sulawesi

Transcription

sulawesi

Berita Sedimentologi
SULAWESI
Number 22
10/2011
A Geological Field Trip Note
Sedimentary Rocks of the Barru Area,
South Sulawesi
An Abstract
Structural Styles of the West Sulawesi
Deep-Water Fold and Thrust Belt,
Makassar Straits, Indonesia
SULAWESI
University Profile
Geological Department of Hasanuddin
University, Makassar
Published by
The Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (FOSI)
The Sedimentology Commission - The Indonesian Association of Geologists (IAGI)
Number 22 – October 2011
Page 1 of 34
SULAWESI
Editorial Board
Advisory Board
Herman Darman
Chief Editor
Shell International Exploration and Production B.V.
P.O. Box 162, 2501 AN, The Hague – The Netherlands
Fax: +31-70 377 4978
E-mail: herman.darman@shell.com
Prof. Yahdi Zaim
Quarternary Geology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
Minarwan
Deputy Chief Editor
Pearl Oil (Thailand) Ltd.
31st Floor, Shinawatra Tower 3, 1010 Viphavadi Rangsit Rd.
Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
E-mail: minarwanx@gmail.com
Fuad Ahmadin Nasution
Total E&P Indonesie
Jl. Yos Sudarso, Balikpapan 76123
E-mail: fuad.ahmadin@yahoo.co.id
Fatrial Bahesti
PT. Pertamina E&P
NAD-North Sumatra Assets
Standard Chartered Building 23rd Floor
Jl Prof Dr Satrio No 164, Jakarta 12950 - Indonesia
E-mail: fatrial.bahesti@pertamina.com
Wayan Ismara Heru Young
University Link coordinator
Legian Kaja, Kuta, Bali 80361, Indonesia
E-mail: londobali@yahoo.com
Julianta Panjaitan
Membership coordinator
PT. Schlumberger Geophysics Nusantara
Data & Consulting Services
Jl. Mulawarman Km. 20, P.O.Box 117
Balikpapan 76117, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
E-mail: julianta_panjaitan@yahoo.com
Agus Suhirmanto
AWE Limited
Arkadia Office Park 14th Floor
Jl. Let.Jend. TB Simatupang Kav. 88, Jakarta 15210
E-mail: agushirman@yahoo.com
Visitasi Femant
Treasurer
Total E&P Indonesie - GSR/WGP/PTR
JL. Yos Sudarso, Balikpapan 76123, Kalimantan Timur
E-mail: fvisitasi@yahoo.com
•
•
Prof. R. P. Koesoemadinata
Emeritus Professor
Institute of Technology, Bandung
Wartono Rahardjo
University of Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Ukat Sukanta
ENI Indonesia
Mohammad Syaiful
Exploration Think Tank Indonesia
F. Hasan Sidi
Woodside, Perth, Australia
International Reviewers
Prof. Dr. Harry Doust
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences
Vrije Universiteit
De Boelelaan 1085
1081 HV Amsterdam
The Netherlands
E-mails: harry.doust@falw.vu.nl; harrydoust@gmail.com
J.T. (Han) van Gorsel
1203/115 Beach Street
PORT MELBOURNE, VIC 3207, Australia
www.vangorselslist.com
E-mails: jtvangorsel@gmail.com
Cover Photograph:
An Outcrop of the Mallawa (Clastic)
Formation, Sulawesi.
Photographed by Arief Yoga Benigno
Published 3 times a year in February, June and October.by the Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (Forum Sedimentologiwan Indonesia,
FOSI), a commission of the Indonesian Association of Geologists (Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia, IAGI).
Cover topics related to sedimentary geology, includes their depositional processes, deformation, minerals, basin fill, etc.
Page 2 of 34
SULAWESI
A sedimentological Journal of the Indonesia Sedimentologists Forum (FOSI),
a commission of the Indonesian Association of Geologist (IAGI
Our
last
edition
of
Berita
Sedimentologi this year will cover
Sulawesi Island, one of the five major
islands of the Indonesian archipelago.
Sulawesi is an important island for
various reasons. It is rich in natural
resources, as shown by active mining
and petroleum exploration operations
is reviewed in an article written by
Herman Darman, based on previous
publications of more detailed work by
some researchers. We also include two
abstracts in this publication, first on
tectonic evolution of the Gorontalo
Basin, based on interpretation of new
2D seismic data acquired in
2006/2007, and second on structural
styles of the West Sulawesi part of
Makassar Strait. Other articles include
a review of many publications on
Sulawesi Island, which is compiled by
J.T. van Gorsel, and a field trip report
from Almería, southern Spain.
TOTAL came up to take up the
position so from now on, she will look
after our membership due and bank
account. Thank you and welcome to
FOSI Committee Visi.
We also would like to congratulate
Rovicky Dwi Putrohari who was
elected to serve as the Chairman of
Association
of
Indonesian
Geologist (IAGI) recently during the
Joint Convention Makassar in South
Sulawesi province. Rovicky has been
actively involved in several professional
organizations in Asia Pacific for quite a
while. We wish him all the best and
that he can fulfil his programmes to
take IAGI to the next level.
On our organization, we would like to
report that FOSI now has over 300
members (based on the number of
members who joined our group in
LinkedIn). To have more than 300
members joining FOSI in the first year
after several years of inactivity is really
pleasing. Next year, we plan to
introduce membership dues and paid
advertisement because we would like
to provide some scholarships to the
students whose research interest is
sedimentology
and
sedimentary
geology. The membership fee will be
just a small one, so we hope to get
your full support by paying the
membership dues.
in the island. It also has challenging
and complex geology that is still
understudied up to now. The island is
considered active tectonically and
together
with
its
geologically
challenging and resources-rich status, it
commands more attention and
detailed-research in the future.
In this Sulawesi edition, we have
articles on the geology of Barru area in
South Sulawesi province and on the
subduction zone of northern Sulawesi.
Barru area contains the most
representative stratigraphic sections of
western Sulawesi and a team from
Hasanuddin University undertook field
work in the region recently. The
subduction zone of the North Sulawesi
Hopefully our articles in the 2011
Berita Sedimentologi prove to be
useful to you all. We are looking
forward to delivering you more articles
with better quality in 2012's Berita
Sedimentologi. Although it's still early,
we wish a Happy New Year 2012. See
you in February 2012 and keep
supporting us.
Regards,
As FOSI prepares to realize the
membership due, paid advertisement
and scholarship program starting from
next year, we have searched for a
volunteer to serve as a treasurer in the
committee. Visitasi Femant from
Minarwan
Deputy Chief Editor
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
Abstract : Tectono-Stratigraphic
Evolution of Western Gorontalo Bay,
Indonesia
16
9
Sulawesi Sedimentology Literature : A
Brief Review
17
15
University Profile : Department of
Geology, Hasanuddin Univerity,
Makassar City, Indonesia
22
Seismic Expression of North Sulawesi
Subduction Zone
5
A Short Note on Sedimentary Rocks of the
Barru Area, South Sulawesi
Abstract :Structural Styles of the West
Sulawesi Deep Water Fold and Thrust
Belt, Makassar Straits, Indonesia
Supplement
A Field Trip Report :
An Overview of the
Paleomorphology and
Paleogeography of TortonianMessinian Carbonates in the
Almería-Níjar Basin, Southern
Spain
25
Page 3 of 34
SULAWESI
About FOSI
The forum was accepted as the
sedimentological commission of the
Indonesian Association of Geologists
(IAGI) in 1996. About 300 members
were registered in 1999, including
industrial and academic fellows, as well
as students.
he forum was founded in
1995 as the Indonesian
Sedimentologists Forum
(FOSI). This organization
is a commu-nication and discussion
forum for geologists, especially for
those deal with sedimentology and
sedimentary geology in Indonesia.
FOSI has close international relations
with the Society of Sedimentary
Geology (SEPM) and the International
Association of Sedimentologists (IAS).
Fellowship is open to those holding a
recognized degree in geology or a
cognate subject and non-graduates
who have at least two years relevant
experience.
FOSI has organized 2 international
conferences in 1999 and3 2001,
attended by more than 150 international participants.
Most of FOSI administrative work will
be handled by the editorial team. IAGI
office in Jakarta will help if necessary.
The official website of FOSI is:
http://www.iagi.or.id/fosi/
FOSI Membership
ny person who has a
background in geoscience
and/or is engaged in the
practising or teaching of
geoscience or its related business may
apply for general membership.
As the organization has just been
restarted, we use
LinkedIn
(www.linkedin.com) as the main data
base platform.
We realize that it is not the ideal
solution, and we may look for other
alternative in the near future. Having
said that, for the current situation,
Linked is fit for purpose.
International members and students
are welcome to join the organization.
Total registered members:
302
October 2011
Page 4 of 34
SULAWESI
Seismic Expression of North Sulawesi
Subduction Zone
Herman Darman
Shell International E & P, Netherlands
Introduction
Sulawesi Sea and its surrounding area is
an active tectonic region. Many studies
were done to understand the tectonics
in this area. For this reason, several
seismic vintages were acquired in the
Sulawesi Sea (Celebes Sea) area. The
seismic lines were published in:
1977
by
Hinz:
single
multichannel reflection seismic
(MRS) profile
1979 by Hamilton: single trace
reflection seismic lines
1987 by Hinz and 1989 by
Fechner: seismic data acquired
by SONNE-cruise 49 in
Mindanao area, at the eastern
end of the Celebes Sea Basin.
1994 by Zen and Hinz: seismic
data acquired by SONNEcruise 94, sponsored by
German institutions.
1997, by Beiersdorf et al.:
seismic data acquired by
SONNE-cruise 98 which also
did geological and geochemical
investigations.
This article shows the seismic
expressions in the southern margin of
the Sulawesi Sea, which is the
subduction zone in the north of
Sulawesi North arm and known as
North Sulawesi Trench (Fig. 1)
Figure 1. Major structures and location of sections discussed in this article. Cross
section is shown in Figure 2 and seismic sections are displayed in Figure 4 & 5.
Regional Tectonics
Regional cross section in Figure 2
shows the subduction of Sulawesi Sea
oceanic late to the south and goes
underneath the northern arm of
Sulawesi which is dominated by calcalkalic potassic (CAK) volcanic
material. This section is constructed by
Walpesdorf et al. (1998) based on
seismic epicenters.
The seismicity of this area is very high
and occurs in wide range of depth.
Figure 3 shows the distribution of
Figure 2. NW-SE-trending schematic cross section showing the tectonics elements
in the north of Sulawesi (redrawn after Walpersdorf et al., 1998). Horizontal and
vertical scale is about 600 km. CAK = calk alkalic potassic (CAK) volcanism.
