Agroforestry - Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and

Agroforestry
as a buffer & filter system for
upland landscape and livelihood
Beria Leimona
Meine van Noordwijk
Sonya Dewi
Sustainable Agricultural Intensification in Indonesia
A policy roundtable on research priorities
Bogor, 29-30 April 2015
a CGIAR Consortium Research Centre.
Headquarters are in Nairobi, Kenya, with five regional offices located in
Cameroon, India, Indonesia, Kenya and Peru.
Vision:
A rural transformation in the developing world as
smallholder households strategically increase their
use of trees in agricultural landscapes to improve their food
security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, social cohesion, energy
resources and environmental sustainability.
Mission: to generate
science-based knowledge
about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes,
and to use its research to advance policies and practices, and their
implementation, that benefit the poor and the environment.
Agroforestry
•
Multifunctional landscape:
– Food security, income diversity
– Ecosystem service provisions: watershed function, carbon
sequestration,
•
Trade-offs between agricultural intensification, landscape
multifunctionality and ecosystem service provisions
•
Land use systems with greater diversity, including agroforestry, reduce
human vulnerability to the effects of climate variability through a number
of mechanisms, ranging from socio-economic to ecological.
Tree does provide buffer and filter
functions that reduce exposure
• Diverse sources of food, incl. fruits and leafy vegetables from trees,
as well as fodder for domestic animals, enhances food quality and reduces
variability of supply, with local ‘emergency foods’ as fall-back strategy
•
Systems with more diverse product flows (foods, resins, fuel wood, timbers,
medicinals and special-product bark) allow access to multiple
value
chains accessing local to global markets, stabilizing net income
•
Multiple options for productive use of time in multifunctional landscapes allow for
greater labour
•
use efficiency and higher returns to labour.
Local knowledge of the use of local diversity has evolved over time and allows
selective and dynamic use of the landscape resources
Tree does provide buffer and filter
functions that reduce exposure
•
Complementarily in resource (water, nutrients) use between trees and other
components of agroforestry landscape increases
and buffers net
plant productivity
•
Diversity within and between species of crops, trees and livestock provides a
buffer with the variable performance of individual traits buffered through a
portfolio effect
•
•
Soil that receives adequate inputs of organic matter will provide a higher level of
buffering functions that support water and nutrient availability
in variable-weather environments.
Greater water infiltration and temporary storage buffers stream flow and reduces
exposure of river valleys to fluctuating water levels
(droughts and floods)
Underlying concepts of climate change, rural livelihoods and
multifunctionality of landscapes, the specific roles of trees
and farmers as providers of environmental services in
agricultural landscapes
Leimona B, van Noordwijk M, Joshi L, Catacutan D, Yatich T, Dietz J, Mwangi H,
Gathenya JM, Muthuri C, Sinclair F, Bhattarai S, Onyango L, Suyanto S, Kalinganire A,
Noordin Q, Bayala J, Gebrekirstos A, Tscherning K and Duque-Piñon C. 2011.
Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to
enhance trees as sources of environmental services
van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and
people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional
agroforestry landscapes. . Nairobi, Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 79-121
Social stressors originating within and among
communities
Shielding
networks
Climatic stressors: means,
variability and change
Ecological
buffers &
filters
Resource
accessibility
Access to under-utilized
resources for innovative
use
Poverty?
Economic stressors due to
market fluctuations &
policy shifts
Market
access &
insurance
Innovation
support
Access to new markets,
satisfying new types of
demand
Political
Economy
Drivers
Biophysical
“hazard”
Political
economy
“hazard”
Landscape as Socio-Agro-Eco-System
Biophysical
determinant
factors
Socio-policyeconomical
determinant factors
Biophysical
capacity of
landscape to
buffer and filter
Socio-policyeconomical
capacity to buffer
and filter
Rural household livelihood system
Livelihood strategies:
 Non-farm
 Off-farm
 On-farm, including
forest and other
extraction
Exposure
Biophysical
Drivers
Natural
resource-base,
extraction and
production
Market
5 capitals: physical,
financial, natural,
human, social
Adaptive
Capacity
Coping Capacity
Buffering
Income:
- Cash
- Subsistence: food,
medicine, building
materials, energy,
cultural and social
activities
Environment Sustainagility
Van Noordwijk, M., Hoang, M., Neufeldt, H., Oborn, I., Yatich, T., 2011. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through
multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi.
Points of Presentation
Sharing research findings and lessons learned
from the World Agroforestry Centre
Ecological Buffer
 Increase water infiltration and temporary
storage buffers stream flow
 Reduce exposure of river valleys to
fluctuating water levels
Economic Buffer
enriching farming plot and income portfolio
Social Buffer
 Outcome mapping: vision, mission, boundary
partner
 Social Network
 Co-investment for ecosystem services –
public private partnership
Political Buffer
Green Agriculture
Innovations beyond command-and-control
CaSAVA
Capacity Strengthening Approach to
Vulnerability Assessment
INDONESIA’S ‘GREEN AGRICULTURE’
STRATEGIES AND POLICIES: CLOSING THE GAP
BETWEEN ASPIRATIONS AND APPLICATION
CO-INVESTMENT
IN PRO-POOR ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES
Scope of CaSAVA
•
A landscape of agro-socio-eco-system that might
experience hazards from biophysical and sociopolitical economy factors
•
Hazard factors: trends, shocks and seasonality.
