ramis manZilze ganaTebis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia cxovelis/
frinvelis fiziologiur mdgomareobaze.
sadgomebis ganaTebas zomaven sinaTlis koeficientiT, romelsac
angariSoben fanjrisa da iatakis farTobebis SefardebiT. es Sefardeba
SeiZleba cvalebadobdes 1/8-1/30- is farglebSi.
mzis radiacia (insoliacia). mzis sxivebs, gansazRvruli doziT
didi biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. is aRizianebs ra nervul sistemas da
endokrinul jirkvlebs, cxovelis organizmSi aZlierebs Jangva-aRdgeniTi fermentebis aqtiurobas, ris Sedegad umjobesdeba nivTierebaTa
cvla, Zlierdeba cximebis, cilebisa da mineraluri nivTierebebis dagrovebis intensioba da umjobesdeba sisxlis baqteriociduri Tvisebebi.
garda amisa, insolacia xels uwyobs kanze da balnis safarze arsebuli
mikrofloris mniSvnelovani nawilis daxocvas, mozardebSi ki raqitis
profilaqtikas;
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Termoneitraluri temperaturis zeda
zRvarTan axlos haeris temperaturisas mzis sxivebis pirdapiri moqmedeba aris damatebiTi stres-faqtori da cxovelebSi iwvevs uaryofiT
reaqciebs. amis gamo, mzis radiaciis pirdapiri moqmedebisagan cxovelebis dasacavad fermasTan arsebul saseirno moedanze an saZovrebze
awyoben msubuq fardulebs, an am mizniT rgaven didi radiusis varjis
mqone foTlovan mcenareebs.
atmosferuli wneva, naleqi, qari. iseve rogorc mzis radiacia, klimatis es elementebi cxovelis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze da produqtiulobaze moqmedeben mxolod maSin, rodesac aRiniSneba Termoneitralurze ufro maRali an dabali temperatura.
niadagi
sadgomebis da seiranebis ageba, agreTve droebiTi bakebis mowyoba
umjobesia mSral, haer da wyalgaumtar niadagze, sadac gruntis wylebi
1,5-2 m- ze da ufro Rrmadaa. notio, svel niadagze dawolisas cxoveli
ufro male civdeba, vidre mSral niadagze. Waobian niadagze Cndeba avadmyofobebi, xolo aseT adgilze aSenebuli sadgomi mudmivad iqneba nestiani, rac vnebs cxovelsac da azianebs Senoba-nagebobasac.
yovel 1 g niadagSi aseuli milionobiT mikroorganizmi aris. maT
Soris SesaZlebelia paTogenuri formebiT dabinZureba, romelic niadagSi xvdeba cxovelebis gamonayofebidan da leSidan. gansakuTrebiT did148
xans inaxeba niadadSi da inarCunebs paTogenur Tvisebebs cimbiruli
wylulis, tetanusis, emfizemuri karbunkulis, botulizmis, Roris wiTeli qaris da zogierTi sxva daavadebebis gamomwvevi Cxirebi da/an sporebi. maT mier gamowveul daavadebebs uwodeben niadagis infeqciebs.
niadagSi didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba helminTebis Canasaxebi, askaridas kvercxebi, diqtiokaulozis Canasaxebi. aq, aseve, binadroben iseTi
organizmebi, romlebis warmoadgenen helminTebis Sualedur maspinZlebs.
magaliTad, fasciolozis aRmZvrelebis Sualedi maspinZelia moluskebi.
niadagis sanitaruli daxasiaTebisaTvis swavloben mikrobiologiur, helminTologiur da qimiur maCveneblebs.
wyali
kargi xarisxis wyali unda iyos gamWvirvale, sunis gareSe da
saasiamovno gemosi. cxovelebi unda davawyuroT sufTa, gamdinare wyliT.
amisaTvis gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli konstruqciis individualuri da
jgufuri sawyureblebi. sasmeli wylis temperatura unda iyos +8...+120C.
zamTarSi dauSvebelia yinuliani civi wyliT cxovelis dawyureba,
vinaidan is SeiZleba gacivdes, make ki gaberwdes. zafxulSi zedmetad
Tbili wyali ver klavs wyurvilis SegrZnebas da SeiZleba mogvevlinos
damatebiT stres-faqtorad.
sxvadasxva saxeobisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis
moTxovnilebaze sasmel wyalze saubari iyo gv. 68 da 69-ze. raodenobasTan erTad cxovelis janmrTelobis SesanarCuneblad da warmoebuli
produqciis usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania sasmeli wylis
sanitarul-higienuri maCveneblebi, romelic gulisxmobs mis epidemiologiur, epizootologiur da toqsikologiur usafrTxoebas.
momqmedi standartiT sasmeli wyali fasdeba sxvadasxva nivTierebebis Semcvelobis mixedvbiT. 26- e cxrilSi motanilia mosaxleobaze
da cxovelebze centralizebulad miwodebul sasmel wyalSi zogierTi
nivTierebebis
Semcvelobis
cxrili 26. sasmeli wylis zogierTi
normativebi. aseTi xarisxis
sanitarul-higienuri normebi
wylis misaRebad sasurvelia
zomis
raodemecxoveleobis ferma Cair- maCveneblebi
erTeuli
noba
Tos wyalmomaragebis centralizebul
sistemaSi,
ra gamWvirvaloba
sm
30
(snelenis SriftiT)
drosac
uzrunvelyofilia
saerTo sixiste
mg/eqv.
7-14
dasufTaveba da sanitaruli
amoniaki
kvali
TvalsazrisiT uvnebeli da
kvali
xarisxiani wylis milsadene- nitritebi
mg/l
10-20
biT
sadgomSi
miwodeba. nitratebi
qloridebi
“
–
“
350*
umniSvnelod gansxvavebuli
“ – “
500**
SeiZleba iyos maRarosebri sulfatebi
“ – “
0,3
Wis wylisadmi wayenebuli rkina
manganumi
“
–
“
0,1
sanitarul-higienuri xarisxi.
“ – “
1,0
CvenSi
gansakuTrebu- spilenZi
“ – “
5
lad problematuria saZovar- TuTia
tyvia
“
–
“
0.1-mde
ze myofi cxovelebis daw1 ml-Si
100
yureba. xSirad mTeli dRis mikrobuli ricxvi
Jangvadoba
Mg/l
3
manZilze cxovels ara aqvs
wylis dalevis saSualeba da *) organuli warmoSobis - 30-50 mg/l
“ – “ – “
- 60 mg/l
mas awyureben mxolod binaSi **)
149
dabrunebis Semdeg. aseTi mdgomareoba uaryofiTad moqmedebs cxovelis
organizmze da sagrZnoblad amcirebs mis produqtiulobas.
rogorc wesi, saZovarze cxovelebs wyals asmeven mdinareebidan,
tbebidan da/an wyalsatevebidan. am SemTxvevaSi dawyureba unda xdebodes
ise, rom cxoveli wyalSi ar Sediodes. amisaTvis, im adgilze, sadac
xdeba dawyureba, unda moewyos winaRoba (meseri), im varaudiT, rom wylis
dalevisas cxovelma Tavisuflad SeZlos Tavis gayofa da wylis daleva.
sakvebi
xarisxiani sakvebi da normirebuli kveba ara marto zrdis cxovelTa produqtiulobas, aramed amaRlebs maTi organizmis daavadebebisadmi rezistentobas. cudad nakvebi cxoveli ufro Znelad itans daavadebas, vidre normalur kondiciaSi myofi.
sakvebi unda iyos xarisxiani. amis misaRwevad unda davicvaT maTi
aRebis agroteqnikuri vadebi, agreTve transportirebis, Senaxvisa da
kvebiswina Semzadebis pirobebi. dauSvebelia daobianebuli, dampali da
damJavebuli sakvebiT, agreTve gaRivebuli marcvleuliT cxovelebis
kveba. maTi janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSia miwiT, lamiT an sxva minarevebiT
dabinZurebuli sakvebic.
arakeTilsaimedo da gafuWebuli sakvebiT kveba gansakuTrebiT
saSiSia make pirutyvisa da mozardisaTvis.
cxovelTa sadgomebis mowyobis higienuri moTxovnebi
adgilis SerCeva: yuradRebas amaxvileben sanitarul usafrTxoebaze, romlis qveS igulisxmeba warsulSi cxovelTa samarxebis arseboba, agreTve Rvarcofebisa da wyaldidobebis saSiSroeba.
dasaxlebuli punqtidan cxovelTa sadgomebi daSorebuli unda
iyos: Zroxis, cxenisa da frinvelis 200 m-iT, cxvris 300 m-iT, Roris ki
500 m-iT. dasaxlebuli punqtTan fermis mowyobisas iTvaliswineben qaris
mimarTulebas da mas ageben gabatonebuli qarebis sawinaaRmdego mxares;
magistraluri gzidan da rkinigzidan ferma daSorebuli unda iyos
300 m-iT, xolo Sida gzebidan- 50 metriT mainc. imavdroulad iTvaliswineben fermasTan misasvleli gzis keTilmowyobas, eleqtroenergiiTa da
centralizebuli wyalmomaragebis SesaZleblobebs.
sadgomisaTvis SerCeuli adgili unda iyos odnav SemaRlebuli,
swori, samxreTiT an samxreT aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT mcired (50- mde)
daqanebuli. gruntis wylebi niadagis zedapiridan unda iyos sul mcire
1,5-2 m-is siRrmeze.
sadgomebis da sxva saTavsoebis mowyoba. saSeni masala unda iyos
siTbos cudi da haeris kargi gamtari. rogorc wesi, am mizniT iyeneben
adgilobriv masalas. Senobis kedlebi, iataki da Weri unda moewyos ise,
rom SesaZlebeli iyos sanitarul-higienuri mdgomareobis dacva.
nagebobebi ise unda ganlagdes, rom Tavidan aviciloT temperaturis mkveTri cvalebadoba, gaaumjobesos haercvla da uzrunvelyos
Senobis SigniT mzis sxivebis SeRweva. fermis teritoriaze sxvadasxva
asakis cxovelTa sadgomebis, sacavebis da sxva aucilebeli nagebobebis
ganlagebis daproeqteba specialur codnas moiTxovs. amasTan, fermis
nagebobebis daproeqtebaSi sainJinro-teqnikur specialistebTan erTad
monawileoba unda miiRon zooteqnikuri da saveterinaro ganaTlebis
specialistebma.
150
sadgomis zomebi gamomdinareobs gansaTavsebeli suladobidan;
sadgomTan, rogorc wesi, awyoben saseirno moedans romlis farTobi
gamomdinareobs cxovelTa saxeobidan da asakobrivi jgufidan. saseirno
moednis SemaRlebul adgilze ewyoba sakveburi da sawyurvebeli;
sasurvelia sakveburebTan, mis mTel sigrZeze, moewyos 2-3 m siganis
msubuqi farduli, rasac cxovelebi uamindobisas an papanaqeba sicxisas
gamoiyeneben TavSesafarad;
fermis teritoriaze aucilebelia specialuri beras da bakis mowyoba, sadac moxdeba cxovelebis awonva, agreTve, Sesruldeba maTi
veterinarul da sanitarul momsaxureobasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi..
sasilose tranSea an ormo, Tivis Sesanaxi sawyobi da nakelsacavi
cxovelTa sadgomebidan daSorebuli unda iyos sul mcire 50 m-iT da
SemoRobili unda iyos; nakelsacavis tevadoba iangariSeba im varaudiT,
rom gatana moxdes weliwadSi erTxel an orjer.
fermis teritoria unda SemoRobili iyos. satransporto saSualebebis SesasvlelSi, karebis mTel siganeze ewyoba dezbarieri, xolo
muSa-mosamsaxureebis SesasvlelSi sanitaruli gamtari gasaxdelebiT,
saSxapiT da spectansacmlis Sesanaxi oTaxiT. aucilebelia dasasvenebeli
oTaxis, agreTve produqciis misaRebi da gasagzavni, agreTve teqnikuri
saTavsoebis da teqnikuri saSualebebis mowyoba (mag. sarZeve, cxovelebis
avtotransportze dasatvirTi estekada da sxv.). calke unda moewyos
izolatori, sadac moTavsdeba avadmyofi da/an avadmyofobaze saeWvo
cxovelebi.
fermis daproeqtebisas erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa Tavidan aviciloT garemos dabinZureba.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ras swavlobs zoohigiena?
• romeli airebisagan Sedgeba atmosfero da ra koncentraciiT?
• ra aris klimati, ra aris mikroklimati?
• romel mavne airebs SeiZleba Seicavdes cxovelTa sadgomis haeri
da saidan warmoiSvebian isini?
• ra temperaturis farglebSia Termoneitraluri diapazoni ZroxisaTvis/cxvrisaTvis/ RorisaTvis/frinvelisaTvis?
• rodis moqmedebs cxovelis organizmze uaryofiTad mzis sxivebi?
• mikrobTa romeli formebi inaxebian da inarCuneben paTogenur Tvisebas niadagSi xangrZlivi periodis manZilze?
• ra maCveneblebiT sazRvraven wylis xarisxs?
• ra parametrebiT SearCeven teritorias fermis mosawyobad?
• ra manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli cxovelebis sadgomi magistraluri gzidan, rkinigzidan?
• ra manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli fermis SigniTa nagerbobebi
erTmaneTisagan?
• ra aris gasaTvaliswinebeli sanakele ormos mowyobisas?
literatura:
1. j.naWyebia, n.zazaSvili, T.yuraSvili, a.wulaia- zoohigiena (zogadi
nawili). Tbilisi, 2005;
2. g.gogoli- garemo da cxoveli. produqtiulobis ekologiuri
problemebi meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, ”mecniereba”, 1997;
151
3. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari, Tbilisi,
”universali”, 2009;
4. Г.П.Табаков, В.В.Храмцов- Зоогигиена с основами ветеринарии и санитарии, М.,
«КолосС», 2004;
5. А.Кузнецов, М.С.Найденская, П.Н.Виноградов, В.В.Храмцов- Зоогигиена с
основами проектирования животноводческих объектов. М., «КолосС», 2007;
6. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
T a v i 12. rZis gadamuSavebis teqnologia
rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi
rZe aris TeTri, odnav moyviTalo elferis, wyalTan SedarebiT
mcirediT blanti, specifiuri (rZis) sunis da erTgvarovani konsistenciis siTxe. is warmoadgens polidispersiul sistemas, vinaidan mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis daqucmacebis xarisxi sxvadasxvaa. magaliTad, rZis cilovani nivTierebebi imyofebian koloidur mdgomareobaSi, cximebi- uxeSdispersiulSi, xolo araorganuli nivTierebebi warmoqmnian WeSmarit xsnarebs.
rZe Seucvleli sakvebia axalSobilisaTvis. amasTan, is gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva rZis produqtebis dasamzadeblad, xolo misi Semadgeneli
komponentebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan nedleuls farmaceptuli da
mrewvelobis sxva dargebisaTvis.
sxvadasxva saxeobis da jiSis cxovelebis rZe gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan rogorc qimiuri SedgenilobiT, ise fizikur-qimiuri TvisebebiT.
bolo monacemebiT rZe Seicavs 200-ze met nivTierebas. amasTan, misi
ZiriTadi Semadgeneli komponentebia wyali, cximebi, cilebi, laqtoza anu
rZis Saqari da mineralur nivTierebebi (cxrili 78). rZe aseve Seicavs vitaminebs, zogierT sxva biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs da fermentebs.
1 kg Zroxis rZis
cxrili 27. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis
energetikuli
RireburZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
leba, saSualod 2870
saxeoba
qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %
kilojoulia. es maCvewyali cximi cila Saqari nacari nebeli damokidebulia
masSi cximebis, cilebiZroxa
87,5
3,6
3.2
4,9
0,8
sa da laqtozas SemcvekameCi
82,9
7,5
4,6
4,2
0,8
lobaze.
cxvari
83,6
6,2
5,1
4,2
0,9
wyali. rZeSi gvxvTxa
88,9
4,1
3,3
4,4
0,8
deba
Tavisufal
da
cxeni
89,7
1,9
2,2
5,8
0,3
dakavSirebul an adsorbirebul formaSi. wylis daaxloebiT 95-97% Tavisufalia. masSi gaxsnilia
Saqari, mineraluri nivTierebebi da mJavebi.
mSrali nivTiereba. aris im nivTierebebis saerTo raodenoba, romelic miiReba rZis +102...+105 0C-ze gamoSrobisas. misi raodenoba SeiZleba
ganisazRvros tolobiT:
4,9 × r.c. + sA0
m.n. =
+ 0,5 ,
4
-
sadac
mn aris mSrali nivTiereba %- Si;
152
-
r.c. _ rZeSi cximis Semcveloba, %;
sA0 _ rZis simkvrive areometris gradusebSi.
Zroxis rZe saSualod Seicavs 12,5% mSral nivTierebas. yvelaze met
mSral nivTierebas (17-17,5%-s) Seicavs kameCis, Semdeg ki cxvris rZe.
rZis mSral nivTierebebSi yvelaze metad cvalebadia cximi, amitom
praqtikaSi sargebloben ucximo mSrali rZis narCenis- ”umrn” maCvenebliT
(mas xSirad ucximo mSrali nivTierebasac eZaxian da SemoklebiT aRniSnaven ”umn”- iT). umrn sazRvraven mSrali nivTierebis saerTo raodenobaze
cximis %- is gamoklebiT. umrn-s raodenobas aseve SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT
tolobiT:
r.c. sA 0
+
+ 0,76
umrn =
5
4
umrn-s raodenoba Zroxis rZeSi 8,5-9%-a, xolo kameCis rZeSi 9,5-10%.
cximebi. cximovani mJavebisa da glicerinis rTuli eTeria. sxva
cxoveluri cximebisagan rZis cximi gansxvavdeba imiT, rom is Seicavs 150ze met sxvadasxva cximovan mJavas, maSin rodesac sxva cxovelur cximebSi maTi raodenoba 5- dan 7- mdea. cximebi Sedgeba gajerebuli, mono da
poligaujerebeli cximovan mJavebisagan. Zroxis rZe saSualod 3,5-3,7%
cxims Seicavs.
cilebi. ZiriTadad, Sedgeba kazeinis, albuminis da globulinisagan.
Zroxis rZeSi cilebis saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT 3,2%-ia, maT Soris
kazeinia 2,7%, albumini 0,4 da globulini 0,1%. sxvadasxva saxeobis
cxovelebis rZeSi cilebis saerTo raodenobis 76-88% modis kazeinze.
albumini da globulini SratSi xsnadia, amitom maT Sratis cilebsac
uwodeben.
cilebi maRalmolekuluri naerTebia da ZiriTadad warmoqmnilia
aseuli da aTaseuli aminmJavasagan. cilebi erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian
qimiuri SedgenilobiT. rZis cilis mTavari gansxvaveba sxva, mcenareuli
da cxoveluri warmoSobis cilebisagan is aris, rom optimaluri proporciiT Seicavs yvela 8 (10) Seucvlel aminmJavas. amis gamo rZis cila
miekuTvneba srulfasovan cilaTa jgufs.