See Figure 1 for location map of this section.
epicenters recorded by USGS. Close to
the northern coast of Sulawesi, the
seismicity is relatively shallow and it is
getting deeper southwards. This
evidence supports the regional cross
section in Figure 2 is recorded by
USGS in the seismicity map in Figure
3.
Page 5 of 34
SULAWESI
Seismic Sections
RV SONNE vessel cruises 98 acquired
regional seismic sections across
Sulawesi Sea Basin. One of the northsouth sections displayed in Figure 4,
shows general deepening of Sulawesi
Sea basin to the south. The Miocene
horizons clearly go beneath the
thrusted zone or the accretionary
complex in the north of Sulawesi.
From 2 November 1994 to 14
December 1994, RV SONNE vessel
acquired seismic data in the north
Sulawesi trench. The survey was
chiefed by M. T. Zen (BPPTIndonesia) and K. Hinz (Germany)
who aimed to :
Study the structure, the age
and the geological evolution
of Sulawesi Sea.
Study the tectonic framework
of the North Sulawesi and
Mindanau continental margin
which is still active.
Understand the mechanism of
the
formation
of
the
accretionary prism at the back
zone of North Sulawesi and
the west of Sangihe Island.
Two seismic sections were published
as shown in Figure 5. These
condensed sections shows relatively
low angle of subduction beneath a 60
km accretionary complex. Overall the
system has a steep dip subduction
Figure 3. USGS map showing the distribution of epicenters in the northern part of
Sulawesi documented by Ole Nielsen in my.opera.com/nielsol/blog/.
Figure 4. Interpreted seismic profile (time domain) SO98-11 on the left and SO98-37 on the right between the Sulu Arc and North
Sulawesi (after Schlüter et al, 2001).
Page 6 of 34
SULAWESI
Figure 5. Two seismic section acquired during RV SONNE cruises in 1994 (after Zen and Hinz, in RV Baruna Jaya Group, 1994)
showing the accretionary complex showing clear thrust faults on the northern margin. A close up view of SO98 Line 28 is shown
in Figure 6 for the details.
zone. The structures formed part of
the sea bottom, which indicates
Present day or recent tectonics
activities. These evidences confirm
USGS seismicity maps.
Sediment
supply from the onshore Sulawesi is
also active. Line 28 shows an indication
of recent sediment accumulation in the
south of the section. Line 30 shows a
steeper slope in the south of the
section which may also caused by
sediment supply from onshore
Sulawesi.
A detail section of line SO98-28
displayed in Figure 6 shows the
oceanic crust which is overlain by
Middle Miocene turbidites and LatestMiocene to Pliocene clastic interval go
beneath the accretionary complex in
the south. This complex composed of
intense south dipping thrust faults. The
faults are getting deeper from north to
Figure 6. A detail section of line SO98-28 displayed shows the oceanic crust which is overlain by Middle Miocene turbidites and
Latest-Miocene to Pliocene clastic interval go beneath the accretionary complex in the south.
Page 7 of 34
south and at the same time generating
more complex features.
Conclusions
The studies in this area conclude that
the structures are clearly shown in the
front end of the accretionary zone
because they are relatively young.
Further south the structures are less
pronounced as they have gone through
more tectonic phases, the reflectors
become too complex to be imaged by
seismic. With limited and low data
resolution, significant structure growth
on seismic section which indicates fault
timing is not well observed.
SULAWESI
Some of the structures also offset the
sea bottom, which indicates a relatively
new fault or still on-going fault
reactivation. This evidence support
USGS seismicity map which show
recent and active tectonic activities.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to acknowledge
Edyta Frankowics for her thought and
comments on this paper. Jose de Vera
has given his initial review on this
article.
References
Celebes Sea, Marine and Petroleum
Geology 18, p 849-861.
RV Baruna Jaya Group, 1994, Samples
of Seismic Profile on Baruna Jaya
Seismic Data Exhibition, BPPT
(Directorate of Technology for Natural
Resources Inventory, the Agency for
the Assessment and Application of
Technology)
Walpesdorf, A., Rangin, C., Vigny, C.,
1998, GPS compared to Long-term
Motion of the North Arm of Sulawesi,
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
159, p. 47-55
Schlüter, H. U., Block, Ml, Hinz, K.,
Neben, S., Sidel, D., Djajadihardja, Y.,
2001, Neogene sediment thickness and
Miocene basin-floor fan systems of the
Page 8 of 34
SULAWESI
A Short Note on Sedimentary Rocks of the
Barru Area, South Sulawesi
Asri Jaya, Sufriadin & Irzal Nur
Department of Geological Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
Corresponding author: sufriadin_as@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Barru area comprises four sedimentary
sequences that include Cretaceous flysch
sediment of Balangbaru Formation in
the lower part, overlain by Tertiary
terrestrial sediments of Mallawa,
shallow-marine-redeposited carbonate
of Tonasa and volcaniclastics sediment
of Camba Formations in the upper
part. Three of these sequences show
characteristics
of
deep-marine
depositional system that are associated
with turbidite – debris flow facies and
post-depositional
deformation
structures. Their occurrences are
interpreted to have been controlled by
regional tectonics, in particular during
the redeposition of the Tonasa
Formation carbonates and also the
volcaniclastic-epiclastic of the Camba
Formation. The difficulties in defining
sedimentary basin in this area might
possibly be, in part, due to the basin
was modified during or after the
depositional period. Therefore, it is
very hard to trace the basin
continuously in only one site.
Introduction
Several efforts have been carried out to
study sedimentary rock sequences in
the Barru region. Four sedimentary
rock units have been recognized in this
area, which include, in younging order,
the Cretaceous flysch sediments of
Balangbaru (Hasan, 1991), terrestrial
sediment of Mallawa Formation,
shallow marine and mixed carbonate
rocks of Tonasa Formation (Wilson &
Bosence, 1996), and volcaniclastic
sediments of Camba Formation
(Sukamto, 1982). Such lithologic units
have their own characteristics. The
above authors have given more
detailed explanation on sedimentary
rock styles and they also have
interpreted the formation mechanism
of
these
sequences.
Hence,
sedimentary rocks in the Barru region
Figure 1. Map showing the sites of measured sections and lithological distribution of
the Barru area (Modified after Sukamto, 1982).
become the reference to explain the
geological setting of South Sulawesi.
In this paper, we discuss three
measured sections that represent
Tertiary sedimentary sequences in the
area,
which
are
located
in
Padanglampe, Ralla and Dutungan
Villages (Fig.1). The discussion will be
focused on field description of these
sections along with brief explanation
about environmental condition and
tectonic control on the deposition of
these rocks.
General Geology of Barru
Barru is located approximately 120 km
to the north of Makassar, capital city of
the South Sulawesi province. The area
Page 9 of 34
can be accessed from Makassar by
driving four-wheel vehicles for about 2
hours. Geologically, this area has
complex lithologies and may possibly
represent the complete lithological
assemblages that reflect the tectonic
and geological condition of South
Sulawesi (Figs. 1 and 2) . The oldest
outcrop in the area forms part of a
basement complex called Barru Block
(Berry & Grady, 1987), which consists
of ultramafic and metamorphic rocks
and are overlain by sedimentary
sequences of various age and
composition. The lowest part of the
outcropped
ultramafic
unit
is
serpentinised peridotite and is
underlain by quartz-mica schist, then
quartzite and chloritic phyllite. The
rock assemblages in the Barru Block
have a SE-dipping foliation and a S to
SW-trending lineation (Maulana, 2009).
The upper part of the basement
complex is overlain by Cretaceous
sediments
of
the
Balangbaru
Formation.
This
sequence
is
interpreted to have formed in a small
fore-arc basin that was located on the
trench slope (Hasan, 1991). This is
possibly part of the Bua member that
can be observed in this area. This rock
is predominantly composed of
interbedded silt-shale with subordinate
of thinly fine to medium grained
sandstones.
The top of the Balangbaru Formation
is unconformably overlain by the
terrestrial sediment of Mallawa
Formation,
with
a
prominent
lithological contact that can be found
in Lagolla river. In the Barru area, the
Mallawa Formation is well-exposed in
Padanglampe village. The lower part of
the Mallawa Formation is mainly
constituted of coarse grained materials,
such as quartz sandstones and
conglomerates. Toward the upper part
of the sequence, the rocks gradually
change into finer-grained materials,
such as silts, marls, and clays
(Hasibuan, 2003). The sequence is also
intercalated with coal deposit; and
massive, well-bedded and mediumgrained limestone is found in the upper
part of the formation.
A gradual contact occurs between the
Mallawa Formation and the overlying
Tonasa
Limestone
Formation,
indicating
conformable
relation
(Sukamto,
1982).
The
Tonasa
SULAWESI
Figure 2. Simplified geological map of Barru area (Modified after Wilson and
Bosance, 1996)
Formation is mainly composed of
platform carbonates and is overlain by
volcaniclastic sediments of Camba
Formation. The Camba Formation is
mainly
composed
of
marine
sedimentary rocks interbedded with
volcanic rocks. In some places in
Barru,
both
limestone
and
volcaniclastic rocks are intruded by
diorites, basalts, and trachytes in the
form of dikes and sills.
Padanglampe Section
Despite no detailed studies have been
published to date about the
depositional mechanism of the
Mallawa
Formation,
microfossil
analysis undertaken by Hasibuan
(2003) suggests that the age of the
formation is at least Middle Eocene
and the sequence was deposited in a
nearshore, mangrove environment,
which has high energy with fresh water
input such as from the river. This
depositional setting is a characteristic
of deltaic environment.
The result of measured section
conducted in Padanglampe Village
(Fig. 3) shows that three sub-sections
can be identified, which include lower
(a), middle (b), and upper (c) subsections. The lower sub-section (a)
consists of interbedded conglomerates,
conglomeratic sandstones, massive
sandstones,
siltstones
and
carbonaceous
mudstones
with
sedimentary structures of graded
bedding and cross lamination. The
bedding pattern is fining upward with
erosional base that has similarity with
that of the channel deposit. These
features indicate typical fluvio-deltaic
channel environment.
In the middle subsection (b),
interbedded carbonaceous mudstones,
coals calcareous mudstones, and
calcareous sandstones were found.
Page 10 of 34
This subsection also contains abundant
mollusks with bivalves, gastropods,
and coral fragments. Sedimentary
structures show wavy, lenticular with
the bedding pattern of coarsening
upward. These features might be
related to lacustrine or lagoonal
depositional environment within a
restricted area.
The upper subsection (c) is mainly
composed
of
foraminiferal
wackestones-packstones with abundant
Nummulites and Alveolina. This rock is
interpreted to have been deposited in a
backreef–barriers environment.
