saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti ekonomikur

saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti ekonomikur

saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti
ekonomikur - humanitaruli fakulteti
kvezereli Salva
meZroxeobis ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi
gadawyvetis gzebi samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi
biznesis administrirebis doqtoris
mosapoveblad wardgenili
d
i s
e r
samecniero xelmZRvaneli:
t
a
c
i a
ekonomikis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, sruli profesori:
suliko yamarauli
Tbilisi 2011 w.
1
s a r C e v i
Sesavali
4
Tavi 1.
9
kvlevis obieqtis daxasiaTeba / analizi
1.1
bunebriv - klimaturi pirobebi
11
1.2
sawarmoo resursebi
13
1.2.1
miwis resursebi
13
1.2.2
materialuri resursebi
23
1.2.3
SromiTi resursebi
36
1.3
ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri garemo
Tavi 2.
meZroxeobis, rogorc agrowarmoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
mimarTulebis ekonomikis formireba da maTi analizi
2.1
48
realizaciidan miRebuli amonagebis formireba da misi
analizi
2.2
42
51
proporciulad cvladi danaxarjebis formireba da misi
analizi
55
2.3
marJinaluri mogebis formireba da misi analizi
62
2.4
cvladi da mudmivi danaxarjebis warmoSoba da maTi analizi
64
2.5
mewarmis mogebis da mogebis formireba da maTi analizi
68
2.6
zRvruli fasebis Seswavlis mdgomareoba
73
Tavi 3.
meZroxeobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da
misi srulyofis gzebi
79
3.1
meZroxeobaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis mimoxilva
79
3.2
sakvebi bazis arsebuli mdgomareoba da misi gamtkicebis
gzebi
3.3
90
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi arsebuli higienuri mdgomareoba
117
3.4
damxmare, servismomsaxurebis arsebuli mdgomareoba
125
2
3.5
rZis gadammuSavebel sawarmoTa gaadgileba da maTi
ganviTarebis gzebi
Tavi 4.
137
rZisa da rZis produqtebis bazris formireba da
ganviTareba
144
4.1
agromarketingi da sasursaTo bazris Taviseburebani
144
4.2
saqarTvelos rZisa da rZis produqtebis bazris mimoxilva /
kvlevebi
151
4.2.1
saqarTveloSi rZis bazris potenciali
154
4.2.2
rZis moTxovnasa da fasze moqmedi faqtorebi
157
4.2.3
saqarTveloSi yvelis bazris potenciali
160
4.2.4
yvelis moTxovnasa da fasze moqmedi faqtorebi
162
4.2.5
rZis produqtebis gasaRebis ZiriTadi arxebi
165
4.2.6
arsebuli informaciuli, sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebe-
li garemo
4.3
167
regionSi warmoebuli rZis da rZis produqtebis
realizaciis analizi
169
daskvnebi da winadadebebi
179
gamoyenebuli literatura
189
danarTi
3
Sesavali
Temis
aqtualuroba:
saqarTvelo
odiTganve
agraruli
qveyanaa, aq soflis meurneobaSi mecxoveleobis dargs, kerZod ki
mis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas meZroxeobas yovelTvis
mniSvnelovani
adgili
meZroxeoba
qveynis
warmodgenili,
meurneobis
ekava.
yvela
magram
wamyvani
mecxoveleoba
rig
da
konkretulad
administraciul
mTian
saqmianobaa
raionebSi
da
raionSia
igi
soflis
mosaxleobis
fuladi
Semosavlebis ZiriTadi wyaro.
saqarTveloSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis xorcis, aseve
rZis adgilobriv warmoebas bolo 10 wlis kvleviT, klebadi
tendencia gaaCnia. potencialis miuxedavad, xorcisa da rZis
adgilobrivi warmoebiT ver xerxdeba qveynis TviTuzrunvelyofa.
meZroxeobaSi
arsebuli
mdgomareobis
analizisa
da
SefasebisaTvis arCeul iqna samcxe-javaxeTis regioni.
statistikuri
msxvilfexa
monacemebiT
rqosani
pirutyvis
samcxe-javaxeTis
xorcis
warmoeba
regionSi
qveynaSi
arsebuli situaciis analogiuria. rac Seexeba rZis warmoebas, aq
ukeTesi mdgomareobaa qveynis masStabiT arsebul situaciasTan
mimarTebaSi.
Cven naSromSi SevecadeT, arsebuli mdgomareobis analizis
safZvelze
warmogveCina
aRniSnuli
sakiTxebi
arasakmarisadaa
meZroxeobis
qveyanaSi
Seswavlili,
ganviTarebis
90-iani
miTumetes
wlebis
gzebi.
Semdeg
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionul WrilSi.
problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba: saqarTveloSi mecxoveleobis, kerZod ki meZroxeobis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze ukanasknel wlebSi qarTvel mecnierTa mravali saintereso Sroma
4
gamoqveynda. Tumca es sakiTxi Cveni azriT amomwuravad ar aris
Seswavlili, gansakuTrebiT regionalur WrilSi. arc Cven gvaqvs
imis pretenzia, rom winamdebare naSromSi aRniSnuli sakiTxi
yovlismomcvelad gvaqvs gaSuqebuli. Cven SevecadeT es rTuli
problema SeZlebisdagvarad Segveswavla da amis safuZlvelze,
samcxe-javaxeTis regionalur WrilSi, warmovadgineT zogierTi
mosazreba meZroxeobis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze.
kvlevis mizani da amocanebi: kvleva miznad isaxavda samcxejavaxeTis
regionSi
meZroxeobis
ganviTarebis
problemebis
Seswavlas da maTi gadawyvetis gzebis SeTavazebas.
kvlevis
miznidan
gamomdinare
dasaxuli
iyo
Semdegi
amocanebi:
- meZroxeobaSi
arsebuli
Tanamedrove
mdgomareobis
Seswavlis da mis ganviTarebis RonisZiebebis dasaxva.
- meZroxeobaSi ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gansazRvra da misi
amaRlebis RonisZiebebis dasaxva.
- rZisa da rZis produqtebis bazris formireba da Semdgomi
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi.
kvlevis obieqti da sagani: kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqtia samcxejavaxeTis
sakiTxebisa
regionis
meZroxeobis
ganxilulia
da
meurneobebi.
naSromSi
gaanalizebulia
mTeli
rigi
qveynis
masStabiT.
kvlevis sagania saqarTvelos rZiTa da rZis produqtebiT
uzrunvelyofis gaumjobeseba. aRniSnulis miRwevaSi fermeruli
/ ojaxuri meurneobebis rolis amaRleba, adgilobrivi rZisa da
rZis
produqtebis
warmoebis
zrdis
gzebis
Zieba,
maTi
ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis dadgena.
5
kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: mocemul
naSromSi kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi
eyrdnoba oTx ZiriTad wyaros:
• saxelmwifo institutebis oficialur monacemebs (statistikis departamenti, soflis meurnoebis saministro, ekonomikis saministro, regionuli marTvis samsaxurebis monacemebi, sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da dadgenilebebi da a. S.);
• qveyanasa da samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi moqmedi sasoflosameurneo
profilis
(Temis
specifikas
misadagebuli)
samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis kvlevebs;
• Temas
misadagebuli
aqamde
Catarebuli
samecniero
saqarTveloSi
kvlevebis
naSromebs,
(aseve
sazRvargareT)
monacemebs.
disertaciebs,
gamoqveynebul
literaturas,
statiebsa da sxva;
• Cven mier warmoebul kvlevas.
Cven
mier
warmoebul
kvlevas
romelSic
gaerTianebulia,
sakiTxebi
merZeuli
informaciis
miRebis
rogorc
meZroxeobis
safuZvlad
zogadi,
udevs
gegma,
ise
konkretuli
mimarTulebiT
amomwuravi
uzrunvelsayofad.
gegmis
Sesabamisad
miRebuli monacemebi damuSavda erT mTlian monacemTa bazaSi.
2005-2009 anu xuTi wlis monacemebi aRebul iqna regionis 36
meurneobidan.
meurneobis
Tavidanve
klasifikacia
ganvaxorcieleT
maTSi
mewveli
gamokvleuli
furebis
36
raodenobis
mixedviT: 1. Zalian mcire meurneoba 1÷2 mewveli furiT (m.f.); 2.
mcire 3÷5 m.f.; 3. saSualo 6÷10 m.f. da 4. didi, 10-ze meti m.f.-iT.
etapobrivad
mimdinareobda
mopovebuli
monacemebis
damuSaveba, sistematizacia da gadamowmeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom
monacemebis
mopovebas
Tan
sdevda
mravali
sirTule.
zog
6
SemTxvevaSi
sxvadasxva
wyaros
mier
mowodebuli
monacemebi
erTmaneTTan Seusabamo iyo.
problemis calkeuli aspeqtis gamokvlevisas gamoyenebulia
ekonomikur
maCvenebelTa
Seswavlis
da
Sefasebis
sxvadasxva
meTodi: monografiuli, statistikuri dajgufebis, saangariSokonstruqciuli da sxva.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle: naSromi warmoadgens samcxejavaxeTis
kvlevis
regionSi
Sedegs,
meZroxeobis
romlis
ganviTarebis
ganzogadoeba
damTavrebuli
SesaZlebeli
iqneba
qveynis masStabiT.
Teoriuli da praqtikuli kvlevebis Sedegad sadisertacio
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle mdgomareobs SemdgomSi:
- samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
dadgenilia
meZroxeobis
fermerul/ojaxur meurneobebis optimaluri sidide.
- dasabuTebulia meurneobebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi,
SemuSavebulia mecnierulad dasabuTebuli winadadebebi da
rekomendaciebi.
- regionis
bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
dadgenilia meZroxeobis ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
- SemuSavebulia
meurneobebis
servisis
momsaxurebebis,
dafinanseba-dakreditebis, miwebis kooperirebis da marketinguli momsaxurebis srulyofis winadadebebi.
naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba: samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi
meZroxeobis fermeruli meurneobebis ekonomikuri ganviTareba
naklebadaa Seswavlili.
kvlevis ZiriTadi winadadebebi, rekomendaciebi da Sedegebi
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis
saministros da misi Sesabamisi qvesauwyebo samsaxurebis, aseve
7
samcxe-javaxeTis regionis soflis meurneobis maregulirebeli
samsaxurebis mier.
naSromi daxmarebas gauwevs saqarTveloSi da kerZoT samcxejavaxeTis
regionSi
meZroxeobis
ganviTarebis
sakiTxebze
momuSave mkvlevarebs, eqspertebs, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi
dasaqmebul specialistebs da gansakuTrebiT fermerebs.
publikacia da aprobacia: disertaciis ZiriTadi debulebebi
asaxuli da gamoqveynebulia xuT mecnierul naSromSi. garkveuli
debulebebis
ganxilva
moxda
saerTaSoriso
konferenciaze
“saqarTveloSi cxovelTa janmrTelobis dacvis gaumjobeseba”
da maTi ekonomikuri Sefaseba, bakuriani 2008.
naSromi
ganxiluli
da
mowonebuli
iqna
saqarTvelos
agraruli universitetis ekonomikur-humanitaruli fakultetis,
agraruli ekonomikis da biznesis departamentis sxdomaze (oqmi
№13, ricxvi: 04 maisi 2011 weli).
naSromis moculoba da struqtura: sadisertacio naSromi
Sedgeba Sesavlis, oTxi Tavis, daskvnebisa da winadadebebisagan.
igi moicavs 188 kompiuterul manqanaze nabeWd gverds, 32 cxrils,
30 diagramas,
7 TvalsaCinoebas, 3 sqemas, 9 danarTs da naSromis
diskze Caweril eleqtronul variants. naSroms Tan erTvis 145
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia.
8
Tavi 1. kvlevis obieqtis daxasiaTeba / analizi
samcxe-javaxeTis teritoriis farTobi 6,4 aTasi kv. km-ia,
administraciuli centri – qalaqi axalcixe, manZili administraciul centrsa da Tbiliss Soris – 207 km.
mxares aRmosavleTis mxridan esazRvreba dmanisisa da walkis raionebi, dasavleTis mxridan xulos raioni, CrdiloeTis
mxridan
Coxatauris,
vanis,
baRdaTis,
xaragaulis,
xaSuris,
qarelisa da goris raionebi, xolo samxreTis sazRvari emTxveva
saqarTvelo
TurqeTisa
da
saqarTvelo-somxeTis
saxelmwifo
sazRvrebs.
TvalsaCinoeba 1: samcxe-javaxeTis ruqa
o mosaxleoba:
mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 1/01/2009w – 208100 adamiani.
maT Soris: qalaqis _ 67642; soflis – 140458 adamiani.
mosaxleobis simWidrove 1/01/2009w. – 1 kv.km-ze _ 32 kaci.
9
mosaxleobis mTliani raodenobidan:
sul dasaqmebulia _ 110,4 aT. kaci;
m.S. dasaqmebulia ekonomikaSi – 35,3 aT. kaci;
umuSevarTa ricxovnoba – 15,1 aT. kaci.
mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba:
qarTveli – 42 % (87733 kaci);
somexi – 56,4 % (117812 kaci);
rusi – 0,7 % (1462 kaci);
berZeni – 0,2 % (417 kaci);
osi – 0,4 % (835 kaci);
sxva – 0,3 % (629 kaci).
o satransporto komunikaciebis daxasiaTeba:
satransporto
mniSvnelobis
arteriebi,
mixedviT
transportis
saavtomobilo
saxeebi
arteriebi:
maTi
axalcixe-
Tbilisi, axalcixe-quTaisi, axalcixe-baTumi, axalcixe-TurqeTis
respublika, axalcixe-somxeTis respublika.
sarkinigzo transporti: vale-Tbilisi, axalqalaqi-Tbilisi.
satransporto
organizaciebi
da
maTi
muSaobis
maCveneblebi
sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo gzebis sigrZe:
saavtomobilo gzebis sigrZea _ 1340 km, aqedan:
saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobisa
_
195
km.
saerTaSoriso
magistraluri gzebi satranzito mniSvnelobisaa da mxarisa da
qveynis
regionebs
akavSirebs
somxeTisa
da
TurqeTis
respublikebTan.
Sida saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis gzebis sigrZea 270 km;
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gzebis sigrZea 945 km.
sarkinigzo
rkinigzis
gzebi:
ganStoebebi,
mxareSi
funqcionirebs
`xaSuri-axalcixe-vale~
saqarTvelos
da
`marabda-
10
axalqalaqi~, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba satvirTo (7080%) da samgzavro gadazidvebi.
o kavSirgabmuloba:
s.s.
(saaqcio
sazogadoeba)
satelekomunikacio
`saqarTvelos
kompaniis~
gaerTianebuli
samcxe-javaxeTis
mxaris
eleqtrokavSirebis 6 teritoriuli filiali emsaxureba 13500
abonents. q. borjomsa da daba bakurianSi 2005 wels damontaJda
da moqmedebs Tanamedrove cifruli satelefono sadgurebi. ss
`saqarTvelos gaerTianebulma satelekomunikacio kompaniam~ 20072008 wlebSi analogiuri sadgurebi daamontaJa mxaris yvela
municipalitetSi.
mxaris eqvsive municipaliteti (adigeni, aspinZa, axalqalaqi,
axalcixe, borjomi, ninowminda) moqceulia `MAGTI-GSM~-sa da
`GEO GCELL~-is
dafarvis
zonaSi.
nawilobriv
SesaZlebelia
„BILAIN“-is momsaxurebiT sargebloba.
regionis
mcxovreblebs
saSualeba
aqvT
isargeblon
internetis Tanamedrove momsaxurebiT.
1.1
bunebriv – klimaturi pirobebi
samcxe-javaxeTis mxare ori reliefur-klimaturi zonisagan
Sedgeba: samcxisa – zomierad mSrali, subtropikuli mTianeTis
klimatiT,
mcire
Tovliani
zamTriTa
da
Tbili,
xangrZlivi
zafxuliT. javaxeTis zonaSi gabatonebulia zomierad mSrali
hava civi zamTriT da xangrZlivi, grili zafxuliT.
naleqebis
rogorc
raodenoba
drois,
raodenobis
ise
minimumia
mxareSi
sivrcis
498
mm
uTanabrodaa
mixedviT.
(xerTvisTan),
ganawilebuli
saSualo
maqsimumi
wliuri
1822
mm
arsianis qedis Txemze (goderZis uReltexilTan 2025 m-ze zRvis
11
donidan). naleqebis mniSvnelovani nawili Tovlis saxiT modis,
romlis
simaRle
da
xangrZlivoba
meryevia.
magaliTad,
axalcixeSi Tovlis saSualo simaRle 18 sm-ia, xangrZlivoba ki
63 dRe. Sesabamisad, 24 da 101 _ bakurianSi da cxrawyaroSi _ 98
da 191; xolo 3000 metrze maRali mwvervalebi wlis umetes dros
TovliTaa dafaruli.
o wylis ZiriTadi arteriebi:
wylis mTavari arteria md. mtkvaria, romelic am mxareSi
miedineba
daaxloebiT
170
km-ze.
igi
tipuri
mTis
mdinarea,
romlis wliuri saSualo xarji wm-Si 95 kub.m-s aRwevs (md.
dviris
SesarTavTan).
mTavaria
focxovi,
mtkvris
mravalricxovani
qvabliani
(marcxnidan)
Senakadebidan
da
faravani
(marjvnidan). focxovi (sigrZe 70 km, auzis farTobi _ 1840 kv.km.)
Tavisi
SenakadebiT
jayis
wyliT,
qvablianiTa
da
ocxeTi
(abasTumnis wyliT) awarmoebs samcxis teritoriis didi nawilis
drenirebas. isini tipuri mTis mdinareebia, miedinebian ZiriTadad
viwro xeobaSi, axasiaTebT vardna da swrafi dineba. faravani
javaxeTis zeganis mTavari mdinarea (amitomac mas javaxeTis
mtkvarsac uwodeben). igi sigrZiT 81 km-ia, auzis farTobi _ 2280
kv.km-s udris. misi Senakadebia: buRaSenis, kulikamis, baraleTis
wylebi da sxva.
mdinareTa
sazrdooba
Sereulia:
samcxeSi
TovliT
sazrdooba 37%-s Warbobs, miwisqveSa wylebiT - 32%-s, xolo
wvimiT
-
31%-s.
rac
Seexeba
javaxeTs,
aq
marto
miwisqveSa
sazrdooba 60%-ze metia.
samxreT
saqarTvelos
mdinareebis
saerTo
energetikuli
simZlavre daaxloebiT 400 aTasi kvt/sT-ia.
12
javaxeTis zegani tbebis siuxviT xasiaTdeba. aq 80-mde didi
da patara tbaa. arsebuli mravalricxovani tbebidan mxolod 8
tbas uWiravs 1-dan 40 kv.km farTobi. yvelaze didi tbaa faravani,
moqceulia abul samsarisa da javaxeTis qedebs Soris mdebare
qvabulSi, misi sarke zRvis donidan 2075,5 metris simaRlezea,
sigrZe 9,5 km-s aRwevs, sigane 6 km-s, sarkis farTobi 37 kv.km
udris, siRrme 3,8 metrs.
javaxeTis
platos
Crdilo
nawilSi
arsebuli
tbebidan
yvelaze didia vulkanur-teqtonikuri warmoSobis daxSuli tba
tabawyuri. igi zRvis donidan 1990,6 metr simaRleze mdebareobs.
tbis sarkis farTobi 14,5 kv.km-s udris, auzis farTobi aRemateba
75
kv.km-s.
siRrme
33
metrs
aRwevs
da
mxaris
uRrmes
tbad
iTvleba.
1.2
sawarmoo resursebi
samcxe-javaxeTis regionis sawarmoo resursebis TvalsaCinod
warmosaCenad,
resursebi
davyaviT
ZiriTad
jgufebad
da
ganvixilavT calke qveTavebSi.
1.2.1
miwis resursebi
samcxe-javaxeTis
Seadgens,
rac
teritoriis
qveynis
mTliani
farTobi
farTobis
6,4
aTasi
9,21%-ia.
km2-s
sasoflo-
sameurneo savarguli mxareSi - 396399 ha-ia, saidanac saxnavs
ukavia - 77721 ha, anu 19,6%, mravalwlian nargavebs - 3009 ha, anu
0,76%, saTibs - 31607 ha, anu 7,97%, saZovars – 280142 ha, anu 70,67%,
xolo nasvens - 3920 ha, mxolod 1%.
regionis
Taviseburi
niadaguri
zonaluri
axalcixis
ruxiyavisferi
didi
gavrcelebiT
qvabulis
da
safari
tyis
qveolqi
yavisferi
sxvadasxvaobiTa
gamoirCeva.
aq
gardamavali
da
gamoiyofa
tye-velis
niadagebis,
mTa-tyeTa
niadagebis da mTa-mdeloTa niadagebis zonebiT, da
vulkanuri
13
zegnis qveolqi - mTis velebis (Savmiwebis) da mTa-mdeloTa
nidagebis zonebiT.
regionSi sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis aTvisebis mdgomareoba
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis warmodgenilia cxrilSi 1.
cxrili 1: sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis aTvisebis mdgomareoba samcxejavaxeTSi (aTasi ha.)
sasoflo-sameurneo
sasoflo-
aqedan, gamoyenebuli
savargulebis
sameurneo
dasaxeleba
savargule-
2004w.
2005*w
2006w.
2007w.
2008w.
bis farTobi
saxnavi
77
32
32.5
33
26
26
mravalwliani nargavi
3
1.5
1.3
1
1
1
311
58
36
14
13
18
3
14
10
6
11
7
394
105.5
79.8
54
51
52
saTibi da saZovari
nasveni/daumuSavebeli
sul savarguli
wyaro: statistikis departamenti
monacemebis Tanaxmad didi sxvaobaa sasoflo-sameurneo miwis
arsebul
da
gamoyenebul
farTobs
Soris.
wlebis
mixedviT
Semcirebis tendencia axasiaTebs yvela saxis sasoflo-sameurneo
savarguls.
gansakuTrebiT
gamosayofia
saTib-saZovrebis
farTobis
Semcireba. 2008 wels 2004 welTan SedarebiT igi Semcirda mTeli
40 aTasi heqtriT (69%-iT). imave wlebSi saxnavi miwis farTobi
Semcirda 6 aTasi heqtriT (19%-iT), mravalwliani nargavebis
farTobi 0.5 heqtriT (34%-iT), mTlianad savargulebis farTobi
ki 53.5 aTasi heqtriT, anu 51%.
sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis
miwis
privatizaciis
procesi 2005 wels dasrulda, roca ZalaSi Sevida axali kanoni
saxelmwifo
daniSnulebis
sakuTrebaSi
miwebis
arsebuli
privatizaciis
sasoflo-sameuneo
Sesaxeb.
axali
kanonis
14
Tanaxmad, gauqmda SezRudvebi miwis privatizaciaze sasazRvro
regionebSi, romlebic 1992-1998 wlebSi moqmedebda. Zveli kanonis
Tanaxmad,
sazRvris
21
kilometrian
zonaSi
akrZaluli
iyo
miwebis privatizacia (axali kanoniT es SezRudva dayvanilia 5
kilometrian zonamde). Tumca SeiZleboda misi ijariT gacema.
axali
kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT,
SesaZlebeli
gaxda
miwebis
auqcionis gziT gayidva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ar iyo ijariT
gacemuli. axali kanonmdebloba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
samcxe-javaxeTis regionisaTvis, radgan is sasazRvro zolze
mdebareobs da eZleva SesaZlebloba gazardos asaTvisebuli
sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis savargulebis farTobi.
miuxedavad
miRebuli
kanonproeqtisa,
misi
ganxorcieleba
regionSi dagvianda, vinaidan Sesabamisi specialistebis resursebis simwiris gamo maT rigrigobiT uwevT municipalitetebSi
muSaoba1.
sakuTriv
kritikuli
TvaliT
kanonis
danergvis
uyurebda
da
process
garkveul
mosaxleoba
ukmayofilebasac
gamoTqvamda. maTi guliswyromis umTavresi mizezi iyo is, rom
miwebs
yidulobdnen
ara
adgilobrivni,
aramed
auqcionze
adgilobrivebze metis gadaxdis SemZle pirovnebebi.
samcxe-javaxeTis
miwis
fondis
da
misi
privatizaciis
aRwerisas ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos Turqi mesxebis mesxeTis
teritoriaze dabrunebis moTxovnis SesaZlo safrTxe. evropis
sabWoSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis Semdeg (1997 wlis 27 ianvari),
metad aqtualuri gaxda XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi sabWoTa
reJimis mier saqarTvelodan aziaSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebuli
mesxeTis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis repatriaciis sakiTxi2. Tu
1
erovnuli integraciisa da tolerantobis Sefaseba saqarTveloSi. gaeros asociacia.
saxalxo damcvelis wliuri angariSi, 2006 wlis meore naxevari
http://ombudsman.ge/files/468_6_ombusman-Report-2006-Part-2pdf
2
15
gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom
isini
materialurad
ufro
mdidrebi
arian, aris SesaZlebloba privatizebuli miwebis didi nawilis
maT
xelSi
gadasvlisa
da
es
im
fonze,
rom
adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisTvis ojaxis rCenisa da Semosavlebis formirebis
umTavres wyaros swored miwis resursi da sasoflo-sameurneo
saqmianoba warmoadgens.
cxrilSi
arsebuli
2
warmodgenilia
sasoflo-sameurneo
miwaTsargeblobis
formebis
meurneobaTa
miwebi
da
mixedviT,
sargeblobaSi
maTi
Tanaxmad
struqtura
regionSi
(raionul WrilSi) Catarebuli 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo
aRwerisa.
cxrili 2: sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi da maTi struqtura samcxejavaxeTis regionSi, raionebis mixedviT, 2004 weli.
sas.-sam.
saxnavi
miwa, sul
samcxe-
mravalwlia
saTburebi
ni nargavebi
105 819
45 940
adigeni
24 282
3 673
aspinZi
9 681
axalqalaqi
saTibsaZovrebi
1 540
7
58 331
413
0
20 196
2 725
471
0
6 485
30 729
18 332
36
3
12 358
axalcixe
7 342
5 417
616
3
1 306
borjomi
7 330
1 321
4
0
6 005
ninowminda
26 455
14 473
0
1
11 981
javaxeTi
wyaro: statistikis departamenti, saqarTvelos 2004 wlis sasoflosameurneo aRweris krebuli.
saxnav-saTesi
axalcixis,
farTobebis
axalqalaqis
da
50%-ze
meti
ninowmindis
ganlagebulia
raionebSi,
saTib-
saZovrebis farTobebi adigenis, aspinZis da borjomis raionebSi.
regionSi kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis farTobis wili
metad mcirea, xolo sxva farTobebis raodenoba umniSvnelo.
16
rogorc cnobilia, privatizebuli 1 heqtramde saxnavi miwis
farTobi ojaxs miRebuli aqvs erTmaneTisagan 100 m-dan 2÷3 km-mde
manZiliT (saSualod – 500 m), daSorebul 4÷6 adgilas, rac
arTulebs maT srulad damuSavebasa da aTvisebas.
sxvadasxva
TemebSi
miwa
sxvadasxva
meTodiT
danawilda
(zogan nawildeboda erT sul mosaxleze da ara ojaxze). msgavsi
ganawilebis gamo iseve, rogorc ijariT aRebuli miwis gamo,
regionis zogierT nawilSi gaizarda miwaTmflobelebis raodenoba. kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli 1÷3 ha farTis miwebis moculoba Seadgens 64%-s maSin, roca igive maCvenebeli axalcixeSi
mxolod 19%-ia, borjomSi – 17%, adigenSi – 25% da aspinZaSi –
33%. miwis sakadastro maCveneblebi gansxvavebul mdgomareobas
asaxavs. miwis nakveTebis mTliani farTobi axalcixeSi Seadgens
59100,
xolo
mesakuTreTa
raodenoba
–
37400.
mosaxleobis
arsebuli raodenobisTvis (46 000) es metad maRali maCvenebelia.
samcxeSi miwa ojaxuri principiT ganawilda, gansxvavebiT
javaxeTisagan, sadac es moxda erT sul mosaxleze.
sasoflo-sameureno
miwis
sruli
farTobis
meurneobaTa
sargeblobis WrilSi ganxilvisas, regionSi Semdegi suraTia:
sasoflo-sameurneo miwis gareSe 2700 meurneobaa, xolo miwiani
meurneobebis raodenoba 44000 aRemateba. aqedan 0.5 heqtramde
miwis farTobs flobs – 8221 ojaxi. Sesabamisad, 0.5-dan 1 ha-mde –
9257; 1 ha-dan 3 ha-mde – 18789; 3 ha-dan 5 ha-mde – 4348; 5 ha-dan 10
ha-mde – 2416, xolo 10 ha-ze mets – 996 meurneoba.
regionSi arsebuli sarwyavi miwa umetes wilad gamoiyeneba
kartofilis
(mosavali
bostneulis
mosayvanad.
gamoiyeneba
xorblis
heqtarze
10÷20
arasarwyavi
mosayvanad,
t-s
miwa,
romlis
aRwevs)
da
rogorc
mosavalic
sxva
wesi,
dabalia
17
(1,5÷2,5 t. heqtarze). xexilis baRebSi, umetesad, iwarmoeba vaSli
da
msxali,
romlis
mosavalic,
rogorc
wesi,
gamoiyeneba
sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis.
miwis
fondis
savargulebis
ganawileba
mixedviT
2004
miwaTmosargebleTa
wlis
1
ianvris
da
mdgomareobiT
mocemulia danarTSi 1.
regionis zogierT nawilSi sarwyavi miwis deficiti didi
problemaa (borjomi), xolo miwis umetesoba ar warmoadgens
sabazro vaWrobis sagans. borjomis raioni gamonakliss warmoadgens turizmis ganviTarebis, samTo-saTxilamuro simZlavreebisa da sxvaTa gamo; aq miwa iyideba da misi fasi zogan metad
maRalia. Tumca, regionis masStabiT, es ufro gamonaklisia3.
miwis privatizaciis mxriv jerjerobiT regionSi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaa. bolo wlebamde privatizebulia sasoflosameurneo
farTis
daaxloebiT
20%4.
privatizebulia
ufro
saxnavi daniSnulebis miwebi, Semdeg modis saTib-saZovrebi da
mravalwliani nargavebiT dakavebuli farTobebi.
rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis
miwis farTobis didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT saTib-saZovrebi)
jer kidev rCeba saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi, rac SeiZleba maTi
intensiuri
aTvisebis
CaiTvalos.
bolo
erT-erT
wlebis
xelis
monacemebiT
SemSlel
regionSi
faqtorad
Semcirda
sasoflo meurneobebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis farTobi da
man 2008 wels Seadgina 36 aTasi ha, nacvlad 2004 wels arsebuli
61 aTasi ha-sa. imave wlebSi saxelmwifosagan ijariT aRebuli
3
samcxe-javaxeTis regionuli ganviTarebis saagento, regionuli ganviTarebis gegma, axalcixe
2008, gv. 21
18
miwis
farTi
Seadgenda
19
aTas
heqtars,
rac
2004
wlis
monacemebTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia 26 aTasi heqtriT.
samcxe-javaxeTis regionis axalcixis, aspiZis, adigenis da
borjomis
raionebSi
arsebuli
miwis
fondis
mxolod
mcire
nawili (daaxlovebiT 10%-mde)5 muSavdeba sasoflo-sameurneod,
vinaidan
miwebis
didi
nawili
produqciis
warmoebisaTvis
gamousadegaria (qviania, kldovania), an dafarulia tyiT.
sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebiT
farTobebis
analiziT
irkveva,
masStabiTac)
naTesi
sagrZnoblad
Semcirda,
rom
farTobis
2009
dakavebuli
naTesi
regionSi
(qveynis
moculoba
wlis
bolo
monacemebi
wlebSi
2003
wlis
monacemebis 40%-amdea.
cxrili 3: sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis naTesi farTobebi
wlebi
2003
2004
2005
2006
2009 wels 2003
2007
2008
2009
welTan
SedarebiT %-Si
saqarTvelo
561.7 534.0
539.6
330.2
297.2
329.2
289.8
52 %
samcxe-
56.9
54.6
33.4
26.7
26.4
21.9
38.5 %
59.3
javaxeTi
wyaro: statistikis departamenti, 2007 – 2009 wlis krebulebi.
miwis dabegvra (maT Soris dabegvris obieqtia sasoflosameurneo
daniSnulebis
miwa)
gansazRvrulia
saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado kodeqsiT. gadasaxadebi diferencirebulia miwis
xarisxis (kargi/maRalnayofieri da mwiri miwa) da mdebareobis
(raionis)
mixedviT.
aRniSnul
cxrilebSi
mocemulia
sagadasaxado kodeqsiT da raionul doneze (gamgeobis mier)
gansazRvruli
sagadasaxado
ganakveTebi
sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis miwebze.
4-5
analitikuri kvleva, adgilobrivi ekonomikuri politika samcxe-javaxeTis da qvemo qarTlis
regionebSi, Tbilisi 2008, gv. 9 - 13
19
cxrili
4:
sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis
miwis
gadasaxadis
sabaziso da sakrebuloebis mier damtkicebuli ganakveTebi
a) saxnav-saTesi miwa
raionuli
sabaziso ganakveTi
gamgeoba
moqmedi ganakveTi
sagadasaxado kodeqsiT
sakrebulos
(lari/ha)
gadawyvetilebiT (lari/ha)
miwis xarisxi
miwis xarisxi
kargi
mwiri
kargi
mwiri
axalcixe
34
19
20
10
adigeni
18
11
18
11
aspinZa
17
9
17
9
borjomi
18
11
24
15
b) bunebrivi saTibebi da saZovrebi
sabaziso ganakveTi
gamgeoba
moqmedi ganakveTi
sagadasaxado kodeqsiT
sakrebulos
(lari/ha)
gadawyvetilebiT (lari/ha)
saZovari
4
2
7
3
3
1
9
4
adigeni
4
2
7
3
4
2
7
3
aspinZa
4
2
7
3
4
2
6
3
borjomi
4
2
7
3
5
3
9
4
saTibi
saTibi
saZovari
axalcixe
saTibi
saZovari
gakulturebuli
saTibi
gakulturebuli
saZovari
raionuli
wyaro: saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi; raionuli gamgeobebi
rogorc
moyvanili
monacemebidan
Cans,
adgilobrivi
sakrebulos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT yvelaze maRali
gadasaxadi,
rogorc
dadgenilia
borjomis
saxnv-saTesze
raionSi.
ise
arada
saTib-saZovrebze,
soflis
meurnobis
intensifikaciis mxriv es yvelaze sustad ganviTarebuli raionia
da
sxva
raionebTan
SedarebiT
am
kuTxiT
yvelaze
mwiri
20
resursebi
gaaCnia.
danarCen
warmodgenil
sam
raionSi
miwaTsargeblobis begaris mxriv metnaklebad Tanabari suraTia.
kanonmdeblobiT
5
heqtarze
naklebi
miwis
farTobis
mflobelebi, ganTavisuflebulni arian begarisagan.
mTavrobis
amoqmedda
(rogorc
№394
miwis
dadgenilebiT
dabegvris
saxnav-saTesze,
agvistomde
miwis
ise
2011
TiTqmis
wlis
miwis
ianvridan
gaormagebuli
saTib-saZovarze).
privatizeba
1
tarifi
2010
wlis
gadasaxadis
9
aTmagi
moculoba Rirda, 2010 wlis 9 agvistodan, kanonSi Setanili
cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, privatizebis safasuri miwis gadasaxadis
ocmag
moculobamde
gaizarda.
fermerebi
Zveli
satarifo
ganakveTiT arsebuli gadasaxadis gadaxdas Zlivs axerxebdnen da
am dros maT Tanxa gauormages.
saqarTvelos dRevandeli kanonmdeblobiT miwis privatizeba
2011 wlis 1 maisamde unda dasruldes. Tu moijareebi am vadaSi
privatizebas ver moaswreben, “saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb” kanonis Tanaxmad, moijaresa da saxelmwifos Soris xelSekruleba
gauqmdeba da miwa gaiyideba. maRal safasurTan erTad saqmes isic arTulebs, rom privatizaciis procesi droebiT SeCerebulia.
samuSao
Temis
farglebSi
gamokvleuli
36
ojaxidan,
romlebic meZroxeobas misdeven (gamokiTxva Catarda adigenis,
aspinZis, axalcixis da borjomis raionebSi) Semdegi suraTia
sasoflo-sameurneo
miwis
ganawilebis
mxriv
(warmodgenilia
aRebuli monacemebis damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli saSualo
monacemebi):
meurneobaTa
sargeblobaSi
arsebuli
sasoflo-
sameurneo miwa sul 3.6 heqtaria. aqedan 0.8 heqtari saxnav-saTesia,
xolo 2.9 ha saTib-saZovari. sakuTrebaSia 2.3 ha-63%, 1.3 ha-27%
ijariTaa aRebuli (ZiriTadad saxelmwi-fosgan). sargeblobaSi
21
arsebuli farTobi danawilebulia 4÷8 nawilad, rac arTulebs
mTeli farTobis aTvisebas, zrdis damuSavebis/gadaadgilebisTvis gaweul xarjebs.
rac Seexeba sasoflo-sameurneo miwaze saijaro gadasaxads
(mis
sidides),
gadasaxadis
is
regionSi
gansazRvrisas
metnaklebad
miwas
Tanabaria.
adgilobrivi
saijaro
meurneobebi
Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebad anawileben: sarwyavi miwa, urwyavi miwa,
bunebrivi
miwis
saTibebi.
mdebareobas,
sawarmodan,
mosavali.
an
fasis
gansazRvrisas
daSorebas
bazridan,
saxnav-saTesi
mniSvneloba
meurneobidan,
sadac
miwis
unda
ijaris
eniWeba
gadammuSavebeli
gaitanon
miRebuli
gadasaxadi
regionSi
meryeobs: sarwyavi 300-dan 500 laramde weliwadSi, urwyavi 200dan 300 laramde weliwadSi da bunebrivi saTibis 70-dan 120
laramde weliwadSi. miwis ijaris gadaxda xdeba naturiTac
(magaliTad, miRebuli mosavlis winaswar SeTanxmebuli nawiliT),
am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zogadadaa miRebuli, moijare ixdis
dabali riskis damatebiT safasurs.
regionSi
xSiria
SemTxvevebi
(ZiriTadad)
miwis
ijaris
naturaluri formiT anazRaurebisa. am dros ijaris safasuri
matulobs
(daaxloebiT
gadaxdasTan
SedarebiT,
meijarisTvis,
ise
produqciaze
fasebis
5÷10%-iT)
Tumca
misi
ufro
moijarisTvis
fuladi
formiT
misaRebia,
rogorc
mosavlis
arastabilurobis
gamo.
miRebis
da
aRniSnuls
Tan
erTvis moijareTa didi nawilis SezRuduli fuladi resursebi.
miwis resursebis efeqturad gamosayeneblad migvaCnia, rom
aucilebelia
gadaixedos
miwis
reformis,
rogorc
aqamde
arsebuli Sedegebi, ise misi arsi. saxelmwifom maqsimalurad
xeli
unda
Seuwyos
fermerebs
aiTvison
sasoflo-sameurneo
22
savargulebi
da
Sesabamisad,
Seqmnan
dovlaTi.
aucileblad
migvaCnia fermerebisaTvis privatizebis gareSe darCenili saxnavsaTesisa da saTib-saZovrebis sakuTrebaSi gadacema. aRniSnulis
ganxorcielebisas
SemuSavebuli
da
daculi
unda
iyos
saxelmwifos strategiuli interesebi.
1.2.2
marterialuri resursebi
wina qveTavebSi Cven davaxasiaTeT samcxe-javaxeTis regionis
bunebrivi
klimati
materialuri
da
ase
resursebi,
Semdeg.
rogoricaa
aseve moviyvaneT
miwa,
zogierTi
wyali,
monacemi
qveynis masStabiT. winamdebare qveTavSi ganxilulia regionis
ekonomikuri,
SromiTi
materialuri
resursebi
da
finansuri
ganxilulia
calke
resursebi,
qveTavSi.
xolo
zogierTi
sakiTxi mocemulia mxolod qveynis masStabiT, regionul WrilSi
maTze statistikuri monacemebis ararsebobis gamo.
sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebaSi
gamoyenebuli
materialuri
resursebi or ZiriTad jgufSi erTiandeba: warmoebis ZiriTadi
saSualebebi da warmoebis sabrunavi saSualebebi.
ZiriTadi saSualebebi: samcxe-javaxeTis regionis sasoflosameurneo materialuri resursebis dasaxasiaTeblad maT vyofT
aqtiur da araaqtiur (pasiur) ZiriTad saSualebebad. aqtiur
saSualebaTagan
pirutyvs
Cven
vixilavT
(ZiriTadad
mravalwlian
nargavebs.
sasoflo-sameurneo
sasoflo-sameurneo
msxvilfexa
rqosan
araaqtiur
(pasiur)
daniSnulebis
teqnikas,
pirutyvs)
da
saSualebaTagan
Senoba-nagebobebs
da
sameurneo inventars.
sasoflo-sameureno teqnika: 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo
aRweris Semdeg qveyanaSi regionebisa da raionebis doneze aRar
aRwerila
sasoflo-sameureno
teqnika.
mxolod
2006
wlidan
23
daiwyo statistikis departamentma msgavsi informaciis qveynis
masStabiT
damuSaveba.
me-5
cxrilSi
mocemulia
sasoflo-
sameurneo teqnikis raodenoba, regionSi mTlianad da raionebSi
2004 wlis aRweriT, xolo me-6 cxrilSi mocemulia meurneobebis
mier sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis gamoyenebis procentuli wili.
cxrili 5: sasoflo-sameureno teqnikis raodenoba (aTasi erTeuli)
traqtori xelis
kombaini
satvirTo
traqtori
sxva tipis
avtomobili avtomobili
saqarTvelo
381 585
53 890
78 676
173 971
75 770
samcxe-javaxeTi
28 469
8 159
15 905
17 250
7 146
adigeni
4 563
935
1 328
4 241
504
aspinZa
2 027
380
845
2 320
392
axalqalaqi
10 148
4 350
8 041
4 424
3 544
axalcixe
5 347
2 257
3 224
3 020
1 149
borjomi
741
166
23
1 034
143
5 643
71
2 444
2 211
1 414
ninowminda
wyaro: statistikis departamenti, 2004 wlis krebuli
cxrili 6: procentuli wili meurneobebisa, romlebmac gamoiyenes
sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika
traqtori xelis
kombaini
satvirTo
traqtori
sxva tipis
avtomobili avtomobili
saqarTvelo
52.3
7.4
10.8
23.8
10.4
samcxe-javaxeTi
60.9
17.5
34.0
36.9
15.3
adigeni
75.9
15.6
22.1
70.6
1.1
aspinZa
59.1
24.6
67.7
0.8
axalqalaqi
73.3
31.4
58.1
32.0
7.6
axalcixe
54.5
23.0
32.8
30.8
2.5
borjomi
13.1
2.9
0.4
18.2
0.3
ninowminda
70.7
0.9
30.6
27.7
3.0
11.1
wyaro: statistikis departamenti, 2004 wlis krebuli
warmodgenili
teqnikis
monacemebis
gamoyenebiT
mixedviT,
samcxe-javaxeTis
sasoflo-sameurneo
regionis
meurneobebs,
24
zemoT
klasificirebuli
maCvenebeli
aqvs
monacemebTan
teqnikis
qveynis
masStabiT
SedarebiT.
raodenobrivi
gamoyenebis
axalcixisa
da
saxeobaSi
ukeTesi
miRebul
saSualo
sasoflo-sameurneo
maCveneblebiTa
procentuli
yvela
da
meurneobaTa
maCvenebliT
axalqalaqis
teqnikis
mier
regionSi
raionebi.
maTi
gamoirCeva
es
ZiriTadad
ganpirobebulia maTi teritoriuli sididiTa da SedarebiT meti
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis da pirvel rigSi, saxnav-saTesi
miwebis
farTobiT.
maCveneblebs,
amis
rac
Seexeba
mizezi
misi
borjomis
SedarebiT
raionis
dabali
dabal
sasoflo-
sameurneo intensivobaa.
2006 wlis monacemebiT qveyanaSi aRwerilia sul 30 aTasi
traqtori; 2007 wels 40 aTasi. kombainTa raodenobam 2006 da 2007
wlebSi
Seadgina
0.2
aTasi,
xolo
satvirTo
avtomanqanam,
Sesabamisad, 8.1 aTasi da 7.3 aTasi erTeuli.
monacemebis mixedviT, 2004 wlis Semdgom qveynis masStabiT
mkveTrad Semcirda sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika. samwuxarod, ar
arsebobs monacemebi regionebis doneze, Tumca zogadi foni
isedac naTelia.
bolo
sameurneo
2007,
2008
teqnikis
da
2009
wlebSi
raodenobis
SeiniSneba
zrdis
sasoflo-
tendencia,
Tumca
monacemebi 2004 welTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia. 2007 wels, 2004
welTan SedarebiT, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika iyo: traqtori
10,5%; kombaini 0,003%; satvirTo avtomobili 0,04%.
sasoflo-sameurneo
Semcirebis
garda,
teqnikis
bolo
wlebSi
raodenobis
SeiniSneba
katastrofuli
misi
moZvelebis
tendenciac.
25
2008-2009
wlebSi
programebis
sameurneo
(teqnikis
saxelmwifos
farglebSi,
teqnikis
servis
mier
samcxe-javaxeTis
gasaaxleblad
momsaxurebis
ganxorcielebuli
regionSi
Seiqmna
Svidi
centrebi).
sul
sasofloamxanagoba
amxanagobebs
gadaecaT sxvadasxva saxis traqtoris 27 erTeuli; sxvadasxva
saxis misabmeli teqnikis 44 erTeuli. amxanagobebis CamonaTvali
da gadacemuli teqnikis zusti monacemebi mocemulia danarTSi 2.
amas emateba regionSi moqmedi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
mier
sxvadasxva
proeqtebis
meurneobebisaTvis
gadacemuli
farglebSi
ramdenime
SeZenili
erTeuli
da
sxvadasxva
saxis sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikisa.
2010 wels Seiqmna sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis centri S.p.s.
“meqanizatori”, romlis 100%-ian wils saqarTvelos ekonomikis
saministro flobs. mis gankargulebaSia 10 erTeuli traqtori
da
daaxloebiT
20
erTeulamde
sxvadasxa
saxis
misabmeli
aseve
sasoflo-
teqnika.
regionSi
bolo
wlebSi
sameurneo teqnikis kerZo
bebTan
da
saxelmwifo
Camoyalibda
organizaciebi, romlebic amxanago-
S.p.s.-sTan
erTad
momsaxurebas
uweven
regionis fermerebs.
miuxedavad
siaxleebisa,
teqnikiT
bolo
wlebSi
ganxorcielebuli
samcxe-javaxeTis
uzrunvelyofis
regionSi
done,
misi
pozitiuri
sasoflo-sameurneo
fermerebisaTvis
xelmisawvdomoba Sorsaa idealurisagan. axali teqnika bevrad
gansxvavdeba
arTulebs
(teqnikurad)
mis
Zveli
sabWouri
servismomsaxurebas.
saWiro
teqnikisagan,
xdeba
rac
momsaxure
kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadeba.