Saqari, anu laqtoza. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli glukozisa da galaqtozas TiTo molekula. Zroxis rZe
Seicavs 4,9% laqtozas, xolo yvelaze meti laqtozaa cxenis rZeSi (5,8%).
bunebaSi laqtoza gvxvdeba mxolod rZeSi.
mineraluri nivTierebebi. rZis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis mendeleevis
perioduli sistemis 80-mde elementi. raodenobrivi SemadgenlobiT maT
yofen makroelementebad (maTi raodenoba 10_100 mg%-a), da mikroelementebad (-0,01_1 mg%). rZis makroelementebia kaliumi, kalciumi, magniumi,
fosfori, gogirdi da qlori. rZis mikroelementebs miekuTneba rkina,
alumini, qromi, tyvia, dariSxani, kala, titani, vanadiumi, vercxli, spilenZi, kobalti, manganumi da sxva. rZeSi am nivTierebaTa raodenoba
umniSvneloa, magram organizmis cxovelmyofelobaSi maT metad didi
funqcia akisriaT. Zroxis rZeSi mineraluri nivTierebebis xvedriTi wili
0,7-0,85%-s Seadgens. cxenis rZeSi maTi raodenoba yvelaze naklebia.
rZe Seicavs yvela im mineralur nivTierebas, rac aucilebelia
axalSobili organizmis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. rZeSi marilebi, ZiriTadad, Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, maTi nawili ki qimiurad
dakavSirebulia rZis sxva Semadgenel nawilebTan. gansakuTrebiT didi
raodenobiTaa rZeSi kalciumi (100-140 mg%) da fosfori (74-130 mg%)
153
vitaminebi. rZe adamianisaTvis vitaminebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. is
Seicavs cximSi da wyalSi xsnad TiTqmis yvela vitamins, maT Soris rentols (vitamini A), Tiamins (B1), riboflavins (B2), piriqsidins (B6) kobalamins (B12), agreTve D, E, K da C vitaminebs. rZeSi aseve gvxvdeba β-karotini.
rZis qimiur Sedgenilobas sazRvraven qimiuri da bioqimiuri analizis meTodebiT. sawarmoo praqtikaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba rZeSi cximisa da cilis raodenobis gansazRvra. am maCveneblebis, agreTve rZis
simkvrivis, laqtozis, damatebuli wylis (falsifikaciis) da zogierTi
sxva parametris dasadgenad mrewveloba uSvebs “Lactoskan”, “Лактан”,
“Клевер” da sxva dasaxelebis avtomatur analizatorebs.
imunuri sxeulebi. gansakuTrebiT bevria xsensur. 63. rZis
Si, rZe ki SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT Seicavs.
analizatori
imunur sxeulebs didi profilaqtikuri mniSvneloba
“Lactoscan”
aqvs, radgan isini axalSobil organizms icaven
paTogenuri mikrobebisagan da xels uwyoben imunitetis gamomuSavebas.
hormonebi. Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis mier
gamoyofili
nivTierebebia.
isini
monawileoben
Jangva-aRdgeniT, nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebSi,
agreTve rZis sekreciasa da gamoyofaSi. magaliTad,
hipofizis wina nawilis hormoni prolaqtini stimuls aZlevs rZis gamoyofas, xolo sakvercxeebis
yviTeli sxeulis hormoni loteosteroni aferxebs mas. cxovelis organizmi bevr sxva hormonsac gamoyofs.
airebi. rZeSi gaxsnilia airebi, romlebic masSi xvdebian wvelisas,
rZis erTidan meore WurWelSi gadasxmisas da sxv. 100 sm3 rZe Seicavs 5-7
sm3 airebs, aqedan daaxloebiT 55-70% naxSirorJangi, 5_10%- Jangbadi da
20-30% azotia.
mJavianoba. axlad mowvelili Zroxis rZes mcired mJave reaqcia aqvs.
misi рН, anu ares aqtiuri reaqcia 6,68- is tolia. warmoebis pirobebSi
rZis mJavianobas gamoxataven terneris gradusebSi (T0). am maCvenebels
sazRvraven rZis 0,1 normaluri KOH- is wyalxsnariT gatitvriT. axladmowvelili Zroxis rZis gasatitri mJavianoba 16-18 T0 unda iyos.
simkvrive. anu erTeuli moculobis masa. rZeSi Semavali nivTierebebis funqciaa. mas +200C temperaturaze zomaven areometriT anu laqtodensimetriT da gamoxataven g/sm3- Si, an areometris gradusebSi (A0).
Zroxis rZis simkvrive saSualod 1,030- g/sm3- s, anu 30 A0 Seadgens
da es maCvenebeli 1,027-ze dabali ar unda iyos. cximgaclili (moxdili)
rZis simkvrive ufro maRalia, vidre naturaluris.
duRilis temperatura. damokidebulia rZis qimiur Sedgenilobaze,
agreTve atmosferul wnevaze. 760 mm vercxlis wylis svetis wnevisas rZe
duRs, daaxloebiT +100,2...+100,50C temperaturaze.
gayinvis temperatura. rZe saSualod iyineba -0,54 0C temperaturaze.
es maCvenebeli, gamomdinare rZis qimiuri Sedgenilobidan, _0,525..._0,5650Cis farglebSi cvalebadobs.
baqteriociduri Tvisebebi. mowvelidan pirvel-or saaTSi rZeSi
mikroorganizmebis raodenoba mcirdeba. amas ganapirobebs am produqtSi
fermentebis lipazasa da peroqsidazas, agreTve imunoglobulinebisa da
leikocitebis arseboba.
154
periods, romlis manZilze rZe inarCunebs baqteriocidur Tvisebebs
uwodeben baqteriocidur fazas. am fazis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia
rZis mikrofloriT moTesvilobis xarisxze da temperaturaze. Tu rZes
gavacivebT +40C-mde, is baqteriocidul Tvisebebs inarCunebs 24 sT- is,
00C-ze ki 48 sT-is ganmavlobaSi.
rZis higiena
termin rZis higienis qveS igulisxmeba ucxo minarevebis Semcveloba,
misi mikrobiologiuri daxasiaTeba, somaturi ujredebis raodenoba da
organoleptikuri maCveneblebi. sisufTavis xarisxi. rZeSi didi raodenobiT meqanikuri minarevebis
(Tivis, miwis da nakelis nawilakebi, agresur. 64. rZis sisufTavis
Tve balani da sxv.) arseboba miuTiTebs
xarisxis dasadgeni etaloni
wvelisas, pirveladi damuSavebisas da/an
transportirebisas higienuri normebis
daucvelobaze.
meqanikuri minarevebiT dabinZurebis
xarisxs sazRvraven 250 ml rZis nimuSis
gafiltvriT da filtris qaRaldis SedarebiT etalonTan (sur. 64). I jgufis
sisufTavis
xarisxs
akuTvneben
rZes,
rodesac filtris qaRaldze meqanikuri
minarevebi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT ar
SeimCneva; II jgufis- rodesac filtris
qaRaldze aRiniSneba erTeuli nawilakebi,
xolo III jgufis- rodesac filtrze
SeimCneva mcire da sakmaod didi zomis
minarevebi.
baqteriuli moTesvianoba. dgindeba reduqtazas sinjiT. moTesvianobis xarisxis mixedviT rZe iyofa oTx klasad:
I klasi, 1 ml rZeSi 300 aTasze naklebi baqteriaa (kargi) ,
II klasi 500 aTasidan 4 mln-mde baqteria (damakmayofilebeli) ,
I I I klasi 4 –dan 20 mln-mde baqteria (cudi) d a
IV klasi 20 mln-ze meti baqteria (Zlier cudi) .
somaturi ujredebis raodenoba. am maCvenebels gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba mieqca manqanuri wvelis masobrivad SemoRebis Semdeg periodSi, vinaidan rZeSi somaturi ujredebis didi raodenoba miuTiTebs
furebis mastitiT daavadebaze. janmrTeli furebidan mowvelili nakrebi
rZis 1 mm3-Si somaturi ujredebis maqsimaluri raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 500 aTass. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es maCvenebeli ufro maRalia,
rZe iTvleba saeWvod.
somaturi ujredebis raodenobas adgenen sakontrolo firfitis
(ПМК-1) fosoSi 2,5%-iani mastiprimis preparatisa da rZis nimuSis narevis
konsistenciis SecvliT Serevidan 60 wamis gasvlis Semdeg. Tu narevma
miiRo Jeles konsistencia, 1 ml rZeSi somaturi ujredebis raodenoba 500
aTasidan 1 mln- mdea da miganiSnebs, rom nakreb rZeSi Sereulia mastitiT
daavadebuli furebis rZe;
praqtikaSi popularoba moipova mastitiani rZis gamovlenis meore
meTodma, e.w. “kalifornia mastit test”-ma. ra drosac specialur firfitaze gansazRvruli raodenobis CMT koncentratis 2,5%-ani samuSao
xsnars da rZes ureven erTmaneTSi da akvirdebian narevis mdgomareobas:
155
a) nareevi Tu Txieri darCa, nakreb rZeSi
mastitiani furebis rZe ar aris Sereuli; b) narevma Tu lorwosmagvari an Jelesmagvari konsistencia miiRo, aRiniSneba mastitis kvali (daavadebulia furebis umniSvnelo raodenoba); g) Tu
narevma miiRo Jelesmagvari konsistencia, savaraudod furebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRiniSneba
mastiti da d) Tu narevi SerevisTanave sqeldeba
da iRebs Semkvrivebul Jelesmagvar konsistencias,
fermis furebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRiniSneba
mastitis mwvave forma;
rZis keTilsaimedoba. saR rZes ar unda hqondes ucxo suni, gemo da
ar unda Seicavdes sakvebwarmoebaSi gatarebuli agroteqnikuri RinisZiebebisas gamoyenebuli Sxamqimikatebis, agreTve samkurnalwamlo preparatebis, gansakuTrebiT ki antibiotikebis naSTs. rZeSi dauSvebelia mZime
metalebis zRvrul koncentraciaze met odenobis Semcveloba.
es nivTierebebi ara marto saSiSia adamianebis janmrTelobisaTvis,
aramed sagrZnoblad scvlian rZis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs da auareseben misgan damzadebuli produqtebis xarisxsa da sasaqonlo saxes.
wvelis Semdeg rZe ganicdis cvlilebebs, romlis mimarTuleba
damokidebulia dabinZurebis saxeze. magaliTad, rZemJava baqteriebis moxvedrisas rZe mJavdeba, erbomJava baqteriebis SemTxvevaSi ki mZaRdeba.
pirveladi damuSavebisas rZeSi SeiZleba moxvdes adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi mikroorganizmebi, maT Soris nawlavis Cxiris jgufis
baqteriebi, romelic iwvevs kuW-nawlavis sistemis mwvave daavadebas.
sur.65. “kalifornia
mastit test”-is testirebis firfita
rZis pirveladi damuSaveba
wvelis damTavrebisTanave rZe gadaaqvT sarZeveSi sadac awonviT, an
sxvadasxva konstruqciis rZismzomiT
sur. 66. rZis sawuri
sazRvraven mis raodenobas.
gafiltvra. gafiltvris mizania
rZeSi Sereuli meqanikuri minarevebis
mocileba. fermis pirobebSi rZes filtraven specialur sawurSi (sur. 66)
Cafenili bambis filtriT an 2-3 fenad
dakecili marliT. rZis msxvil sawarmoebSi am mizniT gamoiyeneba separatorebi.
gaciveba. rZe Tu ar gavaciveT, is
cxrili 28. rZis Senaxvis
oTaxis temperaturaze 2_3 sT-Si damxangrZlivobis damokidebuleba
Javdeba. dabali temperatura sakmaod
gacivebis temperaturaze
xangrZlivad uzrunvelyofs rZis Tvisegacivebis temSenaxvis xangbebis SenarCunebas. zafxulSi rZe unda
rZlivoba, sT
peratura, 0C
gacivdes +4...+60C, zamTarSi ki- +8...+100C
+8...+10
6_12
temperaturamde. gacivebis temperatura
+6...+8
12_18
gavlenas axdens rZis Senaxvis xangr+4...+5
18_24
Zlivobaze (cxrili 28).
rZes aciveben wyliT an samacivro danadgariT. wyliT gacivebisas
Sevsebul maTaras Cadgamen gamdinare wylis avzSi da procesis daCqarebis mizniT rZes sareviT periodulad, saaTSi erTxel mainc ureven.
wyali unda Sediodes avzis qveda zonidan da gamodiodes mis zeda
156
nawilSi. avzis SigniTa sigane unda iyos 0,8 m, simaRle- 0,6 m, xolo
sigrZe damokidebulia Casadgmeli maTarebis raodenobaze. wyliT rZe
SeiZleba gavacioT +3...+40C-mde. gacivebul rZes inaxaven tankSi an
rezervuar- TermosSi.
sur. 67. Ria tipis rZis gasa‐
pasterizeba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac naxiri arakeTilsaimedoa gadamdeb
civebeli abazana УОМ 1000
daavadebebze, an kidev rodesac rZes
fermidan pirdapir agzavnian sarealizaciod, aucilebelia misi pasterizeba.
misi mizania paTogenuri da Sxamwarmomqmneli
mikrofloris
daxocva,
agreTve rZis fermentebis inaqtivacia.
pasterizeba SeiZleba iyos xangrZlivi, xanmokle da momentaluri. xangrZlivi pasterizebisas rZes acxeleben
+63...+650C temperaturamde da ayovneben
30 wT, xanmokle pasterizebisas, Sesabamisad, +72...+760C-mde 15_20 wm, xolo
momentaluri pasterizebisas +85...+900C‐ mde dayovnebis gareSe.
sterilizacia. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saWiroa rZis sterilizacia,
rac niSnavs am produqtis +1000C-ze ufro maRal temperaturamde gacxelebas, sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis dayovnebiT. sterilizaciisas ixoceba
baqteriebis rogorc vegetaturi formebi, aseve maTi sporebic.
rZis daxarisxeba. CvenSi rZis xarisxs afaseben standartiT, romlis
mixedviT is unda iyos naturaluri, janmrTeli cxovelebisgan miRebuli,
axali, mowvelis Semdeg gafiltruli da +100C temperaturamde gacivebuli, ferad _ TeTri an Ria moyviTalo, ar unda dahkavdes ucxo gemo da
suni.
fizikur-qimiuri da mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT rZis
daxarisxebis standartiT dadgenilia moTxovnebi misi mJavianobis, sisufTavis da baqteriuli moTesvilobis xarisxis mixedviT (cxrili 29).
evrogaerTianebis
cxrili 29. sarealizacio rZis xarisxze
standartiT
xarisxiani
wayenebuli moTxovnebi
rZis 1 ml- Si dasaSvemaCveneblebi
xarisxi
uxabia 300 aTasamde mikrorisxo
I
II
bis da 500 aTasamde
0
somaturi
ujredebis
16_18 16_20
21
mJavianoba, ara umetes T
arseboba.
aseve,
limitisisufTavis xarisxis jgurebulia mZime metalefi, etalonis mixedviT,
I
II
III
bis, antibiotikebis naSaranaklebi
Tis, da hormonaluri
baqteriebiT moTesilobis
preparatebis SemcveloI
II
III
klasi reduqtazas sinjis
ba.
mixedviT, aranaklebi
rZis transportireba gadamamuSavebel sawarmomde SeiZleba maTarebiT, an specialuri
avtocisterniT. amasTan, mWidrod daxuruli maTarebiT rZis gadatana
sasurvelia mxolod dRe-Ramis gril periodSi. sicxeSi transportirebisas maTarebs unda gadavafaroT sveli brezenti, gaTibuli mwvane
balaxi, namja an sxva saSualeba, romelic daicavs rZes swrafad
gaTbobisagan.
157
rZis separireba
rZeSi cximi 3-5 mikroni diametris cilis garsiT dafaruli burTulebis saxiT Sewonawonebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. cximis kuTri masa
saSualod 0,92 g/sm3- s udris, rZis danarCeni nawilis (ucximo rZis)- 1,034s. aseTi sxvaobis gamo, WurWelSi mdgar rZeSi cximis burTulebi amotivtivdebian mis zedapirul fenaSi. am gziT SesaZlebelia cximisa da rZis
danarCeni nawilis erTmaneTisagan dacileba da primitiuli wesiT naRebis
miReba. aseTi wesiT naRebis dawdomis Semdeg moxdil rZeSi cximi mainc
sakmaod didi raodenobiT (1%-mde) rCeba.
am procesis gaiolebis, cximis gamosavlianobis gadidebis da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis mizniT Seqmnilia centridanuli Zalis
principiT momqmedi danadgarebi, separatorebi.
rZis miwodebisa da gamodinebis (gamoSvebis) mixedviT, separatorebi iyofa sam jgufad: 1. Ria, ra drosac erTis mxriv rZis miwodeba,
meores mxriv ki naRebisa da moxdili rZis gamodinebis procesi Riaa; 2.
naxevrad daxuruli- rZis Ria miwodebiT da naRebisa da moxdili rZis
daxuruli gamodinebiT da 3. daxuruli (hermetuli)- specialuri tumbos
meSveobiT rZis daxuruli miwodebiT da naRebisa da moxdili rZis
daxuruli gamodinebiT.
wvril sawarmoebSi, rogorc wesi, iyeneben Ria, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki naxevrad daxurul separatorebs.
separatoris muSa meqanizmi Sedgeba horizontaluri lilvisagan,
romelsac gareTa boloze aqvs borbali, fraqciuli centridanuli
quriT da xraxniani TvaliT. am ukanasknelis saSualebiT brunviTi moZraoba gadaecema vertikalur lilvs an TiTistars. lilvis boloSi
moTavsebulia mbrunavi dolabi.
mimRebidan (1, nax. 68) rZe miewodeba mbrunav TefSs, romlidan
arxebiT nel-nela adis maRla da nawildeba TefSebs Soris arsebul sivrceSi.
sur. 68. 100 l/sT gamtararxidan
gamosvlisas,
centridanuli
unarianobis Ria tipis
Zalis moqmedebiT rZe iyofa naRebad da
separatori danarCen fraqciad. naRebi, rogorc msubuqi fraqcia adis maRla, grovdeba zeda
gamyofi TefSis SigniTa mxareze da arxis
1 saSualebiT gadmoedineba naRebis mimRebSi. moxdili rZe, rogorc ufro mZime
fraqcia, moZraobs sapirispiro mimarTulebiT da grovdeba qvemo TefSebs Soris
2
sivrceSi, aqedan ki moxdili rZis mimRebSi. amdenad, separatoris Sesabamisi
milyelebidan (2, 3) naRebi da cximgaclili rZe gadmoedineba cal-calke.
rZidan cximis mocilebis xarisxze
3 gavlenas axdens rZis sisufTave, mJavianoba da temperatura, agreTve separatoris dolis brunvis siswrafe.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac rZe Zlier
dabinZurebulia meqanikuri minarevebiT, agreTve Tu misi mJavianoba
maRalia, moxdil rZeSi cximis raodenoba normaze maRalia, xolo SedarebiT maRali temperatura (+40...+450C), xels uwyobs separirebis process.
158
naRebi. aris rZis koncentrirebuli cximovani nawili. is, ZiriTadad,
gamoiyeneba araJnisa da karaqis dasamzadeblad, agreTve cximis mixedviT
rZis normalizebisaTvis, nayinis da sxvadasxva sasmelebis dasamzadeblad, an kidev uSualod sakvebad. naRebi SeiZleba Seicavdes 35, 20 da 10%
cxims. 35 da 20% cximian sakveb naRebs pasterizebas ukeTdeben +85...+870C,
xolo 10% cximians- +78...+800C temperaturaze.
sasmeli rZis da rZemJava produqtebis warmoeba
sasmel rZes yofen cximianobis, gadamuSavebis xerxis, Semavseblebis
Semcvelobisa da dafasoebis saxis mixedviT.
temperaturuli damuSavebis xarisxidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben
pasterizebul, maRal temperaturaze dayovnebul (mdnar) da sterilizebul rZes.
pasterizebuli rZe. ewodeba iseT rZes, romelic Termulad damuSavebulia +1000C- ze ufro dabal temperaturaze da gacivebulia swrafad.
misi warmoebis teqnologiuri procesi Sedgeba Semdegi operaciebisagan:
rZis miReba Æ daxarisxeba Æ gafiltvra Æ normalizeba Æ pasterizeba Æ gaciveba Æ Camosxma Æ daxufva Æ Senaxva Æ transportireba.
gadamamuSavebel sawarmoSi rZis miReba xdeba misi organoleptikuri, fizikur-qimiuri da mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
amasTan, rZis simkvrive ar unda iyos 1,027g/sm3- ze, xolo cximianoba 3,2%ze naklebi, is ar unda Seicavdes ucxo nivTierebebs- gamaneitraleblebs,
konservantebs, Sxam-qimikatebs, antibiotikebs da sxv. pasterizebuli rZis
dasamzadeblad vargisia ara nakleb II xarisxis nedleuli, romlis
mJavianoba ar aRemateba 190T- s.
rZis gafiltvra da normalizeba. miRebul rZes meqanikuri an sxva
minarevebisagan gawmendis mizniT atareben rZis gamwmendSi an filtrSi.
rZis normalizebas ukeTeben cximis Semcvelobaze, ra mizniTac gamoiyeneba qvemoT CamoTvlilidan erT-erTi xerxi:
1. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcveli rZis dabalcximianTan SereviT;
2. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcvel rZeze moxdili rZis damatebiT;
3. rZis nawilis separirebiT an misi specialuri normalizatoriT
damuSavebiT.