SULAWESI
Figure 3. Detailed stratigraphic section and
photographs of the Mallawa Formation as
measured at Padanglampe Village. Section
thickness is about 50 m.
Ralla Section
The distribution of Tonasa carbonate
platforms in South Sulawesi was
described in detail by Wilson &
Bosence (1996), including those
located in the Barru area. A very
interesting outcrop has been observed
in the Ralla Village, around 10 km to
the north of the Barru Town (Fig. 4).
The section comprises shallow and
mixed deep marine carbonates. This
area is known as the strato-type of the
Tonasa Formation (Sukamto, 1982).
Umpung river
The section measured at this site
represents shallow marine carbonate
deposit, starting at the bottom or after
the top of the Mallawa Formation
where dark gray limestones containing
mollusks were noted. Towards the
south (the upstream), the gradual
contact between the bottom of the
Tonasa Formation and the top of the
Mallawa Formation was found. This
contact is characterized by lightcolored
wackestones
that
are
composed of large foraminiferas and
gastropods and are well-bedded,
ranging from 20cm–1m thick (Fig. 4a).
The environmental deposition of this
deposit was in the restricted area of
marine backreef-barrier (Wilson &
Bosence, 1996). In the middle part of
the
Umpung
section,
massive
wackestones and packstones that
contain Nummulites trapped in coralline
algae (Fig. 4d) were found. The
rudstone is also composed of
fragments of branching corals (Fig. 4c),
suggesting shallow marine carbonate
(Wilson & Bosence, 1996). The
bedding can be recognized in a few cm
– meter thick (Fig. 4b) and it shows a
lot of styllolites. The initial back reef –
shallow marine or platform carbonate
depositional environment possibly
occurred during the Middle Eocene.
The depositional setting changed into a
small basin in the Oligocene and was
characterized
by
redeposited
sediments.
Ralla river
This section, which is part of Tonasa
Formation,
shows
interbedded
bioclastic mudstones-wackestones and
marls
that
contain
benthic
foraminiferas. Below the Ralla bridge,
bioclastic limestones containing large
foraminiferas with abundant Discocyclina
were discovered (Fig. 4e). The
bioclastic limestones were also
interbedded with marls, while the
mudstones are interbedded with
wackestones and marls. The AB parts
of the Bouma sequence can be applied
to sedimentary beds observed at this
site. The thining-upward succession
(Fig. 4f) contains benthic foraminifera
and echinoids also can be seen. The
Jalanru-Wessae
Village
section
represents redeposited sediments (Fig.
4h, i, j) that consist of debris fragments
of carbonates with marl-grainsupported. These sediments also
contain terrigenous materials derived
from basement rocks, such as schists,
cherts, clastic rocks and reworked
bioclastics which may be derived from
shallow water fossils. Horizontal
burrows on the bed surface are
abundant (Fig. 4g). All of these suggest
deposition in a marine, basinal
environment. Extremely further to the
south, more extensive grain-supported
lithologies such as conglomeraticimpure calcirudites, sandy limestonePage 11 of 34
SULAWESI
Figure 4. Detailed section and photographs of the Tonasa Limestone Formation observed in Ralla Village
(modified after Jaya, 2001).
impure calcarenites, and well-bedded
carbonate mudstones were noted.
Dutungan Section
Volcaniclastic sediments of the Camba
Formation are widely outcropped
along the west coast of the Barru area.
One of the excellent sections was
found at Dutungan Village (Fig. 5).
This outcrop was described as part of
the
Mio-Pliocene,
marine,
volcaniclastic sediments of Camba
Formation (Sukamto, 1982).
Vertical sequences show a variety of
thin to medium thick successions.
Turbidite sequence with massive
sandstone units varying between 20
and 50 cm thick show sharp contact at
the base of the unit. Normal grading
grains and part of the top unit show
convolute lamination or contorted
lamination (insets in Figs. 5a & d). An
interbedded tuffaceous sandstone with
thin mud/shale bed and siltstone
(which
represent
AB
Bouma
Page 12 of 34
subdivision) was also described.
Chaotic structure is present in
numerous slump folds and slidings
(Fig. 5c). Water escape structures are
also present (Fig. 5d). Debris flow unit
which contains mud and grain-
SULAWESI
supported of conglomerate-breccias,
basaltic-andesitic
fragments,
limestones, volcaniclastic primary
crystals, and tuffaceous sandstone
blocks indicate debris slide. Generally,
the unit indicates a debris avalance
deposit (Fig. 5b). The bedding pattern
of the sequences is fining upward and
they
are
deepening
upward
successions.
The
diagnostic
feature
of
these
Figure 5. Detailed section and photographs of volcaniclastic sediments of the Camba Formation measured in Dutungan Village
(modified after Jaya, 2006).
Page 13 of 34
sediments tends to be more associated
with deep marine clastic environment
rather than volcaniclastic environment.
It was probably formed in the slope
apron environment up to the basin
plain.
Discussions
The redeposited carbonate facies of the
Tonasa Formation in this area might
be derived from activities of two fault
lines, i.e. Bantimala and Barru blocks.
It possibly took place in the Middle
Oligocene to Early Miocene (Wilson &
Bosence, 1996). The upper part of the
redeposited facies of the Tonasa
Formation shows conformable contact
with the marine, lower Camba
Formation, suggesting continuous
condition of deepening up that was
represented by deep marine shales
interbedded with volcaniclastics. The
deposition
of
marine
Camba
Formation also seems to be controlled
by fault lines. The features showing
turbidite that were associated with
chaotic and debris flow indicate that
their deposition occured in the slope
apron environment, as can be seen in
the Dutungan section, unlike the
Mallawa Formation that typically
shows terrestrial to marginal marine
siliciclastic deposits. The Mallawa
Formation also possibly occur in a
series of fault-bounded sub-basins (van
Leeuwen, 2010).
We postulate that sedimentary rocks in
the Barru area may be representative of
the western divide mountain and South
Sulawesi used to be situated in basin
that was controlled by regional tectonic
SULAWESI
and was modified to become smaller
and restricted in area. Sediment inputs
might be derived from the surrounding
areas. The deposition of the Tonasa
carbonates was probably indicative of
the cessation of subduction and
volcanism in the Oligocene. New
subduction occurred in the east, which
was related to Kalamiseng volcanics
(van Leeuwen et al., 2010). This has led
to regional extension of the western
divide mountain. Major tectonic events
in the Middle Miocene can be related
to the formation of Walanae fault zone
and block faulting of carbonate
platforms (van Leeuwen et al., 2010).
This was also probably coincident with
the deposition of marine Camba
Formation in the west.
References
Berry, R.F. and Grady, A.E., 1987.
Mesoscopic structures produced by
Plio-Pleistocene wrench faulting in
South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of
Structural Geology, 9, pp. 563–571.
Hasan, K., 1991. The Upper
Cretaceous Flysch succession of the
Balangbaru Formation, Southwest
Sulawesi.
Proceeding
Indonesia
Petroleum Association 20th annual
convention, pp. 183-208.
Hasibuan, F., 2003. Analisis lingkungan
pengendapan berdasarkan kandungan
mikrofosil Formasi Mallawa, Sulawesi
Selatan, Forum LITBANG ESDM.
Jaya, A., 2001. Sequence Stratigraphy
of The Tonasa Limestone, Ralla
Section, South Sulawesi, Jurnal
Penelitian Enjiniring (JPE) FT-UH,
vol. 8 No.1, pp. 59 – 68.
Jaya, A., 2006. Facies and Sedimentary
Environment of Camba Formation,
Dutungan Area, South Sulawesi.
Geosains, Vol. 02, No. 03, Department
of Geology, Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, pp. 243-256.
Maulana,
A.,
2009.
Petrology,
Geochemistry,
and
Metamorphic
Evolution of The South Sulawesi
Basement Complexes, Indonesia.
Master Thesis, Australian National
University (unpublished).
Sukamto, R., 1982. Geologi lembar
Pankajene dan Watampone bagian
Barat, Sulawesi. Geological Research
and Development Centre, Bandung.
van Leeuwen, T.M., Susanto, E.S.,
Maryanto, S., Hadiwisastra, S.,
Sudijono, Muhardjo and Prihardjo.,
2010. Tectonostratigraphic evolution
of Cenozoic marginal basin and
continental margin successions in the
Bone Mountains, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,
38, pp. 233-254.
Wilson, M.E.J. and Bosence, D.W.J.,
1996. The Tertiary evolution of South
Sulawesi; a record in redeposited
carbonates of the Tonasa Limestone
Formation. In: Hall, R. & Blundel, D.J.
(Eds.),
Tectonic
Evolution
of
Southeast Asia. Geological Society of
London Special Publication 106, pp.
153–184.
News from SEPM
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Symposium focused on Applied Ichnology (Symposium 13.5) in Theme 13
(Sedimentation and Sedimentary Processes), at the 34th International Geological
Congress, Brisbane, Australia (5-10 August, 2012).
The Applied Ichnology Symposium will be focused on the role of ichnology in
sedimentation and sedimentary processes, particularly in the areas of facies analysis,
genetic stratigraphy, and reservoir characterization.
The Abstract and Early Bird Registration site is now open and we encourage you to
submit abstracts as soon as possible. The closing date for abstracts is 17 February
2012.
Kind regards,
Contact:
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Ichnofacies Analysis Inc., Calgary Alberta,
Canada T3H 2W3
email: kerriebann@ichnofacies.com
Dr. James A. MacEachern
Professor and Chair, Dept. Earth Sciences,
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,
British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
email: jmaceach@sfu.ca
Kerrie L. Bann and James A. MacEachern (Co-Chairs).
Page 14 of 34
SULAWESI
Abstract
Structural Styles of the West Sulawesi DeepWater Fold and Thrust Belt, Makassar Straits,
Indonesia
Jose de Vera & Ken McClay
Fault Dynamics Research Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
The offshore margin of West Sulawesi
(eastern
Makassar
Straits)
is
characterized by an active, Late
Miocene/Early Pliocene to present
day, NE-SW-trending and NW-verging
deepwater fold and thrust belt. The
fold and thrust is approximately 250
km long and as much as 75 km wide
and consists of an Oligocene to
present day succession that was
deposited on subsiding, thinned, rifted
continental crust and is now deformed
by SW-to NE-verging thrust faultrelated folds deformed on multiple
detachment layers. Based on the across
strike variations in structural style and
bathymetry changes, the West Sulawesi
fold and thrust belt can be divided into
five across-strike main structural
domains. From northwest to southeast
these are: the abyssal plain, the
deformation front, the folded domain,
the thrust domain and the inversion
domain. The abyssal plain is solely
deformed by Pliocene to Pleistocene,
low-displacement, planar extensional
faults, which are interpreted to be the
result of flexural subsidence ahead of
the advancing thrust front. The
structural styles of the deformation
front are strongly controlled by
inversion of the Pliocene to
Pleistocene
extensional
faults.
