Book of Abstracts corregido.indd

Transcription

1
This publication includes all abstracts presented at
"The 22nd International Pepper Conference 2014"
held in Viña del Mar, Chile during November 17th
to 20th 2014, and organized by the Agricultural
Research Institute of Chile (INIA).
Editors:
María Teresa Pino Q.
Plant Physiology and Genetic.
Ing.Agr.Ph.D.
INIA Chile
Recommended citation:
Pino Q., M.T. and González, M. (eds). 2014.
The 22nd International Pepper Conference 2014.
Book of Abstracts. Serie Actas Nº 55. Instituto de
Investigaciones Agropecuarias. INIA La Platina,
Santiago, 152p.
© 2014. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
(INIA), Santa Rosa 11610 Región Metropolitana,
Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314.
Phone: 56-225779100, Fax 56-225779106.
ISSN 0717 - 4829
Marisol González Y.
Agronomist. M. Phil.
INIA Chile
Director
INIA- La Platina Research Center:
Manuel Pinto C.
Agronomist. Dr.
2
Total or partial reproduction of texts is allowed
mentioning text and /or authors.
Printed and bound:
Jorge Berríos V.
Impresos Raúl León A.
Number of copies: 200.
Santiago, Chile, 2014.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction __________________________________________________ 4
Origin and History of the National
Pepper Conference ____________________________________________ 5
Objectives of The Pepper Conference ____________________________ 6
National Pepper Conferences Held Since 1973 ____________________ 7
Scientific Committee __________________________________________ 8
Planning Committee ___________________________________________ 8
INIA _________________________________________________________ 9
Abstract Directory 22nd International
Pepper Conference 2014 ______________________________________ 11
Breeding, Biotechnology, Germplasm Characterization _________ 21
Breeding, Ornamental Peppers _______________________________ 61
Breeding, Pests and Diseases ________________________________ 73
Horticultural Management,
Production and Pepper Physiology ___________________________ 99
Metabolomics, Functional Use,
Post-harvest Issues and Industry _____________________________ 121
Marketing & Extension ____________________________________ 135
Notes______________________________________________________ 141
3
4
5
OBJECTIVES OF THE PEPPER CONFERENCE
During the conference, an organizational committee composed of: Dr. Paul
Smith, Professor, University of California at Davis; Dr. Tom Zitter, Plant
Pathologist, I.F.A.S., Belle Glade, Florida; Dr. Lowell Black, Plant Pathologist,
L.S.U., Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Joe Freeland, McIlhenny Company, Avery
Island, Louisiana; Phil Villa, Breeder, Heublein Inc., Oxnard, California;
and Dr. Ben Villalón, Plant Pathologist-Breeder, TAES-Weslaco, Texas, was
selected to help determine direction of future pepper conferences.
The committee made the following recommendations:
• The pepper conference should be organized as the Pepper Improvement
Committee (later changed to National Pepper Conference - NPC, making
it easier for USDA and state scientists to attend).
• The conference should be held once every two (2) years.
• Conferences should be held in the major production areas such as California, Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, New Jersey, Georgia, Texas,
etc.
• Sub-committees, representing specific discipline areas, i.e. breeding,
horticulture, processing, pathology, etc., should be organized and meet
whenever necessary.
• NPC would adopt, as a parent organization, the Pickle Packers International, Inc. (PPI). PPI would serve as a central clearing-house for maintaining a central bank of names of the committee membership. PPI would
provide and exchange of information between meetings, and work with
the appointed chairman for coordination.
• The committee, with approval of all members, would select the next
meeting site and appoint a local area coordinator as chairman.
• There would be no officers or annual dues, totally non-profit.
• The organization continues successfully without officers, structure, dues,
etc. Interest in Capsicum improvement and diversity continues as the
demand for better peppers increases annually.
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NATIONAL PEPPER CONFERENCES HELD SINCE 1973
Date
Place
Coordinator
May 1973
Weslaco, TX
B. Villalón. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
January 1975
West Palm Beach, FL
T.A. Zitter. University of Florida, Belle Glade
September 1976
Davis, CA
P.G. Smith. University of California
September 1978
Baton Rouge, LA
L.L. Black. Louisiana State University
September 1980
Las Cruces, NM
R. Nakayama. New Mexico State University
June 1982
San Miguel de Allende,
GTO, México
J.A. Laborde. INIA, CIAT, Celaya,
Guanajuato, Mexico
August 1984
Beltsville, MD
R.E. Webb. USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD
June 1986
Weslaco, TX
June 1988
Raleigh, NC
D. Sanders. North Carolina State University
July 1990
Wilmington, DE
Ed Kee. University of Delaware
August 1992
Monterey, CA
R.W. Scheuerman. University of California
August 1994
Las Cruces, NM
P. Bosland. New Mexico State University
December 1996
Naples, FL
Bradenton
D. Maynard. IFAS, University of Florida,
October 1998
San Antonio, TX
November 2000
Lafayette, LA
C. Motsenbocker. Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge
November 2002
Tampico, TAM, México
J.M. Gochicoa. Tierra Fertil de las Huastecas
November 2004
Naples, FL
Gene McAvoy. University of Florida-Hendry
Co Extension
May 2006
Palm Springs, CA
Glen Fischer. Saticoy. Foods
September 2008
Atlantic City, NJ
Andy Wyenandt. Rutgers Ext.Serv. NJ
August 2010
Las Cruces, NM
Paul Bosland. NMSU
November 2012
Naples, FLA
Gene McAvoy. University of Florida
November 2014
Viña del Mar, Chile
María-Teresa Pino. INIA Chile
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
• Benigno Villalón
Ph.D. Professor Emeritus.
International Pepper
Conference Founder. Texas
Agricultural Experiment
Station, USA.
• María Teresa Pino,
INIA Plant Physiology And
Genetic, Ph.D. Oregon State
University.
• Juan Pablo Martínez,
INIA Plant Physiology and
Biotechnology, Ph.D. Catholic
University Lovaina, Bélgica.
• Paulina Sepúlveda,
INIA Plant Pathology. MSc.
Michigan State University.
• Patricia Estay,
INIA Entomology M.Sc.
Ottawa University, Canada.
• Ricado Pertuzé,
Universidad de Chile.
Germoplasm and Vegetable
breeding. Ph.D.
UC-Davis.
• Mónica Ozores-Hampton,
Ph.D. Assistant Professor,
Vegetable Specialist.
University of Florida/IFAS/
SWFREC, USA.
• Gabriel Saavedra,
INIA Vegetable Breeding,
MSc. Ph.D. The University
of Edinburgh.
PLANNING COMMITTEE
• María Teresa Pino,
INIA Plant physiology
and Genetic,
IPC 2014 Coordinator.
• Juan Pablo Martínez,
INIA Plant Physiology
and Biotechnology,
IPC 2014 Field
Trip Coordinator.
• Marisol González Y.
INIA Communications
and Journalism,
IPC 2004 Co-coordinator.
• Lucía Hernández
INIA Web programming,
IPC 2014 Web Page.
• Karen Lazo
Hotel and Sponsor
coordination EFECINCO.
• Paula Bórquez P.
Logistics Coordination
Congress EFECINCO.
• María Laura Perez
IPC 2014 Secretary
secretariapepper@efecinco.cl
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INIA
INIA is the main agricultural research institute,
belongs to the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile.
INIA has national coverage throughout its 10
regional research centers, experimental centers,
technical offices, laboratories, libraries and
gene banks.
Vision
Be a leading institution to generate and to
transfer knowledge and sustainable technologies for the innovation of the Chilean food
and agricultural sector.
INIA has generated more than 260 varieties of
crops, vegetables and fruit: 60% of the national
wheat production is based on INIA varieties.
60% of the potatoes commercialized in Chile are
INIA varieties. 80% of oat national production
area are based on INIA varieties. 100% of the
rice produce in Chile are INIA varieties. In fruit
the breeding program include table grape, stone
fruits, apples, and Chilean Guaba. In vegetables
the breeding program includes onion, garlic,
green bean, sweet corn, and recently peppers
among others.
INIA is Latin America leader on greenhouse gas
emissions and adaptation to climate change
research, with more than 70 meteorological
stations which provided useful information
to prevent plagues and diseases. INIA has a
Integrated Pest Management program, where
biological control is a key element.
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The 22nd international pepper conference 2014 is supported by the
INNOVA-CORFO (09PMG-7244) grant entitled Vegetables Breeding
Program for the Chilean Export Processing Industry. The main goal of
this project is to obtain new and better vegetable varieties for processing
industry interest, by establishing a breeding platform and building capacities for public private partnerships, and to enhance the International
cooperation. The Capsicum annum breeding program is focused in traits of
industrial interest for fruit pepper such as colour, pericarp thickness, fruit
dry matter, sugar content, shape, size, and high beta-carotenes content.
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ABSTRACT DIRECTORY
22ND INTERNATIONAL PEPPER CONFERENCE 2014
Breeding, biotechnology, germplasm characterization
Nº Title
Presentation Author Presenter
Country Page
48 Correlation between genetic distance and
heterosis and prediction of three-way and
double hybrids in Capsicum baccatum
Poster
Elizanilda Ramalho
do Rêgo
Brasil
22
52 Genotype versus environment interaction
and pre-selection of hybrid cultivars of
Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum
Poster
Lourismar Martins
Araujo Lourismar
Brasil
23
53 QTLs for agronomic traits in Capsicum
baccatum var. pendulum
Poster
Monique Moulin
Brasil
24
98 In vitro culture of cotyledonary embryos
(advanced) of Capsicum baccatum on
different sucrose concentration
Poster
Virginia Silva Carvalho
Brasil
25
54 World Hottest Pepper Cultivar Assam Bhut
Jolokia Exhibits Unilateral Self IncompatibilityA barrier to inter specific hybridization
Poster
Nagaraju
Kanchenahalli
Shivarajaiah
India
26
Oral
Francisco
Reifschneider
Brasil
28
Oral
Adriana Canto Flick
Mexico
29
Brasil
30
2
Establishment of a habanero-type pepper
(Capsicum chinense) synthetic base population
41 Establishment of methodological basis for
genetic improvement of habanero pepper
(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
47 Two new Habanero-type cultivars developed
by Embrapa, Brazil: BRS Juruti and BRS Jandaia
Poster
Claudia Ribeiro
42 Genetic improvement of habanero pepper
(Capsicum chinense Jacq.) germplasm from
existing species in the Yucatan Peninsula
Oral
Nancy Santana-Buzzy
Mexico
31
43 Habanero pepper: a plant species with high
embryogenic potential in vitro
Oral
Susana Avilés-Viñas
Mexico
32
11
Nº Title
Country Page
106 Biotechnological Advances in
Capsicum Research: An Indian Perspective
Oral
Pramod Tandon
India
33
49 Inheritance of Characters Related to
Germination in vitro in Capsicum annuum
Based on Hayman's Diallel Analysis
Poster
Glaucia Medeiros
Brasil
34
56 Determination of Natural Rates of
Cross-pollination Capsicum annuum Seeds
Using Codominant Markers
Poster
Warley M. Nascimento
Brasil
35
Oral
Javier Saavedra-Romero
Chile
36
74 Morphologic and genetic relationships between
wild and domesticated forms of peppers
(Capsicum frutescens and C. chinense)
Poster
Claudia Ribeiro
Brasil
37
75 Genetic variability 165 Hot Pepper
accessions in INIA-Chile, by fruit traits,
pungency and molecular characterization
Poster
Francisca Aguayo
Chile
38
51 Effects of Ethyl-Methane-Sulfonate in the
generation of genetic variability in
Capsicum annuum
Poster
Kaline da Silva
Nascimento
Brasil
39
Poster
Yaritza Rodríguez
Llanes
Cuba
40
68 Agrobiodiversity of Capsicum spp.
in southwest Mato Grosso: Collection
and Characterization
Poster
Jefferson Wesley
da Silva Correa
Jefferson Wesley
Brasil
41
69 Comparative Trial of 14 Peruvian
Selections of Aji Amarillo ("Yellow Chili")
Poster
Lady Cerna
Peru
42
70 Yield and fruit quality in Capsicum baccatum
var. pendulum genotypes
Poster
Lígia R. Almeida.
da Silva
Brasil
43
72 Characterization of flower and fruits
of wild chili (Capsicum caatingae)
Poster
Rusthon Magno Cortez
dos Santos Santos
Brasil
44
71 Color and consistence characterization of
twenty varieties of Peruvian chilli pepper
Poster
Miguel Arroyo
Peru
45
7
Genetic relations among fifty-one sweet
pepper and hot pepper accessions (Capsicum
annuum L.) belong to Chilean Agricultural
Research Institute (INIA)
104 Alternative Cuban Pepper Varieties
belong to the Institute of Horticultural
Research Liliana Dimitrova.
12
Nº Title
Country Page
76 Ex-situ Conservation of Peruvian native
peppers as basic research to develop
value chains: regional distribution and
taxonomical classification
Poster
Victor Humberto
Mendoza Huamán
Peru
46
46 Variability and relative importance of
port traits in a F2 generation of chili
pepper Capsicum annuum L.
Poster
Angela dos Santos
Maria Pessoa
Brasil
47
Paul W. Bosland
USA
48
3
Unlocking Chile Pepper Genetics:
From Domestication through Classical
Breeding to Genomics
Oral
67 Simultaneous calculation of the
sample size for morphological
characterization of pepper fruits
Poster
Anderson Silva
Brasil
49
66 Morphological Characterization of an
Amazonian chili pepper collection
Poster
Ana Lucia Manco
Matumay
Peru
50
Bolivia
51
8
Exploration of underutilized crop
diversity of Capsicum peppers in
their primary center of diversity
in Bolivia and Peru
Oral
Teresa Avila
6
Investigating the New Mexico
Landrace Chiles
Oral
Charles Havlik
USA
52
73 Fruit quality of pre-cultivars of chili pepper
(Capsicum annuum var. annuum)
Poster
Thamara Figueiredo
Menezes Cavalcanti
Brasil
53
45 Breeding an industrial quality pepper in
INIA-Chile: progress and advanced lines
Poster
Alan Pinto Richard
Chile
54
5
Poster
Carlos Blanco Moreno
Chile
55
Oral
Gabriel Saavedra
Chile
56
Poster
Eduardo Morales
Peru
57
Productive and processing behavior of 17
sweet pepper varieties in Central Zone of Chile
103 Breeding Paprika Hungarian Pepper in
Landraces from Coquimbo Region, Chile
80 Evaluation of growth and optimum harvest time
of 6 accessions Capsicum spp. native fruits
16 The Rootstock Technology in Pepper
Oral
Renato Braga
Brasil
58
4
Oral
Madhavi Reddy
India
59
Genetics and Breeding Strategy for
Improving Root Traits in Capsicum
13
Breeding, ornamental peppers
Nº Title
Country Page
50 Genetic control of morphological traits
in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Poster
Joao José Silva Neto
Brasil
60
55 Heterosis and genetic diversity in simple,
three-way and double hybrids of
ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Poster
Naysa Nascimento
Brasil
61
57 Breeding ornamental chili peppers:
obtaining and testing experimental
hybrids in Capsicum annuum
Poster
Camila Silva
Brasil
62
58 Combining Ability for Port Characters
in Ornamental Pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.)
Poster
Flávia Laís Gomes
Fortunato
Brasil
63
59 Multivariate methods for evaluating
genetic divergence among thirteen
families of ornamental peppers
Poster
Julio Mesquita
Brasil
64
60 Diallel Analysis of Potential in Ornamental
Pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Poster
Karmita Thainá
Correia Ferreira
Brasil
65
61 Genetic variability in F3 generation of
ornamental pepper as accessed by
morphoagronomic traits and SSR
molecular marker
Poster
Mailson Rego
Brasil
66
62 Inheritance of agronomic characters in
ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Poster
Mayana Nascimento
Brasil
67
63 Diallel analysis for in vitro germination
and morphogenesis in ornamental pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.)
Poster
Priscila Alvez Barroso
Brasil
68
64 Phenotypic characterization of segregating
generation and inheritance of color and
density of foliage on ornamental pepper
Poster
Tayron Rayan
Sobrinho Costa
Costa
Brasil
69
65 Selection indexes for genetic variability
assessment aiming the ornamental
potential of pepper samples
Poster
Thalita Neves
Marostega Thalita
Brasil
70
14
Breeding, pest and diseases
Nº Title
Country Page
94 Micromorphological Characterization of
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colonization
and Reproduction in Unripe Sweet
Pepper Fruits
Poster
Cintia Bento
Brasil
74
95 Efficiency of Colletotrichum spp.
inoculation methods to evaluate
resistance in Capsicum fruits
Poster
Claudia Sudre
Brasil
75
29 Anthracnose resistance in chilli and
molecular diversity of Colletotrichum
capsici in Bangladesh
Oral
Muhammad
Shahidul Haque
88 The Identification of Capsicum spp.
Acessions with Anthracnose's Resistance
Poster
Álan Chrisleyr M.
Leonarda Grillo
Brasil
77
31 Responce of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
genotypes for high temperature and
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium solani)
Oral
Bhakchand
Tembhurne
India
78
32 Selection of fungal biocontrol agents for their
potential control of Fusarium internal fruit rot
in greenhouse bell pepper
Oral
Mario Frans
Belgium
79
27 Screening Capsicum baccatum accessions for
resistance to leafminer and green peach aphid
Oral
Kevin Crosby
USA
80
44 Nematode control Efficacy of NimitzTM
(Fluensulfone) on Peppers with Polyethylene
Mulch in a Commercial Operation
Oral
Pablo Alejandro
Navia Gine
USA
82
Wladimir Javier
Enríquez Villacreses
Ecuador
83
Oral
Claudio R.
Galmarini
Argentina
84
25 The Genes Controlling Resistance to
Phytophthora capsici in Pepper
Oral
Allen Van Deynze
USA
85
26 Evaluation of bell pepper cultivars and
breeding lines for resistance to the crown
rot phase of Phytophthora capsici and
skin separation or 'silvering' in New Jersey
Oral
Andy Wyenandt
USA
86
90 Molecular characterization of Root-Knot
Nematodes of Meloidogyne spp. in pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) from Imbabura (Ecuador)
1
Three decades breeding peppers resistant to
Phytophthora capsici in Argentina
Poster
Bangladesh 76
15
Nº Title
Country Page
28 Evaluation of Phytophthora Resistant
Pepper Varieties and Breeding
Pepper Varieties
Oral
Monica OzoresHampton
USA
87
30 Management of chilli (Bell pepper)
fruit borer by some novel insecticides
Oral
Monilal Chatterjee
India
88
33 Virus-vector Complex and Control
Strategies for Pepper Production In
The Coquimbo Region, Chile
Oral
Paulina Sepúlveda
Chile
90
105 New Peppers Varieties for Open
Field Crop with High Fruit Quality
and Resistant to Potyvirus in Cuba
Poster
Yaritza Rodríguez
Llanes
Cuba
91
89 Resistance to Pepper yellow mosaic
virus in recombinant lines of
Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum
Poster
Daniele Costa
Brasil
92
92 Preliminary study on metabolic profile
of sweet pepper genotype resistant
to bacterial spot
Poster
Aminthia Silva
Brasil
93
93 Evaluation of Bacteria Leaf Spot Resistant
Pepper Varieties in South Florida
Poster
Christian Miller
USA
94
17 A summary of three decades of research
based integrated bacterial leaf spot
management efforts in Florida
Oral
Gene McAvoy
USA
95
34 Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas
euvesicatoria) Second Most Serious
Disease in New Jersey Pepper Production
Oral
Wesley Kline
USA
96
Alexandre Souza
Brasil
97
91 Screening Capsicum spp. Leaves for
Resistance to Bacterial Spot
16
Poster
Horticultural management, production and pepper physiology
Nº Title
15 The pepper crop in the South-east
of Spain
Oral
Francisco
Camacho Ferre
13 Evaluation of the effect of organic foliar
fertilizer in Yellow Chili (Capsicum
baccatum L.var pendulum)
Oral
12 Integrated production system: toward
a rational fertilization. The case of
bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Oral
81 Evaluation of Six Formulations Using
Organic Fertilizers and Guano de Islas
in Chili (Capsicum Annuum L.) var. 'Cherry'
Poster
Country Page
España
100
Manuel Gabriel
Velásquez Ramírez
Peru
101
Constanza Jana
Chile
102
Gabriel Velásquez
Peru
103
11 Effect of four levels of K on yield and
quality of paprika pepper (Capsicum
annuum) cv. ´PapriKing'
Oral
Andres Casas
Peru
104
37 ABA induces growth modulation
in pepper transplants
Oral
Daniel I. Leskovar
USA
105
38 Role of CaGLK2 in controlling fruit
development in pepper
Oral
Ilan Paran
Israel
106
39 Association of capsaicin and oleoresin
on seed quality traits in hot pepper
(Capsicum spp.)
Oral
Nagaraju, K.S.
Kanchenahalli
Shivarajaiah
India
107
82 Development of methodologies to
improve germination rate on bolivian
wild hot-peppers
Poster
Ximena Reyes
Bolivia
109
96 Action of paclobutrazol in potted
hot peppers plants
Poster
Fernando Finger /
post-doc
Brasil
110
97 Does sucrose affect the photochemical
efficiency in Capsicum baccatum
seedlings grown in vitro?
Poster
Rafael Walter
Brasil
111
Patricia Estay P.
Chile
112
14 Activity of native bumblebees Bombus
dahlbomii (Guar) (Hymenoptera:Apidae)
on greenhouse pepper increased seed yield
Oral
17
Nº Title
83 Capsicum Rootstock Graft Compatibility
in term of plant biomass, leaf gas
exchange, and fruit setting
Country Page
Oral
Carlos Gatica
Chile
113
87 Influence of capsaicin oleoresin
permeation on seed quality of
selected vegetables
Poster
P. J. Devaraju,
Devaraju
India
114
24 Influence of maturity stages and
post-harvest ripening on seed
quality in Capsicum spp.
Oral
P. J. Devaraju,
Devaraju
India
116
102 Internal Fruit Rot and Premature
Seed Germination of Field Grown
Colored Peppers
Oral
Wesley L. Kline
USA
118
35 Fruit Industrial Traits and Physiological
Responses in Five Capsicum annum
Genotypes to Deficit Irrigation
Oral
Cristian Hernández
Chile
119
36 Genetics of Morpho-Physiological Traits
Related to Drought Tolerance in Capsicum
Oral
Naresh P
India
120
18
Metabolomics, Functional use, Post-harvest issues and Industry
Nº Title
18 The Nutritional and Health Science
of Chiles, Vegetables, Fruits, and
Other Wellness Information
Oral
Country Page
Benigno Villalón
USA
122
21 Current status of perceived benefits of pepper
Oral
health benefits: Challenges and opportunities
to increase consumption of pepper using health
and nutritional benefits
Bhimanagouda Patil
USA
123
84 Development of a natural antioxidant for use in
foods from Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum
Poster
Daniela Barros
Oliveira
Brasil
124
85 Novel Formation of Capsaicinoid Secreting
Vesicles on Capsicum Fruit Walls Explains
Super-hot Chile Peppers
Poster
Danise Coon
USA
125
20 Effect of capsinoids in human energy metabolism
Oral
Jose E. Galgani
Chile
126
100 Effect of temperature and drying kinetics
of hot air on the quality of rehydrated
pepper (var. Lamuyo)
Poster
Elsa Uribe
Chile
127
101 Evaluation of drying and rehydration
kinetics of Capsicum annuum L.
Poster
Elsa Uribe
Chile
128
19 Differential Carotenoid accumulation and
Beta-ciclasa (LCYb), Capsantine/Capsorubine
Sintase gene expression in Capsicum
genotypes differing in fruit color
Oral
María Teresa Pino
Chile
129
22 In vitro biosynthesis of capsaicin in
suspension cultures of Naga King Chili
Oral
Mechuselie Kehie
India
130
86 Volatile Compounds and Capsaicinoid
Content of some organically grown
Peruvian Chili Peppers
Poster
Rosario Rojas
Peru
131
107 Obtaining an excipient from seeds and
veins of yellow chili pepper (Capsicum
baccatum) after removing capsaicinoids
Poster
Eduardo Morales
Peru
132
99 Tolerance to stress conditions during
shipping in ornamental pepper
Poster
Tania Pires Da Silva
Brasil
133
40 Effect of ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene
and silver thiosulfate on the post-production
of ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum)
Poster
Fernando Finger /
post-doc
Brasil
134
19
Marketing, Extension
Nº Title
9
Country Page
Merken: a ground smoked hot pepper
of ancestral origin and high gourmet
value from the Araucanía Region of
Chile to the world
Oral
Elizabeth Kehr M.
Chile
136
10 Capsicum working group: a collaborative
multidisciplinary effort to improve
sweet and chili pepper
Oral
Rosana Rodrigues
Brasil
137
77 Students involved in Capsicum Research
and Extension in Mala Valley, Peru
Poster
Arnold Christ Quispe
Alcántara
Peru
138
79 New Mexico State University - Chile Pepper
Institute Educating the World
about Chile Peppers
Poster
Erica Trevino
USA
139
20
BREEDING, BIOTECHNOLOGY,
GERMPLASM CHARACTERIZATION
21
Correlation Between Genetic Distance and Heterosis
and Prediction of Three-Way and Double Hybrids
in Capsicum baccatum. (48)
E.R. do Rêgo1 *, N.F.F. do Nascimento2 , M.M. do Rêgo 1,
F.L. Finger 2 , C.D. Cruz3 , V.W. Casali 2
elizanilda@cca.ufpb.br
1Laboratório
de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da
Paraíba; 2Laboratório de Análises de Progênies, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Pós-Graduação em
Genética e Melhoramento, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa; 3Laboratório de Bioinformatica - Bioagro, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa
The parental selection is one of the most important steps in the breeding program. The goal is to
select genitors' combinations that produce hybrids of superior traits. To predict hybrids is a solution to avoid costs and time in developing and testing hybrids. The objective of this work was to
estimate the correlation between genetic distance and the heterosis for fourteen morphoagronomic
traits, as well as, to predict the behaviors of three way and double hybrids in Capsicum baccatum.
This experiment was carried out on the field from Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas
Gerais State, Brazil. Forty accessions were evaluated for fourteen quantitative data: maximum fruit
width, minimum fruit width, fruit length, total soluble solids, fresh fruit weight, fruit dry weight,
fruit wall thickness, fruit fresh to dry weight ratio, plant height, canopy width between plants
within the rows, canopy width between rows, first bifurcation height, fruit yield per plant and yield.
The genetic distance among the accessions was calculated using Mahalanobis distance using all
evaluated traits. The eight more divergent accessions of Capsicum baccatum were selected and
crossed in diallel scheme. The parents and their F1 progenies were planted in the field in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The same fourteen traits were evaluated for
the genitors and their hybrids. The estimates of mid-parent heterosis and high-parent heterosis as
well as the analysis of correlations among these estimates and genetic divergence of parents were
calculated. The prediction of the average performance of the all possible thee-way and double
hybrids were made. Significant mid-parent heterosis and high-parent heterosis was observed in
hybrids combinations for all examined traits. Positive significant correlation was observed between
the distance and heterosis in 57 % of the evaluated variables. Despite the significant correlations
the absolute values of correlation coefficient were low. Thus, more divergent parents were not the
ones with superior hybrids. Parents showing intermediate divergence also showed higher heterosis
and heterobeltiosis. The three-way hybrids were superior in all evaluated traits when compared to
the double hybrids. The weak correlation between genetic distance and heterosis could due the
distance is a multivariate analysis and heterosis is univariate. A better strategy to predict heterosis
could be to analyze each trait separately.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to CNPq for financial support.
22
Genotype versus Environment Interaction and
Pre-Selection of Hybrid Cultivars of
Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (52)
Nadsley Seraglio Souza Cabral 1 , Lourismar Martins Araújo1 *, Leonarda Grillo Neves1 ,
Valdomiro José Coelho 1, Cláudia Pombo Sudré 2. Arthur Medeiros 2, Antônio Chimelo 1,
Milson Evaldo Serafim 3 , Rosana Rodrigues2 .
lourismar.araujo@jna.ifmt.edu.br
1 UNEMAT,
Cáceres- MT; 2UENF, CCTA, Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ; 3IFMT- Cáceres- MT
Growing Capsicum in Brazil has become an important segment of the agricultural sector due to
rising demand from the consumer market. Obtaining commercial hybrids in Capsicum is also
a commercially viable and attractive alternative, especially when it comes to characters whose
predominant effects are not additive. This study aimed to assess the performance of experimental
hybrids of C. baccatum var. pendulum at conditions in Southwest Region of Mato Grosso as those
related to early, management and production characteristics; study the genotype versus environment interaction of these hybrids at two locations (Caceres, MT and Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ).
Nine hybrids of Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum were tested, which were developed by the
breeding program of the Darcy Ribeiro North Fluminense State University and BRS Mari launched by Embrapa, for comparisons in reviews, since there are still no hybrids of C. baccatum at
the Brazilian seed market. The experiment was conducted in a field experiment in a randomized
block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of eight useful plants, arranged
in two lines, and the spacing was 1.20 x 0.80 m between rows and plants respectively. The traits
evaluated were: fruit mass; fruit length; fruit diameter and productivity. After the evaluations,
data were analyzed using the Genes software. There was analysis of variance and mean test for
features that were also evaluated in the region of Goytacazes - RJ from March to October 2011.
The methodology of Lin and Binns was used to estimate the adaptability and stability of the mean
square of the distance between the average of the hybrids and the average maximum response
obtained in the environment. All hybrids were more productive in the region of Cáceres - MT than
in Campos - RJ for all traits, with the most productive hybrids were UENF UENF 1624 x 1639;
UENF UENF 1732 x 1639; UENF UENF 1624 x 1732; UENF UENF 1616 x 1629 and 1616 x UENF
UENF 1639. It should be noted that UENF 1639 was again the common parent of the hybrids
had a high yield (21.73 t / ha and 21.72 t / ha and 19.23 t / ha respectively). For methodology
of Lin and Binns hybrids were more stable UENF UENF 1624 x 1639 and 1732 x UENF UENF
Pi 1639 which was small hybrids, indicating that they have, on average, close to the maximum
performance obtained. These two materials also contributed less to the interaction relative to
the maximum, showing that both have wide adaptability. On the other hand, UENF UENF 1629
x 1639 and 1732 UENF 1629x UENF hybrids showed the highest values of Pi, and therefore,
few considered stable. Evaluated for agronomic characteristics, hybrid UENF 1624 x 1639 and
1732 x UENF UENF 1639 stood at conditions in Southwest Region of Mato Grosso relation to
BRS Mari, thus demonstrating that they are hybrids with potential to be grown in that region.