4. dabalcximian rZeze naRebis damatebiT.
pasterizeba da gaciveba. gamoiyeneba pasterizebis sxvadasxva reJimi
(ix. rZis pirveladi damuSaveba), romlis SerCeva xdeba sawarmos teqnikuri aRWurvilobidan gamomdinare. yvesur. 69. kameCis pasterizela SemTxvevaSi man unda uzrunvelyos
buli rZe (israeli) rZeSi arsebuli mikrobebis arasporovani formebis daxocva.
pasterizebis
damTavrebisTanave
rZe swrafad unda gacivdes ise, rom misi
temperatura ar aRematebodes +60C- s.
Camosxma, daxufva da Senaxva. pasterizebul da gacivebul rZes Camoasxamen
didi
tevadobis
sxvadasxva
WurWelSi, agreTve sxvadasxva tevadobis minis an polieTilenis erTjerad
boTlebSi da qaRaldis paketebSi.
rZian cisternebsa da maTarebs
xuraven xufiT, luqaven da akraven eti159
kets. minis boTlebs xufaven aluminis kafsulebiT an parafinirebuli
muyaos rgolebiT, romlebzec amotvifraven produqtis dasaxelebas,
gamoSvebis TariRs, tevadobas, da teqnikuri pirobebisadmi Sesabamisobas.
msxvil sawarmoebSi sasmeli rZis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi xorcieldeba daxurul sistemaSi, nakaduri wesiT. am miznisaTvis
sazRvargareTis qveynebis mrewveloba uSvebs sxvadasxva konstruqciisa
da mwarmoeblurobis kompleqsur mowyobilobebs.
rZemJava produqtebis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia
rZemJava produqtebi mzaddeba rZemJava baqteriebis sufTa culturebiT rZis an naRebis SemJavebiT, safuarebis an ZmarmJava baqteriebis damatebiT an maT gareSe. gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad uSveben
sami saxis rZemJava produqtebs: 1. Txevadi da naxevrad Txevadi konsistenciis (mawoni, kefiri, prostokvaSa, acidofilini, acidofiluri rZe, kumisi), 2. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcveli (araJani) da 3. cilis didi
raodenobiT Semcveli (xaWo da misi nawarmi).
Txevadi da naxevrad Txevadi rZemJava produqtebi. mzaddeba mouxdeli, moxdili, aRdgenili-mouxdeli an moxdili-mSrali rZidan. maTi
damzadebis teqnologiuri procesebi sakmaod msgavsia da Sedgeba Semdegi
rgolebisagan: rZis daxarisxeba (SerCeva) Æ pasterizeba Æ daxufva Æ
Sededeba Æ gaciveba Æ Senaxva.
rZes pasterizeba xdema +80...+900C temperaturaze, rac aucilebelia
ferment lipazas inaqtivaciisaTvis. garda amisa, maRal temperaturamde
gacxelebisas miiRweva kazeinis hidrataciis maRali xarisxi, cila Zlier
ijirjveba, rac xels uwyobs ufro mkvrivi konsistenciis mza nawarmis
miRebas.
TiToeuli saxis rZemJava produqtisaTvis saWiroa konkretuli baqteriuli dedo, romelic unda iyos axali, standartisa da teqnikuri
moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi.
sawarmoebi baqteriul dedos mSrali fxvnilis an abis saxiT iZenen.
Cadedebis win aucilebelia misi “gacocxleba”. amisaTvis WurWelSi asxamen moxdil rZes, romelsac pasterizaciis mizniT acxeleben +950C temperaturamde da am temperaturaze ayovneben 10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg
rZes aciveben Sededebis temperaturamde, xsnian masSi mSral dedos,
WurWels zemodan afareben ramdenime fenad dakecil dolbands, gadaaqvT
TermostatSi da axaneben vidre ar Sededeba. procesi, rogorc wesi,
grZeldeba 14-20 sT. amasTan, pirvel oTx saaTSi rZes yovel saaTSi
erTxel sWirdeba moreva.
am gziT iReben pirvelad dedos, magram, vinaidan masSi baqteriebi
jer kidev saTanadod ar aran aqtiuri, aucilebelia 1-2- jer gadaTesva.
amisaTvis iReben saTanado temperaturis 2 l moxdil rZes, amateben 100
ml, anu rZis moculobis 5% pirvelad dedos, kargad moureven da aCereben TermostatSi. 8_10 saaTis Semdeg warmoiqmneba meoradi dedos mkvrivi
Senadedi, romelsac eqneba sasiamovno gemo da suni.
samuSao anu sawarmoo dedos mosamzadeblad rZeSi SeaqvT 5% meoradi dedo da ayovneben TermostatSi. rZe Sededdeba 6-8 sT-Si. nadedi unda
iyos haeris buStukebis gareSe, mkvrivi da erTgvarovani konsistenciis.
mas eqneba rZemJava suni da gemo, xolo mJavianoba miaRwevs 95-1100T-s.
Casadedebel rZes agrileben sasurvel temperaturamde, SeaqvT masSi
5% (2-dan 10% mde) samuSao dedo, gulmodgined aureven, asxamen boTlSi,
160
qilaSi, bidonSi an sxva WurWelSi, xufaven da gadaaqvT TermostatSi, an
daaTbuneben. rZe normalur pirobebSi 3_6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Cadeddeba.
Sededebul produqts, gamomdinare saxidan, +2...+100C-mde aciveben.
aseTi temperaturaze is SeiZleba SevinaxoT sami dRe-Rame.
produqtis konsistenciaze da sagemovno Tvisebebze kargad moqmedebs dabal temperaturaze 12_18 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gaCereba. ra drosac rZemJava baqteriebis ganviTareba neldeba, magram sxva saxis baqteriebi aqtiurdebian da produqts aromatsa da specifikur gemos aZleven.
rZemJava produqtebis aseT dayovnebas momwifeba ewodeba.
mawvnis damzadebis teqnologia. CvenSi mawoni uZvelesi droidan
aris cnobili da, SeiZleba iTqvas, tradiciuli sakvebi produqtia. mas
amzadeben Zroxis, kameCis, Txis da cxvris mouxdeli, aranakleb me-2
xarisxis rZidan, romlis mJavianoba ar aRemateba 190T-s, xolo simkvrive
1,029 g/sm3-a. mawoni SeiZleba damzaddes rZis fxvnilidan.
qarxnuli wesiT damzadebuli mawoni gamodis 3,2, 2,5, 1,5 da 1%-iani
cximianobiT.
pasterizebis mizniT mawvnis dasamzadebel rZes acxeleben +92...+950C
temperaturamde da ayovneben 5_10 wuTi. aucilebeli operaciaa rZis homogenizireba, rac xels uwyobs produqciis erTgvarovnebas da Tavidan gvacilebs cximis gamoyofas. homogenizireba, Cveulebriv, xdeba pasterizaciasTan erTad.
pasterizebiul rZes aciveben +42...+450C temperaturamde, masSi SeaqvT
rZis saerTo raodenobis 2_3% dedo da am teperaturaze ayovneben 3-4 sT.
Senadedi unda iyos mkvrivi, Sratis gamoyofis gareSe, damaxasiaTebeli
sasiamovno gemoTi da aromatiT.
mawons acieben 0...+60C temperaturamde, ra drosac mezofiluri baqteriebis moqmedebiT Canadedi mkvrivdeba, xolo specifikuri aromati da
gemo ufro mkveTrad gamoixateba. Zroxis rZis mawvnis mJavianoba Seadgens
80-1050T-s, xolo kameCisa da cxvris rZis- 120-1500T-s.
araJani. mzaddeba naRebis rZismJava duRiliT.
naRebis normalizeba xdeba dasamzadebeli araJnis cximianobidan
gamomdinare. normalizebul naRebs +85...+950C-ze ukeTdeba pasterizeba,
ris Semdeg mas ahomogenizireben da aciveben Casaded temperaturamde(zafxulSi +18...+25, xolo zamTarSi +22...+270C). Sesatani dedos raodenoba
unda iyos naRebis masis 3-5%. procesi grZeldeba 14-16 sT. pirveli sami
saaTis manZilze, saaTSi erTxel naRebs kargad moureven, Semdeg ki
daaclian, vidre mJavianoba 65-75 (zafxulSi) an 80-85 (zamTarSi) 0T-s ar
miaRwevs. mza produqts aciveben +2...+80C temperaturamde da 24-28 sT-iT
ayovneben momwifebis mizniT.
araJani sarealizaciod gamoaqvT rogorc 0,25 da 0,5 kg tevadobis
taraSi, aseve asawoni saxiT, 10-20 kg tevadobis maTarebiT.
xaWo. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli cilis didi raodenobiT
Semcveli rZis produqtia. mas iReben rZidan iseTi mniSvnelovani
komponentebis gamoyofiT, rogoricaa cilebi da cximebi.
savaWro qselSi xaWo gamodis ucximo, agreTve 9 da 18% cximis SemcvelobiT. didi raodenobis cilebisa da cximebis Semcvelobis wyalobiT
1 kg xaWos energetikuli Rirebuleba 9200-9300 kjoulia, xolo ucximo
xaWosi- 4500-4600 kjouli. xaWos sakvebad gamoyeneba SeiZleba ara marto
naturaluri saxiT, aramed misgan mzaddeba 120- ze meti sxvadasxva dasaxelebis kerZi, romelTa umetesoba dieturia, aqvs samkurnalo Tviseba da
margebelia bavSvebisaTvis.
161
teqnologuri procesi moicavs Semdeg operaciebs: rZis gaTboba Æ
gafiltvra Æ normalizeba Æ pasterizeba Æ gaciveba Æ Cadedeba Æ
dayovneba Æ nadedis damuSaveba.
naturaluri rZis pasterizeba xdeba +800C temperaturaze 20-30 wamis
dayovnebiT, xolo rZemJava dedo SeaqvT orkedlian abazanaSi +24...+340C
temperaturamde gacivebis Semdeg. Sesatani rZemJava dedos raodenobaa
rZis masis 5-8%.
xaWos misaRebad rZes Caadedeben rZemJava dedoTi da/an CakveTaven
rZemJava dedos da maWikis fermentis erTdroulad damatebiT. rZemJava
dedos damatebiT xaWo mzaddeba rogorc mouxdeli, aseve moxdili
rZidan.
dedos Setanis Semdeg rZes kargad moureven da Tbiladve ayovneben
6-8 sT- is ganmavlobaSi. periodis bolosaTvis miiReba nazi da sakmaod
mkvrivi nadedi, romlidanac Srati gamoyofili ar aris. kargi nadedis
amonatexis gverdebi sworia da misgan gamoyofas iwyebs momwvano elferis Srati. am droisaTvis Canadedis mJavianoba 60-850T- is farglebSia.
Sratis nawilis mosacileblad nadeds Wrian vertikalur da
horizontalur daniani cxaviT ise, rom miiRon 2 X 2 zomis kubis formis
marcvali, ris Semdeg nadeds 1 sT-iT ayovneben Sratis gamoyofis mizniT.
gamoyofil Sratis nawils aclian sifoniT an abazanis qveda nawilSi
arsebuli onkanidan gamoSvebiT.
Sratis darCenili nawilis mosacileblad jer mimarTaven nadedis
TviTdawnexvas, Semdeg ki iZulebiT dawnexvas. amisaTvis abazanidan nadedi
gadaaqvT 7-10 kg tevadobis lavsanis an marlis tomrebSi, moukraven Tavs
da deben wnex-urikaze. 1 sT-is manZilze TviTdawnxvis Semdeg tomaras
zemodan adeben metalis perforirebul firfitas da wnexis xraxnis moWeriT mimarTaven iZulebiT dawnexvas, vidre ar miaRweven xaWos kondiciur
tenianobas. dawnexvisas saamqroSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +3...+60C.
xaWo malfuWadi produqtia, amitom is rac SeiZleba swrafad unda
gavacivoT +3...+80C temperaturamde. sarealizaciod xaWo SeiZleba gaigzavnos xis an uJangavi metalis taraSi Cadebuli saxiT. ZiriTadad ki
mas afasoeben avtomatur an naxevradavtomatur danadgarebze 0,25, 0,5 da
1,0 kg masis marTkuTxedis formiT briketebad da fuTaven qaRaldSi an
aliuminis folgaSi.
sawarmoebi, naturaluri xaWosTan erTad uSveben mis safuZvelze
saTanado recepturiT damzadebul kvereulebs SaqriT, TafliT, qiSmiSiT,
SokoladiT da sxva.
karaqis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia
rZis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi uSveben sxvadasxva asortimentis
naRebis karaqs: umarilo, mariliani, glexuri, samoyvarulo, Sokoladis,
vologdis.
karaqi mzaddeba garkveul pirobebSi naRebis SedRvebiT. maRali
xarisxis karaqis misaRebad naRebi unda akmayofilebdes cxril 30-Si
motanil standartul moTxovnebs. amasTan, I da II xarisxis naRebi aucileblad cal-calke unda gadamuSavdes.
SedRvebisaTvis naRebis momzadeba xdeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT:
normalizeba Æ pasterizeba Æ gaciveba Æ Cadedeba Æ Sededeba
Æ momwifeba. naRebis aseTi momzadeba uzrunvelyofs gamosaxuli aromatis, kargi konsistenciis da Senaxvisadmi gamZle karaqis miRebas.
162
karaqis wyvetilad damamzadebelSi SedRveba normalurad mimdinareobs, Tu naRebi 32_36% cximianobisaa. ufro Txeli naRebis SedRvebisas
mowyobiloba zedmetad itvirTeba da aramwarmoeblurad gamoiyeneba,
mcirdeba sawarmoo xazis gamtaroba, SedRvebaze ki didi dro ixarjeba.
cxrili 30. naRebis
xarisxi
I
II
xarisxis maCveneblebiT
gemo da suni
konsistencia da sisufTave
motkbo gemo,
ucxo gemosa da
sunis gareSe
erTgvarovani, normaluri,
karaqis grovebisa da meqanikuri minarevebisagan Tavisufali.
erTgvarovani, gvxvdeba
karaqis grovebi, meqanikuri
minarevebisagan Tavisufali,
umniSvnelo Seyinva.
odnav gamosaxuli sakvebis
suni da ucxo
gemo
cximis % da
mJavianoba (T0)
24 28
33
38
16
15
14
13
20
19
18
17
normalizeba. sasurveli cximianobis naRebis miReba SesaZlebelia
misi normalizebiT: amisaTvis maRalcximian naRebs umateben rZes, dabali
cximianobisas ki- maRali cximianobis naRebs.
Serevis gaiolebis mizniT, normalizebis win, naRebs acxeleben
+35...+400C-mde, saWiroebisamebr amateben winaswar gamoTvlili raodenobis
maRalcximian naRebs an rZes da kargad ureven.
pasterizeba. am operaciis mizania mikrofloris mospoba da fermentebis lipazas, peroqsidazasa da proteazas daSla da/an inaqtivacia.
reJimis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben naRebis siaxles da mJavianobas, agreTve gamosaSvebi karaqis saxes. ase, magaliTad, tkbilnaRebiani da mJavenaRebiani karaqisaTvis gankuTvnili naRebi pasterizdeba +85...+900C temperaturaze, dayovnebis gareSe, xolo vologduri karaqis dasamzadeblad gankuTvnili- +95...+980C- ze 10_15 wuTi dayovnebiT. rac ufro maRalia naRebis mJavianoba, miT dabalia pasterizebis temperatura.
gaciveba da fizikuri momwifeba. pasterizebul naRebs swrafad
aciveben 0...+80C temperaturamde da aCereben mosamwifeblad. rac ufro
dabalia naRebis temperatura, miT naklebi droa saWiro mis mosamwifeblad. ase, magaliTad, 00C temperaturaze naRebi mwifdeba 0,5-1,0 sT-Si,
xolo +80C temperaturaze amisaTvis saWiroa 8-12 sT.
Cadedeba. momwifebul naRebs Caadedeben sufTa rZemJava baqteriuli
kulturebiT. arsebobs Cadedebis ori wesi, xangrZlivi da xanmokle.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi naRebSi SeaqvT saerTo masis 5%- mde dedo da axaneben +14...+160C temperaturaze daaxloebiT 12-16 sT, vidre mJavianoba 30-350Ts ar miaRwevs. mikrobebis moqmedebiT naRebSi mimdinare process bioqimiuri momwifeba ewodeba. Cadedeba xels uwyobs karaqis xarisxisa da
Senaxvisadmi mdgradobis gaumjobesebas.
SeRebva. karaqs moyviTalo elferi unda dahkravdes. amis gamo,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakvebi saRebavi naRebSi SeaqvT SedRvebis win.
saRebavis raodenoba damokidebulia wlis droze: gvian Semodgomaze da
adre gazafxulze naRebSi arsebul yovel 1 kg cximze SeaqvT 0.5-0.8 ml,
xolo zamTarSi 1.0-1.5 ml saRebavi da kargad moureven.
SedRveba. momwifebuli naRebi gadaaqvT sadRvebelSi an karaqis
damamzadebelSi, xufs axuraven mWidrod da mohyavT moZraobaSi. pirveli
163
3-4 wuTSi sadRvebels 2- jer mainc aCereben da gamoyofil airs gamouSveben onkanidan. SedRvebisas naRebis temperaturis zomaze metad gadidebis Tavidan asacileblad sadRvebelSi frTxilad asxamen +4...+50C- mde
gacivebul anaduRar wyals.
marcvlis mzadyofnas adgenen saTvalTvale minis daxmarebiT. is
SedRvebisas mikruli naRebisagan TeTria, xolo SedRvebis SemTxvevaSi
gamWirvale xdeba. SedRvebis damTavrebisTanave xsnian onkans da gamouSveben dos.
garecxva. mizania dos mTlianad mocileba da marcvlisaTvis sasurveli simkvrivis micema. gasarecxad Casxmuli wylis raodenoba naRebis
masis 50-60% unda iyos. Casxmis Semdeg sadRvebels afareben saxuravs da
akeTeben 3-5 bruns, ris Semdeg wyals onkanidan gamouSveben. tkbilnaRebian karaqs recxaven erTjer, xolo mJavenaRebians- orjer.
damarileba. mizania: a) karaqisaTvis specifikuri gemos micema da b)
Senaxvisadmi mdgradobis gaumjobeseba.
dasamarileblad gamoiyeneba e.w. gamoxarSuli, ”eqstra” xarisxis
marili. Setanis win marils +120...+1300C- mde acxeleben.
marilis saWiro raodenobas adgenen SesadRvebad aRebuli naRebis
raodenobis, masSi cximis Semcvelobis, doSi cximis Semcvelobis da
karaqSi cximis Semcvelobidan gamomdinare. marils saceris daxmarebiT
sadRvebelSi karaqis jerkmis zedapirze Tanabrad anawileben. damarilebisTanave karaqis zeda fenas gadmoiReben da imave wesiT qveda fenasac
amarileben. marilis Tanabrad gasanawileblad 20-30 wT-is Semdeg karaqs
Caabruneben damamzadebelSi, axuraven saxuravs da nel brunvaze CarTaven
dasamuSavebel lilvebs. am dros marilis ganawilebasTan erTad karaqidan gamoidevneba Warbi wyali.
formireba da dafasoeba. damarilebul karaqs Rarula lilvebs
Soris atareben, ris Sedegad misi marcvlebi
suraTi. 70. I xarisxis
erT mTlian jerkmad erTiandeba da Sesadafasoebuli karaqi
fuTad moxerxebuli xdeba.
karaqs yofen daaxloebiT 25 kg ulufebad, mas aZleven marTkuTxedis formas,
fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldSi da deben
gofrirebuli muyaos yuTSi. sacalo vaWrobisaTvis karaqs afasoeben 100- dan 500 g-mde
ulufebad, aZleven marTkuTxedis formas da
fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldiT, aluminis
folgiT an deben polimeruli masalis yuTSi.