Inversion of pre-existing faults
controls fault localization and fold
West Sulawesi fold belt, Source: from Baillie et al, 2005, documented in geoseismicseasia.blogspot.com
vergence, giving rise to complex wedge
and triangle zone geometries.
The structural styles of the folded and
thrust domains are characterized by
complex
NWto
SE-trending
detachment and fault-propagation
folds, with multiple detachment levels
developed in Oligocene and Miocene
mudstones. The inversion domain is
the innermost and oldest element of
the thrust belt and consists of large
anticlines
that
resulted
from
reactivation
of
Paleocene
rift
structures. The results presented in this
work are based on the structural
analysis of 3480 km of regional 2D
seismic lines.
The structural patterns described here
have implications for understanding
fault-fold geometries and growth in
other deepwater fold and thrust belts.
AAPG Search and Discovery Article
#90090©2009
AAPG
Annual
Convention and Exhibition, Denver,
Colorado, June 7-10, 2009
Page 15 of 34
SULAWESI
Abstract
Tectono-stratigraphic Evolution of Western
Gorontalo Bay, Indonesia
Parinya Pholbud (PTTEP)
Abstract, MSc in Petroleum Geoscience, Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Earth Sciences,
Annual Symposium, 1 September 2011
Gorontalo Bay exists as one of eastern
Indonesia’s mystery basins in terms of
its tectonic evolution and stratigraphy.
Detailed interpretation of newly
acquired regional 2D seismic data
provides an understanding of the
tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the
western part of Gorontalo Bay.
The formation of western Gorontalo
Bay and adjacent areas is related to
thermal subsidence initiated during the
Early Miocene, associated with plate
tectonic collision in Sulawesi (—23
Ma). This event initiated the
development of the fore-arc basin
along a NE-SW trending zone of
weakness in Oligocene and older
basement rocks. The NE-SW trending
basin was filled by thick deep marine
sediments. Subsidence was interrupted
by a later uplifting event along the
southeastern margin.
Carbonates became dominant in this
basin following the formation of a
thick carbonate platform. The shallow
marine carbonates were developed
widely in the basin before rapid
subsidence to the present-day deep
water (2 km depth). This rapid
subsidence is the result of the Celebes
Sea subduction and trench rollback
during the Pliocene (—5 Ma) to
Recent.
The results from this study imply that
this basin potentially has a petroleum
system for future hydrocarbon
exploration
according
to
the
depositional
environments.
Hydrocarbon could be sourced from
mature deep marine sediments in the
basin centre. Mixed grain rocks,
Available
seismic in the Gorontalo
Basin,Robert
northern
Sulawesi
fractures Figure
and 1.local
unconformities
Supervisor:
Ha1l,
Marta Pérez-
Figure 2. Example of seismic data from the Gorontalo Basin (source: Fugro /
searcherseismic.com)
within the sedimentary mega sequences
potentially
form
economical
stratigraphic plays. These should be the
major targets for hydrocarbon
exploration in this area.
Gussinyé & Chris Elders
Data provided by: Searcher Seismic, Fugro
Multi Client Services PTY Ltd & TGSNopec
Page 16 of 34
SULAWESI
Sulawesi Sedimentology Literature
A BRIEF REVIEW
J.T. van Gorsel
Independent researcher (retired from ExxonMobil), Melbourne- Australia
Sulawesi is well known for its complex
Cretaceous-Tertiary collisional tectonic
history, with a succession of volcanic
arc deposits. Numerous publications
have appeared on these topics. Also
quite a few papers discuss general
stratigraphy of areas, but very few
papers can be characterized as
'sedimentology papers', i.e. papers
documenting
and
interpreting
sedimentary structures, measured
sections,
current
directions,
provenance,
depositional
environments, paleogeography, etc.
The Sulawesi region may be divided
into four broad provinces with
different
MesozoicCenozoic
stratigraphic successions:
1. West / SW Sulawesi
Fraser and Ichram (1999) proposed to
call this 'Sundawesi', due to the
similarities of its Mesozoic- Paleogene
stratigraphy with that of East
Kalimantan/ Sundaland. This was part
of the SE Sundaland margin before is
was disconnected by the opening of
Makassar Straits in the Eocene, and the
likely provenance of much of the preLate Eocene sediment was from
Kalimantan. Late Cretaceous and
younger sediments were deposited over
Early
Cretaceous
accretionary
complexes. They are locally rich in
volcanic detritus, were locally affected
by contact metamorphism around
Eocene, Miocene and younger igneous
intrusions associated with volcanic
episodes, and were involved in Late
Miocene-Pliocene
folding-thrusting,
strike-slip faulting and uplift.
2. East Sulawesi and Buton
As argued by Milsom et al. (2000),
Villeneuve et al. (2001) and others
there are no compelling arguments to
consider East Sulawesi and Buton as
separate terranes, as is commonly
accepted. Together with Seram and
Buru they formed part of the 'Banda
assemblage' or 'Banda Block' or
'Kolonodale Block', a plate of North
Figure 1: Main tectonic provinces of Sulawesi
(from Netherwood, 2000, after Guritno et al., 1996)
Australian origin that that rifted off the
Australian northen margin in the
Triassic and collided with the West
Sulawesi microcontinent/ volcanic arc
system, probably in Oligocene time
(also related the obduction of the East
Sulawesi ophiolite). Buru Seram and
Banda Ridges were dismembered from
E Sulawesi-Buton in the Miocene, with
the Banda Sea opening.
East and SE Sulawesi (incl. Buton)
contain the oldest sediments of
Sulawesi: generally highly deformed
Late Triassic fluvial and marine clastics
(including bituminous shales), Late
Triassic- Early Jurassic shallow marine
carbonates and Jurassic, Cretaceous
and Paleogene pelagic calcareous
sediments.
Late Paleozoic sediments may also be
present in East Sulawesi here. Late
Devonian and Permian brachiopods
and a Permian ammonite have been
reported by several pre WW-II authors
(Brouwer, Von Loczy), but the origins
of these fossils have been questioned.
Their presence can, in my opinion, not
be discarded completely and should be
expected if this is a terrane of North
Australian-origin.
3. North Sulawesi
Most of the North arm of Sulawesi is a
Lower Miocene and younger volcanic
arc, built on Eocene-Oligocene
submarine volcanics and limestones,
Page 17 of 34
probably on oceanic crust, with one or
more micro-continental fragments.
There are no significant onshore
sedimentary basins.
4. Banggai Sula block
This fourth province is a New Guinea
affinity terrane with a Mesozoic
stratigraphy that is different from East
Sulawesi- Buton. It collided with East
Sulawesi in Late Miocene or Early
Pliocene time. Since it does not
outcrop on Sulawesi it is not included
in the listing below.
Below is a listing of these papers,
crudely arranged in stratigraphic order
from young to old. Many of these are
general geology papers, but contain
significant
observations
on
sedimentology,
stratigraphy
or
paleogeography of Sulawesi sediments.
The listing is confined to relatively
'modern' papers; useful observations
on
stratigraphy,
petrography,
provenance, etc., have been recorded
in colonial-era publications, but are not
included here. For most of these
papers brief summaries can be found
in the Indonesia geology bibliography
on www.vangorselslist.com.
Many thanks to Herman Darman,
Robert Hall and Theo van Leeuwen
for suggestions and checking the list
for omissions.
Modern environments
Papers
on
modern
clastic
sedimentation on Sulawesi are rare,
probably because it lacks spectacular
large depositional systems like a
Mahakam Delta. One paper of note on
modern deep water depositional
systems is:
Decker, J., P.A. Teas, R.D. Schneider,
A.H. Saller & D.L. Orange (2004)Modern deep sea sedimentation in the
Makassar Strait: insights from highresolution multibeam bathymetry and
backscatter, sub-bottom profiles, and
USBL-navigated cores. In: R.A. Noble
et al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and
Frontier Exploration in Asia &
Australia Symposium, Jakarta, Indon.
Petrol. Assoc., p. 377-387.
Modern carbonates have been studied
mainly on the Spermonde/ Sangkarang
SULAWESI
Platform off SW Sulawesi, and also on
the Tukang Besi islands atolls.
De Neve, G.A. (1981)- Development
and origin of the Sangkarang reef
archipelago
(South
Sulawesi,
Indonesia). Proc. 10th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Geol. Assoc. (IAGI), Bandung,
p. 102-108.
Lanaru, M. & R. Fitri (2008)- Sediment
deposition in a South Sulawesi seagrass
bed. Marine Res. Indonesia 33, 2, p.
221-224.
Renema, W. & S.R. Troelstra (2001)Larger foraminifera distribution on a
mesotrophic carbonate shelf in SW
Sulawesi (Indonesia). Palaeogeogr.,
Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 175, p. 125146.
Wilson, M.E.J. (2008)- Reservoir
quality of Cenozoic carbonate buildups
and coral reef terraces. Proc. 32nd
Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.,
IPA08-G-155, 8p.
Middle Miocene- Pliocene
clastics (incl. 'Celebes
Molasse', Walanae Fm, etc.)
Major Middle Miocene- Pliocene
uplift(s) on Sulawesi are documented by
the presence of locally thick, dominantly
non-marine clastics, with erosional
products of all pre-Middle Miocene
formations. In older reports these 'synorogenic' deposits were grouped as
'Celebes
Molasse'.
More
recent
formation names include the Walanae
Formation. On Buton these are called
Tondo and Sampolakosa Formations.
Bartstra,
G.J.
(1977)Walanae
Formation and the Walanae terraces in
the stratigraphy of South Sulawesi,
(Celebes, Indonesia). Quartar 27, p. 2130.
Rochmanto, B. & L.M. Adam (2007)Sedimentary
environment
of
Sampolakosa Formation at Gonda baru
subdistrict
Sorawolio,
Bau-Bau,
Southeast Sulawesi. Proc. Joint Conv.
32nd HAGI, 36th IAGI, and 29th
IATMI, Bali, p.
Rochmanto, B. & Darwin (2007)Depositional environment of the Tondo
Formation at Wakoko River Pasar Wajo
Area, District of Buton, Southeast
Sulawesi. Proc. 31st Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc. IPA07-G-101, 6p.
Smith, R.B. (1983)- Sedimentology and
tectonics of a Miocene collision
complex and overlying late orogenic
clastic strata, Buton Island, Eastern
Indonesia.
Ph.D.
Thesis
Univ.