23
QTLs for Agronomic Traits in
Capsicum baccatum var. Pendulum (53)
Monique Moreira Moulin 1*, Rosana Rodrigues 2 , Paola Alvares Bianchi 1,
Cláudia Pombo Sudré 2, Cintia dos Santos Bento2 , Alexandre Pio Viana 2
mmmoulin@ifes.edu.br
1
Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Alegre, 2 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense
Darcy Ribeiro
The hot peppers belonging to the species C. baccatum are completely restricted to Latin America. Genetic mapping is very useful for dissection of complex agronomic traits. Genetic maps
allow identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL - Quantitative Trait Loci), provide knowledge
on gene position and its adjacent region, and enable evolutionary mechanism interpretation,
besides contribute to synteny studies. Previously, a reference genetic map for C. baccatum var.
pendulum was built, with 183 markers (42 microsatellites, 85 ISSR and 56 RAPD) arranged in 16
linkage groups. Plants of P1, P 2 , F1 and F2 were evaluated and a mapping population consisting of
203 F2 individuals of C. baccatum was used for subsequent QTL estimation. This work aimed to
identify on the constructed map possible QTLs associated with 11 agronomic traits, namely plant
height, crown diameter, number of days to flowering, days to fruiting, number of fruits per plant,
average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit pulp thickness, soluble solids and fruit dry
weight. The QTL mapping was performed by standard interval mapping. Kruskal-Wallis test was
used to check the possible positions of QTLs. The number of small QTL effects ranged from three
to 11, with a total of 61 QTLs detected in thirteen linkage groups. QTLs were not detected only
on linking groups 3, 4 and 6. Some marker loci are present in the control of more than one trait,
in particular markers of linkage group 5. This indicates that this group is potentially involved in
the explanation of phenotypic variation for different quantitative traits in C. baccatum, as well
as QTLs positioned in this group show promise for greater knowledge of the analyzed traits. The
largest number of markers was identified for number of fruits per plant, corresponding to a total of
11 markers. For this trait, markers microsatellites and ISSR explained phenotypic variation ranged
from 0.98 to 2.34, totaling 16.13%. Based on what we know, this is the first report involving QTL
analysis for C. baccatum species. QTLs for agronomic traits of relevant interest to crop breeding
of C. baccatum var. pendulum were mapped, including QTLs for yield components, which may
be used as reference for other QTL mapping studies. Additionally, a greater accumulation of QTL
data on Capsicum is necessary, as it will allow a comparative analysis and genetic characterization
of morphological diversity of the genus.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank to IFES, CNPq and FAPERJ for financial support.
24
In vitro Culture of Cotyledonary Embryos (Advanced) of
Capsicum baccatum on Different Sucrose Concentration -98
Rafael Walter¹, Virginia Silva Carvalho²*, Andressa Leal Generoso³,
Francielle de Souza Guimarães 4, Ramon de Moraes 5, Rosana Rodrigues 6
virginiascar@gmail.com
¹Genetics and Plant Breeding Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. ² Laboratório
de Fitotecnia Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil.³Genetics and Plant Breeding
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 4Plant Production Universidade Estadual do
Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 5 Agronomy at the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil.
6 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil
Peppers belong to the Solanaceae family and the genus Capsicum. Peppers are considered important
components of the fresh vegetable market and are the basis for the development of condiment. The
embryos culture for this genus is important for genetic breeding programs. Therefore, the objective
of the study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of sucrose in the growth rate of
cotyledonary embryos (advanced) of Capsicum baccatum. Mature seeds of C. baccatum var. pendulum (UENF 1624) of the germplasm bank of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense,
Brazil were used for the experiment. In laboratory, the seeds were sterilized in 70% alcohol for
one minute later in NaClO 0.7% + Tween 20 for 15 minutes and rinsed three times in deionized
autoclaved water and soaked for 12 hours. Embryos were isolated and germinated in Petri dishes
containing ½MS medium without sucrose. After 15 days the seedlings were transferred to flasks
containing ½MS medium with different concentrations of sucrose (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g L -1 ),
mounted in a completely randomized experimental design with 4 replications of 5 plants each.
Evaluations were made after 30 days where we assessed: survival, number of leaves, leaf area, dry
matter of shoot (MSPA), root (MSR) and total (MST). There was 100% survival of seedlings in all
treatments. There was no statistical difference between treatments for the number of leaves and leaf
area, with values ranging, respectively, from 6.37 to 7.00 leaves per plant and from 6.975 to 9.101
cm². Seedlings of C. baccatum presented growth even without sucrose. Treatments with sucrose
showed no statistic difference for MSPA with values varying between 12.462 to 18.683 mg. The
control without sucrose, showed a mass of 5.313 mg. The treatments that had higher MSR were 30
and 40 g L-1 sucrose with 7.283 and 6.575 mg, respectively. The treatment presented highest MST
was with 30 g L -1 sucrose with 27.633 mg. The treatment without sucrose presented the lowest
values for MSR and MST, 0.900 mg and 6.200 mg, respectively. Although for most parameters
evaluated, treatment with different concentrations of sucrose have shown higher growth, the seedlings grown in the absence of sucrose, probably by showing a photoautotrophic metabolism even
in vitro. This condition is highly desirable by improve the physiological characteristics such as
activation of the photosynthetic apparatus and improvement of gas exchange and, consequently,
reducing stress during acclimatization of these seedlings. In addition, seedlings from treatments
with higher concentrations of sucrose (30 and 40 g L -1), after 30 days of culture in vitro, present
signs of leaf senescence, which did not occur in the other treatments.
Acknowledgements: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
25
World Hottest Pepper Cultivar Assam Bhut Jolokia
Exhibits Unilateral Self Incompatibility - a barrier
to inter specific hybridization -54
K. S. Nagaraju1 , K. P. Rama Prasanna2 , A. Mohan Rao 3, Babu RM Ray 4
nagrajshiva@gmail.com
1Ph.
D Scholar and Kirkhouse Trust Fellow (UK), Department of Seed Science and Technology,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 3University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
4University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
'Bhut Jolokia' (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) the world's most famous landrace and an indigenous
cultivar growing in Brahmaputra flood plain of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and other part of
Northeast India. This World's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a putative naturally occurring interspecific hybrid measuring pungency more than one million Scoville Heat Units. In 2000, India's
Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) reported a rating of 855,000 SHUs, and in 2004 a rating of
1,041,427 SHUs was made using HPLC analysis. The Guinness World Records (2007) certified
the 'Bhut Jolokia' as the world's hottest pepper; Classic Tabasco sauce ranges from 2,500 to
5,000 SHUs while, 'Bhut Jolokia' is 401.5 times hotter than Tabasco sauce. Bhut Jolokia is used
as food and spice, as well as a remedy to contain summer heat. It is used in both fresh and dried
forms, to not only "heat up" curries, pickles and chutneys, but also to impart distinct flavour to
them. It is popularly used in combination with dried or fermented fish. In north-eastern India, the
peppers are smeared on fences or incorporated in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep
wild elephants at a distance. The pepper's intense heat makes it a fixture in competitive pepper
eating. The traditional medicinal uses of Bhuth Jolokia includes as a therapeutic agent to treat
bronchitis as capsaicin has the ability to dilate blood vessels thus giving relief to chronic congestions. Regular consumption of 'Bhuth Jolokia' fruits in small quantities is known to cure gastrointestinal abnormalities as capsaicin can protect mechanical and chemical damage to mucous
membrane of the intestine. Body muscles are toned up by topical application after heavy work
and hot infusion are used to cure toothache and muscle pain. Besides paste made from young
leaves is applied as thin coat over boils to remove puss. (R. R. Bhagawathi and S. Changkija,
2009). RAPD markers used to determine taxonomic position of 'Bhut Jolokia' placed it between
C. chinense and C. frutescens with close clustering to the C. chinense group. The presence of
RAPD markers in 'Bhut Jolokia' that are specific to C. chinense and C. frutescens suggests an interspecific origin for 'Bhut Jolokia' (P. W. Bosland and J. B. Baral, 2007). Economically, it would
be very important to transfer the other traits also, such as capsaicin or dry matter content. The
interspecific crosses make also possible to transfer the disease-resistance genes characteristic for
C. chinense. Interspecific hybrids, having a new combination of genes, are also used in molecular
studies including genome mapping. Therefore, use these species in the breeding work and the
creation of interspecies hybrids is one of the basic methods applied for extension of the genetic
variability of this genus. Since all species of the genus Capsicum are primary diploids 2n = 2x =
24, there is a high probability of obtaining their hybrid and fertile offspring populations. It was
26
found that the effectiveness of interspecific crosses within these genotypes exceed 50 per cent. The
aim of this study was to assess the cross compatibility of the cultivar Bhut Jolokia with cultivated
genotypes of C. annuum to enhance the pungency factor.
Thirty popular genotypes cultivated by farmer's across India and preferred by consumers from
Capsicum annuum, six (6) wild genotypes belonging to C. frutescens, three (3) wild genotypes of
C. chinense and one (1) genotype from C. baccatum were self fertilized and reciprocally cross
fertilized to Bhuth Jolokia. The experiment was carried out on filed and poly house at University
of Agricultural Sciences farm Bangalore, Karnataka, India during June-July 2010-11. In each genotype ten unopened flower buds were emasculated and pollinated with pollen grains of Bhut
Jolokia between 6am to 8am. Similarly, ten flower buds of Bhut Jolokia were emasculated and
stigmatic surface were gently puffed with pollen grains from all the genotypes selected for the
study. The pollinated flowers were immediately wrapped with small amount of cotton in order to
avoid pollinating insects visiting the cross fertilized flowers. Observations were recorded on flower
drop, number of seeds, per cent seed setting, embryo formation and seed germination. Further,
the bio metric characters viz., length and width of fruit, weight of pericarp, pericarp thickness,
weight of placenta without seeds and weight of dry seeds of individual fruits were also recorded.
Background and aims Unilateral incompatibility (UI) occurs when pollinations between species
are successful in one direction but not in the other. Self-incompatible (SI) species frequently show
UI with genetically related, selfcompatible (SC) species, as pollen of SI species is compatible on
the SC pistil, but not vice versa. Many examples of unilateral incompatibility, and all those which
have been studied most intensively, are found in the Solanaceae, particularly Lycopersicon,
Solanum, Nicotiana and Petunia. The genus Capsicum is evolutionarily somewhat distant from
Lycopersicon and Solanum and even further removed from Nicotiana and Petunia. Unilateral incompatibility has also been reported in Capsicum; however, this is the first comprehensive study
of crosses between all readily available species in the genus. Interspecific crosses were made in
both directions among four Capsicum species. The differences in the seed setting rate among cross
combinations were appreciable. Analysis of seed germinability revealed only two combinations,
C. annuum x C. chinense and C. frutescens x C. annuum, set viable seeds and vital F1 hybrids of
this interspecific origin were raised naturally. Although some other crosses set seeds, they were
produced with abnormal endosperm and embryos. Wherein, these seeds were either chaffy or nonviable as a result seed germination was not evident. The biggest abnormalities were observed in
the seeds produced by cross combinations when ?. baccatum was used as a male parent or when
C. chinense was used as a female parent. The seeds of these combinations were characterized by
incompatibility between endosperm and embryo; all the embryos were completely aborted. The
crosses made on 'Bhuth Jolokia' were either failed to set fruits or even with the fruit set the seed
set was hampered with aborted embryos. The seed if set showed absence of embryo formation
with all the four species of the genotypes employed for cross fertilization. Thus the study clearly
indicated presence of unilateral self incompatibility in the world hottest cultivar 'Bhut Jolokia".
Acknowledgement: The research work was supported by fellowship grants from Kirkhouse Trust
(UK).
27
Establishment of a Habanero-Type Pepper
(Capsicum chinense) Synthetic Base Population -2
Francisco J. B. Reifschneider 1,3 *, Luciano L. Nass1 and Claudia C.S. Ribeiro2
francisco.reifschneider@embrapa.br
1Embrapa
International Relations; 2 Embrapa Vegetables; 3 Fellow, CNPq
There are millions of accessions maintained in gene banks around the world. One strategy to improve their utilization is to develop base populations with high genetic variability. These populations
can be used by breeders in order to secure the development of new and more adapted cultivars,
decreasing the effect of the restricted genetic base, a reality for the main crops. In soybeans and
a few selected autogamous crops, multiple crosses to increase variability have been used, despite
the high labor needed. Crosses with a high number of parental lines tend to present higher variability and therefore higher genetic variance. The development of base populations having wide
adaptation and resistance to major diseases and other limiting factors in peppers in Brazil is a
recent effort concentrated on Brazilian species such as C. chinense and C. frutescens. A program to
develop a synthetic base population of habanero from which superior lines could be isolated was
initiated in 2007 at Embrapa Vegetables. The population was established from a broad genetic base
of accessions originating mostly from Brazil but also from other sources. Thirty one C. chinense
accessions were used: CNPH 4214, CNPH 4215, CNPH 4218, CNPH 4219, CNPH 4253, CNPH
4254, CNPH 4255, CNPH 4256, CNPH 15.023, CNPH 15.024, CNPH 15.025, CNPH 15.026,
CNPH 15.027, CNPH 15.028, CNPH 15.029, CNPH 15.030, CNPH 15.031, CNPH 15.032, CNPH
15.033, CNPH 15.034, CNPH 15.035, CNPH 15.036, CNPH 15.037,CNPH 15.038, CNPH 15.039,
CNPH 15.040, CNPH 15.041, CNPH 15.042, CNPH 15.043, CNPH 15.044 and CNPH 15.045,
with relevant characteristics varying from high vitamin C content (up to 130 mg/100g) to multiple
disease resistance and very high pungency (up to 1 million SHU).
Plants were cultivated in screenhouses, several flowers/plant emasculated and crossed with a pollen mixture from all accessions. Seeds obtained from these crosses were individualized by plants
and for the succeeding generation only one plant of each genotype obtained in the previous cycle
was grown in a screenhouse. F1 seeds bulked (fixed weight/plant) forming the base population,
CNPH 15,469, which is presently being field grown in Brasília for multiple traits evaluation.
Several strategies have been developed to take maximum advantage of the variability which has
been generated, from genetic studies to the immediate extraction of genotypes for the release of
new cultivars in a relatively short period of time (4 years); up to 10 genotypes are expected to be
selected based on desirable characteristics and behavior during the dry season (April-October).
Acknowledgements: The authors thank CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico
e Tecnológico) for the support.
28
Establishment of Methodological Basis for Genetic
Improvement of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) -41
Adriana Canto Flick*, Guadalupe Herrera Díaz, Raúl Tapia Tussell,
Daisy Pérez Brito, Eduardo Balam Uc, Nancy Santana-Buzzy.
nona@cicy.mx
Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de
Yucatán. Calle 43 #130. Chuburná de Hidalgo 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
The Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is a vegetable of great economic importance
for the region; it is consumed as a fresh fruit or processed in different industries. In Mexico, the
greatest Habanero genetic variability is located in the Yucatan Peninsula. However, this genetic
variability is threatened because phytosanitary issues, uncertified or foreign seeds planting, crosspollination and absence of genebanks to keep the diversity, among other reasons. Based in this,
and in order to preserve and maintain the genetic purity of this species, we proposed to establish
the basis for the improvement of this species through collection, morphological, molecular and
pungency characterization. Today, we have a Habanero pepper collection with over 200 accessions. Fourteen varieties and accessions with different morphological characteristics and pungency
were characterized through Capsicum descriptors proposed by the IPGRI, (1995) and the levels of
capsaicinoids were quantified by HPLC. In order to obtain the DNA fingerprint and to assess the
genetic diversity of mentioned varieties, molecular markers microsatellite and intermicrosatellite
types were used. The results of this study showed that the intraspecific diversity of C. chinense is
higher than that reported in other studies with germplasm from different sources. Although, both
SSR and ISSR markers were useful to reveal the genetic diversity of C. chinense, the ISSR were those
showed unique genetic profiles for each accession, the IS21 was more operative. These molecular
markers allowed us to distinguish between and within different types of habanero peppers, which
is very useful in breeding and conservation programs maintaining the genetic purity of the seed.
29
Two New Habanero -Type Cultivars Developed by Embrapa, Brazil:
BRS Juruti and BRS Jandaia -47
C.S.C. Ribeiro 1*, F.J.B. Reifschneider 2, S.I.C. Carvalho 1
claudia.ribeiro@embrapa.br
1Embrapa
Vegetables, Caixa Postal 0218, 70359-970, Brasília-DF; 2 Embrapa International Relations/CNPq Fellow, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are grown in all Brazilian states, especially Goiás, Minas Gerais,
São Paulo, Ceará, Bahia and Sergipe, with an estimated area of 5,000 ha and a total production
of about 75,000 metric tons. Capsicum agribusiness in Brazil is worth about US$ 50 to 60 million a year and has demanded cultivars with high uniformity, good agronomic and processing
characteristics, and disease resistance. The cultivation of chile peppers has as key pillar small,
family-run farms, therefore with high social importance. Peppers in many cases is the primary
source of income of these families, and the integration between small farmers and the Capsicum
processing industry is an important characteristic of this segment. Habanero-type peppers (Capsicum chinense) are beginning to be of interest to the Brazilian market; so far, there have been
no cultivars specifically developed to Brazilian agroecosystems. The Habanero group is not well
known in Brazil, despite its origin in the Amazon, and domestic and international markets have
been increasing the demand for this type of pepper, particularly in the United States of America
and Europe, in the form of mash. Brazilian industry is interested in supplying part of this demand
with quality products and competitive prices. The main objective of this work was to develop
Habanero-type cultivars with high pungency, yield, and uniformity adapted to the Central region
of Brazil. The new cultivars recently released by Embrapa are two open pollinated (OP) habaneros:
"BRS Juruti" and "BRS Jandaia." These cultivars were derived from commercial varieties available
in the Brazilian market. Five generations of single plant selection and selfing were performed
until the progenies showed no segregation. During each generation, selection for agronomic and
processing traits relevant to the industry was undertaken. Selection was based on plant and fruit
characteristics such as plant architecture and height, shape and size of fruit, immature and mature
fruit color, pungency, yield, and disease resistance. 'BRS Juruti' has red fruit, yielded around 49
t/ha (36,000 plants/ha), its pungency is circa 260,000 SHU and has high content of vitamin C
(122 mg/100g). 'BRS Jandaia' fruits are orange, yielding around 44 t/ha with a pungency of about
200,000 SHU and 124 mg/100g of fruit of vitamin C. Both are resistant to several viruses, Oidiopsis
sicula, Meloidogyne javanica and present intermediate resistance to key bacterial diseases. The
two new cultivars have been registered (BRS Jandaia - RNC 32009 and BRS Juruti - RNC 32010)
and are being protected; breeders'seed of these two new cultivars will soon be made available to
interested parties in the private sector.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank CNPq (the Brazilian National Research and Development Council) and Sakura Nakaya Alimentos Ltda for their support.
30
Genetic Improvement of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
Germplasm from Existing Species in the Yucatan Peninsula -42
Nancy Santana-Buzzy*, Adriana Canto, Flick, Eduardo Balam-Uc.
buzzy@cicy.mx
Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is one of the most important species to the Yucatan
Peninsula, not only in economic terms but also social and cultural. The high pungency (itching),
aroma and distinctive taste of Habanero fruit, is very unique in this region of the world. Probably
the combination of soil, climate and humidity prints the diferrence, allowing the Denomination
of Origin of Habanero pepper from Yucatan Peninsula. Coincidentally, Yucatán is recognized as
a center of genetic diversity of this species, several Habanero fruit differing in colors (orange,
red, yellow, purple), shapes, sizes and pungency have been evaluated. This was the platform to
select Habanero pepper varieties for different purposes (fresh consumption, industry, export). In
this work, we present the selection strategy for 8 improved Habanero varieties: 4 orange fruits, 3
red fruits and 1 yellow fruit, which are registered in the National Catalogue of Vegetable Varieties
(CNVV) of the National Inspection and Certification Seed (SNICS) and certified for marketing. Two
of these varieties already have the title of the breeder. The registrations of six remaining varieties
are in progress. All of them, have been introduced in the production practice and the seed is
marketed in Mexico.
31
Habanero Pepper: a Plant Species with High
Embryogenic Potential In vitro -43
Susana Avilés-Viñas*, Eunice Gomez-Uc, Carlos Regla-Marquez,
Raul Valle Gough, Jacobo Perez-Pastrana, Nancy Santana-Buzzy.
susana@cicy.mx
In the present work somatic embryos were produced from the hypocotyls of Capsicum chinense
plants. The explants were exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
(0, 4.50 y 9.05 µM), and for different exposure times to this auxin (15, 30, 45, 60 days). The development of somatic embryos cultured in semisolid or liquid medium were evaluated. As a result, a
novel system of regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis in liquid medium was established,
with an efficiency of 1.77X104 ESs•L-1 , and 58.7 ± 5.3% of embryos, reaching the cotyledonary
stage. Critical embryogenesis stages, including cellular acquisition of morphogenetic competence,
formation of suspensor, development and maturation of somatic embryos during somatic embryogenesis were identified by histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Because
somatic embryos of habanero pepper developed abnormalities exclusively in the shoot meristem,
and it is known that Wuschel homeobox gene plays an important role in cellular regulation during
embryonic meristem formation, we investigated the expression of this gene. Wuschel mRNA was
detected during early stages of development of somatic embryos before reaching the cotyledonary stage. Our results offered a promising new outlook on in vitro regeneration of this species
(C. chinense). Contrary, to previous studies in Capsicum genus, we observed a high embryogenic
potential in vitro for Habanero.
32
Biotechnological Advances in Capsicum Research:
An Indian Perspective -106
Pramod Tandon
profptandon@gmail.com
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advance Studies in Botany, Department of Botany,
North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India; Tel. +913642550150; Fax +913642550300
Capsicum is an important horticultural crop named as wonder spice. Chilies are important as ingredients in a wide varied use such as vegetable, pickles, spice, and condiments, because of the
versatile colours, shapes, flavours, pungency and aromas. Chili is a universal spice of India. It is
grown almost throughout the country. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of chilies
in the world. Though various domesticated Capsicum species are cultivated in India, Naga King
Chili is the most pungent Indian chili measuring 1,001,304 Scoville Heat Units (SHU); however, the
production is limited to Northeastern region of India. In recent years, biotechnology has emerged
as an important approach for improvement and utilization of chili. In spite of Capsicum species
having shown to be recalcitrant to differentiation and plant regeneration under in vitro conditions,
application of biotechnological tools to improve Naga King chili has been an area of intensive
research. In vitro plantlet regeneration system has been successfully developed using different
explants viz., shoot tips, nodal segments, cotyledon, hypocotyl, leaf etc., showing promising results. Enhancement of capsaicinoids biosynthesis in suspension and immobilized cells, tissue and
organ cultures exhibited several fold increase in capsaicinoids production under various culture
strategies. Different biotechnological enhancement approaches such as immobilization of cells,
precursor feeding, cell selection, elicitors treatments, osmotic stress, influence of calcium channel
modulators, nutrient stress, pH stress, among others, exhibited enhanced in vitro biosynthesis of
capsaicinoids in chili. Biotransformation of precursors to interesting industrial products other than
capsaicin such as vanillin flavor components have also been observed in in vitro cell cultures of
chili. Though significant enhancement of capsaicinoids have been obtained as compared to the
control cells or tissue, the inherent limitation associated with plant cell cultures is the low levels
of capsaicinoids in cell and tissue cultures as compared to the levels in fruits. The future studies
may include scale up of Capsicum cell cultures in bioreactors, identification of genes involved in
important traits such as pungency, yield, fruit size and shape, resistance to diseases and pests. The
more profound knowledge of Capsicum research will advance by applying genetic engineering to
transform chili pepper cells or tissues for crop improvement. This presentation will describe the
opportunities and challenges in Capsicum research in India.
33
34
Determination of Natural Rates of Cross-pollination
Capsicum annuum Seeds Using Codominant Markers -56
Warley M. Nascimento*, Elaine J. Vaz, Patricia P.
Silva, María E. Fonseca, Leonardo S. Boiteux
warley.nascimento@embrapa.br
Embrapa Vegetables, CP. 218, Brasília, DF, Brazil, 70.359-970
Molecular tools have been used in seed production to monitor genetic quality of cultivars and
hybrids of different Capsicum species. A molecular marker specific for a gene associated with capsaicin accumulation (pungency) in the placental tissue of the fruits (gene Pun-1) presents features
of interest for use in seed production for early diagnosis of genetic purity as well as in studies to
determine cross pollination between Capsicum accessions. The aim of this study was to evaluate
the genetic quality of C. annuum seeds obtained on production systems established under field
conditions in Brasília, Brazil. Plants of C. annuum 'BRS Garça' (spicy fruits) were used as male
parents to determine the natural crossing rates and the effect of spatial isolation on genetic purity
and the bell pepper C. annuum 'Magali R' (hybrid with sweet fruit employed as female parent).
For analysis of the cross-pollination rate, fruits of the female parent was harvested and the seeds
were extracted, dried and packed. Young leaves of seedlings were collected for DNA extraction.
Molecular analysis was performed via PCR assays with a codominant marker derived from primers
targeting a segment of a gene coding for an acyltransferase (Pun-1 gene). The molecular marker
was efficient to quantify cross-pollination rates in natural (field) conditions. The natural crosspollination rates in plants and seeds were estimated in 10.8% and 1.2%, respectively. These results
indicated that this molecular marker may be helpful in the determining genetic purity as well as
maintaining, multiplying germplasm of commercial pepper seed production.
35
Genetic relations among fifty-one sweet pepper and hot
pepper accessions (Capsicum annuum L.) belong to
Chilean Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) -7
Javier Saavedra Romero 1*,2, Mabel Muñoz 1, María Teresa Pino 1
javier.saavedra.romero@gmail.com
1Instituto
de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2Graduate
Student Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile. *Corresponding-autor: mtpino@inia.cl.
The studies of genetic divergence and diversity have been important tools in the vegetable breeding
programs. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence in a subset of Capsicum
accessions from the germplasm bank belong to the Chilean Agricultural Research Institute (INIA)
and its relationship with agronomic and fruit industrial traits. Fifty-one genotypes (considering
sweet pepper and hot pepper) were selected based on their agronomic and fruit industrial characterization. Eighty-seven putative microsatellite markers (SSR) were evaluated and twelve SSR markers were selected for further analysis. The DNA samples from ten individuals per genotype were
extracted in bulk by CTAB protocol and microsatellite regions were amplified using a touchdown
PCR protocol. Different alleles were scored and genetic distance estimation among genotypes was
carried out based on the allelic similarities and dissimilarities. For cluster analysis, the hierarchical
clustering UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average) and Neighbor Joining (NJ) methods were used and the results were verified with cophenetic correlation coefficient
(CPCC). Also, the fruit quality traits in the 51 genotypes (pericarp thickness, fruit dry matter (%),
sugar content ( oBrix), fruit fresh weight, polar fruit diameter and equatorial fruit diameter) were
analyzed with multivariate statistic by principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis
by Ward's clustering method. The results of molecular analysis of 51 genotypes showed that the
number of alleles at the selected SSR loci was ranged from 2 to 8, with a mean of 3.6 alleles per
locus. The CPCC analysis showed differences between the two methods of clustering, the highest
value was observed in NJ Cluster analysis with 0.802 while for UPGMA method the value was
0.744. Neighbor Joining cluster analysis grouped the 51 Capsicum accessions into three groups:
Group I clustered 16 genotypes, including the commercial genotype FYUCO. Group II was the
largest group, clustered a large percentage of hot peppers genotypes and the commercial genotype FINITA, among others. Group III clustered 13 genotypes, including the commercial genotypes
CALIFORNIA WONDER, RESISTANT, TAMBORA and PHYTOSUN. Principal components analysis
(PCA) of fruit quality traits showed that the first two components explained 81.06% of the total
variance. The traits that contributed most to the total genetic diversity were pericarp thickness
and fruit equatorial diameter into Component 1 and fruit polar diameter and sugar content into
Component 2. The clustering analysis using fruit quality traits data revealed the existence of three
groups with strong differences among these for all the analyzed characteristics. The groups derived
from molecular clustering showed significant differences for sugar content, pericarp thickness
and fruit dry matter. Also, this clustering showed that genotypes with resistance to Phytophthora
capsici (RESISTANT, PHYTOSUN and FUYCO) were clustered into two different groups.
Acknowledgements: This research was carried out with financial support from INNOVA-CORFO
(09PMG-7244).
36
Morphologic and Genetic Relationships between
Wild and Domesticated Forms of Peppers
(Capsicum frutescens and C. chinense) -74
S. I. C. Carvalho1, C. F Ragassi 1, L. B.Bianchetti 2, C. S. C.Ribeiro 1*,
F. J. B. Reifschneider 3 , G. S. C.Buso 2, F. G. Faleiro 2
claudia.ribeiro@embrapa.br
1 Embrapa
Vegetables, Caixa Postal 0218, 70359-970, Brasília-DF; 2 Embrapa, Brasília-DF, Brazil;
3 Embrapa International Relations/CNPq Fellow, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
Capsicum chinense and C. frutescens peppers are part of the Brazilian biodiversity, and the Amazon
Basin is the area of greatest diversity for them, especially for the former. However, little is known
about their evolutionary history. Peppers can be classified as domesticated, semi-domesticated, or
wild based on morphological changes observed during the domestication process, as a result of
artificial selection (eg, suppression of natural dispersal mechanisms, among others). The objectives
of this work were to study phylogenetics and genetic diversity of Capsicum spp. based on ISSR
(Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers and morphological characteristics related to the degree
of domestication. Aiming to identify genotypes with wild and domesticated characteristics, 26
accessions (9 C. frutescens and 17 C. chinense) from Embrapa Vegetables germplasm bank were
characterized using morphological descriptors and ISSR molecular markers. Of the 72 primers
tested, 42% showed amplification and produced 136 amplicons with some of the primers, namely
i7Pv and i57Zm, allowing the identification of each species. Four accessions collected in the
Amazon region (CNPH 4315, CNPH 4372, CNPH 4337 and CNPH 4325B) popularly known as
olho-de-peixe or olho-de-periquito were molecularly classified as C. chinense and showed fruit
with characteristics similar to the wild Capsicum genotypes: upright position, rounded to campanulate shape, small size (1.0 cm long and 0.8 cm wide), average weight of 0.2 g, dark-red color
when ripe, easy detachment of calyx and presence of calyx annular constriction (discriminative of
C. chinense). In C. frutescens neither morphologic nor molecular differences among domesticated
and wild forms were clearly found. A significant correlation was found between morphological and
molecular characterization, and the combination of the two analyses was effective in identifying
and classifying the wild forms, contributing to evolutionary studies in the genus.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank CNPq (the Brazilian National Research and Development Council).