26
mniSvnelovania regionSi axali teqnikis raodenobrivi zrda
saxelmwifo da kerZo programebis meSveobiT. amis paralelurad
regionSi
unda
Seiqmnas
teqnikis
servismomsaxurebis
moqnili
centrebi.
produqtiuli pirutyvi: samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi misdeven
yvela
im
ZiriTadi
saxis
sasoflo-sameurneo/produqtiuli
pirutyvis
moSenebas,
rasac
mTel
qveyanaSi.
bunebrivi
da
klimaturi pirobebis Sesabamisad, aq istoriulad gavrcelebuli
iyo da dResac wamyvani adgili ukavia mesaqonleobas, kerZod
meZroxeobasa da mecxvareobas.
cxrili 7: samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi produqtiuli pirutyvis
suladoba
ms. rqosani pirutyvi
2000
2001
2002
98.6
99.5
59.0
114.9
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
100.9 106.1
94.2
92.6
121.0
101.6
88.6
103.0
63.7
64.6
67.1
57.4
57.8
60.4
54.8
49.5
56.0
87.2
94.4
96.9
89.0
87.8
90.0
63.9
46.9
87.4
12.9
14.3
15.6
17.1
16.4
16.7
16.7
12.6
17.9
(aTasi suli)
furi/furkameCi
(aTasi suli)
cxvari (aTasi suli)
futkris
ojaxebi 10.7
(aTasi ska)
wyaro: statistikis departamenti, 2007-2009 wlebis krebulebi
regionSi, bolo wlebis mixedviT, aRiniSneba produqtiuli
pirutyvis
warmoadgens
suladobis
2009
Semcirebis
weli,
romelSic
tendencia.
wina
gamonakliss
welTan
SedarebiT
produqtiuli pirutyvis suladobis zrda dafiqsirda.
mecxvareobaSi
1999
wlidan
moyolebuli
mcirdeba
cxvris
suladoba. 2002 – 2003 wlebSi TiTqos situaciis sapirispiro,
mzardi tendencia dafiqsirda, Tumca momdevno wlebSi kleba
kvlav gagrZelda da mateba wina welTan SedarebiT 2009 wels
dafiqsirda.
27
rac
Seexeba
msxvilfexa
rqosani
pirutyvis
(maT
Soris
kameCis) suladobas, 1999 wlidan 2003 wlamde stabilurad mzardi
iyo. momdevno 2004 - 2005 wlebSi dafiqsirda suladobis mkveTri
Semcireba, rasac mohyva misi kvlav swrafi zrda. samwuxarod,
bolo sami wlis mixedviT, m.r.p.-is suladobis tendencia kvlav
klebadi xasiaTisaa, gamonakliss warmoadgens 2009 weli. igi 2009
wels
2003
welTan
mimarTebaSi
3.1
aTasi
suliT,
anu
3%-iT
Semcirda. msgavsi suraTia furebis suladobis mxrivac. 2009
wlis gamoklebiT bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi furebis suladoba
klebadia. 2009 wels 2003 welTan SedarebiT, furi 11.1 aTasi
suliT, anu 17%-iT Semcirda.
samcxe-javaxeTis
TiTqmis
mTliani
regionSi
msxilfexa
raodenoba
rqosani
adgilobrivi
pirutyvis
hibridia.
maTSi
kavkasiuri wabla jiSis mcire nawilia SemorCenili, ZiriTadad
ninowmindisa
da
axalqalaqis
raionebSi.
bolo
wlebSi
saxelmwifo da sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier
ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis farglebSi regionSi Semoyvanil
iqna
ramdenime
suli
sxvadasxva
jiSis
maRalproduqtiuli
pirutyvi, rac, ra Tqma unda, arsebul situacias ver cvlis.
mewveli
furebis
gamoyenebis
xangrZlivoba
15÷20
wlis
farglebSia. gamosazrdelad da gasasuqeblad mozards pirutyvs
ZiriTadad
yidian
3÷4
Tvis
asakSi,
saxorced
ki
ZiriTadad
gamowunebul furebs yidian.
samcxe-javaxeTis
mdgomareobis
analizi
regionSi
da
misi
meZroxeobis
ganviTarebis
arsebuli
gzebi
ixileT
qveTavi 3.1.
sasuqi:
Seamcira
arsebulma
saqarTveloSi
ekonomikurma
mdgomareobam,
Sxamqimikatebis
importi
da
mkveTrad
soflis
28
meurneobaSi misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, ramac, Tavis mxriv,
ekologiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas Seuwyo xeli. Tumca
amgvari gaumjobeseba droebiTia. mosalodnelia, rom fermeruli
meurneobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad kvlav gagrZeldeba mineraluri sasuqebisa da Sxamqimikatebis ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT
araswori gamoyeneba, Tu ar iqna miRebuli adekvaturi zomebi6.
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
bolo
xuTi
wlis
monacemebiT
saintereso tendencia Camoyalibda, regionis meurneobebi sul
ufro intensiurad moixmaren nakels. wlebis mixedviT izrdeba
nakeliT
ganoyierebuli
aRniSnuli
ukavSirdeba
farTobebis
raodenoba.
meurneobebis
mier
vfiqrobT,
bunebrivi
sasuqis
gamoyenebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gacnobierebas. sapirispiro
mdgomareobaa mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebis mxriv.
vTvliT, rom regionSi mesaqonleobis, kerZod ki meZroxeobis,
ganviTareba
kidev
ufro
Seuwyobs
xels
organuli
sasuqiT
(nakeliT) sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis ganayofierebas.
Senoba-nagebobebi:
qveyanaSi
mimdinare
procesebma
(90-iani
wlebSi) savalalo kvali datova, rogorc mTels qveyanaSi ise
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSic. gapartaxda da dRemde ver moxerxda
uzarmazari kompleqsebis aRdgena, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobebic, ganadgurda.
dResdReobiT
arsebul
sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis
Senoba-nagebobaTa mcire nawils warmoadgens Zvelad arsebuli
meurneobebis
(kolmeurneobebis)
„SekeTebuli“
Senoba-nagebobebi,
meurneobebSi
arsebuli,
mwiri
garkveul
ZiriTad
nawils
SesaZleblobebiT
kondiciamde
ki
ojaxur
agebuli
da
mowyobili nagebobebi (Tavlebi).
6
marketingi, suliko yamarauli, Tb., mecniereba, 2002, gv, 459.
29
Cvens
mier
gamokvleul
msxvilfexa
rqosani
pirutyvis
sadgomebis didi umravlesoba ar aris uzrunvelyofili wyliT
(gamokvleuli 36 meurneobidan mxolod 5-s hqonda), eleqtroenergiiT
saSualo
uzrunvelyofilia
sididis
mxolod
meurneobebi
SedarebiT
(gamokvleuli
36
didi
da
meurneobidan
mxolod 18). mraval maTganSi pirutyvis sakvebi, sadgomi moednebi
(erTi sulisaTvis gankuTvnili farTi) miRebul standartul
kondieciebs
ar
akmayofilebs.
ar
aris
gamijnuli
mosagebi
moednebi, namatisTvis specialuri moednebi, aseve daavadebuli
pirutyvisTvis izolirebuli moednebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi erTad
aTavseben
wvrilfexa
da
msxvilfexa
pirutyvs.
arsebul
cxovelTa sadgomebSi, samwuxarod, ar aris daculi saTanado
sisufTave,
maTi
umetesoba
Cabnelebulia,
ar
aqvT
sakmarisi
sididis sarkmlebi, sahaero sistema (zog cxovelTa sadgomSi
sarkmeli saerTod ar aris) da Sesabamisad, cudad niavdeba.
cxovelTa sadgomebis umetesobaSi SeiniSneba didi raodenobiT
amiakis koncentracia. yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli uaryofiTad
moqmedebs pirutyvis janmrTelobasa da maT produqtiulobaze.
ZiriTadi
Senoba-nagebobebis
mdgomareobaa
damxmare
(gansakuTrebiT
saerTod
ar
umetesobaSi
Senoba-nagebobebSic.
mcire
da
arsebobs,
wesebis
garda,
saSualo
anac
darRveviT
arasaxarbielo
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
meurneobebSi)
Zalian
aris
cud
isini
an
mdgomareobaSia.
mowyobili
sanakele
moednebi. aqedan gamomdinare, meurneobebi (Tu isini moixmaren
nakels miwis gasanoyiereblad) ganicdian ekonomikur zarals,
radgan
wesebis dacvis gareSe mowyobil sanakele moednebze
bunebrivi sasuqi kargavs Tavis Tvisebas da naklebad vargisiani
xdeba (nakeli zedmetad gamoiwveba). nedleulis da warmoebuli
30
produqciis
Senaxvis
pirobebis
ararseboba,
an
maTi
cudi
mdgomareoba bevr meurneobas uqmnis problemebs. xSirad ar aris
saTanadod
mowyobili
adgilebic,
rac
aRWurvilobis
sabolood
aisaxeba
da
inventaris
aRniSnul
Sesanaxi
meurneobebSi
warmoebuli produqciis dabal xarisxsa da Sesabamisad, maTTvis
Semcirebul Semosavlebze. Cveni monacemebiT Senoba-nagebobebis
didi umetesoba 20 welze meti xnisaa da saWiroebs SekeTebas.
Cveni analiziT, meurneobebs mcire danaxarjebiT da rac
mTavaria,
sakuTari
RonisZiebebis
ZalebiT
gatareba,
SeuZliaT
rogoricaa
im
elementaruli
cxovelTa
sadgomebSi,
sameurneo da sxva damxmare nagebobebSi elementaruli higienuri
pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, sarkmlebis da saventilacio sistemis
mowyoba, eleqtroenergiis da wylis gayvana (wylis gayvana iq
sadac aris wyalmomarageba).
sameurneo inventari: nedleulis misaRebad da produqciis
sawarmoeblad
aucilebeli
sameurneo
inventaris
simcire,
siZvele da gaumarTaoba aseve erT-erTi mwvave problemaTagania
regionSi arsebul sasoflo-sameurneo meurnobebisaTvis. saerTo
suraTis Sesaqmnelad moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs Cvens mier
gamokvleuli meurneobebidan: maTgan arc erTs ar aRmoaCnda
nedli rZis raodenobisa da xarisxis gasazomi xelsawyo, rZis
Sesanaxi
specialuri
rezervuari
(macivari),
rZis
sawveli
aparati. irkveva, rom problemas warmoadgens meurneobebSi iseTi
aucilebeli
inventaris
simcire,
rogoricaa
rZis
sawveli
aparati da rZis Sesanaxi WurWeli, yvelis amosayvani saWiro
formebi da maT Sesanaxad gankuTvnili WurWeli. problemaa aseve
saZroxeebSi muSaobisaTvis saWiro spectansacmlis ararseboba
da ase Semdeg.
31
sameurneo
SeiaraReba
aparati,
inventariT
sakmao
rZis
fermerTa
TanxebTan
Sesanaxi
umetesobas
arsebobdes
da
aRWurvilobiT
aris
macivari,
ar
garkveuli
dakavSirebuli
laqtoskani
gaaCnia.
meurneobebis
da
amisaTvis
saxelmwifo
(sawveli
a.S.),
rac
aucilebelia
programebi,
romelTa
meSveobiTac sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis meurneobebisaTvis
SesaZlebeli iqneboda grZelvadiani da dabalprocentiani sesxis
aReba.
aseve
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
fermerTa
umravlesobas
Tavisave ZalebiT SeuZlia saWiro raodenobis iseTi inventariT
aRWurvos
Tavisi
meurneobebi,
rogoricaa
saTlebi,
pirveli
gamonawvelis Sesamowmebeli tolCebi, produqciis dasamzadebeli
da Sesanaxi inventari, samuSao formebi da a.S.
ZiriTadi fondebis kvlavwarmoeba: meurneobaTa ekonomikurad
efeqtiani
muSaobisaTvis
didi
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
ZiriTadi
fondebis droul da obieqtur gadafasebas, warmoebis procesSi
maTi TandaTanobiTi cveTisa da Rirebulebis Semcirebis gamo.
Seqmnili amortizaciis fondebis meSveobiT aucilebelia maTi
aRdgena.
zemoT
aRwerilidan
naTlad
Cans,
rom
ZiriTadi
saSualebebi ganicdis, rogorc fizikur, ise moralur cveTas.
ZiriTadi
specifikidan
saSualebebis
gamomdinare
saamortizacio
sxvadasxvaa
da
asaki,
maTi
sxvadasxvanairad
iangariSeba.
Cven mier gamokvleuli meurneobebidan arc erT maTganSi ar
aRmoCnda
Jurnali
sameurneo
CanawerebiT,
romelic
unda
Seicavdes informacias ZiriTadi saSualebebis Sesaxeb. Cven mier
warmoebuli
kvlevis
monacemebi
veterinarul-sakonsultacio
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
gamyarda
asociacia
moqmedi
regionSi
moqmedi
„janmrTelobis“
sxva
da
organizaciebis
32
monacemebiT
romlebic
(agro-biznes
aseve
meurneobebSi
konsaltingi,
aRniSnaven,
rom
ignorirebulia
qea,
regionSi
yvelanairi
mersikorpsi),
arsebul
sawarmoo
ojaxur
Jurnalis
(rogorc sawaroo, ise saaRricxvo Jurnali) warmoeba, maT Soris
ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
gamonaklisebs
fermerebi
saamortizacio
warmoadgens
ganicdian
anaricxebisa.
ramdenime
did
zarals
msxvili
ZiriTadi
erTeul
meurneoba.
saSualebebis
gaumarTaobisa da siZvelis gamo. magaliTad, xSiria SemTxvevebi,
rodesac teqnika muSaobis procesSi mwyobridan gamodis. Senobanagebobebis amortizebulobis gamo iq moTavsebuli produqcia
fuWdeba. sadgomebSi arasaTanado mdgomareobis gamo avaddeba
pirutyvi, mcirdeba maTi produqtiuloba.
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi ZiriTadi fondebis kvlavwarmoebis
SesaZlo
Tavidanve
formebidan
unda
SedarebiT
aRiniSnos,
rom
gavrcelebulia
arendaze
arenda.
SeTanxmeba
xdeba,
rogorc wesi, sityvierad da ar formdeba Sesabamisi saarendo
xelSekrulebebiT.
naturaluri
arenda
formiT.
warmoebs
Tumca
am
rogorc
ukanasknels
fuladi,
ufro
ise
xSirad
mimarTaven. arcTu iSviaTad saarendo gadasaxadi dakavSirebulia
mosavlis
raodenobasTan
cvlilebasTan.
regionSi
magaliTad,
gavrcelebuli
da
produqciis
saTibebis
gadaxdis
sabazro
arendis
formaa
fasebis
SemTxvevaSi
moijaris
mier
meijaresaTvis miRebuli produqciis (gaTibuli Tivis) 10%-is
gadacema.
msgavsi
SemTxvevebia
regionSi
ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba
teqnikis
gaqiravebis
rentingi
da
hairingi.
drosac.
xolo
xangrZlivi arenda, Tu ar CavTvliT gamonaklis SemTxvevebs,
rodesac meurneobebs miwa grZelvadiani ijariT saxelmwifosgan
aqvT aRebuli, praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. jerjerobiT reigionSi
33
araa danergili ZiriTadi fondebis Secvla lizingiT, romelsac
ganviTarebul qveynebSi efeqturad iyeneben.
ZiriTadi
aucilebelia
fondebis
kvlavwarmoebisaTvis,
meurneobebSi
Seiqmnas
pirvel
Sesabamisi
rigSi,
Canawerebi.
fermerebma ZiriTad saSualebebze Tavi unda mouyaron, maTi
specifikidan
ganaaxlon
Tumca,
isini
rogorc
arsebuli
kvlevam
gviCvena,
xnisaa
an
saxis
da
axliT
ZiriTadi
teqnika,
umetes
anaricxebs
regionSi
saSualebebi
Senoba-nagebobebi)
SemTxvevaSi,
da
Canacvleba).
samcxe-javaxeTis
umetesobis
sxvadasxva
meti
saamortizacio
(remonti/restavracia,
meurneobebis
(rogoricaa:
welze
gamomdinare
gasuli
20
aqvs
saamortizacio periodi. qveyanaSi formirebad axal sabazroekonomikur urTierTobebs fermerebma Tavidanve saTanadod ver
auwyes fexi, gasuli saukunis cnobil qaosur 90-ian wlebSi maT
ver
SeZles
saSualebebis
esaWiroebaT
saSualeba
SeiZinon
da
albaT
verc
SeZlebdnen
gasaaxleblad.
specialuri
hqondeT
saWiro
dResdReobiT
programebiT
SeRavaTiani
teqnika
da
ezrunaT
da
maT
xelSewyoba,
grZelvadiani
inventari,
ZiriTadi
amisaTvis
raTa
maT
kreditebiT
Senoba-nagebobebis
mosawyobi masalebi. iqidan gamomdinare, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi
ama Tu im teqnikis simZlavre saSulebas iZleva daitvirTos
ramdenime fermaSi muSaobiT, aseve fulad-sakredito institutebisaTvis ufro misaRebia ara erT, aramed ramdenime fermerTan
muSaoba,
mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia
Camoyalibdes
ZiriTadi
saSualebebiT sargeblobis amxanagobebi/fermerTa gaerTianebebi.
Cveni
azriT
xeli
unda
Seewyos
specialuri
sasoflo-
sameurneo teqnikiT, aRWurvilobiT da samSeneblo masalebiT
34
movaWre/mwarmoebeli
organizaciebis
warmomadgenlobebis
regionebSi dafuZnebas.
sabrunavi
saSualebebi:
sasoflo-sameurneo
ciklis
ZiriTad
warmoebis
uwyvetobis
saSualebebTan
teqnologiuri
mizniT,
arsebiTi
da
erTad,
sawarmoo
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
sabrunav saSualebebs. maTi ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebis
mizniT mniSvnelovania sabrunav da ZiriTad saSualebebs Soris
swori Tanafardobis gansazRvra.
sasoflo-sameurneo
saSualebebis
gamomdinare
specializaciis
struqtura
ganvixilavT
mixedviT,
gansxvavebulia.
meZroxeobis
Temis
sabrunavi
specifikidan
meurneobebis
sabrunavi
saSualebebis arsebul mdgomareobas.
produqciis
warmoebaSi
sabrunavi
saSualebis
nawili
gvevlineba warmoebis procesis pirdapir xelSemwyob faqtorad,
nawili arapirdapirad.
pirdapiri faqtorebidan mniSvnelovania: pirutyvis sakvebi,
sasuqi pirutyvi da ase Semdeg, xolo arapirdapiri faqtorebidan
aRsaniSnavia: sawvav-sacxebi masalebi, maragnawilebi da sxva.
sabrunavi saSualebebis formirebis dros, maTi ekonomikuri
efeqtianobisaTvis meurneobebi, rogorc wesi, cdiloben gansazRvron maTi sakmarisi raodenoba sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis
yvelaze
uwevT
pikuri
periodisaTvis.
damatebiTi
pirutyvis
(zedmeti)
suladobis
wianaaRmdeg
xarjebis
Sesabamisad,
SemTxvevaSi
gaweva.
meurneobebi
maT
magaliTad,
agrovadebiT
gansazRvrul dros amzadeben sakmaris sakvebs, qmnian mis marags
konkurentunariani
produqciis
sawarmoeblad.
agrovadebis
gasvlis Semdgom, Semodgomis bolos iwyeba pirutyvis, rogorc
ZiriTad, ise damatebiT sakvebze fasebis zrda. meurneobis mier
35
aRniSnul periodSi sakvebis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, sagrZnoblad
izrdeba
naklebad
produqciis
TviTRirebuleba
konkurentunariani
ZiriTadad
dgebian
xdeba.
saSualo
da
da
aseTi
didi
Sesabamisad,
problemis
meurneobebi,
igi
winaSe
rodesac
araswori gaTvlis gamo uxdebaT pirutyvis sakvebis SeZena adre
gazafxulze.
aRniSnuli
problemis
arseboba
sxvadasxva
mizezebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelTagan meurneobebi aRniSnaven
sabrunavi-fuladi saSualebebis mniSvnelovan simcires.
gamokvleuli
meurneobebis
mier
fuladi
resursebis
araTanabari gankargvis mizezad sameurneo wlis ganmavlobaSi
dasaxelebulia
sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis
warmoebis
sezonuroba. aseve, bolo periodSi garTulebuli mdgomarebaa
garedan mozidul saSualebebze (bankis moklevadiani kreditebi).
fuladi
resursebis
simciris
gamo
xSiria
SemTxvevebi,
rodesac meurneobebi winaswar ver axerxeben aucilebeli maragnawilebis SeZenas. amitom maTze zrunva uSualod warmoebis
procesSi uxdebaT, rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi/zedmeti
xarjebis gawevasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sabrunavi
wonilad
saSualebebis
migvaCnia
maTze
sworad
formirebisaTvis
moTxovnis
sworad
mizanSe-
prognozireba
meurneobebSi (minimum erTi sameurneo wlisTvis) da Sesabamisi
maragebis
Seqmna.
aucileblobis
SesaZlebloba
sabrunavi
SemTxvevaSi,
isargeblon
saSualebebis
garedan
mozidvis
unda
hqondeT
meurneobebs
fulad-sakredito
institutebis
SeRavaTiani da moqnili momsaxurebiT.
1.2.3.
SromiTi resursebi
sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebaSi
Sromas
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs. warmoebis saSualebebis moqmedebaSi moyvaniT
36
iqmneba
dovlaTi
da
realizdeba
adamianis
mizani.
SromiT
resursebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mecnierul-teqnikuri
progresi. soflis meurneobaSi, misi specifikidan gamomdinare,
adamianis Sromas jer kidev gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs,
samrewvelo dargebisagan gansxvavebiT.
sasoflo-sameureno Sromis Tavisebureba warmoadgens misi
sezonuroba,
aucilebeli
farTo
specializacia
da
sxva.
aq
mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTulia cocxali organizmebis (mcenareTa,
cxovelTa) movla-patronobaze. SromiTi resursebi, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis nawilia. SeiZleba iTqvas, SromiTi resursebis
raodenoba
damokidebulia
mosaxleobis
ricxovnebasTan,
aseve
oficialurad dadgenil Sromisunarianobis asakze. saqarTveloSi igi mamakacebisTvis Seadgens 16-dan 65 wlamde periods, xolo
qalebisTvis 16-dan 60 wlamde. me-8 cxrilSi mocemulia qveynis
mTliani aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala) wlebis mixedviT,
dasaqmebulebis
raodenoba
da
aqedan
soflis
meurneobaSi
dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba.
mTliani samuSao Zala, bolo wlebis mixedviT, qveyanaSi
mcirdeba da amis paralelurad matulobs umuSevrobis done.
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis raodenobac am periodSi wina
wlebTan
SedarebiT
62÷63%-amde
Semcirda.
rac
SromiTi
resursebis migraciaze mianiSnebs.
me-8-e cxrilSi arsebuli monacemebidan naTlad Cans, rom
soflis
meurenobaSi
Sromisunariani
1999
mosaxleobis
wlidan
dasaqmebulia
naxevarze
meti.
rac
qveynis
miuTiTebs
qveynisaTvis soflis meurneobis did mniSvnelobaze dasaqmebis
kuTxiT.
ganviTarebuli
sapirispiro
mdgomareoba.
qveynebisaTvis
iq
(dasavleT
ki
damaxasiaTebelia
evropis
qveynebSi)
37
soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
daaxlovebiT 10 ÷ 15%-i.
cxrili 8: qveyanaSi samuSao Zalis, dasaqmebulTa da aqedan, soflis
meurenobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba (aTasi kaci)
weli
aqtiuri
dasaqm
umuSevro- maTgan soflis meurneobSi
mosaxleoba
ebuli,
bis done
(samuSao
sul
(%-Si)
ricxovnoba
wili mTlian
dasaqmebaSi %
Zala)
1995
-
1730
-
530
30.6
1998
1972.8
1731
12.4
837
48.4
1999
1939.3
1733
12.6
903
52.1
2000
2049.2
1839
10.3
957
52.0
2001
2113.3
1878
11.1
990
52.7
2002
2104.2
1839
12.6
988
53.7
2003
2050.8
1814
11.5
996
54.9
2004
2041.0
1783
12.6
962
54.0
2005
2023.9
1745
13.8
948
54.3
2006
2021.8
1747
13.6
966
55.3
2007
1965.3
1704
13.3
910
53.4
2008
1917.8
1601.9
16.5
-
-
2009
1991.8
1656.1
16.9
-
-
wyaro: statistikis departamenti
qveynis
dasaqmebulTa
monacemebTan
maRali
SedarebiT
donea
soflis-meurneobaSi
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi.
rac
naTlad Cans me-9-e cxrilis monacemebidan.
TviTdasaqmebulTa did umravlesobas warmoadgenen soflismeurneobaSi
dasaqmebulebi.
wlebis
mixedviT
maTi
raodenoba
mcirdeba. klebadia daqiravebuli samuSao Zalis raodenobac.
mocemul wlebSi regionSi mcirdeba aqtiuri mosaxleoba, Tumca
es Semcireba zemoT moyvanili TviTdasaqmebulTa da daqira-
38
vebulTa raodenobis Semcirebis paralelurad ar mimdinareobs,
rac umuSevrobis donis zrdaze migvaniSnebs.
soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebis maRali maCvenebli miuTiTebs
mis dabal teqnikur-teqnologiur dones, rac samwuxarod dRevandeli saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia.
cxrili 9: mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri aqtivobis mixedviT
samcxe-javaxeTSi
2005
2006
2007
2008
110.3
119.0
106.8
101.8
momuSave
103.9
113.6
99.2
94.2
daqiravebuli
18.3
16.0
17.8
17.0
TviTdasaqmebuli
85.5
97.6
81.4
77.2
gaurkveveli
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
umuSevari
6.4
5.4
7.6
7.6
umuSevrobis done (%)
5.8
4.5
7.1
7.5
aqtiurobis done (%)
76.7
76.0
76.9
77.1
dasaqmebis done (%)
72.2
72.6
71.5
71.3
sul aqtiuri
mosaxleoba (samuSao
Zala, aTasi kaci)
wyaro: statistikis departamenti
qveynis saerTo monacemebTan SedarebiT umuSevrobis dabali
done aixsneba imiT, rom samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi da maTSi mcxovrebTa ricxvi regionis mTliani
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mxolod 32 procents Seadgens, maSin,
roca
qveynis
mcxovrebi
masStabiT
mosaxleoba
ki
es
cifri
(TiTqmis
53
procentia.
100%-iani
soflad
mniSvnelobiT),
statistikis departamentis monacemebSi avtomaturad, soflismeurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebulebs aris mikuTvnebuli.
ekonomikurad
aqtiuri
mosaxleobis
sakmaod
did
nawils
Semosavlebis mudmivi wyaro ar gaaCnia, an misi done imdenad
dabalia,
rom
umuSevarTagan
TiTqmis
ar
gansxvavdeba.
39
mosaxleobis
didi
nawili
regionebidan
gaedineba
(qveynis
masStabiT msgavsi suraTia), rogorc qveynis SigniT (ZiriTadad
dedaqalaqSi),
ise
mis
farglebs
gareT.
regionidan
aqtiuri
mosaxleobis migracias aqvs rogorc sezonuri (ZiriTadad), ise
xangrZlivi xasiaTi7. samwuxrod, monacemebi migraciis saldos
Sesaxeb regionebis mixedviT ar aris, qveynis masStabiT ki mas
uaryofiT niSnuli aqvs da 2007 wels -20 aTas kacs aWarbebs.
regionis
mosaxleobis
raodenobis
dinamika
municipalite-
tebis mixedviT mocemulia danarTSi 3.
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi umuSevrobis zrdis pirobebSi mecnierul-teqnologiur progresze saubari naklebad misaRebia. aq
mTavar rols TamaSobs susti investiciuri garemo da kvlavwarmoebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi. sazogadoebis dabali
motivirebuloba, inflacia da sxva globaluri sakiTxebi.
qveyanaSi saqmianobebis mixedviT daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa
saSualo Tviuri xelfasebis Sedarebisas ikveTeba, rom soflis
meurneobaSi
daqiravebiT
dasaqmebulTa
Tviuri
anazRaureba
saSualod Seadgens 185 lars (2007 wlis monacemebiT) maSin,
roca
qveyanaSi
saSualo
Tviuri
anazRaureba
368
laria.
muSaxelis anazRaureba soflis meurneobaSi bevrad CamorCeba
saSualo anazRaurebas sxva TxuTmet saqmianobasTan SedarebiT.
igi
mxolod
TevzWera-meTevzeobasa
da
ganaTlebaSi
arsebul
saSualo anazRaurebas aRemateba. qveynis masStabiT daqiravebiT
dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi, saqmianobis
saxeebis mixedviT (1998-2007 wlebSi), mocemulia danarTSi 4.
Cvens mier gamokvleul meurneobaTagan mudmiv daqiravebul
Sromas arc erTi ar iyenebs. sezonuri muSaxeli, mxolod 9,
7
samcxe-javaxeTis regionaluri ganviTarebis gegma, axalcixe, 2008 weli, gv, 15 da 17.
40
Zalian mcire meurneobaSi ar gamoiyeneba, danarCeni 27 meurneoba
sxvadasxva
intensivobiT
iyeneben
sezonurad
“daqiravebul”
samuSao Zalas. daqiravebul muSa Zalaze moTxovna warmoiqmneba,
ZiriTadad, pirutyvis sakvebis damzadebis dros.
dResdReobiT regionSi, soflis meurneobaSi daqiravebuli
muSaxelis dRiuri anazRaureba 10÷15 laris farglebSi meryeobs.
maRalkvalificiuri
muSaxelisa
ki,
misi
kvalifikaciidan
da
samuSaos specifikidan gamomdinare, ufro maRalia. gamokvleuli
meurneobebidan miRebuli monacemebiT, maT mier damxmare muSa
Zalis gamoyenebis dros xSir SemTxvevaSi samuSaos anazRaureba
TanxiT
ar
xdeba,
radgan
meurneebi
(ZiriTadad
naTesavebi,
Tanasoflelebi) erTmaneTs rigrigobiT “ufasod” exmarebian.
Cven mier Catarebuli kvleviT dadginda, rom meurenobebis
xelmZRvanelebis mxolod 21%-s gaaCnia specialuri ganaTleba
soflis meurenobis raime mimarTulebiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom umaRlesi ganaTleba maTgan 41%-s gaaCnia. samcxe-javaxeTis
regionis
agrarul
yvelganaa
seqtorSi
aRniSnuli
moqmedi
proeqtebis
maRalkvalificiuri
daskvnebSi
samuSao
Zalis
nakleboba, rac Cvens mier Catarebuli kvleviTac dasturdeba.
ukve aRvniSneT, rom soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli viwro
specialobis mqone samuSao Zala, saTanadod Tavs ver gaarTmevs
mis
winaSe
dasmul
amocanebs.
aq
aucilebelia
farTo
specializacia, radgan saqme gvaqvs soflis meurneobis mraval
dargTan,
zmebTan
memcenareobis
da
saTando
da
codnis
mecxoveleobis
gareSe
cocxal
ekonomikuri
organi-
warmatebis
miRweva SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili kvalificiuri muSaxelis
monacemebi da zogadad dargSi arsebuli situacia TavisTavad
migvaniSnebs maRalkvalificiuri muSa Zalis simcireze.
41
Cveni dakvirvebiT regionSi SeiniSneba soflis meurneobiT
dainteresebul
pirTa
dabali
aqtivoba,
gansakuTrebiT
axal-
gazrdebisa. soflis meurneobaSi momuSaveTa didi umravlesobisaTvis
es
saqmianoba
alternatiuli
droebiTia.
gzebis
monaxvas
isini
sxva
cdiloben
dargebSi.
dasaqmebis
aRniSnulis
mTavar mizezad asaxeleben mZime Sromas da dabal anazRaurebas/
Semosavals.
naklebi yuradReba eqceva meurneobebSi Sromis nayofierebis
amaRlebis
motivacias.
gamomdinare
ZiriTad
soflis
aucilebeblia
faqtorebTan,
misi
meurneobis
kompleqsuri
teqnologiur
specifikidan
ganxilva
da
sxva
organizaciul
sakiTxebTan erTad.
meurneobebis
mniSvnelovnad
ekonomikuri
faqtorad
efeqtianobis
migvaCnia
zrdis
erT-erT
maRalkvalificiuri
muSa
Zala. amisaTvis saWiroa meurneobebis mxridan meti yuradReba
mieqces dasaqmebulTaTvis Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.
aucileblobad migvaCnia axalgazrdobis metad CarTva, gansakuTrebiT
ojaxur
meurneobebSi,
maTTvis
sasoflo-sameurneo
kuTxiT ganaTlebisTvis xelis Sewyoba. kargi iqneba Tu regionSi
Camoyalibdeba
fermeruli
gaerTianebebi,
sadac
fermerebi
periodulad gauziareben erTmaneTs TavianT gamocdilebas.
1.3
ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri garemo
ekonomikuri garemo: mTliani regionuli produqtis struqtu-
ris ZiriTadi maprofilebeli produqciis saxeebia:
I - soflis meurneoba – 49% (ZiriTadi produqciis saxeebi –
marcvleuli, kartofili, bostneuli, xili, xorci, rZe da rZis
produqtebi, kvercxi, matyli da sxva);
42
II
-
mrewveloba
–
14%
(mineraluri
da
mtknari
wylebi,
naxSirorJangis mopoveba, eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, ualkoholo
gaziani sasmelebi, puri-purfunTuSeulis nawarmi, mecxoveleobis
produqciis gadamuSaveba, xe-tyis gadamuSaveba);
III - mSenebloba, vaWroba, ganaTleba, jandacva, transporti,
kavSirgabmuloba, turizmi da sxva – 37%.
mxaris mTliani produqciis (520 mln. lari) xvedriTi wona
qveynis
mTlian
Sida
produqtSi
Seadgens
4,8%-s;
mTliani
regionuli produqti erT sul mosaxleze – 2489 laria.
samcxe-javaxeTis
mxaris
ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis
dargobrivi struqtura mocemulia pirvel diagramaSi.
regionis
biujeti:
regionis
sakuTari
SemosavlebiT
ver
ifareba xarjebi da igi ivseba saxelmwifo biujetidan (dotacia).
rgionis sakuTari Semosavlebis wili mTlian SemosavlebSi 2004,
2005, 2006 da 2007 wlebSi, Sesabamisad, Seadgenda 59%, 60%, 68%
da 78%.
saxelmwifo biujetidan yvelaze mcire daxmarebas Rebulobs
borjomis
municipaliteti.
saxelmwifo
dotacia
aRniSnulma
municipalitetma bolos mxolod 2006 wels miiRo 160 aTasi
laris odenobiT. ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze
maRal
saxelmwifo
dotaciebs
Rebuloben
axalqalaqisa
da
ninowmindis raionebi.
mrewveloba: samcxe-javaxeTis mrewvelobis ZiriTadi dargebia: eleqtroenergiis warmoeba; kvebis mrewveloba; qimiuri da
navTob-qimiuri mrewveloba; sxvadasxva (sasmeli wyali); samSeneblo
masalebis
nawarmi);
mrewveloba;
msubuqi
kulturul-sameurneo
mrewveloba
saqoneli
(aveji,
(samkervalo
garnitura,
sablanko produqcia); xe-tyisa da xis nawarmis damuSaveba.
43
diagrama 1: samcxe-javaxeTis mxaris ekonomikuri maCveneblebis
dargobrivi struqtura
samcxe-javaxeTis mxaris ekonomikuri maCveneblebis
dargobrivi struqtura
agraruli seqtori - 250
mln
5%
3%
mrewveloba - 75 mln
7%
Sinameurneoba - 16 mln
3%
1%
mSenebloba - 23 mln
vaWroba da teq.
momsaxureba - 31 mln
5%
49%
6%
transporti da
kavSirgabmuloba - 26 mln
turizmi - 7 mln
4%
wesrigis dacva da
saxelmwifo marTva - 16
mln
ganaTleba - 36 mln
3%
jandacva - 26 mln
14%
momsaxurebis sxvadasxva
saxeebi - 14 mln
wyaro: samcxe-javaxeTis regionis pasporti 2007, gv. 18.
mxareSi sul 3 sawarmoa iseTi sadac 100 da meti adamiania
dasaqmebuli
da
3-ive
borjomis
raionSi
funqcionirebs.
sawarmoTa raodenoba, sadac 20-dan 100 kacamdea dasaqmebuli,
daaxlovebiT 20-ia, xolo 200 ar aRemateba sawarmoTa raodenoba,
sadac 20 kacamdea dasaqmebuli. mcire sawarmoTa 37% modis
axalcixis raionze, 26% adigenis, 16% borjomis, 10% aspinZis, 6%
axalqalaqis da 5% ninowmindis raionebze. daaxloebiT msgavsi
procentuli ganawileba aqvs saSualo sawarmoTa procentul
44
xvedriTYwils
raionebis
mixedviT.
warmoebuli
produqciis
RirebulebiT borjomis raioni yvela raionis (didi sawarmoebis
warmoebis
axalcixis,
xarjze)
maCveneblebs
adigenis,
aspinZis,
aRemateba.
axalqalaqis
Semdeg
da
modian
ninowmindis
raionebi.
cxrili 10: samcxe-javaxeTis mrewvelobis dargis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebis dinamika
2000
16.5
produqcia
(mln.lari)
27.8
brunvis
moculoba
(mln.lari)
8826
dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba
wyaro: statistikis
soflis
adgili
2001
2002 2003 2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
52
64.4
72.9
80.4
130.5
103.2
107.9
134.7
118.2
59.2
71.3
84.2
98
149.7
140.3
168.4
185.3
158.3
6292 5463 8206
7587
7424
8296
6352.9
6980 6177
departamenti
meurneoba:
ukavia
samcxe-javaxeTis
agrarul
seqtors.
am
mxareSi
dargis
gadamwyveti
wilad
modis
mTliani Sida produqtis 49%. dargSi dasaqmebulia SromiTi
resursebis udidesi nawili. soflis meurneobis prioritetuli
mimarTulebebia:
• mecxoveleoba;
• mekartofileoba;
• mebostneoba;
• marcvleuli kulturebi;
• mexileoba;
• sakvebi kulturebis warmoeba;
• mefutkreoba.
samcxe-javaxeTSi
ZiriTadi
sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis
warmoebis arsebuli mdgomareoba, raionebis mixedviT mocemulia
me-11 cxrilSi.
45
cxrili 11: regionSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba (aTasi
tona)
raioni
marcvleuli
kartofili bostneuli
xili
xorci
adigeni
3,5
14,4
aspinZa
2,5
axalqalaqi
rZe
7,2
0,9
3,2
6,2
3,8
3,3
0,7
2,1
4,5
21,9
76,1
11,7
_
5,3
24,8
axalcixe
7,9
21,5
9,4
0,9
3,9
9,2
borjomi
1,2
7,3
3,2
_
1,7
3,7
ninowminda
6,9
20,8
2,0
_
4,3
24,2
sul
43,9
143,9
36,8
2,5
20,5
72,6
mxareSi
wyaro: samcxe-javaxeTis regionis pasporti 2007, gv. 27.
regionSi mcirea moqmedi sasoflo-sameurneo gaerTianebebi
(fermerTa
asociaciebi,
kooperativebi
da
sxva).
ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba ojaxuri meurneobis forma, romelTa ekonomika sustia.
mcirea soflis meurneobis momsaxure agro-centrebis, servis
centrebis raodenoba. maTi masalebiTa da teqnikiT aRWurvis
done aradamakmayofilebelia.
eqsporti: samcxe-javaxeTis regionidan, qveynis Sida bazarze
eqsportirebuli
ZiriTadi
produqciis
moculobaTa
dinamika,
2004, 2005 da 2006 wlebisaTvis, warmodgenilia me-12 cxrilSi.
cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebi asaxavs mxolod sami wlis
Sedegebs, radgan aseTi kvleva statistikis departaments sxva
wlebisaTvis aRar uwarmoebia. Tumca aRniSnuli monacemebi mainc
bevris
ZiriTadi
mTqmelia.
xvedriTi
regionidan
wili
eqsportirebuli
sasoflo-sameureno
produqciis
dargze
modis.
sasoflo-sameurneo dargidan ki stabilurad mzardi monacemebiT
xasiaTdeba xorcisa da rZis produqtebis warmoeba.
46
cxrili 12: regionidan
dinamika (mln. lari)
eqsportirebuli
produqciis dasaxeleba
ZiriTadi
produqtebis
2004
2005
2006
191
198
210
min. wyali `borjomi~
45
45
41
naxSirorJangi CO2
1.5
1.5
1.5
xe-tye
1.3
1.3
1.2
kartofili
22
21
20
bostneuli
6.0
6.5
6.3
xili
1.2
1.0
-
xorci
36
38
40
rZis produqtebi
78
83.7
100
sul realizebuli produqti:
maT Soris:
wyaro: statistikis departamenti
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
regioni
mdidaria
mineraluri
da
rekreaciuli resursebiT. dResdReobiT am resursebis mxolod
umniSvnelo
nawilis
gamoyeneba
xdeba,
ris
gamoc
mxaris
ekonomikaSi maTi xvedriTi wili Zalze mcirea.
teqnologiuri
meurneoba
garemo:
ganviTarebulia
samcxe-javaxeTis
ZiriTadad
regionSi
ojaxuri
soflis
meurneobebis
saxiT da Sesabamisad, teqnologiuri siaxleebi maT saqmianobaSi
ar SeiniSneba (mcirea), an moZvelebulia. nedleulis miReba, misi
gadamuSaveba
da
dasawyobeba
xdeba
moZvelebuli
meTodebiT.
magaliTad, merZeul meZroxeobaSi rZis xarisxis amaRlebas da
raodenobis
gazrdas
naklebi
yuradReba
eqceva.
aseve
araa
danergili axali teqnologiebi pirutyvis sakvebis damzadebaSi,
movlasa da SenaxvaSi, rZis miRebis, gadamuSavebis da Senaxvis
procesSi.
Sesabamisad,
warmoebuli
produqciac
erTferovania
(imeruli ojaxuri yveli, xaWo da a. S.). maRalxarisxian rZis
produqtebze
stabiluri
moTxovnis
dros
iqmneba
deficiti,
47
radgan
aseTi
produqtebi
regionSi,
susti
teqnologiuri
garemosa da specialistebis simciris gamo, mcire raodenobiT
iwarmoeba (mag.: damwifebuli yveli, e. w. qarxnuli yveli da misi
nairsaxeobebi).
regionSi mcirea iseTi sakvlev-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac moxerxdeboda teqnologiuri siaxleebis
danergva.
gamofenebi,
iSviaTobas
rac
aseve
warmoadgens
dadebiTad
sasoflo-sameurneo
imoqmedebda
regionSi
sxvadasxva teqnologiuri novaciebis gavrcelebis procesze.
Tavi 2. meZroxeobis, rogorc agrowarmoebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mimarTulebis ekonomikis formireba da misi
analizi
sasoflo
sameurneo
sawarmoSi
meZroxeobis
teqnologiur
procesebs izolirebulad ver ganvixilavT, radgan:
• merZeuli
pirutyvis
gamokveba
xdeba
sakveb-warmoebidan
miRebuli produqciiT;
• miRebuli nakelis gamosayeneblad aucilebelia sasoflo sameurneo savarguli;
• miRebuli namati gamoiyeneba jogis aRwarmoebisaTvis;
• sakuTari
dekeulebiT
xdeba
gamowunebuli
furebis
Canacvleba.
CamoTvlili mizezebis gamo, saWiroa merZeuli mesaqonleoba
calke
dargad
gamoiyos
sxva
mimarTulebebisgan
(mexorculi,
sakvebwarmoeba da a.S.).
48
sqema 1: merZeuli mesaqonleobis sxva mimarTulebebisagan gamoyofa
sqemaze asaxul dayofas meurneobebSi, samwuxarod, yuradReba
ar eqceva, wesad ara aqvT Canawerebis saxiT aRricxon iseTi
monacemebi, rogoricaa wveladoba, namatis miReba. Sesabamisad ar
aRiricxeba Semosavlebisa da xarjebis amsaxveli monacemebi.
meZroxeobaSi
mewveli
Zroxis
gaangariSebis
saSualo
erTeuls
wliuri
warmoadgens
wveladoba
da
erTi
ara
erTi
laqtaciis xangrZlivoba an mogebidan mogebamde periodi.
gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom ZiriTadad mogebidan, mogebamde
periodi Seadgens erT wels. jiSiani furebisTvis mogebebs Soris periodi daaxloebiT 395 dRea. aqedan 270 dRe furis makeobis periodia, 60 dRe e. w. servisperiodi da 65 dRe periodi
dagrilebamde.
Sesabamisad,
erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
namatis
raodenoba daaxlovebiT 0.92 xbos tolia. Tumca adgilobrivi
jiSis
furebis
weliwadSi
SemTxvevaSi,
miRebuli
namatis
rogorc
zemoT
raodenoba,
aRvniSneT,
mcire
servis
erT
da
dagrilebamde saWiro drois xarjze, saSualod erT xbos udris.
Cvens
umTavres
mizans
warmoadgens
rZis
warmoebis
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis analizi. es maCveneblebi erTmaneTTan
mWidro kavSirSia da maTi izolirebulad Sefaseba SeuZlebelia.
49
yoveli
ekonomikuri
maCvenebliT
SesaZlebelia
daskvna
samewarmeo
saqmianobis
ekonomikurobaze
grZelvadian, ise moklevadian periodSi), radganac
erTi maCvenebeli sawarmos
ki
sapirispiros
gamovitanoT
(rogorc
SeuZlebelia
ekonomikurobas gamoxatavdes, meore
aCvenebdes.
ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis
erTmaneTTan kavSirebi Semdeg sqemazea warmodgenili:
sqema 2: ekonomikuri maCveneblebis erTmaneTTan kavSiri
Tu
marJinaluri
Sesabamisad,
sabazro
mogeba/mewarmis
produqciis
fasze
da
zRvruli
aRniSnuli
mogeba
fasebi
saqmianoba
naklebia
metia
nulze,
produqciis
araekonomikuria.
sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mewarmis mogeba metia nulze,
warmoebis zRvruli fasebi naklebia produqciis sarealizacio
fasze da Sesabamisad, saqmianoba ekonomikurad momgebiania. im
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
mewarmis
mogeba
nulis
tolia,
warmoebis
zRvruli fasebi tolia produqciis sabazro fasisa da gvaqvs
saqmianobis ekonomikurobis zRvari.
Semdeg qveTavebSi cal-calkea warmodgenili rZis warmoebis
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis formireba da maTi analizi. Sedegebi
warmodgenilia
da
ganxilulia,
rogorc
erTiani
saSualo
monacemebis safuZvelze (yvela jgufis meurneobisa erTad), ise
meurneobebis jgufebis saSualo monacemebis safuZvelze.
50
2.1
realizaciidan miRebuli amonagebis formireba da misi
analizi
meZroxeobis
mTliani
produqciis
sabazro
Rirebuleba
moicavs:
¾ rZis Rirebulebas;
¾ miRebuli namatis (xboebis) Rirebulebas;
¾ naxiris
aRwarmoebis
(daklulis)
mizniT,
gamowunebuli
furis
Rirebulebas;
¾ nakelis Rirebulebas.
aqedan, rZis warmoeba da misi Rirebuleba: samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi kaxeTisa da qarTlis regionebisagan gansxvavebiT, rZis
Semgrovebeli centrebis daarseba da funqcionireba formirebis
procesSia. meurneobebi naturaluri rZisagan awarmoeben rZis
produqtebs
(ZiriTadad
yvels)
da
axdenen
maT
rializacias.