California, Santa Cruz, 254 p.
Simandjuntak,
T.O.
(1986)Sedimentology and tectonics of the
collision complex of the East arm of
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis, Royal
Holloway and Bedford New College,
London University, 374 p.
Surono (1989)- Molasa di lengan Timur
Sulawesi. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Bandung 13, p. 39-45.
Surono (1995)- Sedimentology of the
Tolitoli Conglomerate Member of the
Langkowala
Formation,
Southeast
Sulawesi,
Indonesia.
J.
Geol.
Sumberdaya Min. 5, 46, p. 1-7.
Surono & D. Sukarna (1996)Sedimentology of the Sulawesi molasse
in relation to Neogene tectonics,
Kendari area, Eastern Indonesia. Proc.
6th Int. Congr. Pacific Neogene
Stratigraphy, IGCP355, Serpong 1995,
p. 57-72.
Suyono
&
Kusnama
(2010)Stratigraphy and tectonics of the
Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi. Jurnal
Geol. Indonesia 5, 1, p. 1-11.
Van
den
Bergh,
G.D.,
U.M.
Lumbanbalu, P.L. de Boer & F. Aziz
(1995)- Lithostratigraphy of the West
Sengkang Basin. In: The geology and
stratigraphy of the vertebrate-bearing
deposits in the Sengkang Basin: the
terrestrial faunal evolution of South
Sulawesi during the Late Pliocene and
Quaternary. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Spec. Publ. 18, p. 14-27.
Late Miocene carbonates, SW
Sulawesi (Tacipi Fm)
The Late Middle Miocene- earliest
Pliocene of the up to 300m thick Tacipi
Limestone with small gas-bearing reefal
buildups in the Bone/ East Sengkang
Basin of S Sulawesi were discussed in a
series of papers below.
Page 18 of 34
SULAWESI
Ascaria, N.A. (1997)- Carbonate facies
development and sediment evolution of
the Miocene Tacipi Formation, South
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of London, 397p.
Suyono
&
Kusnama
(2010)Stratigraphy and tectonics of the
Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi. Jurnal
Geol. Indonesia 5, 1, p. 1-11.
Ascaria, N.A. (1999)- Control on
carbonate sedimentation of Tacipi
Formation, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Berita Sediment. 10, p.
'Post-rift' Late Eocene- Early
Miocene carbonates, SW
Sulawesi (Tonasa Fm, Makale
Fm)
Ascaria, N.A. & N.A. Harbury (1997)Tacipi Limestone facies distribution and
sequence development, Mio- Pliocene,
South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Berita
Sediment. 5, p.
Carbonate sedimentology of the large
Latest Eocene- Early Miocene Tonasa
platform in SW Sulawesi has been
described mainly in a series of papers by
Moyra Wilson.
Ascaria, N.A., N.A. Harbury & M.E.J.
Wilson (1997)- Hydrocarbon potential
and development of Miocene knollreefs, South Sulawesi. In: J.V.C. Howes
& R.A. Noble (eds.) Proc. Conf.
Petroleum Systems of SE Asia and
Australasia, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p.
569-584.
Sudijono (2005)- Biostratigraphy and the
depositional environment of the Toraja
Limestone at the Nanggala river section,
Toraja, South Sulawesi. J. Sumber Daya
Geol. (GRDC) 15, 1, p.
Boudagher-Fadel, M.K. (2002)- The
stratigraphical relationship between
planktonic
and
larger
benthic
foraminifera in Middle Miocene to
Lower Pliocene carbonate facies of
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Micropaleontology
48, 2, p. 153-176.
Grainge, A.M. & K.G. Davies (1985)Reef exploration in the East Sengkang
Basin, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine
Petrol. Geol. 2, p. 142-155.
Imran, A.M. & R. Koch (2006)Microfacies development of the Selayar
Limestone, South Sulawesi. Proc. 35th
Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI),
Pekanbaru 2006, p. PITIAGI2006-028,
8p.
Imran, A.M. & R. Koch (2008)- Marine
diagenetic history of the Selayar
Limestone, South Sulawesi. Jurnal
Inform. Tekn. 14, 2, p. 109-117.
Mayall, M.J. & M. Cox (1988)Deposition and diagenesis of Miocene
limestones, Sengkang Basin, Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Sedim. Geol. 59, p. 77-92.
Subandrio, A.S. (2006)- Diagenetic
alteration in Late Miocene carbonate of
Tacipi area, South Celebes. Proc. 35th
Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI),
Pekanbaru 2006, 10 p.
Sulistyani, L. & Surono (2006)- Facies
analysis on the Limestone Member, the
Tondo Formation, based on samples
taken from Kaisapu Area, Buton,
Southeast Sulawesi Province. Proc.
Jakarta 2006 Int. Geosciences Conf. and
Exhib., Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta,
06-SPG-04, 5 p.
Surono (1995)- A petrographic study
of an oolitic limestone succession of
the Eocene-Oligocene Tampakura
Formation,
South-East
Sulawesi,
Indonesia. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min.5,
40, p. 2-11.
Surono (1998)- A sedimentological
study of the oolitic limestone
succession
of
the
Paleogene
Tampakura Formation in Southeastern
Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: J.L. Rau (ed.)
Proc. 33rd Sess. Co-ord. Comm.
Coastal Offshore Geosc. Progr. E and
SE Asia (CCOP), Shanghai 1996, 2, p.
10-41.
Wilson, M.E.J. (1995)- The Tonasa
Limestone
Formation,
Sulawesi,
Indonesia: development of a Tertiary
carbonate platform. Ph.D. Thesis
University of London, 520 p.
Wilson, M.E.J. (1996)- Evolution and
hydrocarbon potential of the Tertiary
Tonasa Limestone Formation, Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 227-240.
Wilson, M.E.J. (2000)- Tectonic and
volcanic influences on the development
and diachronous termination of a
Tertiary tropical carbonate platform. J.
Sed. Res. 70, p. 310-324.
Wilson, M.E.J. & D.W.J. Bosence
(1996)- The Tertiary evolution of South
Sulawesi: a record in redeposited
carbonates of the Tonasa Limestone
Formation. In: R. Hall & D.J. Blundell
(eds.) Tectonic evolution of Southeast
Asia. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ.
106, p. 365- 389.
Wilson, M.E.J. & D.W.J. Bosence
(1997)- Platform-top and ramp deposits
of the Tonasa carbonate platform,
Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: A.J. Fraser, S.J.
Matthews & R.W. Murphy (eds.)
Petroleum geology of Southeast Asia.
Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 126, p.
247-279.
Wilson, M.E.J., D.W.J. Bosence & A.
Limbong (2000)- Tertiary syntectonic
carbonate platform development in
Indonesia. Sedimentology 47, p. 395419.
Eocene- Early Oligocene riftfill clastics (Toraja Fm,
Malawa Fm, Budungbudung
Fm)
The presence of sediments of
Paleocene age on Sulawesi has never
been documented conclusively, but
because dating of non-marine deposits
at the base of the Paleogene rift-fill
section is very difficult, their presence
can not be excluded either. Middle and
Late Eocene transgressive rift-fill
sediments are relatively widespread and
usually 1000- 3000m thick in rift basins
in West and SW Sulawesi. These
deposits include generally noncommercial Eocene coals and local
limestones rich in Nummulites.
Calvert, S.J. (2000)- The Cenozoic
geology of the Lariang and Karama
regions. Western Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of London,
353 p.
Calvert, S.J. & R. Hall (2003)- The
Cenozoic geology of the Lariang and
Karama regions, Western Sulawesi:
new insight into the evolution of the
Makassar Straits region. Proc. 29th
Page 19 of 34
Ann. Conv. Indon. Petr. Assoc., p.
501-517.
Calvert, S.J. & R. Hall (2007)Cenozoic evolution of the Lariang and
Karama regions, North Makassar
Basin, western Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Petroleum Geosc. 13, p. 353-358.
Hasibuan, F. (2009)- Lingkungan
pengendapan Formasi Malawa, Sulawesi
Selatan berdasarkan kandungan makro
fosil. J. Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC) 19,
2, p. 95-106.
Kusnama & S. Andi Mangga (2007)Hubungan lingkunan pengendapan
Formasi Malawa dan keterdapatan
batubara di daerah Soppeng, Sulawesi
Selatan. J. Sumber Daya Geol. 17, 4, p.
218-232.
Maryanto, S. (1999)- Proses diagenesis
batugamping eosen di lintasan S.
Nanggala, Tana Toraja, Sulawesi Selatan.
J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC
Bandung) 9, 94, p.
Maryanto, S. (2002)- Stratigrafi Tersier
daerah Torajah, Sulawesi Selatan. Proc.
31st Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol.
(IAGI), p. 734-768.
Maryanto, S. (2002)- Lingkungan
pengendapan Formasi Toraja di daerah
Sekitat Rantepao, Sulawesi Selatan. Bull.
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre 22, p. 63-84.
Maryanto, S., E.E. Susanto & Sudijono
(2004)Sedimentologi
Formasi
Salokupang di daerah Bone, Sulawesi
Selatan. J. Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC
Bandung) 1, 1, p. 69-83.
Paju, J.A., Y.S. Purnama, B.Nugroho, A.
Bachtiar
&
F.
Peera
(2006)Sedimentology of Malawa clastics and its
implication to hydrocarbon occurrences
in western part of West arm Sulawesi.
Proc. 35th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc.
Geol.
(IAGI), Pekanbaru 2006,
PITIAGI2006-012, p. 1-18.
Upper Cretaceous flysch, W
Sulawesi (Balangbaru Fm,
Latimojong Fm, etc.)
In West Sulawesi Late Cretaceous
marine
sediments
are
present,
unconformably on Early- 'Mid'Cretaceous metamorphic- accretionary
SULAWESI
complexes. This Late Mesozoic
stratigraphy is very similar to that of SE
Kalimantan. The key work on the
sedimentology of the Upper Cretaceous
'flysch' of SW Sulawesi is by Hasan
(1990, 1991), demonstrating provenance
of the Balangbaru Formation turbidites
from the W/ NW, presumably from
Kalimantan before opening of Makassar
Straits.
Hasan, K. (1990)- The Upper
Cretaceous flysch succession of the
Balangbaru
Formation,
Southwest
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of London, 336 p.
Hasan, K. (1991)- The Upper
Cretaceous flysch succession of the
Balangbaru
Formation,
Southwest
Sulawesi. Proc. 20th Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc., p. 183-208.
Hasan, K., R. Garrard & P. Mahodim
(1991)- SW Sulawesi, Post-convention
field trip guidebook. Indonesian
Petroleum Association, p. 1-61.
Simandjuntak, T.O. (1981)- Some
sedimentological aspects of Mesozoic
rocks in eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Proc. 9th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc.