37
Genetic variability 165 Hot Pepper accessions in INIA-Chile,
by fruit traits, pungency and molecular characterization -75
Francisca Aguayo1*, Olga Zamora 1,3 , Darío Estay 1 , Mabel Muñoz 1,
Francisco Alvarez1 , Javier Saavedra 1,2 , María-Teresa Pino 1 -75francisca.aguayo@inia.cl
1Instituto
de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 3Undergraduate-student Biochemistry Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. *Corresponding -autor: mtpino@inia.cl
2Graduate-student
In the last decade, demand for Capsicum-based products has increased significantly around the
world, because their enhanced functional properties and human health benefits. In hot pepper
the Capsaicin, the major pungent component, has been associated to anti-carcinogenic properties via induction of apoptosis, to obesity and diabetes prevention, among others. The Chilean
Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) have been evaluating over 200 hot pepper accessions every
season differing in fruit color, fruit shape and pungency level in order to establish the basis of Hot
Pepper breeding program for industry intents. In this study, 165 hot pepper accessions (Capsicum
spp.) were evaluated in terms of fruit fresh weight, fruit colour, fruit shape, pericarp thickness,
and capsaicin content by HPLC analysis. In addition, the MAP1 marker was evaluated in order to
validate this pungency marker in the evaluated Capsicum accessions. Significant differences were
observed in the fruit trait quality and pungency level (p<0.05). The principal component analysis
(PCA) indicate that PC1 and PC2 explained 81.5 % of the total quantitative variation among the
hot pepper accessions; the largest contribution to this variation were the characteristics associated
with fruit fresh weight, and pericarp thickness in PC1 and fruit color in PC2. The cluster analysis
by Ward's method clustered the 165 Capsicum accessions into two groups: While Group I included 65% of total evaluated Capsicum accessions clustering those with smaller fruits and lower
pericarp thickness, Group II included 35% of total Capsicum accessions clustering those fruits
with higher fresh weight, and pericarp thickness. The MAP1 marker was tested in accessions with
different level of pungency, allowing the discrimination between from non-pungent (479 bp) and
from pungent accessions (494 bp). These results suggest that existent genetic variability among
the evaluated hot pepper accessions will allow developing breeding lines of industrial interest
adapted to the local climatic conditions.
(09PMG-7244).
38
Effects of Ethyl-Methane-Sulfonate in the Generation
of Genetic Variability in Capsicum annuum -51
Kaline da Silva Nascimento 1, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo 2,
Antônia Maiara Marques do Nascimento 3, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo2 ,
Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa 4, Gláucia Diojânia Azevedo de Medeiros 1,
Flávia Laís Gomes Fortunato 4
kaline_csr@hotmail.com
1 Graduate in Biological Sciences and Master Student in Agronomy, 2Professor of Centro de Ciências
Agrárias, 3 Undergraduate in Biological Sciences, 4Master in Agranomia - Universidade Federal
da Paraíba (CCA).
The genus Capsicum comprises economically important species around the world, among them
the most cultivated is Capsicum annuum L., with great diversity of forms and colors of their leaves,
flowers and fruits, which gives them great ornamental potential. Methods to create new varieties
of plants are targets of the studies of the breeders. A method that gets highlighted in these studies
is the induction of mutation in genes that control traits of economic importance and/or eliminates
undesirable genes. Among the mutagens used in the studies, deserves spotlight the Ethyl-Methanesulfonate (EMS), to be less phytotoxic and reported as high efficiency. So, the objective of this work
was to analyze the effect of the mutagen Ethyl-Methane-Sulfonate (EMS) in ornamental pepper (C.
annuum L.). The seeds of C. annuum were soaked in distilled, deionized and autoclaved water for
12 hours, then were subjected to different treatments of EMS, seven concentrations (0,0; 0,025;
0,050; 0,1; 0,15; 0,20 and 0,25%) and two exposure times (3 and 6 hours), resulting in fourteen
treatments. The seeds were inoculated in vitro conditions and in stage seedlings were acclimated
to pots with substrate. Through the analysis of variance of germination percentage and germination
rate index was observed that there were no significant differences for these two variables, or to
the characteristics analyzed in seedlings from these treated seeds. Of eighteen traits evaluated in
plants stage, thirteen showed significant differences: petals diameter, stylet length, fruit weight,
highest and lowest fruit diameter, pedicel length, thickness of the placenta, placenta length,
number of seeds, fruit fresh matter, fruit dry matter and dry matter content, which indicates that
the EMS contributed in generating of plant fruit variations arising of seeds treated with EMS. In
conditions of this study, the dose (0,1 %) and the exposure time of 3h EMS were responsible for
major variations in traits, which can be used in breeding programs of this species.
39
Alternative Cuban Pepper Varieties belong to the Institute
of Horticultural Research Liliana Dimitrova -104
Yaritza Rodríguez Llanes1 *, Carlos Michel Camejo González1
y Sixto Ricardo Rodríguez García 1.
mailto:genetica5@liliana.co.cu
1Instituto
de Investigaciones Hortícolas Liliana Dimitrova - Quivacan - Cuba
The Cuban vegetable breeding program for alternatives varieties in species such as pepper and
Eggplant, for both open field and protected crops systems, has been developed since the 90's
in the Institute of Horticultural Research Liliana Dimitrova. The selection and breeding began
with the mass introduction of foreign varieties in order to find adapted material to the tropics
condition with good performance against diseases. Only a few of the introduced varieties exceed
performance of those traditional varieties cultivated in Cuba. A selection program for pepper was
started from different population in order to obtain adapted material to Cuba conditions; variety
´Español Liliana´ was obtained with good performance from a pepper population type ´Español´.
The variety ´SC-81´ and its HD-SC81 doubled haploid for fresh seasoning were obtained from a
population type Chay. Other varieties obtained are LICAL an open pollinated variety from a California wonder type population; and the hybrid LPD-5 a Lamuyo type for greenhouse. In Cuba, is
crucial to continue the effort of breeding program to find new cultivars adapted to the tropics, with
high yield potential and diseases resistance through conventional methods (breeding, selection
and selfing) supported by molecular markers. Using these methods, two new varieties for open
field crop were obtained LD-638 and YAMIL (both California Wonder type). Actually, a breeding
program is carried out in order to obtain new resistant pepper hybrids to Potyvirus, M. incognita,
P. capsici, Tospovirus and R. solanacearum in different colors and post-harvest quality. This selection and breeding program have been possible with the support of international cooperation.
40
Agrobiodiversity of Capsicum spp. in Southwest Mato Grosso:
Collection and Characterization -68
Jefferson Wesley da Silva Correa 1 ; Adryellison Lemes de Campos1 ; Santino Seabra Júnior1 ;
Marco Antônio Aparecido Barelli 1; Rosana Rodrigues 2; Cláudia Pombo Sudré 2;
Nadsley Seraglio Souza Cabral 1 ; Antônio Chimello1 , Leonarda Grillo Neves 1
Jefferson_migao@hotmail.com
1 Universidade
do Estado de Mato Grosso, 2 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy
Ribeiro.
Capsicum species are very important in Brazil because of economic, cultural and biological
factors, and the country is considered the center of diversity for this genus. The UNEMAT's greenery germplasm bank which is under construction and the objectives of this work were: i) to
redeem the genetic variability of Capsicum in Southwest Region of Mato Grosso, to ensure the
conservation of these accessions for future use; ii) characterize the accessions collected based on
morphological descriptors and molecular markers of type ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats),.
The experimental work was divided into two stages: the random of variability, through visits to
farmers who donated seeds to build the database, conducted from September 2012 to November
2012 and the morphological, agronomic and molecular characterization of access redeemed.
The experiment was conducted in Cáceres, Mato Grosso. They were collected 80 accessions in
58 properties. The collection of morphological data was performed from October 2012 to August
2013. In those 80 accessions were done molecular analyzes in the period from June 2013 to August
2013, in Darcy Ribeiro North Fluminense State University. Data were obtained by following the
descriptors of the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources currently Biodiversity International)
for Capsicum, to which 70 descriptors were used. The data analysis was performed with the use
of different techniques of multivariate statistics. An array of binary data for analysis of molecular
data was drawn, the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard index being used to estimate genetic
similarity among accessions. In the morphological characterization were formed six well-defined
groups. The groups were formed in different agronomic and morphological characterization so it
was necessary to subdivide for better distinction of accesses. Accesses in the molecular analysis
were divided into only two groups; there is also the need to subdivide. For the combined analysis (morphological + molecular agronomic +) six groups were formed by species of Capsicum,
with no duplicates. For all groups, the cophenetic correlation coefficient was higher than 0.8. All
correlations between the matrix of joint distance were significant by the Mantel test. The genetic
variability of agrobiodiversity in Southwest Region of Mato Grosso, a germplasm bank has been
established with significant genetic variability, which will support the work of future improvement.
And together, these data provided better information for the same.
41
Comparative Trial of 14 Peruvian Selectionsof
Aji Amarillo "Yellow Chili"-69
L. Cerna and R.Ugás
ladyflor107@gmail.com
La Molina National Agrarian University. Lima. Perú.
The yellow chili as representative of traditional peruvian cuisine ingredient, is currently a product
of great agribusiness potential. There are many local types with great variability that have not been
studied. This is the first time a comparative trial is done aimed for breeding by determining which
selections of yellow chili has the best characteristics in both yield and quality of fruits, for further
commercial use in a local and international market. The agronomic management of the chilis
were held in Casma, located 355 km north of Lima. For the plant culture, a randomized block
design was used distributed over an area of 927 sq meters, within a commercial production field
with asparagus, paprika and yellow chili. The trial was distributed in 4 blocks of 14 selections of
yellow chilis randomly arranged from various collecting trips along the peruvian coast visiting a
number of markets, local producers and fields. " Carrot " and "Pacae " are the types that make the
14 selections and are classified according the following locations: 1. Piura; 2,3. Chiclayo; 4,5.
Casma ; 6. Huarmey; 7. Barranca; 8. Chancayllo; 9. Manchay; 10. Cañete; 11. Arequipa; 12. Cuzco; 13,14. Tacna. Seedlings greenhouse were transplanted manually in the ridges with a distance
of 0.5 m between plants and 1.2 m between furrows. The production were under conventional
management with phytosanitary applications to prevent and control damages from Phytophthora
capsici, propiplosis, and fruit worm eaters, mainly. Fertilization had a dose of 350-10-350 and
risks were under gravity system scheduled weekly. During the growing season a series of evaluations were performed: Growth and development (plant survival, plant height and width, leaf area),
precocity (flowering, curdled, maturation), yield (fruit weight, number of fruits and dry matter),
quality (weight per fruit fresh and dry, long and width of fruits, pulp thickness); other evaluations
such as first-quality and qualitative ones accordance the manual of Capsicum descriptors.
The analysis of results showed for the "pacae" chili type (chilis 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14), different
characteristics within the others, less precocity in development and maturation, greater plant
height and leaf size, larger fruits and higher unit weight per fruit, which finally determined larger
percentages premium for this type. Among the " carrot " type, there were no significant differences
in the vegetative developmet, however, is the chili 6 the one which scored higher yields, closely
followed by the 5, 10 and 9, chili. And, the chili 2 the one with higher porcentege premium for
this type. At last, considering the markets consumption patterns, there are potential types of chilis
that meet the horticultural quality requirements and flavors to the development in different and
innovative presentations.
42
Yield and Fruit Quality in Capsicum baccatum
var. pendulum Genotypes -70
Lígia R. A. da Silva*, Artur M. Medeiros, Samy Pimenta, Daniele V. da Costa,
Gláucia M. C. Silva, Diederson B. Santana, Thâmara F. M. Cavalcanti,
Ingrid G. da C. Geronimo, Jéssica M. Cunha, Camila Q. da Silva,
Jurandi G. de Oliveira, Rosana Rodrigues
ligiarenata@agronoma.eng.br
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal.
Obtaining commercial hybrids in Capsicum is viable, commercially attractive and has been widely explored in sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum). However, studies on genetics and breeding
including the production of hybrids in chili pepper from C. baccatum are scarce. This study
investigated fruit yield and fruit quality in C. baccatum var. pendulum hybrids. Three experimental hybrids, UENF 1616 x UENF 1732 (H1), UENF 1624 x UENF 1629 (H2), and UENF 1629 x
UENF 1732 (H3), their respective parents - UENF 1616 (G1), UENF 1624 (G2), UENF 1629 (G3),
UENF 1732 (G4) and two controls represented by commercial genotypes - 'BRS Mari' (T1) and
'Ibirajá' (T2) were tested under field conditions in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. The trial
was conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates and nine plants per plot. The
following characteristics were evaluated: productivity (PD); fruit length (FL); fruit diameter (FD);
flesh thickness (FT); total soluble solids (TSS); titratable acidity (TA); ratio TSS/TA and ascorbic
acid content (AA). There was highly significant difference for PD, FL, FD, FT, TA and TSS/TA, and
also significant difference was observed for TSS and ratio TSS/AT. Two hybrids (H1=14.28 t ha -1 ,
H2=12.66 t ha-1) showed better-parent heterosis (heterobeltiosis) for PD. The hybrid H2 had the
highest average for fruit length (115.30 mm) and for titratable acidity (0.1194 mg.100g -1 fresh
mass). Hybrids also produced fruits with higher diameter (from 26.73 to 41.13 mm), flesh thickness
(H1=2.87 mm; H2=2.25 mm; H3=2.87 mm), total soluble solids (from 6.17 to 7.62 oBrix). Thicker
flesh fruit is a desirable trait because it is associated with superior yield and fruit quality. Total
soluble solid is also a very important character since the higher the TSS concentration, the tastier
the fruits. The H1 hybrid had the best result for TSS/TA ratio (91.30) and this trait is related to the
balance between sugars and acids in fruit, being an important indication of flavor. Moreover, H1
hybrid also showed a good mean value (114.34 mg.100g -1 fresh mass) for ascorbic acid (related
to vitamin C) resulting in fruits with high nutritional quality. The experimental C. baccatum var.
pendulum hybrids UENF 1616 x UENF 1732 and UENF 1624 x UENF 1629 are promising to be
used as new commercial genotypes in terms of yield and fruit quality.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank to Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa
do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Faperj) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support.
43
Characterization of Flower and Fruits of Wild Chili
(Capsicum caatingae) -72
Rusthon Magno Cortez dos Santos 1 *, Aluízio Borém2, Leonardo Volpato 3,
Luana de Freitas Tavares 3, Finando Luiz Finger 2
rusthoncortez@hotmail.com
1Postgraduate student genetics and breeding program from Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-
MG, 36570-000, Brazil; 2Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG,
36570-000, Brazil;3 Student from Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil
The wild Capsicum species are important genetic resources for improving this genus. They can be
used to introduce disease resistance and also to increase the nutritional quality, productivity and
adaptation to stress. This study aimed to characterize four genotypes of Capsicum caatingae based
on quantitative traits of flower and fruit. We used four genotypes of mother plants maintained
ex situ belonging to the Vegetable Gene Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). The
experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with ten replications. In the morphoagronomic characterization were used 12 quantitative descriptors being: 6 of flower and 6 of
fruit as proposed by IPGRI (1995) Descriptors for flower were: flower diameter (FD), petal length
(PL), petal width (PW), anther length (AL), length of the fillet (FL) and length stiletto (LS). The fruit
descriptors were: length of peduncle (LPE), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), pericarp thickness
(PT), number of seeds per fruit (NSF) and fruit weight (FW). Data were subjected to analysis of
variance by F test at 5% level of significance and means were compared by Duncan test at this
same level of probability. All traits were significant by F test, except anther length, pedicel length
and pericarp thickness. In general the genotype one had the highest means for all traits studied,
however the genotypes two and three were morphologically similar to the characteristics studied,
indicating that they might be duplicates in the germplasm bank. Studies of genetic variability for
phenotypic and morphological characteristics are a prerequisite for the preservation of species,
as well as for improvement. Thus, efforts are needed to initiate projects for in situ conservation
of Capsicum caatingae genetic resources.
44
Color and Consistence Characterisation of Twenty
Varieties of Peruvian Chilli Pepper -71
M Arroyo,* J. Espinoza, E. Morales, R. Ugás
erms@lamolina.edu.pe
La Molina National Agrarian University, Lima, Perú
Twenty samples of native Peruvian chilli peppers from coast have been characterized according
to the colour and consistency. This study included varieties of Capsicum annuumm, Capsicum
baccatum, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutenscens. The colour was measured according
to the CIELAB model. Raw chili samples was analysed using a MINOLTA colorimeter, which determined luminosity (L), redness tendency (a*) and yellowness tendency (b*). Subsequently, raw
samples were blended adding demineralized water (2:1 [w/w]). The consistency was measured with
an empirical test called Bostwick consistency index (BI), which shows the distance that travel the
pulp and serum of the sauce in 30 seconds. The results obtained were treated with the statistically
test Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) (=0.05). According to the results, two of the samples showed
high values of luminosity (L > 62.18) and three of them values of L between 51.990 and 56.565.
In redness tendency, it was observed that six samples showed highest values of a* between 35.123
and 36.8167. These results were accorded with the red colour of the samples. Two of the samples
lowest values (a* between -3.590 and -4.303) showed a yellow colour. Finally, in yellowness
tendency, four samples obtained highest values of b* between 53.79 and 57.06. The results were
accorded with the yellow color of the samples. Overmore, three samples showed lowest values
of b* between 7.677 and 8.347. Those samples had a red and brown color. On the other hand,
15% of the sauces showed a high resistance to flow (BI between 1.83 and 2.417), whereas 20%
of them have low consistency (between 8.333 and 6.917). Furthermore, the difference between
pulp and serum was statically showed.
Acknowledgements: El Huerto (La Molina National Agrarian University), VLIR Project.
45
Ex-situ Conservation of Peruvian Native Peppers as Basic Research to Develop
Value Chains: Regional Distribution and Taxonomical Classification -76
R Ugás and V. Mendoza
rugas@lamolina.edu.pe, victormh18@gmail.com
1La Molina National Agrarian University (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina/UNALM).2Flemish
Interuniversity Council (Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad/VLIR).
Capsicum genus was originated in the Andes and is one of the most important vegetable and spices
consumed in the world. This genus is very diverse in Peru, and as a probe of that a wide variety is
found in local markets. However, there is a lack of knowledge of their taxonomical classification
and distribution along the national territory. UNALM 1 in cooperation with VLIR 2 are working with
a representative collection of native Peruvian peppers and the taxonomical identification of each
accession. The information generated will serve as the bases for future research work to develop
value chains around this great diversity. The Capsicum were collected in the three natural regions,
being the amazon region (specially in San Martín, Loreto & Amazonas) and the northern coastline
(specially in La Libertad, Lambayeque & Tumbes) the locations where the search intensity was
higher due to references of usage of different types and local "varieties". Fruits were collected in
farmer´s fields, vegetable gardens and local markets. The 325 collected accessions were sown in
La Molina (Lima), and classified following the taxonomical keys (IBPGR, 1983) and some of the
already classify material was rectified into different taxonomical classes. Results show that the
main number of accessions came from the amazon region (51.4%) and San Martin region presented
the highest diversity (20.3%). Taxonomical identification showed that the collection has in total
five different domesticated species, and that Capsicum chinense is the main specie present in the
accessions (60.3%), followed by Capsicum baccatum (24.6%).
46
Variability and Relative Importance of Port Traits in a F2
Generation of Chili Pepper Capsicum annuum L. -46
Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa 1*; Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo 1;
Priscila Alves Barroso1 ; Naysa Flávia Ferreira do Nascimento 2 ;
Joelson Germano Crispim1; Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo 1
pbalegna@homail.com
1 Universidade
Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil. 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil
The determination of the existing genetic diversity in gene banks allows, among others, the characterization of accessions, identification of duplicates and germplasm exchange among researchers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity in an F2 generation of ornamental
chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant
Biotechnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), in
Paraíba state. For this, 99 F 2 plants were evaluated for the following port traits: seedling height;
hypocotyl width, cotyledon leaf length; cotyledon leaf width; plant height; canopy width; first
bifurcation height, stem width, leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B. The experimental design was completely randomized, in which each plant was repetition and parents
were used as control. The data were grouped by Tocher Method based on Mahalanobis distance.
The relative importance was evaluated by the Singh Method (1981). The 99 plants were grouped
in three different groups. The group 1 comprised the majority of the genotypes (97 individuals).
Groups 2 and 3 were formed each one for one genotype, 43 and 29, respectively. Chlorophyll
A (21.76%), hypocotyl diameter (14.95%) and stem diameter (14.21%) were the variables that
contributed most to the genetic divergence. On the other hand, chlorophyll B contributes only to
0.0574%. This variable can be discarded in future studies. According to the analyzed data, the
genotypes 29, 43, 9, 1, 65, 80, 73 and 4, and 28 may be selected to continue the breeding program.
47
Unlocking Chile Pepper Genetics: From Domestication through
Classical Breeding to Genomics -3
Paul W. Bosland
pbosland@nmsu.edu
Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
Globally, chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are popular ornamentals, one of the most important
spices, and a major vegetable in most cuisines, as well as rich sources of vitamins and nutrients,
pharmaceuticals, natural coloring agents, and defense repellants. The annual global production
has grown more than 40-fold during the past two decades and now exceeds $14.4 billion (U.S.).
Prehistoric people, from the Bahamas to Peru, were using chile peppers in a variety of foods
as a way to enhance the flavor of maize and manioc. These prehistoric people transformed the
wild chiltepin from the small pea-sized berry to the large fruited types familiar to us all. They
domesticated five different species of Capsicum in five different domestication events and locations indicating that Capsicum was seen as useful from the very first contact. Currently, the other
32 wild species have little utilitarian use. However, genes may be lurking in their genomes that
could have a significant impact in the future. Most of the variety within Capsicum seen in the
marketplace today is from saving natural occurring mutations. Over many years, this gave rise to
plants with bigger fruit and a variety of different colors, shapes, and flavors. We still face the task
of providing cultivars with superior genes necessary to increase yield, provide protection against
production hazards, and improved quality.
In Classical Breeding, a variety of breeding methods have produced new Capsicum cultivars. In
order to achieve the plethora of unique objectives, breeders must use several different breeding
methods. These have included pedigree, backcross, recurrent selection, mutation breeding, interspecific hybridization, and the F1 hybrid. The new genomic approach can increase efficiency,
and unlock new genes to allow for new and novel breeding approaches.
In Genomics, Capsicum genetics and breeding are evolving at an astounding rate toward a genomics approach, whether it is marker-assisted selection, comparative plant genomics, or genetic
transformation. The Capsicum genome is 4 times larger than the tomato genome. The genome
expanded about 300,000 years ago with respect to the genome of other Solanaceae by a rapid
amplification of retrotransposon elements. More than 81% of the Capsicum genome consists of
transposons. Capsicum has approximately 34,500 protein-coding genes. The chile pepper's "heat"
originated through the evolution of new genes by duplication of existing genes and mutations in
gene expression.
In Future Trends, ee are living in a Golden Age for Capsicum research. New information crucial
for improving the horticultural, nutritional and medicinal qualities of Capsicum are being be discovered. This new information will be important as we address new issues and problems facing
Capsicum production. New diseases and pests will evolve, and climate change may effect Capsicum production. But, we will use our new genomic knowledge to unlock the secrets of Capsicum
for continuously improving and developing better cultivars.
48
Simultaneous Calculation of The Sample Size For Morphological
Characterization Of Pepper Fruits -67
Anderson Rodrigo da Silva 1*, Reginaldo F. Hilário 2 , Naysa F. F. do Nascimento3,
Elizanilda R. do Rêgo 3, Carlos T. dos S. Dias 2 , Paulo R. Cecon4 , Júlio C. P. de Mesquita 5
anderson.silva@ifgoiano.edu.br
1 Instituto
Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil; 2USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; 3 UFPB, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil; 4 UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
5 Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Brazil
The goal of this study was to determine the appropriate sample size for the characterization of
pepper fruit traits, in a multivariate way, through a technique of re-sampling subsamples. Our
study was based on the information of an experiment carried out under a randomized block
design involving nine accessions of pepper in two blocks. We evaluated six response variables
related to morphological characterization of fruits: mean weight, peduncle length, fruit length,
largest diameter, lowest diameter, pericarp thickness. The data used to determine the sample size
was the vector of scores of the first principal component, representing 30 observations of the 6
morphological variables. Through the percentile bootstrap method, we have created a 95% confidence interval for the following statistics: mean and standard deviation, based on the original
data (scores). We have re-sampled with replacement lower size samples, ranging from 2 to 29, to
estimate both statistics. For each lower size we have taken 500 subsamples in order to compute
the proportion of estimates out of the confidence interval for those statistics. Taking in account the
variance and covariance of the response variables by using a principal component analysis, we
found a subsample of size 22 that expresses the same accuracy of the original sample (30 fruits).
Acknowledgements: To the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano for the
financial support.
49
Morphological Characterization of an Amazonian
Chili Pepper Collection -66
Ana Lucia Manco Matumay 1 , Roberto Ugás Carro 2
analu.manco87@gmail.com, rugas@lamolina.edu.pe
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina 1,2
Peru is the center of origin and diversification of the genus Capsicum. It has a wide variety of
peppers that deserved to be studied and used due to its characteristics such as its spicy flavor,
properties, use as well as its important cultural value. The Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina keeps a significant germplasm collection for species such as: chili peppers; and it is due to
this wide unknown diversity that this study has focused on the taxonomical and morphological
description for a collection of peppers coming from the Peruvian forest in order to know, describe,
value and quantify the diversity of peppers grown in this area. The representative sample of the
studied Amazonian diversity was made up of 63 accessions, which were clustered according to
the common taxonomy: "Charapita", "Malaguete", "Motelito", "Pucunucho", "Miscucho", "Ayuyo",
"Challua ruro", Sweet Peppers, "Warmiucho" and other Amazonian peppers. Their scientific taxonomy was analyzed according to the species' proper characteristics. The morphological description was also analyzed based on 60 descriptors for Capsicum (IPGRI - currently Bioversity), from
which 45 qualitative and 15 quantitative variables were assessed in at least 8 randomly selected
plants per accession. The analysis was performed with multivariate statistical methods: genetic
distances, clusters, dendrograms and an analysis of the main components. Observation-based
taxonomic results confirmed that chili peppers belonged to the following species: C. chinense,
C. baccatum and C. frutescens, from which the first one was the most commonly found in the
collection. The morphological results obtained with the clustering by the dendrogram indicated
that there is a high similarity ratio among accessions, as their clustering was maintained in the
most of the cases, such as in charapita, miscucho and motelito groups. However, some exceptions
were shown in the group of pucunucho peppers, sweet peppers and ayuyo peppers, where an
accession was separated from the group in order to be part of other cluster. Two accessions of the
group of "other Amazonian peppers" showed a similarity ratio equivalent to 100, which may state
that they morphologically belong to the same accession. Two evident clusters in the dendrogram
were also formed: one made up of charapita peppers and the other made up of the other peppers
in the collection. This meant that charapita peppers have some characteristics that separate them
from the other peppers (% similarity was 98.1%). Therefore, the discriminant analysis allowed
concluding that the C. chinense is the most common species in the studied Amazonian collection.
Accessions belonging to this group have very similar morphological characteristics and a detailed
genetic study is recommended.
50
Exploration of underutilized crop diversity of Capsicum peppers
in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru
Maarten van Zonneveld1, Marleni Ramirez2, David Williams3, Michael Petz4, Sven Meckelmann4,
Teresa Avila5, Carlos Bejarano6, Llermé Ríos7, Dimary Libreros2 and Xavier Scheldeman2 8
1
Bioversity International, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 2Bioversity International, Regional Office for the Americas, Cali,
Colombia. 3Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), San José, Costa Rica; 4University of
Wuppertal, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Food Chemistry, Wuppertal, Germany;
5
Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani (CIFP), Cochabamba, Bolivia; 6PROINPA, Oficina
Regional Valle Sur, Sucre, Bolivia; 7Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, Peru.
Corresponding author: t.avila@fundacionpatino.org
The genus Capsicum is a highly diverse complex of domesticated and wild species that displays abundant variation in its main center of domestication and diversity in Bolivia and Peru but that remains under-researched.
After new collecting missions in 2010, the genebank collection of INIA Peru now maintains 712 accessions of
the five domesticated species, namely C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum and C. pubescens,
making it one of the largest and most diverse national collections of native Capsicum pepper varieties in the
world. The collection in Bolivia, contains 492 accessions, with holdings at the Instituto Nacional de Innovación
Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF) and at CIPF, including the five domesticated species, three endemic wild species, C. eximium, C. cabelleroi and C. cardenasii and one wild form of a domesticated species, C. baccatum
var. baccatum. We report on the identification of promising native Capsicum germplasm, in both collections, for
potential use in the development of differentiated products. First, we identified a core collection of nearly 100
accessions per country, which represented the different species and their geographic distribution. Dried samples
of these accessions were biochemically screened for commercially interesting attributes including capsaicinoid
content, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, carotenoids, lipid content and color. Second, informed by the results
of the biochemical screening, sub-sets of 44 Bolivian and 39 Peruvian accessions were selected, representing the
different species and variation in biochemical attributes; and third, the selected materials were grown in different
environments to identify the agro-ecological conditions were they best express the special properties of potential
commercial interest. The biochemical screening and agromorphological characterization and evaluation revealed
that Capsicum accessions from Bolivia and Peru have unique combinations of functional attributes, confirming
that a wealth of commercially valuable properties can be found in Capsicum’s primary center of diversity. In Peru,
several moderate and low pungent accessions of ayuyos (C. baccatum) and aji dulce (C. chinense) had interesting
combinations of biochemical traits. The values of biochemical compounds within Peruvian landraces of the species above like “charapita” and “ají limo” range widely. Further research and breeding is required to determine
variation within the landraces and develop varieties with stable productivity and biochemical composition. In
Bolivia, wild arivivi (C. baccatum var. baccatum) and ulupica (C. eximium) peppers have a high market potential.