Sesabamisad, Cvens mier xuT welze (2005-dan 2009 wlis CaTvliT)
ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri gaangariSebebisaTvis erTi litri
rZis fasis gamoTvla moxda
produqciis (yvelis) Sesabamisi
wlisaTvis arsebuli saSualo sarealizacio fasis mixedviT.
2005 da 2006 wlebSi aq rZis saSualo sarealizacio fasma
Seadgina litrze 40 TeTri, 2007 da 2008 wlebSi, Sesabamisad, 45
TeTri, xolo 2009 wels 50 TeTri. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom
regionSi rZis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi meurneobebi Rebuloben
ormag fass. Tumca meurneobebis mier rZis realizacia, maszed
moTxovnis
turistulad
abasTumani),
simciris
gamo,
ganviTarebul
rZis
iSviaTobaa.
regionebSi
sarealizacio
fasi
samcxe-javaxeTis
(borjomi,
sagrZnoblad
bakuriani,
aRemateba
regionis saSualo fasebs.
51
gamokvleuli
yvelis
ufro
meurneobebidan,
Zvirad
garkveuli
gasaRebas.
saqme
nawili,
isaa,
rom
axerxebs
zafxulSi,
rodesac rZis raodenoba didia da bazari yveliT gajerebulia,
zogierT meurneobaSi warmoebul yvels inaxaven da bazarze
gasayidad
gamoaqvT
Sesabamisad,
zamTarSi,
rodesac
izrdeba.
aRniSnuli
fasic
masze
moTxovna
da
procesi
zogadad
gvainteresebda
regionSi
axasiaTebs saqarTveloSi yvelis bazars.
iqidan
gamomdinare,
rom
Cven
arsebuli saerTo mdgomareobis analizi da ara erTi, romelime
konkretuli meurneobis monacemebi, rZisa da xorcis (namatis,
gamowunebuli furis) sarealizacio fasebad aviReT Sesaswavli
meurneobebis
saSualo
fasebi,
romlis
gaangariSebac
moxda
meurneobebidan mopovebuli monacemebis analizis safuZvelze.
namati (xboebi) da saremonto furi: Seswavlili meurneobebis didi umravlesobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia namatis realizeba
pirvelsave kviraSi, SedarebiT mcire nawilisaTvis ki namatis 1
an 2 wlamde gamozrda da misi Semdgomi realizacia.
namatis
realizaciis
drois
sworad
SerCevas
meurneobis
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobesebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs. es Semdegi martivi gaangariSebiTac dasturdeba. axlad
dabadebul xbos dReSi esaWiroeba 5 litri rZe. erTi litri
rZis
Rirebuleba
50
TeTria.
mogebidan
pirveli
7
dRis
ganmavlobaSi monawveli xsenia da mas ara aqvs rZis sabazro
Rirebuleba. Tu sarealizaciod gaiyvanes erTi kviris asakis
xbo,
misi
SegviZlia
Rirebuleba
mogebad
daaxloebiT
miviCnioT.
xbos
100
lars
erTi
Seadgens.
TviT
rac
gamozrdis
SemTxvevaSi, masze sakvebis saxiT gaweuli danaxarji iqneba:
30.5 dRe (TveSi) X 5 litri rZe X 0.50 lari = 76 lars
52
sabazro amonagebi (erTTviani wonamatis gaTvaliswinebiT) ≈
150 laria. mogeba: 150 lari – 76 lari = 74 lari.
mogebis sxvaoba pirvel da meore variantebs Soris 26 lars
Seadgens. ori Tvis xbos realizebis SemTxvevaSi mogeba ufro
mcirdeba.
magaliTad
moyvanilia
gasasuqeblad
dasayenebeli
namatis gayidvidan miRebuli mogebis angariSi da ara sanaSene
namatisa, romlis sabazro amonagebi sxvanairad ganisazRvreba.
rogorc gamokvlevam aCvena, xboebisTvis rZis SeZena naRdi
Tanxis
gaRebasTan
ar
aris
dakavSirebuli.
zemoT
aRweril
sakiTxs ar eqceva saTanado yuradReba arc mcire a da b jgufis
da arc didi g da d jgufis meurneobebis xelmZRvanelebis
mxridan.
saremonto furis sabazro amonagebis sidide didadaa damokidebuli meurneobaSi mewveli furis gamoyenebis xangrZlivobaze.
gamokvlevis
xangrZlivoba
SedegebiT
meurneobebSi
miviReT,
8÷16
rom
wels
furis
gamoyenebis
Seadgens.
samwuxaroa,
magram faqtia, rom droulad ar xdeba asakovani da dabalproduqtiuli
furebis
Secvla
axalgazrda
maRalproduqtiuli
dekeulebiT (an furebiT). saremonto dekeulebis gamozrda yvela
jgufis meurneobaSi ZiriTadad sakuTari naxiridan warmoebs.
Seswavlil
meurneobebSi
saSualo
danakargebi,
rogorc
namatSi, ise saremonto furebSi, 5÷6 %-is farglebSia.
Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad regionSi mewvel
furze saSualo wliuri amonagebis dinamika wlebis mixedviT
Semdegia:
53
diagrama 2: saSualo amonagebi mewveli furi / weli
1006
2009
900
წლები
2008
865
2007
784
2006
769
2005
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
ლა რი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
2005
wlidan
weliwadSi
xorcze
2009
wlamde
amonagebis
sabazro
ganpirobebulia
237
fasebis
mewveli
mewveli
lariT
zrda,
matebasTan
furis
furis
realizaciidan
zogadad
erTad,
saSualo
rZesa
da
mniSvnelovnad
produqtiulobis
matebiT.
rac
Seexeba
realizaciidan
miRebul
saSualo
amonagebs
meurneobebis jgufebis mixedviT, igi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
სა ბაზრო ა მონა გები (ლა რი )
diagrama 3: meurneobebis jgufebis mixedviT saSualo amonagebi erT
mewvel furze gaangariSebiT, weliwadSi:
1100
1000
900
800
700
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
730
751
832
849
957
ბ
752
769
841
889
982
გ
775
783
859
907
1002
დ
819
834
931
955
1084
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
54
rogorc cxrilSia mocemuli, erTi furis realizaciidan
weliwadSi miRebuli saSualo amonagebis sidideebi a, b da g
jgufis meurneobebSi erTmaneTTan axlosaa. maTTan SedarebiT
maRali maCvenebelia d jgufis meurneobebSi. aseve d jgufis
meurneobebSi,
sxva
jgufis
meurneobebTan
SedarebiT,
wlebis
mixedviT fiqsirdeba amonagebis maRali zrdis maCvenebeli.
2.2
proporciulad cvladi danaxarjebis formireba da misi
analizi
proporciulad cvladi danaxarjebis mniSvnelovani nawili
mewveli furis gamokvebaze modis:
ƒ maT sasicocxlod da
ƒ maTi warmadobis (rZe, namati, wonamati) zrdisaTvis.
ZiriTadi
sakvebis
damzadebas
meurneobebi
TviTonve
axorcieleben. didi mniSvneloba aqvs xarisxiani sakvebis rac
SeiZleba dabali TviTRirebulebiT warmoebas.
meurneobebSi damzadebuli Tivis TviTRirebulebas wlebis
mixedviT Semdegi saxe aqvs:
diagrama 4: Tivis TviTRirebuleba (kg/lari)
0.065
2009
0.064
წლები
2008
0.063
2007
0.061
2006
0.060
2005
0.057
0.058
0.059
0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064
0.065
ლა რი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
55
kilogrami Tivis TviTRirebuleba yovelwliurad mcirediT
izrdeba.
amis
mTavar
mizezad
meurneobebSi
sawvavze
mzardi
fasebi saxeldeba.
meurneobaTa calkeuli jgufebis mixedviT damzadebuli erTi
kilogrami Tivis TviTRirebuleba Semdegia:
diagrama 5: meurneobaTa jgufebis mixedviT damzadebuli Tivis
TviTRirebuleba (kg/lari)
0.080
ლა რი
0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055
0.050
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.072
0.075
ბ
0.060
0.060
0.065
0.062
0.065
გ
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.065
0.062
დ
0.050
0.055
0.058
0.055
0.056
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
erTi kilogrami Tivis damzadeba d jgufis meurneobebSi
warmoebs daaxloebiT 2 TeTriT (34%-iT) naklebad, vidre amas
axerxeben a jgufis meurneobebSi, daaxlovebiT 1 TeTriT (16%iT) naklebad, vidre igives awarmoeben b jgufis meurneobebSi da
0.5 (8%-iT) TeTriT naklebad, vidre g jgufis meurneobebSi.
meurneobebis
ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis
formirebaSi
did
rols asrulebs sakvebze danaxrjebi. mewveli furis sakvebis
ZiriTadi
nawili
Sesabamisad,
yvela
yvela
jgufis
maTganSi
meurneobaSi
mniSvnelovania
Tivaze
xarisxiani
modis,
Tivis
maqsimalurad dabali TviTRirebulebiT warmoeba.
sakuTriv damzadebuli Tivis TviTRirebulebisagan sakmaod
gansxvavdeba SeZenili Tivis Rirebuleba. rogorc zemoTac aRvni-
56
SneT, meurneobebSi Tivis damzadeba ZiriTadad adgilze warmoebs, Tumca zogierT maTganSi mis garkveul nawils damatebiT
iZenen. SeZenili Tivis Rirebuleba minimum orjer metia sakuTriv
damzadebuli Tivis TviTRirebulebaze. 2005÷2009 wlebSi samcxejavaxeTis regionSi SesaZeni erTi kilogrami Tivis fasi 0.15÷0.35
TeTris farglebSi meryeobda. Sesasyid Tivaze fasTa mateba
damokidebulia, rogorc sawvavze fasebis zrdaze, ise klimatur
pirobebze. mkacri da xangrZlivi zamTris SemTxvevaSi fasebi
Tivaze sagrZnoblad izrdeba.
ZroxebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba
qato,
damatebiTi
romlis
sakvebis
yuaTianoba
saxiT
dabalia.
ZiriTadad
meurneobebis
umetesi nawili damatebiT iZens sakvebs. mineraluri sakvebisa da
vitaminebis gamoyenebas regionSi imdenad dabali maCvenebeli
aqvs, rom maTze gaweuli danaxarjebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis formirebaze ver axdens.
naxiris brunva, mewveli furis gamowuneba da misi Secvla
droulad
da
gegmazomierad
unda
warmoebdes
meurneobebSi.
naxirSi Casanacvlebeli furis raodenoba damokidebulia maTi
gamoyenebis xangrZlivobaze. ekonomikur angariSebSi saremonto
furze (dekeulze) gaweuli xarjebi, imisda miuxedavad sakuTar
meurneobaSia
gamozrdili
igi
Tu
bazarzea
SeZenili,
gaiangariSeba misi sabazro fasiT.
kvlevam aCvena, rom saremonto dekeulis sabazro fasi, 2005
wlidan
2009
wlamde,
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
TiTqmis
gaormagda da 550÷650 laridan 900÷1000 laramde gaizarda. aqve
unda
aRvniSnoT,
rom
yvela
jgufis
meurneoba
naxiris
aRwarmoebisaTvis ZiriTadad sakuTar meurneobebSi gamozrdil
dekeulebs
iyenebs.
aseT
dros
upiratesoba
SedarebiT
did
57
meurneobebs
aqvT,
radgan
gamomdinare,
ufro
maT,
farTo
suladobis
arCevanis
raodenobidan
saSualeba
eZlevaT.
saremonto dekeulebis SerCevisa da gadarCevisas, meurneobebSi
ZiriTadad
eyrdnobian,
rogorc
genetikur
monacemebs,
ise
mozardis konstitucias, garegnobas.
saremonto
maCveneblebis
dekeulebis
formirebaSi
sworad
didi
SerCevas
mniSvneloba
ekonomikuri
aqvs.
aRniSnul
sakiTxSi araswori gadawyvetilebis miReba mZime tvirTad awveba
meurneobebs. isedac dabalproduqtiuli pirutyvidan saremonto
dekeulis
araswori
SerCeva,
masze
2÷3
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
xarjebis gaweva, Semdeg ki gamowuneba da Semcvlelis gamozrda,
finansurad did zarals ayenebs meurneobebs.
sakuTar
manqana-danadgarebze
gaweuli
danaxarjebi
Cvens
ekonomikur angariSebSi ramdenime mizezis gamo ar SevitaneT.
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
meurneobebis
teqnikiT
aRWurvis
done
Zalzed dabalia da is ZiriTadad Semoifargleba saTibi (xelis
saTibelebi)
da
satransporto
(satvirTo)
saSualebebiT.
aRniSnuli tipis teqnikas ZiriTadad g da d jgufis meurneobebi
floben.
xdeba,
maTze
saamortizaco
radgan
ganicdian
umetesoba
sxva
xarjebis
ukve
aucilebeli
gaTvaliswineba
moZvelebulia.
inventaris
aRar
meurneobebi
simciresac,
rac
arTulebs produqciis efeqtur warmoebas da Sesabamisad zrdis
erTeuli produqciis TviTRirebulebas.
meurneobebs uwevT sxvadasxva cvladi danaxarjebis gawevac,
veterinarul
momsaxurebaze,
veterinarul
preparatebze
da
eleqtroenergiaze. veterinarul momsaxurebaze da veterinarul
preparatebze
gaweuli
danaxarjebis
analizi
detalurad
58
mocemulia qveTavSi: “damxmare servis momsaxurebis arsebuli
mdgomareoba”.
zogierT meurneobaSi (gamokvleuli meurneobebidan sul 3-Si)
mimarTaven
Zroxebis
xelovnur
ganayofierebas.
aRniSnuli
RonisZiebis safasuri erT sul furze daaxloebiT 40 lars
Seadgens, amas emateba specialistis mgzavrobis xarjebi.
rac
Seexeba
danaxarjebs
eleqtroenergiaze,
igi
yvela
meurneobas ara aqvs. gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom 2009 wlisaTvis g
da
d
jgufis
gayvanili
gaaCnda
yvela
meurneobis
eleqtroenergia.
b
jgufis
pirutyvis
aRniSnul
meurneobebis
wels
92%-s,
sadgomSi
iyo
eleqtroenergia
xolo
a
jgufis
meurneobebis 80%-s. meurneobebis mier gaweuli eleqtroenergiis
xarji,
erT
sul
furze
gaangariSebiT,
weliwadSi
5–dan
20
laramde meryeobs.
cxrili 13: meurneobaTa jgufebSi (saZroxeebSi) eleqtroenergiis
arsebobis maCvenebeli (%-Si)
2005
a
60
b
72
g
89
d
100
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
samcxe-javaxeTis
2006
65
75
90
100
regionis
2007
57
75
95
100
2008
80
89
95
100
SedarebiT
2009
80
92
100
100
didi
meurneobebi
zafxulis periodSi momTabareobas misdeven (es ufro samcxeSi
xdeba,
javaxeTis
sakmarisi
zeganze
raodenobis
amis
saZovrebi
saWiroeba
ar
aris,
meurneobebis
radgan
siaxlovesaa
ganlagebuli) da am periodSi (maisidan oqtombris bolomde)
pirutyvi sazafxulo saZovrebze hyavT. saZovrebTan misasvleli
gzebis
umetesi
nawili
cud
mdgomareobaSia,
rac
did
dabrkolebas uqmnis fermerebs.
59
meurneobebs, romlebic momTabareobas misdeven, sxvadasxva
xarjebis gaweva uwevT. momTabareobas misdeven g da d jgufis
meurneobebi, iSviaTad b jgufis meurneobebi, xolo a jgufis
meurneobebidan
arc
erTi.
Sesabamisad,
aRniSnuli
saxis
danaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli ZiriTadad g da d jgufis
meurneobebis saqmianoba.
pirutyvis momTabareobis pirobebSi, danaxarjebis ZiriTadi
nawili
avtotransportis
xvedriTi
wili
ukavia
gamoyenebaze
sawvavis
modis,
xarjebs.
aqedan
maRali
sawvavze
fasebis
cvlileba did gavlenas axdens aRniSnuli xarjebis sidideze.
gamokvlevam
gviCvena,
umravlesobas
rom
sakuTari
g
da
d
jgufis
satransporto
meurneobebis
saSualebebi
hyavs.
momTabareobaze gaweuli xarjebi g da b jgufis meurneobebisaTvis erT sul mewvel furze gaangariSebiT 20÷50 lars Soris
meryeobs, xolo d jgufis meurneobebisaTvis igive maCvenebeli
10÷30 laris farglebSia.
cxrili 14: momTabareobis maCvenebeli (%-Si) meurneobaTa jgufebis
mixedviT
2005
a
0
b
25
g
90
d
100
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
2006
0
25
95
100
2007
0
25
95
94
2008
0
20
90
100
2009
0
10
80
95
regionSi meurneobebi ganicdian garkveul sirTuleebs rZisa
da
sxva
damatebiT
sasoflo-sameurneo
xarjebTan
aris
produqciis
realizaciisas,
dakavSirebuli.
rogorc
rac
zemoTac
aRvniSneT, samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi rZis Segrovebis sistema
Camoyalibebis procesSia. warmoebuli produqciis realizaciaze
60
zrunva
meurneobaTa
did
umravlesobas
jerjerobiT
TviTon
uxdeba.
TiToeuli meurneobis xarjebSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna e.w.
gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebic.
miRebuli
cvladi
monacemebis
danaxarjebis
damuSavebis
saSualo
Sedegad
maCveneblebi
proporciuli
wlebis
mixedvi
Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
diagrama 6: proporciulad cvladi danaxarjebis monacemebi
(saSualo) wlebis mixedviT, mewveli furi / weli
367
2009
345
წ ლებ ი
2008
339
2007
327
2006
325
2005
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
ც ვ . და ნ ა ხა რჯ ე ბ ი (ლა რი)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
proporciulad cvladi danaxarjebis zrdam, aRebul xuT
weliwadSi, erT mewvel furze 11%, anu 42 lari Seadgina.
rac Seexeba proporciuli cvladi danaxarjebis saSualo
maCveneblebs
meurneobaTa
tipebis
mixedviT,
mocemulia
me-7-e
diagramaze.
diagramis monacemebidan Cans, rom 2005, 2006 da 2007 wlebSi d
jgufis meurneobebSi proporciuli cvladi danaxarjebis jami
naklebi iyo sxva jgufis meurneobebTan SedarebiT, garda g
jgufisa.
61
ც ვ. და ნა ხა რჯ ებ ი (ლა რი)
diagrama 7: proporciulad cvladi danaxarjebis monacemebi
(saSualo) meurneobis tipebis mixedviT, mewveli furi / weli
380
360
340
320
300
280
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
334
336
352
345
361
ბ
325
329
346
339
367
გ
319
318
322
347
364
დ
321
325
334
350
375
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
Tumca 2008 da 2009 wlebSi am maCvenebliT d jgufis meurneobebis monacemebma yvela sxva jgufis monacemebs gadaaWarba.
pirvel rigSi es ganapiroba am jgufis meurneobebSi pirutyvis
produqtiulobamMda
Sesabamisad,
Semosavlebis
zrdam.
risi
miRwevac Sesabamisi danaxarjebis gawevis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
2.3
marJinaluri mogebis formireba da misi analizi
realizaciidan
miRebuli
amonagebis
da
proporciuli
cvladi danaxarjebis miRebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia marJinaluri
mogebis
gaangariSeba.
aRniSnuli
ekonomikuri
maCvenebeli
fermerebs saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvron sakuTar meurneobaSi
darCenili
Tanxis
is
moculoba,
romelic
gamoiyeneba
araproporciuli cvladi da mudmivi danaxarjebis dasafarad da
aRniSnulis
Sesabamisad
miiRon
Semdgomi
gadawyvetilebebi.
marJinaluri mogebis sididis angariSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis
mqone meurneobebis xelmZRvanelebs exmareba, swori daskvnebi
gaakeTon warmoebis mimarTulebaTa arCevisas.
62
grafikulad marJinaluri mogebis Cvens mier damuSavebul
saSualo monacemebs wlebis mixedviT Semdegi saxe aqvs:
diagrama 8: marJinaluri mogebis saSualo monacemebi wlebis
mixedviT, mewveli furi / weli
640
2009
553
წ ლები
2008
525
2007
456
2006
443
2005
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
მ ა რჟ . მ ოგე ბ ა (ლა რი)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
marJinaluri mogeba wlebis mixedviT mzardia. misi 2009 wlis
saSualo monacemi erT mewvel furze, mTeli 31 %-iT (197 lariT)
aRemateba 2005 wlis analogiur maCvenebels.
rac
Seexeba
marJinaluri
mogebis
saSualo
monacemebs
meurneobis tipebis mixedviT, maT Semdegi saxe aqvs:
მარჟინალური მოგება (ლარი )
diagrama 9: marJinaluri mogebis monacemebi (saSualo) meurneobis
tipebis mixedviT, mewveli furi / weli
680
630
580
530
480
430
380
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
398
412
480
499
585
ბ
435
442
519
550
632
გ
448
458
526
559
653
დ
489
509
575
603
692
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
63
sabazro amonagebidan proporciulad cvladi danaxarjebis
dafarvis
Semdgom,
did
(d–jgufis)
meurneobebs
yvela
sxva
xarjis dasafarad, erT mewvel furze weliwadSi daaxloebiT
100 lariT meti Tanxa gaaCniaT, mcire (a–jgufis) meurneobebTan
SedarebiT.
niSandoblivia,
rom
aRniSnul
sidides
am
ori
kategoriis meurneobebs Soris wlebis mixedviT mcire, Tumc
mzardi
tendencia
marJinaluri
gaaCnia.
mogebis
b
sidideebi
da
g
jgufis
erTmaneTTan
meurneobebis
daaxloebulia,
Sualeduri pozicia ukavia a da d jgufis meurnebebis msgavs
sidideebTan.
2.4
cvladi da mudmivi danaxarjebis warmoSoba da maTi analizi
sabrunavi
miuxedavad,
kapitals.
saSualeba
yvela
merZeul
(kapitali):
maTgani
saWiroebs
mesaqonleobaSi
meurneobaTa
sididis
sabrunav
saSualebebs,
sabrunavi
saSualebis
sidided gamoiyeneba dekeulis sabazro fasi. samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi 2005 wlidan 2009 wlamde saremonto dekeulis sabazro
fasi TiTqmis gaormagda.
sabrunav
kapitalze
saprocento
ganakveTis
sidide
sxvadasxvanairad ganisazRvreba sakuTar da mozidul kapitalze,
romelTa sidide:
ƒ sakuTari kapitalis SemTxvevaSi alternatiuli danaxarjia,
ƒ xolo moziduli kapitalisaTvis saprocento gadasaxadi.
sakuTari kapitalis SemTxvevaSi alternatiul danaxarjad
miviReT saqarTvelos komerciul bankebSi arsebuli saprocento
ganakveTi erTwlian vadian anabarze larSi, xolo moziduli
kapitalis
saprocento
gadasaxadad
(meurneobebSi
aseTis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) uSualod meurneobebis mier mozidul
kapitalze dasaxelebuli saprocento ganakveTi.
64
saqarTveloSi funqcionirebad komerciul bankebSi arsebuli
saSualo saprocento ganakveTi erTwlian vadian anabarze larSi
2005
wels
12%-s,
xolo
2006-dan
2009
wlis
CaTvliT
13%-s
Seadgenda. rac Seexeba meurneobebis mier dasaxelebul saprocento
ganakveTs,
meryeobs.
mozidul
kapitalze
gamokvleuli
is
20÷25%-is
meurneobebidan
farglebSi
mozidul
kapitals
iyenebs mxolod 3 maTgani.
Sroma: samuSao droSi Sedis fermaSi (yoveldRiurad) da
meurneobis
administraciul
saqmianobebze
daxarjuli
saWiro
dro. erT mewvel furze samuSao drois moTxovna sxvadasxva
faqtorzea damokidebuli: naxiris sidideze (meurneobaSi mewveli
furebis suladobaze), meurneobis gaZRolis tipze (intensiuri,
eqstensiuri) da produqciis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi rZis) warmoebis
moculobaze.
regionSi,
forma
Cvens
mier
eqstensiuria.
Seswavlili
furebis
meurneobebis
gaZRolis
produqtiulobis
mixedviT
meurneobis jgufebs Soris didi sxvaoba ar aris. samuSao drois
sidideze Sesabamisad gavlenas mxolod meurneobebSi arsebuli
mewveli furebis suladoba axdens. did meurneobebSi erT furze
saWiro
samuSao
drois
danaxarji
patara
meurneobebTan
SedarebiT mcirea.
moTxovna
samuSao
droze
saSualod
meryeobs
190÷220
daqiravebul
muSaze
kac/saaTs Soris erT furze, weliwadSi.
danaxarjebi
Sromaze
warmoiqmneba
gadaxdili xelfasis saxiT an sakuTari Sromis alternatiuli
Semosavlis saxiT.
ƒ sakuTari Sromis alternatiuli Semosavali = "dakarguli"
xelfasi;
65
ƒ daqiravebuli muSis anazRaureba = gacemuli xelfasi.
meurneobebSi
cvalebadoba
SromiTi
wlebis
anazRaurebis
mixedviT,
odenoba
rogorc
da
sakuTar
misi
Sromaze
(alternatiuli Semosavlis saxiT), ise mozidul samuSao Zalaze,
Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
cxrili 15: sruli samuSao dRis SromiTi anazRaureba meurneobebSi.
sakuTari (lari)
2005
5
2006
6
2007
7
2008
8
2009
10
6
7
9
10
12
daqiravebuli (lari)
wyaro: meurneobebidan mopovebuli monacemebi
meurneobebSi samuSao ZiriTadad sruldeba sakuTari (ojaxis
wevrebis)
muSas
SromiT.
ZiriTadad
gamokvleuli
iyeneben
d
meurneobebidan
jgufis
daqiravebul
meurneobebSi,
iSviaT
gamonakliss warmoadgenen g da b jgufis meurneobebi.
miwa:
orgvarad
danaxarjebi
warmoiqmneba:
miwis
Tu
resursebze,
miwas
msgavsad
ijariT
Sromisa,
viRebT,
maSin
viTvaliswinebT ijaraSi gadaxdil Tanxas, xolo Tu sakuTar
miwas viyenebT, maSin
viRebT alternatiuli ijaris Tanxas.
kvlevidan miRebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare, meurneobebis
did umravlesobas aRniSnuli danaxarjebi ara aqvs. arsebuli
iSviaTi
SemTxvevebi
konkretuli
meurneobis
ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis angariSis dros iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.
danaxarjebi ZiriTad saSualebebze: ZiriTad saSualebebze
moTxovna mecxoveleobaSi warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac sawarmos
uCndeba
moTxovna
manqana-iaraRebsa
da
Senobebze
(sawyobebi,
farexebi da sxva).
ZiriTadi saSualebebi sawarmoSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneba da sabolood Camoiwereba. mudmiv danaxarjebs emateba
66
iseTi xarjebi, rogoricaa amortizaciaze danaricxi, Senaxvis
xarji, dazRveva, raime saxis gadasaxadebi, Tu aseTi arsebobs.
kvlevis
aRniSnuli
arsebobs.
Sedegad
saxis
miRebuli
xarjebi
Sesabamisad
monacemebidan
meurneobebSi
angariSebSic
arc
gamomdinare,
praqtikulad
ar
gagviTvaliswinebia.
gamonakliss warmoadgens saZroxeebze amortizaciis xarjebi.
mTliani danaxarjebis saSualo monacemebs wlebis mixedviT
Semdegi saxe aqvs:
diagrama 10: mTliani danaxarjebis monacemebi (saSualo) wlebis
mixedviT, mewveli furi / weli
860
2009
821
წ ლები
2008
765
2007
704
2006
671
2005
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
მ თლია ნ ი და ნ ა ხა რჯ ე ბი (ლა რი)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
mTliani danaxarjebis zrdam 2009 wlisaTvis erT mewvel
furze
weliwadSi,
2005
welTan
SedarebiT,
22%
(189
lari)
Seadgina.
rac
Seexeba
mTliani
danaxarjebis
saSualo
maCveneblebs
meurneobis tipebis mixedviT, mas Semdegi saxe aqvs:
67
მთ ლია ნი და ნა ხა რჯ ებ ი (ლა რი)
diagrama 11: mTliani danaxarjebis monacemebi (saSualo) meurneobis
tipebis mixedviT, mewveli furi / weli
900
850
800
750
700
650
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
663
700
763
814
865
ბ
684
707
759
837
864
გ
663
691
748
824
835
დ
674
717
782
808
873
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
monacemebis
mixedviT,
meurneobebis
yovelwliuri
mTliani
danaxarji furze, wina wlis analogiur sididesTan SedarebiT,
mzardia
da
10÷80
laris
farglebSi
meryeobs.
mTliani
danaxarjebis sidideebi yvela jgufis meurneobaSi erTmaneTTan
axlosaa. mewvel furze weliwadSi gaweuli yvelaze dabali
danaxarjebi
wlebis
mixedviT
g
jgufis
meurneobebSia
dafiqsirebuli (gamonakliss warmoadgens 2008 weli).
2.5
mewarmis mogebis da mogebis formireba, maTi analizi
mogebasa da mewarmis mogebas Soris gansxvavebas warmoadgens
is,
rom
mogebis
gamoTvlisas
alternatiuli
danaxarjebi
sakuTari warmoebis faqtorebze (miwaze, Sromaze, kapitalze)
gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, xolo mewarmis mogebis gamoTvlisas
isinic iangariSeba.
dadebiTi mogeba
mewarmes
sakuTari
mianiSnebs, Tu ra odenobis Tanxa rCeba
warmoebis
faqtorebis
(sakuTar
SromaSi,
kapitalsa da miwaSi) ukugebisaTvis, yvela danarCeni xarjis
68
gadaxdis
qanebis
Semdeg.
SeZenaze,
Ees
xarjebia
Senobebis
(ucxo kapitalze)
warmoebis
aSenebaze
saSualebebze,
gadaxdili
man-
procentebi
da ijaraze (sxvis miwaze) gaweuli xarjebi,
Tu aseTi arsebobs. mewarmis mogebis dadebiToba gulisxmobs
yoveli gamoyenebuli warmoebis faqtoris (rogorc sakuTaris,
ise
mozidulis)
ukugebas
dadebiTad,
xolo
sakuTari
faqtorebisaTvis es niSnavs alternatiul variantze ukeTesi
Sedegis miRebas. Tu mogeba dadebiTia, xolo mewarmis mogeba
uaryofiTi, es niSnavs, rom mozidul warmoebis faqtorebs da
saSualebebs
vanazRaurebT
da
kidev
rCeba
Tanxa,
sakuTari
faqtorebis Sesabamisi (arasaxarbielo) ukugebisaTvis.
aRniSnuli
ekonomikuri
sidideebis
kalkulacia
fermerebisaTvis or mTavar kiTxvas scems pasuxs:
TvalsaCinoeba 2: kiTxvebi mewarmis mogebisa da mogebis ekonomikuri
sidideebisadmi
mizanSewonilia Tu ara saqmianobis gagrZeleba ?
mizanSewonilia Tu ara axali investiciebis moZieba ?
meurneobebSi
aRebuli
Catarebuli
monacemebis
kvlevisas
damuSavebis
wlebis
Sedegebi
mixedviT
(mewarmis
mogebis
saSualo Sedegebi) mocemulia me-12-e diagramaze.
mewarmis
(meurneobis)
mogebis
zrdam
mewvel
furze
weliwadSi 2009 wels, 2005 welTan SedarebiT, 41 lari Seadgina.
Tumca
aRniSnul
stabiluri
zrdis
ekonomikur
tendencia
maCvenebels
ar
wlebis
axasiaTebs,
mixedviT
rogorc
es
diagramazea gamosaxuli. 2006 da 2008 wlebSi mewarmis mogebis
zrdis
magivrad
dafiqsirebulia
wina
wlis
analogiuri
69
maCveneblis
kleba,
realizaciidan
risi
gamomwvevi
amonagebis
ZiriTadi
faqtoric
zrda
gaxlavT,
umniSvnelo
danaxarjebis proporciulad zrdis sapirispirod.
diagrama 12: mewarmis mogebis (saSualo) monacemebi wlebis mixedviT,
mewveli furi / weli
147
2009
80
წ ლებ ი
2008
102
2007
81
2006
106
2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
ს ა წ ა რმ ოო მ ოგე ბ ა (ლა რი)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
yoveli wlis mixedviT, mewarmis mogeba dadebiTia, rac imas
niSnavs, rom meurneobebi srulad faraven, rogorc sakuTar ise
mozidul
warmoebis
faqtorebze
gaweul
danaxarjebs
da
damatebiT, sakuTari faqtorebisaTvis es niSnavs alternatiul
variantze ukeTesi Sedegis miRebas.
meurneobebis
tipebis
mixedviT
mewarmis
mogebis
saSualo
monacemebi warmodgenilia me-13-e diagramaze.
mewarmis mogebis sididis sxvaoba d da a jgufis meurneobebs
Soris
yovelwliurad
mzardia.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
Seswavlil
wlebSi meurneobebis sididis Sesabamisad fermeris mogeba erT
furze gaangariSebiT, izrdeba. am zrdam 2009 wels 119 lari
Seadgina.
70
სა წ ა რმოო მოგებ ა (ლა რი)
diagrama 13: mewarmis mogebis monacemebi (saSualo) meurneobis tipebis
mixedviT, mewveli furi / weli
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
67
51
69
35
92
ბ
98
62
82
52
118
გ
112
92
111
83
167
დ
145
117
149
147
211
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
mewarmis mogebis dadebiTi mniSvneloba winapirobaa imisa,
rom
mogebis
mniSvneloba
alternatiuli
danaxarjebi
dadebiTia.
mogebis
gamoTvlisas
sakuTari
warmoebis
faqtorebze
(miwa, Sroma, kapitali) gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris. Cven mier
damuSavebuli
monacemebiT
meurneobebSi
wlebis
mixedviT
saSualo mogebis maCveneblebs Semdegi saxe aqvs:
diagrama 14: mogebis monacemebi (saSualo) wlebis mixedviT, erT
mewvel furze gaangariSebiT weliwadSi
502
2009
428
წ ლებ ი
2008
396
2007
332
2006
323
2005
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
მ ოგე ბ ა (ლა რი)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
71
me-14 diagramis monacemebidan gamomdinare, samcxe-javaxeTis
regionis meZroxeobiT dakavebuli meurneobebis mogeba wlebis
mixedviT mzardia. xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mogebis maCveneblis
(saSualo monacemebiT) zrdam erT mewvel furze weliwadSi 179
lari
Seadgina.
aRniSnuli
ekonomikuri
sididis
monacemebi
meurneobebis jgufebis mixedviT Semdegia:
diagrama 15: mogebis monacemebi (saSualo) meurneobis tipebis
mixedviT, erT mewvel furze gaangariSebiT weliwadSi
მოგება (ლარი )
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
293
312
361
394
475
ბ
320
317
371
416
487
გ
335
342
408
446
511
დ
342
354
421
455
535
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
erT
mewvel
maCvenebeliT
d
furze
jgufis
weliwadSi
meurneobebis
mogebis
ekonomikuri
monacemebi
a
jgufis
monacemebs aRemateba 12%-iT, anu 60 lariT, b jgufis monacemebs,
Sesabamisad 9%-iT, anu 48 lariT, xolo g jgufis meurneobebis
monacemebs 5%-iT, anu 24 lariT.
wlebis
meurneobaSi
mixedviT
mzardia,
mogebis
Tumca,
maCvenebeli
romelime
yvela
maTganis
jgufis
progresuli
zrda kvlevis 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar dafiqsirebula.
mewarmis
mogebis
da
mogebis
saSualo
ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis mimarT dasmuli ZiriTadi kiTxvebis pasuxebi (ix.
TvalsaCinoeba 2) Semdegia:
72
mogebis saSualo ekonomikuri maCvenebeli yvela
jgufis meurneobaSi dadebiTia. rac niSnavs, rom yvela
maTganSi
rCeba
xdeba
warmoebis
garkveuli
danaxarjebis)
warmoebis
danaxarjebis
Tanxa
faqtorebis
gagrZeleba,
anazRaureba
sakuTari
(alternatiuli
asanazRaureblad.
rogor
mokle,
da
ise
Sesabamisad,
grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi, mizanSewonilia.
mewarmis mogebis saSualo ekonomikuri monacemebi
yvela jgufis meurneobaSi dadebiTia. rac niSnavs, rom
yvela
maTganSi
anazRaureba,
tiulze
xdeba
xolo
ukeTesi
warmoebis
sakuTari
sruli
danaxarjebis
faqtorebisaTvis
anazRaurebis
miReba.
alterna-
Sesabamisad,
warmoebaSi rogorc mokle, ise grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi
mizanSewonilia axali investiciebis mozidva.
aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom Cvens mier Sefasda regionSi
Seswavlili
36
meurneobis
saSualo
ekonomikuri
sidideebi.
calkeuli meurneobebis (a jgufidan) ekonomikuri monacemebis
kalkulaciisas
miRebul
xolo
mogebis
mogebis
mewarmis
uaryofiT
iyo
mogebis
uaryofiTi
maCvenebels,
dadebiTi
maCvenebeli.
igi
arc
erTi
maCvenebeli,
rac
Seexeba
meurneobis
monacemebis kalkulaciis dros ar dafiqsirebula.
2.6
zRvruli fasebis Seswavlis mdgomareoba
samewarmeo saqmianobis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis dasadgenad,
warmoebuli
produqciis
erTeulze
gaweuli
danaxarjebi
Sedarebuli unda iqnes mis sarealizacio fasTan. produqciis
erTeulze (saSualo) danaxarjebi miiReba warmoebis danaxarjebis
gayofiT
warmoebuli
produqciis
raodenobaze.
gaweuli
danaxarjebi emsaxureba ara mxolod ZiriTadi produqtis warmo73
ebas, aramed Tanmdevi produqciis miRebasac. Cvens SemTxvevaSi
namati
da
saremonto
furi.
amisaTvis
Tanmdevi
produqciis
Rirebuleba unda daematos sawarmoos xarjebs (an gamoakldes
ZiriTadi
produqciis
Rirebulebas)
rom
miviRoT
ZiriTadi
produqciis TviTRirebuleba. vinaidan gvainteresebs erTeuli
rZis
zRvruli
fasebi,
Cvens
ekonomikur
gaangariSebebSi,
sawarmos xarjebs vaklebT Tanmdevi produqciis Rirebulebas.
zRvruli fasebis dadgenis dros saangariSo fasad aRebul iqna
Sesabamisi wlisaTvis gaangariSebebSi aRebuli rZis fasi.
rentabelobis zRvari (fasis minimaluri zRvari xangrZlivi
periodisaTvis):
danaxarjis
produqciis
dajamebis
periodisaTvis)
Sedegad
erT
erTeulze
(mTliani
viRebT
warmoebis
danaxarjebi
fasis
yvela
xangrZlivi
minimalur
zRvars
xangrZlivi periodisaTvis. Tu produqciis sarializacio fasi
tolia fasis minimaluri zRvrisa xangrZlivi periodisaTvis da
masSi warmoebis faqtorebi Sesabamisadaa anazRaurebuli, maSin
igi warmoadgens => rentabelobis zRvars!
Cvens
mier
rentabelobis
zRvari
Semdegnairad
aris
gamoTvlili:
warmoebis mTliani danaxarjebi
– Tanmdevi produqciis Rirebuleba
= ZiriTadi produqciis warmoebis mTliani danaxarjebi
/ warmoebuli produqtis raodenoba (rZis warmadoba, furi
/weli)
=
ZiriTadi produqciis erTeulis zRvruli fasi (erTi
litri rZe)
rentabelobis saSualo zRvruli fasi warmoebuli produqciis erTeulze (erTi litri rZe) yvela jgufis meurneobebSi
wlebis mixedviT Semdegia:
74
diagrama 16: rentabelobis zRvari (saSualo) wlebis mixedviT, erT
litr rZeze gaangariSebiT
0.42
2009
0.41
წ ლებ ი
2008
0.39
2007
0.36
2006
0.34
2005
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
ren tabelobi s zRvari (ლა რი)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
rentabelobis zRvari erT litr rZeze wlebis mixedviT 1÷2
TeTriT izrdeba. gamonakliss warmoadgens 2007 weli, rodesac
rentabelobis zRvris zrdam litr rZeze wina welTan SedarebiT
3 TeTri Seadgina. 2009 wels 2005 welTan SedarebiT rentabelobis zRvris saerTo zrdam erT litr rZeze 8 TeTri Seadgina.
ც ვ. და ნა ხა რჯ ებ ი სულ (ლა რი)
diagrama 17: rentabelobis zRvari (saSualo) meurneobis tipebis
mixedviT erT litr rZeze gaangariSebiT
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
0.36
0.38
0.42
0.43
0.45
ბ
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.43
გ
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.40
დ
0.31
0.32
0.37
0.37
0.38
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
75
erT litr rZeze rentabelobis zRvari d jgufis meurneobebSi, a jgufis meurneobebis monacemebTan SedarebiT, daaxloebiT
16%-iT, anu 7 TeTriT dabalia, b jgufis meurneobebis monacemebTan SedarebiT 12%-iT, anu 5 TeTriT, xolo g jgufis meurneobebTan SedarebiT 5%-iT, anu 2 TeTriT. maqsimaluri sxvaoba
mcire (a jgufi) meurneobebis da didi (d jgufis) meurneobebis
rentabelobis saSualo zRvrul fasebs
Soris erT litr rZeze
dafiqsirda 2009 wels da igi 7 TeTrs Seadgenda.
warmoebis
zRvari
(fasis
minimaluri
zRvari
xanmokle
periodisaTvis): Tu SemovifarglebiT mxolod cvladi danaxarjebis kalkulaciiT, maSin miviRebT fasis minimalur zRvars
xanmokle periodisaTvis, romlis drosac warmoebis procesis
gagrZeleba
arsebuli
simZlavreebis
pirobebSi
ekonomikurad
gamarTlebulia.
Cven mier ganxorcielebuli gaangariSebis mixedviT warmoebis
saSualo zRvruli fasi warmoebuli produqcis erTeulze (erTi
litri
rZe)
yvela
jgufis
meurneobebSi
wlebis
mixedviT
Semdegia:
diagrama 18: warmoebis zRvari (saSualo) wlebis mixedviT, erT litr
rZeze gaangariSebiT
0.41
2009
0.40
წლები
2008
0.38
2007
0.35
2006
0.33
2005
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
წ ა რმ ოე ბ ის ზღვ ა რი (ლა რი)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
76
mTlian danaxarjebSi mudmivi danaxarjebis dabali xvedriTi
wilis gamo, gansxvaveba rentabelobisa da warmoebis zRvrul
fasebs Soris mcirea.
rac Seexeba warmoebis saSualo zRvruli fasis sidides, igi
meurneobis jgufebis mixedviT Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
წ ა რმოებ ის ზ ღვა რი (ლა რი)
diagrama 19: rentabelobis zRvari (saSualo) meurneobis tipebis
mixedviT erT litr rZeze gaangariSebiT
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
0.35
0.37
0.41
0.42
0.44
ბ
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.41
0.42
გ
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.39
დ
0.30
0.31
0.36
0.36
0.37
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
meurneobebis
jgufebs
Soris
warmoebis
zRvris
zrdis
dinamika, rentabelobis zRvris zrdis dinamikis analogiuria.
sabazro fasis, rentabelobis da warmoebis zRvrebis zrdis
dinamika, wlebis mixedviT, mocemulia me-20-e diagramaze:
warmoebis zRvari erT litr rZeze, wlebis mixedviT 5÷9
TeTris farglebSi meryeobs, xolo rentabelobis zRvari imave
sididisaTvis
4÷8 TeTris farglebSi.
Cveni gamokvlevebidan Cans, rom maqsimaluri sxvaoba sabazro
fassa da zRvrul fasebs Soris wlebis mixedviT dafiqsirda
2009 wels. Sesabamisad sxvaobam sabazro fassa da warmoebis
zRvars
Soris
erT
litr
rZeze
Seadgina
9
TeTri,
xolo
sxvaobam sabazro fassa da rentabelobis zRvars Soris 8 TeTri.
77
diagrama 20: 1 litri rZis sabazro fasis, rentabelobis da warmoebis
zRvrebis (saSualo) dinamika wlebis mixedviT
0.50
0.42
2009
0.41
0.45
წლები
2008
0.40
0.41
0.45
0.39
2007
0.38
0.40
2006
0.36
0.35
2005
0.34
0.40
0.33
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
თ ა ნ ხა (ლა რი)
warmoebis zRvari
rentabelobis zRvari
sabazro fasi
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad daginda, rom samcxejavaxeTis
regionSi
meZroxeoba
ekonomikurad
momgebiani
saq-
mianobaa fermerebisaTvis. Tumca aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom
meZroxeobaSi mogeba da mewarmis mogeba erT Zroxaze weliwadSi
ar aris maRali. Sesabamisad, meZroxeobiT dakavebul meurneobebze
mniSvnelovan
gavlenas
axdens
umniSvnelo
cvlilebebic,
romlebic zrdis produqciis warmoebaze fermeris mier gaweul
xarjebs, an amcirebs mis mogebas (mag.: uxarisxo produqcia).
zemoT aRniSnulidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom fermerebi,
romlebic meZroxeobiT arian dakavebulebi, maqsimaluri Sedegis
misaRebad
zedmiwevniT
unda
flobdnen
meurneobis
sawarmoo
procesebs da sworad marTvdnen mas. vTvliT, rom aRniSnulis
misaRwevad
saxelmwifo
aucilebelia,
institutebis
rogorc
mxridan
fermerTa
maTi
garja,
ise
saqmianobisaTvis
xelSewyoba, razedac detalurad vsaubrobT Semdgom TavebSi.