Geol. (IAGI), Yogyakarta, p.
Jurassic- Cretaceous pelagic
deposits, East Sulawesi
Rocks of Jurassic age appear to be very
rare on Sulawesi, and reported only
from East Sulawesi (and Buton).
Relatively thin and highly deformed
successions of Early Jurassic, Middle
Jurassic, Early and Late Cretaceous
pelagic limestones and marls were
described by French groups.
Cornee, J.J., R. Martini, M. Villeneuve,
L. Zaninetti et al. (1999)- Mise en
evidence du Jurassique inferieur et
moyen dans la ceinture ophiolitique de
Sulawesi (Indonesie). Consequences
geodynamiques. Geobios 32, 3, p. 385394.
Cornee, J.J., G. Tronchetti, M.
Villeneuve, B. Lathuiliere, M.C. Janin, P.
Saint-Marc, W. Gunawan & H. Samodra
(1995)- Cretaceous of eastern and
southeastern Sulawesi (Indonesia): new
micropaleontological
and
biostratigraphical data. J. Southeast
Asian Earth Sci. 12, p. 41-52.
Late Triassic clastics, SE and
E Sulawesi (Meluhu Fm)
The key publications on Late Triassic
clastic sediments are by Surono and
collaborators (1992-2002). A proximal
source from poorly dated metamorphic
rocks could be demonstrated.
Surono
(1994)Sedimentologic
investigation of the Southeast Arm of
Sulawesi with special reference to the
Kendari
area.
Ph.D.
Thesis
Wollongong University, Australia, 211
p.
Surono (1997)- A provenance study of
sandstones
from
the
Meluhu
Formation,
Southeast
Sulawesi,
Eastern
Indonesia.
J.
Geol.
Sumberdaya Miner. 7, 73, p. 2-16.
Surono & S. Bachri (2002)Stratigraphy,
sedimentation
and
palaeogeographic significance of the
Triassic Meluhu Formation, Southeast
arm of Sulawesi, Eastern Indonesia. J.
Asian Earth Sci. 20, p. 177-192.
Surono, M. Endharto, A. Azis & D.M.
Ali (1992)- Sedimentology of the
Meluhu Formation, Southeast Arm Of
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Proc. 21st Ann.
Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 2,
p. 833-852.
Relatively few studies were done on
the Late Triassic reefal carbonates of
East Sulawesi. The distal deep water
facies of these are probably the Winto
Formation bituminous limestones/
shales of Buton. Despite their obvious
economic significance little or no
sedimentological work was done on
these organic-rich mudrocks. Key
papers include:
Cornee, J.J., M. Villeneuve, R. Martini,
L. Zaninetti, D. Vachard, B. Vrielynck.
W. Gunawan, H. Samodra & L. Sarmili
(1994)- Une plate-forme carbonatee
d’age rhetien au centre-est de Sulawesi
(region de Kolonodale, Celebes,
Indonesie). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 318,
Ser. II, p. 809-814.
Martini, R., D. Vachard, L. Zaninetti, S.
Cirilli, J.J. Cornee, B. Lathuiliere &
Page 20 of 34
M.Villeneuve (1997)- Sedimentology,
stratigraphy, and micropalaeontology of
the Upper Triassic reefal series in
Eastern
Sulawesi
(Indonesia).
Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol.
128, p. 157-174.
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Below is a selection of papers with some
useful paleogeographic maps of parts of
Sulawesi.
Fraser, T.H., B.A. Jackson, P.M. Barber,
P. Baillie & K. Myers (2003)- The West
Sulawesi foldbelt and other new plays
within the North Makassar Straits- a
prospectivity review. Proc. 29th Ann.
Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. G-171, p.
429-450.
Hornaday, W.T., R.A. de Boer, J.N.
Grant, N. Nastiti & P. Astono (1996)Sengkang Basin (SW Sulawesi). In:
Pertamina/BKKA (eds.) Petroleum
Geology of Indonesian basins, VII,
Jakarta, p. 1-34.
Moss, S.J. & M.E.J. Wilson (1998)Biogeographic implications of the
Tertiary palaeogeographic evolution of
Sulawesi and Borneo. In: R. Hall & J.D.
Holloway (eds.) Biogeography and
geological evolution of SE Asia,
Backhuys, Leiden, p. 133-163.
SULAWESI
Wilson, M.E.J. & S.J. Moss (1999)Cenozoic palaeogeographicl evolution
of Sulawesi and Borneo. Palaeogeogr.,
Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 145, p. 303-337.
Yulihanto, B. (2004)- Hydrocarbon play
analysis of the Bone Basin, South
Sulawesi. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.)
Proc.
Deepwater
and
frontier
exploration in Asia & Australasia
Symposium, Jakarta, Indon. Petrol.
Assoc., p. 333-348.
OTHER KEY PAPERS ON
SULAWESI- BUTON
STRATIGRAPHY- GEOLOGY
Davidson, J.W. (1991)- The geology and
prospectivity of Buton island, southeast
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Proc. 20th Ann.
Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 209-234.
Milsom, J., J. Thurow & D. Roques
(2000)- Sulawesi dispersal and the
evolution of the northern Banda Arc.
Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc., p. 495-504.
Van Leeuwen, T. (1981)- The geology of
southwest Sulawesi with special
reference to the Biru area. In: A.J.
Barber & S. Wiryosayono (eds.) The
geology and tectonics of Eastern
Indonesia. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Bandung, Spec. Publ. 2, p. 277-304.
Van Leeuwen, T.M. & Muhardjo (2005)Stratigraphy and tectonic setting of the
Cretaceous and Paleogene volcanicsedimentary successions in Northwest
Sulawesi, Indonesia: implications for the
Cenozoic evolution of Western and
Northern Sulawesi. J. Asian Earth Sci.
25, p. 481-511.
Villeneuve, M., J.J. Cornee, W.
Gunawan, R. Martini, G. Tronchetti.
M.C. Janin, P. Saint-Marc & L.
Zaninetti (2001)- La succession
lithostratigraphique du bloc de Banda
dans la region de Kolonodale (Sulawesi
central, Indonesie). Bull. Soc. Geol.
France 172, 1, p. 59-68.
Villeneuve, M., W. Gunawan, J.J.
Cornee & O. Vidal (2002)- Geology of
the Central Sulawesi belt (eastern
Indonesia): constraints for geodynamic
models. Int. J. Earth. Sci. (Geol.
Rundschau) 91, 3, p. 524-537.
Wakita, K., Munasri, J. Sopaheluwakan,
I. Zulkarnain & K. Miyazaki (1994)Early Cretaceous tectonic events
implied in the time-lag between the age
of
radiolarian
chert
and
its
metamorphic basement in Bantimala
area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The
Island Arc 3, p. 90-102.
Page 21 of 34
SULAWESI
University Profile
Department of Geology
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY (UNHAS)
Makassar City, Indonesia
A. M. Imran
Department of Geology, Hasanuddin University, im_umar@unhas.ac.id
Geological Engineering Department
was established in order to develop
basic natural science, announced by
Rector of Hasanuddin University
(Prof. Dr. A. Amiruddin) in 1975. This
ideas realized when the issuance of
Rector Decree. No. 1665/E/1977
dated December 16, 1977 as a subsection in Major of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science and Technology. However,
first academic year started in 1978
received 11 new students at the third
level of bachelor degree.
In line with the development of the
Faculty of Science and Technology
into two faculties i.e. Faculty of
Mathematics and Natural Sciences and
Engineering, in 1983, the Department
of Geology became a major at the
Faculty of Engineering, University of
Hasanuddin. Coinciding with the
division, then the Department of
Geology implemented a complete
undergraduate program of study at (S1)
with the limited facilities and
infrastructure at the first academic year,
then the collaboration with other
university began to conduct learning
process.
First collaboration was built with
University of Gajah Mada to develop
some laboratory such as Paleontology,
Mineral Optics and Petrography. This
cooperation goes up in 1984. Since
1985 practical implementation of these
laboratories has done and fully owned
by the Department of Geology.
One of laboratory owned by
department
of
geology
is
Sedimentology Laboratory, in which
not only used for practical but also for
research for students and lecturers
(Figure 1). This lab is also intended to
1
3
2
4
Figure 1. UNHAS Laboratory of
Sedimentology.
Figure 3. Ang-Leang another field
laboratory of the Quarternary
Carbonate which frequently visited by
students (field trip participants).
Figure 2. Leang-Leang District, Maros
one of the field laboratory for Tertiary
Carbonate rocks.
develop silisiklastik and carbonate
rocks sedimentology.
Under the new academic curriculum in
Department of Geology, Sedimentology Laboratory of UNHAS is
already to create the expert in
stratigraphy analysis as well as
paleontology. The field object on
sedimentology can be observed in
South Sulawesi like silisiclastic of
Jeneberang River and the coast of
Tanjung
Bunga.
While
the
sedimentology of carbonate rocks
carried in Bira, Bulukumba as
quaternary carbonates rocks, Tonasa
Formation in Maros (Figure 2) and
Selayar Limestone (Figure 3).
Figure 4. UNHAS Field Campus &
Laboratory.
Department of Geology UNHAS also
has a field campus located in Barru.
The construction of this field campus
was originally from Chevron and
Texaco Foundation assistance in 1994.
The Field Campus is now under
renovation and need to be developed
(Figure 5).
Sedimentology school of UNHAS is
expected to continue with the
construction of UNHAS Campus II in
Gowa Regency to promote education
and research in science and technology.
Hope that Campus II will have more
laboratories to support modern
research especially in geology and
sedimentology.
Page 22 of 34
SULAWESI
“Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs”
Bali, 15-17 February 2012
An AAPG-EAGE Joint GTW
The goal of the Geosciences Technology Workshop is to promote open discussion of the state-of-the-art on fractured carbonates.
The forum is intended to promote collaboration on the impact of fractures in carbonates at both large and small scales. A range of
session topics will integrate detailed observations and perspectives from inter-related fields of research such as structural
geology, geomechanics, geophysics and reservoir engineering to better understand and predict the presence, distribution,
controls and impact of fractures in carbonates.
Proposed sessions will include: structure & geomechanics; seismic identification; diagenesis; reservoir characterization; outcrop
studies; SE Asia reservoir examples; worldwide reservoir examples; unconventional carbonates and the role of fractures; and a
core workshop.