Senaxva. karaqi Sesanax sacavSi, an kidev
macivarSi, haeris temperatura ar unda aRematebodes +60C- s, xolo fardobiTi tenianoba 80%-s.
yvelis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia
yveli miiReba rZis cila kazeinis fermentuli CakveTis gziT. dReisaTvis msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi amzadeben ramodenime aseuli
dasaxelebis yvels. maWikis (pepsinis) yveli konsistenciis mixedviT iyofa
rbili da magari yvelis jgufebad.
zogadad yvelis damzadebis teqnologiuri procesi xorcieldeba
Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: rZis miReba Æ daxarisxeba Æ rZis normalizeba Æ rZis pasterizeba da gaciveba Æ rZis momzadeba Æ rZis CakveTa-Cadedeba Æ delamos (CanakveTis) damuSaveba Æ savele masis
164
formireba/dayalibeba Æ yvelis damarileba Æ yvelis momwifeba Æ
yvelis Senaxva.
daxarisxeba. yvelis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba I da II xarisxis rZe.
amasTan, qimiur SedgenilobasTan erTad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
rZis baqteriuli moTesvianobis xarisxs, agreTve biologiur Tvisebasa
da maWikis fermentiT CakveTis unars;
yvelis daamzadeba ar SeiZleba axladmowvelili da +4...+50C temperaturamde gacivebuli rZidan. CakveTamde is unda momwifdes ise, rom mJavianobam Seadginos 19 – 20 0T.
normalizeba. imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva asortimentis yvelSi rZis
qimiuri Sedgeniloba standartiT limitirebulia, xolo rZis qimiuri
Sedgeniloba icvleba wlis sezonis, cxovelis jiSis da sxva faqtorebis
moqmedebiT, CakveTamde rZes ukeTeben normalizebas. maRali cximianobis
SemTxvevaSi naturalur rZes umateben moxdils, xolo dabali cximianobisas- tkbil naRebs. konkretuli saxis yvelis dasamzadeblad rZis sasurvel cximianobas angariSoben tolobiT:
scx = (cl X k X ycx) : 100, (%-Si),
sadac
- scx - aris sasurveli cximianobis rZe (%),
- cl - rZeSi cilis Semcveloba (%),
- k - koeficienti; mSral nivTierebaSi 50% cximis Semcveli yvelisaTvis k = 2,09... 2,15-is, 40% cximianobis yvelisaTvis ki k = 1,9-is;
- ycx – yvelSi cximis Semcveloba standartis mixedviT (%);
pasterizeba da gaciveba. yveli mzaddeba +70...+740C temperaturamde
myisierad pasterizebuli rZidan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac rZe miRebulia
janmrTeli cxovelebidan, Semowmebulia veterinariuli zedamxedvelebis
mier, kargi xarisxisaa da miRebulia sanitariul-veterinariuli moTxovnebis dacviT, daSvebulia yvelis damzadeba umi rZidan.
Cadedeba-CakveTa. dedos Setana xdeba +32...+360C temperaturis rZeSi.
baqteriuli dedos raodenoba unda iyos rZis raodenobis 0,3-0,6%. misi
Setanis mizania rZeSi, agreTve yvelis momwifebisa da Senaxvisas mikrobiologiuri procesebis gaaqtiureba.
yveli dayalibebis da momwifebis procesSi rom ar gaiberos da ar
dakargos sasaqonlo saxe, yovel 100 kg Casadedebel rZes umateben 30 g
gvarjilas.
imisaTvis, rom wlis yvela sezonSi damzadebul yvels hqondes
erTnairi feri, teqnikuri moTxovnebiT yovel 100 kg rZes zafxulSi umateben 1-5, zamTarSi ki 5-10 ml mcenareuli saRebavs da kargad moureven.
imis gamo rom pasterizebisas mineraluri nivTierebebis nawili
gamoiyofa naleqis saxiT, rZe Zalian cudad ikveTeba. amis gamosasworeblad
pasterizebul rZes umateben qlorian kalciumis an erTCanacvlebuli
fosforemJava kalciumis xsnars, yovel 100 kg rZeze 10_50 g-is angariSiT.
rZis CasakveTad gamoiyeneba maWikis fermenti, pepsini da qimozini.
CasakveTi xsnari mzaddeba gamoyenebamde 5 sT-iT adre. misi ares aqtiuri
reaqcia unda iyos Zlier mJave- pH =1,3-1,4- s.
kveTis saWiro raodenoba ganisazRvreba specialuri xelsawyoTi.
rZeSi SeaqvT imdeni raodenobis kveTi, rom is Sededdes 30 wT-Si. kveTis
Setanidan 20 wT-Si aucilebelia rZe SevamowmoT CanakveTis xarisxis
dasadgenad. amisaTvis Spatels CauSveeben CanakveTSi, amoiReben delamos
fenas da akvirdebian: normalur CanakveTs mawvnis Sexeduleba unda
165
hqondes, gansazRvruli simkvriviTa da drekadobiT. rZis CakveTa unda
damTavrdes 30-40 wT-Si.
delamos damuSaveba. gulisxmobs delamos daWras, marcvlis dayenebas, mis morevas, Semagrebasa da gaSrobas.
daWra xdeba horizontaluri da vertikaluri simebiani liriT, an
danebiT (sur. 71) ise, rom miviRoT kubis formis 5-6 mm an muxudos zomis
marcvali. marcvlis gamosaSrobad narevs ureven liriT da, paralelurad, meored acxeleben +38...+400C temperaturamde. am temperaturaze 1015 wuTis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZoben marcvlis Srobas (morevas).
mzaobis dasadgenad iReben
sur. 71. delamos dasaWreli
erT muWa masas da magrad wuraven.
lira (а) da danebi (б)
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac nawuri
masa TiTebis gasmiT ar igliseba,
aramed imarcvleba, iTvleba, rom
marcvali mzadaa. amis Semdeg morevas aCereben da marcvlis fskerze
dasaleqad 10_15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi axaneben.
sayvele
masis
dayalibeba/
formireba. yvels ayalibeben abazanaSi. amisaTvis sayvele masas
jer moagroveben abazanis erT-erT
kuTxeSi da dawnexaven 1 kg Zalis
dawoliT. Semdeg mas Wrian SedarebiT
mcire
zomis
naWrebad
(gamomdinare yvelis Tavis sasurveli masidan), gadaaqvT naWris parkSi da wuraven. gawurvisas gamoidevneba
narCeni Sratis nawili, marcvlebi mTliandebian da yvels garkveuli
forma eZleva. gawurvis Semdeg yvels parkianad an mis gareSe aTavseben
liTonis yalibSi da yovel 5-10 wT-Si erTxel (sul 3-4- jer) gadaabruneben. am gziT yvelis TviTdawnexva grZeldeba 6-8 sT, ra drosac
haeris temperatura unda iyos +14...+160C.
yvelis formirebis procesis daCqarebis mizniT gamoiyeneba specialuri wnexebi.
dawnexil yvels ukeTdeba niSandeba da is gadaaqvT dasamarilebel
saamqroSi. damarileba aumjobesebs yvelis gemos, aZlevs mas sasiamovno
aromats da garkveuli doniT aregulirebs mikrobiologiuri, fermentuli da fizikur-qimiuri procesebis mimdinareobas.
dasamarilebeli waTxi mzaddeba mJave Sratze, romelsac mocilebuli aqvs e.w. Sratis cilebi. yvels jer deben 15-16% koncentraciis, 1420 dRis Semdeg ki is gadaaqvT 20-22% koncentraciis waTxSi. amdagvarad
damarilebul yvelSi marilis koncentracia 4-5%-is farglebSia.
yvelis momwifeba. dayalibebuli da dawnexili yvelis konsistencia
araelastikuria, is TeTri ferisaa, gemo da suni ki naklebad gamokveTili aqvs. momwifebul yvels aqvs specifikuri- sasiamovno suni da
gemo, konsistencia elastikuria, moyviTalo elferisaa da gadanaWerze
garkveuli naxatoba (”Tvlebi”) SeimCneva. aseT cvlilebebs yveli ganicdis momwifebis procesSi.
pirveli 30 dRe yvels amwifeben +13...+150C temerpaturis da 92-95%
fardobiTi tenianobis sacavSi. Semdeg is gadaaqvT +10...+120C temperaturisa da 88-90% tenianobis sacavSi, sadac amwifeben saTanado kondiciis
166
miRwevamde. rogorc wesi, yvelis momwifeba grZeldeba 40 dRe. mas aqvs
sada zedapiri da ovaluri cilindris forma. sxvadasxva asortimentis
yvelis Tavis zomebi, forma da masa, agreTve konsistencia da qimiuri
Sedgeniloba regulirdeba standartiT da/an teqnikuri pirobebiT.
Senaxva. xangrZlivad Senaxvisas yvelis Sesanax sacavSi temperatura
unda iyos 0...+20C, xolo xanmokle Senaxvisas dasaSvebia +2...+80C. magari
yvelis Senaxvis vadaa 8 Tve, rbili yvelis 4 Tvemde, xolo Sveicarulis
erT welze meti. momwifebuli yveli -50C temperaturaze SeiZleba SevinaxoT 18 Tvis manZilze. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom aseTi temperatura uzrunvelyofs yvelis sensoruli da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis
SenarCunebas.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra maCveneblebiT gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis rZe
erTmaneTisagan?
• romeli sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelis rZe Seicavs yvelaze met
mSral nivTierebas, cxims, cilas?
• siTburi damuSavebis romeli reJimebi gamoiyeneba rZis pasterizebisas?
• ra maCveneblebiT ramden xarisxad yofen rZes?
• rogor sazRvraven rZis mokrobuli moTesvilobis xarisxs?
• ra TanamimdevrobiT mimdinareobs xaWos damzadebis teqnologiuri
operaciebi?
• romel Txevad da naxevrad mkvriv rZemJava produqtebs icnobT?
• SedRvebisaTvis naRebis momzadebis operaciebi rogori TanamimdevrobiT xorcieldeba?
• rogori TanamimdebvrobiT mimdinareobs yvelis damzadebis teqnologiuri operaciebi?
• rogor sazRvraven yvelis CasakveTi dedos raodenobas?
• ra cvlilebebs ganicdis yveli momwifebisas?
• rogori unda iyos rbili, magari da Sveicaruli yvelis Senaxvis
pirobebi da vadebi?
literatura:
1. rZis miReba da pirveladi damuSaveba. meToduri miTiTeba. Tbilisi, 2003;
2. n.lipatovi, z.cqitiSvili- rZisa da rZis produqtebis teqnologia,
1984.
3. К.К.Горбатова- Биохимия молока и молочных продуктов. Изд. "Легкая и пищевая
промышленность", М., 2004;
4. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под общей
редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
167
T a v i 13. xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologia
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveynebis mcxovrebTa moTxovnileba yoveldRiuri ulufis Sedgenilobasa da xasiaTze sakmaod gansxvavebulia, rogorc wesi, masSi xorcsa da xorcis produqtebs wamyvani
adgili ukavia.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis pirveladi gadamuSavebis ZiriTadi
produqtia xorci (tanxorci), romelic warmoadgens kunTovani, cximovani
da SemaerTebeli qsovilebis organulad dakavSirebul erTobliobas. es
qsovilebi sxvadasxva saxeobis, jiSis, sqesis, asakis da nakvebobis cxovelTa da frinvelTa tanxorcSi metad gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad,
gansxvavebulia maTi xorcis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (cxrili 31) biologiuri Rirebuleba da sensoruli Tvisebebi.
xorcis kvebiTi Rirebulebas axasiaTeben cilebis, cximebis, mineraluri nivTierebebis, vitaminebis da sxva biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis raodenobiT, urTierT SefardebiT da adamianis organizmis mier
am nivTierebebis aTvisebadobiT.
Tavis mxriv, xorcis
cxrili 31. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa
biologiur Rirebulebas
da frinvelebis xorcis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
gansazRvravs masSi Seucxorcis
qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %
vladi aminmJavebis, agreTve
saxe
wyali cilebi cximebi nacari
mono da poligaujerebeZroxis
66.4-70.6 18.7-20.0 8.3-14.0
0.9-1,1
li cximmJavebis, vitamiRoris:
nebisa da zogierTi sxva
54.0-55.1 16.5-17.2 26.8-28.0 0.9-1.0
-sabekone
biologiurad
aqtiuri
51,0-51.8 14.0-15.0 32.8-33.5 0,8-0.9
-saxorce
nivTierebebis Semcveloba,
cxvris
67.2-69.4 15.6-19.8
9.9-16.4
0.8-0.9
romelTa miRebis gareSe
qaTmis
61.9-69.1 18.7-20.8 8.8-18.4
1.0-1.2
adamianis
organizmSi
indauris
57.6-65.2 19.5-21.5 12.2-22.0
0.9-1.1
mosalodnelia Seuqcevadi
batis
45.0-54.4 7.0-15.2 27.7-39.0 0.8-0.9
uaryofiTi
procesebis
ixvis
45.9-57.7 15.8-17.2 24.4-38.0 0.7-0.9
ganviTareba.
cxovelebis dakvlisas xorcTan erTad miiReba sakvebi da teqnikuri
subproduqtebi. sakvebi subproduqtebi marTalia kvebiTi RirebulebiT
Camouvardebian xorcs, magram garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvT rogorc sxvadasxva nivTierebebis didi raodenobiT Semcvel sakveb produqtebs. aseve,
mniSvnelovania teqnikuri subproduqtebi- tyavi, sisxli, nawlavebi,
Zvlebi da sxva, romelTa gamoyeneba rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve sanitaruli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania.
saxorce cxovelis/frinvelis nakveboba
saxorce pirutyvis sabazro Rirebulebas gansazRvravs is, Tu ra
raodenobisa da xarisxis produqtebis miReba aris mosalodneli misgan
dakvlisas.
dadgenilia, rom sxeulis garegnuli formebiT, nakvebobiT, anu
nasuqobis xarisxiT sakmaod zustad SeiZleba msjeloba cxovelis momaval saxorce produqtiulobaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, garegnuli daTvaliereba da sxeulis garkveuli adgilebis xeliT mosinjva safuZvlad
udevs cxovelis sicocxleSive misi mosalodneli saklavi produqtiulobis dadgenis principebs, romlis mixedviT gansazRvrulia minimaluri
moTxovnebi.
cocxali cxovelis da frinvelis yidva-gayidvisas mxareebs Soris
urTierTobas aregulireben normatiuli dokumentebi (kanoni, standarti
168
da misT.). amasTan, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi cxovelTa saxorce produqtiulobis donis Sesafaseblad sxvadasxva sistemaa SemoRebuli, magram yvela
maTganSi etalonad aRebulia cxovelis nakvebobis (nasuqobis) xarisxi,
romelis gviCvenebs cocxal organizmSi kunTovani da cximovani qsovilebis ganviTarebis dones.
cxovelis/frinvelis nakvebobis gansazRvrisas garegnuli daTvalierebiT fasdeba sxeulis forma, xeliT moisinjeba kunTovani qsovilis
ganviTareba, sxeulis sxvadasxva wertilSi kanqveSa qonis grovebis arseboba, agreTve xerxemlis zurgisa da welis nawilis malebis dorsaluri
morCebis kunTebs qvemodan gamoCenis done da sxv.
am gziT sakmaod detalurad Sefasebis, agreTve asakisa da cocxali masis dadgenis Semdeg cxovelebs yofen klasebad- nakvebobis kategoriebad, romlis mixedviT ganisazRvreba maTi Rirebuleba. saqme is aris,
rom rac ufro ganviTarebuli aqvs cxovels kunTovani da cximovani
qsovilebi, miT ufro ukeTesia misi saklavi produqtiuloba, maT Soris
tanxorcis gamosavali, masSi rbilobis (xorcis Wamadi nawilis) raodenoba da xarisxomrivi maCveneblebi.
aSS-Si dasaklav zrdasrul furebs nakvebobis mixedviT yofen rva
klasad: I- prima (umaRlesi), II- choise (rCeuli), III- guud- (kargi), IV-standard
(standartuli), V- commercial (komerciuli) VI- utility (rigiTi), VII- cutter
(saZexve) da VI- canner (sakonserve); amave qveyanaSi xbos yofen eqvs klasad,
gasuqebul dakodil mozvrebs
sur. 72. dakodili mozvrebis nakveki xuT klasad (sur. 72).
evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi
bobis kategoriebi, USAD-is mixedviT
dasaklav
Rors
nakvebobis
mixedviT yofen 5 kategoriad.