Arivivi accessions are most promising for cultivation and breeding as some are already semi-domesticated and
showed high rates of productivity. To assure sustainable exploitation of wild Capsicum populations, commercialization of these resources should be done within schemes of sustainable extraction and management. Some
Bolivian C. baccatum landraces with high vitamin E content have high potential for traditional food products
and pharmaceutical products.
Acknowledgements: This study was financed by GIZ. We dedicate this paper to Llerme Rios Lobo, Leader of
National Agricultural Research Programme Genetic Resources in Peru, tireless advocate for the conservation of
plant genetic resources, on her untimely passing.
51
Investigating the New Mexico Landrace Chiles -6
Charles D. Havlik*, B.A., M.A., Stephanie J. Walker, Ph.D.
chavlik@nmsu.edu
New Mexico State University,USA
In northern New Mexico (USA) many Native American Pueblo and Hispanic communities have
long grown 'native chile' (Capsicum annuum), also known as the New Mexico landraces. These
chile landraces were developed through continuous, localized seed saving for as long as four
hundred years, and are named for their source locale. The best known is 'Chimayo' which, like
other landraces, is renowned for its quality. The NM landrace chiles have also been observed to
exhibit early maturity, likely because of selection pressure in northern New Mexico's relatively
shorter growing season. The New Mexico landraces are now increasingly at risk because commercially available chile cultivars are grown in the same areas and can potentially result in crosspollination. Other issues that are threatening the New Mexico landrace chile include economic
issues resulting in some farmers leaving farming, as well as the loss of arable farmland in northern
New Mexico. Documenting and categorizing the different landraces is a crucial first step towards
the conservation and protection of the NM landrace chiles for future generations. Landrace chile
variety trials were conducted at New Mexico State University's Agricultural Science Center in 2011
and 2012. Seed for the landrace chile lines were sourced from Native Seeds/SEARCH (Tucson, AZ)
and from private donors. Fifteen landraces (Alcalde, Casados Native, Chimayo, Cochiti Pueblo,
Escondida, Isleta Pueblo, Jarales, Jemez Pueblo, San Felipe Pueblo, San Juan Pueblo "Tsile", Santo
Domingo Pueblo, Velarde and Zia Pueblo) and four standard control cultivars (NuMex Heritage
6-4, Big Jim, Sandia, and LB-25) were evaluated. Information, including fresh fruit yield, plant
measurements, fruit dimensions (fruit length, width, flesh thickness and the number of locules per
fruit), dry yield, extractable pigment (ASTA), heat (SHU), and relative maturity was measured to
categorize the NM chile landraces and to compare to standard commercial New Mexican podtype cultivars. Noteworthy findings included yield; although the standard commercial cultivars
provided higher fresh yields, the dry red yields of many of the landrace lines were comparable to
the controls. The landraces tended to be more pungent, but the heat levels were more variable
within the lines compared to the commercial cultivars. The landraces were earlier in maturity
compared to the commercial cultivars, but the difference was only significant (P =0.05) in the
landraces 'Jemez Pueblo' and 'Santo Domingo Pueblo'.
Acknowledgements: We wish to thank the New Mexico Department of Agriculture Specialty Crops
Program, the New Mexico Chile Association, and the New Mexico State University Los Lunas
Agricultural Science Center for their support of this research.
52
Fruit Quality of Pre-Cultivars of Chili Pepper
(Capsicum annuum var. annuum) -73
Thâmara Figueiredo Menezes Cavalcanti*, Samy Pimenta, Lígia R. Almeida da Silva,
Gláucia M. C. Silva, Diederson B. Santana, Jurandi G. de Oliveira, Rosana Rodrigues
thamara_fmc@yahoo.com.br
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias - CCTA, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Campos
dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
Fruit quality is one of the major goals in most of the breeding programs for many crops. This study
aimed to evaluate chili peppers (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) pre-cultivars considering five
characteristics related to fruit quality. Four pre-cultivars of chili pepper developed by the Capsicum breeding program of the UENF, identified as L1, L2, L3, L4 and a control represented by
a commercial genotype ('Jalapeño M') were tested. The plants were cultivated in a greenhouse,
in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The variables evaluated were: vitamin C and
titratable acidity (TA), according to AOAC methods; soluble solids (SS), expressed in o Brix; and
soluble solids and titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA) and presence of capsaicin. Vitamin C was extracted from immature and mature fruits, and other characteristics were assessed only in mature
fruit. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test, with
the exception of capsaicin variable that was analyzed qualitatively (presence or absence) using
an ammonium vanadate reaction with the fruit placenta. There were significant differences for the
three quantitative traits evaluated. The vitamin C content varied considering different maturation
stages. The pre-cultivars had higher levels of vitamin C in both immature and mature fruits when
compared with control. 'Jalapeño M' vitamin C content in immature fruits was 92.21 mg.100 g -1
while in mature fruits the value was lower (79.17 g mg.100 -1). This difference between vitamin
C content in immature and mature fruit, with lower values for mature fruits, is usually observed
in many crop species fruits. However, in the four pre-cultivars it was observed higher levels of
vitamin C in mature (202.96 to 230.58 mg.100 g -1) than in immature fruits (141.17 to 179.59
mg.100g-1 ). In general, the pre-cultivars have fruits with high levels of soluble solids (8.18 to
10.25 %), but are more acidic compared with the control, thus achieving better SS/TA, indication
of flavor index. Capsaicin was present in pre-cultivars L2, L4 and in 'Jalapeno M' treatments. The
other two pre-cultivars, L1 and L3, which do not have detectable qualitative capsaicin, should
be used as sweet, non-pungent, pepper. The pre-cultivars were characterized by producing fruits
with good vitamin C levels, especially when mature, with high soluble solids content and high
acidity demonstrating potential to produce fruit that meet the consumer expectation in terms of
nutritional quality and flavor.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank to Faperj, Capes and CNPq for financial support.
53
Breeding an Industrial Quality Pepper in INIA-Chile:
Progress and Advanced Lines -45
Alan Pinto 1,2 *, Mabel Muñoz 1, Ricardo Pertuzé 3 , Gabriel Saavedra 1,
Francisco Alvarez1 María-Teresa Pino1,
adprichards@yahoo.com
1Instituto
Agronomy Universidad de Chile. 3Facultad de Agronomía-Universidad
de Chile. *Corresponding-author: mtpino@inia.cl
2Undergraduate-student
In the last years, demand for peppers and Capsicum-based products has increased significantly
around the world, including canned, frozen, dried, paste, juice and colour extract for processing
industry. This higher demand is explained in parts because of enhanced functional properties and
health benefits. The Chilean Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) started in 2007 a Capsicum
annuum breeding program in traits of industrial interest for fruit pepper quality such as colour, pericarp thickness, fruit dry matter, sugar content, shape, size, and high beta-carotenes content. Two
years bulk crossing were done in order to increase the genetic variability, by crossing 22 landraces
and varieties differing in color, shape, and Phytophtora capsici response. After bulk crossing, five
sub-populations were selected, grouped and independently cultivated for further selection and
self-pollination; Red bell blocky 4-lobed fruits (L1889), Red long blocky fruits (L1890), Yellow
bell blocky 4-lobed fruits (L1891), Red bell blocky 4-lobed fruits (L1892), Red long blocky fruits
(L1893). After 6 years of recurrent selection of these sub-populations, we initiated the selection
of advance lines based in the industrial fruit quality traits (colour, pericarp thickness (6mm),
fruit dry matter (10%), sugar content (8 oBrix), shape, and size), fruit number/plant, fruit weight,
and yield/plant. During the last season and among 1710 selected segregating lines, 65 advanced
lines (under self-pollination) meet the industrial fruit quality traits. Among the advances lines
the principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that PC1 and PC2 explained 55.2 % of the total
quantitative variation among the advanced lines; the largest contribution to this variation were the
characteristics associated with fruit fresh weight, yield per plant, and fruit dry matter (%). Through
the Cluster Analysis (CA) two large groups were formed in the dendrogram: Group I clustering the
majority of advanced lines belong to sub-population L1892 (Red bell blocky 4-lobed fruits) and
fruits with higher dry matter (%) and higher sugar content ( o Brix). Group II clustering advanced
lines belong to sub-populations L1889 and L1892 both Red bell blocky 4-lobed fruits, and L1891
(Yellow bell blocky 4-lobed fruits), this group include fruits with higher fruit fresh weight. The
best advanced lines were L1892-41-04 with pericarp thickness (6,3mm), fruit dry matter (13,6%),
sugar content (7.5o Brix) and fruit fresh-weight (233g) and Line L1892-18-18 with pericarp thickness (6,4 mm), fruit dry matter (12,4%), sugar content (8.1o Brix) and fruit fresh-weight (151g).
(09PMG-7244)
54
Productive and processing behavior of 17 sweet
pepper varieties in Central Zone of Chile -5
Carlos Blanco 1*, Gabriel Saavedra 1 , Mabel Muñoz 1
cblanco@inia.cl
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropuecuarias de Chile. Santa Rosa 11610. La Pintana. Santiago. Chile
In Chile, the processing industry demands pepper varieties with specific traits for processing,
but there are not specific varieties for this purpose and fresh consumption varieties are usually
used. Therefore, the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) La Platina carried out a
research during 2013-2014 season with the aim to evaluate different commercial varieties from
seed companies for field production and processing yield. 17 red blocky sweet pepper varieties
(Capsicum annuum var. grossum) were evaluated under field condition. Plants were transplanted
in November 2013 and harvested in April 2014. The crop was established on cover beds with
plastic mulch, in a population of 57,200 plants ha -1, distanced 0.25 x 0.70 m. Fertirrigation consisted in 140 U N ha-1, 90 U P 2O 5 ha -1 and 120 U K2O ha-1, through ribbon pressurized irrigation
in agreement with crop demand and environmental conditions. Experimental design was random
blocks with 17 varieties (treatments) and three replications. In each variety five plants were evaluated per replication. Analyzed traits were fruit weight (g), total yield (t ha -1 ), pericarp thickness
(mm), sugar content ( o Brix), total pericarp percentage (pericarp FW/total fruit FW), and fruit total
dry matter (%). Number and percentage characters were transformed through square root. Data
were analyzed using Cluster analysis, Ward's method of least variance, forming a Hierarchical
Tree Diagram (dendrogram). In order to estimate and describe varieties behavior in the clusters,
average, standard deviation and coefficient of variation was obtained and to discriminate between
outstanding varieties an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Square Differences tests were
carried out. Results showed two clusters, which differentiate between them for average fruit weight
(126.3 - 154.2 g), sugar content (4.3 - 3.8 o Brix), total fruit dry matter (7.0 - 5.5%) and total yield
(27.8 - 34.8 t ha-1). Coefficient of variation were over 20% in both clusters for all analyzed traits,
except total pericarp percentage, a character very stable with 4.0 and 2.6% for cluster 1 and 2,
respectively. Outstanding behavior presented NUN5023, Claudio F1 and NUN 5010 in Cluster 1
and NUN 313, Excalibur F1 and Lozorno in Cluster 2 for all the analyzed traits.
Acknowledgements: Semillas Agrical, Alliance, Bioamerica, Nunhems and Seminis.
55
Breeding Paprika-Hungarian Pepper in Landraces from
Coquimbo Region, Chile -103
Gabriel Saavedra 1 *, Carlos Blanco 1 and Moisés Escaff †
gsaavedr@inia.cl
1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias - La Platina - Chile, † Late Agronomist of INIA - La Platina
The Chilean Hungarian Pepper is known in the world market for its high quality characteristics;
nevertheless in the country only landraces, whose seeds are saved by farmers every year and the
plants are highly uneven, are sown. Therefore, Hungarian Pepper production presents high variability in fruit shapes, mainly because of cross pollination facts. Then high percent of its production
is labelled in lower categories and obtains less prices in the market. Selecting uniform genetic
material with desirable traits, both agronomic and processing, should allow obtaining quality
products for export. The objective of this research was to select new genotypes from landraces
obtained in Salamanca (Coquimbo Region) with marketable characteristics in fruit shape and size.
Those, plants presenting similar fruit shapes and size were grouped in seven families, 10 fruits
were randomly taken from each family and the seeds conserved. Twenty seeds from each fruit were
sown and grown forming lines in the greenhouse, 100% of flowers were self-fertilized. After two
cycles of selfing and selection, selected lines from each family and whole families were compared
in a randomized block design with four replicates. ANOVA was carried out and to discriminate
between treatments Duncan test at 5% was applied. The selection was carried out on the basis by
data obtained from the harvest of fruits from the different plants that made up the lines; these were
data of shape, width and length of the fruit, fresh weight, dry weight and dry matter percentage.
It is important to mention that only the shapes of long fruit, long wide and medium wide were
selected since these are forms for export of dried whole fruit. To select long fruits it was taken
all those longer than 17 cm. Results showed that selection of long wide fruits increased 2 cm in
length, 1.3 cm width and 1.3% in dry matter respect to the original material, these allowed to
select 11 lines that were the base of the new populations. Further selection allowed increasing
dry matter content up to 18.6% from the original 13.7%, but genetic stabilization decreased the
length in 1 cm and width in 0.5 cm. However, it is important to indicate that increases in dry
matter content are more worthy for production of dry Paprika Hungarian pepper because it reflects
the final yield for export.
Acknowledgements: To our dearest college Moises Escaff Gacitua, rest in peace.
56
Evaluation of Growth and Optimum Harvest Time of 6 Accessions
Capsicum spp. Native Fruits -80
M. Bautista, E. Morales*, R. Ugás
La Molina National Agrarian University, Lima, Perú
The present study aimed was to evaluate the effect of maturity on the physicochemical and physiological features of Capsicum spp fruits during their development and growth in order to determine
the optimum harvest time through the relative growth rate. The evaluation was carried out in 6
native Capsicum accessions for 7 weeks, since the formation of the first rennet. The Capsicum
spp. were divided into seven times of harvest. At each harvest time, physiological (dry basis and
humidity, longitudinal and transversal diameter) and physicochemical characteristics (pungency,
color, soluble solid and acidity) were evaluated. The results were analyzed with Statgraphics
Centurion ®, applying a factorial DCA with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and when there was
significant difference (P <0.05) was carried out a Tukey test (P <0.05). The results showed that
the mass (g) on a dry basis (db), wet basis (wb) and the longitudinal diameter (mm) exhibited a
sigmoidal behavior of simple growth, for all the accessions except for Pucunucho accession (C.
chinense), which showed no significant changes (P <0.05) throughout the evaluation. While the
evolution of equatorial diameter (mm) was mixed, some accessions as Mochero (C. chinense) and
Pucunucho (C. chinense) only showed significant increases (P <0.05) during the first few weeks,
however the Arnaucho (C. chinense), Miscucho (C. chinense) and Cacho-de-cabra accesions (C.
baccatum) showed increases until the fourth week and even as Limo-encerado accessions (C.
chinense). These increases were evident until the fifth week. Soluble solids (%)increases significantly (P <0.05) after the fourth week for all accessions, while the acidity expressed as citric acid
(%) showed a negative trend in general, with minimum values in the last weeks of evaluation.
While the evolution of the luminosity present a growing trend for Mochero, Miscucho, Pucunucho
and Limo-encerado accesions, while for Arnaucho and Cacho-de-cabra accessions exhibited a
decreasing trend in general. For the hue (H) and chroma (C), all accessions showed an increasing trend. The pungency present no significant changes (P <0.05) in Mochero, Miscucho and
Pucunuchu accessions between fourth (T4), sixth (T6) and seventh (T7) week while Arnaucho
and Limo-encerado accessions showed an increase during the same weeks. Only the pungency
of Cacho-de-cabra accession increased to reach physiological maturity which decreased during
senescence. The fruits of Arnaucho and Limo-encerado accessions reached their physiological
maturity at the fifth week after having curdled, while Miscucho, Mochero, Cacho-de-cabra and
Pucunucho accessions peaked it at the sixth week.
Acknowledgements: El Huerto (La Molina National Agrarian University), VLIR Project.
57
The Rootstock Technology in Pepper -16
Renato Braga
renato.braga@sakata.com.br
Sakata Seed Sudamerica Ltda
With the awareness that the adoption of rootstock technology can increase crop yields, improve
financial returns to the growers and help in environment conservation, this technology has been
widely studied by universities and private seed breeding companies. In parallel already adopted
by many growers around the world.Research centers that work to bred rootstock seek plants with
vigorous root system that can better explore the surrounding soil, improve nutrient uptake and
utilization, increasing the yield of the scion. Tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to major
soil borne pathogens are among the main rootstock breeding objectives.
To develop rootstocks that can overcome abiotic stressors, breeders seek for plants with a vigorous
root system that can better tolerate temperature fluctuations (extreme of cold and hot) and high
salt. This gives advantage to the grafted plant, allowing it to resist to the environmental abiotic
stressors. Among the soil pathogens that infect peppers, those that colonize the root and vascular
systems are among the most difficult and costly to control. Therefore, resistance to gall nematodes
(Meloidogyne species), to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and to root rot caused
by Phytophthora capsici are main targets to rootstock breeding. These pathogens can cause severe
damage to the pepper crop, are very difficult to control and can make impracticable the production in affected areas. In Brazil, pepper production in greenhouse, in some production areas, has
been economically feasible only with the use of rootstocks.
For a grafted plant to express its full genetic potential it is necessary also the adoption of a good
grafting technology. A poor and/or an improper grafting technique can drastically reduce the crop
yields. Seedling/plant well grafted is one which the resulting looks very similar to non-grafted
seedling/plant and that can promote full expression of the genetic qualities of the rootstock and
of the scion independently from the action of abiotic stressors and soil pathogens. In order to further improvement the rootstock technology, breeders have the challenge to develop new hybrids
with additional disease resistances (nematodes such as Meloidogyne enterolobii and Nacobbus
aberrnas, etc.), greater resistance to abiotic stressors (such as wider temperature fluctuations; soil/
water with higher electric conductivity; etc.) and that improves scion plant and fruit characteristics.
With respect to the grafting technology the nurseries have the permanent challenge to producing
seedlings with good agronomic and phytosanitary qualities. They also have the challenge to increase their production capabilities to attend the fast growing demand.
58
Genetics and Breeding Strategy for Improving Root Traits in Capsicum -4
P. Naresh and K. Madhavi Reddy.
kmreddy@gmail.com
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India.
A more robust root system (deeper root length, large root volume, high root dry weight, higher
root to shoot ratio) which is observed mainly in Habanero (C.chinense) coupled with thick lateral
roots which was not present in other genotypes enables plants to take up greater amount of water
during drought stress, resulting in more favorable plant water status. The genetic components of
root traits were investigated through six generation mean analysis using IHR3453X Habanero population. The traits showed high heterosis followed by high inbreeding depression indicating the
importance of non-additive gene action, overall the root traits found to be complex in inheritance
as indicated by the significance of the different genetic components. Both additive and non-additive
(dominance and epistasis) are important in controlling the root traits, so the reciprocal recurrent
selection is best breeding method to improve these traits. Complimentary type epistasis is ruling
in all the traits studied. And, the dominance component (h) is highly significant in all the traits
except for root length, which indicates the less efficiency of selection in early generations, so the
selection for the traits to be postponed to later generations by reduction of heterozygosity. The high
heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean also indicates that selection is effective
but it has to be postponed to later generations due to high h effect. The modified methods such as
bulk-pedigree method can also be effectively used in improvement and isolating the best pure lines
for root traits imparting drought tolerance in Capsicum sps. And as in this case where the robust
root system from wild sps C.chinense has to be introgressed, maintenance of large populations
is necessary in the breeding program because in the adapted and exotic crosses segregating loci
are expected to be more as the number of homozygote genotypes in segregating population is a
geometric function of number of segregating loci. Once the best lines are developed using the
above said breeding strategies, then highly vigor F1 can be produced as these traits are mainly
controlled by non-additive components predominantly dominance gene effects in the Capsicum sps.
Acknowledgements:authors acknowledge Director, IIHR for providing necessary facilities.
59
60
BREEDING, ORNAMENTAL PEPPERS
61
Genetic Control of Morphological Traits in Pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) - 50
João José da Silva Neto 1 *, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo2 ,
Júlio Carlos Polimeni de Mesquita 2,Vital Antônio Lucena Silva Filho 2 ,
Claudio Host Bruckner3, Priscila Alves Barroso 2, Lucas Chaves Cavalcante 2,
Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo2
joaoneto.agro@gmail.com
1Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento - Universidade Federal de Viçosa,
Viçosa-MG, Brazil; 2 Centro de Ciências Agrárias - Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba,
Brazil; 3Departamento da Fitotecnia - Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa -MG, Brazil
Knowledge of the nature and magnitude of genetic effects that govern a feature is important in the
selection and prediction of the behavior of hybrid and segregating generation process. Thus, the
present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters and genetic effects involved in the inheritance
of 20 quantitative traits related to plant size, flower and fruit in 6 generations (P 1 , P 2, F 1, F 2, BC1
and BC 2) of ornamental pepper. Two accessions of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.),
UFPB137 and UFPB390, belonging to the Active Germplasm Bank of vegetables, Universidade
Federal da Paraíba were used as parents. These accessions were crossed to produce F 1. The F2
was obtained by F 1 selfing. The RC 1 and RC2 backcrosses were obtained from crosses between
the F1 generation and the parents P 1 and P 2, respectively. 10 plants of each parent (P 1 and P2 ), 10
F1 plants, 33 plants for each backcross (BC 1 and BC2), and 54 plants for segregating F 2 generation
were characterized in the experiment. Each of the 20 quantitative traits evaluated was submitted
for generation analysis. Values for broad sense heritability, higher than 0.6 for all studied traits
except for first bifurcation height, major and minor fruit width and number of seeds per fruit. For
estimates of narrow sense heritability were observed high values (92.13% for anther length) and
low values (8.61 % for the number of seeds per fruit), indicating that the additive or dominant
effect acts according to the traits. The additive - dominant model (m, d, a) was sufficient to explain
8 of the 20 traits studied, the others are suited only to the full model with six parameters (m, d, a,
aa, ad, dd), for these the epistatic effects have significant influence on its expression.
62
Heterosis and Genetic Diversity in Simple, Three-Way and Double
Hybrids of Ornamental Pepper (Capsicum annuum) -55
N.F.F. do Nascimento1 *, E.R. do Rêgo 2, M.F. Nascimento1 ,
C.H. Bruckner 1, F.L. Finger1 and M.M. do Rêgo2 .
naysaflavia@hotmail.com
1 Laboratório
de Análises de Progênies, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Pós-Graduação em Genética
e Melhoramento, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. 2Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade
Federal da Paraíba.
The pepper market is very segmented and diverse. It is being considered an alternative source of
income to farmers as well as widening the field of genetic breeding. The breeding methods used
in autogamous plants such as pepper, usually involve hybridization as a source of variability.
The use of hybrids is advantageous because the F1 can gather important traits present in two
contrasting lineages. High level of heterosis can be obtained through crossing among genetically
divergent parents. Thus the objective of this paper was to estimate the heterosis, heterobeltiosis
the selection gain and genetic diversity in intraspecific hybrids of ornamental pepper, furthering
the Capsicum breeding program of Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) and Federal University
of Viçosa (UFV). This study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Plant Biotechnology laboratory
in the Center for Agricultural Sciences of Federal University of Paraíba (CCA-UFPB), Areia - PB.
In this location were carried out the crosses and the evaluation parents and hybrids of ornamental
pepper. Two simple hybrids, one commercial SH1 and the other experimental SH2 (C. annuum),
and four lines (C. annuum) belonging to the germplasm bank of CCA-UFPB were used as parents.
Were then evaluated twenty seven traits: cotyledon leaf length, cotyledon leaf width, plant height,
canopy diameter, height of first bifurcation, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, corolla length,
anther length, filament length, days to flowering, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, pedicel
length, pericarp thickness, placenta length, fresh fruit matter, dry matter content, seed yield per
fruit, fruit yield per plant, yield, days to fructification, total soluble solids, tritrable acidity and
vitamin C. The experimental design using was a randomized complete. The data were subjected to
analysis of variance with subsequent grouping of means by Skott-Knott criteria, at 1% probability.
For genetic divergence was used Tocher method based on Mahalanobis distance. Six simple hybrids (L1xL3, L1xL4, L1xL5, L3xL4, L3xL5, L4xL5), one double hybrid (HS1XHS2) and eight triple
hybrids (HS1xL1, HS1xL3, HS1xL4, HS1xL5, HS2xL1, HS2xL3, HS2xL4, HS2xL5) were obtained
from crossing among the six preselected genitors. Selection gain, heterosis and heterobeltiosis
were also calculated. Gains between 0.14% and 33.13% were observed for pericarp thickness
and dry matter content. Significant values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis, both positive and
negative, were obtained in all traits. There was a mean difference between the types of hybrids
at 1% of probability by Tukey test. The results show the superiority of triple hybrids for the traits
of greatest interest in the breeding of ornamentals. Thus it can be affirmed that it is not possible
to generalize on the recommendation of the hybrid type and these should be indicated according
to the interest for each trait and genotype under study.
63
Breeding Ornamental Chili Peppers: Obtaining and Testing
Experimental Hybrids in Capsicum annuum - 57
Camila Queiroz da Silva*, Rosana Rodrigues, Daniele Viana da Costa, Lígia Renata Almeida da
Silva, Samy Pimenta, Thâmara Figueiredo Menezes Cavalcanti, Cíntia dos Santos Bento
mylacqs@gmail.com
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal
Cultivating Capsicum with ornamental purposes in Brazil have been increasing in recent years.
The aesthetic value of these plants is mainly due to the color diversity in leaves, flowers, fruits
and fruit shape, beyond the small plant size for growing in pots. To support the activities of this
promising market, it is essential to develop cultivars adapted for this purpose. This research aimed
to: i) make crosses between selected genotypes to obtain ornamental Capsicum annuum hybrids;
ii) evaluate the hybridization efficiency; iii) evaluate and select the most promising hybrids. Six
accessions of C. annuum were selected based on preliminary work for indication of germplasm
with potential for ornamental use and crossed in a complete diallel without reciprocals to obtain
F1 generation. The step of obtaining hybrids was conducted in a greenhouse at the Unidade de
Apoio à Pesquisa (UAP) of UENF, in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, from May to November
2013. Hybridization efficiency (HE), expressed as a percentage, was calculated by crosses effective
number and total crosses made ratio. Hybrids, their parents and two commercial genotypes were
tested in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized experimental design, with 10 replications and
one plant per plot. The following qualitative variables, considered relevant for ornamental purpose,
were analyzed: growth habit (prostrate, intermediate, upright); leaf color; corolla color; changing
color stages number; fruit position (erect, pendent, intermediate); fruit shape (elongate, almost
round, triangular, campanulate, blocky) and fruit durability (days from fruit set until senescence).
A total of 370 crosses were performed, resulting in the production of fruits ranging from 11 (UENF
1626 x UENF 1750) to 48 (UENF UENF 1632 x 1623). The fruit set rate varied from 42.30% (UENF
UENF 1626 x 1750) to 97.14% (UENF UENF 2030 x 1623). The UENF 2030 x 1623 UENF was the
cross which produced more seeds (1,051) and only one combination (UENF 1632 x UENF 1623)
produced inviable seeds. Seven genotypes, including four hybrids, had upright growth habit; 13
genotypes, including nine hybrids were intermediate habit and only one hybrid showed prostrate habit. The corolla color ranged from White (nine hybrids, five parents and two commercial
genotypes) to white with purple margins (five hybrids) and purple color to one parent. The leaf
color varied between different shades of green and some with purple petioles. The number of
different stages of fruit color ranged from three to five, with five hybrids with different maturation
stages, which is interesting to attract consumers. The hybrids fruits were upright, persistent, with
different shapes but mostly with triangular format (eight hybrids). All the hybrids have potential
either to be planted by farmers or to obtain segregating generations to achieve recombinant lines
in a breeding program.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank to Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa
do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Faperj) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support.
64
Combining Ability for Port Characters in Ornamental Pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) -58
Flávia Laís Gomes Fortunato 1*, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo 1, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo 1, Cristine Agrine Pereira dos Santos 1, Michelle Gonçalves de Carvalho 1 ,
Karmita Thainá Correia Ferreira 1, Kaline da Silva Nascimento 1
fllavia_lais@hotmail.com
1 Universidade
Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia
Vegetal, 58397-000, Areia - PB, Brazil.
Pepper is one of the most popular vegetables in the world, due to its typical flavor, pungency and
nutritional content, being cultivated in tropical and subtropical conditions. Some types of peppers
stand out as ornamental plants because they have traits that give you esthetic value, dwarf, variegated foliage, and fruits of intense color that contrast with the foliage. The aim of this work was
to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) using eleven
quantitative traits, and determine the most promising crosses for ornamental purposes, among
six parents of pepper (Capsicum annuum) belonging to the germplasm bank of the CCA-UFPB.