Keynote Address from Mateo Esteban, Repsol
Chairs include Awang Satyana, BPMigas/ Sigit Sukmono, ITB / Benyamin Sapiie, ITB /Alit Askaria, Talisman Jakarta/
Philip Bassant, Chevron Jakarta/ Ron Noble, Niko Jakarta/ John Warren, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok / Chris
Zahm, University of Texas-BEG/ Conxita Taberner, Shell/ Stephen Sonnenberg, Colorado School of Mines /Jeff Lukasik,
Statoil / Toni Simo, Exxon Mobil / Stacy Reeder, Schlumberger; and other Industry Experts
Presentations/Dynamic Discussions/Case Studies from experts in the Industry
Core Workshop with case studies from Cepu, Pangkah Fields, and others
Evening Icebreaker on 14 February and Group Dinner on 16 February
Technical Program Convenors:
Julie Kupecz, Pearl Energy Jakarta Indonesia (a Mubadala Company) (julie.kupecz@pearlenergy.com)
Robert Park, Sherwood Holdings, Jakarta (park.rk.sm@sherwood-holdings.com)
Sigit Sukmono, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ssukmono@pgsc.or.id)
Interested in giving a presentation? Send a short summary and CV to Adrienne Pereira.
Who Should Attend? Geotechnical professionals from industry and academia, both those actively working these topics and
those wishing to learn more.
More information at http://www.aapg.org/gtw/bali2012/index.cfm
Sponsorship Opportunities: Join us by being a sponsorship partner to enjoy the great benefits of exposure at this event.
Learn more about the different Corporate Sponsorship Packages Available.
Contact: Adrienne Pereira, Programmes Manager, AAPG Asia Pacific-Singapore
Email: apereira@aapg.org Website : http://asiapacific.aapg.org / www.aapg.org
Page 23 of 34
SULAWESI
AAPG GTW
on
“Unconventional Hydrocarbon Plays in Asia”
15-16 March 2012, Singapore (Re-scheduled)
Targeted at a geotechnical audience, this Forum, AAPG Asia Pacific’s 3rd GTW, focuses on exploration for, and not marketing of,
unconventional assets. The workshop will look into resource identification, play mapping and distribution, characterization, resource (volume)
estimation and analysis, produceability, best practices and global analogues which can be tapped to significantly reduce the technical risks in
these resources.
Technical experts on CBM, shale gas and tight oil plays in US and Australia have been enlisted to provide global analogues, together with
experts working on frontier opportunities in China, India, Pakistan and Indonesia. Proposed sessions will cover shale plays, coal seam gas
plays and other alternate hydrocarbon plays. There are still slots available to share your expertise.
Presentations/Dynamic Discussions/Case Studies from experts in the Industry, including Dr. Christopher Schenk of USGS, Dr Zao
Caineng of Petrochina, Arnout Evans of Leap Energy, and Prithiraj Chungkam of IHS
The event will include an evening Icebreaker on 14 March and Group Dinner on 15 March
Programme and registration details can be found at http://www.aapg.org/gtw/singapore2012/index.cfm
Who Should Attend?
Unconventional Resources Geoscientists * Unconventional Resources Asset Managers *
Unconventional Resources Engineers * Asian Regulators managing potential unconventional plays
Interested in giving a presentation at our GTWs? Send a short summary and CV to Adrienne Pereira.
Sponsorship Opportunities: Join us by being a sponsorship partner to enjoy the great benefits of exposure at our GTWs.
Learn more about the different Corporate Sponsorship Packages Available.
Contact: Adrienne Pereira, Programmes Manager, AAPG Asia Pacific-Singapore
Email: apereira@aapg.org Website : http://asiapacific.aapg.org / www.aapg.org
Page 24 of 34
SULAWESI
A Field Trip Report
An Overview of the Paleomorphology and
Paleogeography of Tortonian–Messinian Carbonates
in the Almería-Níjar Basin, Southern Spain
Minarwan
Repsol Exploración SA, Madrid, Spain.
Present address: Pearl Oil (Thailand) Ltd, Bangkok, Thailand
Introduction
Southern Spain is famous for its
beautiful beaches that usually receive a
flock of Spanish and European tourists
during the summer. The region has
Mediterranean climate without much
rain but a lot of sunshine for majority
of the year. It has mild and wet winter
but in some places it can be very dry
and has limited vegetation cover only.
The climate is a contributing factor to
the preservation of spectacular rock
outcrops, which provide beautiful
landscapes, outstanding scenes, and
more importantly, valuable field
laboratory to learn sedimentology and
stratigraphy. One such region is
Almería Province that has several small
basins, including the Almería-Níjar
Basin (Figure 1).
The Almería-Níjar Basin has extensive
outcrops of Upper Miocene carbonate
complex that lie on the foothill of
Sierra Alhamilla and also along the
coast.
Recently,
a
group
of
geoscientists from Repsol visited some
of the Upper Miocene carbonate
outcrops to see their large scale
geometries and then to get a closer
look at their lithofacies. The visit was
aimed
mainly
to
observe
paleomorphology that can be used as
analogs for seismic interpretation
purpose.
The
Upper
Miocene
carbonate outcrops of the AlmeríaNíjar Basin are unique because their
present geometries are still similar to
their paleomorphologies during the
time of deposition.
Regional Setting
The Almería-Níjar Basin is part of a
series of Neogene sedimentary basins
that lie within the ENE-WSWorientated Betic Cordillera (Figure 2a).
The Betic Cordillera is a mountain
chain that together with the Moroccan
Figure 1. Location map and places (viewpoints) mentioned in the text
(satellite images source: Google)
Rif, form the western edge of the
larger, Alpine Mountain range (Figure
2b). The basin occupies the presentday low-lying area bound by Sierras
Alhamilla and Cabrera to the north and
by Sierra de Gador to the west. To the
southwest, south and east, the basin is
bound by the Mediterranean Sea
(Figure 3). The southern to
southeastern part of the basin includes
Sierra Cabo de Gata, a hilly terrain that
consists of Miocene volcanic rock
exposed along the coastline. The
northern to western hills that bound
the Almería-Níjar Basin are all
composed dominantly of metamorphic
rocks, which form the basement of the
Betic Cordillera.
The Almería-Níjar and other associated
Neogene basins developed as a result
of emplacements of stacked thrust
sheets during the Alpine orogeny,
which started in the Late Mesozoic
(e.g. Monie et al., 1991). By Early to
Middle Miocene, the emplacements of
the thrust sheets already took place in
the internal zone of the Betics, leading
to the uplifts of Sierras Nevada and de
los Filabres (Figure 3). At the time,
The Almería-Níjar Basin was not yet
separated from the Tabernas, Sorbas
and Vera Basins (Braga et al., 2003), so
they formed a single deepmarine
depocentre, which received sediment
supply from the emerged Sierras
Nevada and de los Filabres.
Page 25 of 34
SULAWESI
Figure 2. (a) Neogene basins within the Betic Cordillera of SE Spain. (b) Alpine mountain chain/foldbelts
(after Esteban and Gerard, 2010)
At approximately 11 Ma (late
Serravallian), compressional tectonics
initiated strike-slip fault movements
that intersected the internal zone of the
Betic Cordillera at several places (Sanz
de Galdeano, 2000). One of them cuts
through the Almería-Níjar Basin,
creating a fault zone called Carboneras
Fault. The Carboneras Fault trends
NE-SW but it turns north at the
eastern flank of the Sierra Cabrera and
continues along the Palomeras Fault
Zone (Figure 3). The compressional
tectonics and associated strike-slip
movements re-arrranged the initially
single depocentre into more restricted,
but interconnected basins. This rearrangement was due to the emergence
of Sierras de Gador and Alhamilla at 7
Ma and then followed by Sierra
Cabrera at 5 Ma (Braga et al., 2003).
The uplifts shifted the basins into
shallower water setting at the end of
Tortonian and continued further in the
Middle Messinian, when sabkha
condition prevailed in the entire
Mediterranean Basin. The entire region
eventually emerged in the Pleistocene
to form its present-day continental
setting.
Tortonian (Upper Miocene)–
Pliocene Stratigraphy
The Lower and Middle Miocene
stratigraphy of the Almería-Níjar and
other associated Neogene basins in the
region consist mostly of deepwater
turbidites and pelagic marls (Fig. 4).
The turbidites were sourced from the
emerged Sierras Nevada and de los
Filabres and were transported by
fluvial network over paleocoastline
Figure 3. Geological units and structural elements of the Almería region (after
Esteban and Gerard, 2010).
situated at the foot of the emerged
hills. The deepwater condition
remained until early Tortonian (10–8
Ma), but during the late Tortonian (8–6
Ma), it changed when Sierras Alhamilla
and de Grados began to emerge,
leading to the deposition of carbonate
platforms and reefs on the basin
margin. The Upper Tortonian consists
of biogenic calcareous sandstones,
turbidites,
pelagic
marls,
algal
limestones, reefs and conglomerates
that were deposited unconformably
above the older sediments (Figure 4).
From Tortonian to Messinian, the
change in depositional environment
occurred conformably and shallower
marine deposits were accumulated in
the region. During the Early Messinian,
pelagic marls were deposited in the
basin setting while reefs developed on
the basin margin. The Lower
Messinian deposits also include
diatomites and olistolites. In the
Middle Messinian, gypsum was
deposited across the region and locally,
some coral reefs were also deposited
(Esteban et al., 1996). In the Late
Messinian, littoral limestones, ooids,
stromatolites and marls were deposited
above the Middle Messinian gypsum.
Erosion of the upper part of the
Messinian section occured in the
Page 26 of 34
SULAWESI
Pliocene, creating an unconformity that
separates the overlying Lower Pliocene
littoral limestones and pelagic marls
from the underlying Messinian
deposits. The Lower Pliocene section
is separated from the overlying littoral
bioclastic sandy limestone of the
Upper Pliocene by an unconformity
and since the Pleistocene onward,
continental sediments are being
deposited in the region as the area
emerged completely to its present
setting.
Níjar Platform
Níjar Platform is located to the
southeast
of
Sierra
Alhamilla,
occupying an area of approximately 30
km2 and is oriented in NE-SW
direction. The viewpoint at the Níjar
outcrop is located at approximately 36º
57' 09'' N and 02º 11' 15'' W. From the
viewpoint toward the NE, platform
and slope geometries are visible (Figure
5a). Looking toward North, peak and
valley morphologies can be seen at the
edge between the platform and the
slope (platform break) (Figure 5b).
These morphologies are called spur and
groove, with spur being the peak and
groove the valley. The spur is made of
upper slope and reef framework facies
(Figure 5c), while the groove is
composed of bioclastic sands that were
trapped during their transport from the
platform
towards
the
lower
slope/basin by wave activities. In this
locality, the reef framework is
composed of red algae, while the lower
part of the slope consists of layered,
white and soft chalks that form distal
slope facies (Figure 5d).