CvenSi, saxorce cxovelebis
nakvebobis kategoriebad dayofa
xdeba Zveli, yofili ssrk-s
dros miRebuli standartebiT,
umaRlesi
rCeuli
romlis mixedviT:
Zroxeulis
oTxi
sxvadasxva
sqesobrivasakobrivi jgufis cxovelebi
nakvebobis mixedviT iyofa or
(pirvel da meore) kategoriad,
cxvari da Txa 3- umaRles,
saSualo da saSualoze dabal
kargi
standartuli
kategoriad, Rori 5- I, II, III, IV
da
V
kategoriad,
yvela
saxeobis frinveli ki or- I da
II kategoriad. yvela saxeobisa
da nakvebobis kategoriis dasaklavi cxovelebisaTvis minimarigiTi
luri
moTxovnebi
motanilia
Sesabamis standartebSi.
dasaklavi pirutyvis/frinvelis transportireba
qveynis geografiuli Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, agreTve drois
ekonomiisa da cocxali masis danakargebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT
CvenSi cxovelebi upiratesad gadayavT avtomanqanebiT. dasaklavi pirut-
169
yvis gadayvana, aseve, SeiZleba gadarekviT, sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportiT.
sworad transportirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs cocxali masis
“danakargebis” minimumamde Semcirebis, xorcis xarisxis SenarCunebisa
cxovelTa daavadebebis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis TvalsazrisiT.
saqme is aris, rom gadayvanisas garemo pirobebis mkveTrad Secvla iwvevs
stress, ris gamo aRiniSneba cocxali masis 20%- mde kleba, xSiria
travmuli dazianebebi, mosalodnelia cxovelebis daxocvac.
transportirebamde cxovelebs nomraven, wonian, ajgufeben sqesis,
asakis da cocxali masis gaTvaliswinebiT. mowmdeba maTi janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba, saeWvoebs ki ukeTdeba Termometrireba. cxovelTa raobaze
da maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze veterinari eqimi gascems saTanado
cnobas.
cxovelebis dasatvirTad awyoben estekadas. aucilebelia avtomanqanis Zaras bortebi amaRldes 1,8-2 m-mde da Catardes misi sanitaruli
damuSaveba da dezinfeqcia. mniSvnelovania daculi iqnas datvirTvis
normebi: erT Zaraze SeiZleba moTavsdes 3-5 suli 400 kg cocxali masis
Zroxa, 100 kg cocxali masis 6-12 suli Rori, an kidev 15-20 suli cxvari.
normaluri savali nawilis mqone gzebze cxovelebiT datvirTuli
bortiani avtomanqanis maqsimaluri siCqare ar unda aRematebodes 50 km- s.
axlo manZilebze (40-50 km) Zroxis, cxvris da Txis gadarekiT gadayvana ufro ekonomiuria. winaswar mowmdeba gadasareki trasis mdgomareoba. mosalodnel gadarekvaze cnoba unda miewodos im raionisa da
soflis administracias, sadac gaivlian cxovelebi. dauSvebelia gadasareki pirutyvis soflis naxirTan kontaqti, agreTve saTibebSi da naTesebSi maTi Zoveba.
gadarekvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom erT jgufSi zrdasruli
Zroxis raodenoba ar unda iyos 150-200 sulze, Zroxis mozardis- 200-250,
xolo cxvrisa da Txis- 600-1000 sulze meti.
frinvelebis transportirebisas avtomanqanebis Zaraze awyoben xis
an mavTulbadis jgufur, xolo bocvrebisaTvis individualur galiebs.
sasurvelia frinvelis gadayvanis manZili ar iyos 40-50 km-ze meti, xolo
gzaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba ar aRematebodes 4-5 sT-s.
cxovelTa transportirebas xelmZRvanelobs specialurad gamoyofili piri- gamcilebeli, romelsac Tan unda hqondes veterinaruli
eqimis mier gacemuli cnoba cxovelTa janmrTelobis Sesaxeb da satransporto zeddebuli.
satransporto zeddebulSi miTiTebuli unda iyos cxovelebis
raoba, raodenoba, maTi saidentifikacio nomeri, sqesi da asaki, agreTve
individualuri (Zroxeulis SemTxvevaSi) an saerTo cocxali masa. gadayvanisas cxovelis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi is valdebulia daicvas veterinaruli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi.
sasaklaoze miyvanidan ara ugvianes 1-1,5 saaTisa pasuxismgebel piri
valdebulia Caibaros cxovelebi da Seamowmos satransporto zeddebulSi arsebuli Canawerebis Sesabamisoba faqtiur mdgomareobasTan.
sasaklaos veterinari eqimi individualurad aTvalierebs yvela cxovels,
saeWvoebs gamohyofs calke da maT utarebs Termometrizacias. mimRebi da
Cambarebeli yvela cxovels wonian komisiuri wesiT (Zroxas individualurad, danarCen saxeobebs jgufurad), adgenen miReba-Cabarebis aqts da
xelmoweriT adastureben aqtis siswores.
170
pirutyvis/frinvelis dakvla
sasaklaoze miyvanil cxovelebs asveneben, rac aucilebelia maT
dasamSvideblad da axal garemoSi moxvedriT ganviTarebuli stresuli
movlenebis Sesamcireblad.
dakvlis win, garkveuli periodis manZilze pirutyvs aSimSileben:
mcoxnavebs 24 sT- is Rors 12 sT-is, frinvelebs ki, gamomdinare saxeobidan da gamoSigvnis xerxidan, 4-10 an 10-18 sT- is manZilze. wylis micemas
cxovelebs uwyvetaven dakvlamde 4-5 sT-iT adre.
dakvlis teqnologiuri cikli Sedgeba Semdegi operaciebisagan:
gabrueba Æ sisxlisagan dacla Æ gatyaveba (frinvelebSi gafufqva
da gaputva) Æ gamoSigvna Æ tanxorcis dafeSxoeba Æ mSralad da
svelad dasufTaveba Æ daxarisxeba Æ dadaRva Æ awonva. Rorebs
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ar atyaveben (tyavSi daamuSaveben).
gabrueba. aris cxovelze iseTi zemoqmedeba, ra drosac is kargavs
aqtiuri da koordinirebuli moZraobis unars. gabrueba aucilebelia
sasaklaos momsaxure personalis usafrTxoebis dacvis da Sesasrulebeli operaciebis gaiolebis TvalsazrisiT.
dakvlis win abrueben yvela saxeobis cxovels da frinvels, garda
cxvrisa. praqtikaSi gabruebis eleqtruli da meqanikuri xerxebia gamoyenebuli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs satevariT (orlesuli xanjliT),
uroTi an sasroli iaraRiT gabruebas. amaTgan, evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi cxovelebis gasabrueblad rekomendebulia pnevmaturi sasroli
iaraRiT cxovelis gabrueba, xolo frinvelebs abrueben eleqtro-deniT.
sisxlisagan dacla. procesis dasaCqareblad specialuri mowyobilobiT-dgiTamweTi gabruebul cxovels ukana kidurebiT asweven maRla
da Camokideben. kisris midamoSi mas gauWrian kans, saylapav mils
aTavisufleben irgvliv mdebare qsovilebisagan, gadaWrian da adeben
ligaturas, an gadakvanZaven da mxolod amis Semdeg gadaWrian msxvil
sisxlZarRvebs. naklavi sisxlisagan mTlianad icleba 6-9 wT-Si.
saWiroebisas, specialuri Rru daniT sisxls iReben sakvebi miznebisaTvis (hematogenis dasamzadeblad, Zexveulis farSSi Sesarevad, samedicino miznebisaTvis da sxv.). naklavidan iatakze Camonadeni sisxli Cadis
RarSi, aqedan ki sisxlis Semgrovebel avzSi da gamoiyeneba teqnikuri
miznebisaTvis.
frinvelis sisxlis gamosaSvebad mimarTaven or xerxs: 1. Sinagani,
rodesac basrboloiani makratliT Sedian piris RruSi da Wrian enis
zemoT mdebare sauRle venis sadinarebs da 2. garegani, ra drosac daniT
gadaWrian kefis Zvlisa da xerxemlis kisris nawilis pirvel malas
sworze mdebare msxvil sisxlZarRvebs, an viwro-orlesula daniT bibilos ukana nawilidan 10 mm daSorebiT xvreten saZile arteriasa da venas.
gatyaveba. yvelaze Sromatevadi operaciaa. tyavis mocileba xdeba
frTxilad, kanqveSa-SemaerTebeli qsovilovan Sreze ise, rom ar daziandes naklavis zedapiri.
cxovelebs atyaveben xeliT da meqanikurad. meqanikurad gatyavebamde aucilebelia naklavis wina da ukana kidurebis, agreTve muclis
midamos nawilobriv gatyaveba.
sabekone Roris naklavs ar atyaveben, mas aclian mxolod jagars.
amisaTvis naklavs 3-4 wT-iT CauSveben +62...+650C temperaturis wyalSi,
amoRebis Semdeg ki is gadaaqvT specialur magidaze da jagars aclian
xeliT. narCen jagars trusaven sarCilavi lamfiT an specialur danadgarze, namwvs acileben blagvi daniT, ris Semdeg naklavs recxaven jer
171
Tbili, Semdeg ki civi wyliT. Seqmnilia naklavis gasafufqi da jagris
mosacilebeli avtomat-danadgarebi.
qaTmis da indauris naklavs 35-60 wamiT CauSveben +52...+550C- is temperaturis wyalSi da Semdeg putaven gasaput avtomat-danadgarebze.
wylis frinvelebis naklavi, gamomdinare maTi safaris Taviseburebidan,
unda gaifufqos ufro maRali temperaturis wyalSi (+68...+760C) da ufro
xangrZlivi drois manZilze (80-120 wm).
xmeleTis frinvelebis naklavs Zafismagvari bumbulisagan anTavisufleben satrus RumelSi gatarebiT.
wylis frinvelebis naklavs Zafismagvar bumbulis da nakrtenis
mosacileblad CauSveben parafinisa da kanifolis narevisagan Sedgenili
cvilis +52...+540C temperaturamde gamRval abazanaSi. Semdeg naklavs
aciveben 0...+40C temperaturamde da gadaaqvT specialur danadgarze,
sadac gamagrebuli cvili Zasfismagvar bumbulTan da nakrtenTan erTad
sacemelebis moqmedebiT scildeba naklavs.
gamoSigvna. muclis Rrudan Sinagani organoebis amoRebis operaciebi sruldeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: muclis TeTri xazis sworze,
grZivad, frTxilad Wrian dakiduli naklavis kunTovan qsovils, ise rom
Sinagani organoebi ar daziandes. aseve frTxilad sakveTelaTi an daniT
Wrian mkerdis Zvals da gavis Zvlis menjis nakers. Semdeg swor nawlavs
SemoaWrian irgvliv mdebare kunTovan qsovils da mas erTi xeliT
frTxilad daqaCaven qvemoT, meoreTi ki xerxemlis SigniTa mxareze
arsebuli myesebs Wrian. Sedegad Tavisi simZimis gavleniT Signeuloba
muclis
Rrudan
naklavis
qveS
dadgmul
rofSi
gadmocurdeba.
paralelurad Wrian diafragmas da naklavidan amoiReben guls,
filtvebs, traqeas da saylapav mils.
frinvelis naklavidan, gamomdinare gamoSigvnis saxidan, Sinagan
organoebs iReben mTlianad an nawilobriv.
nawilobrivad gamoSigvnisas naklavze rCeba yvela organo, garda
nawlavebisa, maSin rodesac srulad gamoSignulebs mTlianad mocilebuli aqvT Sinagani organoebi, agreTve Tavi, kiseri mTlianad (tyavis
gareSe) da terfi TiTebiT.
dafeSxoeba. transportirebisa da Senaxvis gaiolebis mizniT Zroxisa da Roris didi masis tanxorcs xerxemlis sworze eleqtro xerxis
daxmarebiT grZivad Wrian or Tanabar- marjvena da marcxena naxevar
tanxorcad anu feSxod. zogjer Zroxis naxevar tanxorcs aseve Wrian or,
wina da ukana nawilad (meoTxed feSxod).
mSralad da svelad dasufTaveba. sasaqonlo saxis misacemad gaxerxil tanxorcs moaWrian, sisxlCaqcevebs, uswormasworo, dabeJil da dasvril adgilebs, ris Semdeg jagrisiT da +25...+380C temperaturis sasmeli
wylis WavliT kargad recxaven.
daxarisxeba-dadaRva da awonva. naklavs afaseben kunTovani da cximovani qsovilebis ganviTarebis mixedviT, axarisxeben da sakveb saRebavSi
dasvelebuli garkveuli formis beWdiT daRaven.
evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi Zroxis tanxorcis xarisxis klasifikacia xdeba kategoriebad da klasebad:
• kategoria gviCvenebs cxovelis sqess, asaks, simwifis stadias da
cocxal masas (cxrili 32).
• xarisxis klasi asaxavs dakluli cxovelis tanxorcis xorcianobas
da cximovani qsovilis ganviTarebas (cxrili 33 da 34).
172
cxrili 32. tanxorcis kategoriebad dayofa da markireba
xorcis
aRniSvna
aRweriloba
kategoria (markireba)
tanxorci, romlis xarisxi xbos tanxorcis
xbos
xarisxis eqvivalenturia da daWrilia xbos
KA*
danawevrebis sqemiT
orive sqesis mozardi cxovelis xorci
mozardis
JR*
2 wlamde asakis daukodavi mozvris xorci
mozveris
A
zrdasruli daukodavi kuros xorci
kuros
B
zrdasruli dakodili
cxovelis xorci
xaris
C
im mdedri cxovelis xorci, romelmac erTxel
furis
D
mainc moigo xbo
yvela sxva zrdasruli mdedris xorci
dekeulis
E
*) jerjerobiT savaldebuloa mxolod germaniisaTvis
xorcianobis
klasi
E
saukeTeso
U
Zalian
kargi
cxrili 33. tanxorcis xorcianobis klasebad dayofa
aRweriloba
damatebiTi gansazRvrebebi
tanxorcis
maCvenebeli
gamoxatuloba
nawili
yvela profili
amozneqili an Zalian
amozneqili
kunTebi SesaniSnavad
ganviTarebuli
profilebi saerTo
jamSi amozneqilia;
kunTebi Zalian kargadaa ganviTarebuli
barZayi
zurgi
beWi
barZayi
zurgi
beWi
barZayi
R
kargi
profilebi saerTo
jamSi sworia
zurgi
beWi
O
saSualo
P
dabali
173
profilebi sworxazovani an Cazneqili
kunTebi cudad
ganviTarebuli
yvela profili
Cazneqili an Zalian
Cazneqili
kunTebi cudad
ganviTarebuli
barZayi
zurgi
beWi
barZayi
zurgi
beWi
Zlier
gamokveTili
ganieri da
Zalian gamoberili beWamde
Zlier
gamokveTili
gamokveTili
ganieri da beWis
donemde
gamoberili
gamokveTili
kargad
ganviTarebuli
gamoberili magram beWis doneze
naklebad farTo
sakmaod kargad
ganviTarebuli
saSualod
ganviTarebvuli
“ – “ – “
“ – “ – “
TiTqmis swori
sustad
ganviTarebuli
viwro, gamoxatuli ZvlebiT
swori, gamoxatuli ZvlebiT
menj-barZayis
rbilobi menjis
simfizs mniSvnelovnad scildeba.
gava Zlieradaa
gamokveTili
menj-barZayis
rbilobi scildeba menjis
simfizs
gava
gamokveTilia
menj-barZayis da
gavas rbilobi
msubuqadaa
gamokveTili
gava swori
cxrili 34. tanxorcis klasebi cximovani qsovilis
ganviTarebis mixedviT
cximianobis
aRweriloba
damatebiTi
klasi
gansazRvrebebi
qoniT minimalurad dafarva an misi
gulmkerdis RruSi qonis
1
Zalian dabali
2
dabali
3
saSualo
4
Zlieri
5
Zalian Zlieri
ararseboba
grovebi ar aris
qonis Txeli fena, kunTebi TiTqmis
yvelgan mosCans
gulmkerdis RruSi naknebs
Soris kunTebi cxadad moCans
kunTebi beWisa da barZayis gamoklebiT mTlianad cximiTaa dafaruli
gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs
Soris kunTebi jer kidev
kargad Cans
gulmkerdis RruSi qonis grovebi
msubuqadaa ganviTarebuli
kunTebi qoniiTaa dafaruli, magram
barkalsa da beWze nawilobrivad
erTeuli SesamCnevi qonis grovebi
gulmkerdis RruSi
tanxorci mTlianad qoniTaa
dafaruli
gulmkerdis RruSi qonis grovebi
ZlieradaaganviTarebuli
- barZayze cximovani zonebi
sagrZnoblad winaa wamoweuli
- gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs
Soris kunTebi SesaZloa srulad dafaruli iyos qoniT
- barZayi TiTqmis 100% dafarulia qonis sqeli feniT
- gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs
Soris kunTebi mTlianad
dafarulia qoniT
xorcianobis klasisadmi mikuTvnebisas yuradReba eqceva zogadad
tanxorcSi da mis sam ZiriTad nawilSi- barZayze, zurgze da beWze
kunTovani qsovilis ganviTarebis dones. amasTan, fasdeba rogorc kunTovani qsovilis, aseve kunTebsSorisi da kunTebsSigniTa cximovani qsovilebis mdgomareoba.
cximovani qsovilis ganviTarebis mixedviT tanxorcis klasirebisas
yuradReba eqceva tanxorcis
sur. 73. “E” da “P” xorcianobis klasis zedapiris agreTve, neknebs Soris midamos kunTebis cximovani
tanxorcis garegnuli Sesaxedaoba
qsoviliT dafarvis dones.
xorcianobiT klasis mikuTvnebisas tanxorcs yofen 5
xarisxad da akuTvneben “E”, “U”,
“R” “O” da “P” klasidan erTerTs (cxrili 33, sur.73), xolo
cximovani qsovilis ganviTarebis Sefasebisas 1-dan (Zalian
dabali) – 5-mde (Zalian Zlieri) Sefasebas (cxrili 34).
kategoriebis
aRniSvna,
anu tanxorcis markireba xdeba
sakveb saRebavSi dasvelebuli
Sesabamisi warweris mqone beWdis dasmiT.
“E”…
…“P”
amave qveynebSi Roris tanxorcs akuTvneben komerciul da xarisxis klass. TiToeuli am klasis
misakuTvneblad tanxorcma unda daakmayofilos Semdegi minimaluri
moTxovnebi (cxrili 35).
174
cxrili 35. Roris tanxorcis xarisxebi evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi
komercixaristanxorcis
Spikis
tanxorcis aRweriloba,
uli klasi
xis
masa, kg
sisqe, ara
maxasiaTeblebi
klasi
umetes, mm
60-69
15
kunTebi da Rirebuli
eqstra
nawilebi friad kargad
70 da meti
20
ganviTarebuli
60-69
20
70-79
25
80-89
30
kunTebi da Rirebuli
90-99
35
I. srulnawilebi Zalian kargad
I
100-119
40
xorcovani
ganviTarebuli
120-139
50
140-159
55
160 da meti
60
60-69
25
70-79
30
80-89
35
kunTebi da Rirebuli
90-99
40
II. xorconawilebi kargad
II
100-119
50
vani
ganviTarebuli
120-139
55
140-159
60
160 da meti
70
tanxorcis masa da
magram erT-erTi RireSpikis sisqe rogorc Ibuli nawili naklebad
I
Si
ganviTarebuli
60-69
30
kunTebi da yvela RireIII. saSubuli nawili naklebad
70-79
35
III
alod xorganviTarebuli
80-89
40
covani tipi
90-99
45
100-110
50
120-139
60
140-159
70
160 da meti
75
magram erT-erTi Riretanxorcis masa da Spibuli
nawili naklebad
II
kis sisqe rogorc II-Si
ganviTarebuli
tanxorcis
masa
da
Spimagram
ori nebismieri
IC
kis sisqe rogorc I-Si
Rirebuli nawili naklebad ganviTarebuli
Rorebi, romlebic ar akmayofileben zemoT motanili
IV
klasebis moTxovnebs
1. nezvebi kargi xorcovani tanxorciT
2. sxva dakluli Rorebis tanxorci
keratebi da dakodili keratebi
V
msgavsi standartuli moTxovnebi aris SemuSavebuli cxvris, Txis,
frinvelis da sxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis xorcze,
agreTve sakveb subproduqtebze.