The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB),
Paraiba State-Brazil. Six lines of peppers belonging to the germplasm bank of the CCA-UFPB
(UFPB 346, UFPB 347, UFPB 348, UFPB 349, UFPB 355 and UFPB 356) were used as parents in
a half diallel cross. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates per
genotype. The characterization morphoagronomic was based on the list of descriptors suggested
by the International Biodiversity. The characteristics evaluated were plant height, canopy width,
stem length, stem width, leaf length, petiole length, leaf width, corolla length, width of the petals,
anther length and fillet length. The data were previously submitted to analysis of variance, with
subsequent grouping of means by the Scott-Knott test at 1% probability. The diallel analysis was
performed according to the methodology of Griffing (1956) method II, fixed model. According
to the Scott-Knott test at 1% probability parents and hybrids showed significant variation for all
traits. The effects of GCA and SCA were significant, the F test, at the 1% level for all almost all
caractereres assessed, with exception of the stem length, corolla length and width of the petals,
suggesting that additive genetic effects and non-additive are involved in the genetic control of
these traits. The non-additive gene effects, epistasis and / or dominance, were more important than
additive genes effects in controlling plant height, canopy width, leaf length, petiole length, leaf
width, anther length and fillet length. Additive effects and no additives were observed for stem
width. The parents 346, 348 and 349 may be indicated for use as parents in breeding programs
of ornamental pepper, based on their values of GCA. The best hybrid combinations were 348 x
356, 348 x 355, 347 x 355 and 349 x 356 for the sheet length, petiole length and width of the
sheet, and 346 x 347 and 346 x 348 for corolla length and width of the petals.
65
Multivariate Methods for Evaluating Genetic Divergence among
Thirteen Families of Ornamental Peppers - 59
Júlio Carlos Polimeni de Mesquita1 *, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo2 , Naysa Flávia
Ferreira do Nascimento 3, Mayana Ferreira Nascimento 3, Anderson Rodrigo da Silva 4 ,
João José da Silva Neto 3, Lucas Chaves Cavalcante 2 , Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo2
Julio.mesquita@ipa.br
1Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; 3Universi-
dade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil, 4Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Brazil
Capsicum peppers show a great diversity of morphological and agronomic traits as fruit color and
shape, as well as on the plant architecture. These characters give the peppers a great potential
for ornamental purpose. Multivariate analysis has been used to study genetic divergence of various species. Thus, the goal of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence among thirteen
families of ornamental peppers and also to determine the most important characters, using two
multivariate methods. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Centro de Ciências
Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (CCA-UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil. Thirteen genotypes
were used - eight families, one generation F 3 , the two parents of the respective generation F 1 and
three accessions with many years of successive selfing which were used as standard. The following
traits were evaluated: PH - plant height, CD - canopy diameter, FFH - height of the first fork, SD stem diameter, LL - leaf length, LW - leaf width, CL - corolla length, AL - anther length, SL - stigma
length, PL - petal length, FL - fruit length, LDF - largest diameter of fruit, SDF - smallest diameter of
fruit, FPL - peduncle length, PT - pericarp thickness, PLL - placent length, FW - fruit weight, FMC fresh matter content, DMC - dry matter content, NS - number of seeds, NFP - number of fruits per
plant. The multivariate canonical discriminant analysis and cluster analysis via Ward algorithm
based on Mahalanobis distance were applied. Considering the first two canonical variables (75%
of trace), we have noted that characters of fruits retained most of the divergence, except for PT.
The characters LW and LL had a reasonable participation in the first canonical variable. Characters of flowers were, practically, unimportant. Via Ward clustering we found two clusters, one of
them consists of the three standard accessions. This result was also found when we analysed the
canonical variables. According to the Singh criterion, the most important characters for calculating Mahalanobis distances were FW (23.2%) and FMC (18.2%). Once more, we have noted this
result with the two canonical variables. Characters, such as SDF, LL, FL and CD, sum a little more
than 30% of the total importance. We concluded that the canonical discriminant analysis is more
effective than the cluster analysis via Ward algorithm to evaluate genetic divergence.
Acknowledgements: To Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco and Universidade Federal da Paraíba.
66
Diallel Analysis of Potential in Ornamental Pepper
(Capsicum annuum) - 60
Karmita Thainá Correia Ferreira 1*, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo 1,
Flávia Laís Gomes Fortunato 1, José Ayron Moraes de Lima 1,
Naysa Flávia Ferreira do Nascimento 2,
Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo 1
karmithhaina@hotmail.com
1 Pós-graduação
em Agronomia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias,
Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil. 2Pós-Graduação em Genética
e melhoramento Universidade Federal de Viçosa
The Capsicum genus has agronomic importance as ornamental plants. The knowledge of the genetic effects is important for an efficient plant selection in breeding programs. The objective of
this study was to determinate the effects of general combining ability, specific combining ability
and reciprocal effects of ornamental pepper plant traits . Manual crosses were made among six
lineages belonging to the germplasm bank of the Center for Agricultural Sciences from Federal
University of Paraíba: UFPB 131,UFPB 132, UFPB 348, UFPB 349, UFPB 358 and UFPB 449, in
a complete diallel cross, forming 30 hybrids. The characterization of following descriptors was
done: number of petals, petals width and number of stamens. The data were submitted to ANOVA and the means were grouped by Scott-Knott test (P0.01). The diallel analysis was done to
estimate general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, using the
Griffing method, Model I, fixed model. The analysis of variance showed significant differences
among genotypes for evaluated traits. Additive effects were predominant for number of stamens
Non-additive effects, dominance and / or epistasis, were predominant than additive for characters number of petals and width of petals. So the results suggest the possibility of exploitation of
hybrid vigor for these traits.
67
Genetic Variability in F3 Generation of Ornamental Pepper as Accessed
by Morphoagronomic Traits and SSR Molecular Markers -61
Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo1 *, Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa 1,
Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo 1, Júlio Carlos P. de Mesquita 1, Ana Paula Gomes da Silva 2,
Andreson Rodrigo da Silva 3, Priscila Alves Barroso 1
mm.rego@hotmail.com
1Universidade
Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia
Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil. 2 Programa de Pos-Graduação Integrado de Zootecnia,
Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil.
3Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento - ESALQ, Piraciba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Genetic breeding program of ornamental pepper has utilized both classical and biotechnological
techniques, including molecular markers, reducing time and accessing the genetic diversity among
individual plants, permitting to plant breeders selecting divergent parents for to obtain lines and
segregating population that to meet the specific needs of breeding program. So, this work aimed
to evaluate the genetic diversity between individual plants in F3 generation of Capsicum annuum
L. based in phenotypic traits (descriptors) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, in order to
identify promising genotypes. F3 generation was formed by 44 plants. Which were cultured in
greenhouse in completely randomized design, each plant represent a replicate. Were evaluated
54 phenotypic traits, being 24 quantitative and 30 qualitative traits (IPGRI, 1995). For analysis SSR
markers were used 13 primer pairs. All amplification products were resolved on 3.5% agarose gels
and visualized using a bromide ethydium staining method. Electrophoresis results were analyzed
with Gel Doc 1200 imager and software. Genetic variability was accessed based in Ward's algorithm, Tocher's optimization method, and non-metric multidimensional scaling, using R software.
From the data, we found genetic variability among genotypes in F3 generation, resulting in the
formation of three, four or ten groups, as shown by the Ward's, Tocher's, or Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling methods, respectively, being necessary to conduce to advanced generations.
68
Inheritance of Agronomic Characters in Ornamental Pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) - 62
Mayana Ferreira Nascimento 1 *, Naysa Flávia Ferreira do Nascimento 1,
Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo2 , Claúdio Horst Bruckner 3, Fernando Luiz Finger3 ,
Pakizza Sherma da Silva Leite 4, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo 2
mayana_nana@hotmail.com
1 Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento - Universidade Federal de Viçosa,
Viçosa-MG, Brazil; 2Centro de Ciências Agrárias - Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba Brazil; 3 Departamento da Fitotecnia - Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa -MG, Brazil;
4 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e melhoramento - Universidade Federal de Lavras,
Lavras-MG, Brazil.
The Capsicum peppers are grown in a wide variety of types, sizes, colors, flavors and pungencies
for various purposes. The Capsicum plants have been used as ornamental plants, but there are few
commercial varieties for this purpose. The knowledge about the inheritance of the traits that will
be submitted to continuous selections and the diversity generated from crosses are very important
for the success of a breeding program of ornamental pepper. The aim of this study was to estimate
genetic parameters and genetic effects involved in inheritance of 22 quantitative traits. For this
six generation (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) of ornamental pepper, belonging to the germplasm
bank of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) were evaluated. Two accessions of ornamental
pepper plants belonging to the germplasm bank of vegetables UFPB (01, 132) were chosen based
on earlier diallel study. Plants of the accessions 01 and 132 were crossed to generate the hybrids
(F1). The F1's hybrids were backcrossed to the parental's to generate the backcross progenies
(BC1 and BC2) and self pollinated to generate the F2 generation. The six generations were characterized according 22 quantitative descriptors 22 related to plant, inflorescence and fruit. The
total of evaluated plants per generations was: 10 of each parent and F1, 72 of backcross 1 (BC1),
75 of backcross 2 (BC2) and 147 of the F2 generation. Average, additive variance, dominance
deviations, phenotypic, genetic and environmental variance, heritability in broad and narrow
sense and gene effects for the reduced and full model for the 22 characteristics were evaluated.
Transgressive segregants were obtained for all traits. The additive effects were predominant for
plant height, canopy width, diameter of the petal, anther length, number of fruits per plant and
days to flowering and to fruiting, thus, these traits could be selected in early F2 generation. The
reduced model was adequate to explain the traits: canopy width, fruit width and number of seeds
per fruit. The dominant effects were predominant for fruit width and number of seeds per fruit.
69
70
Phenotypic Characterization of Segregating Generation and Inheritance
of Color and Density of Foliage on Ornamental Pepper -64
Tayron Rayan Sobrinho Costa 1, Jardel da Silva Sousa 1, Priscila Alves Barroso 1,
Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa 1, Marcelo Pereira Cruz 1 ,
Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo 1, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo1 .
tayron.r.s.costa@gmail.com
1 Universidade
Federal da Paraiba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia
Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil
Capsicum annuum L. presents great diversity in color and forms leaves and fruits, but those with
smaller leaves plants are preferred. This work aimed to the morphological characterization of seedlings and plants, as well as, to study the inheritance for traits leaf color and leaf density. Were used
as parents UFPB-76 (green foliage, high leaf density and smaller plant) and UFPB-77.3 (variegated
foliage, sparse density of foliage and higher plant) to obtaining F1 generation, this generation was
self-fertilized to obtain 99 plants F2, which were characterized on the basis of descriptors proposed by the IPGRI (1995). All quantitative traits for seedlings stage present significant differences,
demonstrating genetic diversity within of F2 generation. Based on the evaluated traits APL, DH,
CFC, and LFC, the genotypes 29, 70, 72, and 79 can be selected due the your better performance
(higher seedling height, hypocotyl width and lanceolate cotyledonous leaf), allowing the transplantation precociously. Between traits evaluated in plant stage there is not significant differences
(AP, LC, CF and chlorophyll A), while the other traits present significant differences. Based in the
traits APB, DCL, LFL and chlorophyll B, were selected the genotypes 23 and 28, due presents
harmony among plant and vessel, and also to be more efficient. Inheritance of qualitative traits
in the F1 generation, present only one class with green leaves and high density. In F2 generation,
were observed 3 classes: green leaves, variegates and purple colors, segregating in proportion
rate 12:3:1, showing significant difference by qui-square (p= 0,05), therefore, leaf color trait is
controlled by two genes with dominant epistasy. Density of leaves followed the segregation rate
9:6:1, forming also 3 classes: sparce, intermediate and dense leaves, for that reason the leaf density
is controlled by duplicate genes.
71
Selection Indexes for Genetic Variability Assessment Aiming
the Ornamental Potential of Pepper Samples -65
Alessandro Aparecido Dos Santos 1, Petterson Baptista Da Luz 1, Thalita Neves Marostega 1*,
Leonarda Grillo Neves 1, Raphael Egues Ranzani 1, Valdete Campos Ambrozio 1,
Thaysa Cristina Morais Gomes1 , Thallita Santos Guimarães1
tamarostega@gmail.com
1UNEMAT,
Cáceres- MT
There are few commercial pepper varieties headed for landscaping purposes, although national
germplasm banks for Capsicum genus holds in their collections, samples that might be used in
genetic improvement with the objective to develop new ornamental pepper cultivars. The current
research had as objective to evaluate the genetic variability aiming to assess the ornamental potential of pepper samples through selection indexes. We used 55 pepper samples from the germplasm
collection of the Mato Grosso State University. By observing the heritability of studied traits, we
could verify that all of them presented high heritability, being the highest values at 99.88% and
99.67% for fruit length and weight, respectively. Selection based on Rank Sum index would point
out long peduncle and fruit plants, higher weight average and wider fruits, leaves and petioles
with greater average in length, and reduction in other traits. Thus, for ornamentation, as well as
the Basis index and the Classic index, is appreciable since it would result in compact canopy
plants and reduced size. The index based on Rank Sum allowed reaching larger selection profit.
72
BREEDING, PESTS AND DISEASES
73
Micromorphological Characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Colonization and Reproduction in Unripe Sweet Pepper Fruits -94
Cíntia dos Santos Bento1 *, Cláudia Pombo Sudré 1 , Saulo Pireda Fernandes 2;
Jonas Brito Campolina Marques 2; Vicente Mussi-Dias 3;
Maura da Cunha2 ; Rosana Rodrigues1
cintia_bento@yahoo.com.br
1Laboratório
de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV; 2Laboratório de Biologia Celular e
Tecidual - LBCT; 3Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia - LEF/ UENF
Plant diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. are responsible for significant losses in different
crops and all cultivated plant species are susceptible to at least one species of Colletotrichum.
There are five species causing anthracnose (C. acutatum, C. capsici, C. dematium, C. coccodes
and C. gloeosporioides) in Capsicum. Anthracnose control demands strategies including the
development of resistant cultivars, a challenge that requires information on the plant-pathogen
interaction. Colonization and reproduction of the pathogen can be analyzed by images at cellular and tissue levels using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study investigated the
colonization and reproduction of C. gloeosporioides on sweet pepper (C. annuum var. annuum)
by micromorphological characterization. Immature sweet pepper fruits were surface sterilized,
wounded with multiple needles and inoculated with 10 µL of C. gloeosporioides conidial suspension with 1.0 x 10 6 spores/mL concentration. An isolate collected in Campos dos Goytacazes,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and identified as UENF8.1, was used as inoculum source. Fruits wounded
and inoculated with sterile deionized water were used as controls. The fruits were kept in a moist
chamber and collecting the first fragments (4 mm 2 ) was performed 24 hours after inoculation,
and every day until the seventh day. These samples were fixed, dehydrated, critical point dried,
metallized with gold and palladium and observed in a SEM ZEISS DSEM 962. The initial phase
of the colonization, with conidial germination and germ tube emitting and clavate appressorium
inside surface of fruit was clearly observed as well as the disrupted cells also due to injury caused
by the needles. Moreover, on the second day after inoculation, the collenchyma and parenchyma
were both colonized by hyphae, and also it was observed the disruption of the epidermis due to
acervula formation. By the third day, the epidermis was filled with acervula and conidia, and on
the fifth day collenchyma and parenchyma cells were completely colonized by hyphae. From the
sixth day after inoculation, it was also possible to observe conidia emerging from hyphae, which
is unexpected since in the Colletotrichum (Coelomycetes), in general, conidia are produced in
acervulis. All these observations indicate that breeders should seek for plant resistance mechanisms
that rapidly interfere on pathogen growth and development because in a short period of time the
disease can cause dramatic damage in sweet pepper fruit cells and tissues.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank to UENF, CAPES, CNPq and FAPERJ for financial support.
74
Efficiency of Colletotrichum spp. inoculation Methods to Evaluate
Resistance in Capsicum Fruits - 95
Cláudia Pombo Sudré*, Alexandre Gomes de Souza, Cíntia dos Santos Bento,
Ingrid Gaspar da Costa Geronimo, Rosana Rodrigues
claudia.pombo@yahoo.com.br
Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV/UENF
The diseases pre-and post-harvest as anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., are limiting
factors in the production and marketing Capsicum spp. fruits. Among the disease control methods,
the use of resistant cultivars is considered the most efficient and environmentally sustainable.
However, identification of resistance sources to anthracnose has been a challenge for the breeding programs, mainly because the lack of standardization in the procedures for inoculation and
disease assessment. There are different approaches used by researchers to establish the inoculum
concentrations, to inoculate the pathogen, to evaluate the symptoms and the evaluation period
of time, among other factors. This study aimed to test different C. gloeosporioides inoculation
methods on sweet pepper fruits. Unripe sweet peppers 'Hercules' (C. annuum var. annuum),
previously sterilized and inoculated into three equidistant points were used, totaling nine inoculations per method, namely: a) wounded needle - consisting in a single hole in the fruit surface
with entomological needle and inoculation with a drop of 10 µL of inoculum; b) wounded with
multiple needles - fruit perforation with a set of entomological needle (57 needles/13 cm 2) and
added 10 µL of inoculum in the damaged surface; c) drop without wound - just deposited a drop
of conidial suspension on the fruit surface; d) cotton with conidial suspension - a piece of approximately 5 mm diameter cotton was soaked in the conidial suspension and placed over the
fruit without wounding; e) spraying method - the fruits received a spray of conidial suspension
over its surface, and f) control - depositing a drop of water without injury. The conidial suspension at a concentration of 1.0 x 106 spores/mL was prepared with a C. gloeosporioides isolated
identified as UENF 8.1, collected from pepper fruit with anthracnose symptoms, in Campos dos
Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After inoculation all the fruits were kept in a moist chamber.
The evaluation was performed daily for six days after inoculation using a rating scale and lesions
measurement with a digital caliper. The incubation period, latent period, and the mean diameter
of the lesion on the sixth day after inoculation were determined and the data were subjected to
analysis of variance and Duncan test. Wounded needle and multiple needle methods had shorter
incubation period (three days) compared with others (four days). The methods did not differ for
the latent period variable, which was five days. Also, there was no difference in the diameter of
the lesion on the sixth day after inoculation, and the spraying method caused greater damage to
the fruit surface in relation to other methods. This is probably due to the largest amount of inoculum in contact with the fruit. The wounded methods anticipated the incubation period in one
day. These are most suitable for pathogenicity tests. However, for the identification of resistant
genotypes is recommended the spraying method, since it does not cause injury to the fruit, it is
quicker and easier to inoculate allowing evaluating a greater number of fruit per trial.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank to UENF, CAPES and FAPERJ for financial support.
75
Anthracnose Resistance in Chilli and Molecular Diversity
of Colletotrichum capsici - 29
Muhammad Shahidul Haque 1 *, Muhammad Delwar Hossain,
Umme Habiba, Tamanna Haque
haquems@yahoo.com
1Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202.Bangladesh
Chilli (Capsicum spp) is an important spice crop and a good source of cash for subsistence farmers, generating up to four times the income of cereal crops and employment and income for
women. The average yield of chilli in Bangladesh is generally low and unstable due to pre- and
post-harvest diseases. Anthracnose has been a real threat to chilli production. Anthracnose is
caused by a complex of Colletotrichum capsici, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum as reported
in China, India, Taiwan, Vietnam, Brazil, and Thailand. It becomes epidemic especially when the
humidity is above 90-95% and can account for more than 50% of the at 26-32 o C crop losses.
Researches on anthracnose resistance in cultivated chilli genotypes and virulence of Colletotrichum
spp isolates responding to their hosts have not been reported in Bangladesh. Resistant varieties
are rarely available in other countries. The objectives of this study were to search resistance in
cultivated varieties and to assess diversity of anthracnose pathogens that might be useful for the
development of resistant variety. Chilli fruits with typical symptoms of anthracnose were collected, pathogen isolated and identified by microscopic study. Pure culture of Colletotrichum capsici
was established. Genetic diversity of ten isolates was performed using five RAPD markers. After
DNA extraction and PCR amplification, alleles were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis.
A total number of 64 loci were scored where 52 were polymorphic. The average polymorphism
was 81.25%. The size of amplified band ranged from 104 bp to 4740 bp. UPGMA dendrogram
generated two main clusters on the basis of Nei's genetic distance. RAPD analysis can be used to
classify C. capsici more rapidly than any other methods. The fruits of chilli were inoculated with
pathogen suspension. SSR markers were employed to assess diversity among the cultivars and lines
and there were high diversity among them. On the basis of pathogen inoculation, the cultivars
and line were identified as susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant to Colletotrichum spp.
One line was found to be highly resistant. The present finding has the potential applicability for
the development of resistant lines.
Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the financial support from BAS-USDA to carry out
this research.
76
The Identification of Capsicum spp. Acessions
with Anthracnose's Resistance -88
Álan Chrisleyr Maracahipes 1*, Natan Bastos 1 , Igor Augusto Gualberto Silva1 ,
Leonarda Grillo Neves 1, Kelly Lana Araújo 1, Rosana Rodrigues 2,
Claudia Pombo Sundré 2, Antônio Chimello 1.
alan.chrisleyr@outlook.com
1 Universidade
do Estado de Mato Grosso; 2 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy
Ribeiro.
The chili peppers and bell peppers are members Solanaceae family and Capsicum genus and have
one varieties with more of than 33 species reported, was cropped in worldwide, principle in tropical
countries. Nevertheless there are some phytosanitary barriers that can results in of quantities and
qualities yields losses, causing great damage, as for example the anthracnose. The anthracnose is
one plant disease more destructive of chili peppers and bell peppers in tropical and subtropical
region and is an important disease due occurrence in all productive region and by high capacity
losses. There is several investigation for search of new varieties that are resistance to several pest
and diseases and that be of high quality and yields and can attend consumers demands. For this,
the objective of this research was evaluated genetic access of Capsicum spp. in vegetal collection
work of The University of Mato Grosso State (UNEMAT), Brazil, aiming of the identification of
accessions potentiality anthracnose´s resistance for start the breeding program of Capsicum genus. 27 Capsicum ssp. accessions was evaluated for reactions to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
fungi. The experimental design used was completely randomized block with three replications,
with four immature fruits and four mature fruits by replications. In each fruit was made a tiny
wound in medium region of fruit with one sterilized needle and in three immature fruit and three
mature fruits was made fungi inoculation by drop´s deposition with 10 µL of spores' suspension
(106 conidia/ml). In witnesses was deposited 10 µL of sterile distilled water. Trays was placed in
controlled temperature room at 24o C ±2 and daily was evaluated of all fruits by injuries' diameter
and length mensuration with paquimeter. Was calculated one proportion of disease aggressive
(size lesion*100/ size of fruit) in percentage, where was submitted factorial variance analyses
(treatment x fruit maturation) and the average Scott- Knott test. The results pointed 1% significance for length of fruit. Between ripe fruits, the 1, 16, 39, 56, 84 and 85 accession all grouped
by Scott- Knott test showed a lower average been estimated as resistant, the others accessions
presented higher average. In immature fruits, grouped together accessions were 1, 38, 39, 70
and 85, with lower averages, which are estimated as resistant, the other accessions had higher
averages. For treatments analyses within of maturation fruit time, accession 16, 39, 56, 70 e 84
presented statistical significance difference in relation of size lesion, where all fruits presented
more resistance in mature stage. It is concluded that accessions 1, 16, 38, 39, 56, 70, 84 and 85
are resistant to anthracnose, with greater resistance at mature stage of the fruits.
77
Responce of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes for High
Temperature and Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium solani) -31
B.V. Tembhurne*, T.B. Maruthi, D.G. Manu, M.K. Naik, R. Lokesha and J. Kisan
bvtembhurne@gmail.com
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
Productivity of chilli is low in the month of March to June in summer season owing to high temperature causing flower and fruit drop and poor fruit set. Fruit set in chilli is particularly sensitive
to high night temperatures. Ideal night temperature for fruit set in chilli is between 18.33 oC and
26.66o C. The fruit is unable to set between 32o C and 38oC. Wilt disease caused by [Fusarium
solani (Mart.) Sacc.], is becoming more serious in chilli growing tracts of India, including Karnataka particularly in black cotton soil. The incidence of wilt was varied from 0 to 75 per cent in
different states of India. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is one of the most suitable and valuable tree
species found in India. Due to its deep tap root system, it does not compete with annual crops
for scarce soil moisture. It has a ability to grow in even the most arid and nutrient deficient soils.
Hence, this experiment was undertaken with an objective to identify suitable genotypes for high
temperature tolerance under neem tree shade and genotypes/cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)
based hybrids resistance to Fusarium wilt.
150 genotypes were tested for fruit setting during summer 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 under
neem tree shade. Among these genotypes fruits setting was observed in 12 genotypes viz., JNB1,
9608U, PMR-5, PantC-1U, JM218-1, SH-7, IC112109, PJwala, Line70, JNS4, JNS12 and KA2, in
earthen pots as well as nursery beds. The highest number of fruit setting plant -1 was recorded by
genotype JNB1 (58.5) and PantC-1U (49.5). 56 genotypes were screened in seed inoculation technique and 12 genotypes were selected and tested in rapid-root-dip transplanting technique based
on their survival in seed inoculation technique during kharif 2012-13. Among these genotype P3
showed moderate resistance to Fusarium wilt. Among the newly developed 38 hybrids, 2 hybrids
namely, JNA2/ACB1/9608D and Rajput/P3 showed resistance under sick pot culture technique.
The moderately resistance genotype P3 was crossed with susceptible genotypes SNK, KA2 and
Rajput to develop three hybrids viz., SNK/P3, KA2/P3 and Rajput/P3. These hybrids showed resistant reaction to Fusarium wilt with F2 ratio of 3 dominant : 1 susceptible to Fusarium wilt. The
genotype P3 showed moderately resistant reaction to Fusarium wilt treated with mutagen (EMS)
Ethyl Methane Sulphonate to create the variability by using three different concentrations. 75 plants
were evaluated and showed range of variability for characters such as fruit weight (0.19-1.29 g),
fruit length (1.1-7.06 cm), fruit diameter (7.13-14.98 mm), seed weight fruit -1 (0.13-1.81 g) and
1000 seed weight (3.12-8.51 g). It is concluded that it is possible to cultivate the chilli under
neem tree shade during high temperature which also help the farmers to increase the neem tree
plantation in dry land area. Confirmation of resistance reaction of hybrids viz., SNK/P3, KA2/P3
and Rajput/P3 and genotype P3 to Fusarium wilt may boost the yield and quality chilli production.
Acknowledgements: B.V. Tembhurne, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of
Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584104 Karnataka, INDIA.
78
Selection of Fungal Biocontrol Agents for their Potential Control
of Fusarium Internal Fruit Rot in Greenhouse Bell Pepper -32
M. Frans1*, C. Sauviller2 , K. Heungens 3 , K. Van Poucke3 ,
B. van Calenberge 4 ,L. Van Herck4, R. Aerts 1, J. Ceusters 1
mario.frans@kuleuven.be
1Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular systems, Bioengineering
Technology TC, KU Leuven Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. 2Hoogstraten
Research Centre (PCH), Meerle, Belgium. 3Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),
Plant Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium. 4Research Station for Vegetable Production (PSKW),
Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
An internal fruit rot disease of sweet peppers, first reported in Canada in 2000, later emerged as a
significant disease of greenhouse-grown bell pepper worldwide. It is caused primarily by members
of the Fusarium lactis species complex (FLASC) and to a lesser extent by Fusarium oxysporum and
Fusarium proliferatum. The infection starts via the flowers. After the initial infection, the fungus
stays latent inside the fruit until maturity. During ripening, the fungus can start to proliferate on the
inside of the fruit as mycelium on the ovary and/or cause necrosis. Later, sunken lesions appear
on the outside of the fruit. Nearly all growers are confronted with this problem to some extent,
with an average annual yield loss estimated at 5% and seasonal peaks up to 20%. Despite the
importance of the disease, particularly during years with high disease incidence, efficient control
is lacking. Despite the availability of chemical products against Fusarium, application of these
products is not recommended as most of the diseases and pests on Belgian greenhouse bell peppers can be controlled with biocontrol agents (BCAs), generating a desired reputation of vegetable
production with a low environmental impact. Furthermore, pepper flower production is irregular,
which would require daily application of antifungal products during periods of flowering. Hence,
the development of a biocontrol agent applied with the pollinator-vector technology has potential
for effectively controlling this disease.
The first screening of BCA candidates was through dual culture tests to evaluate their inhibitory
and mycoparasitic abilities. Seven BCAs were selected and tested further in 2013 under conventional greenhouse conditions. First, one-day-old flowers were separately inoculated with a BCA.
One day later they were inoculated with FLASC. The infection incidence in two-week-old fruits
and mature fruits was determined using surface disinfection and plating techniques. Two BCA
isolates (one commercially available and one KU Leuven isolate) reduced the number of infected
fruits by 50%. These studies showed that BCAs have the potential to contribute to the control
of Fusarium internal fruit rot. Currently we are testing the best BCAs in combination with the
pollinator-vectoring technology.
Acknowledgements: Flanders Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT)
79
Screening Capsicum baccatum Accessions for Resistance
to Leafminer and Green Peach Aphid -27
Kevin M. Crosby1 *, Daniel I. Leskovar2, John L. Jifon 3
k-crosby@tamu.edu
1Vegetable Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 2Texas AgriLife Research
and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, 3 Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco TX.
Two serious insect pests of peppers are leafminers (Liriomyza spp.) and green peach aphids
(Myzus persicae). In south Texas and other warm regions, these pests are active all year and
populations can easily exceed damage threshold levels without pesticide intervention. In
addition, numerous crop and weed species host these two pests. Damage includes physical
leaf destruction, introduction of wounds for bacterial pathogens and infection with viruses
such as CMV and PepMoV. Therefore, the best approach for sustainable pepper production
would be to identify and exploit host plant resistance. Resistance genes have been reported
in other crops, but not yet in pepper (Capsicum spp.). The objective of this project was to
screen Capsicum baccatum germplasm accessions for resistance to these two pests. Seeds of
the core collection of C. baccatum were acquired from the USDA Pepper repository in Griffin,
GA and planted in germination trays during September of 2013. One hundred accessions were
planted in a field plot at Weslaco during October and grown using drip irrigation and commercial production practices, but without any pesticide application. Another 100 accessions
were planted in pots in a greenhouse at College Station. The field plots included six replicates
of highly susceptible TAM Mild Jalapeño to encourage more leafminer development. Three
ratings for leafminer damage were made at 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting in the
field. The scale was based on 0-5, where 0 meant not a single leafmine was detected on 8-10
random plants from each plot. A score of 1 indicated between 2-5 leafmines were detected
in the plot, while a score of 5 meant that 20 or more leafmines were deteced. A score of 0.5
was assigned to a few accessions where a single leafmine was detected in the whole plot.