La Gorra
La Gorra quarry is located in the Sierra
Cabo de Gata domain at approximately
36º 57' 02'' N and 01º 57' 52'' W. The
outcrop faces south and is oriented EW and it consists of marine calcareous
sandstones (Figure 6a). The outcrop is
about 10 m high and it most likely
comprises several high order sequences
(probably 4th order sequence). The
lower part of the outcrop shows
sedimentation direction towards the
east or southeast while the upper part
shows a reverse sedimentation
direction. A conspicuous sequence
boundary (SB5) can be seen on the
upper part of the outcrop where it is
Figure 4. Regional stratigraphic column of the Almería-Níjar Basin (after Esteban and
Gerard, 2010).
possible overlain by red-coloured
paleosol. The calcareous sandstones
contain a lot of bryozoan fragments
and some burrows can also be seen
(Figure 6b).
Los Muertos Beach
Los Muertos Beach is situated to the
south of Sierra Cabrera and is located
at coordinates 36º 57' 41'' N and 01º
54' 00'' W. The outcrop (Figure 7) is
composed of Upper Miocene karstified
carbonate rocks, which are overlain by
Pliocene carbonate skeletal sandstones.
The Pliocene unit is well-bedded and it
shows downlap configuration towards
the east (left side of the figure). The
two rock units are seperated by an
erosional contact, which represents the
Messinian Unconformity. Note the Vstructure (karst-collapse) below the
Messinian Unconformity (right side of
the figure) that was formed during
relative sea level fall of over 200 m
(after Esteban and Gerard, 2010).
Page 27 of 34
SULAWESI
Figure 5. The Tortonian carbonate outcrops near Níjar. (a) Platform, slope and basin are visible from the viewpoint (view toward
NE). (b) Spur and groove near the edge of the platform, before the platform changes into slope (view toward N). (c) Chalk
outcropped in the lower part of the slope. (d) Outcrop of corals located on the upper part of the platform.
Figure 6. (a) Calcareous sandstones outcrop in La Gorra quarry and interpreted sequence stratigraphic surfaces on the
outcrop. (b) Burrows in parts of the La Gorra outcrop.
Las Negras-La Molata
Las Negras Beach/La Molata section is
located in the Sierra Cabo de Gata
domain. The viewpoint is located at
approximately 36º 52' 21.80'' N and 02º
00' 42.00'' W, on a hill that lies to the
north of the La Molata section (Figure
8a). The section consists of carbonatedominated Tortonian and Messinian
rocks, which are sitting unconformably
on the Serravallian–Tortonian volcanic
basement. The lower to middle
Tortonian section consists of muddy
packstones (DS1A) and a fining
upward sequence (DS1B), which is
bound by a sequence boundary at the
top (Figure 8b). The upper Tortonian
sequence
is
comprised
of
conglomerates and volcanic detritus
(DS2) and is overlain by Messinian reef
cores and talus sequence. The topmost
of the section is interpreted as a
Terminal Carbonate Complex (TCC)
by Franseen et al. (1998) and this
sequence consists of stromatolites
boundstones and oolites grainstones.
Summary
The Upper Miocene carbonate
outcrops in the Almería-Níjar Basins
consist of many types of morphology
including platform with spur and
groove, slope, karst-collapse feature
(V-structure) and reef complex. The
Page 28 of 34
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outcrops also display stratigraphic
surfaces that can be recognised on
seismic scale such as clinoforms,
downlap, onlap and truncation
surfaces. They proved to be useful as
analogs
for
interpreting
paleomorphology and stratigraphic
surfaces on a seismic section.
Acknowledgements
The content of this article is based on
the Almería Basins Field Guide
prepared by Dr. Mateu Esteban and
Dr. Jean Gerard as the field trip leaders
to Almería. The author would like to
thank Repsol Exploratión SA for
supporting the field trip to Almería and
specially, to Dr. Mateu Esteban and
Dr. Jean Gerard for their comments
and discussions during the field trip.
Figure 7. Los Muertos' outcrop showing the Upper Miocene and Pliocene rocks
seperated by Messinian Unconformity. The Pliocene shows downlap configuration.
Figure 8. (a) La Molata section as seen from the north. (b) La Molata section as interpreted by Franseen et al. (1998). DS1A
comprises muddy packstone, DS1B comprises fining upward cycle, DS2 comprises conglomerates and volcanic detritus,
DS3 comprises reef cores/talus and TCC is Terminal Carbonate Complex.
References
Braga, J.C., Baena, J., Calaforra, J.M.,
Coves, J.V., Dabrio, C.J., Feixas, C.,
Fernández-Soler, J.M., Gómez, J.A.,
Goy, J.L., Harvey, A.M., Martín, J.M.,
Martín-Penela, A., Mather, A.E.,
Stokes, M., Villalobos, M. y Zazo, C.
(2003). Geology of the arid zone of
Almería (South East Spain). An
educational field guide (Editor of
English version: M. Villalobos).
(Tecnología de la Naturaleza SLTECNA). Aguas de la Cuenca del Sur,
SA (ACUSUR) – Consejería de Medio
Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía,
163 pp.
Esteban, M. and Gerard, J., 2010. Field
seminar for seismic interpreters:
Carbonate and turbidite sedimentation.
Page 29 of 34
Field Guide, Almeria Basins Field Trip.
Repsol Exploración SA (unpublished).
Esteban, M., Braga, J.C., Martín, J. and
De Santisteban, C., 1996. Western
Mediterranean Reef Complexes. In:
Franseen, E.K., Esteban, M. and Ward,
W.C., Rouchy, J.M. (Eds.), Models for
carbonate stratigraphy from Miocene
reefs complexes of Mediterranean
regions.
SEPM.
Concepts
in
Sedimentology
and
Paleontology
Series, vol. 5, 55–72 .
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Franseen, E.K., Goldstein, R.H. and
Farr, M.R., 1998. Quantitative controls
on location and architecture of
carbonate depositional sequences:
Upper Miocene, Cabo de Gata region,
SE Spain. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 68 (2), 283–298
Monie, P., Galindo-Zaldivar, J.,
Lodeiro, F.G., Goffe, B. and Jabaloy,
A., 1991. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of
Alpine tectonism in the Betic
Cordilleras (Southern Spain). Journal
of the Geological Society, 148 (2), 289–
297. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.148.2.0289
Sanz de Galdeano, C., 2000. Evolution
of Iberia during the Cenozoic with
special emphasis on the formation of
the Betic Cordillera and its relation
with the western Mediterranea. Ciência
da
Terra
(CNL),
14,
9–24
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The second joint IGCP 588/INQUA 1001 meeting in Bangkok
28th November 2011 (Monday) - 3rd December 2011 (Saturday)
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Organizing committee
Kruawun Jankaew (CU), Adam Switzer (EOS), Benjamin Horton (U.Penn), Fengling Yu (EOS),
Chris Gouramanis (EOS), Yongqiang Zong (HKU), and Craig Sloss (QUT)
Introduction
Proposed Social Program
Changes in relative sea level, coastal evolution and extreme events such as
storms and tsunami are of local and global interest, which hinder individual wellbeing and intensify/enhance environmental degradation. An increased public
awareness of predicted future sea-level rise combined with recent devastating
extreme events has placed significant socioeconomic relevance on the
understanding of human-land-ocean interaction and coastal dynamics.
The 2nd joint meeting of the IGCP 588 and INQUA in Bangkok aims to showcase
research project that will assist in assessing human interactions, coastal
dynamics and vulnerability at different timescales. This will be facilitated through
two days of oral and poster conference presentations and three fieldtrips.
Venue & Schedule
Early bird registration
Submission of abstract deadline
Notifications of selection of Abstracts for Oral Presentations
End of discounted registration period
Hotel reservation deadline
Sept 30 2011
October 15 2011
October 20 2011
October 30 2011
October 30 2011
The meeting will be held from 27th November 2011 (Mon) - 3 December 2011 (Friday) at
Chulalongkorn University (CU), Bangkok, Thailand with the Department of Geology,
Faculty of Sciences as the main organizing committee.
Pre-Conference Excursion - Sunday: Bangkok Temples
Welcome Reception and Ice Breaker - Sunday night:
Conference dinner - River Cruise Thai Dinner along the Chao Phraya River Monday night:
Thai Boxing - Tuesday night
Conference Field Excursion
1. Wednesday - Drowned Chao Phraya River Delta
We plan to organize a field excursion to Chao Phraya River Delta (beach erosion).
Prof. Thanawat Jarupongsiri (Department of Geology, Faculty of Science,
Chulalongkorn University) will be the leader of the field excursion. Delegates will visit
Wat Khun Samut Trawat, the famous temple in the sea, in Ban Khun Samut Chin,
Samut Prakan Province in Thailand.
2. Optional field trip to tsunami affected areas (will only
run if more than 10 participant)
An additional 3 days post-conference (Thursday-Saturday) fieldtrip will be offered at
an additional cost $US300. Fieldtrip participants will travel to Phang Nga Province
north of Phuket and visit several sites (including the famous site of Khao Lak Ban
Nam Khem and the tsunami memorial sites. Participants will also visit Phra Thong
island a site studied by geologists who identified several tsunami deposits indicative
of past events over the last 2000 years.
Registration
Registration Fees
Schedule
Sunday 27 November
th
Monday 28th November
Tuesday 29th November
Wednesday 30 November
th
Thursday 1st to Sat. 3rd December
Pre-Conference Excursion and Ice
breaker (evening)
Scientific sessions and Conference
Dinner (evening)
Scientific sessions, working group
meetings and poster session and Thai
Boxing (evening)
Field trip to drowned Chao Phraya River
Delta
Optional fieldtrip to Khao Lak and Phra
Thong Island
Proposed Scientific Program
our major themes:
Catastrophic events : Tsunami/storms
Sea-level and coastal changes
Human adaptation to sea-level change
Research methods
CATEGORY
Professionals
Students
Accompanying persons
(Welcome party and Conference
dinner, including cruise)
Conference
registration deadline
(Oct 31, 2011)
4000THB
~US$130
3000THB
~US$100
1500 THB
~$US50
On arrival
4800 THB
~US$160
3700 THB
~US$110
2200 THB
~$US70
Participant fees include:
•
Full workshop registration
•
Ice Breaker event on the Sunday evening
•
Printed Program and Workshop Abstract Volume
•
Lunches and refreshments during the workshop
•
Workshop river cruise dinner
Further information such as: Full Version of this circular, VISA / Travel / Accommodation
information, Letter of Invitation, and Support for Attendees from developing nations, can
be obtained from Kruawun Jankaew at kruawun.j@chula.ac.th
Page 32 of 34
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Host Organizations:
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sulawesi

Transcription

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