175
dakvlis Tanamdevi produqtebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis dakvlisas xorcTan (tanxorcTan)
erTad miiReba e.w. subproduqtebi, anu dakvlis Tanamdevi produqtebi,
romelTa nawili gamoiyeneba sakvebad, nawils teqnikuri daniSnuleba aqvs,
zogierTi maTgani ki SeiZleba ormagi daniSnulebiT gamoviyenoT.
yvela saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis sakvebi subproduqtebi kvebiTi Rirebulebis da biologiuri srulfasovnebis mixedviT
yofen or- pirvel da meore kategoriad:
I kategoriis subproduqtebia: guli, RviZli, ena, tvini, Zroxisa da
Roris Tirkmlebi, diafragma, Zroxis kudi, tanxorcis damuSavebisas
miRebuli xorcovani anaWrebi da Zroxis curi;
II kategoriis subproduqtebs miekuTvneba filtvebi, elenTa, traqea,
Zroxis faSvi, wignara, maWiki, Roris kuWi da xorcovani kudi, Rorisa da
Zroxis fexebi da yurebi, Tavi, enisa da tvinis gareSe, Zroxis tuCebi;
teqnikur subproduqtebs miekuTvneba tyavi, nawlavebi, sisxli, rqebi,
Cliqebi, sakvebad uvargisi sxvadasxva anaWrebi, Roris jagari, kuW-nawlavis SigTavsi da sxv., agreTve endokrinul-fermentuli da specialuri
nedleuli. ToToeuli maTgani gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis. magaliTad, Zroxis, Roris, cxvris da Txis nawlavebidan amzadeben Zexveulis
garsacms, sisxli SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sakvebad da e.w. albuminis webos
dasamzadeblad, rqebisa da Cliqebisagan amzadeben sxvadasxva nakeTobebsa
da webos, sakvebad uvargis anaWrebs- ki xorcis an Zval-xorcis fqvilis
dasamzadeblad iyeneben.
calke aRniSvnis sagania endokrinul-fermentuli da specialuri
nedleuli, romelTagan mzaddeba samkurnalwamlo preparatebi. amaTgan,
endokrinul nedleuls miekuTvneba Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi, romelTa mier gamomuSavebuli sekreti gamoiyofa sisxlSi. maTSi Sedis hipofizi, epifizi, farisebri, mkerdqveSa, kuWqveSa da Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebi, sakvercxeebi, yviTeli sxeuli da saTesleebi. am nedleulis gadamuSavebiT miiReba endokrinuli preparatebi.
fermentul nedleuls miekuTvneba is jirkvlebi, romelTa mier
gamomuSavebuli sekreti gamoiyofa organizmis Rru organoebSi. maT
miekuTvneba kuWqveSa jirkvali, Roris kuWis da Zroxis maWikis lorwovani garsi, xboebisa da batknis maWiki, wvrili nawlavis lorwovani garsi
da sxv. maTgan mzaddeba fermentuli preparatebi.
specialur nedleuls miekuTvneba sisxli, naRvela, naRvlis buStis
kenWebi, Roris tvini, Tvalis miniseburi sxeuli, embrioni, elenTa, enis
epiTeli, RviZli, filtvebi, curi, keratinSemcveli nedleuli (jagari,
balani, rqebi da Cliqebi) da xrtili.
endokrinul-fermentuli nedleulidan mzaddeba Semdegi samedicino
preparatebi:
- hipofizidan- adrenokortikoiduli hormoni, pituitrini, adiurekrini, intermedini, prolaqtini;
- mkerdqveSa jirkvlidan paratiroiedini;
- Tirkmelzeda jirkvlidan- kortini da adrenalini,
- saTesleebidan lidaza da ronidaza,
- kuWqveSa jirkvlidan insulini,
- kuWis lorwovani garsidan pepsini, kuWis wveni da maWikis fxvnili;
yvela am preparats mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia da miuxedavad qimiuri sinTezis mniSvnelovani miRwevebisa, xelovnurad sinTezirebul
analogebze ufro efeqturebi arian.
176
tanxorcis dabal temperaturaze Senaxva
xorci malfuWadi produqtia. es gamowveulia mis SemadgenlobaSi
Semavali biologiurad aqtiuri naerTebis, garemo faqtorebisa da mikroorganizmebis moqmedebiT.
ganasxvaveben xorcis gafuWebis Tavidan acilebis fizikur, qimiur
da biologiur xerxebs. amaTgan yvelaze martivi, iafi da efeqturia fizikuri, anu dabal temperaturaze Senaxvis xerxi. misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani naklia moqmedebis droebiTi xasiaTi da Senaxvisas wylis aorTqlebis, agreTve galRobisas “xorcis wvenis” gamoyofis mizeziT gamowveuli danakargebi.
xorcis Senaxvisas gamoiyeneba dabali temperaturis moqmedebis sami
done, gaciveba, moyinva da gayinva.
gacivebulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi gamacivebeli
danadgaris moqmedebiT temperatura miaRwevs -1...+40C-s; aseTi saxiT xorcis Senaxvis vada idealur sanitarul pirobebSi 2-3 kviraa;
moyinulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi temperatura
aRwevs -2...-30C-s; aseT temperaturaze xorci inaxeba 3-4 kvira;
gayinulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi temperatura -80C
da ufro dabalia. aseT temperaturaze xorcis Senaxvis maqsimaluri vada
1,5-2 welia (cxrili 36).
tenis
aorTqlecxrili 36. tanxorcis Senaxvis vadebi
bis mizeziT gamowve0C temperatura
tanxorcis saxe/
uli danakargebi erTsubproduqtebi
-12
-15
-18
-21
-25
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania xorcis dabal
Senaxvis vada (Tve)
temperaturaze SenaxviZroxisa da cxvris
5-9
7-9 10-12 15-18
sas. dadgenilia, rom
Roris tyavSi
5
7
10
15
gacivebuli saxiT SeRoris gatyavebuli
4
6
8
12
naxvis pirvel 24 sT-Si
qaTmis da indauris
5
7
10
12
Zroxis tanxorcis masa
batis da ixvis
4
5
7
11
mcirdeba
1,40-1,75%-iT,
frinvelis mozardis
3-4
4-6
7-8
11
Roris1,18-2,90%-iT,
subproduqtebi
ara umetes 4-6 Tvisa
xolo cxvris- 1,51-1,82
%-iT. SemdgomSi danakargebis tempi ramdenadme iklebs, magram is sakmaod
mniSvnelovania.
danakargebis Semcirebis da Senaxvis xangrZlivobis gazrdis damatebiT RonisZiebebs Soris yvelaze ufro efeqturi da gavrcelebuli
saSualebaa sterilur bambis qsovilSi tanxorcis SefuTva.
bolo wlebSi ekonomikur da zogierTi sxva mosazrebidan gamomdinare xorcs yinaven daWrili an darbilebuli saxiT, blokebad. amisaTvis, xorcis naWrebs alageben 380 X 380 X 150 an 380 X 380 X (75...100) mm
zomis formebSi da gadaaqvT swrafad gamyinav kamerebSi.
sasurvel temperaturamde gayinvis Semdeg xorcis bloks amoiReben
formidan, fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldSi da deben gofrirebuli muyaos
yuTSi.
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom xorcis gayinva ar aris paTogenuri
mikroflorisagan misi gauvneblobis saSualeba, vinaidan es ukanasknelni
sakmaod dabal temperaturazec inarCuneben cxovelmyofelobis unars.
garda amisa, xorcis ramodenimejer gayinva-galRoba, aseve, ver uzrunvelyofs baqteriuli warmoSobis toqsinebis daSlas an inaqtivacias.
177
SaSxisa da loris warmoeba
damarilebul xorcs CvenSi ewodeba SaSxi, xolo damarilebuls da
Semdeg Sebolils- lori. SaSxi da lori upiratesad mzaddeba Roris
xorcidan. produqtis asortimenti da dasaxeleba damokidebulia tanxorcis CamonaWris saxeze, agreTve Termuli damuSavebis xerxze.
lori SiZleba iyos nedlad Sebolili, damarilebul-moxarSuli
(an Sebrawuli) da Sebolil-moxarSuli (an Sebrawuli); sufris marilis
koncentraciis mixedviT lori SeiZleba iyos naklebad mariliani (3%-mde
NaCl), mariliani (3,5%-mde), momlaSo (4,5%-mde) da mlaSe (4,5%-ze meti).
mza produqtis forma da wona, agreTve tenis Semcveloba gansazRvrulia teqnikuri pirobebiT. moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, gadanaWerze kunTovani qsovilis feri unda iyos erTgvarovani- Ria vardisferi da drekadi konsistenciis. qonis feri unda iyos TeTri, siyviTleebis gareSe da
is ar unda iglisebodes.
xorcis danawevreba da damarileba. sabekone an/da saxorce kategoriis Roris tanxorcs anawevreben standartuli an specialuri sqemiT.
cnobilia damarilebis 3 wesi, mSralad, svelad da Sereuli. m S r a l a d damarilebisas xorcis naWers Semoayrian dammarilebel narevs, mas
kargad Caazilaven da mWidrod alageben xis an uJangavi metalis gobSi.
s v e l a d damarilebisas xorcis naWrebs alageben gobSi, zemodan adeben
simZimes da asxamen 1,1-1,18 g/m3 simkvrivis marilwyals. S e r e u l i wesiT
damarilebisas xorcs jer amarileben mSralad, 3-4 dRis Semdeg ki is
gadaaqvT marilwyalSi.
damarilebisas sacavSi haeris temperatura +80C-ze maRali ar unda
iyos. xorci damarileba mTavrdeba (ityvian SaSxi gamoyvanilia) 18-20 dReSi.
damarilebis procesis daCqarebis mizniT saTanado koncentraciis
marilwyali specialuri SpriciT SeyavT xorcis Rrma fenebSi. am SemTxvevaSi SaSxis damarileba mTavrdeba da is Sesabolad mzad aris 4-5
dReSi.
SaSxisaTvis gansakuTrebuli gemos misacemad dammarilebeli narevSi sufris marilTan erTad SeiZleba Sediodes saneleblebi (Savi an
TeTri pilpili, niori, dafnis foToli da sxva), natriumis nitriti
(NaNO2), natriumis askorbinati, mJave da neitraluri fosfatebi, agreTve
Saqari. maTi raodenoba gansazRvrulia recepturiT SaSxis/loris asortimentidan gamomdinare.
xarisxiani SaSxi unda iyos mkvrivi-drekadi konsistenciis, suni
specifikuri- “SaSxis”, saneleblebis surneliT da zedapirze ar unda
SeimCneodes obis laqebi. gafuWebuli SaSxis zedapiri lorwoiania,
kunTovani qsovili modunebuli, gadanaWerze yavisferi an monacrisfro
laqebi aqvs. marilwylis amRvreva migvaniSnebs SaSxis gafuWebaze.
Sebolva. aris Sesabol kameraSi xis arasruli wvisas warmoqmnili
airebiT SaSxis siTburi damuSaveba. Sebolvisas kvamlis SemadgenlobaSi
Semavali nivTierebebi aRweven produqtis Rrma fenebSi, aZleven ra mas
gansakuTrebul gemos da elfers.
ganasxvaveben civad da cxlad Sebolvis xerxebs. civad Sebolvisas
kameraSi haeris temperatura +18...+220C, xolo cxlad Sebolvisas +30...
+500C-is farglebSi unda iyos. Sebolvis xangrZlivoba, Sesabamisad, 3-7
da 0,5-2 dRe-Ramea. civad Sebolili lori inaxeba ufro didxans, vidre
cxlad Sebolili.
zogierTi asortimentis loris damzadebisas SaSxs Sebolvis win
xarSaven an brawaven. aseTi damuSavebisas produqtSi Semavali organuli
178
nivTierebebi ganicdian cvlilebas, rac aumjobesebs maT iersaxes, gemos,
sinazes da monelebadobas.
kvamlis airebi Seicaven zogierT kancerogenul nivTierebas, maT
Sorisaa 3.4 benzpireni. arasasurveli nivTierebebis koncentraciis minimumamde Semcirebis mizniTYdamuSavebulia kvamlis gareSe Sebolvis
meTodebi ra mizniTac gamoiyeneba kvamlis airebis kondensirebis gziT
miRebuli preparatebi “vatxoli”, “ВНИРО”, “МИНХ”, “amafili”, “skvama” da
sxv. SaSxis am preparatebiT damuSavebsas viRebT Sebolvis efeqts da
produqti Tavisufalia kancerogenuli nivTierebebisagan.
Zexveulis warmoeba
Zexveuls uwodeben iseT nawarms, romelic damzadebulia xorcis an
subproduqtebis farSis, sufris marilis, saneleblebisa da sxvadasxva
danamatebis safuZvelze, Cadebulia garsacmSi, damuSavebulia siTburad
da mzad aris sakvebad.
xorcis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi uSveben ramodenime aseuli
dasaxelebis Zexveuls da am produqts erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynis mcxovrebTa ulufaSi.
damzadebisas gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi nedleulis saxidan gamomdinare Zexveuls yofen oTx jgufad: xorcis, jigris (Signeulobis), labasmagvari nawarmi da sisxlis Zexveuli.
farSis Sedgenilobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben erTgvarovan da
araerTgvarovan farSian Zexveuls.
warmoebis teqnologiuri sqemidan gamomdinare Zexveuli iyofa Semdeg jgufebad: 1. moxarSuli, 2. naxevrad Sebolili, 3. Sebolili, 4. sosisi da sardeli 5. jigrisa da sisxlis, 6. xorcis puri da 7. laba da
paSteti (nax. 10).
ZiriTadi nedleuli.
nax.10. Zexveulis saxeebi
Zexveulis warmoebaSi ZiriTad nedleuls warmoadgens: Zroxis, Roris, cxvris da sasoflo-sameurneo
frinvelis xorci (rbilobi), Roris kanqveSa qoni
(Spiki) da tyavi, cxvris
cximkudi da/an duma, sakvebi subproduqtebi, rZe
da rZis nawarmi, parkosnebis marcvlidan miRebuli cilovani koncentrati
da/an izoliati, xorblis
fqvili da yvela saxis
saxamebeli.
damxmare
masalebi.
miekuTvneba:
saneleblebi,
sufris
marili,
Saqari,
natriumis nitriti (NaNO2), mJave da saSualo fosfatebi, natriumis
glutaminati, natriumis askorbinati, garsacmi, kanafi da sawvavi.
sxvadasxva saxisa da asortimentis Zexveulis damzadebis teqnologiur operaciebSi bevri msgavsebaa, magram calkeuli maTganis Sesru-
179
lebis Tanamimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, temperatura da zogierTi sxva
parametri gansxvavebulia, an kidev saerTod ar gvxvdeba.
nedleulis momzadeba. yvela saxis Zexveulis damzadebisas Sesasrulebeli aucilebeli operaciaa nedleulisa da damxmare masalebis momzadeba. xorcis momzadeba gulisxmobs tanxorcis darbilebas, rbilobis
gamoZarRvas, daxarisxebas da daWras an xorcsakep danadgarze daqucmacebas.
Zroxis gamoZarRvuli rbilobis daxarisxebisas sazom kriteriumad
aRebulia cximovani da Txeli SemaerTebeli qsovilebis xvedriTi wili,
xolo Rorisa da cxvris rbilobis- cximovani qsovilis xvedriTi wili.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT Zroxis rbilobs yofen umaRles, I da II xarisxad,
Roris rbilobs- qonian, naxevrad qonian da uqono (mWle), xolo cxvris
rbilobs- qonian da uqono xarisxebad.
Spiki, anu Roris kanqveSa qoni iyofa sam xarisxad: zurgis, anu
magari, gverdis, anu naxevrad magari da muclis, anu rbili; is unda iyos
TeTri feris, hqondes marcvlovani struqtura da ar unda iglisebodes.
siyviTle miuTiTebs mis gafuWebaze. Zexvis warmoebaSi daSvebulia
damarilebuli Spikis (SaSxis) gamoyeneba.
rbilobisa da Spikis aseTi daxarisxeba dakavSirebulia maT gansxvavebul biologiur RirebulebasTan da teqnologiur TvisebebTan. Sesabamisad isini gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva asortimentisa da xarisxis Zexveulis
recepturaSi. ase, magaliTad, umaRlesi da pirveli xarisxis nedlad
Sebolili Zexveulis dasamzadeblad upiratesad gamoiyeneba Zroxis
umaRlesi xarisxis da Roris uqono an naxevradqoniani rbilobi, agreTve
zurgis (magari) Spiki; Tavis mxriv, moxarSuli Zexveuls amzadeben Zroxis
I an II xarisxis da Roris qoniani an naxevradqoniani rbilobidan,
saWiroebisas rbili an naxevrad magari Spikis CarTviT.
damarileba da momwifeba. nedleulis momzadebis erT-erTi etapia.
is iTvaliswinebs:
a) xorcis 350-400 g-mde naWrebad daWras (Sebolili ZexveulisaTvis)
an 16-25 da 2-3 mm cxaurian xorcsakebpze an bzrialaze daqucmacebas (moxarSili Zexveulis, sosisis da sardelis damzadebisas).
b) rbilobis/farSis cal-calke rofSi an taStSi Cadebas, marilis
damatebas da morevas,
g) momwifebis mizniT 0...+40C- temperaturis samacivro kameraSi gadatanas da 12-72 sT (moxarSuli Zexvis), 48-72 sT (naxevrad Sebolili Zexvis) an 3-7 dRe-Rame (Sebolili Zexvis) dayovnebas.
meore daqucmaceba. momwifebul xorcs/farSs meored aqucmaceben:
moxarSuli Zexveulis farSs aqucmaceben kuterze 0,1 mm zomis nawilakebis miRebamde, xolo Sebolili Zexveulis xorcs 2-3 mm diametris cxaurian bzrialaze. kuterze daqucmacebisas, xorcis gacxelebis Tavidan
asacileblad moxarSuli Zexveulis, sosisisa da sardelis farSs umateben xorcis masis 20-40%-mde civ wyals, an yinulis fifqs.
farSis Sedgena. farSs recepturiT gaTvaliswinebuli proporciiT
adgenen meored daqucmacebisas kuterSi, kuter SemrevSi an SemrevSi.
proporciebis gansazRvrisas gamodian Tu ramdeni raodenobiT Semadgeneli Sedis 100 kg farSSi.
180
daSpricva. recepturiT Sedgenili farSi gadaaqvT Spricis mimRebSi
(1; sur. 74), saidanac xdeba misi Catumbva (daSpricva) masraze (2) Camocmul
garsacmSi. sosisis farSs Spricaven 18-30 mm
sur. 74 farSis garsacdiametris, sardelis- 32-38 mm-is, SebolilismSi Casadebi Sprici
40-50 mm- is xolo moxarSul Zexveuls farSs
55-120 mm diametris bunebriv an xelovnur
garsacmSi.
1 garsacmad gamoiyeneba specialurad am
miznisaTvis gadamuSavebuli cxovelebis nawlavebi, Sardis buSti da kuWi. xelovnur
2 garsacms amzadeben sxvadasxva masalebidancelofnidan, xelovnuri cilisagan (belkozini, kutizini) da zRvis wyalmcenareebidan
(e.w. alginaturi garsacmi).
Zexvis batonis dafasoeba- ulufebad
dayofa xdeba kanafis gadaWeriT, an grZivi
RerZis irgvliv SemotrialebiT (gadagrexviT;
sur. 75). batonis sigrZe limitirdeba standartiT.
dajdoma. dafasoebul Zexveuls
sur. 75. farSis garsacmSi daSp- hkideben xis latanze an metalis
ricva da ulufebad dayofa
Reroze,
romelsac,
Tavis
mxriv
alageben Taroebze da ase ayovneben
farSis dajdomis mizniT. es procedura mimdinareobs dabal, magram
dadebiT temperaturaze da grZeldeba:
moxarSuli Zexveulis damzadebisas 2-6
sT, naxevrad Sebolilis- 4-6 sT, xolo
Sebolili Zexveulis- 24 sT-dan 7 dReRamemde.
siTburi damuSaveba. dajdomis
Semdeg Zexveuls brawaven, xarSaven an
bolaven. Termuli damuSavebis temperatura da xangrZlivoba damokidebulia batonis diametrze da nawarmis
sur. 76. dakidul mdgomareobaSi
saxeze: sosissa da sardels bolis
sosisis dabrawva
areSi brawaven +70... +1000C temperaturaze 15-35 wT-is (sur. 76), xolo didi
diametris
moxarSuli
Zexveulis
batonebs, Sesabamisad, +80...+1200C-ze da
70-150 wT-is manZilze. dabrawul Zexveuls xarSaven, ra drosac wylis
temperatura ar unda aRematebodes +85
0C-s; moxarSulad iTvleba Zexvi, romlis centralur zonaSi temperatura
miaRwevs +68...+720C-s.
Sebolvas eqvemdebareba naxevrad
Sebolili da Sebolili Zexveuli. amaTgan naxevrad Sebolil Zexveuls
bolaven +35...+500C, xolo Sebolils +22...+240C temperaturaze. Sebolvis
xangrZlivoba, Sesabamisad, 12-48 sT da 3-7 dRe-Ramea.