The greenhouse plants were inoculated with green peach aphids during January and February
2014 from 40 highly infested mature jalapeño plants in nearby pots. Leaves with more than
one hundred aphids each were placed onto the leaves of the C. baccatum accessions, which
included 2-3 replicate plants depending on seed germination. This direct contact allowed
aphids to crawl onto the turgid C. baccatum leaves as the jalapeño leaves began to dessicate.
The number of surviving aphids was counted at 10 and 20 days post inoculation. The first
rating for leafminer at Weslaco was at the end of December under below normal temperatures
(15 o C). Very little leafminer activity was detected on any of the accessions. Several TAM Mild
Jalapeño plants had leafmines and rated 2 on the scale. Only 4 o C. baccatum accessions in
the entire field had leafmines. Accessions 640881, 640882, GRIF9208 and 257135 all had
ratings of 1. The second rating during early February was during a period of warmer weather
(22-24 o C). Greater leafminer activity was observed. Out of the 100 accessions, all but 7 had
at least one leafmine, but 20 accessions had only one leafmine among 8-10 plants. The third
80
rating during May found significant leafminer activity, with the TMJ plants rating mostly 4 or
5 and these accessions rating 3: GRIF9213, 257135, 257179. These accessions still rated 0 or
0.5: 159252, 188481, 200729, 215700, 260571, 260572, 260574, 424732, 439388, 640880,
446909, 439360, 439361, 439528, 446909. The last four are C. baccatum var. baccatum,
the most primitive type of this species, indicating a possible shared resistance mechanism in
these wild types. It is unknown if the resistance is non-preference or anti-biosis, because the
leafminers did have a choice of the jalapeño plants and nearby weeds. The greenhouse aphid
test was unable to detect differences in resistance as no aphids survived beyond 2 weeks on
the C. baccatum plants despite successful early colonization in the first 3 days. This suggests
possible antibiosis against this insect in the C. baccatum species.
Acknowledgements: USDA-ARS Crop Germplasm Committeee for funding this project, Dr.
Robert Jarret, Pepper Germplasm Curator, Griffin, GA, Alfredo Rodriguez.
81
Nematode control Efficacy of NimitzTM (Fluensulfone) on Peppers
with Polyethylene Mulch in a Commercial Operation - 44
P.A Navia Gine
pablo.navia@us.adama.com
ADAMA U.S., Raleigh, NC 27604
Plant parasitic nematodes can cause severe yield loses on susceptible bell peppers (Capsicum
annuum) varieties. Soil fumigants i.e. 1-3 Dichloropropene (Telone ®), Metam Sodium (Vapam ®
HL) or Potassium (K-Pam® HL), or non-fumigants such as Oxamil (Vydate ® L) are commonly used
for nematode control in the South East United States . NimitzTM (Fluensulfone EC480) is a new
nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl thioether group that has significantly reduced environmental impact with low toxicity to non-target insects and mammals. NimitzTM mode of action is distinct
from currently available nematicides and therefore presents a promising new chemical for crop
protection. Therefore, the objectives of the project were to evaluate the efficiency of NimitzTM
injected thought the drip at different rates as compared to standard soil fumigants in mulched
peppers. During 2014 several trials were conducted in the spring at Lewis Taylor Farms at three
different locations (Barry Farm East, Barry Farm West and Grass Farm) with different soil types
(sandy loam and sandy clay loam) in Tifton, GA. The trials were placed in commercial fields and
a tri-way fumigation system was applied at 89.6 kg/ha of Chloropicrin (96%), 448 L/ha of Vapam
(42%) and 78.4 L/ha of Telone II® (97.5%) to the whole commercial field (80 acres). But, in six
60 m beds at each location Telone II® (97.5%) was removed from the tri-way fumigation system
and replaced by NimitzTM EC480 in three beds, which was applied seven days later, and three
beds kept untreated. NimitzTM was applied through the drip irrigation after priming the beds one
day before with 22,400 L/ha of water at 7 L/ha mixed with 140 L of water. Three days after the
NimitzTM injection 44,800 L/ha of water were applied to push the product deeper into the soil
and four days later the peppers were transplanted at 35 cm between plants and 42 cm between
rows in a 1.8 m bed spacing center to center and an untreated control with no fumigation.
Root knot nematode populations (RKN) and root galling index (RGI) were assessed at 30, 45 and
60 days after transplant (DAT) with a 0-10 Zeck scale. Peppers were harvested three times and
grated accordantly to the USDA standards. Barry Farm East with sandy clay loam soils untreated
control had the highest nematode populations (average of 210 RKN/100 cc of soil) while NimitzTM
and Telone II ® had 10 and 5 RKN/100 cc of soil at 60 DAT. The highest RGI was at Barry Farm
East with the untreated control of 6.15, Telone II ® of 3.25 and NimitzTM had 3.6 at 60 DAT. Pepper yield on the Grass Farm trial (sandy loam soil) was the highest with NimitzTM and untreated
control compared to Telone II ® with 6913, 6323 and 5025 boxes/ha, respectively. There were not
differences in yield in other locations and soil types. Overall these commercial trials showed significant reduction of nematode populations with the NimitzTM treatments and adequate efficacy
compared to the standard fumigation treatment with Telone II ® and untreated control.
Acknowledgements: Bill Brim, Peter Germishuizen, Mike Wood and Bartolome Acosta (Lewis
Taylor Farms).
82
Molecular Characterization of Root-Knot Nematodes of Meloidogyne spp.
in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from Imbabura (Ecuador) -90
R. Grijalva2 , K. Proañio1 , and W. Enríquez*1,2
wladplanet@gmail.com
1 University
of the Armed Forces-ESPE, Faculty of Engineering in Biotechnology, Laboratory of
Molecular Biology of Plants. 2 Ecuadorian Agency for Quality Assurance (AGROCALIDAD), Nematology laboratories, Biotechnology laboratories, Tumbaco, Ecuador.
Root-knot nematodes are highly-adaptable, obligate, and polyphagous plant parasites. Meloidogyne spp. are distributed worldwide and parasitize economically relevant crops. Successful host
infection depends on the particular interaction between a specific nematode species and race
and a specific plant species and cultivar. Accurate diagnosis of nematode species is relevant to
effective agricultural management. In last decades, the plant health of horticultural crops such as
pepper (Capsicum annum L.) has experienced a progressive deterioration, characterized mainly
by reduced vigor and productivity of the plant. One possible causal agent is plant parasitic nematodes. In this study, we describe the population of different species of Meloidogyne spp. that are
involve with the production decrease of sweet pepper crops in the north of Imbabura (Ecuador).
This study represents the first morphometric, morphological, molecular, and host range characterization of a root-knot nematode species from Ecuador in this crop. The most decisive data was
provided by using molecular methods like RFLP´S and PCR. Molecular analyzes were performed
in sequencing highly conserved regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), including the 18S gene, the
D2-D3 region of the 28S gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA) as the gene encoding the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) that
have shown to be useful for identification of species of plant parasitic nematodes in pepper tools.
These results highlight the importance of taking a multidimensional approach for Meloidogyne
spp. diagnosis. This study contributes to the understanding the variability of root-knot nematodes
(Meloidogyne spp.) species and provides data on the identification of this parasites on pepper
crops from Ecuador.
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank the University of the Armed Forces and the Ecuadorian-ESPE Agency Quality Assurance (AGROCALIDAD) for financial support and acknowledge
the help provided by Dr. Carlos Gutierrez
83
Three decades breeding peppers resistant to
Phytophthora capsici in Argentina -1
Claudio R.Galmarini 1
galmarini.claudio@inta.gob.ar
1INTA
EEA La Consulta, Mendoza, Argentina and CONICET
The consumption of fresh and dehydrated peppers has increased in many countries during the
last decades; Argentina has not been the exception to this tendency. Phytophthora capsici is a
soil-born oomycete plant pathogen that limits pepper production worldwide. Root rot of pepper
caused by P. capsici was first reported in 1940 in Argentina and is one of the most serious factors
limiting pepper production, especially in irrigated zones of Argentina. In some years nearly 40%
of the production has been reduced due to this disease. P capsici is heterothallic requiring A1
and A2 mating types to produce sexual oospores and in many populations it appears that dormant
oospores can provide a source of inoculum for an extended period of time The P.c. population
structure varies significantly depending on the location; In Argentina, so far, all the isolates that
we have studied belong to one mating type (A1) and are sensitive to mefenoxam.
Recommended management strategies for P. capsici include cultural practices that ensure welldrained soils in the field, crop rotation, soil solarization, use of mulches to prevent splash/soil
dispersal, and chemical control. The use of P. capsici-resistant pepper cultivars is an important
aspect in the management of this disease. At La Consulta Experiment Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), a breeding program has been conducted for more than 30
years to introduce resistance against local strains of P. capsici in both bell and heart-shape-type
peppers. In all cases, an accession from Dr. P. Smith of the University of California, Davis was used
as the initial source of resistance. Different virulent isolates of P. capsici were used in controlled
inoculation tests, and under field conditions. As a result of the program, the resistant bell-type
cultivars Fyuco INTA and Lungo INTA as well as resistant heart-type cultivars for the cannery industry, Calafyuco INTA and Don Humberto INTA, have been released. Nowadays, the main goal
of the program is to introduce P. capsici resistance to paprika cultivars, resistant advanced lines
with good agronomic characteristics are being evaluated in several locations.
The resistant cultivars released by INTA La Consulta, such as Fyuco INTA and Calafyuco INTA, are
still widely used by pepper growers and the limited genetic variation in the pathogen population
may be a factor that allows disease resistance to remain viable for extended periods of time.
84
The Genes Controlling Resistance to
Phytophthora capsici in Pepper - 25
Allen Van Deynze 1, Theresa Hill 1, Jim Prince2 , Hamid Ashrafi1 and William Z. Rehrig 1
avandeynze@ucdavis.edu
1 Seed
Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, USA. 2 California State University,
Chico, USA.
A major problem for the pepper (Capsicum annuum) industry is the root rot disease caused by
Phytophthora capsici, to which all commercial varieties suffer yield losses despite good management practices and available landraces with high levels of resistance. The objectives of this study
were to identify and characterize candidate genes associated with resistance to P. capsici in pepper.
A high-density map with 3,887 markers was generated in a set of recombinant inbred lines derived
from the highly resistant Capsicum annuum accession Criollo de Morelos-334 and Early Jalapeño
using a high density custom Affymetrix array. These lines have been systematically screened for
P. capsici resistance against a set of isolates collected from Mexico, New Mexico, New Jersey,
California, Michigan and Tennessee.
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with effective resistance across isolates have been identified
and validated with SNP markers across an additional segregating population. By leveraging transcriptomic and genomic information, we describe CaDMR1, a homoserine kinase, as a candidate
gene responsible for the major QTL on chromosome P5 for resistance to P. capsici. SNP markers for
the resistance allele were validated to facilitate gene pyramiding schemes for recurrent selection
in pepper. Expression analyses are forming a model to help understand the basis of this resistance.
In conclusion, high density genetic mapping across informative populations coupled with the whole
genome sequence of pepper yielded high quality candidate genes for resistance to P. capsici in
pepper. Completely linked genetic markers developed were informative across pepper breeding
populations and serve as a tool for selection in breeding.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the USDA/NIFA and Department of Plant Sciences at UC Davis. Plant populations were provided by Paul Bosland, New Mexico, USA. P. capsici
isolates were provided by Jose Ruiz-Luna, Aguascalientes, Mexico, Paul Bosland and Kurt Lamour,
Tennessee, USA.
85
Evaluation of Bell Pepper Cultivars and Breeding Lines for Resistance
to the Crown Rot Phase of Phytophthora capsici and Skin
Separation or 'silvering' in New Jersey 26
Christian A. Wyenandt 1* and Wesley L. Kline 2
wyenandt@rutgers.edu
1Extension
Specialist in Vegetable Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research
and Extension Center, 121 Northville Road, Bridgeton, NJ 08302Rutgers University, 2 Cumberland
County Agricultural Agent Rutgers Cooperative Extension, 291 Morton Avenue, Millville, NJ, 08332
Each year over 1200 ha of bell and non-bell peppers with an annual farm gate value of over
20 million USD are grown in New Jersey for roadside and fresh-markets on the East Coast, US.
Phytophthora blight causes economic losses in the tens of millions of dollars on an annual basis
throughout the state. P. capsici was first identified in the early-1970s in the southern region of the
state near Vineland, NJ. Since then, P. capsici has spread throughout the state and can be found
on most commercial vegetable productions farms. Poor crop rotations and the overuse of some
fungicide chemistries, such as metalaxyl and mefenoxam, have exacerbated problems due to P.
capsici for many vegetable farmers over that past 40 years. Up until the release of P. capsiciresistant/tolerant bell pepper cultivars many growers in the state relied heavily on the use of FRAC
group 4 fungicides, metalaxyl and mefenoxam, for its control. The reliance on these chemistries
ultimately led to the development of insensitive P. capsici populations on many farms. Because
of heavily-infest fields and resistant populations, most bell pepper growers in the southern region
of the state now rely on phytophthora-resistant/tolerant bell pepper cultivars. Without these cultivars, some growers in the southern region of the state would not be able to grow bell peppers.
Since the early 1990s, we have cooperated with commercial breeders and seed companies to
evaluate bell pepper breeding lines and cultivars under field-conditions in southern New Jersey.
These evaluations have been done to help select for cultivars and/or breeding lines with resistance
or tolerance to local isolates of P. capsici in New Jersey, and also for fruit quality characteristics
needed to meet market demands for the northeast region of the US. Bell peppers grown in New
Jersey must be dark-green, glossy, thick-walled, have 4-lobes (i.e., blocky), have shallow shoulders, and be large or extra-large/jumbo in size. Observations have revealed that some cultivars
and breeding lines with resistance or tolerance to the crown rot phase of Phytophthora blight have
exhibited what is now generically-referred to as skin separation or 'silvering' in bell pepper fruit.
Although cosmetic in nature, skin separation is caused by the separation of cells or cell layers in
the outer epidermis just below the cuticle layer of the fruit. Importantly, the amount of skin separation that develops on an individual fruit can range from very little to extreme. In New Jersey,
skin separation has been estimated to be as high as 75% in some harvests. Preliminary research
on the possible relationship between Phytophthora-tolerance and the development of skin separation suggests that genotype may influence the incidence of skin separation in bell pepper fruit.
Because Phytophthora-tolerant bell pepper cultivars make up to 50% of the bell pepper acreage
in New Jersey, growers are at risk for reduced quality and grade rejections due to skin separation.
86
Evaluation of Phytophthora Resistant Pepper Varieties
and Breeding Lines in Florida -28
Monica Ozores-Hampton 1 , Richard Raid 2 and Gene McAvoy 3
ozores@ufl.edu
1 University
of Florida/IFAS, SWFREC, Immokalee, FL. 2 University of Florida/IFAS, EREC, Belle
Glade, FL.
County Extension Service, LaBelle, FL.
3 Hendry
Phytophthora root and crown rot, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora capsici Leonian, is an
important soil-borne plant disease that causes economic losses on important fruit and vegetable
crops such as bell pepper, eggplant, summer squash, tomato, and watermelon in Florida. This
plant pathogen has a major economic impact on crop production in California, Florida, Illinois,
Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New Mexico, and worldwide. The objective of this study
was to evaluate nine pepper variety and breeding lines (BL) for yield and disease incidence on
Florida's sandy soils. The experiment was conducted in a commercial pepper field in Palm Beach
County with a history of the disease during spring 2012 using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Peppers were harvested once and graded into marketable yield size
categories and unmarketable. Disease incidence was evaluated as number of plants affected by
Phytophthora per plot. 'Hunter' had higher marketable yields than 'Aristotle', 'Intruder', 'Vanguard', and BL 1819 and 20854. There were no differences among super jumbo, jumbo, x-large
and unmarketable pepper categories. Phytophthora incidence was very variable in the field, and
therefore differences were not significant among the varieties and BL evaluated. Additional work
is needed to quantify field resistance of existing and new variety introductions of the pathogen.
87
Management of Chilli (Bell pepper) Fruit Borer
by Some Novel Insecticides -30
M. L. Chatterjee
monilal.c@gmail.com
School of Crop Protection, Central Agricultural University. Umiam, India
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) an international noctuid pest is commonly known as tobacco caterpillar. This polyphagous pest had been reported to occur in different countries particularly in
tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. It is known to feed on chilli, tomato, cabbage, and
many other cultivated crops in India and cause severe damage to agriculture based economy
of the country. It is also empowered with high fecundity, high host range and ability to develop
resistance quickly to all class of conventional pesticides and thus is a nightmare to the farming
community. For the management of this pest farmers extensively used different synthetic pyrethroids, organo phosphates, carbamates and mixed formulation of traditional insecticides. Combating
this pest with different improved measures of management is really a hard task today. To control
Spodoptera sp. efficiently, some new insecticides with novel mode of action viz. Spinetorum,
spinosad, Bacillus thuriensis, chlorfenapyr, lufenuron, flubendiamide along with traditional
readymix insecticide profenofos+cypermethrin were evaluated in chilli. As chilli is one of the
most popular and profitable crop, farmers everywhere feel the need to protect such high value
crops from any type of damage caused by insect pests. To determine the effectiveness of these
new pesticides two field experiments were done over two seasons (2011-12) at costal saline zone
(Kakdwip) and new alluvial zone(Kalyani). The experiment was laid in the Randomized Block
Design (RBD) with three replications. They compared seven pesticides with untreated controls.
All other agronomic practices were standard, and a blanket sprays to control thrips & mites
were applied when necessary. First spraying was done with the appearance of Spodoptera and
thereafter two sprays at fortnightly interval were followed. The results showed, at Kalyani farm
flubendiamide gave best control of fruit borer up to 14 days in both seasons closely followed by
spinetorum and spinosad. In another observation at Kakdwip farm, spinetorum performed well
in reducing the infestation at all stages of vegetative growth followed by spinosad, flubendiamide and chlorfenapyr compared to lufenuron, Bacillus, profenofos+cypermethrin and untreated
control. These were reflected in yield parameter also. Both spinetoram and spinosad are highly
vulnerable to lepidopteron pests with their new mode of action are naturally derived insecticide
produced by fermentation of bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosa, consists of a mixture of
related spinosyn toxins, principally Spinosyn-J & L and A & D. Both the chemicals act as contact
and stomach poison. They have novel mode of action, disrupts the functions of GABAreceptors
of small neurons in the central nervous system are considered to be 'fast-acting' insecticide,
degrades rapidly in the environment, offer excellent selectivity to beneficial organisms with low
environmental risk to human beings. Flubendiamide a recently developed new chemical with
88
new mode of action and excellent selectivity shows extremely strong insecticidal activity essentially against lepidopterous pests including resistant strains. It has novel mode of action with
high acute toxicity to all lepidopteran pests because the insecticidal symptoms accompanied
by discriminate contraction of the larval body and are distinguished from those of commercial
insecticides. Chlorfenapyr- a new microbial of macro cyclic lactones and Bacillus a popular
microbial - B.t. toxin are used in this experiment are safer to non target organisms and quickly
degraded to non toxic products. The chemicals used in the experiment are highly vulnerable
to Spodoptera litura with their new mode of action and high selectivity. All the chemicals are
ideally fit for Integrated Pest Management Programme.
89
Virus-vector Complex and Control Strategies for Pepper
Production In The Coquimbo Region, Chile -33
Paulina Sepúlveda R. 1*, Patricia Larraín S. 2 y Carlos Quiroz E. 2
psepulve@inia.cl
1Instituto de
Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2INIA
INTIHUASI La Serena Chile.
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important horticultural crop in Chile with 1.473.5 has according to the 2010 census: The main producing areas are located mainly in the regions of Coquimbo
with a 30.5% of the national surface, followed by the regions of O'Higgins and Metropolitana
with 24 and 20% respectively. The marketing possibilities are fresh, dried, frozen, canning and
seed production. Diseases caused by viruses have seriously affected the production of this crop
in Chile, causing deformation, discoloration and decrease in the fruit size, which has affected
the agro-industry that requires both a volume and maximize the quality of the product. In Chile,
even though it has been observed an adequate degree of technology in the agronomical management of this crop, there are certain shortcomings related to the knowledge of the incidence of the
major virus diseases and its relationship with insect vectors. The information available on virus
diseases in peppers in Chile, has been related with identification and distribution. However, he
lacked of information related with aspects associated with the etiology and epidemiology, as well
as the vectors virus-relationship. These last aspects are essential in the decision-making process
concerning the integrated control of these pathogens. In this context, studies were developed
in the Region of Coquimbo, which allowed to generate the knowledge required to establish the
relative importance of each of the species of insect vectors of the virus present in peppers. The
predominant viruses in pepper in the region were: the Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), Tomato
Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Potato Virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV), and for the first time
in Chile was determined the presence of Impatient Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV), in a low percentage of the affected plants. Several studies performed allowed by INIA gave important information
related with population dynamics of the insect vectors of virus mentioned before in peppers. These vectors were Frankliniella occidentalis as the species predominantly of trips, with maximum
populations during the months of December and January, these insects are the vectors of TSWV
and INSV. The most frequent aphid species were Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae,
with the largest populations between August and October. Both aphids are vectors of PVY and
AMV. More important than the abundance of insect vectors, it turned out the presence of sources
of inoculum. These are the weeds present in the crops, which serve as a reservoir of virus from
one season to another.
90
New Peppers Varieties for Open Field Crop with High Fruit Quality
and Resistant to Potyvirus in Cuba - 105
Yaritza Rodríguez Llanes*, Carlos Michel Camejo González, Sixto Ricardo Rodríguez García,
Adrián Hernández Guillén y Julia M. Salgado Hernández
genetica5@liliana.co.cu
Instituto de Investigaciones Hortícolas Liliana Dimitrova - Quivacan - Cuba
This experiment was conducted in the Horticultural Research Institute Liliana Dimitrova located in
the municipality of Quivicán, province of Mayabeque, Cuba. Two new Cuban varieties of pepper
(LD-638 and Yamil) were evaluated in open field conditions; these two varieties were compared
with the commercial variety LICAL as a control (T), and evaluated in the morphological and reproductive stages, as well as physico-chemical characteristic of the fruits. A statistical design of
randomized block with three replications was used.
The tested varieties showed a plant development acceptable for the open field crop system used
in Cuba, in term of plant height and plant foliage coverage. YAMIL and LD-638 reached yields
above 20 t ha-1. YAMIL showed higher average fruit mass. LD-638 showed the highest values in
the physico-chemical composition in three studied variables, distinguished by the highest vitamin C content, a compound that helps to prevent diseases. Differences were also observed for
Potyvirus response.
91
Resistance to Pepper Yellow Mosaic Virus in Recombinant
Lines of Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum - 89
Daniele Viana da Costa*, Rosana Rodrigues, Cintia dos Santos Bento, Samy Pimenta,
Camila Queiroz da Silva, Ligia Renata Almeida da Silva
danieleviana@agronoma.eng.br
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF)/Laboratório de Melhoramento
Genético Vegetal, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
In Brazil, the main viral disease in chili and sweet pepper crops is caused by Pepper yellow
mosaic virus (PepYMV) which causes great losses in these crops in most producing regions. The
resistance to PepYMV has been a priority in breeding programs of Capsicum conducted in Brazil.
The aim of this work was to select recombinant lines of C. baccatum var. pendulum resistant to
PepYMV. Forty-six C. baccatum var. pendulum recombinant lines, corresponding to the generation
F4:5 developed from UENF 1616 (susceptible) and UENF 1732 (resistant) crosses were obtained
by Single Seed Descent (SSD) method and tested for reaction to PepYMV. The experiment was
conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with eight replications and two
treatments as control totaling 490 plants. The CM 334 (Criollo de Morelos) and Ikeda cultivars
were used as controls for resistance and susceptibility reaction, respectively. Nicotiana debneyi
plants infected with isolate PepYMV-3 were used as inoculum source. Inoculation was provided
via buffered plant extract in potassium phosphate 0.05 M, pH 7.2, containing sodium sulfate
0.01%, using carborundum (600 mesh) as an abrasive. Plants with three to four fully expanded
leaves were inoculated and reinfected after 48 hours to ensure the effectiveness of inoculum and
to avoid scapes. Controls were inoculated only with buffer solution and abrasive. There was visual assessment of genotypes every two days from the 15th day after the first inoculation during
20 days, using rating scale ranging from 1 (resistant) to 5 (susceptible). The rates were used to
calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Nineteen recombinant lines were
resistant and promising to advance the breeding program of C. baccatum var. pendulum aiming
to release productive and resistant cultivars to PepYMV.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank FAPERJ, CAPES and CNPq for financial support.
92
Preliminary Study on Metabolic Profile of Sweet
Pepper Genotype Resistant to Bacterial Spot - 92
Aminthia Pombo Sudré da Silva 1*, Lígia Renata Almeida da Silva 2, Cláudia Pombo Sudré 2 ,
Natália Oliveira Aguia 1, Rosana Rodrigues 2, Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas 1
aminthiapombo@gmail.com
1 Laboratório
de Solos - NUDIBA. 2Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal LMGV/Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF - Brazil
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria remains an important disease threatening
sweet and chili peppers crops. The most effective and environmentally friendly control method is
the use of genetic resistance, which can be qualitative or quantitative. The qualitative resistance has
been more widely used in commercial genotypes and it can be characterized by the hypersensitive
response (HR) during bacterial-plant interaction. HR corresponds to the cell disintegration and/
or destruction of the tissue to inhibit pathogen invasion. Although at least four major genes that
confer resistant to bacterial spot have been described (Bs1, Bs2, Bs3 and Bs7) metabolic profile
of plant-pathogen interaction during resistance reaction are still incipient in Capsicum. This study
aimed to identify the metabolites profile produced during the HR on C. annuum - X. euvesicatoria
interaction using GC-MS. Plants of ECW ('Early California Wonder', susceptible pure line) and its
near isogenic-line ECW20R (carries Bs2 gene that confers resistant to races 0, 1, 2 and 3) cultivated
in growth-chamber with controlled photoperiod and temperature were inoculated with bacterial
suspension at 1.0 x 108 cfu/ml. The inoculum was prepared from colonies of X. euvesicatoria
(ENA-4135 isolated) cultured in DYGS medium for 36 hours at 28 oC. The inoculation was done
by infiltration to the abaxial surface of fully expanded young leaves with the aid of a hypodermic
syringe and needle. Control plants were inoculated only with sterile water. Inoculated and mockinoculated leaves were collected in bulk of three plants in two periods of time after inoculation (24
h and 36 h), with three replicates per time. The samples were immediately weighed and immersed
in liquid nitrogen. After homogenization, 1 g of sample was used for extraction adding 30 ml of
extracting solvent [methanol:chloroform:water (5:2:2)], vortexing for 10 seconds and centrifuged
at 3500 rpm for 10 min. The samples were dried in Evaporation Rocket System and diluted in 1
mL of the extracting solvent. An aliquot of 10 µL was designed to derivatization (50 µL of pyridine
+ 100 µL of TMAH) for 1 h at 37 o C, then 50 µL of MSTFA was added to this solution for 30 min
at 37 o C. The samples were dried and diluted in 1 mL of methanol and centrifuged at 100 rpm
for 6 min at 24 oC. Later, these samples were injected into the GC-MS QP2010 Plus. The major
changes in metabolic profile occurred between the ECW-20R inoculated with water and ECW-20R
inoculated with bacteria in time of 24 hours. Several compounds were detected in the ECW 20R.
The chromatograms showed eight substances in plants inoculated with bacteria which were not
found in samples of plants inoculated only with water. One of these substances is Cycloserine,
which is a bacteriostatic antibiotic which inhibits cell wall synthesis. Nevertheless, few differences on metabolic profile were noticed between the two genotypes on 36 hour after inoculation.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank to UENF and FAPERJ for financial support.
93
Evaluation of Bacteria Leaf Spot Resistant
Pepper Varieties in South Florida -93
Christian F. Miller1 *, Gene McAvoy 2 , Richard Raid 3 and Monica Ozores Hampton 4.
cfmiller@ufl.edu
1University
of Florida/IFAS Palm Beach County Extension, 559 N Military Trail, West Palm Beach,
Florida 33415. 2University of Florida/IFAS Hendry County Extension, PO Box 68,LaBelle, Florida
33975. 3University of Florida/IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center, PO Box 111564,
Belle Glade, Florida 33430. 4University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education
Center, 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee, Florida 34142
Relatively warm winter temperatures in south Florida is an ideal location for winter vegetable production. Palm Beach County is the national leader in bell pepper production with 5,500 acres the
US. The challenges for Palm Beach County pepper growers include the subtropical environment
of south Florida which supports year-round pest populations. The pepper industry consequently
relies on the release of new resistant varieties to replace older varieties suffering from yield and
quality decline due to disease pressures. New varieties with traits for improved yield, quality, and
resistance are desirable because fewer pesticide applications equate with reduced production
costs and improved environmental stewardship. Bacterial leaf spots (BLS), caused by the bacterium, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, is one of the most serious diseases of pepper in in Palm Beach
County. Therefore, the University of Florida (UF) Extension Service conducts an annual bell pepper
variety trial with the cooperation of local commercial growers to evaluate yield and disease resistance enabling south Florida pepper producers to remain internationally competitive, profitable,
and sustainable. In 2013 the UF Extension Service evaluated twenty bell pepper varieties during
the fall production season in Palm Beach County, FL. Two harvests were collected to determine
yield by size categories and postharvest quality such as number of lobes, pepper length, width,
and thickness. There was no BLS pressure during the season, since rain events which aid in the
transmission of the pathogen were inadequate for disease development. Total marketable yield
from the first harvest conducted thirteen weeks after transplant ranged from 1,458 to 903 28-lb
bu/acre. The second and final harvest was conducted two weeks later and resulted in a yield range between 234 and 68 bu/acre. The combined total yield for both harvests ranged from a high
of 1,606 (Touchdown) to a low of 1,082 (Bayonet). Quality characteristics including fruit length,
width, and thickness were measured in inches with length ranging from 4.37-in (Cutlass) to 3.63-in
(9325). The later was also widest in diameter at 4.32-in and had the lowest thickness at 0.275-in.