•
Trends include:
– demographic changes,
– resources (including conflict),
– regional/national/international economic trend,
– trends in governance (including politics),
– technological trends.
•
Shocks : human health, natural, economic, conflict,
crop/livestock health.
•
Fluctuations/ seasonalities: process, of productivity, of
health and of employment opportunities.
• Scientific, LEK assessment
Assess • Models, field surveys, FGDs, household surveys
• Dissemination of assessment results, discussions
SWOT • SWOT analysis of conservation-livelihood issues
Map
• Partner identifications
• Visioning, outcome mapping
Plan
• Conservation – livelihood specific objectives
• Strategy development, action plan, agreement
Act
• Financing, mainstreaming, co-investment
• Implementation
• M&E design: indicators, measurement, reporting
M&E • M&E process
Landscape Assessment
(2 provinces: Southeast and South Sulawesi,
10 clusters)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analysis of Land use/cover trajectories
Drivers of Land use/cover changes
Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal
GenRiver and FlowPer
Quick Biodiversity Survey
Rapid Market Assessment
Cluster Q: Campaga,
Kampala, Parang Loe,
Pa’bumbungan
Cluster P: Borong
Rappoa, Pattaneteang,
Labbo, Bonto Tappalang
Cluster S: Tana Towa,
Pattiroang, Malelleng,
Batu Nilamung
2010
Cluster R: Bonto
Lojong, Kayu Loe,
Onto, Bonto Bulaeng
South Sulawesi
Cluster S: Tanah Lemo,
Tanah Beru, Ara,
Lembanna, Darubiah
Cluster B: Wonuahua, Asaki,
2010
Anggawo
Cluster A: KTPH Subur
Cluster C: Tawanga, Undolo,
C
Makmur, Tumbuh Subur,
Lalombai, Sanggona
Medudulu, Pokadulu 1
Cluster D: Simbune,
D
Lalingato,
Tirawuta,
Poni Poniki
Cluster E: Andowengga,
E
Hakambiloli,
Puundokulo,
Taosu
Southeast
Sulawesi
Forest cover (fraction)
Population density (ppl/sq. km)
Ecological Buffer
 increase water infiltration and temporary storage buffers stream flow
 reduce exposure of river valleys to fluctuating water levels
Historical and Current Condition of Watershed Buffer: GenRiver Model
Increasing total discharge fraction
both in Bialo and Konaweha
watershed is positively correlated
with surface and base flow.
Konaweha watershed in Southeast Sulawesi has a higher buffering
capacity compared to Bialo watershed in South Sulawesi, but both
watersheds show relatively stable trend in buffering capacities for
the past twenty years, with higher year-to-year fluctuations in
Bialo
Economic Buffer
enriching farming plot and income portfolio
Tree resilience
• Extreme rainfall: % of productivity under extremely high and
extremely low rainfall compared to normal rainfall pattern
• Lack of management (pesticide, herbicide, fertilizer,
pruning etc): % of productivity compared to common
practices
• Price fluctuations: comparison between highest and lowest
price within the past 2 years
• Conducted in two groups of discussions: female and
male
• Information can support tree selection and also
mixture within a plot to averse/ distribute risks
High productivity
under high rainfall
and low under low
rainfall
Low productivity under
low rainfall and under high
rainfall
High productivity under low
rainfall and under high
rainfall
High productivity under low
rainfall, and low under high
rainfall
 Local uses: coconut,
candle nut
 Post-harvest
technology to add
value and increase
quality
 Create demands to
increase price
 Fruit
 Post-harvest
technology
 Farmer group for
marketing
 More resilient varieties
to rainfall fluctuations
 Export commodities
 More resilient varieties
to rainfall fluctuations
 Technology to reduce
impacts of extreme
rainfall





Timber and bamboo
Seed materials
Policy for forest species
Access to credit
Access to land
Share of Income by Activity
in Southeast Sulawesi
100
Remittances
90
Share of Income (%)
80
14
19
12
70
13
12
Professional
Entrepreneur
20
60
Laborer (Worker)
24
12
50
40
30
Other
Firewood
52
25
21
53
Other Agriculture
22
40
Forest Product
20
Pepper Garden
17
10
Trees
Cacao Agroforest
Wonua Hoa
Ambondiaa
Local villages
Simbune
Lawonua
Tasahea
Lalobite
Local and
migrant
Transmigrant
Migrant
Village Typologies
Mix Gardens (Agroforest)
Vegetables Field
Rice Field
Khususiyah N., Suyanto, Rachmanullah A, Sofiyuddin M, Isnurdiansyah. 2014. Baseline study result: land use and livelihood. AgFor Project.