78
Tavi 3. meZroxeobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba da misi srulyofis gzebi
3.1
meZroxeobaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis mimoxilva
saqarTvelos
soflis
meurneobis
mTliani
produqciis
struqturaSi, memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis dargebi bolo
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis Tanabradaa warmodgenili.
mecxoveleoba da konkretulad, meZroxeoba samcxe-javaxeTis
regionis yvela administraciul raionSia warmodgenili, magram
rig mTian raionebSi igi soflis meurneobis wamyvani dargia da
mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis ZiriTadi wyaro.
samcxe-javaxeTis meZroxeobis mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad da
Sesafaseblad sasurvelia saqarTvelos masStabiT dargis mokle
mimoxilva da msoflios wamyvan qveynebTan Sedareba.
mecxoveleoba
da
kerZod,
msoflioSi
dinamikurad
gamoyenebiT
mecxoveleobis
ZiriTadad
meZroxeoba,
viTardeba.
intensifikaciis
axali
bolo
teqnologiebis
produqtebis
warmoebis
gziT
rogorc
xdeba.
wlebSi
gadideba
cnobilia,
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis suladobis 1%-iT gadideba iwvevs
Zroxis xorcis warmoebis 2%-iT gadidebas, xolo rZis warmoeba,
furebis saSualo wveladobis gazrdis xarjze, daaxloebiT 3%iT izrdeba. Tumca es zrda, mosaxleobis raodenobriobis ufro
maRali
zrdis
tempis
fonze,
disproporciulia
da
ver
akmayofilebs masze gazrdil moTxovnilebas.
gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizciis (FAO)
monacemebiT, 1 sul mosaxleze evropaSi iwarmoeba yvela saxis
pirutyvis 59.8 kg xorci, 215 kg rZe. aziaSi Sesabamisad, xorcis
warmoeba
24.6
kg,
rZis
warmoeba
26
kg.
rZisa
da
xorcis
79
warmoebaSi mowinavea CrdiloeTi da samxreTi amerika, avtraliaokeaneTi. Sesabamisad, 1 sul mosaxleze CrdiloeT amerikaSi
iwarmoeba:
xorci
Sesabamisad:
1020
xorci
kg,
77.8
rZe
kg,
rZe
203
kg,
samxreT
133
kg,
xolo
amerikaSi
avstralia-
okeaneTSi: xorci 189 kg da rZe 167 kg.
fiziologiuri norma 1 sul mosaxleze wlis ganmavlobaSi
Seadgens: xorcsa da xorcproduqtebze -73kg-s, xolo rZeze -365
kg-s.
saqarTveloSi
pirutyvis
/m.r.p./
xorcis
(maT
xorcis),
aseve
Soris
rZis,
msxvilfexa
adgilobriv
rqosani
warmoebas
bolo 10 wlis kvleviT, klebadi tendencia gaaCnia. marTalia
statistikis
departamentis
monacemebiT
rZis
da
rZis
produqtebis importi klebulobs, magram aseve klebulobs maTi
moxmareba erT sul mosaxleze.
saqarTveloSi
erT
sul
mosaxleze
xorcis
moxmarebis
maRali done dafiqsirda 2003 - 2004 wlebSi da 31 - 33 kg
Seadgina.
maT
Soris
m.r.p.-is
(msxvilfexa
rqosani
pirutyvi)
xorcis moxmarebam 2003 wels 12 kg Seadgina, rZisa da rZis
produqtebis moxmarebam 2002 - 2003 wlebSi 239 kg. aRniSnulidan
sakuTari warmoebis saukeTeso maCveneblebi erT sul mosaxleze
miRweul iqna: 2005 wels xorcisa - 37.8 kg; 2003 wels m.r.p-is
xorcisa - 11.7 kg, 2004 wels rZisa da rZis produqtebisa - 183 kg.
xorcisa da rZis adgilobrivi warmoebiT Cven ver vakmayofilebT
mecnierulad gansazRvrul adamianis fiziologiur moTxovnas
da
sagrZnoblad
CamovrCebiT
mowinave
qveynebis
monacemebs.
Sesabamisad, qveyana saWiroebs aRniSnuli produqtebis imports,
rac mZime tvirTad awveba qveynis ekonomikas da mis ganviTarebas.
80
xorciTa da rZiT (rZis produqtebiT) TviTuzrunvelyofis
done 2000 - 2009 wlebSi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba.
cxrili 16: TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti(%). xorci, rZe da rZis
produqtebi
wlebi
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
xorci sul
84
83
79
79
77
76
xorci m.r.p.
96
94
88
87
86
87
rZe da rZis 64
68
69
71
72
74
produqtebi
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis
2006
73
81
82
2007
58
73
89
2008
48
68
94
2009
47
76
92
2008 wlis krebuli
xorcisa da rZis warmoebis mixedviT qveyanaSi arsebuli arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba TvalsaCinoa, Tan gauaresebis tendenciac axasiaTebs. 2004 wlidan 2009 wlamde xorcis adgilobrivi
warmoeba 103.8 aTasi tonidan 53.3 aTasi tonamde Semcirda da
TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficientma 47% Seadgina. m.r.p.-is xorcis
warmoeba imave wlebSi 46.7 tonidan 25.1 tonamde Semcirda, TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficientma ki 68% Seadgina. rZisa da rZis
produqtebis
adgilobrivi
warmoeba
imave
periodisaTvis
Sem-
cirda 750 aTasi tonidan 695 aTas tonamde, xolo TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficientma 94% Seadgina. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom
aRniSnul periodSi qveyanaSi dafiqsirda mosaxleobis ricxovnebis mcire, magram zrda zrda 1.55 %-iT. vfiqrobT, mocemuli
cifrebi arsebuli situaciis simwvaveze naTlad migvaniSnebs.
statistikuri monacemebiT samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi m.r.p.-is
xorcis warmoeba qveyanis masStabiT arsebuli situaciis analogiuria. rac Seexeba rZis warmoebas aq ukeTesi mdgomareobaa
qveynis masStabiT arsebul situaciasTan mimarTebaSi.
m.r.p.-is
tendencia
xorcis
warmoebasTan
samcxe-javaxeTSi
SedarebiT
mzardia.
2009
rZis
wlis
warmoebis
monacemebi
aRemateba 2004 wlis monacemebs 19 %-iT da Sesabamisad, 58.7
tonidan 75.9 tonamde gaizarda. rac Seexeba m.r.p.-is xorcis
81
warmoebas imave wlebSi, igi Semcirebulia 44 %-iT, Sesabamisad,
5.0 tonidan Semcirda 2.8 tonamde.
regionSi bolo ori-sami wlis ganmavlobaSi iseve, rogorc
mTel qveyanaSi, SeiniSneba m.r.p.-is suladobis Semcireba.
cxrili 17: samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi m.r.p.-is raodenoba (aTasi)
wlebi
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
%
2009–2003
m.r.p.
99.5 100.9 106.1 94.2 92.6 121.0 101.6 88.6 103.0
97
furi
63.7 64.6 67.1 57.4 57.8 60.4 54.8 49.5 56
83
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2008 wlis krebuli
Cven qveyanaSi m.r.p.-is raodenobriv zrdas, samwuxarod, ar
mohyolia produqtulobis zrda, adgilobrivi rZisa da xorcis
warmoebis gadideba saSualo wveladobisa (ix. cxrili 18) da
wonamatis xarjze, rogorc es dasavleTis qveynebis fermerul
meurneobebSi
wveladobis
miiRweva.
mateba
piriqiT,
SeiniSneba
suladobrivi
furebis
Semcirebis
saSualo
paralelurad,
rasac Tavisi subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia.
cxrili 18: furisa da furkameCis saSualo wveladoba (kg. weli)
wlebi
2000
2001
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
2008
saqarTvelo 935
1020
1040 1040 1020 1040 960
1170
1193
samcxe1110
1065
1075 1090 1095 1170 1075
1450
1387
javaxeTi
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2008 wlis krebuli
2008
wels
2004
welTan
SedarebiT,
saSualo
wveladoba
gaizarda 173 kg-iT (furi/weli), xolo 2000 welTan SedarebiT 258
kg-iT. imave wlebSi samcxe-javaxeTSi Semdegi suraTi gvaqvs: 292
kg furi/weli da 277 kg furi/weli.
furebis
saSualo
wveladobis
zrdis
mizezTagan,
Cveni
dakvirvebiT, pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia tendencia, rom ojaxur
meurneobebSi bolo wlebSi ufro meti yuradReba eqceva ara
saqonlis
raodenobriv
maCveneblebis
gazrdas,
zrdas,
aramed
suladobis
misi
seleqcias.
xarisxobrivi
Cvens
mier
82
regionSi gamokiTxul meurneobebSi igive tendenciaa. aq saSualo
wveladobam weliwadSi 1700 kilograms gadaaWarba.
Cven mier
(2005-dan
meZroxeobis 36 meurneobaSi Catarebuli xuTi wlis
2009
wlis
CaTvliT)
kvlevis
monacemebiT,
regionSi
mewveli furis saSualo wliuri wveladobis dinamika, wlebis
mixedviT, Semdegnairad ikveTeba:
diagrama 21: samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi mewveli furis saSualo
wliuri wveladoba (kg)
1645
2009
1627
წლები
2008
1588
2007
1575
2006
1571
2005
1520
1540
1560
1580
1600
1620
1640
1660
წ ვ ე ლა დობ ა (კგ )
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
rogorc diagramidan Cans, samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi 2005
wlidan 2009 wlamde furis saSualo wliuri wveladoba 5%-iT,
anu 74 litriT gaizarda.
rac Seexeba furis saSualo wliur wveladobas, Cven mier
SerCeuli meurneobebis jgufebis (a- Zalian mcire meurneoba 1÷2
suli mewveli furiT, b - mcire 3÷5 suli mewveli furiT, gsaSualo 6÷10 suli mewveli furiT da d - didi meurneoba 10-ze
meti mewveli furiT) mixedviT, warmodgenilia 22-e diagramaze:
gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom didi meurneobebi (g da d jgufi),
romlebic
rZis,
an
rZis
produqtebis
rializaciiT
arian
dakavebulni, did mniSvnelobas aniWeben furis produqtulobis
amaRlebas.
furis
saSualo
wliuri
wveladoba,
aRniSnuli
83
jgufis meurneobebSi, Sesabamisad, maRalia mcire meurneobebis (a
da b jgufi) analogiur maCveneblebze. aucilebelia aRiniSnos,
rom mewveli furebis produqtulobas yvela jgufis meurneobaSi
mzardi tendencia axasiaTebs.
diagrama 22: mewveli furis saSualo wliuri wveladoba (kg),
gamokvleuli meurneobebis jgufebis mixedviT
წველადობა (კგ )
1850
1750
1650
1550
1450
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
1490
1505
1517
1529
1556
ბ
1535
1523
1534
1598
1615
გ
1563
1560
1579
1634
1645
დ
1697
1711
1723
1748
1765
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
2009
wlis
monacemebiT
d
jgufis
meurneobebSi
furis
saSualo wliuri wveladoba aRemateba a jgufis meurneobebSi
arsebul analogiur maCvenebels 12%-iT, anu 209 litri rZiT,
Sesabamisad, b jgufis meurneobebSi arsebul monacems 9%-iT, anu
150 litriT, xolo g jgufis meurneobebis monacems 7%-iT, anu
120 litri rZiT furze.
me-18-e cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebidanac kargad Cans, rom
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi miiRweva SedarebiT maRali wvelado-
ba, vidre es qveynis masStabiTaa miRweuli rac aseve Cven mier
Catarebulma kvlevamac daadastura.
ganpirobebulia
sakmarisi
da
aRniSnuli upirvelesad
SedarebiT
ukeTesi
saTib-
saZovrebiT, rasac dResdReobiT mesaqoleobis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi
ki meZroxeobis, ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.
84
xalasi jiSis Zroxebi regionSi TiTqmis aRar arian, Tumca
maT
ZiriTadad
kavkasiuri
wabla
jiSis
genetika
gaaCniaT.
kavkasiuri wabla jiSis Zroxa kargad egueba samcxe-javaxeTis
regionis garemo pirobebs da mwiri kvebiTac sakmaod kargi
merZeulobiT xasiaTdeba. misi cocxali masa 400÷450 kilogramia,
misi
wliuri
monawveli
2500÷3500
kilogramis
farglebSi
meryeobs. cximianoba – 3,9%; cila – 3,3%. danarTSi 5, ixileT
jiSis standarti furis sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT.
sakvlevi
wveladoba
meurneobebidan
2200
kg-s
ramdenimeSi
aWarbebda,
ris
Zroxis
safuZvelzec
wliuri
SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom meurneobebSi Zroxebis swored SerCevisas, maTi
kvebisa
da
SemTxvevaSi,
movlis
pirobebis
regionSi
elementaruli
SesaZlebelia
gaumjobesebis
saSualo
wveladobis
gazrda 2000÷2200 kg-mde weliwadSi. rac TavisTavad gazrdis
meurneobebis ekonomikur efeqtianobas 10-dan 20%-amde.
maRalproduqtuli Zroxis SerCeva: sarZeo produqtulobis
swrafad gasazrdelad sanaSened, anu naxiris Sesavsebad, datovebuli unda iyos im Zroxebis namati (dekeulebi), romlebic xasiaTdebian saSualoze maRali monawveliT. risTvisac, fermaSi
sistematurad unda kontroldebodes Zroxidan miRebuli rZis
raodenoba (tardebodes sakontrolo wvela) da Sedegebi Setanil
iqnes
specialur
JurnalSi.
garda
amisa,
maRalpro-
duqtuli ZroxebisaTvis mizanSewonilia gaixsnas individualuri
baraTebi (ixileT danarTi 6), sadac detalurad iqneba Cawerili
informacia
genetikaze,
mogeba-dagrilebis
kalendarze,
laqtaciur monawvelze, rZeSi cximisa da cilis Semcvelobaze,
profilaqtikur da samkurnalo damuSavebebze da sxva.
85
Cveni
SexedulebiT
ganxorcieldes
ojaxur
meurneobebSi
maRalproduqtuli
aqtiurad
unda
SerCeva
da
Zroxis
wundebuli, dabalproduqtiuli Zroxebis drouli gamowuneba. am
gziT SedarebiT iafad da rac mTavaria, ZiriTadad sakuTari
SesaZleblobebiT meurneobebs SeeZlebaT TavianT meurneobebSi
miaRwion Zroxebis maRal produqtulobas. maRalproduqtuli
Zroxis SerCeva SesaZlebelia garegnuli niSnebiT, eqsterieriT.
aseve
mniSvnelovania,
rom
maRalproduqtuli
Zroxebis
SerCevisa da gamravlebis saqmianoba warimarTos ara mxolod
calkeul meurneobebSi, aramed TemebSi, umjobesia asociaciebis
tipis
fermerul
gaerTianebebSi,
sadac
intensiurad
warimarTeboda zemoT moyvanili meTodiT gamorCeva, maRalproduqtiuli Zroxebis gamravleba.
fermerul
meurneobebs
xebis SeZena, gamravleba
SeuZliaT
maRalproduqtuli
Zro-
qveynis SigniT maTi moZieba-seleqciiT,
an mecnierTa konsultaciiT regionSi arsebuli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi ucxoeTidan Semoyvana.
rogorc
wesi,
qveynis
SigniT
maRalproduqtuli
Zroxebis
moZieba-Sesyidva fermerul meurneobebs SedarebiT iafi ujdebaT,
sazRvargareTidan
SemoyvanasTan
pirutyvi
gadis
swrafad
axal
SedarebiT.
garemosTan
amavdroulad
adaptacias
da
transportirebiT gamowveuli stresidanac male gamodis.
sazRvargareTidan
fermerTa
sakredito
did
maRalproduqtiuli
umravlesobas
sistemis
gareSe
pirutyvis
SeRavaTiani
ar
SeuZliaT.
da
Semoyvana
grZelvadiani
garda
pirutyvis
maRali Rirebulebisa, maTi sazRvargareTidan Semoyvanis dros
mniSvnelovania
saTanado
sakvebi
bazis
da
movla-Senaxvis
86
pirobebis Seqmna. maTi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi meurneobisTvis
aRniSnuli sainvesticio xarjebis gaweva metad sariskoa.
maRalproduqtuli Zroxebis misaRebad zooteqnikuri RonisZiebebis gatareba, daTesvla/xelovnuri ganayofiereba regionis
fermerTa umravlesobisaTvis xelmisawvdomia. dResdReobiT aRniSnuli momsaxureba erTi Zroxaze 40÷50 laris farglebSi meryeobs. regionSi aRniSnul RonisZiebaze moTxovna TandaTan matulobs. xelovnuri ganayofierebis dros aucilebelia sworad SeirCes jiSi. Cveni azriT, calkeul fermerebs jiSis sworad
SerCeva da TandaTanobiT xalasi jiSis miReba gauWirdebaT.
aRniSnuli RonisZieba gaadvildeba fermeruli gaerTianebebis
SemTxvevaSi.
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi aucilebelia regionSi daarsdes
sanaSene
meurneoba,
romlis
mTavari
saqmianoba
adgilobrivi
jiSebis (ZiriTadad kavkasiuri wabla jiSis) gaumjobesebisken
iqneba mimarTuli. sanaSene meurneobis mowyoba did xarjebs da
ra Tqma unda, specifikur codnas moiTxovs, rac regionSi moqmed
calkeul
fermerebs
dasavleT
evropuli
ar
gaaCniaT.
mizanSewonilad
saxelmwifoebis
migvaCnia,
msgavsad,
mZlavri
fermeruli gaerTianebebis waxaliseba da Camoyalibeba, raSic
mTavari roli saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos.
naxiris struqtura: regionis Temebis umetesobaSi miRebulia
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis erTian naxirSi/jogSi saZovarze
gayvana, sadac xSir SemTxvevaSi ramdenime buRa mwarmoebelia. ar
xdeba jiSiani buRa mwarmoeblis gamorCeva, xolo danarCenis
kastracia, an erTiani naxiridan moSorebiT yola. aRniSnulis
gauTvaliswineblobis
meurneobebis
SemTxvevaSi
(romlebsac
pirutyvi
SeuZlebelia
erTian
calkeuli
naxirSi
gahyavT)
87
pirutyvis
jiSobrivi
gaumjobesebisaTvis
raime
RonisZiebebis
gatareba. didi albaTobaa, meurneobebis mxridan Zroxis jiSis
gasaumjobeseblad gaweuli xarjebis dakargvisa.
rogorc gamokvlevam aCvena, fermerTa garkveul nawils maT
sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli
Zroxebis
jiSobriv
gaumjobesebaze
zrunvaSi swored aRniSnuli problema uSliT xels.
Temis
saerTo
naxiriT
mosargeble
meurneobebisaTvis,
surT
TavianT
sakuTrebaSi
myofi
romlebsac
jiSobrivi
gaumjobeseba,
kontroli.
saTemo
aucilebelia
naxirSi
unda
naxiris
SeirCes
pirutyvis
struqturis
jiSiani
buRa
mwarmoeblebi, danarCens ki Cautardes kastracia, an mocilebul
iqnes saerTo naxiridan.
im meurneobebma, romlebic ar sargebloben Temis saerTo
naxiriT da sakuTar pirutyvs TviTon mwyemsaven, unda iyolion
jiSiani buRa mwarmoebeli, an Sesabamis dros moiyvanon igi sxva
meurneobidan.
maT
aseve
ukeTesi
SesaZlebloba
gaaCniaT
xelovnuri ganayofierebiT sargeblobisa, vidre Temis saerTo
naxiriT mosargeble meurneobebs.
rac
Seexeba
naxiris
struqturaSi
mewveli
furebis
procentul Tanafardobas, is Cveni warmoebuli kvleviT 40-60%is farglebSia. arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavlis safuZvelze,
mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
mewveli
furebis procentuli Tanafardoba mTliani naxiris struqturaSi
gaizardos
70-80%-amde,
siaxloves
(axalcixe,
msxvilfexa
rqosani
xolo
marcvleulis
axalqalaqi,
pirutyvis
ninowmida)
sasuqi
warmoebis
ganviTardes
meurneobebi,
regionSi
arsebuli mozardis Sesyidvis safuZvelze.
88
cxovelTa danomrva, aRricxvianobis warmoeba: nomeri aucilebelia cxovelis warmoSobis dasadgenad da masze sxva zusti
cnobebis (magaliTad dabadebis da dagrilebis TariRi) misaRebad. danomrva SeiZleba tatuirebiT, specialuri yelsabamebiT,
yuris daserviT, rqebis amowviT, Txevadi azotiT da sxva.
evrogaerTianebis
qveynebis
standartiT
Zroxas
nomraven
yviTeli feris polimeruli masalisagan damzadebuli sayureTi,
romlis firfitaze warwera (cifrebi) Savi ferisaa.
meurneobebi aRniSnul RonisZiebas nawilobriv axorcieleben.
kvlevis
Sedegebis
mixedviT,
Zroxebis
(pirutyvis)
sxvadasxva
saxiT numeracias (yuris daserviT, spcialuri yelsabamiTa da
a.S.) axorcieleben SedarebiT didi meurneobebi (g da d jgufi).
regionSi msgavsi RonisZiebis Catarda arasamTavrobo organizaciis
saqmianobis
farglebSi.
veterinarul-sakonsultacio
asociacia “janmrTelobam” 2006 – 2007 wlebSi SeZlo daenomra
borjomis raonis msxvilfexa pirutyvis daaxloebiT 90% da
daeregistrirebina fermeruli meurneobebis umetesoba. proeqtiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
periodis
gasvlis
Semdgom
pirutyvis
numeraciisa da fermeruli meurneobebis registraciis saqmianoba
adgilobrivma meurneobebma TavianTi ZalebiT veRar ganagrZes.
orwlianma didma Sromam praqtikulad uSedegod Caiara. regionis
da
miTumetes
qveynis,
masStabiT
Cveni
azriT
aucilebelia
pirutyvis savaldebulo erTiani numeraciis sistemis SemoReba.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom erTiani numeraciis ararseboba xels ar uSlis fermerebs, maT sakuTrebaSi arsebul pirutyvTan dakavSirebiT regularuli Canawerebis warmoebaSi, rac ase
aucilebelia, meurneobis, gansakuTrebiT meZroxeobis ganviTarebisaTvis. Canawerebi unda moicavdes iseT mniSvnelovan informa-
89
cias, rogoricaa: genetika, asaki, mogebebis raodenoba, veterinaruli
RonisZiebebi,
mogeba-dagrilebis
kalendari,
produq-
tuloba da sxva (ix. danarTi 6).
3.2
sakvebi bazis arsebuli mdgomareoba da misi gamtkicebis
gzebi
mesaqonleobis ganviTareba, upirveles yovlisa, sakvebi bazis
ganmtkicebasTan
produqtulobis
aris
dakavSirebuli,
gadidebis
yvelaze
radgan
mZlavr
pirutyvis
berkets
mtkice
sakvebi baza da pirutyvis racionaluri kveba warmoadgens.
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi oTxkameriani kuWis saSualebiT
advilad gadaamuSavebs ujredanis didi raodenobiT Semcvel
sakvebs: Tivas, Calas, namjas, agreTve siloss, senaJs, saZovris
balaxs da moTibul mwvane masas. Tumca saWiroa saTando yuradReba, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli cxovelebis sakvebiT mowamvlis SemTxvevebi, rac SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos misi araswori SenaxviT, an mosavlianobis gadidebis mizniT saTib-saZovrebze pesticidebis da Sxamqimikatebis araswori gamoyenebiT.
dResdReobiT
regionis
meurneobebis
did
umravlesobaSi,
sakvebi racionis Semadgeneli komponentebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas, ulufis srulfasovnebas da nairsaxeobis uzrunvelyofas
praqtikulad yuradReba ar eqceva. amasTan xSir SemTxvevaSi ar
aris daculi sakvebi kulturebis mosavlis aRebis, transportirebis da Senaxvis pirobebi, rac iwvevs, rogorc mosavlis, ise
mosavalSi sakvebi nivTierebebis did danakargebs (15÷25% da
zogjer ufro maRali procentuli maCvenebliT).
samcxe-javaxeTis regionis sasoflo-sameureno savargulebis
struqturaSi
(monacemebi
mniSvnelovani
mocemulia
adgili
cxrili
1-Si
ukavia
da
saTib-saZovrebs
diagarmaze
23).
90
diagrama
23:
sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebis
aTvisebis
mdgomareoba
samcxe-javaxeTSi (aTasi ha)
wyaro: statistikis departamenti
diagramis
pirveli
fragmentis
gare
wreze
mocemulia
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis saerTo farTobis struqtura,
Sida
wreze
struqtura.
ki
gamoyenebuli
meore
sasoflo-sameurneo
fragmentze
mocemulia
igive
farTobis
farTobi,
struqturuli dayofis gareSe.
pirutyvis sakvebi bazis SeqmnaSi bunebriv saTib-saZovrebs
tradiciulad
yovelTvis
mniSvnelovani
adgili
ekava.
dResdReobiT, regionSi arsebuli suraTiT, rodesac mindvrad
sakvebwarmoeba
gvaqvs
dabalproduqtulia,
sakvebmopoveba
da
aqedan
sakvebwarmoebis
gamomdinare,
nacvlad
mesaqonleoba
eqstensiur xasiaTs atarebs.
91
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom regionSi (zogadad
qveyanaSic)
tradiciulad
TvalSisacemi
iyo
struqtura,
sakvebi
naTesebSi
RonisZiebebi.
sakvebi
ganviTarebul
sakvebwarmoebis
kulturebis
ugulebelyofili
kulturebi
dabalnayofier
tardeboda
agroteqnikuri
damzadebis
vadebi,
done
iyo
niadagebze,
teqnologiis
iyo.
araracionaluri
iTeseboda
RonisZiebebi,
dabali
agroteqnikuri
mwir,
droulad
irRveoda
darRveviT
sustad
ar
sakvebis
xdeboda
misi
gadazidva, Senaxva-dabinaveba, ris gamoc uaresdeboda sakvebis
xarisxi, didi iyo sakvebi nivTierebebis danakargebi.
gamokvlevebidan Cans, rom Seswavlili meurneobebidan arc
erTi ar ikvlevs sakveb bazas. arada igi sistemuri da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos da moicavdes ZiriTadad yvela saxis sakvebs.
meurneobebis mier warmoebulma sakvebma, sxvadasxva saxis
sakvebis
iseT
Sesabamisad
Tanafarobas
iyos
unda
miaRwios,
rom
racioni
dabalansebuli
ZiriTadi
nivTierebebiT:
cilebiT, cximebiT, naxSirwylebiT da mineraluri marilebiT.
arsebuli mdgomareobiT meurneobebis mier pirutyvisaTvis
damzadebuli sakvebi ulufis did nawili iafi, uxeSi sakvebia,
rac ver uzrunvelyofs pirutyvis produqtulobis zrdas da
sabolood
meurneobis
maRal
Semosavlebs.
aucileblobas
warmoadgens mindvrad maRalxarisxiani sakvebis warmoebis Seqmna
da misi intensifikacia.
sakvebi bazis ganmtkicebis iseTi mniSvnelovani rezervebis
amoqmedeba,
rogoricaa
turnefsi)
kulturebis
sanawveralo,
Tesva,
Sualeduri
dabalnayofieri,
(mag.:
rafsi,
mitovebuli
miwebis aTviseba-gakultureba, marcvleuli kulturebis Tanmdevi
produqciis drouli Segroveba-dazvinva, veluri balaxebis da
92
baRCeul-bostneulis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba, senaJis warmoeba
da sxva, TiTqmis ar xorcieldeba.
zamTris
periodSi
sakvebi
racionis
balansSi
cilis
uzarmazari deficitia (40%÷60%-mde). arasaTanado kvebis Sedegad
pirutyvi iklebs cocxali masis 8÷12%-s (25÷35kg-s) da ufro
metsac, ris aRsadgenadac zafxulis periodSi, dReSi 500g.-iani
wonamatis SemTxvevaSic, saWiroa 50 - 70 dRe.
mecnierulad
dasabuTebulia,
rom
gaumjobesebuli
kvebis
pirobebSi furis produqtuloba izrdeba 30÷60%-iT, e.i 2000 kg.
rZis potenciuri produqtulobis
furisagan arasaTanado kvebis
pirobebSi ver viRebT 600-dan 1200-kg-mde rZes8.
wlis yvela sezonSi furebis srulfasovani kveba berwianobis aRmofxvris da sicocxlisunariani, normalurad ganviTarebuli namatis miRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pirobaa. garda amisa,
arasrulfasovani kveba, xSir SemTxvevaSi warmoSobs sxvadasxva
daavadebas, rac did ekonomikur zians ayenebs meurneobebs.
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
msxvilfexa
rqosan
pirutyvs
ZiriTadad bagur-saZovruli da bagur-mTabaruli wesiT inaxaven.
pirvelis
SemTxvevaSi
saZovrebi
sofelTan
(meurneobasTan)
axlos mdebareobs (aseTi suraTia ZiriTadad javaxeTSi), xolo
meore
SemTxvevaSi
saZovrebi
meurneobidan
sakmaod
didi
manZiliT aris daSorebuli (aseTi suraTia ZiriTadad samcxeSi).
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi saTib-saZovrebis didi nawili subalpur da alpur zonaSia ganlagebuli. msxvilfexa rqosani
pirutyvi zafxulSi imyofeba alpur saZovrebze, xolo zamTarSi,
regionSi arsebuli mkacri klimaturi pirobebidan gamomdinare,
8
cxovelTa kvebisa da sakvebwarmoebis dargis struqturuli xedva, j.RuduSauri,
http://www.agro.ge/index.php?content=fil_1225044186&lang=ge
93
bagaze. bagasa da saZovarze yofnis periodi wlis ganmavlobaSi
TiTqmis Tanabradaa ganawilebuli da igi 6÷6 Tves Seadgens.
kvlevis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom Sesaswavl meurneobebSi
sakvebi
ulufis
procentuli
Semadgenloba
Zroxaze,
wlis
ganmavlobaSi, Semdegia:
TvalsaCinoeba 3: Zroxis ulufis Semadgenloba (%-Si)
uxeSi sakvebi
damatebiTi
mineraluri
mineraluri
sakvebi
sakvebi
11 %
%
sakvebi
93,5 %
5,5 %
wyaro: meurneobebidan mopovebuli monacemebi
rogorc TvalsaCinoebazea asaxuli, Zroxis sakvebi racionis
ZiriTadi nawili uxeS sakvebze modis (Tiva, Cala, namja). Tumca
uxeSi sakvebis ZiriTadi komponenti (90% da meti) Tivaa.
ZroxisaTvis
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
micemuli
uxeSi
sakvebis
saSualo monacemebi wlebis mixedviT Semdegia:
diagrama 24: wlis ganmavlobaSi ZroxisaTvis micemuli uxeSi sakvebi
(kg)
1486
2009
1452
წლები
2008
1432
2007
1427
2006
1423
2005
1380
1400
1420
1440
1460
1480
1500
uxeSi sakv ebi / T iva (კგ)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
94
2005
wlidan
2009
wlamde
erT
sul
Zroxaze
wlis
ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli uxeSi sakvebi masis odenobis zrdam 63
kilogrami Seadgina.
gamokiTxvis
SedegebiT,
meurneobebis
jgufebSi
wlis
gan-
mavlobaSi Zroxebis uxeSi sakvebiT gamokvebas Semdegi saxe aqvs.
diagrama 25: wlis ganmavlobaSi ZroxisaTvis micemuli uxeSi sakvebi
(kg), meurneobis jgufebis mixedviT
u xeSi სა კვებ ი (კგ)
1600
1500
1400
1300
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
1397
1400
1400
1347
1420
ბ
1415
1407
1412
1414
1437
გ
1425
1438
1442
1515
1515
დ
1455
1463
1475
1530
1570
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
ZroxisaTvis
micemuli
uxeSi
sakvebis
raodenoba
wlebis
mixedviT yvela jgufis meurneobaSi mcirediT, Tumca mzardia.
2009
wlis
monacemebiT,
d
jgufis
meurneobebSi
ZroxisaTvis
micemuli uxeSi sakvebis saSualo monacemebi 150 kg-iT (10%-iT)
aRemateba a jgufis imave monacemebs, 133 kg-iT (8%-iT) b jgufis
monacemebs, xolo 55 kg-iT (3%-iT) g jgufis monacemebs.
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
mesaqonleobis
sakvebi
bazis
Seqmnis resursebi mravalferovania. maTgan gadamwyvetad Cven
bunebrivi
saTib-saZovrebis
da
mindvrad
sakvebwarmoebis
gaumjobeseba migvaCnia. qvemoT cal-calke mimovixilavT samcxejavaxeTis regionSi niadagis, safuraJe marcvleulis, mindvrad
sakvebwarmoebis,
bunebrivi
saTib-saZovrebis
arsebul
95
mdgomareobasa da maTi gaumjobesebis gzebs, aseve pirutyvis
mineraluri nivTierebebiT da wyliT momaragebis mniSvnelobas.
niadagis arsebuli mdgomareoba: cnobilia, rom sakvebi bazis
mowyobisas upirvelesad yuradReba unda mieqces niadagis Semadgenlobas. swored misi qimiuri Semadgenloba ganapirobebs mcenareul safars, mis ganviTarebas da kulturebis mosavlianobas.
rac metia saheqtaro mosavlianoba, miT ufro metad mcirdeba
warmoebuli produqciis TviTRirebuleba. niadagis Sefasebisas
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi organuli nivTierebebis warmoSoba, humusi da misi raodenoba. sistematuri yuradReba unda mieqces niadagis nayofierebas. amisaTvis perioduli RonisZiebebia gasatarebeli, gasamdidrebelia niadagi organuli da araorganuli
nivTierebebiT, gasanTavisuflebelia sarevelebisgan da a.S.
niadagis
gamoyenebis
efeqtianobis
amaRlebis
mizniT
mizanSewonilia calkeuli nakveTisTvis saaRricxvo Jurnalis
warmoeba, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba kulturaTa Tesva-moyvanis
morigeoba. cnobilia, rom erTsa da imave nakveTze, magaliTad,
saToxni
kulturebis
gamofitvas,
ris
raodenoba
da
mravalwliani
xangrZlivi
gamoc
moyvana
mniSvnelovnad
Sesabamisad,
parkosani
iwvevs
mcirdeba
mcenareTa
balaxebis
gamoyeneba
niadagis
humusis
mosavlianoba.
da
nakveTze
morigeobiTi sistemis SemoReba, dadebiT Sedegs iZleva.
aRniSnuli
da
sxva,
niadagis
nayofierebis
asamaRleblad
saWiro RonisZiebebi regionSi saTanadod, rom ar xorcieldeba,
Cans kulturebis dabali mosavlianobidan. magliTad, xorblis
saSualo mosavlianoba bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi meryeobs
1.0÷1.5 tona/ha-s Soris, roca niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebiT
(ar igulisxmeba mineraluri sasuqebi) SesaZlebelia heqtarze
96
2.0÷3.0 tona mosavlis miReba. cnobilia, rom mravalwliani da
erTwliani
parkosani
monacvleobiTi
balaxebis
sistemis
gamoyeneba
SemoReba
dadebiT
da
Sedegs
nakveTze
iZleva.
parkosani mcenareebis gaTibvis Semdeg miwaSi rCeba 200÷250 kg
azoti.
am
meTodiT
niadagSi
dagrovili
azoti
ukeTes
zemoqmedebas axdens niadagis nayofierebaze, vidre qarxnuli
wesiT damzadebuli azoti. garda amisa, aRniSnuli RonisZieba
meurneobebis biujetis mniSvnelovani fuladi danazogicaa.
safuraJe marcvleuli/koncentrirebuli sakvebi: wlebis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi damyarda TavTaviani marcvleuli kulturebiT dakavebuli farTobebis Semcirebis tendencia. magaliTad,
xorblis naTesi farTobi 2008 wels, 2001 welTan SedarebiT, Semcirda 67.2 aTasi heqtriT (58%-iT) da 48.6 aTasi heqtari Seadgina.
rac Seexeba samcxe-javaxeTis regions, aq 2001 wels xorblis naTesma farTobma, mcxeTa-mTianeTis da imereTis regionebTan erTad, 11.4 aTasi heqtari Seadgina, 2008 wels ki es monacemi
Semcirda 7.4 aTasi heqtriT (65%-iT) da sul raRac 4.0 aTas
heqtri Seadgina. 2008 wels mTel qveyanaSi qeris naTesi farTobi
30.4 aTasi heqtari iyo, rac 2001 wlis analogiur monacemebTan
mimarTebaSi
Semcirebulia
15.2
aTasi
heqtriT
(33%-iT).
imave
wlebSi qeris naTesi farTobis Semcireba dafiqsirda samcxejavaxeTis regionSi. aq qeriT dakavebuli farTobi 2001 wels 15.6
aTasi heqtari iyo, 2008 wels igi Semcirda 10.4 aTas heqtramde,
anu 5.2 aTasi heqtriT (33%-iT).
garda TavTaviani marcvleuli kulturebiT dakavebuli farTobis Semcirebisa, SeiniSneba aseve maTi saSualo saheqtro mosavlianobis Semcireba. xorblis saSualo saheqtro mosavlianoba qveyanaSi 2001 wels Seadgenda 2.7 t/ha-s. 2008 wlisTvis igi
97
Semcirda 1.7 t/ha-mde (27%-iT). rac Seexeba samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi
xorblis
wlisaTvis
saSualo
Seadgina
1
saheqtro
t/ha-ze,
mosavlianobas,
rac
2001
wlis
man
2008
analogiur
monacemTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia heqtarze 1.2 t-iT, mTeli
55%-iT.
qveyanaSi
Semcirda
aseve
qeris
saSualo
saheqtaro
mosavlianoba, Tumca ara iseTi maRali maCvenebliT, rogorc
xorblis
mosavlianoba.
2008
wels
qveyanaSi
qeris
saSualo
saheqtaro mosavlianobam Seadgina 1.6 t/ha-ze, rac 2001 wlis
analogiur monacemTan mimarTebaSi heqtarze 0.6 t-iT, anu 27%-iT
Semcirda. rac Seexeba qeris saSualo saheqtro mosavlianobis
monacemebs
samcxe-javaxeTis
dafiqsirda
mcirediT
regionSi
mzardi
imave
tendencia.
2008
periodisaTvis
wels
qeris
saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianobam regionSi Seadgina 2.4 t/ha-ze,
rac aRemateba 2001 wlis analogiur monacems 0.2 t/ha-iT (8%-iT).
sxva marcvleuli kulturebis moyvana regionSi (mag.: Svria,
simindi)
imdenad
mcirea,
rom
arsebiT
rols
ver
asrulebs
sameurneo saqmianobaSi.
dResdReobiT
marcvleuli
kulturebis
warmoeba,
rogorc
qveynis masStabiT, ise samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi isea Semcirebuli, rom bolo wlebSi TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti 10%-ze
dabalia. aseT pirobebSi Znelia saubari adgilobrivi safuraJe
marcvleulis warmoebis gadidebaze, magram es aucilebelia.
bolo
wlebis
mixedviT,
adgilobrivi
marcvleulis
warmoebis katastrofulad Semcirebis gamo, masze fermeruli
meurneobebis (safuraJed) mxridan xelmisawvdomoba Semcirda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom regionSi meZroxeoba eqstensiuri gziT
viTardeba,
pirutyvis
sakveb
racionSi
kombinirebul
sakvebs
(safuraJe marcvleuls) mainc didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
98
2008 wels, 2001 welTan SedarebiT sqarTveloSi, xorblis
warmoebam Seadgina 26% (80.0aT.t.), qeris warmoebam 50% (49.3aT.t.),
Svriis warmoebam 11% (1.0aT.t.). samcxe-javaxeTSi qeris warmoebam
imave wles 71%-s anu 24.6 aTas tonas miaRwia, rac mTlianad
saqarTveloSi nawarmoebi qeris TiTqmis 50%-ia.
cxrilSi 19 mocemulia qveynis masStabiT xorblis, qeris da
Svriis warmoeba. xolo cxril
samcxe-javaxeTSi.
Svriis
samwuxarod,
warmoebis
20-Si mocemulia qeris warmoeba
regionis
monacemebi
WrilSi
xorblis
statistikuri
da
samsaxuris
krebulebSi mocemuli ar aris.
cxrili 19: saqarTveloSi xorblis, qeris da Svriis warmoeba (aT. t.)
wlebi
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
xorbali
306.5 199.7 225.4
185.8
190.1
69.7
74.9
80.3
53.9
2009 w. %obiT 2001
welTan
18
qeri
98.9
57.5
48.3
61.3
65.4
30.6
40.3
49.3
19.9
20
Svria
9.5
4.2
6.2
4.8
2.8
1.3
1.6
1.0
4.2
44
sul
414.9 261.4 279.9
251.9
258.3 101.6
116.8
130.6 78.0
19
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2009 wlis krebuli
cxrili 20: samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi qeris warmoeba (aTasi t.)
wlebi
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
qeri
34.7
28.3
12.3
23.9
21.5
10.2
19.7
24.6
11.6
2009 w. %obiT 2001
welTan
33
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2009 wlis krebuli
klimaturi
pirobebidan
gamomdinare,
samcxe-javaxeTis
re-
gionSi marcvleuli kulturebis (zogadad mindvris kulturebis)
gavrceleba da mosavlianoba Zalze gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
javaxeTi, samcxesTan SedarebiT, ufro mkacri klimaturi pirobebiT xasiaTdeba. amitom aq TavTaviani marcvleulidan gavrcelebulia qeri, romlis saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianoba sakmaod
maRalia. gamokvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebiT qeris saSua-
99
lo saheqtaro mosavlianoba aq 2.5 tonas Seadgens, xolo samcxeSi 2 tonas. xorbali javaxeTSi klimaturi pirobebidan gamomdinare
naklebadaa
gavrcelebuli.
xorbals
Tesaven
ZiriTadad
samcxeSi, Tumca bolo wlebis saSualo saheqtro mosavlianoba
aq Zalze dabalia da heqtarze 1-dan 1.5-tonamde meryeobs.
marcvleuli kulturebis dabali mosavlianoba zrdis maT
TviTRirebulebas, rac sabolood maT sabazro fasebze aisaxeba.
regionSi iseve, rogorc mTels qveyanaSi, fasebi marcvleulze
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
cvalebadia.
mosavlis
aRebis
dros
SedarebiT dabalia, Semdeg periodSi mas TandaTan mzardi tendencia aqvs. 1 kg xorblis fasi samcxe-javaxeTSi 2009 wlisaTvis
45–dan 55 TeTramde meryeobda, qerisa 40-dan 55 TeTramde.
warmoebulma
ZiriTadad
rogorc
kvlevam
marcvleulis
cnobilia,
gviCvena,
qato
dabalia
rom
meurneobebSi
miewodebaT.
da
ver
qatos
Zroxebs
yuaTianoba,
akmayofilebs
mewveli
Zroxebis moTxovnebs Sesabamis sakveb nivTierebebze. Cven mier
warmoebuli kvleviT, pirutyvisTvis micemuli koncentrirebuli
sakvebis raodenoba wlis ganmavlobaSi Semdegia:
diagrama 26: wlis ganmavlobaSi ZroxisaTvis micemuli
koncentrirebuli sakvebi (kg)
104
2009
85
წლები
2008
82
2007
87
2006
85
2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
kon cen tri reb ul i sakveb i (kg)
wyaro: meurneobebidan mopovebuli monacemebi / damuSavebuli
100
miuxedavad imisa, rom 2009 wlis monacemi aRemateba 2005
wlis
monacems
19kg-iT,
erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
Zroxis
gamosakvebad saSualod 119kg koncentrirebuli sakvebi Zalian
mcirea. koncentrirebuli sakvebiT Zroxebis gamokveba ZiriTadad
bagur
periodSi
warmoebs,
dRiuri
ulufa
0.5÷2
kilogramis
farglebSi meryeobs da isic araregularulia.
კონცენტრირებული საკვები (კგ)
diagrama 27: wlis ganmavlobaSi ZroxisaTvis micemuli
koncentrirebuli sakvebi (kg), meurneobis jgufebis mixedviT
130
110
90
70
50
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
65
70
65
59
64
ბ
75
72
74
95
112
გ
95
97
87
78
112
დ
105
110
102
104
125
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: meurneobebidan mopovebuli monacemebi / damuSavebuli
koncentrirebuli sakvebiT Zroxebis kvebis mxriv sainteresoa
b jgufis meurneobebSi arsebuli mdgomareoba. bolo sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi,
sxva
koncentrirebuli
jgufis
sakvebis
meurneobebisagan
gamoyenebis
gansxvavebiT,
sagrZnoblad
aq
mzardi
tendenciaa. d jgufis meurneobebSi kocentrirebuli sakvebiT
Zroxebis kvebis saSualo monacemebi (125 kg/weli) TiTqmis orjer
aRemateba a jgufis meurneobebis imave monacemebs (64 kg/weli). b
da g jgufis monacemebi xuTi wlis (2005 ÷ 2009) mixedviT
erTmaneTTan axlos dgas, 2009 wlis monacemebi ki orive jgufis
meurneobaSi Tanabaria (112 kg/weli).
samcxe-javaxeTis regionis meurneobebSi koncentrirebuli sa-
kvebiT Zroxebis gamokveba aradamakmayofilebelia yvela sididis
101
meurneobaSi. meurneobebSi aRniSnulis mTavar mizezad fuladi
resursebis simcires miiCneven. isini ver axerxeben kombinirebuli
sakvebis (marcvleulis) SeZenas im periodisaTvis, rodesac maTze
fasebi dabalia. ivlissa da agvistoSi (marcvleulis aRebis
dros)
fermerebs
warmoebuli
produqciis
(yvelis)
ZiriTadi
nawili gasayidi aqvT da ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi Tanxebi mTeli
wlisaTvis saWiro kombinirebuli sakvebis SesaZenad.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom 2010 wels fasebi marcvleulze,
2009
welTan
SedarebiT,
gaormagda.
rac
fermerTa
mxridan
meurneobebSi marcvleulis moxmarebas savaraudod Seamcirebs.
samcxe-javaxeTis
fermerebma,
regionSi
romlebsac
aqvT
mesaqonleobiT
resursebi
dakavebulma
TviTon
awarmoon
marcvleli kulturebi sakuTari sakvebi bazis uzrunvelsayofad
da
gasaZliereblad,
maqsimalurad
unda
gamoiyenon
es
SesaZlebloba da amaSi maT saxelmwifom unda Seuwyos xeli.
magaliTad,
gasces
subsidireba
sawvav-sacxebi
masalebis
SesaZenad, rogorc es zogireTi evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaSia. iq
fasebi sawvav-sacxeb masalsa da energiis sxva wayaroebze (deni,
gazi)
sasofo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis
meurneobebisaTvis
SedarebiT dabalia maTze qveyanaSi arsebul fasebTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, dizeli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebisaTvis
sxva
fasisa
da
ferisaa
(Sesabamisad,
gamonabolqvis
feric
Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavdeba, rac mis miznobriv gamoyenebas
uzrunvelyofs).
im fermerebisaTvis, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT SesaZlebloba
TviTon awarmoon safuraJe marcvleuli, sainteresod migvaCnia,
regionSi
safuraJe
macvleulis
sawyobis
mowyoba,
saidanac
102
maTTvis SesaZlebeli iqneba SeRavaTian fasebSi gaitanon saWiro
raodenobisa da xarisxis safuraJe marcveleuli.
am
problemis
fermeruli
gadasaWrelad
gaerTianebebis
mniSvnelovnad
roli,
radgan
migvaCnia
TanamSromloba
fermerul gaerTianebebsa da saxelmwifos, Tu sxva subieqtebs,
Soris SedarebiT iolia, vidre uSualod fermerebTan.
erTwliani da mravalwliani balaxebi, sakvebi Zirxvenebi:
mesaqonleobis ganviTarebisaTvis esoden saWiro da aucilebeli
cilovani
deficitis
Sesavsebi
erTwliani,
balaxebis
da
Zirxvenebis
warmoeba
sakvebi
mravalwliani
regionSi
bolo
wlebSi isevea Semcirebuli, rogorc marcvlovani kulturebisa.
sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTveloSi regionalur WrilSi erTwliani
da mravalwliani balaxebis warmoebis mxriv samcxe-javaxeTs,
qvemo qarTlis regionTan erTad, ukeTesi monacemebi gaaCnia,
vidre qveynis sxva regionebs. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis suladobasa da mravalwliani balaxebis warmoebis Tanafardobis
mxriv samcxe-javaxeTis regioni ukeTesi maCvenebeliT xasiaTdeba,
qveynis
sxva
regionebTan
SedarebiT.
rac
Seexeba
monacemebs
sakvebi Zirxvenebis warmoebaze, igi statistikis departamentis
krebulebSi qveynis masStabiTaa mocemuli da masze regionul
WrilSi
saubrisas,
mxolod
Cvens
mier
warmoebuli
kvlevis
Sedegad miRebul monacemebs daveyrdnobiT.
wlebis
mixedviT
(cxrili
21)
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi,
rogorc erTwliani, ise mravalwliani balaxebiT dakavebuli
farTobebi
mcirdeba.
saSualo
saheqtaro
mosavlianobis
Semcirebis tendencia gaaCnia orive, erTwliansa da mravalwlian
balaxs.
mravalwliani
kulturebidan,
regionSi
ZiriTadad
gavrcelebulia esparceti da ionja.