181
gaciveba. moxarSul Zexveuls, sosiss da sardels +80C temperaturamde aciveben civi wylis SxapiT, Semdeg ki gadaaqvT gril sacavSi.
naxevrad Sebolil da Sebolil Zexveuls Termuli damuSavebis Semdeg
aciveben haerze an gril sacavSi, xolo Semdeg, saWiroebisamebr, tenianobis normamde dayvanis mizniT aSroben.
gasuli saukunis 70-ni wlebidan daiwyes e.w. kombinirebuli Zexveulis warmoeba, romelSic sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis xorcTan
erTad ZiriTad nedleulad gamoiyeneba meoradi cilovani produqtebi,
anu mcenareuli cilebis koncentrati an izoliati.
kombinirebuli Zexveulis warmoebis erT-erTi mizania sxvadasxva
profesiul-asakobrivi jgufis adamianebisaTvis organizmis moTxovnis
Sesatyvisi samedicino da biologiuri parametrebis mqone axali saxis
produqciis gamoSveba.
Senaxva. konservantebis gareSe damzadebuli moxarSuli Zexveulis,
sosisis da sardelis Senaxvis maqsimaluri vada +120C da ufro dabal,
magram dadebiT temperaturaze 48-72 sT-a, naxevrad-Sebolilis- 10 dReRame, xolo nedlad Sebolilis- 4 Tvemde (oTaxis temperaturaze).
naxevarfabrikatebis da dafasoebuli xorcis warmoeba
msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis samomxmareblo bazris monitorringi uCvenebs xorcis naxevarfabrikatebsa da dafasoebul xorcze moTxovnilebis yovelwliurad zrdas. maT dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba yvela
saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis xorci.
xorcis naxevarfabrikats uwodeben iseT produqts, romelic gadamuSavebuli da Semzadebulia imdagvarad, rom kvebis win saWiroebs mxolod Termul damuSavebas. am saxis nawarmis asortimenti sakmaod nairferovania, romlebic, pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT 5 jgufad: 1. naturaluri,
2. safaneliani, 3. dakepili da 4. swrafad gayinuli naxevarfabrikatebi,
agreTve 5. dafasoebuli xorci.
naturalur naxevarfabrikatebSi Sedis msxvilnaWriani-Zvalxorcovani, msxvilnaWriani-rbilobiani da wvrilnaWriani-rbilobiani naxevarfabrikatebi. aqedan, msxvilnaWrian-Zvalxorcovans miekuTvneba “Zroxis
CasaTuTqi xorci”, “sasufe nakrebi”,
“ragu”, rbilobians- “naturalri
bifSteqsi”, “langeti”, “romSteqsi”, “suki”, “eskalopi”, xolo wvrilnaWrian-rbilobians- “antrekoti”, “bifstrogani”, “guliaSi” da sxv.
safaneliani naxevarfabrikatebia
“romSteqsi”, “Zroxis tvini
safanelSi”, “dabegvili katleti” da “Sniceli”. maT SemadgenlobaSi
Sedis asortimentis Sesatyvisi zomis, formisa da masis dabegvili xorcis naWeri, romelic amovlebulia aTqvefili kvercxis masaSi da orcxobilas safanelSi.
dakepil naxevarfabrikatebs amzadeben sakotlete xorcis farSidan,
romelSic recepturis Sesabamisad Sereulia cximi, saneleblebi, kvercxi
da sufris marili, agreTve daqucmacebuli xaxvis bolqvi da puri. am
naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba “kotleti”, “frikadelki” da “gufTa”.
naturaluri, safaneliani da dakepili naxevarfabrikatebi sarealizaciod igzavneba specialur taraSi Calagebuli, an kidev 250-500 g masis
ulufebad dayofili da paketebSi SefuTuli saxiT.
swrafad gayinul naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba pelmeni da xinkali isini Sedgeba recepturis Sesabamisad Sezavebuli xorcis farSisagan
romelic Cadebulia xorblis fqvilisagan mozelil comSi da aqvs garkveuli forma.
182
formirebul
produqti
gadaaqvT
swrafad
gamyinav
danadgarze, sadac haeris temperatura -20...-350C-a. gayinva damTavrebulad iTvleba rodesac
nawarmis
centralur
zonaSi
0
temperatura -10 C-s miaRwevs. am
donemde pelmenisa da xinklis
gasayinad
sxvadasxva
tipis
danadgarze saWiroa 0,5-dan 3
sT-mde. gayinul naxevarfabrikatebs vakumis pirobebSi deben
da fuTaven polimeruli afskis
paketebSi (sur. 77).
dafasoebuli xorci mzaddeba standartuli sqemiT danawevrebuli tanxorcis naWrebidan, romlebic Cadebulia polimeruli
masalis afskis paketebSi da gakeTebuli aqvs markireba. amave jgufSi
Sedis, agreTve, frinvelis naxevarfabrikatebi- “wiwila-tabaka”, “barkali”,
“sabulione nakrebi” da sxv.
naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba Cveni samzareulosaTvis tradiciuli iseTi sakvebi xorcproduqtebi, rogoricaa kupati, kuWmaWi, xaSi da
sxv. maTi qarxnuli wesiT damzadebisa da dafasoebis teqnologia, erovnul tradiciebze dayrdnobiT, damuSavebulia qarTveli teqnologebis
mier.
sur. 77. swrafad gayinuli
naxevarfabrikati “xinkali”
xorcis konservebis warmoeba
damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde saqarTveloSi xorcis konservebs
ar awarmoebdnen. Semdgom periodSi am mimarTulebiT Seiqmna ramodenime
sawarmo, romlebic met-naklebi warmatebiT funqcionireben.
xorcis konservebis damzadebas, sxva dadebiT momentebTan (advilia
Senaxva da transportireba, agreTve ojaxSi an savele pirobebSi moxmareba da sxv.) erTad, aqvs strategiuli mniSvneloba, rameTu iZleva SesaZleblobas Seiqmnas sakvebi produqtebis maragi.
xorcis konservebs yofen nedleulis saxis, damzadebis xerxis, Termuli damuSavebis reJimis mixedviT da sxva niSnebiT:
• nedleulis saxis mixedviT sawarmoebi uSveben mxolod xorcis Semcveli, agreTve xorcovan-mcenareul SigTavsian konservebs;
• qilaSi Cadebamde nedleulis damuSavebis rejimis mixedviT ganasxvaveben damarilebis, daqucmacebis da Termuli damuSavebis sxvadasxva xerxiT momzadebul konservebs;
• SigTavsis Sedgenilobis mixedviT ansxvaveben danamatis gareSe (“sakuTar wvenSi”), sawebelaSi an JeleSi damzadebul xorcis konservebs;
• gamoyenebis xerxis mixedviT ganasxvaveben konservebs, romelTac
Wamis win aucileblad sWirdebaT Termuli damuSaveba, an mis gareSe;
• Senaxvis xangrZlivobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben grZelvadian (3-5 weli)
da moklevadiani (1 wlamde) anu SezRuduli vadiT Sesanax konservebs.
• Termuli damuSavebis reJimis mixedviT ganasxvaveben pasterizebul (1),
dabal temperaturaze sterilizebul (2) da maRal temperaturaze
sterilizebul (3) konservebs. amaTgan, pirvels uwodeben ½ anu naxevradkonservebs, meores ¾ konservebs, mesames ki srul konservebs. pir183
veli oris Senaxvis vada, +10...+120C-ze, Sesabamisad, 6 da 12 Tvea,
mesamis ki oTaxis temperaturaze 4-5 weli. cnobilia agreTve e.w. tropikuli qveynebisaTvis specialuri teqnologiiT damzadebuli konservebi, romlebic +400C temperaturaze Senaxvisas 1 wlis manZilze
inarCuneben TavianT Tvisebebs.
xorcis konservebi mzaddeba sxvadasxva tevadobis metalis, polimeruli masalis an minis qilaSi dafasoebuli da hermetulad daxufuli
saxiT. metalis qila mzaddeba cxlad an eleqtruli xerxiT ormxriv
mokaluli, 0,20-dan 0,36 mm sisqis Tunuqidan. koroziisadmi mdgradobis
gadidebis mizniT Tunuqs faraven specialuri laqiT. igive masaliT
mzaddeba minis qilis xufebi.
rogorc wesi, maRali agresiulobis gamo, xorcovan-mcenareuli
SigTavsis mqone konservebs deben minis qilaSi.
konservis damzadebis teqnologiuri operaciebi Sedgeba Semdegi
ZiriTadi rgolebisagan:
nedleulis da danamatebis momzadeba Æ Termuli damuSaveba Æ
danamatebis Sereva Æ dafasoeba Æ moxufva Æ sterilizacia Æ
cxlad daxarisxeba Æ gaciveba Æ civad daxarisxeba.
nedleulis momzadeba. aq Sedis xorcis darbileba, gamoZarRva,
daxarisxeba, garecxva, daWra an bzrialaze dakepva; Sesabamisad amzadeben
damxmare masalebs (mag. burRuls, saneleblebs, xorcis bulions) da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maT Seureven xorcSi.
Termuli damuSaveba. qilaSi Cadebis win xorci unda moiwalos,
daibbrawos, Sebiolos an moixarSos. amis aucilebloba mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom: 1. ixoceba mikrobebis vegetaturi formebi; 2. qveiTdeba xorcis
fermentebis aqtivoba, 3. rbildeba Txeli SemaerTebelqsovilovani
CanarTebi da 4. izrdeba xorcis erTeuli moculobis masa, ris gamo
ufro efeqturad viyenebT qilis tevadobas.
dafasoeba. xorcproduqtebis Casadebad gamoiyeneba 104,0-8795 sm3
moculobis Tunuqis da 500-1000 sm3 moculobis minis qilebi. recepturiT
gaTvaliswinebul SigTavss qilaSi deben Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: jer
deben recepturiT gaTvaliswinebul mkvriv Semadgenlebs (mag. sufris
marili, saneleblebs, nedl qons, xorcs da sxv.), xolo Semdeg Seavseben
Txevadi komponentiT- bulioniT an sawebelaTi.
qilaSi SigTavss deben xeliT an avtomatur danadgarze. sasurvelia
e.w. avtomat-dozatorebis gamoyeneba, romelic uzrunvelyofen yvela qilaSi ZiriTadi nedleulisa da danamatebis erTnairi raodenobiT Cadebas.
daxufva. daxufvis win qilidan unda amoitumbos haeri. amas aRweven
SigTavsis gacxelebiT, agreTve mosaxufi danadgaris vakum mowyobilobiT.
Tunuqis qilebs xufaven korpusisa da saxuravis nawiburebis civad miglinviT, ra drosac warmoiqmneba ormagi nakeri. minis qilas xufaven
Tunuqis xufis moxril gvirgvinsa da qilis yels Soris rezinis rgolis
CasolviT (gaWedviT); aseTi moxufvis simtkices uzrunvelyofs minis
qilis yelis mTel perimetrze rgoluri Rarakis arseboba.
sterilizacia. unda uzrunvelyofili iqnas konservis sterilizaciis iseTi reJimi, rom moxuful qilaSi daTrgunuli iqnas narCeni mikroflora da moxdes xorcis fermentebis sabolood inaqtivacia. reJimis
moTxovnis sworad dacvis pirobebSi sterilizebul konservSi unda
daixocos iseTi mikroflora: 1. romlebic iwveven produqtis gafuWebas
da 2. romelnic cxovelmoqmedebis procesSi warmoqmnian saSiS toqsinebs.
maT miekuTvneba: Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfingens
184
da sxv. sterilezaciis reJimze da xangrZlivobaze informacia mocemulia
yvela konkretuli konservis damzadebis instruqciaSi. sterilizacias
axorcieleben avtoklavebSi (sur. 78) an nakaduri moqmedebis sterilizatorebSi.
cxlad daxarisxeba. sterilizaciis damsur. 78. vertikaluri
TavrebisTanave qilebs garedan recxaven da
avtoklavi АВК-01
sxvadaxva defeqtebis gamosavlenad axarisxeben.
am dros metalis qilis saxuravi da fskeri,
agreTve minis qilis xufi, ramdenadme gamoberilia, magram es defeqti ar aris. wundebas eqvem‐
debareba:
hermetuloba
darRveuli,
Zlier
deformirebuli (Tunuqis) an gabzaruli (minis)
da arasworad miglinuli saxuravis mqone
qilebi. maT xsnian da SigTavss iyeneben sxvadasxva asortimentis xorcproduqtis dasamzadeblad.
gaciveba. swrafad gaciveba gamoricxavs
konservis SigTavsSi gadarCenili Termofiluri
baqteriebis gamravlebas da am mizeziT produqtis gafuWebas. amitom metalis qilebs jer
kidev avtoklavSi cici wylis SeSvebiT aciveben
+40...+500C temperaturamde, xolo aseT temperaturaze daxarisxebis Semdeg gadaaqvT gril
sakanSi.
civad daxarisxeba. gacivebuli qila ar unda iyos gaberili (mas
“bombaJs” uwodeben). bombaJis mizezebia:
1. qilis SigniT mimdinareobs mikrobiologiuri procesebi;
2. dafasoebisas produqti iyo zomaze metad civi;
3. daxufvisas qilidan ar amoitumba haeri da
4. qilaSi Cadebulia zomaze meti raodenobiT produqti.
daxarisxebisas aucilebelia gairkves bombaJis gamomwvevi mizezebi
da Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris konservi eqvemdebareba utilizacias.
Senaxva. xorcis konservebis Senaxvis temperaturul-tenianobis
reJimi da xangrZlivoba damokidebulia taras masalaze, SigTavsis
Sedgenilobasa da sterilizaciis reJimze. minis taraSi Cadebuli xorcis
burRuleulTan, makaronTan an bostneulTan narevi konservis Senaxvis
vadaa 2-3 weli, metalis qilaSi dafasoebuli xorcis bostneulTan
narevSi konservis 1-2 weli, Sebolili xorcproduqtebis ki 1 weli.
konservis mdgomareobasa da misi Senaxvis vadebze yvela konkretul
SemTxvevaSi specialuri komisia msjelobs taras mdgomareobisa da
SigTavsis Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. wundebas eqvemdebareba daJanguli,
an deformirebul taraSi, gabzarul minis taraSi da standartis Seusabamo morfo-fizikuri Tvisebebis mqone konservi.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra mizans emsaxureba cxovelis/frinvelis nakvebobis gansazRvra?
• ra maCveneblebiT da rogor sazRvraven cxovelis nakvebobas?
• ra pirobebi unda iyos daculi cxovelis/frinvelis transportirebisas?
• ramden xans aSimSileben dakvlis win mcoxnav cxovelebs, Rors,
frinvels da ramdeni saaTiT adre uwyvetaven maT wylis micemas?
185
• ra TanamimdevrobiT tardeba cxovelebis/frinvelebis pirveladi
gadamuSavebis (dakvlis) operaciebi?
• ra temperaturis unda iyos Roris naklavis gasafufqi wyali, da
ramden xans unda gavfufqoT is?
• ramden komerciul da xarisxis klasad iyofa Roris tanxorci
evrogaerTianebis qveynebis standartis mixedviT?
• ra maCvenebliT da ramden xarisxad iyofa Zroxis tanxorcis klasebi evrogaerTianebis qveynebis standartiT?
• damarilebis romeli wesi gamoiyeneba SaSxis damzadebisas?
• ra temperaturaze xorcieldeba SaSxis “civad” da “cxlad”
Sebolva?
• ra saxis Zexveuli mzaddeba sawarmoebSi?
• ra saxis naxevarfabrikatebi aris cnobili?
• rogoria TanamimdevrobiT tardeba teqnologiuri procesebi qilis
konservebis damzadebisas?
• ras amzadeben endokrinuli, fermentuli da specialuri nedleulidan?
literatura:
1. g.gogoli, p.gogoli- xorcisa da xorcproduqtebis teqnologia.
Tbilisi, 2006;
2. z. cxvedaZe- xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi,
2001;
3. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
T a v i 14. kvercxis, matylis da tyavbewveulis daxarisxeba da pirveladi
gadamuSaveba;
kvercxis daxarisxeba
kvercxi Zvirfasi dieturi sakvebia. is Seicavs adamianisaTvis saWiro
yvela sayuaTo nivTierebas. qaTmis erTi kvercxi Tavisi kvebiTi RirebulebiT 200 grami mouxdel rZis da 40 grami Zroxis xorcis tolfasia.
kvercxis cila xasiaTdeba baqteriociduli, agreTve sxvadasxva samkurnalo TvisebebiT.
kvercxi sami ZiriTadi nawicxrili 37. kvercxis nawilebis
lisagan- cilis, yviTrisa da naWuSefardeba, %
Wisagan Sedgeba. sxvadasxva saxefrinvelis
obis frinvelebis kvercxSi maTi
cila yviTri naWuWi
saxeoba
urTierTSefardeba sakmaod gansxvavebulia (cxrili 37).
qaTami
55,8
31,9
12,3
amasTan,
kvercxSi
wylis,
indauri
55,9
32,3
11,8
proteinis, cximis, naxSirwylebis
ixvi
52,6
35,4
12,0
da mineraluri nivTierebebis Sembati
52,5
35,1
12,4
cveloba, Sesabamisad, 69,9-74,3; 12,8cicari
55,0
31,4
13,6
14,0; 11,1-14,1; 0,4-1,2 da 0,8-1,2%-is
mwyeri
60,9 31,9 7,2 farglebSi cvalebadobs.
186
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebidan yvelaze didi masis kvercxi aqvs
bats (120-200 g), xolo yvelaze patara- 9-12 g mwyers. qaTmis kvercxis masa
cvalebadobs 45-75 g- is farglebSi.
ganasxvaveben sainkubacio da sakveb (sasursaTo) kvercxs. maT Soris
is gansxvavebaa, rom sainkubacio kvercxi ganayofierebulia, sasursaTo ki
ara. sxva saxeobis frinvelebTan SedarebiT, ZiriTadad, sasursaTo mniSvneloba qaTmisa da mwyris kvercxs aqvs. ixvis da batis kvercxi sakvebad
gamoiyeneba akrZalulia maT naWuWze salmonelozis gamomwvevi mikrobebis
arsebobis gamo, xolo indauris da cicris kvercxis raodenoba sasursaTo bazarze SedarebiT umniSvneloa.
sacalo vaWrobis qselSi kvercxi iyideba naturaluri saxiT, sakonditro da xorcproduqtebis warmoebaSi ki iyeneben rogorc naturalur
kvercxs, aseve melanJs da kvercxis fxvnils.
kvercxisadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnaaa misi siaxle. axali
kvercxs dalandvisas cvlilebebi ar aRiniSneba, xolo sahaero kamera SedarebiT patara zomis aqvs.