Results from Profitability analysis
• Most profitable farming systems:
– South Sulawesi: clove and mixed garden
– Southeast Sulawesi: pepper and timber
• In general, the management of mixed-garden
(agroforestry) in South Sulawesi is better compared
to the one in Southeast Sulawesi.
Khususiyah N., Suyanto, Rachmanullah A, Sofiyuddin M, Isnurdiansyah. 2014. Baseline study result: land use and livelihood. AgFor Project.
Profitability result ($/ha/yr)
4,000
3,000
3,239
2,567
2,299
3,000
1,938
2,000
2,000
1,774 1,732
1,492
1,317
1,000
953
1,000
1,074
933
888
478
518
0
450
374
485
560
0
Cacao
South Sulawesi
Cacao,
Sago
patchouli
Cacao, Pepper
coconut
Teak Patchouli
Southeast Sulawesi
Khususiyah N., Suyanto, Rachmanullah A, Sofiyuddin M, Isnurdiansyah. 2014. Baseline study result: land use and livelihood. AgFor Project.
Social Buffer
 Outcome mapping: vision, mission, boundary partner
 Social Network
 Co-investment for ecosystem services – public private partnership
• Scientific, LEK assessment
Assess • Models, field surveys, FGDs, household surveys
• Dissemination of assessment results, discussions
SWOT • SWOT analysis of conservation-livelihood issues
Map
• Partner identifications
• Visioning, outcome mapping
Plan
• Conservation – livelihood specific objectives
• Strategy development, action plan, agreement
Act
• Funding mechanism
• Implementation
M&E
• M&E design: indicators, measurement, reporting
• M&E process
OUTCOME MAPPING
outcome mapping
District: Bantaeng
Cluster: Eremerasa
Vision: Agricultural-based community living in sustainable
environments
Missions
· To establish local/sub-national
regulation for the
environmental service rewards
scheme
· To improve local people's
knowledge and skills on
sustainable forest and
agroforestry management
Boundary partners
Strategic partners
Village authorities, sub-district District planning agency,
authorities, district authorities, district legislative body, local
local NGO, district authorities NGOs, University, AgFor
on law enforcements.
outcome mapping
District: Konawe / Kendari
Cluster: Tahura Nipa-Nipa
Vision: Sustainable Tahura including the the provision of various
functions: livelihood, conservation, environmental services,
ecotourism
Missions
Boundary partners
Strategic partners
· To establish implementable
Tahura management, University, conservation
regulation on the management of water group, PDAM agency, NGOs, provincial
Tahura
forestry office, health
offices
· To develop ecotourism program
including facilities and
infrastructure
· To develop integrated
environmental service
management
Up Scaling with Partners
The Livelihood Impacts of PES in Cidanau, West Java
B. Leimona, R. Pasha, NP Rahadian
•
The process of initiating the PES scheme and its
design, and reviews the impacts of the five year
scheme on local livelihoods
•
The Cidanau PES scheme has impacted the livelihood
of PES participants and non-participants.
•
Benefits were mostly non-financial: expanded social
networks with external stakeholders; knowledge and
capacity of the community; and small-scale public
infrastructure investments.
•
Direct financial benefits were limited
•
Benefits combined with recognition from the
governments and external stakeholders can increase
farmers’ commitment to the scheme
Political Buffer
Green Agriculture
Innovations beyond command-and-control
•
Overview of the state-of-art of Green
Agriculture
•
Oil Palm, Coffee, Cacao, Rubber, and
Rice
• Green Agriculture: A way to pursue
agricultural growth, while preventing
environmental degradation, biodiversity
loss and unsustainable natural resource use
... (OECD)
Challenges
Applications
Aspirations
Capacities
Improving GA:
- Remaining gaps
- Future Catalyst
- Government Measures
K
ey Messages
• Conceptually, Indonesia has embraced the
green and sustainable agriculture
• The Green Agriculture aspiration in Indonesia
is evolving
• The Indonesian government still focus on
applying direct regulation as most significant
instruments and many of these regulations
stay at high and broad regulatory structure
(i.e. Law) and lack of operational guidelines
for its implementation.
Applications:
Trajectory of Direct Regulations
Applications:
Trajectory of Government and Private Initiatives
Capacity: Policy Formulation
Capacity Rate: 0 = N/A; 1 = Non-Existent; 2 = Low; 3 = High; 4 = World Class
Future Research Agenda
 Consolidate existing experience from Indonesia
on ‘what values of agriculture ES hold and for
whom?’
 Explore buffer/filter concepts as cross-disciplinary
perspective on the ecosystem services,
agricultural sustainability and livelihood
 Quantify critical buffer functions in ecological,
social and economics domains
 Trade-off analysis between various agricultural
systems and policy instruments
 Establish national policy dialogues based on sitelevel action focus
 Influence the way local agents manage ES
sustainably and realize more out of their values,
for poverty alleviation and growth in the
economy
Thank you
The World Agroforestry Centre
Jl. CIFOR, Situgede Bogor
Email: icraf@cgiar.org
Web: www.worldagroforestry.org