103
cxrili 21: erTwliani da mravalwliani
farTobi da maTi saSualo mosavlianoba
balaxabiT
dakavebuli
dakavebuli farTobi (aTasi heqtari)
erTwliani balaxebi
mravalwliani balaxebi
wlebi
2003
2005
2007
2009
2003
2005
2007
2009
samcxe-javaxeTi
9.9
5.4
0.9
1.5
7.4
7.3
0.9
1.4
qvemo qarTli:
0.4
4.5
3.2
3.4
28.5
27.8
1.6
6.0
danarCeni reg.:
3.7
1.7
1.3
1.0
5.1
3.7
1.1
3.3
saSualo mosavlianoba (tona / heqtari)
erTwliani balaxebi
mravalwliani balaxebi
wlebi
2003
2005
2007
2009
2003
2005
2007
2009
samcxe-javaxeTi
3.9
3.2
4.7
1.6
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.4
qvemo qarTli:
3.1
3.8
3.9
3.4
3.0
3.3
2.6
2.6
danarCeni reg.:
2.5
1.9
3.0
1.2
1.7
0.7
1.6
1.0
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2005÷2009 wlis krebulebi
Zroxis sakvebi ulufis dasabalanseblad saWiro raodenobis
sakvebi
Zirxvenebis
warmoeba
regionSi
paraqtikulad
aRar
xorcieldeba. mxolod meurneobaTa mcire nawils moyavs sakvebi
Zirxvenebi. Tumca aRniSnul meurneobebSic igi sakvebi racionis
Zalzed
umniSvnelo
nawils
warmoadgens
da
pirutyvis
produqtulobaze sagrZnob zegavlenas ver axdens.
sakvebi Zirxvenebis warmoebis monacemebi regionalur WrilSi
statistikis erovnuli departamentis monacemebSi dafiqsirebuli
ar
aris.
farTobi,
qveynis
masStabiT
maTi
warmoeba
sakvebi
da
ZirxvenebiT
saSualo
dakavebuli
mosavlianoba
warmodgenilia 22-e cxrilSi.
erTwliani
da
mravalwliani
balaxebis
msgavsad,
wlebis
mixedviT sakvebi Zirxvenebis warmoebas saqarTveloSi klebadi
tendencia
axasiaTebs.
monacemebi,
radgan
ucnaurad
dakavebuli
gamoiyureba
farTobis
2009
Semcirebis
wlis
parale-
104
lurad (0.4 aTasi ha.) naCvenebia warmoebuli produqciis zrda (3.2
aTasi tona) arasaTanado mosavlianobis fonze (7.4 t/ha).
cxrili 22: sakvebi ZirxvenebiT dakavebuli farTobi, warmoeba da
saSualo mosavlianoba
dakavebuli farTobi (aTasi heqtari)
wlebi
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
saqarTvelo
-
0.3
-
1.6
-
0.4
warmoeba yvela kategoriis meurneobaSi (aTasi tona)
saqarTvelo
4.4
2.9
1.5
1.2
0.2
3.2
saSualo mosavlianoba (tona / heqtari)
saqarTvelo
16.2
10.3
9.1
2.0
5.5
7.4
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2007÷2009 wlis krebulebi
meurneobebisaTvis silosisi damzadebis sirTulis da saWiro
teqnikis ararsebobis gamo, gansakuTrebiT zamTaris periodSi
wvniani
sakvebis
simciris
aRmosafxvrelad
mizanSewonilia
merZeul meZroxeobaSi gamoyenebul iqnes sakvebi Zirxvenebi.
erTwliani, mravalwliani balaxebis da sakvebi Zirxvenebis
warmoeba ZiriTadad ojaxur meurneobebSi warmoebs. sasoflosameurneo sawarmoTa wili maT warmoebaSi, 2005÷2009 wlebSi,
mxolod 2÷9 procentis Seadgenda. rodesac 2000÷2003 wlebSi
sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebaSi
lamis
sawarmoTa
100%-s
wili
Seadgenda,
sakvebi
Zirxvenebis
mravalwliani
balaxebis
Tivis warmoebaSi daaxloebiT 40%-s, xolo erTwliani balaxebis
Tivis warmoebaSi daaxloebiT 15%-s.
bolo
xuT
weliwadSi
sakvebi
kulturebis
(erTwliani-
mravalwliani balaxebis Tivis da sakvebi Zirxvenebis) warmoebis
Semcirebis erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos maTi warmoebis
sasoflo-sameurneo
sawarmoebidan
ojaxur
meurneobebSi
gadanacvleba. sustad ganviTarebul saojaxo meurneobebs sakvebi
kulturebis warmoeba rigi mizezebis gamo uWirT iseve, rogorc
105
safuraJe marcvleulis warmoeba. erTwliani da mravalwliani
balaxebis da sakvebi Zirxvenebis warmoeba moiTxovs Sesabamis
sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikas, saTesle masalas, sabrunav Tanxas.
bunebrivi
saTib-saZovrebis
dabali
mosavlianoba
xSir
SemTxvevaSi maTTan misasvleli gzebis cudi mdgomareobiT da
sxva uaryofiTi faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli. rac mindvrad
sakvebwarmoebis gafarTovebis aucileblobas iwvevs. amisaTvis
aucileblobas
warmoadgens
miwaTsargeblobis
mowyoba,
fermeruli
naTesi
farTobis
meurneobebis
struqturis
gaumjobeseba erTwliani da mravalwliani balaxebis, Zirxvenebis
kulturebis myari da maRali mosavlianobis uzrunvelsayofad.
Cven mier ganxorcielebuli gaangariSebiT, mindvrad maRalproduqtuli sakvebwarmoeba ekonomikurad SedarebiT momgebiania
dabalmosavlian bunebriv saTibebze damzadebul sakvebze.
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi da zogadad qveyanaSi mecxoveleobis, kerZod meZroxeobis, arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
misi ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia sa-kvebi bazis
uzrunvelyofa
mindvrad
sakvebwarmoebis
komponentebiT.
amis
miRwevis yvelaze swraf da misaReb gzad saxelmwifos mxridan
misi subsidireba migvaCnia, rogorc es evrokavSiris umetes qveyanaSia miRebuli. qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilad vTvliT meZroxeobis ganviTarebisaTvis saxelmwifo subsidireba dawesdes mindvrad sakvebwarmoebis gasaZliereblad. safuraJe marcvleulis warmoebis ganviTareba mizanSewonilad migvaCnia qveyanaSi sakvebi marcvleulis warmoebis
ganviTarebis
Semdeg.
bunebriv
saTibebze
Tivis
damzadebas
ekonomikuri gaTvlebiT mindvrad sakvebwarmoeba sjobs.
106
mindvrad sakvebwarmoebis subsidireba Cveni mosazrebiT unda
iyos dasamuSavebeli miwis farTobis adekvaturi da moicavdes
masze gaweuli cvladi xarjebis dones.
vTqvaT,
erT
heqtar
farTobze
sakvebwarmoebisas
cvladi
danaxarjebi Seadgens 200 lars. samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi 2009
wels mindvrad sakvebwarmoebisTvis damuSavda daaxloebiT 3300
heqtari. saxelmwifos mxridan regionSi mindvrad sakvebwarmoebis
wliuri
subsidireba
aRniSnuli
subsidireba
gamova
660000
Semcirdeba
lari.
Semdeg
mravalwliani
wlebSi
balaxebiT
dakavebuli farTobebis xarjze, Tumca maTze subsidirebac unda
gagrZeldes da Seadgendes farTobze warmoqmnili cvladi danaxarjebis odenobas (mravalwliani balaxis wamoebaSi pirveli
wlis Semdeg, savaraudod 80÷100 lars, weliwadSi heqtarze). mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mindvrad sakvebwarmoebis subsidireba,
saboloo daniSnulebis obieqtis, Cven SemTxvevaSi meZroxeobis,
ganviTarebasTan dakavSireba da ara calkeulad ganxorcieleba.
aRniSnul
konteqstSi
meZroxeobis
ganviTarebisaTvis,
meurne-
obebs SeiZleba kriteriumebi dauwesdeT, magaliTad, subsidirebas
miiRebs
yvela
is
meurneoba,
romelsac
sameurneo
wlis
ganmavlobaSi sakuTrebaSi eyoleba minimum 10 mewveli Zroxa.
amiT gaizrdeba produqciis warmoeba, aseve SesaZlebeli iqneba
fermeruli meurneobebis gamsxvileba.
bunebrivi
saTibebi
da
saZovrebi:
saqarTvelos
mraval-
ferovani buneba xels uwyobs mesaqonleobis ganviTarebas yvela
regionSi, Tumca amisTvis bunebrivi SesaZleblobebi mxareebs
Soris araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. qveynis mciremiwianobis gamo
gadamwyvet rols aq swored bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis arseboba
asrulebs. am mxriv saqarTvelos samxreT mTian zonas didi
107
upiratesoba (TiTqmis ormagi) gaaCnia, saqarTvelos dasavleT da
aRmosavleT kavkasionis zonebTan SedarebiT.
samcxe-javaxeTis miwis fondis daaxlovebiT 50% bunebriv
saTib-saZovrebs ukavia (ix. cxrili 1 da diagrama 23).
jer kidev gasuli saukunis 80÷90-ian wlebSi samcxe-javaxeTSi
pirutyvis
sakvebis
70÷80%-s
subalpuri
da
alpuri
saTib-
saZovrebidan Rebulobdnen, romlebic saukeTesoa saqarTveloSi.
dResdReobiT mesaqonleobaSi pirutyvis sakvebi racionis 90%-ze
mets bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebidan miRebuli sakvebi Seadgens9.
mas Semdeg rac qveyana gadavida sabazro ekonomikaze da moiSala Zveli sistema, axali (organizebuli fermeruli meurneobebi da fermeruli gaerTianebebi) ki jer isev Camoyalibebis
procesSia, araa gasakviri, rom ojaxuri meurneobebis pirobebSi
saqonlis kvebiT racionSi ZiriTadi da xSir SemTxvevaSi, erTaderTi Semadgeneli komponenti bunebriv saTibebze damzadebuli
Tivaa. Tiva pirutyvs eZleva daaxloebiT naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo danarCen naxevar wels igi sakvebs TviTon moipovebs sazafxulo saZovrebze.
arsebuli
mdgomareobiT
am
savargulebis
produqtuloba
metad dabalia, radgan ar tardeba gaumjobesebis kompleqsuri
agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi: nakveTmorigeobiTi Zoveba, Sxamiani
mcenareebisagan
gawylovaneba,
daSla,
maTi
ris
gawmenda,
gamoc
daxavsebisa
da
sasuqebis
TandaTanobiT
saZovrebis
Setana,
dayoreba-
mimdinareobs
xarisxis
kordis
gauaresebis
procesebi.
situaciis
gasaumjobeseblad,
sakvebis
produqtulobis
asamaRleblad ar tardeba iseTi kompleqsuri agroteqnikuri
9
rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia, n. gociriZe, Tb., Tsu, 1997 w, gv., 23.
108
RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa: nakveT-morigeobiTi Zoveba, saZovrebze
korddaSlis
sawinaaRmdego
daxavsebuli
balaxnaris
RonisZiebebi,
gaumjobeseba
da
gameCxerebuli
sxva.
rasac,
da
Tavis
mxriv emateba saTib-saZovrebTan misasvleli gzebis arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba. samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi saTib-saZovrebis
didi nawili subalpur da alpur zonaSia moqceuli da maTi
mniSvnelovani nawili Znelad gamosayenebelia.
dabali
saheqtaro
erTeulis
maRal
mtkicdeba,
rom
saheqtaro
mosavlianoba
ganapirobebs
TviTRirebulebas.
samcxe-javaxeTis
mosavlianobas,
bolo
produqciis
gamokvlevis
regionSi
xuTi
wlis
SedegebiT
Tivis
saSualo
mixedviT
Tumca
mcirediT, magram klebadi tendencia gaaCnia.
diagrama 28: Tivis saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianoba (mSra. masa kg/ha)
2144
2009
2114
წ ლ ებ ი
2008
2154
2007
2178
2006
2181
2005
2080
2100
2120
2140
2160
2180
2200
მ შ რა ლი მ ა ს ა (კგ)
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
Tivis
saheqtaro
mosavlianobis
mxriv
didi
sxvaobaa
meurneobis jgufebs Soris. didi meurneobebis (d-jgufis) Tivis
saSualo
saheqtaro
mosavlianoba
(2009
wlis
monacemebiT)
aRemateba a jgufis meurneobebis imave monacemebs 30%-iT (780 kgiT), b jgufis monacemebs 23%-iT (585 kg-iT), xolo g jgufis
monacemebs 15%-iT (380 kg-iT).
109
თი ვის მოსა ვ ლია ნობ ა (კგ მშ .
მა სა )
diagrama 29: Tivis saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianoba meurneobis
jgufebis mixedviT (mSrali masa kg/ha)
2500
2300
2100
1900
1700
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ა
1845
1845
1840
1734
1800
ბ
2133
2133
1925
2033
1995
გ
2220
2211
2240
2135
2200
დ
2525
2523
2610
2556
2580
წ ლე ბ ი
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
rogorc
diagramazea
naCvenebi,
wlebis
mixedviT
Tivis
saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianobas klebadi tendencia gaaCnia
yvela jgufis meurneobaSi, garda d jgufisa. mcire meurneobebisagan gansxvavebiT, didi meurneobebi sistematurad Tibaven
saTibebs, wmenden maT qvebisgan. b da d jgufis meurneobebis
umetesoba
nawilic
eweva
momTabareobas
swored
mTis
da
maTi
SedarebiT
saTibebis
maRalproduqtul
ZiriTadi
saTibebs
ganekuTvneba.
araswori
saZovrebis
eqspluataciisa
naxevarze
meti
da
cudi
movlis
(adastureben
gamo,
rogorc
saTib-
regionis
soflis meurneobis samarTvelos specialistebi ise, regionSi
momuSave
soflis-meurneobis
erozirebulia
saZovrebis
da
maRali
gazafxulidanve
farTobi
gamodis
nairsaxeoba,
Sxamiani
ucxoeli
balaxebiTaa
datvirTviT
gayvaniT,
masze
yovelwliurad
wyobilebidan.
mravldeba
da
mcirdeba
sarevelebi.
specialistebi)
dasarevlianebuli.
pirutyvis
didi
adre
raodenobis
sakvebi
balaxebis
mniSvnelovani
problemaa
110
uwyloba saZovrebze, gansakuTrebiT javaxeTSi (patara da didi
abuli, niala da sxva).
bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebis produqtulobis gasadideblad ZiriTadi RonisZiebebi, maTi sirTulisa da saWiro teqnikuri aRWurvilobis simciris gamo, 90-ian wlebamdec srulad ver
xorcieldeboda. dResdReobiT ki sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi
sustad ganviTarebul ojaxur-fermerul meurneobebs, yovelives
gansaxorcieleblad Sesabamisi teqnikuri da finansuri SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT. sakuTar saTib-saZovrebze aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis mxolod mcire nawils axorcieleben ekonomikurad
SedarebiT Zlieri fermeruli meurneobebi. gansakuTrebiT cud
mdgomareobaSia
rogorc
saerTo
zemoTac
sargeblobis
aRvniSneT,
saTemo
ugzoobis
saTib-saZovrebi.
gamo
saerTod
ver
xerxdeba zogierTi saTib-saZovris aTviseba.
regionSi yvela jgufis meurneobaSi mewveli furebis sakvebi
ulufis 90%-ze mets Seadgens Tiva. Sesabamisad, xarisxiani Tiva
mewveli
furebis
gamokvlevis
periodad
produqtulobis
SedegebiT,
dasaxelda
meurneobebis
balaxis
pirdapirproporciulia.
mier
gadaberebis
Tivis
damzadebis
periodi,
rodesac
masSi boWko momatebulia, xolo cila da saxamebeli mcirea.
Tivis damzadebis optimaluri periodi misi yvavilobis an
yvavilobis
damTavrebisTanave
periodia.
am
dros
mcenareSi
TiTqmis Tanabari raodenobiTaa cila, saxamebeli da boWko.
maRali produqtulobisaTvis Zroxas unda mieces xarisxiani
Tiva, romelSic SedarebiT Tanabrad iqneba cilis, saxameblis da
boWkos
Semcveloba.
meurneobis
ekonomikur
produqtulobis
xarisxiani
Tiva
maCveneblebTan.
misaRebad
meurneobas,
pirdapir
kavSirSia
metnaklebad
erTnairi
romelsac
“uxarisxo”
111
(gvian moTibuli, gadaberebuli, boWkos didi SemcvelobiT) Tiva
aqvs,
dasWirdeba
40÷45%-iT
meti
Tiva,
vidre
meurneobas,
romelsac xarisxiani Tiva aqvs. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
Zroxas
sakvebis
miRebis
SesaZlebloba
gansazRvruli
aqvs
(SezRudulia) da igi mcirdeba misi xarisxis gauaresebisas.
regionSi
Zroxas
arsebuli
wlis
mdgomareobidan
ganmavlobaSi
(baguri
gamomdinare,
kvebis
dros)
mewvel
esaWiroeba
daaxlovebiT 1.6 tona kargi xarisxis Tiva, romelSic cilis,
saxamebelis da boWkos Semcveloba metnaklebad Tanabaria. Tu
Tiva
gvianaa
moTibuli
raodenobiTaa
raodenobiT,
(uxarisxoa)
saxamebeli
wlis
da
da
cila,
ganmavlobaSi
amitom
xolo
mewvel
masSi
mcire
boWko
didi
Zroxas
dasWirdeba
daaxloebiT 2.3 tona Tiva.
2006
wels,
05
ivnisidan
01
ivlisamde
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi aRbul iqna balaxebis sinjebi saTibebidan (axalcixe,
axalqalaqi,
aspinZa,
borjomi),
sul
19
sxvadasxva
bunebrivi
saTibidan, 2 sinji xelovnuri saTibebidan (esparcetis) da 5
sinji bunebrivi saZovrebidan. aRebuli sinjebi gamokvleul iqna
germaniis federaciuli respublikis lufa nord-vestis (LUFA
NORD-WEST Institut der Landwirtschaftskammer Niedersaxsen) kvleviT
institutSi.
maTdami
aRebuli
wayenebul
yvela
sinjis
moTxovnebs.
Sedegebi
akmayofilebs
laboratoriis
detaluri
monacemebi ixileT danarTSi 7.
mTis
saTibebis
misasvleli
gzebi
gasaumjobeseblad
unda
mowesrigdes,
pirvel
rac
rigSi
ra
Tqma
maTTan
unda
adgilobrivi fermerebis ZalisxmeviT ver ganxorcieldeba da
aucileblobas
warmoadgens
saxelmwifos
Carevas.
gzebis
mowesrigebiT daiwyeba mitovebuli da gavelurebuli saTibebis
112
gamoyeneba, SesaZlebeli iqneba maTi gakultureba, mefutkreobis
ganviTareba,
rac
xels
Seuwyobs
mindvris
yvavilebis
ukeT
damtverianebas da gamravlebas, aRniSnuli dadebiTad imoqmedebs
mTis
saTibebze
adgilobriv
damzadebuli
fermerebs,
Tivis
isini
xarisxze.
sistematurad
rac
unda
Seexeba
wmendnen
saTibebs qvebisagan, buCqnarebisagan, maqsimalurad awesrigebdnen
gameCxerebulsa da erozirebul adgilebs (niadagis nayofirebis
gazrdiT, balaxis SeTesviT).
saZovrebis
saZovarTbrunvis
mosawesrigeblad,
sistemis
pirvel
danergvis
rigSi,
aRsaniSnavia
aucilebloba.
im
meurneobebma, romelTac sakuTari saZovrebi aqvT winaswar unda
gansazRvron saZovarTbrunvis sqema mTeli wlisaTvis. ar dauSvan
saZovrebis gadatvirTva, maTi droze adre (balaxis saTanadod
gazrdamde, gazafxulze) da dauSveblad gvianobamde gamoyeneba
(gvian Semodgomamde).
TvalsaCinoeba 4: saZovris nakveTmonacvleobis sqema
im fermerebma, romlebic sargebloben saTemo saZovrebiT,
sxva mosargeble fermerebTan erTad unda SeimuSaon saZovarTa
113
nakveTmonacvleobis
erToblivi
sqema
da
am
sqemis
mixedviT
isargeblon saTemo saZovrebiT.
saZovarTa nakveTmonacvleobis sqemis danergva, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
dakavSirebulia
maT
SeRobvasTan,
rac
aucileblobas
warmoadgens.
cdebiT dadgenilia, rom saZovrebis Zireuli da zedapiruli
gaumjobeseba, buCqnarebisagan da qvebisagan gawmenda, kolboxebis
mospoba, sakvebi balaxebis SeTesva, morwyva da sasuqebis Setana,
nakveTmorigeobiTi
sistemis
danergva
balaxis
xarisxis
gaumjobesebasTan erTad 10%-dan 200%-mde zrdis mosavlianobas.
aseve cdebiT damtkicebulia, rom samcxe-javaxeTis subalpur
sartyelSi,
bunebriv
sakveb
ferdobebze
ganlagebuli
savargulebze,
degradirebuli
vake
da
nakveTebis
damrec
Zireuli
gaumjobeseba 2÷3 jer adidebs balaxnaris mosavals, aumjobesebs
mcenareTa botanikur Semadgenlobas, amaRlebs xarisxs da mis
kvebiT Rirebulebas10.
mineraluri nivTierebebi; wyali: mravali wlis dakvirvebiT
dadgenilia, rom rodesac sakvebi ulufa dabalansirebuli ar
aris
saTanado
gadaxarjva.
komponentebiT,
sakvebi
xdeba
ulufis
sakvebis
normis
mniSvnelovan
zeviT
komponenets
warmoadgens mineraluri sakvebi, romelsac meurneobebSi did
mniSvnelobas
ar
aniWeben,
riTac
irRveva
kvebis
balansi.
aRniSnuli faqti gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad aisaxeba mozardi
pirutyvis
zrda-ganviTarebaze.
nivTiereba,
romelic
Wirdeba
umniSvnelovanesi
yvela
ZuZumwovars
mineraluri
da
pirvel
rigSi, mewvel Zroxas, aris marili. pirutyvs esaWiroeba aseve
sxva mineraluri nivTierebebi - kalciumi, fosfori, seleni da
10
saqarTvelos mecxoveleoba – a. urdulaSvil, Tb., siaxle, 2004, gv, 196 - 197.
114
sxva, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania marili. mineraluri sakvebis
saxiT pirutyvs regionSi ZiriTadad qvamarils aZleven, Tumca
arasistematurad
da
arasakmarisad.
rogorc
wesi,
furebs
SesaZlebloba unda hqondeT daubrkoleblad miiRon marilis is
raodenoba, rac maT esaWiroebaT. pirutyvisaTvis nebaze marilis
miwodeba, mxolod erTeul meurneobebSia uzrunvelyofili. sxva
mineralur
sakvebdanamatebs
magaliTad,
pirutyvis
mimarTaven
daavadebis
ukidures
SemTxvevaSi,
dros
veterinaris
konsultaciiT. mineraluri sakvebis nakleboba mniSvnelovnad
aqveiTebs Zroxis janmrTelobasa da produqtulobas.
Cven mier gamokvleuli meurneobebis umetesobaSi pirutyvisaTvis iyeneben Cveulebriv sayofacxovrebo marils. misi micema
saqonlisaTvis
araregularulia.
mxolod
ramdenime
meurne-
obaSia uzrunvelyofili marilis (qvamarilis) pirutyvisaTvis
nebaze micema. mineraluri nivTierebebis, gansakuTrebiT marilis
SeZena
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
problemuria.
saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT qveyanaSi akrZalulia araiodizirebuli marilis Semotana, qvamarili (romelic gankuTvnilia pirutyvisaTvis) ki iods ar Seicavs. aucilebelia aRniSnuli problemis
sakanonmdeblo doneze gadaWra. aseve aucilebelia mineraluri
nivTierebebiT movaWre subieqtebis waxaliseba, raTa maT SeZlon
SeRavaTian
fasebSi
mineraluri
nivTierebebi.
informireba
sxvadasxva
Seicavs
mineralur
mizanSewonilad
gamofenebi
miawodon
fermerebs
regionSi
saxis
da
regionSi
sasoflo-sameurneo
donezea
sakvebdanamatebze,
nivTierebebs
migvaCnia
dabal
maTTvis
vitaminebs.
regularulad
sakiTxebze,
aseve
saWiro
fermerTa
romlebic
amisaTvis
moewyos
fermerebs
115
miewodos saWiro informacia beWduri da media saSulebebiT
(gazeTi, Jurnali an maTi danamati, specialuri gadacema).
janmrTelobis SesanarCuneblad da rZis gamosamuSaveblad
Zroxas
aucileblad
Wirdeba
wyali.
mewvel
Zroxas
maRali
moTxovna wyalze gansakuTrebiT mowvelis Semdeg aqvs, aseve
zamTarSi,
roca
saqonels
uxeS
sakvebs
vaWmevT.
am
dros
dauSvebelia, rom mas daakldes wyali. dadgenilia, rom Zroxas
romelmac
garkveuli
raodenobis
rZe
unda
mogvces,
dReSi
esaWiroeba minimum 40 litri wyali. kvebis Semdgom mas dReSi 2÷3
jer unda hqondes saSualeba srulad daikmayofilos
pirutyvis
saTanado
darwyulebas
fermerTa
wyurvili.
umetesoba,
samwuxarod, saTanadod mniSvnelovnad ar miiCnevs. fermerebidan
miRebuli monacmebis mixadviT, uSualod cxovelTa sadgomSi
wyalgayvanilobis arsebobis Semdegi suraTia:
cxrili 23: meurneobebis jgufebis mixedviT cxovelTa sadgomSi
wylis gayvanilobis arsebobis maCvenebeli (%-Si)
2005
2006
a
0
b
0
g
11
d
11
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
2007
0
0
10
11
2008
0
0
12
12
2009
0
0
12
12
0
0
12
12
Cven mier gamokvleuli meurneobebidan a da b jgufis arc
erT meurneobaSi cxovelTa sadgomSi wyali Seyvanili ar aris.
mxolod g da d jgufis meurneobebis 12%-Si aris wyalgayvaniloba uSualod cxovelTa sadgomSi.
zamTarSi, baguri kvebis periodSi, pirutyvis darwyuleba
xdeba cxovelTa sadgomSi, WurWliT Setanili wyliT. am dros
darwyuleba
ZiriTadad
xdeba
dReSi
erTxel,
rac
ver
uzrunvelyofs mewveli furis dRiur moTxovnas wyalze.
116
im meurneobebSi, sadac wyalmomaragebis sistema arsebobs,
fermerebma
unda
uzrunvelyon
wylis
uSualod
cxovelTa
sadgomSi Seyvana da pirutyvis nebaze darwyulebis uzrunvelyofa. es RonisZieba garkevul xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, Tumca
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, zogavs fermeris dros (Sesabamisad xarjebs) da uzrunvelyofs pirutyvis normalur ganviTarebas, misi
produqtulobis amaRlebas. im meurneobebSi, sadac teqnikurad
rTulia uSualod cxovelTa sadgomSi wylis Seyvana, fermerebma
yoveldRiurad
sargeblobaSi
saWiro
wylis
(dReSi
myofi
ramdenjerme)
pirutyvis
xarisxisadmi
unda
uzrunvelyon
darwyuleba.
wayenebuli
maT
cxovelisaTvis
unda
iyos
iseTive
moTxovnebi, rogorc adamianis sasmeli wylisadmi.
warmoebulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom regionSi arsebuli kvebis
foni ar Seesabameba fermerul meurneobebSi arsebuli pirutyvis
produqtulobis genetikuri potencialis srulad gamomJRavnebas.
brZnulad
naTqvamia:
„Zroxas
rZe
enaze
aqvso“,
ar
mivcemT
Sesabamis sakvebs, ver miviRebT rZes SesaZleblobis doneze.
3.3
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi arsebuli higienuri mdgomareoba
sityva higiena berZnuli warmoSobisaa da “janmrTelobas”
niSnavs. jandacvis msoflio organizacia Semdegnairad ganmartavs am cnebas: “usafrTxoebis zomebi, romelTa dacva aucilebelia sursaTis warmoebis, gadamuSavebis, Senaxvis da distribuciis dros, wundaudebeli, jansaRi da vargisi produqtis uzrunvelsayofad, romelic gamosadegia adamianTa moxmarebisaTvis.”
bazarze gasatani produqciis xarisxis erT-erT gadamwyvet
faqtors fermeruli warmoebis higienuri pirobebi warmoadgens.
qimiuri preparatebis narCenebisa da paTogenuri organizmebis
117
Semcvelobis uvnebelyofa warmoebis procesSi TiTqmis SeuZlebelia an mxolod sasargeblo nivTierebebis dakargvis fasad
miiRweva.
miTiTeba: rac ufro adre daiwyeba higienuri zomebis miReba,
miT ufro naklebad dabinZurebuli iqneba produqti11.
“saqarTvelos agraruli seqtoris gaZlierebis xelSewyobis
– sursaTis xarisxisa da uvneblobis gaumjobesebis” proeqtis
farglebSi, 2007 wels samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi Seswavlil iqna
mesaqonleobiT
dakavebul
pirobebi.
gamokvleul
sul
meurneobebidan
5
ojaxs
meurneobebSi
iqna
hyavs
5
12
arsebuli
meurneoba.
sulze
higienuri
gamokiTxuli
naklebi
msxvilfexa
rqosani pirutyvi, xolo 7 meurneobaSi pirutyvis raodenoba 10ze metia. meurneobebSi saqmianobas ZiriTadad ojaxis wevrebi
warmarTaven. aRsaniSnavia, rom Seswavlil meurneobebSi, Sromis
didi xvedriTi wili ojaxis xandazmul wevrebze modis.
Tormetive
meurneobidan
fosfororganuli)
saZovrebidan
da
aRebul
aseve
iqna
pesticidebze
mZime
(qlororganuli,
metalebze
niadagisa
da
gamosakvlevad
balaxis
nimuSebi.
pesticidebze saZovrebidan aRebuli niadagis 12 nimuSidan eqvs
maTganSi aRmoCnda qlororganuli pesticidebi (DDT-s da DDE-s
kvali),
danarCen
fosfororganuli
maRali
nimuSebSi,
pesticidebis
konpentracia,
ar
rogorc
kvali,
aRmoCenila.
qlororganuli,
an
maTi
ise
dasaSvebze
gamokvleuli
niadagis
nimuSebSi Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, Zn mZime metalebis koncentraciebi ar
aRemateba zRvrulad dasaSveb raodenobas, rasac ver vityviT
dariSxanze.
sam
nimuSSi
dariSxanis
raodenoba
sagrZnoblad
aRemateba dasaSveb zRvars.
11
kargi higienis praqtika (GHP), maTias iakobi, Tb., 2008.
118
mikrobiologiuri gamokvlevebisa (Coliform bacteria, Mezophile
Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria) da mZime metalebis Pb, Cd,
Hg, As gamosavlenad TiToeuli fermidan iqna aRebuli sasmeli
wylis sinjebi (12 sinji) da saqonlis dasalevi wylis sinjebi (9
sinji). nimuSebs gamokvleva Cautarda 22ºC da 37ºC-ze. sasmeli
wylis mikrobiologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze gamovlinda, rom
wylis sinjebi, rogorc mikrobTa saerTo raodenobiT, aseve
totaluri koliformebisa E. coli-s maCveneblebiT ver akmayofilebs
aracentralizebuli
wyalmomaragebis
wylis
xarisxis
moTxovnebs. Mezof. Aer. da Fac. anaer. raodenoba 1 mililitrSi
37ºC temperaturaze meryeobs 72-dan 144-mde, nacvlad dasaSvebi 20
kwk-ze (kolonia warmomqmneli kolonia). analogiuri
situaciaa
22 ºC temperaturazec. totaluri koliformebisa da E. coli-s
raodenoba
1
dm3
wyalSi
meryeobs
21-dan
230
kwk-mde,
rac
mniSvnelovani dabinZurebis maCvenebelia da miuTiTebs epidsaSiSroebaze. aRebuli sasmeli wylis nimuSebSi gamokvleuli mZime
metalebis (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) koncentraciebi rekomendebuli normis
farglebSia.
cxovelTa
dasarwyulebeli
wylis
nimuSebis
baqteriologiuri suraTis dasaxasiaTeblad normad miCneul iqna
mdinareebisa da Ria wyalsatevebis sanitariul-mikrobiologiuri
maCveneblebi.
am
maCveneblebTan
Sedarebisas,
gamokvleuli
sinjebis umravlesoba ar akmayofilebs sanitarul moTxovnebs.
igive nimuSebSi, mZime metalebis kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT,
oTxive
elementi
(Pb,
Cd,
As,
Hg)
zRvrulad
dasaSvebi
koncentraciebis farglebSia.
yvela fermaSi erT-erTi mwvelavis xelebidan da Zroxis
curidan aRebul iqna Camonabani wylis sinjebi (sul 12 sinji)
Mezophile Aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Coliform bacteria, E. coli,
119
pathogens da including salmonella-ze. xelisa da Zroxis curis
Camonabanis kvlevisas dadginda, rom rogorc mwvelavebis, ise
fermebSi cxovelebis sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi aradamakmayofilebelia. sinjebis umravlesobaSi amoTesil iqna E. coli, rac
dauSvebelia.
piradi
adamianis
higienis
sxeulis
janmrTelobis
dacva
aucilebelia.
sisufTavesTan.
mdgomareobac
igi
amasTan
mniSvnelovan
dakavSirebulia
erTad,
adamianis
rols
asrulebs
mikrobebis sursaTze gadatanaSi.
Tormetive
fermaSi
aRebul
iqna
rZis
saSualo
sinjebi.
Mezophile Aerobi da facultative anaerobic-ze, Coliform bacteria-ze, E. colize, pathogens-ze, including salmonella-ze, S. auers-ze, tuberkulozsa
da
brucelozze.
aseve
gamokvleul
iqna
saqonlis
xorcis
nimuSebi.
fermebSi arsebuli sanitarul-higienuri darRvevebi naTlad
aisaxa
rZisa
da
rZis
produqtebis
mikrobiologiur
maCvene-
blebze. gamokvleuli rZis nimuSebidan amoTesilia garda E. colisa Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter clacae, Klebsiela pneumonia, Serratia
marcescens. aRniSnuli garemoeba miuTiTebs epidsaSiSroebaze.
rac Seexeba brucelozze saqonlis xorcis mikrobiologiuri
kvlevis
yvela
Sedegebs,
sinjis
Semdegia:
SemTxvevaSi
sinji
brucelozze
uaryofiTia.
“TБ”
kozlovskis
fagTan
meTodiT
SeRebvisas brucelebi ar gamovlinda. dadebiTi aglutinacia
miuTiTebs brucelebsa da gramuaryofiT kokebs Soris jvaredini
(saerTo) antigenebis arsebobas.
TiToeuli fermis rZis nawarmis (ZiriTadad sxvadasxva saxis
yveli)
nimuSebSi
Aerobi
da
Catarda
mikrobiologiuri
kvleva
Mezophile
facultative anaerobic-ze, Coliform bacteria-ze, E. coli-ze,
120
pathogens-ze, including salmonella-ze, S. auers-ze, tuberkulozsa da
brucelozze. rZis nimuSebis analogiurad gamokvleuli yvelis
sinjebis mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebic adasturebs fermebSi
sanitariuli situaciis arakeTilsaimedoobas. amaze miuTiTebs
yvelidan gamoyofili mikrobebi: S. auers-i, E. coli-i, Enterobacter
amnigenus-I, da Klebsiela pneumonia.
brucelozze gamokvleuli 99 msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
sinjidan
miRebuli
dafiqsirda).
2006
Sedegebi
wels
uaryofiTia
“samcxe-javaxeTis
(daavadeba
regionSi
ar
biznesis
xelSemwyobi proeqtis” farglebSi Catarebul kvlevebSi (sul
brucelozze
gamokvleul
iqna
5200
m.r.p.-i)
brucelozis
daavadeba ar dafiqsirda. tuberkulinizacia Cautarda 95 m.r.p.-s.
tuberkulinizaciidan 72 saaTis gasvlis Semdgom tuberkulozze
dadebiTi riaqciis arc erTi SemTxveva ar gamovlenila. rZis
nimuSebSi
brucelozze
SemTxvevaSi
uaryofiTi
dafiqsirda).
xorcisa
rgoluri
reaqciis
Sedegebi
da
rZis
aCvena
imave
Catarebam
yvela
(daavadeba
nimuSebSi
ar
dadginda
gramuaryofiTi da gramdadebiTi mikroflora: stafilokokebi,
streptokokebi, gramuaryofiTi kokobaqteriebi, agreTve iersinebi
da
proteusi.
invaziuri
TvalsazrisiT
xorcis
sinjebi
keTilsaimedoa. arc erT sinjSi ar gamovlenila arc parazitebi
da arc cistformebi.
miRebuli SedegebiT Tamamad SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom regionSi arasaxarbielo epidsituaciaa da moiTxovs saTanado RonisZiebebis Catarebas. gamokvleuli xorcis sinjebSi amoTesilia
mikroorganizmebi,
romlebmac
garkveul
pirobebSi
SeiZleba
gamoiwvios rigi mZime daavadebebisa. es mikroorganizmebia: E. coli,
Morgenela morgani, Proteus SPP, Citrobacter.
121
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi kvlevebis Catarebisas gamovlinda,
rom
meurneobebis
umetesobaSi
wvelis
win
sistematurad
an
saTanadod (rig SemTxvevebSi saerTod) ar xdeba furis curis
Camobana. meurneobaTa umetesobaSi sasmel wyalsa da sakanalizacio (sapirfareSo) wertilebs Soris manZili mcirea. meurneobebis xelmZRvanelTa gamokiTxviT gairkva, rom did umravlesobas
maT
meurneobaSi
mdgomareobasa
da
warmoebuli
maTi
produqtebis
gaumjobesebis
higienur
SesaZlo
gzebze
informacia (codna) ar gaaCnia. meurneobaTa umetesobaSi rZisgan
ZiriTadad
amzadeben
sxvadasxva
saxis
yvels.
yvelis
warmoebisaTvis iyeneben pepsins da maTi umravlesoba miiCnevs,
rom
pepsiniT
yvelis
amoyvanisas
warmoebuli
produqciis
gamokvleul
meurneobebSi
yvelis
Senaxva
gemo
higienuri
arasaxarbieloa.
uaresdeba.
parametrebiT
saTanadod
ar
mzaddeba yvelis Sesanaxi xsnari (waTxi) arc droulad icvleba,
rac,
pirvel
aisaxeba.
rigSi,
rac
produqtis
Seexeba
xarisxze
uSualod
(sunsa
cxovelTa
da
gemoze)
sadgoms,
aqac
arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaa. sadgomebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, bneli
da uhaeroa. sawunwuxe (nakelis sayrelebi) moednebi mowyobilia
yovelgvari parametrebis dacvis gareSe. arc erTi maTgani ar
akmayofilebs
dReisaTvis
qveyanaSi
moqmed
veterinaruli
moTxovnebis normebs (teqnikuri proeqtebis normebs). es exeba
rogorc saTavsoebs, ise maT mopirkeTebas, mowyobilobebs da
fermebis teritoriul mowyobas.
problemuria
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
fermebis
rom
wyalmomaragebis
Seswavlili
infrastruqtura.
fermebidan
arc
erTs
ar
gaaCnia araTu gamarTuli wyalmomaragebis sistema, saerTod ar
aqvT wyalmomaragebis qseli. Seswavlil fermerul meurneobebSi
122
ZiriTadad bunebrivi wyaroebis wyliT sargebloben. ar xdeba
moxmarebuli wylis xarisxis dadgena da kontroli. Sesabamisad
rTuldeba saTavsoebze, teritoriebsa da cxovelTa movlaze
veterinarul-sanitaruli moTxovnebis Sesruleba. mecxoveleobis
fermebis,
doneze
saTavsoebis,
SenarCuneba
teritoriebis
saTanado
sanitariul
uzrunvelyofa
moiTxovs
maT
da
mudmiv
zedamxedvelobas, sisufTavesa da keTilmowyobas.
Seswavlili fermeruli meurneobebi meqanizaciis TvalsazrisiT primitiul donezea. arc erT meurneobas ar gaaCnia manqanebi
da mowyobilobebi, romelnic uzrunvelyofen cxovelTa sakvebis
momzadebas,
wunwuxis
gatanas.
iseTi
Sromatevadi
procesi,
rogoricaa rZis wvela, yvela fermaSi xeliT sruldeba. is
meurneobebic, romlebic rZes abareben da maTSi mewveli furebis
raodenoba
10-ze
metia,
ar
arian
uzrunvelyofilni
rZis
gamaciebeli danadgarebiT. arada, cnobili faqtia, rom sarZeve
meurneobebis ekonomikuri efeqturoba pirdapiraa damokidebuli
rZis
xarisxTan,
romelic
mowvelis
Semdeg
mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli rZis gaciebis drosa da siRrmeze.
yvela
zemoT
aRniSnuli
piroba
(mouwyobeli
Senoba-
nagebobebi, mimdebare teritoriebi, cudi gzebi, wyalmomaragebis
sistemis
gaumarTaoba
danadgarebisa
da
da
xSir
mowyobilobebis
SemTxvevaSi
ararseboba,
uqonloba,
sanitarul-
higienuri ganaTlebis dabali done) erTad aRebuli saboloo
jamSi gavlenas axdens gamokvleuli meurneobebis produqciis
xarisxsa da uvnebelobaze.
sagangaSo monacemebi aqvs samcexe-javaxeTis regionSi moqmed
axalcixis saxelmwifo "epidemiologiuri-monitoringis sadgurs",
maTi monacemebiT regionis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi yovelwliurad
123
fiqsirdeba iseTi saSiSi daavadebebi, rogoricaa: brucelozi,
cimbiris wyluli, tuberkulozi, cofi, mastitebis nairsaxeobebi.
2010 wlamde aRniSnul sadgurs teqnikurad TviTon ar hqonda
saSualeba
Caetarebina
rogoricaa
Turquli.
gamokvleva
Tumca
iseT
Tbilisis
saSiS
daavadebaze,
sadgurSi
maT
mier
gagzavnil ramdenime sinjSi es daavadebac dafiqsirda12.
Cveni da sxva mkvlevarebis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevis
Sedegebidan
kargad
Cans
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
mesaqonleobis produqciis warmoebaSi arsebuli mTeli rigi
higienuri
Seusabamobebi.
isini
safrTxes
uqmian,
rogorc
pirutyvis ise adamianTa janmrTelobas. aRniSnuli ZiriTadad
ganpirobebulia garemos (miwa, wyali) dabinZurebiT da uSualod
meurneobebSi arsebuli arasaTanado higienuri pirobebiT.
soflis
meurneobis
dargi
Tavisi
specifikiT,
saxalxo
meurneobis sxva dargebisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba. aq Cven saqme
gvaqvs
cocxal
organizmebTan
gaTvaliswinebul
specifikuroba
iqnes
da
da
Sesabamisad,
TiToeuli
maTze
aucilebelia
cocxali
moqmedi
organizmis
faqtorebi,
faqtorTa
erToblioba.
Sesabamisi samsaxurebis mier regularulad unda xdebodes
garemos (niadagi, wyali) kontroli. miuxedavad danaxarjebisa
fermerebma sakuTar meurneobebSi sistematurad unda awarmoon,
niadagis,
kontroli,
wylis,
cxovelTa
uzrunvelyon
sakvebis
produqciis
da
maTi
janmrTelobis
warmoebis,
Senaxvis
da
realizaciis misaRebi higienuri pirobebi.
12
axalcixis epidemiologiuri sadguris wliuri (2007, 2008, 2009) angariSebi.
124
3.4
damxmare, servis-momsaxurebis arsebuli mdgomareoba
sakvebis damzadeba: regionSi sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobebis ganxorcielebaSi servismomsaxurebis kuTxiT arasaxarbielo
mdgomareobaa.
momsaxurebas
mesaqonleobiT
gansakuTrebiT
samcxe-javaxeTis
xarisxiani
Tivis
regionSi
dakavebuli
saWiroeben
saTibebis
damzadebis
meurneobebi
sakvebis
umetesi
sezono
2÷3
servis
damzadebaSi.
nawili
kviris
mTaSia.
farglebSi
meryeobs (ivlisis bolos agvistos dasawyisSi). am periodisaTvis
mTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire naleqebi, rac sakmarisia ukve
moTibuli, jer dausawyobebeli, Tivis xarisxis gasafuWeblad.
aRniSnulis
swrafad
Tavidan
gaTibva,
asacileblad
gaSroba
da
aucilebelia
dasawyobeba.
rasac
balaxis
fermerebi
Sesabamisi teqnikis naklebobis gamo xSirad ver axerxeben.
wlidan wlamde izrdeba gadasaxadi, Tivis damzadebisaTvis
saWiro
momsaxurebaze.
fasTa
yovelwliuri
zrda
bevradaa
ganpirobebuli sawvavze fasebis zrdiT. regionSi erTi heqtari
saTibis gaTibva 70 lari Rirs, Tivis dabululeba 30 lari, erTi
tukis dapresva 0.50 lari (saSualod heqtarze 40÷50 lari). fermers erT heqtar saTibze Tivis damzadeba momsaxurebiT daaxloebiT 140 lari (transportirebis gareSe) ujdeba. Tu Tivis
saheqtaro mosavlianobad aviRebT 2000 kg, maSin erTi kilogrami
Tivis damzadebis xarjebi 0.07 lars Seadgens, transportirebis,
dasawyobebis
da
sakuTari
Sromis
anazRaurebis
gamoklebiT.
aRniSnuli xarjebi meurneobebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia da 1
kg Tivaze meryeobs 0.02÷0.05 laris farglebSi. meurneobebisaTvis,
romlebic
TaviaanTi
ZalebiT
amzadeben
Tivas,
misi
TviTRirebuleba saSualod 0.05÷0.06 laris farglebSia.
125
servis-momsaxurebis
warmoadgens
maRali
regionSi
gaumarTaoba.
xSiria
fasebis
arsebuli
SemTxvevebi
garda,
teqnikis
muSaobis
problemas
siZvele
procesSi
da
teqnikis
mwyobridan gamosvlisa.
bolo
wlebSi,
xelSewyobiT
saxelmwifo
regionSi
Seiqmna
da
kerZo
programebis
agroteqnikiT
momsaxurebis
ramdenime serviscentri (ix. danarTi 2 da qveTavi 1.2.2.1. ZiriTadi
saSualebebi).