The narrowest variety evaluated was Blitz at 3.69-in while the variety with the highest thickness
was found to be Bastille at 0.336-in. The number of lobes per fruit ranged from 3.3 (Abay) to 4.1
(Seedway 48 and 3255).
Though this data provides useful information to aid in the selection of varieties for commercial
production in south Florida, these findings represent the results of one season's growing conditions.
The UF Extension Service recommends repeating the trial annually and encourages growers to take
into account data collected from previous years due to variability in weather and pest pressure.
94
A Summary of Three Decades of Research Based Integrated
Bacterial Leaf Spot Management Efforts in Florida -17
Gene McAvoy1 *, Chris Miller2 , Dr Richard Raid 3 and Dr Monica Ozores Hampton4 .
gmcavoy@ifas.ufl.edu
1 University
of Florida/IFAS Hendry County Extension, PO Box 68,LaBelle, Florida 33975. 2University of Florida/IFAS Palm Beach County Extension, 559 N Military Trail, West Palm Beach, Florida
33430. 3 University of Florida/IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center, PO Box 111564,
Belle Glade, Florida 33430. 4 University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education
Center, 2686 State Road 29 North, Immokalee, Florida 34142
Bacterial leaf spot (BLS), caused by the bacterium, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, is one of the most
serious diseases of pepper in Florida. Infection can markedly reduce yields and fruit symptoms
reduce marketability. Bacterial leaf spot of pepper is a serious disease because it has a high rate of
transmission, especially during periods with wind driven rains when traditional control methods
may be inadequate. Entry into the plant occurs when bacterial cells pass through natural plant
openings (stomates and hydothodes) or wounds made by wind driven soil, insects, or cultural
operations. 1 Temperatures of 75-87 oF are ideal for BLS, but infection can occur at lower and higher
temperatures. Lesions can occur on leaf parts (leaflets and petiole) and fruit parts (fruit, peduncle,
and calyx). Stems are also susceptible but usually foliage is infected to a greater degree.
Due to the potential seriousness of this disease, researchers and extension personnel at the University of Florida and elsewhere have conducted extensive studies into management strategies for
BLS in pepper. Chemical controls are inadequate to manage the disease as multiple surveys have
revealed the presence of copper tolerant bacterial spot populations. Bacteria can be seedborne
and can survive between crops in plant refuse. Plants infected in the transplant house can carry
the disease to the fields. Severe outbreaks can occur during warm, moist weather, especially
when heavy rains damage the plants and spread the bacterium. Physical control methods include
prompt destruction of field residues after harvest, attention to field sanitation, control of volunteer
peppers, and hand labor sanitation.
Researchers have identified no fewer than eleven different races of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria.
Since few varieties incorporate resistance to all known races, it is important that growers be
knowledgeable about locally occurring races and use varieties that have resistance to races that
occur in their area. Commercial pepper varieties resistant to races 1, 2 and 3 have been on the
market for many years and more recently newer cultivars with additional resistance to races 4, 5,
and 6 have provided growers with protection from BLS infection. Experience has shown that an
integrated disease management strategy is essential in controlling BLS in pepper. Growers should
employ tactics aimed at reducing the survival, spread, and reproduction of bacteria and minimizing
infection of plants. Such tactics would include: seed treatment, physical and cultural methods,
foliage treatment, resistant varieties combined with other integrated disease management tactics.
95
Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria) Second Most
Serious Disease in New Jersey Pepper Production -34
Wesley L. Kline 1*, Christian A. Wyenandt 2 , and Kristian E. Holmstrom 3
wkline@rce.rutgers.edu
1Cumberland County Agricultural Agent, Rutgers Cooperative Extension, 291 Morton Ave., Millville,
NJ 08332. 2 Extension Specialist in Vegetable Pathology, Rutgers University. Rutgers Agricultural
Research and Extension Center, 121 Northville Rd., Bridgeton, NJ 98302. 3IPM Research Project
Manager II, Rutgers University Pest Management Office, 93 Lipman Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08901
New Jersey growers have problems each year with Bacterial Leaf Spot (BLS) in bell and specialty
peppers. Cultivars with resistance to races 1-3 performed well under New Jersey conditions until
the mid-2000's when symptoms were observed on resistant cultivars. Results from an observational
trial in 2004 showed that race 4 existed in parts of the state. Then in 2013, a similar trial produced
preliminary evidence that race 6 is established in pepper fields. Growers would rely on resistant
cultivars however there are few commercial cultivars adapted to the region for race 4 and none
for race 6. Growers apply fungicides every 7 to 10 days [Oxidate (Hydrogen dioxide),Quintec
(quinoxyfen) and fixed copper] in the field for disease management. Clean seed in combination
with good field sanitary practices are being promoted to help growers manage the disease. Seeds
that have not been treated (chlorine or hot water) by a commercial company or locally produced
specialty pepper seed are especially susceptible to BLS. The New Jersey research and extension
group has promoted the use of hot water treatment in combination with a seed fungicide treatment
throughout the Mid-Atlantic Region. Trainings were carried out starting in 2010 throughout the
region to make growers aware and to demonstrate hot water treatment techniques. Equipment
was purchased and placed at key locations in New Jersey where growers can have their seed
treated. This has led to increased awareness of using hot water treatment for bacterial disease
control. Growers are now having other species treated that benefit from hot water treatment. Other
management practices being promoted include producing plants locally to reduce the chance of
introducing the disease. Growers are encouraged to remove all materials from the greenhouse and
disinfect the structure prior to planting to reduce or eliminate inoculum sources. This is followed
by good sanitation practices and applications of streptomycin from first true leaf appearance until
transplanting. Three-year crop rotations are suggested, but growers in this region grow tomatoes,
eggplant and potatoes in close proximity to peppers plus solanceous weeds are quite prevalent
thus rotation has not be as effective. Most peppers are grown on plastic mulch and some growers
try to use the mulch a second year. This has led to pepper plants still standing in the field until
the following spring which provides a source of inoculum. Awareness is being raised with these
growers of the need to destroy these plants right after harvest.
The best method to control BLS in the mid-Atlantic Region will be with resistant cultivars in combination with the management strategies mentioned above. As new races continue to be found in
the region, cultivar evaluation is critical for disease management.
96
Screening Capsicum spp.
Leaves for Resistance to Bacterial Spot -91
Alexandre Gomes de Souza*, Cíntia dos Santos Bento, Cláudia Pombo Sudré,
Ligia Renata Almeida da Silva, Samy Pimenta, Rosana Rodrigues
xandre17gs@hotmail.com
Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV/Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF
Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas spp., is one of the most important diseases in Capsicum
plants in several areas worldwide. Using resistant cultivars is the most effective in controlling this
disease and the search for resistance genes is a constant challenge for plant breeders and pathologists. This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of 49 Capsicum spp. genotypes to bacterial spot.
Thirty-nine accessions and 10 experimental hybrids of Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum were
tested considering two inoculum concentrations: 1.0 x 10 8 cfu/mL, to test possible hypersensitivity
reaction, and 1.0 x10 5 cfu/mL to detect quantitative levels of resistance. The bacterial suspension
was prepared from colonies of X. euvesicatoria (ENA-4135) cultured in DYGS medium for 36 hours
at 28 oC. The suspension concentration was adjusted to 1.0 x 10 8 cfu/mL in a spectrophotometer
at a wavelength of 600 nm and absorbance 0.3 and from this suspension was made serial dilution
to obtain a suspension of 1.0 x 10 5 cfu/mL. Inoculation was performed by infiltrating into abaxial
side of young leaves fully expanded in an area of approximately 1cm 2 with the aid of syringe and
hypodermic needle (1 mL). For each bacterial suspension concentration one leaf per plant was
used. The hypersensitivity reaction was assessed 48 hours after inoculation observing the absence
or presence of necrotic lesion. For analysis of quantitative resistance, the evaluation began on the
fourth day after inoculation and daily observations were made for eight days, using a rating scale
from 1 (resistant) to 5 (susceptible). The notes were used to quantify the area under the disease
progress curve (AUDPC). Data were analyzed using Bartlett´s normality test, analysis of variance
and Scott-Knott clustering. Hypersensitivity reaction was observed in eight Capsicum spp. accessions and nine C. baccatum var. pendulum hybrids. The results observed for AUDPC ranged from
8.00 (resistant) to 35.83 (susceptible plants). In the quantitative assessment, 15 genotypes were
considered resistant with mean AUDPC between 8.00 and 20.50. Among these genotypes, four
were highly resistant, asymptomatic, two C. baccatum var. pendulum (UENF 1635 and UENF
1624), one C. annuum var. glabriusculum (UENF 1750) and one C. annuum var. annuum (UENF
1626). The accessions UENF 1490, UENF 1624, 1718 UENF and experimental hybrids UENF
1616 x UENF1732, UENF1624 x UENF 1629, UENF 1624 x UENF1732 and UENF1629 x UENF
1732, all of them C. baccatum var. pendulum were resistant in both inoculated suspension concentrations. The resistant accessions are suitable to be used in breeding programs for resistance to
bacterial spot in Capsicum spp. The experimental hybrids of C. baccatum are in final field trials
seeking their release to farmers.
97
98
HORTICULTURAL MANAGEMENT,
PRODUCTION AND PEPPER PHYSIOLOGY
99
The pepper crop in the South-east of Spain -15
Francisco Camacho Ferre
fcamacho@ual.es
Department of Agronomy. Plant Production Area. University of Almería. Spain
World's pepper production reached 440,000 tons in 2012 according to FAO. Spain ranks sixth in
the world in pepper production with 900,000 tons. For over three decades, the protected vegetable
crop system used in Almería has been the main contributor to the socioeconomic development of
the region. In particular, the profit obtained from vegetable production is the driving force of the
economic development of the whole province. Out of the eight vegetable species grown in this
region, pepper is the second largest crop by area. Specifically, in the 2012-2013 season, 8,406
hectares produced 590,516 tons of pepper, whose economic value amounted to 417 million Euros.
Almería is the province from Spain where the highest pepper yield expressed in kg/m 2 is obtained.
Over the past decade, this parameter has been continuously increasing. In recent years, its value has
been 65-70 t/ha, harvesting: (i) 50% green and 50% mature for red ripening peppers, and (ii) over
90% mature for yellow or orange ripening peppers. In the region, plant cultivation is carried out
under greenhouse structures, mostly "Almería type" covered with plastic, i.e. polyethylene. When
there is excessive light, different color meshes are used to protect the plants. The grown peppers
are sweet, and the range of cultivated types includes California, Lamuyo, and Bevel. Notably, this
range comprises a wide variety of colors, meat thickness, and fruit size. Due to the uniqueness of
the soil type in the South-east of Spain, cultivation practices that make pepper production highly
profitable have been applied. For instance, bio-disinfection systems are becoming increasingly
frequent. Further, grafting is used as a mean to fight soil pathogens, and as a method to increase
some cultivars productivity, although still at small scale. Various planting systems that increase
operations profitability are used, multiple pruning and trellising systems depending on the production structures are implemented, and several methods that increase pollination effectiveness
are applied. Water application is made with high frequency localized systems, adding therein the
nutrients needed for crop growth.
100
Evaluation of The Effect of Organic Foliar Fertilizer in
Yellow Chili (Capsicum baccatum L.var pendulum) -13
M. Velásquez and R. Ugás
gavelrami@gmail.com, rugas@lamolina.edu.pe
Universidad Nacional Agraria - La Molina- Perú
The 'Yellow' chili is a native and domesticated plant in Peru. The production in 2011 was 10,931.00
tons with different prices from S/.4.72/kg in the conventional market to S/.6.00/kg in the organic
market; its production is mainly carried out by small and medium farmers. Recycling and use of
natural ingredients are very important in organic farming; for that is commonly use fertilizer which
belongs from microbial fermentation. The fish meal, marigold, raising livestock and guinea pig
industry produce waste which can be fermented and used as rich fertilizers. Thus, the objectives
were to analyze the effect of different foliar organic fertilizers above yield components of 'Yellow'
chili and provide knowledge on foliar fertilization of small farmers. The research was conducted
in a small organic farming in Mala Valley in Peru.
Treatments were Agua de Colca and Prensa (marigol processing residues) and EM-1 (effective
microorganism) 0.5 % applied every 15 days; Alopes forte (anaerobic fermentation of fishmeal
residues), Fastbiol (anaerobic fermentation of livestock excreted) and Biol (anaerobic fermentation
of guinea pig excreted), 0.5% applied every week; a control (water) was included. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. The variables evaluated were: growth (plant
height), productivity (harvest fresh weight, number of fruits, plant biomass dry matter) and quality
(diameter, length, fruit dry matter).
According to the results, significant differences existed in the effect of fertilizers on the percentage of steam dry matter and fruit diameter, for example the top treatment was Biol with 33%and
30.91mm respectively. Generally fertilizers were higher than the control in the remaining variables. The average yield performance of treatments without the control was 7999 kg/ha; the
treatments like Biol (9086 kg/ha) and Alopes forte (8915 kg/ha) performed better over the control
(6853 kg/ha). The number of fruits obtained by fertilizers were higher than the control (230417
fruits/ha). In general, the plants dry matter of treatments were higher above the control (mainly
in the steam), producing healthier and well performed plants. These results could be affected by
the bio-stimulating effects and nutrient source. The contribution of organic N (amino acids) could
increase production of proteins by saving energy, motivating other processes such as flowering,
expansion of photosynthetic area, fruit set and fruit production.
The effect of treatments on yield components was partial; however despite there were no significance, fertilizers performed better than the control. The foliar fertilizers are important in the
small and medium agriculture, which can be easily produced, like Biol. These can be a source of
nutrients and bio-stimulants, getting productive and healthy plants.
101
Integrated Production system: Toward a Rational Fertilization.
The Case of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) -12
Constanza Jana* and Victor Alfaro
cjana@inia.cl
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA Intihuasi. Colina San Joaquín s/n, La Serena, Chile
One of the major problems that horticulture is currently facing in the Region of Coquimbo - just
as the rest of the country - is the excessive use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium based fertilizers (NPK) applied on agricultural soils. Despite the importance of the presence of these macronutrients in crops development, excessive use of these types of fertilizers can produce several
negative effects on plants and human health; being its application sometimes unjustified to obtain
better results. In order to reduce the use of these products, it has been proposed to introduce a
rational fertilization system consisting in the application of nutrients depending of both the plant
requirements and soil contribution. This fertilization system is part of the integrated agricultural
production system, characterized by prioritizing ecologically safer methods.
In order to evaluate the rational fertilization system in an integrated production system versus
the traditional fertilization system, California Wonder capsicum variety, was analyzed at the INIA
experimental center located in the Region of Coquimbo (30 o S). Eight treatments were included:
4 rational fertilization treatments and 4 traditional fertilization treatments using different combinations of commercial organic acids and humic acids in 4 repetitions. Thirteen variables were
evaluated: a) productive parameters: production by weight (t/ha), number (units/ha), and amount
of waste (t/ha); b) fruit quality: polar and equatorial diameter (mm), resistance to pressure in three
parts of the fruit (lb/pul 2 ) and seed color; c) recovering after a short post-harvest period: diseases
and plagues (presence and level of severity); d) and dry matter (percentage). According to the
results, it is possible to obtain similar production results using a rational fertilization system and,
in addition to this, fruit health has better response in post-harvest condition.
Acknowledgements: Integrated Production Project for vegetables. Funded by INNOVA CORFO
102
Evaluation of Six Formulations Using Organic Fertilizers and
Guano de Islas in Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) var. 'Cherry' -81
C. Navarro, R. Ugás and M. Velásquez
chalnaba@gmail.com
rugas@lamolina.edu.pe
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Lima. Perú
Due to the increasing interest of native crops, the steady growth of organic agriculture and Peruvian
gastronomy, and the urgent inclusion of small producers into productive chains, different formulations of organic fertilizers using cattle manure, compost, MO-STD (fermented cattle manure +
rumen + sanguaza) and "guano de islas" (seabird droppings) were tested to evaluate the response
of chili ('cherry'). This local variety is from the northern coast of Peru and is cultivated only by
smallholders. Great production opportunities seem to be available in native Capsicum genetic
resources, but they are not fully researched yet, because investigation has been mainly focused
on commercial chili. The experiment was conducted at Programa de Hortalizas, Universidad
Nacional Agraria La Molina in a late season to evaluate its performance. The experimental design
was randomized blocks with three replications. The application of organic fertilizers was made in
two stages, one as basal fertilization prior to transplanting and one as supplementary fertilization,
25 and 55 days after transplanting were performed. The present investigation was also carried
out to study the effect of organic basal fertilizers with and without supplementary addition of an
immediate source of nutrients such us organic fertilizer "guano de islas". Measurements of growth
and development, yield components (including an estimation on mineral N), and horticultural
characteristics were also evaluated. There were statistically significant differences for the number of leaves, number of fruits/plant, and fruit characteristics (weight, length, diameter and flesh
thickness). An early flowering (49 X) compared to other chili was observed. Total yield differences
were large and highly significant with the application of MO-STD (13,161 kg/ha, 67%>control)
as basal and supplementary fertilizer, however highest profitability (77%) and estimated mineral
N was obtained with the combination of cattle manure and "guano de islas". Additionally it was
noted that control root dry weight was 5% higher than fertilized plants, this may be explained
by nutrient-seeking elongation in the absence of fertilization. Lastly, the following descriptors of
harvested plants were determined: Plant architecture, flower position and fruit type.
The good performance in the experiment and its estimated economic benefit show an interesting
productive opportunity for agriculture. In conclusion, further research is needed to standardize and
develop this local variety in order to take benefit from its culinary potential and industrialization.
103
Effect of Four Levels of K on Yield and Quality of Paprika Pepper
(Capsicum annuum) cv. ´PapriKing' -11
.
A. Casas 1 *, D. Leon 2, R. Ortega 3 , D. Felles 3
cda@lamolina.edu.pe
1Univ.
Nac. Agr. La Molina, 2Molinos &Cía. S.A., 3 Univ. Nac. José Faustino Sánchez Carrión
This study was carried out in the Pativilca Valley, 200 km north of Lima. Four levels of potassium
were evaluated, 216, 270, 324 and 378 kg K2O ha-1 . N and P2O 5 levels were the same for all the
experiment with 250 and 160 kg ha -1, respectively. There were no differences for fresh fruit yield
(15.8 - 18.6 t/ha). The highest dry fruit yield superior statistically was achieved using 270 kg K 2 O
ha-1 (6.4 t/ha). No differences were observed for number of fruits per kg among treatments. The
highest ASTA record was found using 378 kg K2O ha-1 (137.2) followed by 324 kg K2O ha-1 (109.3),
both statistically superior to the ASTA observed in fruits from the other two K levels evaluated.
104
ABA Induces Growth Modulation in Pepper Transplants-37
Daniel I. Leskovar* and Shinsuke Agehara
d-leskovar@tamu.edu
Texas AgriLife Research, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, Uvalde,
TX 78801, USA
Commercial pepper growers prefer the use of compact transplants with a balanced root to shoot
ratio, able to tolerate handling and shipping during transport and reduce transplant shock after
field establishment. To achieve this goal, controlling plant height is an important nursery strategy
for containerized pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants. High quality (compact) pepper transplants may also have a prolonged marketability period in the nursery. Abscisic acid (ABA) induces
stress-adaptive responses, including inhibition of stem elongation and leaf expansion. The goal
of this project was to explore the potential of ABA in producing high quality pepper transplants
through growth modulation and physiological adaptation responses.
The first experiment examined the age-dependent sensitivity, from the cotyledon stage to the
3-leaf stage, of various growth variables to foliar applications of ABA in bell pepper 'Excursion
II' and jalapeño pepper 'Colima' seedlings. The second follow up experiment evaluated whether
ABA (3.8 mM) can prolong the marketability period of bell pepper transplants after being sprayed
7, 5, 3, or 1 day before they reached the commercial size. The last experiment explored pepper
transplant growth changes to ABA application rates.
Regardless of the ABA spray timing (cotyledon to 3-leaf stage), only bell pepper maintained
significantly shorter plant height until the transplanting stage, ranging from 80% to 88% of the
control. By contrast, leaf area was significantly reduced by ABA applied at the cotyledon stage.
These results suggest that ABA was effective in height control for bell pepper 'Excursion II', and
that it should be applied at least one week after the emergence of the first true leaf to minimize
the negative side effects on the leaf photosynthetic capacity. The second experiment showed that
height suppression by ABA was reversible when measured 7 days after transplants reached the
commercial size for shipping. Although ABA inhibited shoot dry matter accumulation, the magnitude of the biomass reductions was moderate (9% to 12%) and reversible, suggesting that ABA
is an effective growth holding agent. The third experiment demonstrated that growth inhibition
by ABA was proportional to the application rate. Importantly, based on these studies, it can be
concluded that the growth modulation by ABA was only transient with no negative impact on
marketable yield and fruit quality.
Acknowledgements: Valent BioSciences, Rio Grande Basin Initiative Program (USDA), Speedling
Inc., Juan Esquivel and Ezequiel Cardona.
105
Role of CaGLK2 in Controlling Fruit Development in Pepper -38
Arnon Brand 1, Yelena Borovsky 1, Theresa Hill 2, Khalis Afnan Abdul Rahman2 ,
Aharon Bellalou1, Noam Monsonego 1, Allen Van Deynze 2, Ilan Paran 1*
iparan@volcani.agri.gov.il
1Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Israel. 2Seed
Biotechnology Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
Fruit color is a major quality trait of pepper. Large natural variation in pigment profile and content
in immature and ripe fruits exists in this species and has been exploited for breeding. While gene
models and biochemical pathways have been proposed for qualitative aspects of fruit color, the
genetic control of quantitative pigment content is largely unknown which hampers its utilization
for plant improvement. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in pepper allowed identification
of two major QTLs for chlorophyll content, pc8 and pc10. GLK2, a GOLDEN2-like transcription
factor that regulates chloroplast biogenesis has been identified recently as controlling fruit development in tomato. Based on comparative genetic mapping and phenotypic similarity with tomato
of fruit color mutants, we hypothesized that the pepper ortholog of GLK2, CaGLK2, corresponds
to pc10. Segregation, sequencing and expression analyses in a panel of lines exhibiting variation
in fruit color supported our hypothesis that pepper CaGLK2 controls natural variation in chloroplast development and chlorophyll content in pepper. CaGLK2 exerts its effect on chloroplast
compartment size predominantly during immature fruit development. Dark green fruits with high
expression level of CaGLK2 have higher content of total soluble solids and carotenoids compared
to light green fruits but these differences did not persist at the ripe fruit stage. The positive effect
on fruit quality predominantly at the immature stage conferred by CaGLK2 can be utilized to breed
green pepper varieties with improved nutritional values and taste.
106
Association of capsaicin and oleoresin on seed quality
traits in hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) -39
K.S. Nagaraju 1*, K. P. Rama Prasanna 2 and A. Mohan Rao3
nagrajshiva@gmail.com
1 Ph.D
Scholar and Kirkhouse Trust Fellow (UK), Department of Seed Science & Technology,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2Professor of Seed Science and
Technology and former Dean, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
3 Professor, Department of Genetics and plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is highly valued as a vegetable and spice, as well as commercial crop and becoming increasingly important in terms of production and consumption. In
India hot pepper (dried) is cultivated under an area of 0.805 million hectares with production
of 1.276 million tonnes during 2011-12. Among the major spices dried chilli ranked first rank
both in area and production. In India 4617 germplasm accession comprising of 4014 improved
lines and 531 gene bank accessions are reported by AVRDC, Taiwan. Among these many are
under cultivation for domestic market as well as export purpose. Pungency or "heat" found in
Capsicum fruit results from the biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloid compounds known
as capsaicinoids in the dissepiments, placental tissue adjacent to the seeds. The two chemical
groups of greatest interest are the capsaicinoids and the carotenoids. Fruit capsaicin content has
an International commercial prime rate. Capsaicin is a unique alkaloid of the plant kingdom
restricted to the genus Capsicum. The pungency factor is a bioactive molecule of food and of
medicinal importance. However, reported literature on effect of capsaicin on seed quality traits
(viz., Dormancy, Germination, Seedling Length and Seedling Vigour) is scanty in hot pepper.
Forty five (45) genotypes of hot pepper belonging to three species of Capsicum annuum var
longum, C. chinense and C. frutescens were collected from various hot pepper growing regions
of India. They were raised with Completely Randomized Design at University of Agricultural
Sciences farm Bangalore, Karnataka, India during summer 2009. Further, 12 genotypes based on
results obtained by evaluation of genotypes two genotypes each of low medium and high capsaicin
and low medium and high oleoresin contents respectively (Aparna, Assam Bhut Jolokia, Byadagi
Dadda, Byadagi Orange Selection, G 4, LCA 206, Majjige Menasu-1, Panth C-1, Paprika, Rona,
Sankeshwara and Shivani) were raised in field during June-July 2010. These selected genotypes
were subjected to inter specific hybridization. Under this premise the effect of capsaicin on
seed quality traits in inter specific cross between a very low pungent, non dormant seed parent
Paprika from C. annuum was hybridized to highly pungent with seed dormancy parent Assam
Bhut Jolokia from C. Chinense (World Hottest Pepper) was investigated. The combined numbers
of seedlings per family (574, 450, 500, 90, 90, and 60 for F 2 , BCP 2 , BCP 1, P 1, P 2 , and F1 , respectively) were grown in pot-tray nursery for 50 days in poly house and (272, 330, 330, 90, 90,
and 60 for F2 , BCP 2, BCP 1 , P1 , P2 , and F1 , respectively) were transplanted to main field during
2012-13. Capsaicin was quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Total
107
oleoresin was extracted by solvent extraction method by cold acetone percolation of finely
powdered sample of dried hot pepper powder and subsequent removal of solvent by evaporation over water bath at 70 o C and expressed in percentage. Seed quality traits viz., germination
(%), abnormal seedlings, fresh ungerminated seeds and seedling length (cm) in 10 randomly
selected seedlings, seedling vigour index-I was computed as germination percentage multiplied
by seedling length (ISTA 2006). The -amylase assay was qualitatively estimated by agar plate
with one per cent starch. Seeds were incubated for known duration with and without seed coat.
Subsequently, seeds were removed and iodine was added to plates. The amylases released form
geminating seeds thus utilize the starch in the medium and observed for hollow zone to arrive
at presence of -amylase activity.
The increased content of capsaicin and oleoresin were found to be negatively and positively
correlated with seed quality respectively. Per cent seed germination ranged from 98-100, 30-45
and 99-100 for P 1, P 2 and F 1 respectively. Whereas, number of dormant seeds ranged from 55-70
in P 2, while, P 1 and F1 seeds recorded nil. Indicating increased content of capsaicin inducing non
uniformity of germination. The seedling length (cm) ranged from 3.7-5.1, 0.5-2.2 and 4.3-6.3 with
P 1, P 2 and F 1 respectively. The distribution of individuals in F 2 indicated quantitative nature of
seedling length and seedling emergence. The estimates of generation components revealed that
higher seedling length and the higher seedling emergence were predominantly under the control
of genes with dominance effect and the dominance effect were unidirectional as evidenced by
higher magnitudes of dominance gene effects and opposite signs of dominance and dominance
X dominance epistatic gene effects. Seeds harvested from F 2 (130 individuals), B 1 and B 2 (54 and
100 families respectively) were evaluated for seed quality parameters. The -amylase activity by
qualitative starch agar plate method revealed Paprika (P 1 ) and derived back cross family B1 is
having higher activity and whereas, Assam Bhut Jolokia seeds (P 2) and derived back cross family
B2 has nil to less activiy. Thus, genotypes having high capsaicin content reported decreased seed
germination and increased dormancy.
Results revealed that increased capsaicin content is associated with decreased seed quality parameters by inhibiting Alfa amylase activity the first enzyme synthesised during seed germination
process mediated by GA 3 . Future experiments are underway to validate molecular markers linked
to pungency and to associate them with seed quality traits to arrive at optimum capsaicin content
in genotypes for enhanced seed quality.
Acknowledgement: The research work was supported by fellowship grants from Kirkhouse Trust
(UK).
108
Development of Methodologies to Improve Germination
Rate on Bolivian Wild Hot-Peppers -82
Teresa Avila, Ximena Reyes*, Janett Céspedes, Ariel Choque and Tito Claure
x.reyes@fundacionpatino.org
Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Bolivia as center of origin of Capsicum species shows wide genetic diversity. Fruits from these wild
species, commonly named "ulupicas" and "aribibis", are harvested directly from plants growing at
the mountains or from plants growing around farmers` houses. All of them are sold in the local markets. Also, they are processed as pickles or home-made sauces. This way to collect fruits generates
erosion of the genetic resources. Also, the harvesters don't follow any cultivation methodology or
replace the plants when their productive cycle ends. The Pairumani's Phytoecogenetical Research
Center (CIFP), in Cochabamba-Bolivia, has a working collection of cultivated and wild Capsicum
species of: C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. baccatum var.
baccatum, C. caballeroi, C. cardenasii, C. ceratocalyx, C. chacoense, C. eximiumy and C. minutiflorum. Accessions of this collection have been morphologically, molecularly and biochemically
characterized, by studying capsaicin content, colorants and antioxidants. In the same way, the
agronomic attributes have been also evaluated. This study identified several accessions with high
potential for cultivation and processing. However, the majority of these accessions show several
problems for cultivation, such as: low seed germination rate, long time required for fruit-bearing
and in some cases, poor fruit-bearing. Other problems are seed dormancy, and the seeds' viability
that also decreases according to the conservation time; being high at the beginning of the storage
and then quickly decreasing when the seeds get old. For this reason, the CIFP had performed
several germination tests and experiments in order to overcome these limiting factors.