Senaxvis xangrZliobidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben dietur da sasadilo (sufris) kvercxs. dieturs miekuTvneba dadebidan 7 dRemde kvercxi,
xolo sasadilod iTvleba 00-dan +200C‐temperaturis pirobebSi 8-dan 25
dRemde periodSi Senaxuli kvercxi, agreTve is kvercxi, romelic _20C-dan 00C temperaturamde inaxeboda 3 Tveze ufro didxans.
dieturi da sasadilo kvercxi sahaero saknis, yviTris da cilis
mdgomareobiT unda Seesabamebodes 38-e cxrilSi motanil moTxovnebs.
dieturi kvercxi, masis gaTvaliswinebiT iyofa or kategoriad I da II.
dadebidan 7 dRis gasvlis Semdeg dieturi kvercxi avtomaturad gadadis
sasadilo xarisxSi.
cxrili 38. sasursaTo kvercxis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi
sahaero sakanis
kvercxis
yviTris
cilis simkvrive
mdgomareoba/
xarisxi
mdgomareoba
da feri
simaRle
myari, odnav SesamCnevi, konturebi
uZravi/ar aRemamkvrivi, Ria fedieturi
ar aris gamokveTiteba 4 mm- s
ris, gamWvirvale
li, ukavia centraluri mdebareoba
myari, naklebad
uZravi, dasaSvebia
sufris, 0...+20
SesamCnevi, dasaSmcireodeni moZmkvrivi, Ria fe0C temperaturavebia centraluri
raoba/ara umetes
ris, gamWvirvale
mdebareobidan
ze Senaxuli
7 mm-sa
mcire gadaxra
uZravi, dasaSvebia
mkvrivi, dasaSvesufris, -20C…0
mcireodeni
bia naklebad
0C temperatura“ – “ – “ moZraoba/ara
mkvrivi, Ria feze Senaxuli
umetes 7 mm-sa
ris, gamWvirvale
dieturi kvercxis markireba xdeba wiTeli feris (sur. 79), xolo
sasadilo kvercxis- lurji feris beWdiT. pirveli niSani gviCvenebs
realizaciis vadas, xolo meore kvercxis kategorias, misi masidan
gamomdinare.
187
sasursaTo kvercxis xarisxi damokidebulia misi Segrovebis, SefuTvis, transportirebisa da Senaxvis pirobebze. standartis Sesabamisad kvercxi unda iyos
sufTa, naWuWze ar unda SeimCneodes sisxlis da WuWyis laqebi. naWuWi, aseve, ar
unda iyos dazianebuli (gabzaruli).
dasaSvebadaa miCneuli:
a) dieturi kvercxis naWuWze erTeuli zoli an wertilis arseboba;
b) sufris kvercxis naWuWze wertili
da/an laqa, magram misi zedapiris ara
umetes 1/8 farTobze.
daxarisxebisas naWuWis sisufTavesTan
erTad
mxedvelobaSi
miiReba,
sakuTriv
kvercxis Semadgeneli nawilebis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. kvercxs ar
unda hqondes ucxo suni (laye, dampali, gaxrwnis da sxva). amasTan,
mniSvnelovania, rom dieturi da sufris kvercxi akmayofilebdes vetsanitarul moTxovnebs.
standartis Sesabamisad sasursaTo kvercxi xarisxdeba dadebidan
erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. qaTmis dieturi da sasursaTo kvercxi masis
mixedviT iyofa umaRlesi, rCeuli, pirveli, meore da mesame kategoriebad
(cxrili 39). kvercxs ukeTdeba markireba, romelic advilad unda
ikiTxebodes. markirebis gareSe kvercxis realizacia dauSvebelia.
35-42 g masis kvercxi
cxrili 39. qaTmis kvercxis kategoriebi
gamoiyeneba teqnikuri gadamuSavebisaTvis
da
igzavneba
erTi
aTi
360 kversazogadoebrivi kvebis obikategoria kvercxis kvercxis
cxis
eqtebSi.
masa, g
masa, g
masa, kg
evrogaerTianebis qveyneumaRlesi
75 da
750 da
27,0 da
bis standartis Sesabamisad
meti
meti
meti
qaTmis kvercxi masis mixedviT
rCeuli
65-dan
650-dan
23,4-dan
iyofa oTx xarisxad:
74,9-mde
749-mde
26,9-mde
1. eqstra- kvercxi, romlis
pirveli
55-dan
550-dan
19,9-dan
masa 75 g da metia;
64,9-mde
649-mde
23,3-mde
2. msxvili- kvercxi, romlis
meore
45-dan
450-dan
16,2-dan
masa 63-74 g-s Seadgens;
54,9-mde
549-mde
19,8-mde
3. saSualo- kvercxi, rommesame
35-dan
250-dan
12,6-dan
lis masa 53-63 g-s Sead49,9-mde
449-mde
16,1-mde
gens da
4. wvrili- kvercxi, romlis masa 43-53 g-a.
evrokomisiis # 598/2008 wesiT, romelic miRebuli iqna 2008 wlis 24
ivniss, sabazro standartebis gamartivebis Semdeg evrokavSiris qveynebis
mwarmoeblebma unda miiRon nebarTva operatoris TxovniT kvercxis markirebisagan ganTavisuflebis Taobaze. 2008 wlis 1 ivlisidan evrokavSirSi
warmoebuli gadasamuSavebeli kvercxi ganTavisuflebulia markirebis
aucileblobisagan, magram es ar exeba mesame qveynidan importirebul
kvercxs.
sawarmoo praqtikaSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba sasursaTo kvercxis
defeqtebi. dadgenilia maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi:
sur. 79. umaRlesi kategoriis dieturi kvercxi
188
• marmarilosebri naWuWi. gamowveulia saqaTmeSi maRali tenianobiT,
sakvebSi D3 vitaminis siWarbiT da kvercxis xangrZlivad SenaxviT;
• aratipiuri feris da niSnebis mqone naWuWi. gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZleba iyos frinvelis organizmis saerTo rezistentobis Semcireba,
sulfanilamidebiT mowamvla, virusuli daavadeba da kvercxis
dadebisas Zlieri stresi;
• xorkliani naWuWi. gamowveulia sakvebSi spilenZis deficitiT da D3
vitaminis siWarbiT; garda amisa, aseT kvercxs sakmaod xSirad deben
asakovani frinvelebi;
• kvercxis araswori forma. mizezia reproduqciul organoebSi
morfologiuri darRvevebi, maRali kvercxdebis periodSi sasmeli
wylis deficiti, agreTve virusuli infeqciebi;
• SeTxelebuli cila. gamowveulia ulufaSi lizinis deficitiT,
kvercxis xangrZlivad SenaxviT, safrinveleSi maRali temperaturiT, an kidev haerSi amiakis maRali SemcvelobiT;
• uferuli yviTri; gamomwvevi mizezia ulufaSi A vitaminis deficiti,
agreTve qaTmis koqcidioziT da infeqciuri bronqitiT daavadeba.
• moyviTalo-momwvano yviTri; gamowveulia ulufaSi B2 vitaminis
siWarbiT.
• orgula kvercxi; gamowveulia hormonaluri darRveviT, kvercxsavalis susti ganviTarebiT, sinaTlis reJimis mkveTrad gazrdiT,
agreTve genetikuri faqtorebiT.
matylis saxeebi da klasireba
boWkoebis Sedgenilobis mixedviT matyli iyofa erTgvarovan da
araerTgvarovan anu Sereul matylad.
erTgvarovani matyli Sedgeba erTgvarovani boWkoebisagan, romelTa
danawileba simsxoTi, sigrZiT da sxva garegnuli niSnebiT SeuiaraRebeli
TvaliT SeuZlebelia. erTgvarovan matyls miekuTvneba nazi da naxevrad
nazmatylovani jiSebis, agreTve zogierTi najvari cxvris matyli.
araerTgvarovani anu Sereuli matyli Sedgeba TivTikis, gardamavali da uxeSi boWkoebisagan, xSirad mSrali da mkvdari boWkoebis minarevebiT. matylis es fraqciebi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac advilad gasarCevia erTmaneTisagan. aseTi matyliT xasiaTdebian uxeSmatylovani da naxevrad uxeSmatylovani jiSebis, agreTve zogierTi najvari cxvrebi.
praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba matylis xarisxis Sefasebis ori saxis standarti, samrewvelo da dasamzadebeli. dasamzadebeli standartebi SemuSavebulia matylis mwarmoebel meurneobebSi da damamzadebel punqtebSi
gamosayeneblad. am standartis mixedviT matylis klasirebis ZiriTadi
principi igivea, rac samrewvelo standartis SemTxvevaSia gaTvaliswinebuli, magram Sesafasebeli niSan-Tvisebebis raodenoba masSi naklebia.
standartis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad matylis xarisxis dadgenas
klasirebas uwodeben. matylis klasireba xdeba cxvris gaparsvisTanave.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi pirobaa is, rom parsvisas matylis safarveli cxvris
sxeulidan Semoparsuli iqnas erT mTlianobaSi. aseT naparss kanZs
uwodeben.
erTgvarovani matylis mqone cxvrebs weliwadSi parsaven erTxelgazafxulze da, rogorc wesi, matyls aqvs kanZis saxe. araerTgvarovani
matylis mqone cxvrebs parsaven orjer- gazafxulze da Semodgomaze.
189
gazafxulis naparss aqvs kanZis saxe, xolo Semodgomis matyli cal-calke konebadaa (kululebadaa) warmodgenili.
kanZi Sedgeba Stapelebis an kululebisagan.
Stapelebi matylis konebia, romlisagan Sedgeba nazmatylovani da
naxevrad nazmatylovani jiSis cxvrebis kanZi. Stapelebis sisqe TiTqmis
mTel sigrZeze erTnairia, xolo maTi daboloeba blagvi an wawvetebulia.
kululebi ewodeba uxeSi da naxevraduxeSmatylovani cxvrebis
matylis konebs, romelTa gare boloebi mkveTrad wvrildeba da iRebs
kululis formas.
Stapelebisa da kululebis mixedviT fasdeba matylis teqnikuri
Tvisebebi: klakniloba, WeSmariti da bunebrivi sigrZe, sinaze da sxv.
samrewvelo standartis instruqciaSi aRwerilia ra saxis matyli
eqvemdebareba klasirebas da ramden klasad/qveklasad xdeba maTi dayofa.
aqve mocemulia, agreTve, transportirebisaTvis kanZis/matylis SefuTvisa
da markirebis wesebi.
yvela standartis mixedviT, ganurCevlad kanZis saxisa, klasireba
xdeba: 1. matylis dabinZurebis da defeqtianobis xarisxis mixedviT; 2.
feris mixedviT da 3. kanZSi ufro meti raodenobiT Semavali matylis
sinazis mixedviT. gamonakliss warmoadgens nazmatylovani cxvrebis kanZi,
romelsac jer klasebad yofen sigrZis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg qveklasebad matylis sinazis mixedviT.
daxarisxebisas kanZs specialur magidaze deben gaSlilad, naparsi
mxariT qvemoT da minarevebis mosacileblad dabertyaven. Sefasebis dawyebamde kanZs acileben dabali xarisxis muclis, agreTve ganavliT an
talaxiT dasvril ubnebs da nakuw matyls. ase momzadebul matyls
afaseben boWkos sigrZis, simsxos da sinazis xarisxis mixedviT, aseve
adgenen mis erTgvarovnebas, boWkos simsxos mixedviT gamoTanabrebas da
simagres.
boWkos sigrZes anu Stapelis simaRles adgenen Cveulebrivi saxazaviT, simsxos da matylis boWkoebis simsxoSi gamoTanabrebas- TvalzomiT da/an etalonis daxmarebiT, miaxloebiT simagres ki- Cveulebrivi
fanqris diametris konis gawyvetaze gamocdiT. sinazis xarisxs
sazRvraven e.w. bratforduli klasifikaciiT, romelic efuZneba matylis
boWkos simsxos TvalzomiT gansazRvras (Sefasebas).
erTgvarovani kanZis daxarisxebisas matylis klasze da qveklasze
mikuTvneba, ZiriTadad, xdeba misi sigrZisa da simsxos mixedviT.
klasirebul kanZs axveven Semdegnairad: erTi gverdidan zurgis
Sua, warmosaxviT xazisaken gadaikeceba kanZis erTi mesamedi ra drosac
Stapeli rCeba SigniT, naparsi mxare ki gareT. Semdeg meore gverdidan
sruldeba igive operacia da bolos kisris da kudis mxridan Sua wertilisaken Caixveva mTeli kanZi ise, rom mas aZleven muTaqisebur formas.
daxveul kanZs deben didi zomis tomrebSi- bardanebSi da gadaaqvT
dasawnexad. erT bardanaSi ideba mxolod erTi saxis, klasis da qveklasis kanZi. dawnexva amcirebs matylis gadazidvaze, SesafuT masalaze,
momsaxure personalze gasawev xarjebs da xels uwyobs matylis struqturis SenarCunebas, rac aucilebelia gadamamuSavebel sawarmoSi misi
samrewvelo xarisxebis dasadgenad. bardanas masa matylis saxidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxvaa da SeiZleba cvalebadobdes 70-120 kg- is farglebSi.
dawnexil bardanas saRebaviT an melniT ukeTeben markirebas, ra
drosac miuTiTeben: qveyanas, mxares, raions da meurneobas, sadac matyli
190
iqna warmoebuli da SefuTuli, matylis saxes, cxvris sqesobriv-asakobriv jgufs, parsvis sezons, klass, qveklass, fers da bardanis masas.
bocvris tyavbewvis pirveladi damuSaveba
maRali xarisxis tyavbewvis misaRebad bocveri umjobesia daiklas
gviani Semodgoma zamTarSi, rodesac balnis cvena wydeba, xolo safari
xSiri, TivTikiT mdidari, grZeli da bzinvarea.
dakvlis win, jer sveli, Semdeg ki mSrali tiloTi bocvris bewvs
da kans guldasmiT asufTaveben mtvrisa da WuWyisagan. gatyavebis teqnologiur operacias win uZRvis bocvris gabrueba da sisxlisagan dacla
(dakvla).
meqanikuri an eleqtruli wesiT gabruebul bocvers ukana kidurebiT hkideben pirveladi gadamuSavebis konveiris kidul gzaze an nebismier sxva saSualebaze. mis kiserze, qveda ybis mimdebare midamoSi danis
wveriT akeTeben Wrils, Sedian siRrmeSi da danis ganivad moZraobiT
gadaWrian marjvena da marcxena saZile arterias, ise, rom ar azianeben
saylapav mils da traqeas. sisxlis gamoSveba SeiZleba Tavis mTlianad
daWriT, magram am dros saWiroa sifrTxile, rom sisxlis wveTebi an
gadaWrili saylapavi milidan gadmodenili kuWis SigTavsiT bewvi ar
daisvaros.
naklavi sisxlisagan icleba 2-2,5 w-Si. sisxlis wveTis bewvze moxvedrisas am adgils wmenden mSrali bambis tamponiT an tiloTi.
gasatyaveblad momzadebas iwyeben wina kidurebis majis saxsarSi
daWriT. Semdeg muclis midamoSi xelis msubuqad daWeriT Sardis busts
aTavisufleben SigTavsisagan da ukana kidurebze, saxtomi saxsris midamoSi daniT wriulad SemoaWrian kans.
momdevno operaciaa orive barklis SigniTa mxareze, analuri xvrelis mimarTulebiT tyavis gaWra da ukana
kidurebis mTlianad gatyaveba. Semdeg muSasur. 80. bocvris
operatori orive xels hkidebs kidurebidan
gatyaveba mocilebul tyavs da dabla frTxili moZraobebiT daWimviT naklavs mTlianad gaaZrobs
tyavs (sur. 80) ise, rom bewviani zedapiri
aRmoCndeba SigniTa mxareze.
tyavs deben magidaze da ise, rom ar
daziandes, SemaerTebelqsovilovani zedapiridan basri daniT tyavs aaWrian gatyavebisas
ayolil xorcis, qonisa da myesebis anarCenebs.
am gziT gawmendili tyavbewvi gadaaqvT
sxva saamqroSi da gacivebis mizniT 1 sT-iT
hkideben kauWze.
gacivebul tyavs, gadmoubruneblad, Camoacvamen xis formaze (morze, sur. 81) da zedapiridan daniT frTxilad Camofxeken qonis
anarCenebs.
narCeni cximis mosacileblad tyavbewvs
Semoayrian sufTa benzinSi dasvelebul naxerxs
da xeliT kargad Caazilaven mas. 15-20 wT-is
Semdeg naxerxs Camobertyaven da tyavs aSroben
+350C temperaturisa da 30-50% fardobiTi
tenianobis pirobebSi.
191
usafrTxoebidan gamomdinare dauSvebelia
tyavbewvis Ria cecxlTan gaSroba. aseve ar aris
sur. 81. tyavbewvis
rekomendebuli mzeze gaSroba. mSrali tyavbewcximisa da anarCevis tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 12-16%-s.
nebisagan gawmenda aseTi saxiT gamomSrali tyavi igzavneba
tyavbewveulis sawarmoebSi.
bocvris tyavbewvs axarisxeben farTobisa
da kanis sisqis mixedviT. farTobis mixedviT,
ZiriTadad, gamoyofen 2 xarisxs, tyavbewvi romlis
farTobi
16
kvadratul
decimetrze
naklebia da 16 kvadratul decimetrze ufro
farTo tyavbewvs.
aseve or xarisxad yofen tyavbewvs kanis
sisqis mixedviT: 0,7 mm-mde sisqis da 0,7 mm-ze
ufro sqeli.
gamomSrali tyavbewis gamoyvanis ramodenime xerxi arsebobs. erT-erTi xerxis arsi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
mSral tyavs dasalbobad CauSveben winaswar mimzadebul +250C
temperaturis marilxsnarSi (1 l wyalSi 30 g NaCl). procesis bolosaTvis
tyavi ise darbildeba, rom mogvagonebs axals. dambal tyavs recxaven
jer Tbil wyalSi gaxsnili sarecxi saSualebiT, Semdeg ki gaavleben
sufTa wyals da SeaSroben.
SemSral tyavbewvs kvlav CauSveben marilwyalSi romelsac, 30 wTis gasvlis Semdeg amateben CaCO3-s, 1 l marilxsnarze 1 gramis raodenobiT. sodis gaxsnis Semdeg 30 wT-is SualediT or jerad umateben 2 g
formalins/1 l marilxsnarze.
narevSi tyavs aCereben 6 saaTi, +250C temperaturis pirobebSi, ris
Semdeg umateben koncentrirebul gogirdmJavassur. 82. bocvris
1 l xsnarze 5 ml-is odenobiT, periodulad
gamoyvanili tyavbewvi ureven da ayovneben 8 saaTis manZilze.
dayovnebis Semdeg xsnaris amateben niSaduris
spirts (4 ml-s yovel 1 litrze gadaangariSebiT) da erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi ureven.
narCeni cximis mosacileblad tyavbewvs
CauSveben mduRare abazanaSi, romelSic yovel
1 l wyalze damatebulia 50 g sarecxi saponi
da 20 g niSaduris spirti.
amoRebul tyavs gadaabruneben (bewviT gareT), deben Taroze da aSroben. bewvma bzinvareba rom miiRos mas wmenden
teqnikuri spirtiT.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
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•
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ra maCveneblebiT axarisxeben sasursaTo kvercxs?
Senaxvis ra vada aqvs dietur/sasursaTo kvercxs?
ra feris beWdiT aRiniSneba dieturi/sasursaTo kvercxi?
sasursaTo kvercxis ra defeqtebi gvxvdeba?
rodis parsaven erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovanmatylovan cxvrebs?
ra da ra saxis matyls iZleva mecxvareoba?
ra aris kanZi?
192
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ra maCveneblebiT xdeba matylis klasireba?
riT gansxvavdeba Stapeli kululisagan?
ra teqnologiuri operaciebisagan Sedgeba bocvris gatyaveba? ra maCveneblebiT axarisxeben bocvris tyavbewvs? literatura:
1. g.gogoli, p.gogoli- xorcisa da xorcproduqtebis teqnologia.
Tbilisi, 2006;
2. r.nozaZe, m.xuciSvili, v.zavraSvili- mefrinveleobis produqtebis
warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007;
3. T. paikiZe- mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2004;
4. m.xuciSvili, r.nozaZe, v.zavraSvili, a.Wkuaseli, a.CageliSvili,
n.maisuraZe- sasursaTo kvercxis pirveladi damuSavebis da standartizaciis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2009;
5. Технология производства и переработки животноводоческой продукции. Под общей
редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
193
ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT
gadaeca warmoebas 30.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 21.08.2009. qaRaldis
zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 12. tiraJi 100 egz.
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77