Tumca
maTi
raodenoba
da
teqnikis
odenoba
mTlianad ver faravs regions. arsebuli momsaxurebis servis
centrebSi
ferdobebze
TiTqmis
araa
samuSaod
specialuri
(regionis
teqnika
bunebrivi
mTis
saTibebis
damrec
sakmao
nawili, mTis damrec ferdobebzea ganlagebuli).
mniSvnelovania teqnikiT momsaxurebis centrebSi fermerTaTvis xelmisawvdomi fasebis gansazRvra, amisaTvis mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia sawvavze specialuri saxelmwifo programis amoqmedeba.
veterinaria da zooteqnika: mesaqonleobiT dakavebul meurneobebSi, SeuZlebelia maRali ekonomikuri maCveneblebis miRweva
Sesabamisi
veterinaruli
da
zooteqnikuri
RonisZiebebis
gatarebis gareSe. piriqiT, maTi ugulebelyofiT an arasaTanado
ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs maRali riski ekonomikuri
zaralis miRebisa.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa daavadebebi did ekonomikur
zarals ayenebs mecxoveleobis dargs da qmnis risks adamianTa
janmrTelobisaTvis. amitom am daavadebebis Tavidan acilebas
Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs mecxoveleobis dargis Semdgomi
ganviTarebisaTvis13.
13
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa daavadebebi, a. koCaliSvili, Tb., lomisi, 2008, gv, 2.
126
Tanamedrove
etapze,
rodesac
moxda
gadasvla
msxvili
kompleqsuri meurneobebidan mecxoveleobis fermeruli marTvis
sistemaze, am dargSi Seiqmna erTgvari deficiti veterinaruli
da zooteqnikuri servisis sferoSi. arada, cxovelTa movlaSenaxvis pirobebze didadaa damokidebuli meurneobis warmatebuli saqmianoba. Tumca, cxovelTa kargi movla-Senaxvis pirobebSic aris albaToba pirutyvis daavadebis.
cxovelTa janmrTelobis uzrunvelyofis, anu keTilsaimedo
garemos Seqmnis gareSe mecxoveleobis nedleulis miRebasa da
Semdgom gadamuSavebaze fiqri fuWia.
mecxoveleobis arc erTi dargis ganviTareba veterinaris,
zooteqnikosis gareSe warmoudgenelia. maT am sakiTxSi erT-erTi
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba akisriaT.
TavianTi yoveldRiuri SromiT veterinarebi da zooteqnikosebi
qveynis
janmrTelobis
da
keTildReobis
sadarajoze
dganan. nebismieri adamiani dReSi ramdenjerac ikvebeba minimum
imdenjer
exeba
aRniSnuli
specialobis
xalxis
namoRvawars.
isini anxorcieleben RonisZiebebis kompleqss, romlis mizania
mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacva adaminebisaTvis da cxovelebisaTvis saerTo saSiSi daavadebebisagan, romelTa ricxvi 200
aRwevs. maTi mizania aseve saTiTao fermeris/glexuri meurneobis
Semosavlebis
gazrda,
pirutyvis
produqtulobis
zrdiT
da
SesaZlo zaralis Semcireba daavadebuli pirutyvis gadarCeniT,
mkurnalobiT.
maT evalebaT zrunva rogorc cxovelis janmrTelobaze, maT
kvebaze, movlasa da Senaxvaze, ise fermerebisaTvis
mecxovele-
obasa da memcenareobaSi (cxovelTa gamokvebis kuTxiT) konsul-
127
taciebis
gawevaze.
higienuri
pirobebis
dacviT
nedleulis
miRebaze, produqciis warmoebaze, Senaxvasa da realizaciaze.
axalma sabazro urTierTobam veterinarebs da zooteqnikosebs axali pirobebi wauyena. isini unda iyvnen orientirebulni
bazarze,
kvaldakval
misdion
dargSi
arsebul
teqnikur
da
teqnologiur miRwevebs da flobdnen situaciis marTvis unarCvevebs.
qvemoT ganvixilavT ramdenime daavadebas da maTgan SesaZlo
ekonomikur zarals meurneobebisaTvis.
mastiti: mastiti meZroxeobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze maRali ekonomikuri zaralis momtani daavadebaa. misi gamomwvevi mizezebi
araerTgvarovania da rigi faqtorebis erTobliobiT yalibdeba.
mastitiT miyenebuli ekonomikuri zarali:
mocemuloba: mewveli furi, saSualo dRiuri wveladaoba 10
litri. mastitiT daavadebuli curis meoTxedebis raodenobaa
ori. daavadebis simZime, msubuqi.
ekonomikuri zarali cifrebSi:
o
Semcirebuli rZe – dReSi 5 litri X xangrZlivoba 5
dRe X 0.50 erTi litri rZis fasi = 12.50 lari.
o
wamlebi:
biomasti
–
6
cali
X
mkurnalobis
xangrZlivoba 3 dRe X biomastis Rirebuleba 1.00 lari = 18
lari
o
antibiotiki: erTi flakoni (50 gr.) X 5 lari = 5 lari
o
veterinaris momsaxureba: 20 lari
mgzavrobis xarjebi (veterinarTan; wamlebze)
fermerisaTvis damatebiTi samuSao dro
sul xarji: 55.50 lari
128
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom
Cven
gaviangariSeT
msubuqi
daavadebis SemTxveva da finansurad ar dagviTvlia mgzavrobis
xarjebi (veterinarTan; wamlebze) da fermerisaTvis damatebiTi
samuSao dro, miaxloebiT miRebuli ekonomikuri zarali mainc
didia. Cven mier gamoTvlili mewarmis mogeba erT sul furze
weliwadSi Seadgens daaxlovebiT 140 lars, xolo mogeba 500
lars
(2009
wlis
monacemebiT).
aqedan
gamomdinare,
furze
weliwadSi damatebiT 55 laris odenobis gauTvaliswinebeli
xarjis
gaweva
meurneobisaTvis
mogebis
sakmaod
Semcirebas
niSnavs.
mastitis mZime formis SemTxvevaSi mewveli furi gankurnebis
Semdegac veRar aRwevs maqsimalur wveladobas da umjobesia
misi gamowuneba meurneobidan.
pasterelozi /hemsepticemia/ da emkari /emfizematoruli
karbonkuli/:
aRniSnuli daavadebebi pirutyvis profilaqtikuri damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic weliwadSi orjer gazafxulsa da
Semodgomaze
unda
ganxorcieldes,
aranair
safrTxes
aRar
warmoadgens. profilaqtikuri RonisZiebis safasuri erT mewvel
furze weliwadSi Seadgens 4 lars, rogorc pasterelozze, ise
emkarze.
daavadebis
SemTxvevaSi
maRalia
safrTxe
pirutyvis
dacemisa. daavadebagadatanili pirutyvis produqtuloba 20÷30%iT mcirdeba da isini gamowunebas eqvemdebareba.
zooteqnikosebis
rCevebs
gansakuTrebiT
didi
mniSvneloba
aqvT iafi da xarisxiani sakvebis misaRebad da pirutyvis sworad
gamosakvebad.
129
zemoT moyvanili ramdenime magaliTidanac kargad Cans ramdenad mniSvnelovania veterinaruli da zooteqnikuri momsaxurebis
arseboba, mecxoveleobis dargis ganviTarebisaTvis.
Cven mier samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi gamokvleuli meurneobebidan dgindeba, rom maTTvis did problemas warmoadgens
veterinarul-zooteqnikuri
momsaxurebis
miReba
regionSi
gamocdili specialistebis simciris gamo. es sakiTxi maTTvis
gansakuTrebiT
problemuri
veterinaruli
ubnebi.
gaxda
mas
dResdReobiT
Semdeg,
arsebuli
rac
moiSala
mdgomareobiT
zogierT dasaxlebul punqtSi ramdenime veterinaria, zogierTSi
arc erTi. rigi daavadebebisa moiTxovs specialistebis swraf
Carevas,
rasac
arsebuli
mdgomareobidan
gamomdinare
meurneobebis umravlesobaSi ver axerxeben.
dResdReobiT samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi ramdenime veterinarul-sakonsultacio organizaciaa Camoyalibebuli. aRniSnuli
organizaciebi
Camoyalibda
regionSi
moqmedi
sxvadasxva
arasamTavrobo programebis farglebSi. maTgan gamarTulad jerjerobiT
verc
organizaciebi
erTi
ver
ZiriTadad
funqcionirebs.
Semoifarglebian
maTi
aRniSnuli
daarsebis
iniciatori, donori organizaciebis SekveTebiT.
Tavis
mxriv,
regionSi
moqmedi
veterinarebis
garkveulma
nawilma, scada fermerebTan komerciuli TanamSromlobis awyoba.
SeiZines medikamentebi, umkurnales TaviaanT samoqmedo arealSi
myofi meurneebis pirutyvs, magram Cadebuli sakuTari kapitalis
(medikamentebis safasuri) didi nawilis ukugeba veRar SeZles, an
maTi ukugeba droSi Zalzed SeuferxdaT. aRniSnulis mTavar
mizezad
veterinarebma
daasaxeles
meurneobebis/mosaxleobis
dabali Semosavlebi mesaqonleobis dargidan.
130
fermerebi Tvlian, rom regionis veteqimebs unda hqondeT
momsaxurebis erTiani preiskuranti da igi cnobili unda iyos
maTTvis.
rac
erTdroulad
garkveuli
SeexebaT
10
da
SedarebiT
met
veterinaruli
did
msxvilfexa
momsaxureba,
meurneobebs
pirutyvzea
sadac
gasawevi
gaTvaliswinebul
unda
iqnes garkveuli SeRavaTebi (magaliTad, garkveuli veterinaruli
momsaxureba erT sulze Rirs 2 lari, fermerisaTvis, visac hyavs
aTi suli, xuT sulze zeviT gadaixados 1 lari).
warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad Cven davadgineT veterinaruli
ubnis
is
veteqimis
minimaluri
sidide,
saqmianobisaTvis.
romelic
sabWoTa
saSualebas
periodSi
iZleva
arsebuli
veterinaruli ubnebi sxva saxeobebTan erTad, rogorc wesi, 1500
da zeviT msxvilfexa rqosan pirutyvs aerTianebda. im periodSi
veterinarTan
erTad
dasaqmebuli.
ubani
sxva
Cveni
aRniSnul
ubanSi
gamoTvlebiT,
saxeobebTan
erTad
1
ferSalic
dResdReobiT
unda
iyo
veterinaruli
moicavdes
minimum
1000
msxvilfexa rqosan pirutyvs. am SemTxvevaSi veteqims SeeZleba
gamarTuli muSaoba da eqneba samomavlo ganviTarebis stimuli.
Cveni gamoTvlebiT yvela aucilebeli veterinaruli RonisZiebebis
(rogorc
saxelmwifo,
ise
kerZo)
gatarebis
SemTxvevaSi,
zemoaRniSnuli sididis ubanze veterinaris gamomuSavebam TveSi
minimum
800
lari
gaTvaliswinebuli
unda
Seadginos.
RonisZiebebis
saxelmwifo
gareSe
da
programebiT
sxva
SesaZlo
Semaferxebeli faqtorebis (rogoricaa fermerTa 30%-is mxridan
veterinaruli
RonisZiebebis
ugulebelyofa)
gaTvaliswinebiT
veterinaris gamomuSaveba Semcirdeba TveSi 500 laramde. regionis (qveynis) saSiSi daavadebebisagan Tavisuflad gamocxadebamde
131
saxelmwifo
veterinaruli
RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebaSi
CarTulni unda iyvnen adgilobrivi, Sesabamisi ubnis veteqimebi.
dasaregulirebelia veterinaris da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba. veterinaruli saqmianobis specifikidan gamomdinare, isini
erTgvarad qveynis SigniT usafrTxo garemos Seqmnas emsaxurebian. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia maTTvis garkveuli sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis gaweva, magaliTad, gaTavisufleba yvela sagadasaxado valdebulebisagan da mxolod wliuri, erTjeradi sabiujeto Senatanis daweseba (magaliTad 50 lari).
warmoebuli
Zveli
kvleviT
veterinaruli
veterinariis
gamoikveTa
fermerTa
ubnebis
aRdgeniT.
ganviTarebamde,
Seqmnili
Cveni
daintereseba
azriT,
situaciidan
kerZo
kargi
gamosavali iqneboda Zveli veterinaruli ubnebis aRdgena, sadac
kerZo
veterinarebi
rogorc
kerZo
dasaqmdebodnen.
saqmianobas,
gaTvaliswinebul
ise
RonisZiebebsac.
isini
ganaxorcielebdnen
saxelmwifo
aRniSnul
programebiT
ubnebze
momuSave
veteqimebs unda hqondeT ufleba gascen produqtis vargisianobis
(mag.: dakluli pirutyvis xorcis) da pirutyvis janmrTelobis
cnobebi. maTi saqmianoba unda iyos koordinirebuli Sesabamis
saxelmwifo maregulirebel samsaxurebTan da maTgan periodulad mowmdebodes. veterinaruli ubnebisaTvis farTis gamoyofa
da
maTi
mowyoba
(xangrZliv
perspeqtivaSi
aRWurva)
unda
ganxorcieldes ZiriTadad saxelmwifo programiT, nawilobriv
TviTon veterinarebis mier.
koordinaciisa da samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia raionis masStabiT veterinaruli da zooteqnikuri
asociaciebis Camoyalibeba, maT bazaze regionuli asociaciis
Seqmna. asociaciebis meSveobiT gaioldeba urTierToba, rogorc
132
saxelmwifo
samsaxurebTan,
fermerebTan.
asociaciis
siaxleebis
donor
SigniT
organizaciebTan,
moxdeba
urTierTgaziareba,
rac
ise
gamocdilebis
xels
da
Seuwyobs
specialistebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebas. asociaciebis Seqmnis
inicirebisaTvis SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iyos veterinarul
ubnebSi
dasasaqmebeli
specialistebis
msgavs
organizaciebSi
gaerTianebis aucilebloba.
veterinaruli
preparatebisa
specialistebisa
da
da
medikamentebis,
meurneobebisaTvis
aseve
aucilebeli
sxva
specialuri aRWurvilobis SesaZenad regionis yvela raionul
centrSi
2010
(regionis
wlidan
centrSi
funqcionirebs
axalcixeSi
minimum
funqcionirebs
erTi
maRazia
oTxi
maRazia).
maTSi arsebuli fasebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sagrZnoblad aRemateba
analoguri saqonlis fasebs Tbilisis afTiaqebsa da maRaziebSi.
fermeruli
arsebobs
organizaciebi:
ramdenime
samcxe-javaxeTis
fermeruli/sakonsultacio
regionSi
organizacia,
romlebic, rogorc meZroxeobis, ise sxva mimarTulebis mqone
meurneobebs
Tavazobs
sakonsultacio
daxmarebas.
aucilebel
produqcias Tavazobs fermerebs ramdenime agromaRazia.
aRniSnuli
organizaciebi
inicirebuli
da
daarsebulia
sxvadasxva samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo proeqtebis farglebSi.
arsebuli
mdgomareobiT
mdgradi
da
maTi
warmatebuli
umetesobis
saqmianoba
biznessaqmianobisagan,
Sorsaa
Tumca
misasalmebelia, rom aseTi tipis organizaciebis Camoyalibebis
procesi samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi dawyebulia.
mizanSewonilad
dakavebuli
migvaCnia
meurneobebis
ara
mxolod
gaerTianebebis
meZroxeobiT
Camoyalibeba,
aramed
sasoflo-sameurneo fermeruli gaerTianebebis Seqmnac.
133
calkeul fermerebs surT Tu ara fermerul asociacebSi/
gaerTianebebSi Sesvla, mainc uxdebaT mraval sakiTxze sxva
fermerebTan
TanamSromloba
(mag.:
saTib-saZovrebis
marTvisas,
naxiris struqturis formirebisas, daavadebebis sawinaaRmdego
RonisZiebebis gatarebisas da sxva). aRniSnuli TanmaSromlobis
aucileblobaze Cven wina TavebSic visaubreT.
saWirod migvaCnia ganviTarebuli soflis meurneobis mqone
qveynebis gamocdilebis mecnieruli Seswavla da maT safuZvelze regionSi (saqarTveloSi) arsebuli situaciisaTvis yvelaze
misaRebi formis fermeruli gaerTianebebis daarseba.
fermeruli
gaerTianebebiT
urTierTTanamSromloba,
potencialis
zrdas,
gaioldeba
xeli
Seewyoba
xarisxiani
fermerebs
maTi
da
Soris
warmoebiTi
konkurentunariani
produqciis Seqmna-realizacias, rac sabolood xels Seuwyobs
TiToeuli fermeris ganviTarebas da maTi Semosavlebis matebas.
saxelmwifo
organizaciebi:
regionSi
moqmedi
saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebidan, romelTa muSaobazec didadaa damokidebuli
higienur-sanitaruli mdgomareoba, gamovyofT axalcixis "epidemiologiuri-monitoringis sadgurs” da “sursaTis uvneblobis,
veterinariis da mcenareTa dacvis erovnul samsaxurs”. orive
dasaxelebuli
organizaciis
umTavres
funqcias
monitoringi
warmoadgens.
qalaq
axalcixis
“epidemiologiuri-monitoringis
sadguri"
2009 wlidan gadavida axlad aSenebul da Tanamedrove teqnikiT
aRWurvil SenobaSi. misi TanamSromlebi sistematurad gadian
swavlebisa
da
gadamzadebis
kursebs
da
imaRleben
kvalifikacias. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sedegad gaizarda im
134
RonisZiebebis
nusxa
romelTa
laboratoriuli
gamokvleva
aRniSnul dawesebulebas manamde ar SeeZlo.
meZroxeobiT
dakavebul
meurneobebs
(da
ara
marto
maT)
SeuZliaT sxvadasxva gamokvlevisaTvis, an maT mier warmoebuli
produqciis xarisxis (parametrebis) dasadgenad, mimarTon aRniSnul
dawesebulebas.
aqve
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
momsaxurebis
safasuri fermerebisaTvis bolo wlebSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda
(xSir SemTxvevaSi gaormagda). magaliTad, 2007 wlamde sisxlis
analizs
iseT
saxelmwifo
saSiS
daavadebaze,
afinansebda.
2007
rogoricaa
wlidan
brucelozi,
aRniSnuli
analizi
fermerebisaTvis 2 lari gaxda, xolo 2010 wlidan gaormagda da
sinjze 4 lari Seadgina.
Cveni azriT, pirvel rigSi, unda Sedges regionSi arsebuli
pirutyvisTvis
da
saSiSi
daavadebebis
lozi,
cofi,
gauuqmdeT
imavdroulad
nusxa
cimbiris
maTze
momsaxurebisTvis
adamianebisTvisac,
(magaliTad,
wyluli,
yvelaze
brucelozi,
da
fermerebs
“epidemiologiuri-monitoringis
sadguris”
dawesebuli
Turquli)
tuberku-
safasuri,
an
simbolurad
ganesazRvroT anazRaurebis sidide (magaliTad sinji 1 lari).
“sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariis da mcenareTa dacvis
erovnuli samsaxuri” warmodgenilia regionis yvela raionul
erTeulSi.
TiToeuli
erTeuli
Semoifargleba
sami,
maqsimum
oTxi TanamSromliT, erTi specialisti veterinariis ganxriT,
erTi
specialisti
xelmZRvaneli.
warmoadgens
mcenareTa
aRniSnuli
monitoringis
dacvis
samsaxuris
ganxriT
da
ZiriTad
ganxorcieleba.
samsaxuris
saqmianobas
ZiriTadad
maT
uxdebaT im RonisZiebebis monitoringi, romelic saxelmwifo
programebis CamonaTvalSia Setanili. magaliTad, veterinariis
135
kuTxiT:
Turqulis,
cimbiris
wylulis,
brucelozis,
tuberkulozis, cofis. bolo wlebSi saxelmwifo programebis
Sesruleba
imdenad
Semcirda,
rom
maTma
am
formiT
ganxorcielebam praqtikulad azri dakarga. SeiniSneba tendencia
saxelmwifo
programebis
dauSveblad
migvaCnia
saerTod
manmade,
sanam
Sewyvetisa,
rac
saqarTvelo
ar
Cven
iqneba
zemoaRniSnuli daavadebebisagan Tavisufali qveyana.
“sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariis da mcenareTa dacvis
erovnuli samsaxuris” warmomadgenlebis mier raime daavadebis
dafiqsirebis
SemTxvevaSi
iqmneba
“gamouvali”
situacia.
magaliTad, pirutyvis mZime daavadebis dafiqsirebis SemTxvevaSi,
erTi mxriv, daavadebuli pirutyvi ganadgurebas eqvemdebareba,
meore
mxriv,
es
pirutyvi
warmoadgens
meurneobis
kerZo
sakuTrebas. kerZo sakuTreba ki kanonmdeblobiT xelSeuxebelia.
msgavs
situaciebSi
gadasaxdeli
saxelmwifos
sakompensacio
mxridan
sistemis
fermerebisaTvis
arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi
problema gadaiWreboda da zemoTaRniSnuli samsaxuris muSaobis
efeqtianobac
gaizrdeboda.
sakiTxis
gadauWreloba
did
safrTxes uqmnis rogorc meZroxeobis, ise sxva mimarTulebis
meurneobebs,
aseve
maT
meurneobebSi
warmoebuli
produqciis
nebismier momxmarebels. samwuxaroa, magram gamokvlevam aCvena,
rom zogierTi meurneoba inaxavs daavadebul pirutyvs. regionSi
arsebobs
sxvadasxva
daavadebebis
problemebis
kerebi,
gamo
adamianisa
romelTa
“sursaTis
da
cxovelisTvis
gauvnebleba
uvneblobis,
saSiSi
arsebuli
veterinariis
da
mcenareTa dacvis erovnul samsaxurs” ar SeuZlia.
2010 wlis bolodan zemoaRniSnul samsaxurSi Semcirebul
iqna
TanamSromlebis
garkveuli
raodenoba,
ris
Semdegac
136
zogierT raionul samsaxurSi, mxolod erTi warmomadgenelia
datovebuli.
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT “sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariis da
mcenareTa
dacvis
erovnul
samsaxuri”
warmoadgens
qveynis
usafrTxoebis umniSvnelovanes organos da umniSvnelovanesad
migvaCnia am samsaxuris swori reorganizacia, romlis drosac
gaTvaliswinebuli
momzadeba
da
iqneba
dasaqmeba.
sakmarisi
Cveni
raodenobis
varaudiT
TiToeul
kadrebis
raionul
centrSi minimum Svidi specialistia dasasaqmebeli: xelmZRvaneli, specialisti veterinari da misi TanaSemwe, specialisti
mcenareTa dacvaSi da misi TanaSemwe, specialisti sursaTis
uvneblobaSi da misi TanaSemwe.
“sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariis da mcenareTa dacvis
erovnuli
samsaxurma”
safuZvelze
prognozi
unda
Seagrovos,
gaukeTos
daamuSaos
Sesabamis
da
maT
monacemebs,
rac
dRevandeli soflis meurneobisaTvis esoden saWiroa.
samcxe-javaxeTis
janmrTelobis
migvaCnia
regionSi
keTilsaimedo
saxelmwifos
Camtareblis
(zogadad
garemos
mxridan
funqciis
mizanmimarTuli
da
rac
funqcionireba.
Cven
mier
ara
aRniSnul
cxovelTa
Seqmnamde,
aucileblad
mxolod
monitoringis
Sesruleba,
mTavaria,
qveyanaSi),
aramed
sistematuri
qveTavSi
qmediTi,
programebis
SeTavazebulia
ramdenime aseTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis sqema.
3.5
rZis gadammuSavebel sawarmoTa gaadgileba da maTi ganviTa-
rebis gzebi
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi, misi bunebriv-klimaturi resursebidan
gamomdinare,
yovelTvis
mZlavrad
iyo
ganviTarebuli
137
meZroxeoba (yofili sabWoTa meurneobebi da kolmeurneobebi) da
Sesabamisad, rZis gadammuSavebeli warmoeba.
aq
iwarmoeboda
mravali
saxis
rZis
produqti.
yvelis
nairsaxeobebi, gansakuTrebiT ganTqmuli iyo qarxnuli yvelebi:
qarTuli
da
monacemebiT,
Sveicariuli.
regionSi
adgilobrivi
arsebobda
sxvadasxva
mosaxleobis
rZis
produqtis
warmoebis tradicia, romelic, samwuxarod, droTa ganmavlobaSi
daikarga. amis karg magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT “tenili
yveli”, romelic dResdReobiT TiTo-orola ojaxSiRa iwarmoeba
da
Tu
mas
saTanado
yuradReba
ar
mieqca,
arsebobs
didi
safrTxe misi teqnologiis dakargvisac.
dResdReobiT samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi ZiriTadad iwarmoeba
yvelis
imeruli
(mcire
Semdegi
yveli,
saxeobebi:
sulguni
raodenobiT
qarTuli
(aseve
obiani
(e.w.
qarxnuli
yveli),
sulguni),
CeCili
Sebolili
CeCili)
da
tenili
(ZiriTadad
adigenis da aspinZis raionebis ojaxur meurneobebSi).
rZis
sxva
produqtebidan
aq
awarmoeben:
xaWos,
ojaxur
karaqs, naduRs, mawons. Tumca maTi warmoeba, realizaciasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis gamo, mcirea. rZis produqtebidan
regionSi ZiriTadad mainc yvels awarmoeben.
yvelis warmoeba: rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi rZis produqtebidan yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia
yvelis
warmoeba.
(gansakuTrebiT
yofili
sabWoTa
axalqalaqisa
da
kavSiris
dros
ninowmindis
regionSi
raionebSi)
iwarmoeboda maRalxarisxiani “Sveicariuli” yveli, xangrZlivi
damwifebiT.
yvelis
bevri
sawarmo
awarmoebda
qarTul,
e.w.
qarxnul yvels. sabWoTa sistemis moSlis Semdeg aRniSnuli
sawarmoebi
daiSala.
mas
Semdeg
regionSi
Sewyda
iseTi
138
mniSvnelovani da xarisxiani produqtis warmoeba, rogoricaa
“Sveicariuli” yveli. rac Seexeba qarxnul – qarTul yvels, misi
warmoeba SedarebiT ioli teqnologiis gamo ar SeCerebula.
Tumca sawarmoebis magivrad misma warmoebam SedarebiT msxvil
ojaxul meurneobebSi gadainacvla. qarxnuli yvelis warmoebas,
imerul yvelTan SedarebiT, esaWiroeba didi raodenobis rZe.
erTi Tavi qarxnuli yveli daaxloebiT 5÷6 kilograms iwonis.
Sesabamisad
mis
sawarmoeblad
saWiroa
50
litramde
rZe.
umjobesia erTi nawveli periodis (dila an saRamo) rZe. am
raodenobis rZe ki mxolod im meurneobebs ugrovdebaT, visac 5÷6
da meti suli mewveli Zroxa
hyavT. saTib-saZovrebis siuxvis
gamo meurneobebi SedarebiT didi merZeuli furebis suladobiT
ganlagebulia
javaxeTSi
(ninowmindisa
da
axalqalaqis
raionebSi), Sesabamisad qarTuli-qarxnuli yvelic ZiriTadad aq
iwarmoeba, javaxeTTan SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT samcxeSi.
adigenis da borjomis raionebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia imeruli
yvelisa
da
sulgunis
warmoeba
aspinZasa
da
axalcixeSi
imeruli
da
sulgunis
(aseve
iwarmoeba,
tipis
yveli.
Sebolili
rogorc
yvela
sulguni).
qarxnuli,
raionSi
ise
mcire
raodenobiT iwarmoeba CeCili yveli.
samcxe-javaxeTis soflis meurneobis regionuli samsaxurisa
da regionSi moqmedi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis monacemebiT,
dResdReobiT
regionSi
saxelmwifo
samewarmeo
reestriT
registrirebulia 44 rZis da rZis produqtebis gadamuSavebiT da
realizaciiT dakavebuli organizacia (ixileT danarTi 8). xolo
xorcisa da xorc produqtebis gadamuSavebiT da realizaciiT
dakavebulia 4 organizacia (ixileT danarTi 9).
139
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
rZisa
da
rZis
produqtebis
gadamuSavebiT da realizaciiT dakavebuli 44 organizaciidan 16
ninowmidis raionSia, 12 axalcixis raionSi, 5 aspinZis raionSi,
4÷4 axalqalaqisa da adigenis raionebSi, xolo 3 borjomis
raionSi.
44 organizaciidan 10 mxolod rZis SegrovebiT aris dakavebuli, anu rZis Semgrovebel punqtebs warmoadgens. aRniSnuli
rZis Semgrovebeli punqtebi ZiriTadad adigenis, axalcixis da
aspinZis
raionebSia
ganTavsebuli.
isini
regionSi
moqmedi
sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebis egidiTaa inicirebuli
da daarsebuli. mopovebuli monacemebiT TviToeuls dReSi 2÷2.5
tona
rZis
Segrovebis
rezervuaris
SesaZlebloba
moculobidan
gaaCnia
(Semgrovebeli
gamomdinare).
aTive
rZis
Semgrovebeli centri regionSi 2007 wlis Semdegaa daarsebuli.
Zvelad
sabWoTa
meurneobebSi
misdevdnen
merZeul
meZro-
xeobas da iq damzadebul rZes amuSavebdnen rZis gadammuSavebel
sawarmoebSi.
meurne)
am
procesebidan
gamoTiSuli
iyo.
soflis
Sesabamisad
mosaxleoba
regionSi
(rogorc
ucxoa
rZis
Cabarebis tradicia. unda iTqvas igi axla yalibdeba. rogorc
yvela axal wamowyebas, masac rigi sirTuleebisa sdevs Tan. rZis
Semgrovebeli
Segrovebis
Cambarebeli
punqtis
kultura
xelmZRvanelebis
regionSi,
meurneobebisaTvis
aRniSvniT,
rogorc
siaxlea.
maTTvis,
rac
maT
ise
rZis
rZis
muSaobaSi
Tavisebur xarvezebs warmoSobs.
zemoT dasaxelebuli rZisa da rZis produqtebis gadamuSavebiT da realizaciiT dakavebuli 44 organizaciidan, Cven
mier warmoebuli kvleviT, 7 saqmianobas praqtikulad aRar eweva,
xolo 4÷5 maTganis saqmianoba arastabiluria.
140
Cven mier kvlevis procesSi monaxulebuli verc erTi, rZis
produqtebis mwarmoebeli organizacia ver akmayofilebs egreT
wodebul „HACCP“-is standartebs. maTgan mxolod 4÷5 maTgans
aqvs
aRWurviloba
rZis
pasterizebisaTvis,
rac
Cveni
azriT,
regionSi arsebuli arasaxarbielo higienuri mdgomareo-bis gamo
aucilebelia.
garda zemoT aRniSnuli organizaciebisa, yvela is ojaxuri
meurneoba, romelic misdevs merZeul mesaqonleobas, awarmoebs
sxvadasxva
saxis
rZis
produqtebsac.
maT
Soris
gansxvaveba
mxolod isaa, rom nawili aRniSnuli ojaxuri meurneobebisa
rZis
produqtebs
sarealizaciodac
awarmoebs,
nawili
ki
mxolod piradi moxmarebisaTvis.
meurneobebisTvis,
romlebic
rZis
produqtebs,
rogorc
sarealizaciod, ise piradi moxmarebisTvis awarmoeben, damaxasiaTebelia
sarealizacio
produqciis
gazafxul-zafxulSi
warmoeba, xolo piradi moxmarebisaTvis zafxulis bolos da
SemodgomiT. zafxulis bolodan cximianoba rZeSi, wina periodTan SedarebiT, matulobs da izrdeba gamosavlianoba produqciis warmoebaSi. regionisa da zogadad qveynis mosaxleobisaTvisac cximiani produqti xSir SemTxvevaSi maRalxarisxian da
margebel produqtTan asocirdeba.
samcxis SedarebiT didi suladobis meZroxeobis meurneobebi
gazafxulidan
(aprili,
maisidan)
Semodgomamde
(oqtomberi,
noemberi) sazafxulo saZovrebze midian. iqve warmoebs maT mier
rZis
produqtebis
garkveul
ZiriTadad
warmoeba
problemebTanaa
ar
aris
da
dasawyobeba/
dakavSirebuli.
eleqtroenergia,
damwifeba,
sazafxulo
sufTa
rac
binebze
wyalic,
xSir
141
SemTxvevaSi,
Sori
manZilidanaa
mosatani,
rac,
Tavis
mxriv,
warmoebuli produqciis xarisxze aisaxeba.
rZis
produqtebis
warmoeba
ojaxuri
moxmarebisaTvis
da
sarealizaciod Zlier gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sarealizacio produqti unda iyos SedarebiT erTgvarovani da maRali
xarisxisa, rac ojaxur meurneobebSi rTuli misaRwevia.
Cven
mier
gamokvleul
meurneobebSi,
rZisa
da
rZis
produqtebis warmoebaSi aRiniSna Semdegi ZiriTadi problemebi:
ƒ arakeTilsaimedo
m.r.p.-is
nedleulis
daavadebebi,
wyaroebi
romlebic
(regionSi
aferxeben
xSiria
uvnebeli
da
xarisxiani produqciis stabilur warmoebas);
ƒ xarisxiani rZis produqtebis warmoebisaTvis arasaTanado
aRWurviloba;
ƒ maRalxarisxiani produqciis warmoebis gamoucdeloba (rZis
produqtebis mwarmoebelTa/specialistTa nakleboba);
ƒ rZis produqtebis dasawyobebis da realizaciis sakiTxebis
mougvarebloba;
ƒ finansuri problemebi (agraruli sesxebis da kreditebis
miRebis sirTule).
samcxe-javaxeTSi mesaqonleobis da rZis gadammuSavebeli
sawarmoebis (ojaxuri meurneobebis) gaadgilebidan gamomdinare,
mizanSewonilad miviCnevT saxelmwifo da kerZo investiciebis
mozidviT
xeli
Seewyos
saSualo
da
mcire
zomis
rZis
gadammuSavebeli sawarmoebis ganviTarebas.
gadammuSavebeli
fermerebisTvis
rogoricaa
saSualebebis
sawarmoebis
mogvardeba
warmoebuli
simcire.
iseTi
rZis
ganviTarebiT
vTvliT,
mniSvnelovani
sakiTxi,
realizacia
gadammuSavebeli
da
sabrunavi
sawarmoebisaTvis
142
mniSvnelovania keTilsaimedo da miTTvis sakmarisi nedleulis
wyaros arseboba, risTvisac isini investiciebis Cadebaze mzad
iqnebian da droTa ganmavlobaSi (erT, or weliwadSi) regionSi
SesaZlebeli
iqneba
gadammuSavebel
rZis
sawarmoebs
saxelSekrulebo
TanamSromoba,
mwarmoebel
Soris
ris
fermerebsa
aewyos
safuZvelzec
da
winaswari
fermerebi
SeZleben maT mier warmoebuli rZis safasuris winaswar, maTTvis
saWiro dros miRebas da ara uSualod misi Cabarebisas, rogorc
es zogierT ganviTarebuli soflis meurneobis mqone qveyanaSia
danergili.
rZis
mwarmoebel
fermersa
da
mis
gadammuSavebel
sawarmoebs Soris saxelSekrulebo TanamSromloba, fermerebs
saSualebas miscemes, meurneobis Semdgomi zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiro
axali
investiciebis
mozidvisaTvis
mimarTon
fulad-sakredito institutebs.
aRniSnuli problemebi Cven SeZlebisdagvarad amomwuravad
ganvixileT mocemul naSromSi (rZis produqtebis realizaciis
sakiTxebi mocemulia momdevno TavSi) da warmovadgineT maTi
gadaWris Cveneuli xedva.
143
Tavi 4.
rZisa da rZis produqtebis bazris formireba
da ganviTareba
4.1
agromarketingi da sasursaTo bazris Taviseburebani
agromarketingi:
agromarketingi
sruliad
gansxvavdeba
samrewvelo, komerciuli, sabanko, sagamomcemlo da sxva saxis
marketingisgan.
miRebuli
saqonlis
amas
ganapirobebs
Sedegebis
rolsa
formebze,
da
saqonlis
sezonurobaze,
am
dargis
Taviseburebebi-
damokidebuleba
bunebriv
pirobebze,
mniSvnelobaze,
sakuTrebis
sxvadasxva
warmoebis,
meurneobebis
miRebisa
da
organizaciuli
gasaRebis
formebis
mravalferovnebaze, sagareo ekonomikur kavSirebze. agrobiznesis
saqmianobaSi bunebrivi da ekonomikuri procesebi integrirebuli
xdeba da marketingis warmoebisa da organizaciisaTvis gansakuTrebul pirobebs qmnis.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi sabazro urTierTobaTa
struqturis
Camoyalibebam,
sawarmoebis
(fermeruli
axali
tipis
meurneobebis)
sasoflo-sameurneo
Seqmnam,
sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebis kerZo seqtorSi gadanawilebam, Tavisufali
vaWrobis pirobebSi samomxmareblo bazris axleburad warmoCenam
dargi aucilebeli reformebis winaSe daayena, romelic Cvens
qveyanaSi jer ar dasrulebula.
agromarketingi
Tavisebur
rTul
regulirebasa
sistemas
da
marTvas
warmoadgens,
moiTxovs.
rac
mis
nebismieri
adamiani ase Tu ise yoveldRiurad exeba sasoflo-sameurneo
marketings, magram cotas Tu warmoudgenia am dargSi mimdinare
marketinguli procesis sirTule.
144
marketingi
agrarul
bazarTan
sferosTan
farToa.
marketingi
romlis
dakavSirebuli
dakavSirebiT
ganixileba,
meSveobiTac
misi
arsi
rogorc
fermeruli
miemarTeba.
agro-marketingi,
sawarmoSi
da
Tavdeba
aqtiuroba,
da
momxmareblisaken
wesi,
maSin,
ufro
produqtebi
meurneobebidan
rogorc
oRond
bevrad
saqmiani
sasoflo-sameurneo
momsaxureba
sameurneo
saqmianobaa,
iwyeba
roca
sasofloproduqcias
saboloo momxmarebeli SeiZens. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sasoflo-sameurneo marketinguli saqmianobis mTelma sistemam
unda uzrunvelyos saWiro dros, saWiro adgilze da saWiro
formiT produqciis miwodeba momxmareblisaTvis.
marketingi,
rogorc
bazris
marTvis
koncefcia,
bazris
moTxovnebze orientirebuli fermeruli meurneobebis warmoebagasaRebis,
vaWrobis,
sasursaTo
bazris
organizaciisa
Rrma
da
da
yovelmxrivi
marTvis
codna
sistemaa.
fermeruli
meurneobebis Semosavlebis miRebisa da maTi zrdis safuZvelia.
imis gamo, rom mwarmoebels (gamyidvels) da momxmarebels
(myidvels)
produqciis
agromarketingi
ekonomikur
rogorc
mimarT
gardauvalad
interesTa
gulisxmobs
konfliqts.
SemaerTebeli
sxvadasxva
rgoli
igi
interesi
monawileTa
SeiZleba
sursaTis
aqvs,
Soris
ganvixiloT,
specializebul
mwarmoebelsa da mis momxmarebels Soris. agromarketingi scems
pasuxs
ZiriTad
ekonomikur
kiTxvebs:
ra
vawarmooT,
ra
raodenobiT, romeli xerxiT, rogor da sad gavanawiloT.
agromarketingis
specifikuria
da
praqtikuli
gamoyenebis
Taviseburebani
saqmianobis
sferozea
damokidebuli
(mecxoveleoba, memcenareoba, transportireba da a.S.), swored
145
masTan aris dakavSirebuli funqciebis, amocanebis da saboloo
jamSi, agromarketinguli samsaxurebis saqmianobis Sinaarsi.
Cveulebriv,
produqciis
gamoyofen
saboloo
agromarketingis
fermidan
soflis
momxmareblamde
Semdeg
funqciebs:
1.
mitanis
gacvlis
meurneobis
mTel
gzaze,
funqcia,
anu
produqciis yidva-gayidva; 2. produqciis gadamuSaveba, Senaxva,
transportireba;
xelSewyoba
riskebis
–
3.
saqonlis
bazarze
standartizacia,
dazRveva,
bazris
damkvidrebisaTvis
sertificireba,
Sesaxeb
dafinanseba,
informaciis
mopoveba
da
damuSaveba.
agraruli
marketingis
warmovidginoT:
savaWro
movaWreebi),
saSuamavlo
marketingis
xelSemwyobi
instituciuri
Suamavlebi
agentebi,
ierarqia
(sabiTumo
saSuamavlo
organizaciebi,
SeiZleba
da
sacalo
spekuliantebi,
produqciis
gadammu-
Savebelni da saboloo saxis mimcemni.
fermeruli
meurneobebisa
da
sxva
sasoflo-sameurneo
sawarmoebis marTvis sistemis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sferoa
agromarketingi.
ganapirobebs
marketingis
finansebis,
ganyofilebebis
koncefciaze
momaragebis,
organizaciuli
orientacia
gasaRebis
agebis,
bevrad
samsaxurebis,
sakadro
politikis
marTvis xasiaTs.
agromarketingis sistema ufro arsebiT sabazro urTierTobebs da sainformacio nakadebs moicavs, romlebic sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebs produqciis gasaRebis bazrebTan akavSirebs.
fermeruli meurneoba bazarTan da mis marketingul garemosTan
kavSirs
amyarebs,
masze
informacias,
sasoflo-sameurneo
produqcias da momsaxurebas mimarTavs, xolo mis sanacvlod
fuls, nedleuls, sasuqebs, sawvavs da teqnikas Rebulobs.
146
sasursaTo bazris Taviseburebani: saqarTveloSi, sabazro
ekonomikaze
gadasvlidan
ramdenime
weliwadSi
samTavrobo
organoebma Seqmnes bazris funqcionirebis rigi meqanizmebi da
pirobebi,
gauqmda
saxelmwifo
daiwyo
produqciis
reglamentacia,
sabazro
warmoebisa
marTvis
sxva
TviTregulirebis
da
ganawilebis
niSnebi.
moqmedeba
meqanizmma,
romelic
uzrunvelyofs moTxovna-miwodebis daaxloebas.
sabazro
ekonomikaze
saqarTveloSi
gadasvlasTan
gamoikveTa
sasursaTo
dakavSirebiT,
bazris
konturebi
da
daiwyo misi formireba.
praqtikidan cnobilia, rom bazari Tavisi fuliT, myidveliT
xmas
iseT
proeqts
moTxovnas
fermeri
da
miscems,
SedarebiT
mudmivad
unda
romelic
iaficaa.
ufro
akmayofilebs
aRniSnulidan
miiswrafodes
rac
gamomdinare
SeiZleba
maRali
xarisxis da iafi produqtis warmoebisken.
sasursaTo kompleqsis ganviTarebas xels uSlis saxelmwifos
mxridan
sasursaTo
bazris
daucveloba,
uyuradReboba.
saqarTveloSi usistemod, yovelgvari regulirebis gareSe didi
raodenobiT
kvebis
Semodis
mrewvelobis
ucxo
qveynebis
uxarisxo,
sasoflo-sameurneo
adamianis
da
janmrTelobisaTvis
saSiSi produqcia, rac mniSvnelovnad aferxebs adgilobrivi
warmoebis
zrdas.
bolo
wlebSi
Tbilisis
rZis
kombinatebs
sazRvargareTidan SemoaqvT didi raodenobiT dabali xarisxis,
vadagasuli
rZis
fxvnili,
romliTac
gadamuSavebis
Semdeg,
ZiriTadad, amarageben Tbilisisa da rusTavis savaWro obieqtebs.
saojaxo
fermerul
meurneobebs
rZisa
da
rZis
produqtebis
gayidva aRniSnul bazrebze am produqtebis gadamuSavebisaTvis
sanitaruli pirobebis daucvelobis mizeziT SezRuduli aqvT.
147
es
mdgomareoba
meZroxeobis
mkveTrad
aferxebs
ganviTarebas,
xels
saqarTveloSi
uwyobs
Zroxis
merZeuli
suladobis
Semcirebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis
arasrul
gamoyenebas,
mosaxleobis
Semosavlebis
Semcirebas,
saqarTvelodan valutis sxva qveynebSi gadinebas da a.S. Cveni
azriT saxelmwifom rZesa da rZis produqtebze, xorcsa da
xorc-produqtebze, xorbalsa da fqvilze da sxva importirebul
sasursaTo
produqtebze,
romelTa
warmoebac
adgilzea
SesaZlebeli, sabaJo gadasaxadebi unda gazardos im donemde,
rom adgilobrivi biznesmenebisaTvis xelsayreli iyos kvebis
produqtebis
adgilze
warmoeba
Sesyidva-realizacia.
qveyanaSi
es
fermeruli
da
ara
RonisZieba
maTi
xels
meurneobebis
sazRvargareT
Seuwyobs
ganviTarebas,
Cvens
kvebis
mrewvelobis sawarmoTa aRdgenas da funqcionirebas. sxva mxriv
saqarTveloSi sasursaTo kompleqsi ver ganviTardeba.
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
sabazro
ekonomikaze
gadasvlamde
dargSi iwarmoeboda qveynis samrewvelo produqciis 40%-ze meti.
Sida bazari moixmarda warmoebuli dafasoebuli Cais mxolod
1%-s,
eTer-zeTebis
yurZnis
Rvinoebis
10%-s,
xil-bostneulis
36%-s,
brendis
konservebis
(koniakis)
8%-s,
24%-s,
Sampanuri
Rvinoebis 25%-s, mineraluri wylebis 40%-s. aqedan SeiZleba
davaskvnaT,
rom
kvebis
ZiriTadad
orientirebuli
warmoebaze.
amavdroulad
SemohqondaT
im
saxis
da
kvebis
gadammuSavebeli
iyo
saeqsporto
miRebuli
mrewveloba
produqciis
amonagebiT
produqtebi,
romlebic
qveyanaSi
naklebi
raodenobiT iwarmoeboda saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, 1989 wels
respublika 711,4 aTas tona rZes awarmoebda, xolo garedan 1187,7
aTasi tona rZe da rZis produqtebi Semohqonda. Sesabamisad,
148
xorci 178,8 da 89 aTasi tona, Saqari 39 da 228 aTasi tona,
mcenareuli zeTi 6 da 22 aTasi tona, marcvleuli 484,2 da 1676
aTasi tona da a.S. 1989 wels saqarTvelos kvebis mrewvelobam
saeqsportod
gaitana
2573
milioni
maneTis
da
Sesabamisad,
Semoitana 1142,5 milioni maneTis Rirebulebis produqcia, anu
gaitana 1430 milioni maneTis Rirebulebis saqonliT meti, vidre
Semoitana. saqarTvelos agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis sawarmoebma
2763
milioni
maneTis
produqcia
gaitanes
da
1500
milioni
maneTis saqoneli Semoitanes, anu gaitanes 1263 milioni maneTiT
meti. 90-ian wlebSi soflad Seqmnili rTuli situaciis gamo
saqarTveloSi
mniSvnelovnad
Semcirda
kvebis
produqtebis
warmoebis done. am periodSi 16-jer Semcirda Saqris warmoeba,
30-jer
xarisxovani
Cais
foTlis,
8-jer
Rvinis,
4,5-jer
mineraluri wylebis, 457-jer sakonditro nawarmis warmoeba da
sxva
kvebis
produqtebis
warmoeba,
ramac
didi
zegavlena
moaxdina qveynis ekonomikaze, mosaxleobis sursaTiT momaragebis
doneze.
amitom
uzrunvelyofis
dadga
problema.
qveynis
aman
kvebis
gamoiwvia
produqtebiT
sxva
qveynebidan
usistemod xarisxiani da uxarisxo produqtebis Semotana, ris
Sedegadac
mkveTrad
maSasadame,
mniSvnelovnad
warmoebis
produqtebiT
saqarTveloSi
gaizarda
Semodis
fasebi
dairRva
gajerebis
iseTi
saxis
Sida
kvebis
produqtebze.
bazrebis
arsebuli
sakuTari
proporciebi.
produqtebic,
romelTa
warmoeba qveyanaSi izrdeba, xolo realizacia ferxdeba.
samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom iseTi bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebis, geografiuli mdebareobisa da soflis meurneobis
mqone qveyanas, rogoric saqarTveloa, ase ar unda uWirdes.
149
mosaxleobis
qveyanaSi
cxovrebis
soflis
dabali
meurneobisa
da
donis
umTavresi
mrewvelobis
mizezia
ganviTarebis
uaRresad dabali done, saqarTvelos simdidris mxolod mcire
nawilis gamoyeneba da sxva.
sasursaTo
problemebis
kompleqsuri
midgomis
gaerTiandes
ara
gadawyvetisadmi
umTavresi
marto
soflis
mimarTuleba
meurneobis,
miznobrivi,
is
aris,
rom
gadammuSavebeli
mrewvelobis, aramed sawarmoo infrastruqturis yvela dargis
Zalebi. es aqtualuri amocanaa, radgan sasursaTo kompleqsis
dargebis ganviTarebaSi Camoyalibda gansazRvruli disproporciebi,
sabazro
mniSvnelovani
ekonomikaze
gardamaval
naklovanebani
periodSi
sasoflo-sameurneo
dagrovda
produqciis
Sesyidvis, Senaxvis, transportirebis, gadamuSavebisa da vaWrobis
sferoSi.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
gadawyvetisaTvis
saWiroa
yvela
romliTac
rgolze,
yuradReba
sasursaTo
problemis
gavamaxviloT
im
jaWvis
meurneobis
da
kvebis
soflis
mrewvelobis produqcia bazramde aRwevs.
sasursaTo
bazris
Tanamedrove
mdgomareobis
Sefaseba
gvaZlevs saSualebas davaskvnaT, rom misi ganviTareba qaosurad
mimdinareobs. xSiria produqciaze fasebis zrda, zogierTi saxis
sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis deficiti da sxva.
praqtika gviCvenebs, rom rodesac bazarze mcirdeba erTi
saxeobis
(mag.:
marcvleuli)
produqcia,
maszed
damokidebul
(mag.: mecxoveloebis) sxva saxis produqciaze TviTRirebulieba
sagrZnoblad izrdeba.
150
4.2
saqarTvelos
rZisa
da
rZis
produqtebis
bazris
mimoxilva / kvlevebi
Cven mier mopovebulia saqarTveloSi moqmedi ucxouri arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier warmoebuli saqarTvelos rZisa
da rZis produqtebis bazris kvlevis Sedegebi. aRniSnuli kvlevebi ganxorcielda 2004–2007 wlebis periodSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi, zogadi saxisaa. maTi ganxilvis procesSi Cven, SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, SevecadeT gagveaxlebina monacemebi.
saqarTveloSi iwarmoeba ZiriTadad Zroxis rZe. bolo 10
wlis
mixedviT
Cvens
qveyanaSi
mTlianad
warmoebuli
rZis
moculobis 90%-ze meti Zroxis rZeze modis. aRsaniSnavia, rom
ojaxuri
meurneobebi
rZis
warmoebis
procesSi
TiTqmis
ar
iyeneben specialur danadgarebs. aq ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia
qalebis
fizikuri
Sroma.
mwvelavebi
Zroxebs
dReSi
orjer
xeliT wvelian, Semdeg rZes gadaamuSaveben iseT produqtebad
rogoricaa: yveli, mawoni, karaqi, araJani da sxva.
saqarTveloSi arsebobs rZisa da rZis mwarmoebelTa sami
tipi:
1 calkeuli
ojaxuri
meurneobebi,
romlebic
agroveben
sakuTari pirutyvis rZes;
2 mcire mwarmoeblebi, romlebic rZes agroveben calkeuli
ojaxuri meurneobebisgan;
3 msxvili
mewarmeebi,
romlebic
ZiriTadad
muSaoben
importirebul rZis fxvnilze.
mcire zomis (saojaxo) sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulia 1÷3 adamiani
da isini ZiriTadad ganlagebulni arian dedaqalaqis farglebs
gareT. mcire mewarmeebi sakuTriv warmoebuli rZis garda, agroveben rZes mezoblebisagan, gadaamuSaveben mas ojaxur pirobe-
151
bSi da produqciis realizacias ZiriTadad TbilisSi an sxva
did qalaqebSi axdenen. rac Seexeba saSualo da msxvili zomis
mwarmoeblebs, isini ZiriTadad TbilisSi arian Tavmoyrilni da
maT sawarmoo procesSi Cadebuli aqvT garkveuli investiciebi
produqciis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelsayofad.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, calkeuli ojaxuri meurneobebis
mier
rZis
gadamuSaveba
yvelis,
karaqis,
mawvnisa
da
sxva
produqtebis misaRebad warmoebs ojaxur pirobebSi. diagramaze
30 mocemulia rZis sxvadasxva produqtebis sabazro wili 2004
wlisaTvis.
diagrama 30: saqarTveloSi rZis produqtebis moxmareba (%-Si)
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti. saqarTvelo
ojaxebSi 2005 weli.
yvela saxis rZis produqtebs Soris maRali sabazro wili
rZis
Semdeg
ukavia
yvels.
yvelis
mwarmoeblebi
ZiriTadad
amzadeben imeruli, qarxnuli da sulgunis tipis yvels. warmoeba
sezonuri xasiaTisaa da Cerdeba zamTris periodSi.
saqarTveloSi warmoebuli rZis produqciiT ver xerxdeba
maszed Sida moTxovnis dakmayofileba. statistikis saxelmwifo
152
departamentis monacemebiT, rZis produqciis sruli moxmareba
2004 wels Seadgenda 207 kg-s erT sul mosaxleze. amave, dros
statistika ar moicavs produqciis instituciur moxmarebas, rac
gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi kvebis obieqtebs, jaris nawilebis
kvebas
da
xasiaTdeba
a.S.
mTlianobaSi,
oficialuri
marketinguli
arxebis
rZis
produqtebis
struqturisa
da
naklebobiT.
amrigad,
seqtori
sacalo
vaWrobis
marketingis
araorganizebuli infrastruqtura iZulebuls xdis adgilobriv
mwarmoeblebs Tavad awarmoon sakuTari produqciis marketingi.
rZe
da
produqts,
yveli
warmoadgens
moxmarebis
82%
da
ZiriTadad
13%-iani
moxmarebuli
maCvenebliT.
rZis
yvelis
saxeobebs Soris yvelaze popularulia (moTxovnadia) “imeruli”
da “sulgunis” tipis yvelebi. rac Seexeba rZes, misi moxmarebis
71%
qarxnuli
rZe
Seadgens,
romlis
TiTqmis
100%
rZis
fxvnilisganaa warmoebuli da mxolod 11%-ia naturaluri rZe.
saqarTvelos
sabaJo
departamentis
informaciis
Tanaxmad,
2004 wels qveyanaSi importirebul iqna daaxloebiT 15.96 tona
rZe, fuladi gamosaxulebiT 17516.8 aTasi aSS dolari.
cxrili 24: 2004 wels saqarTveloSi importirebuli rZis
produqtebi kategoriebis mixedviT
produqcia
raodenoba (kg)
Rirebuleba (aSS dolari)
rZe Sededebuli / fxvnili
9 680.4
10 407.4
karaqi
4 536.5
5 038.0
rZe / naRebi
686.7
372.8
iogurti, Srati da sxva
779.6
819.9
yveli da xaWo
276.9
878.7
15 960.10
17 516.8
sul:
wyaro: saqarTvelos sabaJo departamenti 2004 weli.
153
rac Seexeba saqarTvelodan rZis produqtebis eqsports 2004
wlisaTvis, man Seadgina 4744.8 kg, fuladi gamoxatulebiT 4418.5
aSS dolari.
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo
statistikis
departamentis
eqsport–importis monacemebSi ar aris diferencirebuli rZis
produqtebis saxeobebi. rZis produqtebi rogorc calke jgufi
gamoyofili
kvercxisa
ar
da
aris,
aramed
naturaluri
zemoaRniSnulisa,
warmogvedgina
gaerTianebulia
Taflis
sainteresod
jgufebTan.
CavTvaleT
saqarTvelos
frinvelis
miuxedavad
cxrilis
saxelmwifo
saxiT
statistikis
departamentis monacemebi, qveynidan rZis produqtebis eqsport–
importis Sesaxeb.
cxrili 25: rZis produqtebis imorti da eqsporti, fulad gamosaxulebaSi (aSS. dolari) *
wlebi
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
importi
26 814.2
31 508.9
31 677.4
33 293.4
24 556.1
eqsporti
2 625.5
742.3
1 565.8
629.8
1 316.9
saldo
24 188.7
30 766.6
30 111.6
32 663.6
23 239.2
wyaro: saxelmwifo statistikis departamenti. sagareo vaWroba 2010.
*cxrilis SigTavsis ganmarteba mocemulia cxrilis winare abzacSi.
25-e
cxrilSi
mocemuli
monacemebidan
kargad
Cans,
rom
saqarTvelodan eqsportirebuli da saqarTveloSi importirebuli rZis produqtebis Tanxobriv gamosaxulebebs Soris qveynisaTvis wlebis ganmavlobaSi fiqsirdeba uaryofiTi saldo.
4.2.1
saqarTveloSi rZis bazris potenciali
OPTO
International-is
mier
dadginda
saqarTveloSi
qalaqebis
Catarebuli
mixedviT
kvlevis
rZis
Sedegad
moxmarebis
Semdegi maCveneblebi:
154
cxrili 26: rZis moxmareba qalaqebis mixedviT (2007 weli)
moxmareba
weliwadSi
TveSi
(tona)
(tona)
weliwadSi
kg. 1 sulze
qalaqi
dReSi
(tona)
Tbilisi
16.8
18 487.0
1 540.6
Telavi
7.3
204.0
17.0
gori
23.0
1 147.9
95.7
axalcixe
20.2
491.0
40.9
quTaisi
4.2
784.9
65.4
baTumi
20.4
2 488.8
207.4
zugdidi
3.8
261.8
21.8
rusTavi
10.3
771.4
64.3
marneuli
28.4
711.1
59.3
wyaro: OPTO International-is mier Catarebuli kvleva. Tbilisi 2007
51.4
0.6
3.2
1.4
2.2
6.9
0.7
2.1
2.0
26-e cxrilSi moyvanilia soflisa da qarxnis rZis saerTo
moxmareba.
SedarebiT
patara
qalaqebSi,
rogoricaa
Telavi,
zugdidi, marneuli da axalcixe – rZis TiTqmis mTeli moxmareba
soflis
rZeze
modis.
qarxnuli
wesiT
damzadebuli
rZis
moxmareba ki ar aRemateba 1 %-s. gorSi, quTaissa da baTumSi
qarxnis rZis moxmareba 3÷4%-ia, rusTavSi 5%, xolo TbilisSi
25%. qarxnis rZis realizacia xdeba sacalo maRaziebSi, xolo
momaragebas axorcieleben Tavad qarxnis distributorebi.
qarxnuli warmoebis rZis saerTo moxmareba qarTul bazarze
daaxloebiT
3.355.000
aTasi
litria.
aqedan
80%
qarTul
kompaniebze modis (sante, sando, ekofudi, soflis nobaTi da
sxva), danarCeni 20% importirebuli rZea (837.500 aTasi litri).
qarTuli kompaniebidan mxolod “santes” da “soflis nobaTs”
aqvs rZis Camosasaxmeli xazi, isini weliwadSi daaxloebiT 3
milion
boTl
rZes
asxamen.
danarCeni
kompaniebis
rZe
(rZis
fxvnilisgan) Camosxmulia sxva qveynebis qarxnebSi, ZiriTadad
azerbaijansa da ukrainaSi.
155
rac Seexeba soflis rZes, misi miwodeba momxmareblisaTvis
ZiriTadad pirdapir xdeba wvrili movaWreebis mier, romlebic
wlebis ganmavlobaSi amarageben rZiT mudmiv klientebs. soflis
rZis miRebaze maRaziebi, rogorc wesi, uars amboben, radgan is
ar aris sanitarulad Semowmebuli da sterilizebuli. erTi
mxriv,
maRaziebi
gayidvas,
magram
eridebian
meore
potenciurad
mxriv
daavadebuli
rZis
arasterilizebuli
rZe
malfuWebadia, rac zrdis savaWro danakargebis albaTobas.
kvlevis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos ZiriTadi qalaqebis bazrebze
dRis ganmavlobaSi ganTavsebulia rZis Semdegi moculobebi:
cxrili 27: bazarze ganTavsebuli rZis saSualo moculoba (dRe/tona)
bazarze erTdroulad
ganlagebuli
produqciis raodenoba (tona)
qalaqebi
Tbilisi
Telavi
gori
axalcixe
quTaisi
baTumi
zugdidi
rusTavi
marneuli
51.35
0.57
3.19
1.36
2.18
6.91
0.73
2.14
1.98
%
73
0.81
4.53
1.94
3.10
9.82
1.04
3.04
2.82
sul:
70.41
100
wyaro: OPTO International-is mier Catarebuli kvleva. Tbilisi 2007
miRebuli
qalaqebSi
monacemebis
dRis
mixedviT,
ganmavlobaSi
saqarTvelos
ganTavsebuli
rZis
ZiriTad
saerTo
moculobis 73% Tbilisze modis, danarCen 8 qalaqze 27%.
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom rZis produqts sezonuroba
axasiaTebs. bunebrivi da klimaturi pirobebidan gamomdinare
maqsimaluri
wveladobis
sezoni
maisi-ivnisi-ivlisia.
Semdgom
wveladoba nel-nela klebulobs, dekembridan-aprilis CaTvliT
umniSvneloa. dbali wveladobis dros fermerebi mowvelil rZes
156
piradi
moxmarebisaTvis
iyeneben.
am
periodSi
soflis
rZis
gasayidi fasi Tavis maqsimums aRwevs.
qarxnis rZes bazarze sezonuroba ar axasiaTebs. misi fasi da
moculoba wlis ganmavlobaSi stabiluria. qarxnebs, romlebic
yiduloben
naturalur
rZes,
dabali
wveladobis
periodSi
(agvistodan-noembramde) eqmnebaT misi Sesyidvis problema, xolo
dekembridan martamde amas saerTod ver axerxeben. maT mier rZis
Sesyidvis ZiriTadi periodi maisidan-agvistomdea. aris wlebi,
rodesac rZisa da rZis produqtebis warmoeba ekonomikurad
momgebiania
rZis
produqtebis
warmoebisas
riskfaqtorbi
awarmoeben,
gaaCnia.
ra
saqarTveloSi
produqtis
rZis
fxvniliT
gadammuSavebel
isini
mouwesrigebeli
maTze
produqcia
daavadebebisagan.
meore
im
rZis
dabali
moculobiT
moTxovna.
uvneblobis
pirobebSi,
dazRveulia
da
sabazro
sursaTis
kontrolis
rZisa
qarnebs
produqcias
moculobisacaa
xarisxis
warmoebuli
sxvadasxva
fxvniliT.
rZis
fxvniliT
adamianTaTvis
mxriv,
da
90-iani
saSiSi
wlebis
movlenebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi naturaluri rZis damzadebis
da
Segrovebis
qarxnuli
sistema
wesiT
jerac
ar
gadamuSavebis
Camoyalibebula,
erT-erTi
rac
misi
Semaferxebeli
faqtoria.
4.2.2
rZis moTxovnasa da fasze moqmedi faqtorebi
OPTO International-is mier saqarTvelos 9 qalaqSi Catarda
kvleva,
rZeze
moTxovnis
formirebaze
zemoqmedi
faqtorebis
gamosavlenad.
kvlevis monacemebiT (procentulad), mosaxleobis azriT rZis
moTxovnasa
da
mis
fasze
zegavlenas
axdens
ZiriTadad:
157
sezonuroba
–
31.2%,
dResaswaulebi
–
28,3%,
da
fasi
16,1%.
danarCeni faqtorebi moTxovnaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs.
rac SeexebaT rZis mwarmoebel qarxnebs, maTTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs rZis warmoebis (wvelis) sezonurobas da mis
xarisxs. rZis xarisxSi yuradReba eqceva: cximianobas, cilis
Semcvelobas, mJavianobas da rZis xvedriT wonas. aRniSnuli
maCveneblebis mixedviT dgindeba rZis fasi.
5
17
12
5
0
7
6
5
7
64
31.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
17
9
6
0
4
5
8
4
58
28.3
2
4
0
0
0
0
3
10
3
22
10.7
5
4
9
6
0
4
0
5
0
33
16.1
ar moqmedebs
konkurencia
fasi
ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba
dResaswaulebi
xarisxi
qalaqebi
zugdidi
baTumi
quTaisi
gori
Telavi
marneuli
rusTavi
Tbilisi
axalcixe
sul:
%
sezonuroba
cxrili 28: rZis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi
2
5
2
0
8
0
0
10
0
27
13.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0.5
wyaro: OPTO International-is mier Catarebuli kvleva, Tb., 2007.
TbilisSi Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT, momxmarebelTa 72%
upiratesobas aniWebs qarxnuli warmoebis rZes, 28% soflis
rZes. rZis momxmarebelTa ZiriTadi nawili moixmars Semdegi
qarTuli kompaniebis mier warmoebul rZes: sante – 77%, eko-fudi
–
12%,
soflis
nobaTi
–
5%,
xolo
6%
moixmars
ucxouri
kompaniebis rZes.
qarxnebSi rZis sabaziso xarisxad miRebulia cximianoba 3,5%
da xvedriTi wili 1,028. didi yuradReba eqceva rZis mJavianobas.
158
rZis Cabarebisas sabaziso monacemebidan gadaxra adekvaturad
iwvevs fasis cvlilebas, igi meryeobs 35–dan 70 TeTramde.
cxrili 29: mosaxleobis mier wayenebuli moTxovnebi rZis
xarisxisadmi
gacemuli
pasuxebis
raodenoba
formulirebuli moTxovna
142
qarxnuli
55
soflis
warmomavloba
113
sante
8
soflis nobaTi
17
eko-fudi
4
parmalati
mwarmoebeli
4
rusuli
kompania
16
naklebcximiani
163
cximiani
13
naRebi
cximianoba
1 - 2 litri
123
67
3 - 5 litri
moxmareba
7
5 - 10 litri
kviraSi
142
Semowmebulia
laboratoriuli
55
Seumowmebelia
Semowmeba
wyaro: OPTO International-is mier Catarebuli kvleva, Tb., 2007.
rZis
xarisxisadmi
momxmareblebs
aqvT
% - uli
gadanawileba
72
28
77
5
12
3
3
8
85
7
62
34
4
72
28
Semdegi
ZiriTadi
moTxovnebi: rZe aucileblad unda iyos ekologiurad sufTa da
axali. mniSvnelovania, rom rZes hqondes dasalevad sasiamovno
masa, iyos noyieri, kaloriuli.
kvlevebis
yvelaze
iSviaTad
Sedegad
dadginda,
gavrcelebuli
yiduloben
rom
intensivobaa
dRegamoSvebiT
qarxnis
TveSi
an
1÷2
rZis
yidvis
jer.
rZes
sistematurad.
rZes
saerTod ar yidulobs Tbilisis macxovreblebis 37%, quTaisisa
da baTumis macxovreblebis 54%.
rac Seexeba soflis rZes, misi yidvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
intensivobaa TveSi 1÷2 jer. soflis rZes saerTod ar yidulobs
159
Tbilisis
macxovrebelTa
52%,
quTaisisa
da
baTumis
macxovrebelTa 30%.
soflis rZis fasze did gavlenas axdens sezonuroba. masze
yvelaze dabali fasi aRiniSneba maisidan–ivlisamde, rodesac
wveladoba maRalia. soflis rZis fasze aseve gavlenas axdens
adgilmdebareoba.
rZis
warmoebis
adgilebSi,
romlebic
daSorebulia mis sarealizacio bazarTan, rZis fasi SedarebiT
dabalia, im adgilebTan SedarebiT sadac sarealizacio bazrebi
axlosaa. turistulad ganviTarebul adgilebSi, maRali moTxovnis gamo rZis fasi Cveulebrivze maRalia.
qarxnis rZis fasze sezonuroba ar moqmedebs, masze ZiriTad
gavlenas
axdens
msoflio
bazarze
rZis
fxvnilze
fasebis
Catarebulma
kvlevam
aCvena,
cvalebadoba.
rogorc
Cvens
fermerebisaTvis
mier
yvelaze
momgebiania
rZis
warmoeba
da
realizacia (ix. TvalsaCinoeba 9). vTvliT, rom samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi pirvel rigSi pirutyvis janmrTelobis keTilsaimedo
keris SeqmniT, gaizrdeba moTxovna egred wodebul “soflisnaturalur rZeze”.
4.2.3
saqarTveloSi yvelis bazris potenciali
OPTO
International-is
mier
Catarebuli
kvlevis
Sedegad,
ganisazRvra saqarTveloSi qalaqebis mixedviT yvelis moxmarebis
maCveneblebi. Sedegebi warmodgenilia cxrilSi 30.
dadginda,
rom
qalaqSi
yvelze
arsebuli
moTxovnilebis
10÷15%-is Sevseba xdeba soflebidan, pirdapiri individualuri
momaragebis gziT. qalaqis mosaxleobis nawils soflebSi hyavT
naTesavebi,
romlebic
ugzavnian
maT
aRniSnul
produqts.
160
moTxovnilebis danarCeni 85÷90% warmoadgens bazris realur
potencials.
cxrili 30: yvelis moxmareba qalaqebis mixedviT (2007 weli)
moxmareba
weliwadSi
kg.1 sulze
qalaqi
weliwadSi
(tona)
TveSi
(tona)
dReSi
(tona)
Tbilisi
16.8
18 487.0
1 540.6
Telavi
7.4
206.6
17.2
gori
28.6
1 431.2
119.3
axalcixe
20.5
498.0
41.0
quTaisi
19.2
3 588.5
299.0
baTumi
22.2
2 708.4
225.7
zugdidi
37.0
2 549.1
212.4
rusTavi
14.3
1 073.6
89.5
marneuli
25.4
636.1
53.0
wyaro: OPTO International-is mier Catarebuli kvleva, Tb., 2007.
kvleviT
dadginda
saqarTvelos
did
51.4
0.6
4.0
1.4
10.0
7.5
7,1
3.0
1.8
qalaqebSi,
dRis
ganmavlobaSi bazarze gatanili yvelis Semdegi moculobebic:
cxrili 31: bazarze gatanili yvelis saSualo moculoba (tona/dRe)
qalaqebi
Tbilisi
Telavi
gori
axalcixe
quTaisi
baTumi
zugdidi
rusTavi
marneuli
bazarze erTdroulad gatanili
produqciis raodenoba (tona)
%
174.5
1.3
4.0
1.55
11.3
9.2
12.4
6.67
3.7
77.69
0.58
1.78
0.69
5.03
4.10
5.52
2.97
1.64
sul:
224.62
wyaro: OPTO International-is mier Catarebuli kvleva, Tb., 2007.
rogorc
ZiriTad
31-e
cxrilis
qalaqebSi
dRis
monacemebidan
ganmavlobaSi
Cans,
100
saqarTvelos
gayiduli
yvelis
moculobis 77% Tbilisze modis, 23% danarCen 8 qalaqze.
161
rogorc kvlevam aCvena, bazarze paraskevidan kviris CaTvliT
iyideba
yvelis
maqsimaluri
raodenoba
(20÷40%-iT
aRemateba
saSualo maCvenebels). kviris danarCen dReebSi bazarze gayiduli yvelis moculoba klebulobs.
yveliT
sacalo
movaWreebi
bazarze
produqciis
Sevsebas
yoveldRiurad axorcieleben. wvril mebiTumeebs bazarze yveli
kviraSi 2÷3 jer SemoaqvT. rac SeexebaT msxvil mebiTumeebs,
aseTi savaWro rgoli adgilobrivi warmoebis yveliT vaWrobaSi
TiTqmis ar figurirebs.
kvlevis
farglebSi
SerCeul
cxrave
qalaqSi
ZiriTadad
moixmaren adgilobrivi warmoebis yvels. ucxoeTidan Semotanili
yvelis ZiriTadi moxmareba did qalaqebSi TbilisSi, quTaissa da
baTumSia da yvelis moxmarebis mTliani moculobis umniSvnelo
nawils warmoadgens. TbilisisaTvis es raodenoba daaxloebiT
1%-ia.
4.2.4
yvelis moTxovnasa da fasze moqmedi faqtorebi
yvelis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebis gamosavlenad OPTO
International-is
miRebuli
mier
saqarTvelos
monacemebis
9
damuSavebiT,
qalaqSi
Catarda
faqtorTagan,
kvleva.
romlebic
gavlenas axdens yvelis moTxovnaze, pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia
sezonuroba 32.1%, dResaswaulebi 27.9% da konkurencia 11.2%.
danarCeni faqtorebi yvelis moTxovnaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs.
gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom
qalaqis
mosaxleobis
raodenobis
zrdasTan erTad, proporciulad izrdeba moTxovna yvelze.
yvelis
xarisxianobis
ganmsazRvrel
ZiriTad
faqtorad
mosaxleobis 72% miiCnevs cximianobas, danarCeni nawili ki misi
162
damzadebis
higienur
pirobebs.
SeiniSneba
SefuTul
yvelze,
moTxovnis zrdis tendencia.
5
15
12
6
6
7
6
5
7
69
31.2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1.4
6
17
9
7
0
4
5
8
4
60
27.9
3
4
0
0
0
0
3
10
3
23
10.7
6
4
9
7
0
4
0
5
0
35
16.3
ar moqmedebs
konkurencia
fasi
ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba
dResaswaulebi
xarisxi
qalaqebi
zugdidi
baTumi
quTaisi
gori
Telavi
marneuli
rusTavi
Tbilisi
axalcixe
sul:
%
sezonuroba
cxrili 32: yvelis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi (%-obiT)
3
5
2
0
4
0
0
10
0
24
11.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0.5
wyaro: OPTO International-is mier Catarebuli kvleva, Tb., 2007.
mosaxleobis da movaWreebis nawili, gansakuTrebiT sacalo
maRaziebSi,
iTxovs
dafasoebul,
vakuumiT
SefuTul
yvels.
riTac mwarmoebelic da movaWrec Tavidan aicilebs danakargebs
(yvelis gamoSroba, daWrisas nafxvenebad daSla) da ukeTesad
SeinarCu-nebs yvelis gemur Tvisebebs.
imeruli yvelisa da sulgunis gayidvis maqsimaluri odeno-ba
modis maisis Sua ricxvebidan, agvistos Sua ricxvebamde. qarxnuli yvelis (igulisxmeba ZiriTadad samcxe-javaxeTSi nawarmoebi
yveli)
gayidvis
maqsimaluri
odenoba
modis
agvistodan
noembris CaTvliT, xolo gudis yvelze (rogorc cxvris, ise
Zroxis
yvelze)
gayidvis
maqsimaluri
odenoba
seqtembridan,
ianvris CaTvliTaa.
163
arasezonur periodSi yvelis fasi daaxloebiT 30÷40%-iT
izrdeba. yvela gamokvleul bazarze arc erTi saxis yvelis
deficiti ar SeiniSneba, magram misi siZviris gamo garkveul
TveebSi
mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva
fenisaTvis
es
produqti
xelmisawvdomi ar aris.
yvelis fasi ukanaskneli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad 10÷20%-iT izrdeba. yvelis realizaciis zemoT aRweril
sezonur da arasezonur periodebs Soris ki fasTa sxvaoba
30÷40%-ia. dResaswaulebis dros bazarze yvelis fasi Cveulebriv
periodebTan SedarebiT daaxloebiT 10÷20%-iT matulobs.
yvelis xarisxianobis parametrebidan momxmarebeli yuradRebas aqcevs Semdeg maCveneblebs: yveli aucileblad unda iyos
ekologiurad
sufTa
da
axali.
agreTve
mniSvnelovania,
rom
yveli iyos cximiani, damzadebuli Zroxis rZeze da kaloriuli.
kvlevam aCvena, rom qarxnuli yvelis yidvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli intensivobaa TveSi 1÷2-jer. gamokiTxuli respodentebidan 45% saerTod ar yidulobs aRniSnul yvels. qarxnuli yvelis Sesyidva ZiriTadad Tbilisis samomxmareblo bazrisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. quTaissa da baTumSi mcxovrebTa 10%-ze meti ar
yidulobs qarxnul yvels.
soflis yvelis yidvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli intensivobac,
msgavsad qarxnuli yvelisa TveSi, 1÷2-jeraa. gamokiTxulTagan
10% saerTod ar yidulobs aRniSnul yvels.
Cveni azriT produqciis warmoebamde fermerebma kargad unda
Seiswavlon sarealizacio bazrebi. awarmoon im saxeobis da
xarisxis
yveli,
romelzedac
maRali
moTxovnaa
da
meti
Semosavlis miReba SeiZleba. amisaTvis mniSvnelovania yvelis
164
(sxvadasxva
saxeobebis)
warmoebis
teqnologiuri
procesebis
kargi codna, risTvisac fermerebma mudmivad unda izrunon.
4.2.5
rZis produqtebis gasaRebis ZiriTadi arxebi
fermerul
produqtebis
meurneobebSi
bazarSi
warmoebuli
yidva-gayidvis
stiqiurad
mimdinareobs.
TiTqmis
sabiTumo
vaWrobisaTvis
rZisa
procesi
yvela
da
dResdReobiT
bazarTan
gamoyofili
rZis
arsebobs
adgilebi,
sadac
ganTavsebulni arian wvrili mebiTumeebi da ewevian, rogorc
sabiTumo, ise sacalo vaWrobas. maTgan produqts iZenen sxva
bazrebis (aseve imave bazrebis) wvrili sacalo gadamyidvelebi
da
miaqvT
sabiTumo
maRaziebi,
danarCen
bazrebSi
bazrebSi
rZis
restornebi,
Semdgomi
produqtebs
realizaciisaTvis.
iSviaTad
baga-baRebi,
kerZo
yiduloben
skolebi
da
mosaxleoba. ZiriTadad maT wvrili movaWreebi amarageben.
adgilobrivi rZis produqtebi ZiriTad bazrebze (TbilisSi
da
saqarTvelos
sxva
did
qalaqebSi)
SeaqvT
saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva regionebidan satvirTo da msubuqi avtomobilebiT,
rogorc sacalo, ise biTumad movaWre gadamyidvelebs. isini
produqcias regionul bazrobebze, an pirdapir meurneobebSi
iZenen
fermerebisagan
(an
adgilobrivi
gadamyidvelebisagan).
TviT fermerebs da wvril biTumad movaWreebs produqti SeaqvT
egred wodebul Ramis bazrobebze.
sacalo
produqtebs
bazrebSi,
yidian
sakuTar
fermerebic,
meurneobaSi
magram
nawarmoeb
maTi
ricxvi
rZis
Zalian
mcirea, radgan saukeTeso sarealizacio adgilebi dakavebulia
wvrili gadamyidvelebis mier.
saqarTvelos
bazrebSi
fermerebis
mier
warmoebuli
rZis
produqcia Semdegnairad moZraobs:
165
sqema 3: bazrebze fermerebis mier warmoebuli rZis produqtebis
moZraobis sqema
f e r m e r e b i
regionuli
bazrebi
wvrili mebiTumeebi
bazarSi movaWreebi
m o m x m a r e b e l i
sasursaTo maRaziebi
kvebis obieqtebi
didi maRaziebi
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva
fermeruli
meurneobebis
mier
warmoebuli
sarealizacio
rZis produqtebis didi nawili yvelze modis. es ganpirobebulia
yvelis sxva rZis produqtebTan SedarebiT ioli Senaxvisa da
misi transportabelobis gamo. gasaRebis bazrebis siaxloves
fermerebi yidian, rogorc nedl rZes, ise mawons da rZis sxva
produqtebs.
rZis
gadammuSavebel
sawarmoebSi
warmoebuli
rZis
pro-
duqtebi: gansxvavebiT fermerul meurneobebSi warmoebuli rZis
produqtebis
gadammuSavebel
realizaciaSi
sawarmoebSi
arsebuli
mdgomareobisa,
nawarmoebi
rZisa
da
rZis
rZis
produqtebis realizaciis sistema mowesrigebulia.
did
sawarmoebs,
rogorebicaa
sante,
eko-fudi,
soflis
nobaTi da sxva aqvT sakuTari sadistribucio qseli.
importirebuli
rZe
da
rZis
produqtebi:
importirebuli
rZisa da rZis produqtebis kompaniebs iseve, rogorc rZis da
rZis produqtebis adgilobriv mwarmoebel sawarmoebs,
gaaCniaT
166
sadistribucio qseli. maT mier Semotanili produqciis ganawileba xdeba didi maRaziebSi, patara maRaziebsa da sastumroebSi.
fermerul
produqtebis
migvaCnia
meurneobebSi
realizaciis
fermeruli
gaerTianebebSi
warmoebuli
rZisa
mosawesrigeblad
gaerTianebebis
gawevrianebuli
da
mniSvnelovnad
dafuZneba.
fermerebi
rZis
aRniSnul
saerTo
interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT unda eweodnen bazarze moTxovnadi produqciis
warmoebas, mis brendirebas da bazarze damkvidrebas.
4.2.6
arsebuli informaciuli, sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebe-
li garemo
kvlevam aCvena, rom aqtualuri da amomwuravi informaciuli
wyaro, romliTac movaWreebs an momxmareblebs SeuZliaT miiRon
kvalificiuri informacia bazarze arsebuli produqtebis moculobebis da fasebis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. erTaderTi gazeTi, romelic regularulad aqveynebs bazarze arsebul yovelkvireul
fasebs, aris „sityva da saqme“. aseTi periodulobiT miwodebuli
informacia ver uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobisa da movaWreebis moTxovnilebas.
gamokiTxul
respodentTagan
(movaWreebTagan)
aravin flobs raime monacems, romelime arsebuli savaWro an
mwarmoebeli asociaciis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi sasursaTo bazris (rZisa da rZis produqtebis)
sakanonmdeblo
pirvel
rigSi
da
unda
marageulirebeli
aRiniSnos
garemos
saqarTvelos
aRwerisas
prezidentis
dadgenileba, romliTac sertificirebis, fito sanitaruli da
xarisxis
kontrolis
samsaxurebis
funqcionireba
SeCerebuli
iyo 2008 wlamde. 2008 wels aRniSnuli samsaxurebis sruli
amoqmedeba garkveuli droiT kvlav gadaido. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom dRes-dReobiT qveyanaSi ar arsebobs arc erTi oficialuri
167
struq-tura, romelic SeZlebda produqciis xarisxis sistemur
kontrols.
sanitaruli
TvalsazrisiT
bazrebze
produqtis
Setana
aranair problemas ar warmoadgens. im bazrebSi ki sadac rZe da
rZis produqtebi mowmdeba, nimuSebis aReba xdeba ara produqciis
bazarSi Sesvlis dros, aramed dRis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac
produqciis didi nawili ukve realizebulia.
gamokvleuli bazrebis mesveurebTan saubrisas gamoikveTa,
rom yvela bazarSi arsebobs Tavisufali adgilebi da yvela
msurvels
SeuZlia
uproblemod
ivaWros
Sesabamisi
Tanxis
gadaxdis Semdeg. savaWro adgilebi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani
arendiT ar aris gacemuli da movaWreebi yoveldRiurad ixdian
Tanxas.
rac Seexeba importirebul produqcias, unda aRiniSnos, rom
sabaJoebze gauqmebulia fitosanitaruli samsaxuri da mebaJeebi
eqsportiori qveynebis mier gacemul serTifikats eyrdnobian.
qveynis sazRvrebze fitosanitaruli kontrolis aRdgena da
importirebuli saqonlis adgilze Semowmeba qveynis usafrTxoebis umniSvnelovanes meqanizmad migvaCnia. aseve aucilebelia
rZisa
da
rZis
SesvlisTanave
produqtebis
Semowmeba
da
(yvela
produqtis)
mxolod
amis
bazrebSi
Semdgom
maTi
realizacia.
bazarze
arsebuli
produqtebis
moculobebis
da
fasebis
Sesaxeb fermerebisaTvis kvalificiuri informaciis misawodeblad mniSvnelovania regionSi arsebobdes Sesabamisi beWduri
saSualebebi.
karibje“
2010
daemata
wlidan,
regionalur
sasoflo-sameurneo
gazeTs
CanarTi.
„samxreTis
mniSvnelovania
mzgavsi wamowyebebis popularizacia da daxvewa.
168
4.3
regionSi warmoebuli rZis da rZis produqtebis realizaci-
is analizi
fermerul (ojaxur) meurneobebSi warmoebis mimarTulebaTa
cvlis procesi gacilebiT dabal tempSi mimdinareobs, vidre
sabazro
moTxovnebi.
dResdReobiT
ojaxur
meurneobebSi
mniSvnelovania: produqciis warmoebis da realizaciis sakiTxebi,
iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rogoricaa marketingi, naklebad
aqtualuria.
TvalsaCinoeba 5: warmoebidan marketingamde
saSualeba
amosavali
wertili
warmoeba
realizacia
produqti
marketingi
warmoebis
danaxarjebiT
realizaciis
bazarze
miaRwion
maRal
ar
gazardon
gasatani
meurneobebi
produqciis
meurneobebisTvis
produqciis
Semosavlebs.
aqcevs
mogeba kmayofili
momxmareblis
xarjze
sakiTxSi,
sakiTxSi,
gazardon
meurneoba
mogeba
brunvis zrdis
xarjze
gayidvebis
gazrda
marketinguli
instrumentebi
moTxovna
naklebi
mogeba
xarjebis
SemcirebiT
warmoebis gazrda
da xarjebis
Semcireba
produqcia
produqciis
mizani
TiTqmis
yuradRebas
imas,
cdiloben
raodenoba.
mniSvnelovania
raodenoba
arc
rom
erTi
da
amiT
ojaxuri
awarmoos
da
realizeba gaukeTos iseT produqcias, rac moTxovnadia bazarze
da meurneobisTvisac SedarebiT maRali mogebis momtani.
169
zemoT moyvanili TvalsaCinoeba meurneobebSi „produqciis
warmoebidan marketingamde“, zogadi saxisaa, magram pirdapirproporciulad
asaxavs
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi
meZroxeobiT
dakavebul ojaxur meurneobebSi arsebul situacias.
Cven mier samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi gamokvleuli, meZroxeobiT dakavebuli TiTqmis arc erTi sididis meurneobisaTvis ar
aris damaxasiaTebeli warmoebuli produqciis saxeobis SerCeva
da realizacia, marketinguli instrumentebis gamoyenebiT. a da b
(a- Zalian mcire meurneoba 1÷2 suli ZroxiT, b- mcire 3÷5 suli
ZroxiT) jgufis meurneobebSi araTu marketinguli RonisZiebebis
ganviTarebas, aramed warmoebis gazrdas, xarjebis Semcirebas da
Sesabamisad, realizebadi produqciis zrdas naklebi yuradReba
eqceva. am mxriv ukeTesi situaciaa g da d (g- saSualo 6÷10 suli
ZroxiT da d- didi meurneoba 10-ze meti ZroxiT) jgufis meurneobebSi. Tumca marketingul RonisZiebebs, arc aRniSnuli jgufis
meurneobebSi ar iyeneben.
a da b jgufis meurneobebSi warmoebuli produqciis didi
nawili gankuTvnilia piradi moxmarebisaTvis. maTSi warmoebuli
rZisa da rZis produqciis daaxloebiT 10÷30%-ia sarealizaciod
gankuTvnili,
warmoebs.
romelTa
aRniSnuli
realizaciac,
jgufis
ZiriTadad,
meurneobebSi
adgilzeve
sarealizaciod
mzaddeba rZe da mawoni, iSviaTad sxva saxis rZis produqti.
g da d jgufis meurneobebSi warmoebuli rZisa da rZis
produqtebis
aRniSnuli
didi
jgufis
nawili
gankuTvnilia
meurneobebSi
sarealizaciod.
sarealizaciod
mzaddeba
sxvadasxva saxeobis yveli, iSviaTad sxva saxis rZis produqti.
yvelis saxeobebidan javaxeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli
(qarxnuli)
5–6
kg-iani
Taviani
yveli,
xolo
samcxisaTvis
170
ojaxuri (imeruli, mTis) 1÷2 kg-iani Taviani yveli. g da d
jgufis meurneobebi zafxulobiT (maisidan seqtembris bolomde)
ewevian
momTabareobas.
soflebidan
10÷15
daSorebuli.
seqtembris
sazafxulo
da
zogjer
Sesabamisad,
bolosTvis,
saZovrebi,
ufro
meti
meurneobebi
rodesac
umeteswilad,
kilometriTacaa
amzadeben
isev
ZiriTad
yvels
da
samyofels
ubrundebian barSi, iwyeben warmoebuli produqciis realizacias.
maTi
produqciis
centrebSi
ZiriTadi
mdebare
meurneobebisaTvis
sarealizacio
agraruli
bazrebia.
sazafxulo
adgili,
raionul
javaxeTSi
saZovrebze
mdebare
momTabareoba
damaxasiaTebeli araa, radgan meurneobebis siaxloves sakmarisi
sazafxulo
saZovrebia.
meurneobebisaTvis
nawilis
Tbilisis
SemTxvevaSi,
javaxeTSi
damaxasiaTebelia
agrarul
ramdenime
meurne
mdebare
produqciis
bazrebze
(rogorc
didi
ZiriTadi
realizacia.
wesi,
xSir
naTesavebi,
an
megobrebi) amxanagdeba da erTiani ZalebiT axdens warmoebuli
produqciis transportirebas da realizacias.
rogorc Tbilisisa da saqarTvelos sxva didi qalaqebis
agraruli bazrebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, ise samcxe-javaxeTis
regionis
raionuli
savaWro
adgilebi
centrebis
agrarul
adgilobriv
wvril
bazrebSi,
saukeTeso
movaWreebs
aqvT
dakavebuli. isini rZesa da rZis produqtebs biTumad Rebuloben
ojaxuri
meurneobebidan
da
Semdgom
axorcieleben
am
produqciis realizacias.
samcxe-javaxeTis regionis qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebSi, kurortul zonebSi gazafxulsa da zafxulSi moqmedebs rZisa da
rZis produqtebis (ZiriTadad, ojaxuri mawvnis) realizaciis
kardakar (ezoebSi) Semovlis wvrilvaWruli saqmianoba. aRni-
171
SnuliT dakavebulni arian mcire da Zalian mcire meurneobis
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic sakuTar produqciasTan erTad axdenen Tavisi mezoblebisa da axloblebisagan SeZenili produqciis
realizaciasac.
aRniSnul
periodSi
fasebi
rZesa
da
rZis
produqtebze, regionis kurortul zonebSi Cveulebriv sabazro
fasebTan SedarebiT, sagrZnoblad izrdeba da paralelurad,
SeiniSneba produqciis deficitic. didi meurenobebi am dros
sazafxuli
sadgomebzea,
xolo
mcire
meurneobebi
mzard
moTxovnas (damsveneblebis xarjze) rZesa da rZis produqtebze,
gansakuTrebiT agvistos TveSi, veRar akmayofileben.
am periodSi mTis sazafxulo saZovrebze mdebare g da d
jgufis meurneobebi rZidan awarmoeben yvels. zafxulis periodSi maTTan aqtiurad muSaoben wvrili da saSualo mebiTumeebi,
egreT wodebuli „meyveleebi“. isini meurneobebs winaswar urigdebian da mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi yvels amzadebineben.
aRniSnuli mebiTumeebi damzadebuli produqciis realizacias
etapobrivad
axorcieleben.
cdiloben
SeZlebisdagvarad
zaf-
xulSi damzadebuli yveli Seinaxon (ZiriTadad imave meurneobebSi, sadac yvelis damzadeba xdeba) da realizacia gvian Semodgomidan
gaukeTon,
rodesac
yvelze
fasebi
sagrZnoblad
izrdeba. aRniSnuli saxis garigebas mebiTumeebTan deben iseTi
meurneobebi, romlebsac naRdi Tanxa sWirdebaT da sxva yofiTi
da piradi problemebis gamo iZulebulni arian sakuTari nawarmi
SedarebiT
iafad
miscen
mebiTumeebs.
aseTi
meurneobebis
Semosavlebi sagrZnoblad mcirdeba.
mTis sazafxulo saZovrebze mdebare meurneobebidan rZis
produqtebis, ZiriTadad yvelis, SeZenas (periodulad, winaswari
SeTanxmebis gareSe) didi qalaqebidan (ZiriTadad Tbilisidan)
172
Casuli wvrili mebiTumeebic axorcieleben. isini produqcias
xandaxan ara naRdi TanxiT, aramed barteruli gacvliT (mag.:
zeTi, xili, alkoholuri sasmelebi da sxva) iZenen. am dros
rZisa da rZis produqtebis mwarmoebeli meurneobebi gansakuTrebiT zaraldebian. mebiTumeebi maT gasacvlel produqts, rogorc
wesi,
maRal
fasSi
uangariSeben,
xolo
maTgan
SesaZen
rZis
produqtebs dabal fasSi.
iSviaTad,
kompania
magram
xdeba
adgilobrivi
xolme,
rom
meurneobebidan
regionSi,
iZens
didi
romelime
odenobiT
(biTumad) rZisa da rZis produqtebs, magaliTad, jaris, sabavSvo
baRebis
da
sxva
obieqtebis
momaragebis
mizniT.
msgavsi
Sesyidvebi sruldeba tenderebis meSveobiT, rZis produqtebidan
SesaZen ZiriTad produqts yveli warmoadgens.
regionis turistul zonebSi ganTavsebuli sastumroebis da
sanatoriumis mflobelebi, turistuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
stumrebs ZiriTadad „didi“ rZis gadammuSavebeli kompaniebis
mier
warmoebuli
rZis
produqtebiT
umaspinZldebian
(garda
yvelis). isini dainteresebulni arian soflis naturaluri produqtebiT (maT Soris rZis da rZis produqtebis) stabilurad
momaragebiT. aRniSnuli daintereseba gasakuTrebiT mRali iyo
2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris momxdar omamde.
2010 wlidan SeiniSneba am procesis gaaqtiureba. sastumroebis
da
gansakuTrebiT,
sxvadasxva
profilis
sanatoriumebis
mesveurebi, cdiloben daamyaron stabiluri kontaqti rZisa da
rZis
produqtebis
mwarmoebel
meurneobebTan,
maTgan
miiRon
maRalxarisxiani, SedarebiT homogenuri produqti.
bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi mcire
masStabebiT, magram mainc arsdeba da wlidan wlamde sul ufro
173
aqtiuri
xdeba
moqmedeba.
rZis
Cambarebeli
aRniSnulis
adgilobrivi,
rZis
centrebis
daarseba
mastimulirebeli,
gadammuSavebeli
da
ZiriTadad
sawarmoebis
daarsebaa.
rogorc kvlevam aCvena, rZis Semgrovebeli centrebi ZiriTadad
asociaciis tipis iuridiul organizaciebs ekuTvnis da maTSi
adgilobrivi
amisa,
rZis
rZis
mwarmoeblebia
SegrovebaSi
rigi
gaerTianebuli.
problemebia,
miuxedavad
ZiriTadad:
rZis
xarisxi, misi higienuri mdgomareoba, rZis Segrovebis/Cabarebis
stabiluroba rogorc Semgrovebeli punqtebis mxridan, ise maTi
Semsyidvelebis (adgilobrivi rZis gadammuSavebeli sawarmoebi)
mxridanac da sxva.
rZis warmoeba, Segroveba da gadamuSaveba 90-ian wlebamde
saxalxo meurenobebisa da kolmeurneobebis mier xorcieldeboda maTsave sakuTrebaSi arsebuli fermebidan. am procesebSi
mxolod mosaxleobis garkveuli, mcire nawili iyo CarTuli.
dResdReobiT rZis warmoebam da gadamuSavebam farTo sibrtyeze
gadainacvla da regionis mosaxleobis didi umetesoba moicva.
samwuxarod, meurneobebis umetesobaSi aRniSnuli saqmianobiT
iZulebiT arian dakavebulebi, radgan alternatiuli dasaqmeba
ar gaaCniaT. maTi umetesobisTvis rZis warmoebis, Segrovebis,
gadamuSavebis da realizaciis kultura ucxoa da Camoyalibebis
process
gadis.
SeiniSneba
zogierTi
meurneobis
gamsxvileba,
zogi mcirdeba, an saerTod wyvets saqmianobas. Tavis mxriv, rigi
problemebi
axasiaTebs
adgilobriv
rZis
gadammuSavebel
sawarmoebs. maT saqmianobaSi SeiniSneba qaosuri procesebi rZis
Segrovebis
rogorc
da
kvlevam
produqciis
aCvena
(saxeobis)
aRniSnuli
warmoebis
ZiriTadad
sakiTxebSi.
mwarmoeblebis
174
mxridan sabazro niSis uqonlobiTaa ganpirobebuli. bazarze
stabilurad damkvidreba rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia.
TandaTanobiT
interess
didi
samcxe-javaxeTis
qarTuli
rZis
regionSi
rZis
gadammuSavebeli
SeZenisadmi
sawarmoebic
gamoTqvamen. zogierTi maTgani naturalur rZes regionSi ukve
agrovebs (ninowmindisa da axalqalaqis raionebSi). Segrovebuli
rZe miaqvT sawarmoebSi (TbilisSi) da iq gadaamuSaveben. aRniSnuli procesebi gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi Sesuli cvlilebebis Semdgom gaaqtiurda. sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis
safuZvelze,
gamoSvebuli
rZis
produqciis
mwarmoebel
kompaniebs
etiketze
moeTxovebaT
miuTiTon,
produqti
warmoebulia naturaluri rZisgan, Tu rZis fxvnilisgan.
Cveni
SexedulebiT,
aucilebelia
adgilobrivi
rZis
gadammuSavebeli firmebis gaZliereba da regionSi warmoebuli
rZis adgilze gadamuSaveba. amiT adgilobrivi meurneobebi da
regionuli biujeti SedarebiT met sargebels naxaven.
Cveni dakvirvebiT, samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi adgilobrivi
warmoebis rZesa da rZis produqtebze momxmarebelTa moTxovna
Semdegnairad nawildeba: 1 – yveli (imeruli, qarTuli/qarxnuli,
sulguni); 2 – rZe; 3 – mawoni; 4 – xaWo; 5 – araJani; 6 – naduRi.
moTxovna
yvelze
mTeli
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
maRalia,
gansakuTrebiT laqtaciis pikur periodSi (maisi-ivnisi), rodesac
masze
fasi
moTxovna
mcirdeba.
yvelis
ojaxur/imerul
saxeobebSi
yvelzea,
SedarebiT
Semdeg
maRali
qarxnul/qarTul
yvelsa da sulgunze. moTxovna rZesa da mawonzec SedarebiT
maRalia mais-ivnisis TveebSi. xaWoze, araJansa da naduRze ki
metnaklebad Tanabaria wlis ganmavlobaSi.
175
Cven
mier
ganxorcielebuli
kvlevis
Sedegad,
ojaxuri
meurneoebisaTvis ekonomikuri momgebianobis TvalsazrisiT rZisa
da rZis produqtebis warmoeba Semdegnairad nawildeba:
TvalsaCinoeba 6: rZis produqtebis warmoebis ranJireba
wyaro: sakuTari kvleva.
nedli
rZis
pirdapiri
meurneobebisaTvis,
modis
mawoni
dakavSirebuli
Tuki
da
did
realizacia
Sesabamisi
araJani,
xarjebTan
bazari
romelTa
da
yvelaze
rac
momgebiania
arsebobs.
warmoeba
Semdeg
ar
mniSvnelovania,
aris
ar
176
moiTxovs
did
dros.
analoguri
SeiZleba
iTqvas
xaWos
warmoebaze. rac Seexeba yvels, gansakuTrebiT maRalxarisxian
yvels, misi warmoeba da damwifeba garkveul dros da Sesabamis
sasawyobe, dasamwifeblad saWiro pirobebs moiTxovs. aRniSnuli
pirobebi regionSi meurneobebis umetesobas saTanado doneze ara
aqvs, rac sabolood maT mier warmoebuli produqciis xarisxze
aisaxeba. rac Seexeba naduRis warmoebas, aRniSnuls ZiriTadad g
da
d
jgufis
meurneoba
meurneobebi
paralelurad
axorcieleben.
misdevs
Tu
meRoreobas,
meZroxeobis
maSin
Srati,
romlisganac amzadeben naduRs, srulad gamoiyeneba meRoreobaSi.
garda
rZis
produqtebis
warmoebis
teqnologiuri
specifikisa, warmoebuli produqciis saxeobaze gavlenas axdens
sxva
obieqturi
da
subieqturi
garemoebebic.
maT
Soris
umTavresi moTxovnaa bazarze.
rZisa da rZis produqtebis realizaciis xelSewyobisTvis da
meZroxeobiT
pirvel
dakavebuli
rigSi
adamianTaTvis
fermerebis
mniSvnelovnad
da
Semosavlebis
migvaCnia
cxovelTaTvis
zrdisTvis,
regionis
saSiSi
(qveynis),
daavadebebisgan
Tavisuflad gamocxadeba. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia specialuri
saxelmwifo
programebiT.
daavadebebisgan
rZesa
da
Tavisuflad
yvela
saxis
regionis
gamocxadeba
rZis
(qveynis)
gazrdis
produqtebze
saSiSi
moTxovnas
(maT
Soris
arapasterizebulze), aseve xorcsa da xorc produqtebze.
rogorc
warmoeebuli
warmoebulma
produqciis
klvelvam
aCvena
realizaciaSi
meurneobebs
gaaCniaT
rigi
problemebisa, erT-erT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia sabazro niSis ar
qona. sabazro niSis dasakaveblad mniSvnelovania Seiqmnas da
reklama
gaukeTdes
produqtis
sabazro
markas.
amis
miRweva
177
calkeuli
fermeruli
aucilebelia
Seiqmnas
gawevrianebulma
meurneobebisaTvis
fermeruli
fermerebma
Znelia.
gaerTianebebi
erToblivi
ZalebiT
vTvliT
da
masSi
moagvaron
produqciis warmeobasTan da mis realizaciisTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi.
fermeruli
gaerTianebis
wevr
fermerebs
gauadvildebaT sabazro moTxovnebis dakmayofileba (produqciis
asortimenti,
SesaZlebloba
xarisxi,
eqnebaT
raodenoba
da
Suamavlebis
sxva),
maT
ukeTesi
(movaWreebis)
gareSe,
pirdapir gavidnen sxvadasxva bazrebze (maRaziebi, sastumroebi,
restornebi).
meurneobebSi
aRniSnuli
xels
warmoebuli
Seuwyobs
produqciis
gaerTianebis
asortimentis
wevr
da
raodenobis zrdas, rac maTi Semosavlebis zrdas uzrunvelyofs.
mniSvnelovania specialuri saxelmwifo programebiT, regionSi
fermeruli gaerTianebebis waxaliseba da maTi gaZliereba.
178
daskvnebi da winadadebebi
Cveni
naSromis
saqarTvelosTvis
kerZod
mTavar
metad
meZroxeobis,
mogveZebna
maTi
mizans
warmoadgenda
mniSvnelovani
ganviTarebis
gadawyvetis
dargis
Segveswavla
mesaqonleobis,
Semaferxebeli
gzebi
problemebi,
samcxe-javaxeTis
regionis
magaliTze.
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi meZroxeobaSi Seqmnili problemebis mecnieruli Seswavlis da analizis safuZvelze, SevimuSaveT konkretuli daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi, romlebicbuli
warmovadgineT, rogorc saerTo saxiT, ise calke fermerul, anu
meurneobebis
doneze
gasaTvaliswinebel
daskvnebad
da
rekomendaciebad da saxelmwifo doneze gansaxorcieleblad.
1) samcxe-javaxeTis mxareSi mecxoveleobis dargebs Soris,
msxvilqexa rqosani mesaqonleoba da kerZod meZroxeoba wamyvani
dargia, rasac ganapirobebs aRniSnuli mimarTulebis produqciis
mravalmxrivi
gamoyeneba,
adamianis
moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofileblad.
2)
warmoebuli
sakvebi
bazisa
mizanSewonilad
merZeuli
kvlevis
da
safuZvelze,
sxva
migvaCnia
meZroxeobis
regionSi
faqtorebis
xeli
Seewyos
ganviTarebas,
arsebuli
gaTvaliswinebiT
meZroxeobis,
naxirSi
maTi
kerZod
70÷80%-ian
Tanafardobamde gazrdas
regionSi
marcvleuli
sakvebis
(axalcixeSi,
axalqalaqsa
da
msxvilfexa
rqosani
pirutyvis
warmoebis
ninowmindaSi)
sasuqi
siaxloves
ganviTardes
meurneobebi,
regionSi
aresbuli mozardis Sesyidvis safuZvelze.
179
3) saWirod migvaCnia dainergos samcxe-javaxeTis regionisaTvis specialurad SemuSavebuli da aprobirebuli agronomiuli,
veterinaruli, saseleqcio da zooteqnikuri saqmianoba. maTSi
gaTvaliswinebuli
unda
iqnes
ekologiuri
da
sursaTis
uvneblobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
rZis
da
rZis
produqtebis
produqtebis,
warmoebaSi
aseve
farTod
xorcisa
dainergos
da
xorc
samecniero,
teqnikuri, teqnologiuri da inteleqtualuri miRwevebi.
4) Sesabamisi formebi unda SeirCes privatizaciis gareSe
darCenili
saTib-saZovrebis,
sakuTrebaSi
gadasacemad.
saxelmwifo
politikis
saxnav-saTesi
mniSvnelovnad
SemuSaveba,
farTobebis
migvaCnia,
raTa
swori
daculi
iqnes
saxelmwifos strategiuli interesebi.
5) samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi meZroxeobis arsebuli mdgomareobis analizma daadastura, rom saWiroa regionSi Seiqmnas
mZlavri
fermeruli
Seuwyobs
fermerul
gaerTianeba/gaerTianebebi.
meurneobebSi
rac
produqciis
xels
warmoebis,
gadamuSavebis da realizaciis gadidebas.
6) fermeruli meurneobebi saerTod da kerZod meZroxeobis
mimarTulebis
ZiriTad
sistemis,
warmoebis
RonisZiebas
kerZod:
sairigacio,
efeqtianobis
warmoadgens
sakonsultacio,
satransporto,
organizaciebis
Camoyalibeba,
maTi
amaRlebis
erT-erT
momsaxurebis
(servis)
momaragebis,
Semsyidveli
romlebic
da
meqanizaciis,
saxva
xelsayrel
servis
fasebSi
moemsaxurebian fermerebs.
rogorc kvlevam aCvena, aRniSnuli servis momsaxurebebidan
fermerebisaTvis
momsaxurebis
regionalur
meqanizaciis
centrSi
da
arsebobs
fermerebis
sakonsultacio
servisebi.
180
aucileblobas warmoadgens maTi maqsimalurad gafarToveba da
momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba.
aRniSnulis misaRwevad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia aqtiuri da
mizanmimarTuli saxelmwifo programebis ganxorcieleba.
7)
aucilebelia
(beWduri,
radio
fermerebs
Seiqmnas
da
marketinguli
satelevizio)
droulad
miawvdian
da
sainformacio
samsaxurebi,
maTTvis
romlebic
saintereso
da
aucilebel informacias (axal teqnologiasa, teqnikaze da a.S.).
8)
aucilebelia
adamianebisa
da
cxovelebisTvis
gansaku-
TrebiT saSiS daavadebebze, rogoricaa tuberkulozi, brucelozi,
jilexi,
Turquli
da
cofi,
saxelmwifom
aiRos
sruli
pasuxismgebloba da ganaxorcielos maTi vaqcinacia. rogorc
samcxe-javaxeTis regioni, ise mTeli qveyana Tavisufali unda
iyos
adamianebisa
da
cxovelebis
zemoaRniSnuli
saSiSi
daavadebebisagan.
sawyis
etapze
aunazRauros
is
mizanSewonilia
zarali,
romelic
saxelmwifom
gamowveuli
fermerebs
iqneba
mis
kontrol qveS arsebuli daavadebebiT. aseve is zarali, romelic
fermerebs mtacebeli cxovelebisgan adgebaT, radgan bunebis
dacva (nadiroba) saxelmwifo kontrols eqvedebareba.
disertaciaSi
Cven
mier
SeTavazebulia
aRniSnuli
RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis Cveneuli xedva.
9)
qveyanaSi
sistema,
unda
Seiqmnas
evrogaerTianebis
numeraciis
erTiani
cxovelTa
qveynebis
sistemis
numeraciis
standartebis
Sesaqmnelad
erTiani
mixedviT.
sapiloted
SesaZlebelia aRebuli iyos samcxe-javaxeTis regioni.
10)
pirutyvis
jiSobrivi
gaumjobesebisaTvis,
maRalpro-
duqtuli pirutyvis (Zroxebis) moSenebisaTvis saWirod migvaCnia
181
regionSi
arsebuli
gaTvaliswinebiT
Seiqmnas
bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebis
sanaSene
romlebic
meurneobebi,
fermerebs moamarageben maRalproduqtiuli mozardiT. amisTvis
aucilebelia
Seiqmnas
fermerebisaTvis
specialuri
amoqmeddes
saxelmwifo
SeRavaTiani
da
programa.
grZelvadiani
sakredito sistema. aseve unda Seiqmnas xelovnuri daTesvlis
punqtebis
sistema
saxelmwifo
da
programa,
maRalproduqtuli
romelic
teqnikur,
pirutyvis
miRebis
informaciul
da
garkveulwilad materialur daxmarebas gauwevs dainteresebul
fermerebs da mTeslav-zooteqnikosebs.
11) regionSi merZeuli meZroxeobis swrafi ganviTarebisa-Tvis
sainteresod migvaCnia im meurneobebisaTvis, romlebic 10 da met
mewvel Zroxas iyoliebs, dauwesdes sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi,
magaliTad: Semcirdes an gauqmdes saTib-saZovrebiT sargeblobis
gadasaxadi,
SedarebiT
SesaZlebloba
hqondeT
dabalprocentiani
da
isargeblon
sxvebTan
grZelvadiani
sesxebiT
meurneobis Semdgomi zrda-ganviTarebis mizniT da sxva. radgan,
rogorc
Cvens
mier
warmoebulma
kvlevam
aCvena,
aRniSnuli
sididis meurneobebs gaaCniaT produqciis warmoebis gazrdis,
fuladi Semosavlebis Seqmnis ukeTesi potenciali. marTebulad
migvaCnia
maTTvis
SemcirebaSi
warmoebuli
daxmareba,
rac
produqciis
xels
TviTRirebulebis
Seuwyobs
warmoebuli
produqciis xarisxisa da raodenobis zrdas.
12) rogorc kvlevam gviCvena regionSi fermerTa mxolod 21%s aqvs ganaTleba soflis meurneobis kuTxiT. maTi umetesoba
saWiroebs ganaTlebas da specialuri unar-Cvevebis amaRlebas,
risTvisac saWiroa sxvadasxva saswavlo programebi.
182
mizanSewonilad
sitetSi
Seiqmnas
migvaCnia
fermerTa
saqarTvelos
agrarul
umaRlesi
skola,
univerromelic
moamzadebs Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisi donis fermerebs.
13) dResdReobiT samcxe-javaxeTis regioni xasiaTdeba kvebis
mrewvelobis (zogadad mrewvelobis) dabali doniT. arada, es
kuTxe 20÷25 wlis win cnobili iyo Tavisi maRali tradiciebiT,
gansakuTrebiT rZis produqtebis warmoebaSi. aucilebelia am
tradiciebis aRdgena da ganviTareba, sanam regionSi am kuTxiT
jer kidev arian maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi.
regionis geografiis, rZis produqtebis warmoebis specifikis
da dasaqmebis sakiTxebidan gamomdinare, Cven mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia
saxelmwifo
programebis
mxridan
mcire
(ojaxuri
/fermeruli gaerTianebebis) sawarmoTa ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
14) energo matareblebze gazrdili fasebis gamo, meurneobebis
ganviTarebisaTvis
saxelmwifo
programebis
mniSvnelovnad
amoqmedeba,
migvaCnia
rogorc
es
sxvadasxva
dasavleT
evropul qveynebSia. magaliTad: arsebulTan SedarebiT dabali
tarifebi
denze,
gazze,
soflis
meurneobiT
sawvavze
dakavebuli
(gansakuTrebiT
dizelze)
meurneobebisaTvis
da
sawarmoebisaTvis.
15) gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgens
qveyanaSi sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebis dazRvevis sistemis Camoyalibeba. agraruli
seqtoris datoveba kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebis xelSi dargis
ganadgurebis tolfasia, radganac soflis meurneobis warmoeba
did
riskTanaa
dakavSirebuli
da
amitom
aRniSnuli
sistema
kvlav saxelmwifos prerogativad unda gamocxaddes, rac xels
Seuwyobs sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganviTarebas.
183
16)
kvlevam
agrarul
gviCvena,
seqtorSi
samecniero-kvleviT
rom
mecnierul-teqnikuri
danergvisaTvis
institutebs
kavSirebi
Soris
progresis
fermerebsa
da
qveyanaSi
ar
dRes
arsebobs, sabazro moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi samecniero produqciis
bazris Camouyalibeblobisa da fermerTa mwiri Semosavlebis
gamo.
amitom maqsimalurad unda Seewyos xeli agrarul sferoSi
samecniero
kvlevebis
dafinansebas
da
kvlevis
Sedegebis
xelmisawvdom pirobebSi, fermerul meurneobebSi danergvas.
17) rogorc Cven mier warmoebulma kvlevam gviCvena samcxejavaxeTis
regionSi
rentabeluria.
meZroxeoba
Tumca
did
yvela
sididis
meurneobebSi
mogebis
meurneobaSi
da
mewarmis
mogebis ekonomikuri maCveneblebi daaxloebiT orjer maRalia
mcire meurneobebTan SedarebiT.
warmoebuli
kvlevis
safuZvelze
regionSi
optimaluri
sididis meurneobad migvaCnia meurneoba 10÷20 mewveli ZroxiT,
samcxeSi 10÷15 mewveli ZroxiT da javaxeTSi SedarebiT meti
saTib-saZovrebidan gamomdinare
15÷20 mewveli ZroxiT.
18) meurneobebma unda SearCion maRalproduqtuli Zroxis
jiSebi. dabalproduqtuli da wundebuli Zroxebi meurneobebidan droulad unda gamowundes. amiT Tavidan iqneba acilebuli
dabalproduqtiuli
Zroxebis
SenaxviT
miRebuli
dabali
Zroxis
wliuri
Semosavlebi, zarali.
sakvlevi
wveladoba
meurneobebidan
2200
kg-s
aWarbebs,
ramdenimeSi
ris
safuZvelzec
SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom meurneobebSi Zroxebis swored SerCevisas, maTi
kvebisa
da
SemTxvevaSi,
movlis
pirobebis
regionSi
elementaruli
SesaZlebelia
saSualo
gaumjobesebis
wveladobis
184
gazrda 2000÷2200 kg-mde weliwadSi. rac TavisTavad gazrdis
meurneobebis ekonomikur efeqtianobas 20-dan 30%-amde.
19) pirutyvis mdgomareobaze sruli suraTis warmosaCenad
aucilebelia
saTiTao
sadac
yvela
iqneba
genetika,
wveladoba,
medikamentebi),
pirutyvisaTvis
ZiriTadi
Canawerebis
monacemi.
daavadebebi
da
mogeba-dagrilebis
mag.:
maTi
warmoeba,
Zroxis
asaki,
mkurnaloba
(dro,
aRricxvianoba
da
sxva.
amisaTvis Cven SevimuSaveT pirutyvze monacemebis furceli (ix.
danarTi 6).
fermerul
doneze
statistikuri
aRricxva-angariSebis
warmoeba safuZvels Seqmnis maTi mecnieruli damuSavebisaTvis,
rac aucilebelia agrarul seqtorSi mimdinare procesebisa da
tendenciebis
Sesafaseblad
da
swori
prognozebis
SesamuSaveblad.
20) gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos myari sakvebi
bazis Seqmnas, arsebuli resursebis da rezervebis maqsimaluri
gamoyenebis
safuZvelze.
fermerulma
meurneobebma
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi unda SeZlon mindvrisa da sakvebi
Teslbrunvis
mowyoba,
danergon
naTesi
kulturebis
racionaluri struqtura, cilovani sakvebis deficitis Sevsebis
mizniT,
ganaxorcielon
naTesebis
gafarToveba
umetesad
sakuTari
mravalwliani
da
miaRwion
warmoebis,
parkosani
imas,
iaffasiani
balaxebis
rom
cxovelebi
sakvebiT
kvebon.
moaxdinon sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadebis organizacia.
farTo yuradReba unda daeTmos bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis
srulyofilad aTvisebas, maTi produqtiulobis amaRlebas.
21)
saTvis
fermeruli
meurneobebis
mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia
Semdgomi
maT
zrda
ganviTarebi-
sargeblobaSi
arsebuli
185
daqucmacebuli sasofo-sameurneo savargulebis gamsxvileba, ris
safuZvelzec
produqciis
unda
Camoyalibdes
mwarmoebeli
fermeruli
msxvili
sasaqonolo
meurneobebi.
aRniSnulis
misaRwevad aucilebelia nebayoflobis safuZvelze fermeruli
meurneobebis gaerTianeba kooperativebad, an sxva organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebad.
fermeruli
sawarmoebad
meurneobebis
gardaqmnis
horizontaluri,
ganviTarebac.
mizniT,
aramed
kerZod,
mwarmoebelTa
da
msxvil
mizanSewonilia
vertikaluri
soflis
am
sasoflo-sameurneo
ara
integraciis
meurneobis
produqciis
marto
formebis
produqciis
gadammuSaveblebis,
realizatorebis da sxva momsaxure sawarmoebis kooperireba.
22) seriozul problemas warmoadgens rZisa da rZis produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcireba da fermerul meurneobebSi
rentabelobis donis amaRleba, raSic didi mniSvneloba aqvs
warmoebuli produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebas materialuri,
fuladi
da
SromiTi
resursebis
momWirneobiT
xarjvas,
warmoebis intensifikaciis donis amaRlebas, razec Cven mier
moxda konkretuli winadadebebis Camoyalibeba.
23)
meurneobebi
produqcias
sarealizaciod
awarmoeben
(ZiriTadad
ZiriTadad
erTgvarovan
naxevradmwife
imerul/
ojaxur yvels). saWiroa warmoebuli produqciis asortimentis
gazrda
(mag.:
sulgunis
nairsaxeobebi,
damwifebuli
yveli,
CeCili, tenili yveli da sxva).
ZiriTad
sarealizacio
bazars
Tbilisi
warmoadgens,
transportirebis da sxva xarjebis Sesamcireblad mizanSewonilia
fermerTa
fermerebis
did
gaerTianeba,
sarealizacio
rac
gaerTianebaSi
bazrebze
myofi
(supermarketebi,
186
sastumroebi,
restornebi)
gasvlas
Seuwyobs
xels.
saTanado
yuradReba unda mieqces bolo wlebSi mzard adgilobriv bazars
(borjomi, bakuriani, abasTumani da sxva).
25) Cven mier warmoebuli kvleviT warmoCinda meurneobebis
xelmZRvanelebis da aseve meurneobis saqmianobiT dakavebuli
sxva
wevrebis
amaRlebis
unar-Cvevebis
aucilebloba.
meurneobebis
sxvadasxva
wevrebis
umaRles
ganviTarebis
aRniSnulis
profesiul
kvalifikaciis
miRweva
srulfasovani
da
da
SesaZlebelia
ganaTlebis
miRebiT
saswavleblebSi,
aseve
regionSi Catarebul seminarebsa da swavlebebSi monawileobis
miRebiT. mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia fermerebs Soris gamocdilebis
da codnis urTierTgaziareba, rogorc es, magaliTad, dasavleT
evropis qveynebSia miRebuli.
meZroxeobis
meurneobebis,
ganviTarebisaTvis
saxelmwifo
da
aucilebelia
fulad-sakredito
fermeruli
institutebis
erToblivi Zalisxmeva, maTi mWidro urTierTTanamSromloba (ix.
TvalsaCinoeba 7).
yovelive
mtkice
zemoT
safuZvels
agraruli
aRniSnuli
Seqmnis
seqtoris
ganviTarebisaTvis,
amaRlebisaTvis.
ara
yvela
misi
rac
xels
RonisZiebebis
marto
meZroxeobis,
dargis
efeqtianobis
Seuwyobs
ganxorcieleba
maRal
aramed
doneze
Tanmimdevruli
qveynis
erovnuli
ekonomikisa da mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis
ganuxrel gaumjobesebas.
187
TvalsaCinoeba 7: meZroxeobis ganviTarebis erTiani sistema
saTib-saZovrebi
saxelmwifo
programebi
gadammuSavebeli
mindvrad sakvebwarmoeba
warmoeba
fuladsakredito
resursebi
koncentrirebuli sakvebwarmoeba
meZroxeobis ganviTarebis
erTiani sistema
veterinaria &
zooteqnika
fermeruli
kooperacia
jiSobrivi
gaumjobeseba
seleqcia
unar-Cvevebis
ganviTareba
ganviTarebuli
infrastruqtura
188
gamoyenebuli literatura
sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebi:
1.
saqarTvelos kanoni miwis dabegvris Sesaxeb, #394, 01.01.2011.
2.
saqarTvelos kanoni miwis privatizaciis Sesaxeb, 09.08.2010.
3.
saqarTvelos kanoni sanaSene mecxoveleobis Sesaxeb, #360,
1996, 05.09.
4.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, 1998, 01.05.
wignebi da statiebi:
1.
urdulaSvili a. _ saqarTvelos mecxoveleoba, sagamomcemlo
firma siaxle, Tb. 2004.
2.
yamarauli s. – marketingi, gamomcemloba „mecniereba“, Tb. 2002.
3.
yamarauli s. – warmoebis organizacia da marTva fermerul
meurneobebSi, Tb. 2000.
4.
koRuaSvili p. zibzibaZe g. – soflis meurneobis ekonomika,
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb. 2006.
5.
gavaSeliSvili
g.
-
memcenareobisa
da
mecxoveleobis
produqciis warmoebis teqnologiuri procesebis ekonomikuri
Sefaseba saqarTvelos pirobebSi, Tb. 2007.
6.
qeSelaSvili
o.
–
fermeruli
meurneobis
menejmenti,
gamomcemloba areali, Tb. 2005.
7.
burkaZe
v.
janiaSvili
i.
–
saqarTveloSi
mecxoveleobis
ganviTarebis problemebi da perspeqtivebi, Tb. 1989.
8.
sarjvelaZe
i.
beriZe
k.
-
mindvrad
sakvebwarmoeba,
gamomcemloba lomisi, Tb. 2008.
189
9.
benia S. - sagadasaxado politika da sakredito urTierTobani
soflis meurneobaSi ekonomikuri reformis procesSi, ssau,
samecn. Sr. agr. mecn. porblemebi, t III, 1998.
10. asaTiani
r.
-
saqarTvelos
ekonomika
warsuli,
awmyo,
perspeqtiva, gamomcemloba ,,siaxle”, Tb. 2002.
11. basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T.,- saqarTvelos ekonomika
XXI saukunis mijnaze, Tb. 2000.
12. andRulaZe r. – mTis raionebis sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis
armavlobiTi gzebi, gamomcemloba codna, Tb. 1977.
13. badriSvili g. – miwaTmoqmedeba mesxeTSi, Tb. 1973.
14. beriaSvili
d.
–
memindvreobis
xalxuri
wesebi
mesxeTSi,
gamomcemloba mecniereba, Tb. 1965.
15. gurgeniZe e. v. – aRorZinebuli mesxeT-javaxeTi, gamomcemloba
codna, Tb. 1980.
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v.
–
fermerul
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kooperireba,
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soflis
meurneobis
ganviTarebis
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saqarTvelos saqonlis xorcis bazris gamokvleva, Tb. 2007.
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199
danarTi 1: miwis fondis ganawileba miwaTmosargebleTa da savargulebis mixedviT 2004 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT (aTasi heqtari)
I. kerZo
sakuTrebaSi
II. saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi
sasoflosameurneo
profilis
organizaciebi
s
arasasoflo
sameurneo
daniSnulebis
dasaxlebuli
punqtebis
daculi
teritoriebis
tyis fondi
mrewvelobis,
transportis,
kavSirgabmulo
bis,
televiziis,
sxva
sainformacio
saSualebebis,
energetikis,
Tavdacvis da
sxva
daniSnulebis
religiuri
organizaciebi
s
wylis fondi
III. sul
administraciu
l sazRvrebSi
arsebuli (I+II)
wyaro:
saerT
o
farT
obi
sasoflosameurneo
savargul
i
saxna
vi
mravalw
lianian
i
nargaveb
i
948.9
767.3
438.5
180.5
44.0
84.5
19.8
6679.5
2258.5
363.3
83.3
99.8
1712.1
-
2822.3
2172.1
358.8
76.1 92.7
1644.5
-
3857.2
86.4
4.5
7.2
7.1
67.6
-
88.4
1.6
0.4
0.7
-
0.5
-
300.7
2456.2
15.6
55.9
0.1
2.8
0.1
6.1
1.1
5.1
14.3
41.9
-
171.9
12.8
1.2
0.3
0.9
10.4
-
4.9
835.1
0.5
-
-
-
0.5
-
-
143.8
1796.6
19.8
7628.4
3025.8
801.8
263.8
miwis marTvis departamenti
maT Soris
saTib saZovar
i
i
sacxovre
beli da
sameurneo
Senobebi
da
ezoebi
200
danarTi 2: samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi Seqmnili amxanagobebi da
maTTvis gadacemuli sasoflo-sameureno teqnika
№
amxanagobis
saxelwodeba
1
“kodiani”
2
“tabawyuri”
3
“imedi”
4
“momavali”
5
“rwmena”
6
“agroservisi
javaxeTi”
sasoflo-sameureno teqnikis
saxelwodeba
borjomis municipaliteti
traqtori CELTIS 436
traqtori MF 290
samkorpusiani guTani
frezi
traqtori CELTIS 436
traqtori MF 290
samkorpusiani guTani
frezi
ninowmindis municipaliteti
traqtori CELTIS
traqtori MF 290
traqtori MTZ 82.1
samkorpusiani guTani
misabmeli 2PTC-5
saTibela KC-F-2B1B4
frezi
samkorpusiani guTani
adigenis municipaliteti
traqtori CELTIS 436
traqtori MF 290
samkorpusiani guTani
saTibela KC-F-2B1B4
frezi
misabmeli 2PTC-5
aspinZis municipaliteti
traqtori MF 290
traqtori CELTIS
samkorpusiani guTani
saTibela KC-F-2B1B4
frezi
misabmeli 2PTC-5
venaxis guTan-gamafxvierebeli
axalqalaqis municipaliteti
traqtori MTZ 82.1
traqtori MF 290
traqtori MF 3.085
samkorpusiani guTani
saTibela KC-F-2B1B4
frezi
kultivatori BK- 7
raodenoba
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
2
2
1
201
1
misabmeli 2PTC-5
axalcixis municipaliteti
2
“imedi”
traqtori MTZ 82.1
1
traqtori MF 3.105
1
traqtori MF 3.095
samkorpusiani guTani
1
oTxkorpusiani guTani
2
1
misabmeli 2PTC-5
1
kultivatori BK- 11
frezi
1
2
saTibela KC-F-2B1B4
wyaro: soflis meurenobis samcxe-javaxeTis regionaluri sammarTvelo
danarTi 3: regionis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba TviTmmarTveli
erTeulebis mixedviT (1 ianvris mdgomareobiT) _ aTasi kaci
wlebi
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
22.6
22.0
20.8
20.7
20.1
20.1
20.5
20.4
20.3
20.4
14.7
13.6
13.0
12.9
12.3
12.3
12.7
12.7
12.6
12.7
61.8
61.0
61.0
60.5
59.9
60.4
62.5
62.5
62.3
62.3
49.7
46.5
46.1
45.8
45.2
45.4
46.9
46.9
46.8
46.9
32.0
31.3
32.4
32.2
31.6
31.7
32.1
31.9
31.7
31.5
31.5
34.3
34.3
34.1
33.5
33.6
33.8
33.9
34.0
34.3
212.3
208.7 207.6 206.2
adigenis
municipal.
aspinZis
municipal.
axalqalaqis
municipal.
axalcixis
municipal.
borjomis
municipal.
ninowmindis
municipal.
samcxejavaxeTi sul
202.6 203.5 208.5
208.3 207.7 208.1
wyaro: statistikis departamenti
202
danarTi 4: daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri nominaluri
xelfasi saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT (2000-2007 w.) _ lari
saqmianobebi
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
19.7
33.2
42.3
47.6
68.0
128.9
148.1
184.9
TevzWera, meTevzeoba
22.1
43.0
37.5
46.2
60.7
93.0
94.4
168.8
samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba
119.3
153.8
192.2
218.7
179.5
210.8
352.3
657.7
damamuSavebeli mrewveloba
99.3
120.8
143.4
152.5
183.8
212.1
260.5
357.7
eleqtroenergiis, airisa da
137.0
212.1
214.9
250.2
259.2
341.5
398.2
533.8
mSenebloba
132.4
145.9
176.1
206.2
264.5
296.4
391.0
494.5
vaWroba; avtomobilebis,
47.0
57.4
72.8
85.5
107.9
173.6
246.4
355.5
sastumroebi da restornebi
40.4
50.1
51.5
56.6
70.3
108.2
196.5
238.4
transporti da
125.3
141.1
171.7
191.1
229.1
265.7
391.3
492.3
safinanso saqmianoba
513.4
430.2
429.6
530.5
739.3
1049.2
779.0
1014.5
operaciebi uZravi
76.6
88.2
92.0
110.3
125.5
210.8
284.2
405.8
saxelmwifo mmarTveloba
88.5
105.9
141.2
132.0
192.4
342.4
448.0
585.4
ganaTleba
45.5
45.5
56.5
68.5
88.7
92.5
122.1
153.0
janmrTelobis dacva da
32.1
45.6
55.6
76.8
80.3
99.5
143.3
206.4
66.9
75.3
82.1
72.2
123.2
113.4
175.6
260.6
sul 72.3
94.6
113.5
125.9
156.6
204.2
277.9
368.1
soflis meurneoba, nadiroba
da satyeo meurneoba
wylis warmoeba da
ganawileba
sayofacxovrebo nawarmisa da
piradi moxmarebis sagnebis
remonti
kavSirgabmuloba
qonebiT, ijara da
momxmareblisaTvis
momsaxurebis gaweva
socialuri momsaxureba
komunaluri, socialuri
da personaluri momsaxurebis
gaweva
wyaro: statistikis departamenti
203
danarTi 5: jiSis standarti furis sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT
laqtaciis(305
Semcveloba
rZis cximisa da cilis
dRis)monawveli
rZeSi
raodenoba
(kg)
I
jiSebi
laqtaciis
305 dReSi (kg)
II
III
da cximi
cila
meti
SavWreli
3250
3600
4000
3.6
3.2
221
245
272
holStinuri
4200
4600
5000
3.6
3.2
285
313
340
stepis wiTeli
2900
3300
3700
3.7
3.3
203
231
259
Svicuri
2800
3200
3600
3.7
3.3
196
224
252
kavkasiuri
2000
2500
2800
3.7
3.3
140
176
196
jersuli
3000
3000
3600
5.0
3.7
261
287
313
qarTuli mTis
900
1050
1150
4.2
3.4
69
80
91
megruli
950
1100
1200
4.3
3.4
73
84
93
900
1100
1300
7.8
4.3
109
133
157
wabla
wiTeli
kavkasiuri
kameCi
wyaro:
saqarTvelos
soflis
meurneobis
saministros
mesaqonleobis
sanaSene saqmis departamenti
204
danarTi 6: Zroxis anketa
a) mewveli saqonlisTvis
205
b) mSrali saqonelisTvis
206
danarTi 7: saTib-saZovrebidan aRebuli balaxis sinjebis kvlevis Sedegebi
Nr:
TS
nedli
prot.
wyali
nXP
RNB
MJ
NEL
MJ
ME
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
89.7
87.9
93.8
94.5
93.3
91.6
92.1
92.4
93.1
92.7
93.4
93.8
92.5
93.6
92.6
89.8
88.0
88.7
14.9
11.7
16.2
14.8
15.4
14.1
9.5
10.5
9.0
12.2
10.0
11.0
9.6
11.7
10.4
13.6
7.9
7.4
25.5
36.6
25.3
24.5
25.9
23.9
32.9
31.9
31.7
30.5
32.6
33.0
34.0
27.5
29.5
30.0
37.2
37.6
12.5
9.9
13.0
13.1
12.8
12.4
10.9
10.4
10.5
11.8
10.4
10.8
10.1
11.2
10.4
11.8
9.7
9.4
3.8
1.8
5.1
2.7
4.2
2.7
2.2
0.2
-2.4
0.6
-0.6
0.3
-0.8
0.8
0.0
2.9
-3.1
-3.4
5.2
4.6
5.3
5.6
5.3
5.2
4.9
4.4
4.7
5.1
4.5
4.6
4.4
4.8
4.4
4.9
4.5
4.3
8.9
8.0
9.1
9.5
9.1
9.0
8.5
7.8
8.2
8.8
7.9
8.1
7.7
8.3
7.8
8.5
7.9
7.7
< 0.5
2.6
4.1
3.2
3.1
3.4
4.6
4.5
0.7
2.1
2.9
2.3
3
3.8
19
91.7
13.4
27.4
12.5
1.4
5.4
9.2
4.3
1
92.2
10.6
31.6
10.7
-0.2
4.6
8.1
2
93.2
12.3
29.8
11.1
1.9
4.6
8.1
1
2
3
4
90.0
91.8
93.1
93.0
11.1
10.3
13.8
10.1
26.4
23.9
24.8
29.1
11.6
12.1
12.4
10.9
0.8
2.9
2.2
-1.3
5.1
5.5
5.2
4.8
5
92.2
9.9
27.7
11.4
-2.4
5.2
struqtura
ADF
NDF
sinjis
saxeoba
2.99
39.1
59.5
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
saTibi
axalqalaqis raioni,sof. koTelia
64.7
saTibi
borjomis raioni, sof. dviri
33.9
51.5
esparceti
axalcixis raini, sof. ivlita
40.6
61.2
esparceti
axalcixis raini, sof. Rreli
3.10
2.79
2.90
3.44
35.0
31.5
35.1
39.1
55.7
50.6
55.4
61.3
saZovari
saZovari
saZovari
saZovari
borjomis raioni, sof. bakuriani
3.26
35.2
57.6
saZovari
borjomis r., sof. cixisjvari
Saqari
qviSa
gazi
2.7
4.1
35.3
34.6
37.5
44.2
40.1
37.5
43.7
35.1
38.1
42.1
37.9
38.2
38.8
34.5
32.4
37.1
36.0
40.6
2.96
2.86
3.04
2.79
3.91
3.79
3.76
3.61
3.88
3.93
4.05
3.24
3.49
3.55
2.7
44.1
3.23
37.7
1.7
< 0.5
40.3
3.75
1.7
1.8
33.8
3.53
8.8
9.4
9.0
8.3
5.6
9.6
5.1
7.3
0.9
0.6
2.0
4.1
39.1
43.8
38.1
36.9
8.9
9.6
2.8
41.9
0.8
0.5
2.6
< 0.5
1.3
2.2
2.2
2.7
2.6
0.8
4.3
2.2
3.9
2.8
34.6
32.3
37.4
34.1
37.4
40.5
39.1
38.3
41.1
38.2
43.0
39.4
42.9
39.2
54.0
50.4
54.5
50.7
63.6
63.5
63.4
64.0
65.3
62.3
70.9
60.1
65.5
63.6
sinjis aRebis adgili
axalqalaqis raioni,sof. koTelia
axalqalaqis raioni,sof. koCio
axalqalaqis raioni,sof. koCio
axalqalaqis raioni,sof. modega
axalqalaqis r.,sof. CamZvrala
axalcixis raioni, sof. sxvilis
axalcixis raioni, sof. WaWaraqi
axalcixis raioni, sof. WaWaraqi
aspinZis raioni, sof. idumala
aspinZis raioni, sof. idumala
aspinZis raioni, sof. idumala
aspinZa
aspinZis raioni, sof. xizabavra
aspinZis raioni, sof. xizabavra
aspinZis raioni, sofeli nijgori
xaSuri
axalcixis raioni, sof. sayuneTi
borjomis raioni, sof. tabawyuri
borjomis raioni, cxrawyaro
borjomis raioni, gujareTi
wyaro: borjomis biznes ganviTarebis proeqti
207
danarTi 8: samcxe javaxeTis regionSi rZis produqtebis gadamuSaveba
da realizaciiT dakavebuli organizaciebi
№
1
2
organizaciis dasaxeleba
ind. mewarme "paata
xaWapuriZe"
mflobelis
saxeli da
gvari
paata
xaWapuriZe
3
kooperativi "balanTa"
kooperativi "borjomis
xeoba +"
_
4
kooperativi "vale rZe"
_
5
kooperativi "min-mil-rZe"
_
6
kooperativi "wyruTi rZe"
_
7
8
9
_
_
_
12
13
kooperativi "awyuri rZe"
S.p.s. "rabaTi - 2007"
S.p.s. "alpen milk"
ind. mewarme "minaZe
Salva"
S.p.s."jorjian biznes
zona"
"axalcixis yvelis
qarxana"
axalcixis yvelis qarxana
14
_ naoxrebi
_
15
_ sayuneTi
_
16
_ arali
kooperativi "varxani
2008"
_
10
11
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
kooperativi "smada rZe"
ind. mewarme "giqoSvili
pavle"
ind. mewarme "beriZe
nodari
S.p.s "mesxeTifromaJ"
amxanagoba "agronobaTi
2009"
kooperativi "Zveli rZe"
_
Salva minaZe
_
sr. saq.
sapatriarqo
_
_
_
pavle
giqoSvili
nodar beriZe
jambul
xmalaZe
levan
gelaZe
_
misamarTi
borjomis raioni, sofeli
qvabisxevi
borjomis raioni, sofeli
balanTa
borjomis raioni, sofeli
sakire
axalcixis raioni, sofeli
vale
axalcixis raioni, sofeli
minaZe
axalcixis raioni, sofeli
wyruTi
axalcixis raioni, sofeli
awyuri
axalcixe
axalcixe
axalcixe
axalcixis raioni, sofeli
wnisi
qalaqi axalcixe
qalaqi axalcixe
axalcixis raioni, sofeli
naoxrebi
axalcixis raioni, sofeli
sayuneTi
adigenis raioni, sofeli
arali
adigenis raioni, sofeli
varxani
adigenis raioni, sofeli didi
smada
adigenis raioni, sofeli ude
aspinZis raioni, sofeli
toloSi
aspinZis raioni, sofeli
rusTavi
aspinZis raioni, sofeli
rusTavi
aspinZis raioni, sofeli Zveli
208
24
ind. mewarme "aleqsandre
xozrevaniZe"
25
s.s "axalqalaqis rZe"
26
kooperativi "karini"
kooperativi "javaxeTis
neqtari"
kooperativi "Svidi
wyaro"
ind. mewarme "grigor
mRdesian"
ind. mewarme "kiureRian
azat"
ind. mewarme "arzumanina
laura"
ind. mewarme "aRaian
artak"
S.p.s. "orlovka - 2005"
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
aleqsandre
xozrevaniZe
mnacakani
oganesian
_
_
_
grigor
mRdesian
azat kiureRian
laura
arzumanian
artak aRaian
franik eRoian
_
eduard
mRdesain
41
S.p.s "megobroba"
ind. mewarme "mRdesian
eduard"
ind. mewarme "hakob
ambarian"
ind. mewarme "Razarian
vanik"
ind. mewarme "marosian
Jirair"
ind. mewarme "xoxlina
praskovia"
ind. mewarme "nerses
bdoian"
ind. mewarme "aniCka
putulian"
42
S.p.s. "muS"
43
44
S.p.s. "spasovka"
S.p.s. "van"
simon Tumasian
aleqsandre
miqelaZe
_
35
36
37
38
39
40
aspinZis raioni, sofeli
gulsunda
axalqalaqi
axalqalaqis raioni, sofeli
abuli
axalqalaqi
axalqalaqis raioni, sofeli
olaverdi
ninowminda
ninowmindis raioni, sofeli
gorelovka
ninowminda
ninowmindis raioni, sofeli
gorelovka
ninowminda
ninowmindis raioni, sofeli
gorelovka
ninowminda
hakob ambarian
ninowminda
vanik Razarian
Jirair
markosian
praskovia
xoxlina
ninowminda
ninowmindis raioni, sofeli
gorelovka
ninowmindis raioni, sofeli
gorelovka
nerses bdoian
aniCka
putulian
ninowminda
ninowminda
ninowmindis raioni, sofeli
janovakani
ninowmindis raioni, sofeli
spasovka
ninowminda
sul: 44
organizacia
wyaro: soflis meurenobis samcxe-javaxeTis regionaluri sammarTvelo.
209
danarTi 9: samcxe javaxeTis regionSi xorc produqtebis gadamuSaveba
da realizaciiT dakavebuli organizaciebi
№
organizaciis dasaxeleba
1
2
ind. mewarme "artaSes"
S.p.s. "bb"
s.s "samrewvelo savaWro
firma axalcixe"
S.p.s. "rabaTi - 2007"
3
4
sul:
mflobelis
saxeli da
gvari
artaSes
aRajanian
_
zurab
xuciSvili
_
misamarTi
axalqalaqi
adigeni
axalcixe
axalcixe
4 organizacia
wyaro: soflis meurenobis samcxe-javaxeTis regionaluri sammarTvelo.
210