Germination trials were done, at first in a germination chamber at a constant temperature of 22 o C
with a relative humidity of 80% and without additional treatments. The germination delayed
between 10 to 60 days from the moment the samples were introduced. The results observed varied between 0 to 60% of germination rate. Also, there was a test performed in the tissue-culture
laboratory under in vitro conditions, where embryos were obtained from seeds and were compared with whole seeds. There was observed a higher germination rate (76%) for the cultivated
embryos compared with the cultivated whole-seeds. In order to look for possible solutions for the
low germination rate and to reduce the time needed for the germination of the wild hot-peppers'
accessions, there were done some tests with giberelic acid and warm water. These tests were
done in vitro conditions as well as under greenhouse conditions. Seeds embedded for 24 hours
in giberelic acid [5ppm] germinated more quickly and the germination rate increased too, either
at the in vitro conditions as in the greenhouse. By other hand, in the greenhouse tests, there were
also the utilization of biological inputs (Tricobal of Biotop) added to the substrate, which increased
the germination rate and the plant development. Even that it is true that this allowed an increase
in the germination rate, but these seeds took long time to germinate too. Actually, plants obtained
in all the tests, were transplanted to the field and are under monitoring.
109
Action of Paclobutrazol in Potted Hot Peppers Plants - 96
Wellington Souto Ribeiro 1, Clebson dos Santos Carneiro1 ,
Lucas Cavalcante da Costa, Fernando Luiz Finger 1*
ffinger@ufv.br
1Departamento
de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900,
Brasil
Phenotypical variability of Capsicum species comprises great diversity on habit of growth and
plant size. In principle, any variety of pepper can be used as ornamental potted plant. But, there
are only a few commercial cultivars adapted to such purpose. Since most of the plants are relatively large because the cultivars were selected field crop, they are not adapted as potted plant.
The height of plants can be reduced by the use of growth inhibitors. Paclobrutazol (PBZ) is widely
used as growth regulator, reducing the height of citrus, sunflower and other cultivated plants.
Nevertheless, the response and efficiency of PBZ on the growth of peppers is not known yet. The
aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PBZ on the growth and quality of nine accessions
of peppers from the Horticulture Germplasm Bank (BGH) from Universidade Federal de Viçosa,
Brazil. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse in a completely randomized design, where
the treatments were arranged in a 9 x 4 factorial; comprising nine genotypes and three doses
(25, 50 mg and 75 mg L -1 PBZ) plus the control plants. PBZ was applied by submerging the root/
substrate at transplanting to the pots, comprising a total of three replicates of one plant per each
treatment. When the plants reached the commercial stage of sale (30% of ripe fruits) they were
evaluated for plant canopy height, height of the first bifurcation, main stem diameter, number of
leaves, leaf size (length/width), number of ripe fruits per plant, length of mature fruit and diameter
of the ripe fruit. For the accesses BGH 1032 and BGH 1039 the use of PBZ at the concentration
of 25 mg L-1 was the most suitable to obtain plants with ornamental characteristics. PBZ at concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 mg L-1 improved the ornamental characteristics of the accesses BGH
4285, BGH 6371 and BGH 7073, reducing plant height and resulting in plants with more compact
and harmonic tops for potting. Therefore, considering the cost:benefit, the dose of 25 mg L -1 PBZ
is indicated for the above accesses. PBZ reduced the height of BGH 4199, but without providing
a good required ornamental size. Regardless the concentration, PBZ was ineffective in affecting
BGH 4371 plant morphological traits.
Acknowledgements: To CNPq, FAPEMIG and CAPES.
110
Does Sucrose Affect the Photochemical Efficiency in
Capsicum baccatum Seedlings Grown in vitro? -97
Rafael Walter 1*, Virginia Silva Carvallho 2, Luciene Souza Ferreira 3 , Jefferson Rangel da Silva 4,
Andressa Leal Generoso 5 e Eliemar Campostrini 6
*rafael_walterbio@hotmail.com
1Master Student in Genetics and Plant Breeding Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF),
Brazil. 2U. Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 3 U. Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 4 U.
Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 5 U.Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 6Laboratório de
Melhoramento Genético Vegetal U. Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil
The Capsicum peppers have great economic importance in the world, being used in fresh vegetables
market, condiments and ornamentation. The genetic breeding programs of the genus find problems
that can be solved with the embryos culture. The photosynthetic capacity related studies are of
great importance to optimizing the cultivation of seedlings in vitro. The objective was to verify
the effect of sucrose on germination of cotyledonary embryos (advanced) of Capsicum baccatum
and photosynthetic capacity in vitro. Mature seeds of C. baccatum var. pendulum (UENF 1624),
of the germplasm bank of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, were sterilized in 70%
alcohol for one minute later in NaClO 0.7% + Tween 20 for 15 minutes and rinsed three times in
deionized autoclaved water and soaked for 12 hours. In the germination experiment, embryos were
isolated and placed in Petri dishes containing ½MS medium with different sucrose concentrations
(0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g L -1) with four replications and five explants in each dish, and evaluated by
15 days. For the experiment of seedling growth, the embryos were isolated and germinated in Petri
dishes containing ½MS medium without sucrose. After 15 days the seedlings were transferred to
flasks containing ½MS medium with the same sucrose concentrations above, with four replicates
and five explants in each dish. The evaluations of the photochemical efficiency (chlorophyll fluorescence, SPAD reading and potential photosynthesis) were made after 30 days. In the evaluation
of potential photosynthesis, were used 8 intensities of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR): 0; 71;
143; 214; 286; 357; 429 e 500 µmol m-2 s-1, with measurement time of three minutes each intensity.
All treatments presented 100% germination of embryos. The values of chlorophyll a fluorescence
emission showed no statistical difference. The maximum quantum yield of PSII (F v /Fm) presented
averages between 0.75 and 0.85 for all treatments. This indicates that PSII was in proper activity.
In relation to the photosynthetic index (PI), there was no difference in treatments with the highest
concentrations of sucrose (20, 30 and 40 g L -1), with values of 1.5, 1.6 and 1.5, respectively, with
higher photochemical efficiency when compared with the other treatments. For the SPAD reading,
the treatment without sucrose did not differ statistically from the other treatments, with values ranging from 21.3 to 32.0. In conclusion, in PAR values around 400-500 µmol m -2 s-1, the presence
of sucrose in the culture medium optimized the efficiency of the oxygen evolving complex in the
PSII, with maximum release of 24.9 and 24.7 µmol O 2 m-2 s-1 at the concentrations of 30 and 40 g
L-1, respectively. While in 0 g L -1 sucrose in the culture medium, the quantum yield () was higher
with value 0.0083 µmol O2 µmol fóton -1. The presence of sucrose in the culture medium did not
compromise the photochemical efficiency of leaves of seedlings of C. baccatum in vitro.
Acknowledgements: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
111
Activity of Native Bumblebees Bombus dahlbomii (Guér)
(Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Greenhouse Pepper Increased Seed Yield -14
Patricia Estay P*. and Nancy Vitta P.
pestay@inia.cl
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) La Platina Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314
The native bumblebee Bombus dahlbomii (Guér) was assessed as a pollinating agent in cultivated
pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Cv SZZ for seed production under greenhouse conditions. This
study was done in the Pomaire locality, Santiago de Chile (33 o 64' S lat, 71o 15' W long). The
bumblebees were obtained from hives rearing in the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
INIA La Platina (Santiago Chile), which developed and patented the B. dahlbomii rearing protocol.
The objectives of this study were to determine the native bumblebee activity and the pollination
effectiveness of B. dahlbomii in greenhouse peppers based on the number of seed per fruit, seed
weight and germination rate.
A total 700 plants in every greenhouse were covered with a mosquito net to restrict the movement
of bumblebees to other plots in the same greenhouse. One colony with 53 workers was introduced into de greenhouse. The data for colony traffic and foraging activity were recorded from first
week of January to the last week of January. A similar greenhouse with hand pollination peppers
was maintained as a control treatment. Twenty fruits from each plot were randomly selected to
record number of seeds for fruit, mass of seeds and percentage of germination.
Under greenhouse conditions, the results showed that one bumblebee (B. dahlbomii) worker visits
180 flowers in one hour. Seed yield of bumblebee pollinated pepper increased in 65.5%, being
significantly higher than hand pollinated pepper (p<0.005). Data for seed weight per fruit show
2.0 g for bumblebees pollinated pepper, which was statistically higher than without bumblebees
pollinated that shows 0.83g. No significant differences were observed in seed germination rates
between bumblebee pollinated peppers and hand pollinated peppers.
These results show the high potential of native bumblebee (B. dahlbomii) to be utilized as pollinating agent in greenhouse peppers.
112
Capsicum Rootstock- Scion Compatibility in Term of Plant Biomass,
Leaf Gas Exchange, and Fruit Setting -83
Carlos Gatica 1,2 , Ricardo Pertuze 2, Maria-Teresa Pino 1 *, Francisco Alvarez 1
carlos.gaticazuniga@yahoo.com
1 Instituto
Agronomy Universidad de Chile. 3Facultad de Agronomía-Universidad
de Chile.*Corresponding-author: mtpino@inia.cl
2 Undergraduate-student
The main goal of this research was to evaluate the rootstock compatibility in terms of root development plant biomass, leaf gas exchange, and fruit setting. Three Capsicum accessions (1841,
1835, 162) with different level of Phytopthora capsici resistance and drought tolerance were
evaluated as rootstocks on California Wonder (1823) as scion; a total of six rootstock-scion combination (PRCW5, PCWR6, PPCW7, PCWP8, PHCW9, PCWH10) were evaluated in conjunction
with ungrafted plants control and grafted control plants. Root length, root diameter, root volume
and total root area were analyzed in the end of experiment by using the WinRhizo-Pro image
analysis system (Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada). Plant biomass was also evaluated at
the end of experiments in terms of total fresh weight (TFW) and total dry weight (TDW). In leaf
gas exchange photosynthetic rates (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), and internal CO 2 (Ci) was
measured. Also flowering dates and fruit set date were also registered weekly. The results showed
significant differences between root volume and root length, with concomitant variations in foliar
plant biomass. The rootstock did not affected significantly the scion gas exchange and flowering
or fruit set, PRCW5 and PPCW7 rootstock-scion combinations were the most promising in term
of plant biomass development.
(09PMG-7244)
113
Influence of capsaicin oleoresin permeation on seed
quality of selected vegetables -87
P. J. Devaraju1 *, N. Mangalagowri 2, K. S. Nagaraju3
pjdseedtech@gmail.com
1Professor
of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, NSP, GKVK Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2Ph. D Scholar and Kirkhouse Trust Fellow (UK), Department of Seed
Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 3Senior
Research Fellow, Department of Genetics and plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Capsaicin oleoresin is the phenolic principle of the Capsicum species, and has shown a wide range
of pharmacological properties. On basis of these properties, the vegetable seeds viz., amaranthus,
carrot, chilli, onion, radish and watermelon permeated with capsaicin-oleoresin via organic solvents
and water were tested for their seed quality parameters. High quality seeds responded negatively
(10-40% reduction in germination) to the Capsaicin Oleoresin permeation. Among the source
of capsaicin oleoresin extracts Capsicum frutescens with high capsaicin was profound negative
effect compared to that Capsaicin Oleoresin from C. annuum. However, among solvents used
acetone permeated seeds recorded highest reduction in seed germination in most of the crops
viz., amaranthus, chilli and onion to the extent of 15-40 per cent and dichloromethane was found
effective for carrot and watermelon seeds with reduction in germination of 20-30% compared
to control. Increase in FUG was noticed upon capsaicin oleoresin permeation than compared to
control in all the crops tested. However, with increase in the concentration of capsaicin oleoresin
there was decrease in seed infection percentage among all the crops tested. Capsaicinoids have
aroused great interest lately owing to their biological and therapeutic importance. Capsaicinoids
are alkaloids specific for Capsicum spp.
In the present study, the effect of capsaicin oleoresin on seed germination and seed infection
percentage was determined. The germination percentage recorded was more in case of Capsicum
frutescence permeated seeds in most of crops like viz., carrot (39%), and watermelon (50%) than
compared to that of Capsicum annuum permeated seeds, it was found highest in chilli (87.67%)
and onion (61.67%). However, the germination decreased with capsaicin oleoresin permeation
compared to that of non permeated seeds to an extent 35.5 percent in carrot, 4 per cent in chilli
and 32.7 per cent in onion and 6.3 per cent in watermelon. However, non permeated amaranthus
recorded 55 per cent, when infused with capsaicin-oleoresin at 1 per cent with DCM recorded
70 per cent. High quality seeds responded negatively (10-40% reduction in germination) to the
Capsaicin Oleoresin permeation and among them Capsicum frutescens with high capsaicin were
profound negative effect compared to that Capsaicin Oleoresin from C. annuum. This is mainly
114
due to the increased capsaicin content in C. frutescens (98%) than compared to that of C. annuum
(77%). Similarly the germination percentage of alfalfa, cress, lettuce, crabgrass, thimothy and
ryegrass were inhibited by 50 per cent at different concentration of capsaicin treatment. Among
organic solvents used for dry permeation of Capsaicin-Oleoresin, acetone and Di-chloromethane
found effective in carrying the Capsaicin-Oleoresin as evident with decrease in seed germination of all the crops permeated expect radish as compared to other solvents. However, among
these two solvents acetone permeated seeds recorded highest reduction in seed germination in
most of the crops viz., amaranthus, chilli and onion to the extent of 15-40 per cent than that of
untreated seeds. This may be attributed to higher solubility of capsaicin-oleoresin in acetone as
well as low surface tension of acetone which aided in penetration of capsaicin-oleoresin into the
surface irregularities and crevices on the seed coat and into the testa. Similarly, Tao and Khan
also reported acetone was found superior to carry chemicals through seed coat into the embryo.
However, dichloromethane was found effective for capsaicin-oleoresin of carrot and watermelon
seeds. As a result of which reduction in germination of 20-30 % was noticed compared to that of
control. Similarly, superiority of DCM facilitating fungicide movement into the seed coat was also
reported by Dhingra and Muchovej (1980). Considerable increase in Fresh Ungerminated Seeds
(FUG) was also recorded compared to that of non permeated seeds. In amaranthus C. frutescence
(C2) infused with Acetone recorded highest FUG (92.33%) Capsicum annuum (C1) infused with
DCM (O 2) recorded highest FUG (97.33%). While, In Carrot Capsicum annuum infused with
DCM (O2) recorded highest FUG (70.00%) and C. frutescence (C 2) (C 1) infused with ethylether
(O3 ) recorded highest FUG (60.08%). Whereas, for Onion, Capsicum annuum (C1 ) infused with
Acetone (O1 ) recorded highest FUG (30%) C. frutescence (C2) infused with ethylether (O 3) recorded highest FUG (35.33%). In Watermelon Capsicum annuum (C1 ) infused with Acetone (O 1 )
recorded highest FUG (20.33%) C. frutescence (C2) infused with ethylether (O3) recorded highest
FUG (16.33%). The Fresh Ungerminated Seeds in Chilli permeated with Capsicum annuum (C1 )
through DCM (O2) recorded highest FUG (3.67%). While, with C. frutescence (C 2) infused with
ethylether (O3 ) recorded highest FUG (5.00%). The seed infection percentage recorded less in
case of C. frutescence permeated seeds of amaranthus (1.46%) and carrot (21.92%) but in case
of chilli (16.75%) onion (17.42%) and watermelon (32.85%) it was found less with C. annuum
permeation. In all the crops the seed infection percentage decreases with increase in concentration of treatments compared to control which was about 6.6 per cent for amaranthus, 60 per cent
for carrot, 32 per cent for chilli, 28 per cent for onion and 60 per cent for watermelon. Whereas,
seed infection percentage decreased with the Capsaicin-Oleoresin permeation but there was no
complete eradication of infection.
The study revealed that, Capsaicin-Oleoresin permeation through organic solvents resulted in
increased Fresh Ungerminated Seeds (FUG). Indicating delayed radical emergence contributing
to the reduction in seed germination and higher values for speed of emergence. Further, resulted
in reduced seed infection percentage with increased concentration.
115
Influence of Maturity Stages and Post-Harvest
Ripening on Seed Quality In Capsicum spp. -24
P. J. Devaraju 1 *, Nagaraj Hullur2, K. S. Nagaraju 3
pjdseedtech@gmail.com
1Professor
of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, NSP, GKVK Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2Ph. D Scholar and Kirkhouse Trust Fellow (UK), Department of Seed
Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 3 Ph.
D Scholar, Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
The present study was conducted at Department of Seed Science and Technology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore during 2011-12 to reveal the influence of maturity stages and post-harvest ripening on seed
quality among ten (Bhut Jolokia, Merkera Local, Sweet Baccatum, Gandhari, Biligiri Local, Majjige
Menasu, Chinense Habanero, Hot Cherry, Cherry pepper and Shivani) chilli genotypes belonging
to Capsicum chinense, C. frutescence and C. annuum. The results revealed that among maturity
stages, fruits harvested at red ripe stage and subjected for 20 days post-harvest ripening (M4) has
recorded higher seed quality parameters viz., 1000 Seed Dry Weight (6.95g), Seed Germination
(66.0%), Seedling Length (9.9cm), Seedling Dry Weight (1.50mg), Seedling Vigour Index -1 (748),
Total Dehydrogenase activity (1.314), -Amylase activity (34.9 µg maltose ml-1min -1) and Field
emergence (56.0%). Also minimum Electrical Conductivity (1.743dSm -1) and Moisture content
of fresh seed (10.93%) was noticed. The genus Capsicum belongs to family Solanaceae. It has 90
genera and 2000 species and it is mainly grown for its fruit. Chilli has pleasant aromatic flavour,
pungency and high colouring substances (Oleoresin). Chilli can be used both in ripe and green
fruit stage and is a condiment for imparting pungency. The pungency in chilli is due to an active
principle compound 'Capsaicin'. Chilli is a source of various minerals and also contains vitamins
viz., A, B and C. In food and beverage industries, chilli has got a great importance because of
'Oleoresin' which gives colour and flavor to the food. The indeterminate flowering and differential
fruit maturity in chilli necessitates the harvest of fruits at different stages. The seeds extracted from
the fruits of different harvesting stages are more likely to vary with differential supply of metabolites
by mother plant, thereby likely to get altered in seed quality in terms of germination and vigour.
The seed quality depends mainly on the stage at which seeds are harvested. It's a well established
fact that; seeds harvested at physiological maturity will have maximum germination and vigour.
A laboratory experiment was carried out at department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru. Ten chilli genotypes were selected for the study
viz., Bhut Jolokia, Merkera Local, Sweet Baccatum, Gandhari, Biligiri Local, Majjige Menasu,
Chinense Habanero, Hot Cherry, Cherry pepper and Shivani. The fruits from each genotype were
116
harvested at three stages viz.,M1 (Green stage), M 2 (Colour break stage), M 3 (Red ripe stage) and
M4 fruits harvested at red ripe stage and kept for post harvest ripening for 20 days. The seeds
were extracted manually from each stage and genotype were dried to 6-7 per cent moisture level
and tested for the seed quality parameters such as seed germination, moisture content, seedling
length, seedling dry weight, electrical conductivity, total dehydrogenase activity and -amylase
activity was carried out as per ISTA rules.
Genotype performance: The genotype Shivani has recorded better seed quality in comparison
with the other genotypes. It has recorded high (72%) germination, total dehydrogenase activity
(1.511), -amylase activity (36.8 µg maltose ml-1 min -1) and field emergence (58%). The genotype
Hot cherry recorded high dry weight of seed per fruit (0.91 g), seedling length (12.6 cm), seedling
dry weight (1.44 mg) and seedling vigour index (757). Merkera Local recorded highest fresh seed
moisture content (52.79 %).Chinense Habanero recorded higher 1000 seed dry weight (7.14 g) and
Whereas low seed quality was recorded in Cherry Pepper1000 seed weight (1.79 g), seed germination (10%), seedling length (5.6cm), seedling dry weight (0.93 mg), seedling vigour index -1 (66),
total dehydrogenase activity (0.426). The rest of the genotypes are on par with each other. These
results revealed the genetic background of the genotypes determines the variation in seed quality.
Effect of maturity stages: Significant variations were observed in all genotypes with respect to
stages of maturity. The seeds extracted from the fruits harvested at red ripe stage and kept for
post-harvest ripening for 20 days (M 4 ) has given maximum seed quality parameters such as dry
weight of seed per fruit (0.70 g), 1000 seed weight of dry seeds (6.95 g), seed germination (66%),
Seedling length (9.9 cm), seedling dry weight (1.50 mg), seedling vigour index -1 (748), total dehydrogenase activity (1.374),-amylase activity (34.9 µg maltose ml-1 min-1 ) and low electrical
conductivity (1.743 dSm-1 1), Compared to fruits harvested at green stage, colour break stage and
red ripe stage. Eight per cent increase in germination was noticed in seeds harvested at red ripe
stage kept for 20 days of post-harvest ripening (M 4 ) over the fruits of red ripe stage (M3 ) similar
results were also reported in egg plant. This might be due to attainment of physiological maturity of seeds where the maximum accumulation of food reserves, amino acid, phosphorus active
substances, dry matter, sugar, water soluble proteins, acids and necotonic acid levels in seeds.
On the contrary, all seed quality parameters were low in early harvested fruits (green and colour
breaker stage), it may be due to the presence of large number of immature and under developed
seeds with lesser food reserves and nutrients in the seeds in chilli. It was clearly evident that the
chilli fruits may physiologically mature when they attain red ripe stage and harvesting of such
fruits will results in better seed quality.
The finding of the study revealed that among the selected genotypes, fruits harvested at red ripe
stage and kept for 20 days of post-harvest ripening (M 4) gives higher quality seeds compared to
the fruits harvested at dark green, colour break and red ripe stage.
117
Internal Fruit Rot and Premature Seed Germination
of Field Grown Colored Peppers -102
Wesley L. Kline 1 and C. Andrew Wyenandt 2
wkline@rce.rutgers.edu
1Cumberland
County Agricultural Agent, Rutgers Cooperative Extension, 291 Morton Avenue,
Millville, NJ 08332. 2 Extension Specialist in Vegetable Pathology, Rutgers University Rutgers
Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 121 Northville Road, Bridgeton, NJ 08302
Colored peppers are difficult to grow in the Mid-Atlantic region where high humidity is prevalent throughout the production season. In a preliminary two-year study, seventeen cultivars were
evaluated for yield and fruit quality. Each year 5-10 random fruit samples by replication were
selected twice each year from the large and extra-large fruit to evaluate external and internal characteristics. When fruit was dissected for internal evaluations, two abnormalities were observed,
fungal growth and premature seed germination. There were no apparent symptoms on the fruit
exterior. Cultivars Aristotle, Paladin, Festos, Hunter, King Arthur, Revolution and Red Bull have
no internal rot in 2011. However, all cultivars had some rot in 2012 with Hunter (5%) having the
least. All other cultivars ranged from 15-55% with Alliance and Crusader having the most. Internal seed germination is a concern among pepper breeders. Cultivars that exhibit this abnormality
are discarded prior to release. Crusader and Festos were the only cultivars not to have internal
sprouting in 2011. All Cultivars sprouted in 2012 with Festos sprouting least with 10%. Cultivars
Crusader, Hunter, Classic, King Arthur and Touchdown had over 90% internal sprouting. Why
these abnormalities occur is not well understood.
A replicated trial was planted in 2013 to further explore the two defects. Twenty-eight cultivars
were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fruits with at least
50% color (red or yellow) were harvested weekly for nine harvests. At harvest, all fruit was weighed, graded between marketable and unmarketable and cut horizontality to determine internal
defects. There were no significant yield differences between marketable and unmarketable fruit
with percent marketable ranging from 92% to 99%. When fruits were dissected for internal evaluations, two abnormalities were observed, fungal growth and premature seed germination. There
were no apparent symptoms on the fruit exterior. Internal fruit rot ranged from 1% to 16%. The
cultivars Red Knight, Vanguard and Early Sunsation had significantly more internal mold than the
other cultivars. Red Start had the least amount of internal mold (1%), but did not differ significantly
from thirteen other cultivars. The mold was tentatively identified as Fusarium lactis which has
been reported in Canada and Belgium. Most of the internal mold was observed in the first four
harvests which coincided with heavy rainfall periods. Internal growth was observed in between
3% and 47% of the fruit with the cultivar Revolution exhibiting 47%. The cultivars Touchdown,
Patriot, Intrepid and Enterprise did not differ from Revolution. Lantern and Red Start had 3% internal growth which did not significantly differ from Yellow Gourmet, 6947B, Red Bull, Festos or
Classic. The internal growth was distributed over the full season for all cultivars.
118
Fruit Industrial Traits and Physiological Responses in Five
Capsicum annum Genotypes to Deficit Irrigation -35
Matías Candia1,2 , Carolina Salazar 1, Paulina Villagra 1,
Paulina Romero 1,2 , María-Teresa Pino 1*
mtpino@inia.cl
1 Instituto
Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chile. 3Graduatestudent Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Chile.*Corresponding-author mtpino@inia.cl
Capsicum species (Sweet pepper and Hot pepper) are very susceptible to water deficit because
their high aerial biomass, shallow root system and because the majority of Capsicum species grow
and fructify in summer when evaporative demand is high and rainfall is scarce. For high fruit-yield
in pepper, an adequate water supply is required during the total growing period, but in particular
during fruit formation. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of drought stress
on physiological parameters and yield of five Capsicum annum genotypes (583, 656, 658, 664,
and 1775).
All plants were grown in pots under greenhouse conditions, and the following watering treatments
were applied during ripening: (T1) well-watered, 100% irrigation of the field capacity, (T2) 80%
irrigation of the field capacity, (T3) 60% irrigation of the field capacity. The volumetric soil water
content (), photosynthetic rates (A N ), stomatal conductance (gs), electron transport rate (ETR),
and photosystem II efficiency (PSII) were evaluated weekly throughout the water-deficit assay in
completely expanded leaves. Also, relative water content (%), fruit yield, and fruit industrial traits.
The experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCB) in three replications. Each block
had four plants per cultivar and per watering treatment. In the majority of Capsicum accession,
significant differences were observed in leaf gas exchange (AN and gs), transport rate (ETR) and
photosystem II efficiency (PSII) after 4 weeks under 60% irrigation of the field capacity. At the
end of the experiment also significant differences were observed in the relative water content (%)
and fruit yield with 60% irrigation of the field capacity. No significant differences were observed
with 80% of deficit irrigation in term of yield and fruit industrial quality. Significant differences
in term of physiological parameters were also observed among Capsicum genotypes (P<0.005),
being the genotype 583 (Yellow) the most susceptible to watering restriction during the ripening
stage in terms of physiological and fruit yield parameters.
(09PMG-7244)
119
Genetics of Morpho-Physiological Traits Related
to Drought Tolerance in Capsicum -36
Naresh, P., Madhavi Reddy, K. and Bhatt, R.M.
nashhorti@gmail.com
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India.
As drought tolerance is a complex trait, its genetic basis has received little attention. And to our
knowledge this is the first study in Capsicum sps and there are no reports pertaining to genetic
inheritance studies so far. So the genetic information on drought tolerance related traits is practically very important for drought tolerance breeding in Capsicum. An investigation was carried
out to understand the genetics and inheritance of characters associated with drought tolerance.
Forty five hybrids obtained by crossing 10 inbred lines in half diallel fashion along with parents
were evaluated for drought tolerance related traits by growing large polybags. The gene effects
under stress for the all the traits except for plant height, root length, root volume, root dry weight,
root to shoot ratio, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were significant
for dominance components and for other traits it is controlled by both additive and dominance
components. Whereas under stress both additive and non additive were significant for all the
traits except for root to shoot ratio, RWC, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and other gas exchange
parameters. Drought susceptibility index is controlled by dominance gene effect. Yield per plant
is under the control of dominance gene effect under stress in the Capsicum sps. The mean degree
of dominance is more than unity for all the traits in stress and no stress indicating the overdominance, suggesting superiority of heterozygotes over homozygotes and warrants the development
of hybrids for drought prone areas. The parameter H 2/4H1 is deviated from the value 0.25 for all
the traits under stress and no stress suggesting asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative
dominant genes in parents. High broad sense heritability were reported for all the traits indicating
the efficiency of selection as it is highly related to estimates of broad sense heritability. The narrow
sense heritability values were very low to moderate particularly very low for the physiological
traits indicating several minor genes involved in the controlling these traits. The proportion of
dominant and recessive genes in the parents varied for the traits studied under stress and non
stress indicating that differential gene expression in different environments. The number of group
of genes which control the trait and exhibit dominance (h 2/H2) was less than unity for all the traits
except for yield per plant under stress, such results are possible when the effects due to dominance
of all genes concerned are not equal in size or distribution or due to correlated distribution or it
also possible due to involvement of complementary gene action in controlling the traits. The E
component of variation was significant only for fewer traits such as root dry weight, root length in
no stress, root to shoot ratio in stress, RWC in both, chlorophyll content in non stress, PN in non
stress, GS in non stress and AE in non stress. The E component variance is lesser than the genetic
components variance indicating the potentiality of role of breeder in genetic manipulation for
drought tolerance in Capsicum sps. All the traits predominantly under the control of dominance
gene effects, which hinders the selection process in early generations as it goes on segregating
and reduces the value by 50%, hence postponing the selection to later generations by single seed
descent method is best strategy for breeding for drought tolerance in Capsicum spp.
Acknowledgements: authors acknowledge Director, IIHR for providing necessary facilities.
120
METABOLOMICS, FUNCTIONAL USE,
POST-HARVEST ISSUES AND INDUSTRY
121
The Nutritional and Health Science of Chiles, Vegetables,
Fruits, and Other Wellness Information -18
Dr. Benigno Villalón, Professor Emeritus
bevillalon@msn.com
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Texas
Forty years of Plant Science Research and exercise has transformed me from a Plant Pathologist/
Virologist/Pepper Breeder to a student of the science of food for health and human disease prevention information gatherer. The USA wastes over 200 billion dollars trying to keep its sick citizens from dying, but they still die too soon. The obesity and diabetes rates in our country have
reached tsunamic proportions. A weak immune system results in many human diseases (heart,
hypertension, high blood sugar, diabetes, pancreas, liver, kidney failures, dementia and cancers).
This metabolic syndrome is the result of high triglycerides, low HDL, high LDL and fructose overdose. These are inflammatory factors. Abundant scientific evidence shows that we can maintain a
healthy longevity by following simple lifestyle rules. Food is the most important medicine in the
world. Conversely, food is the most important poison in the world. Two main sources of food are
animals and plants. Animal food provides saturated fats, proteins, fiber and some carbohydrates.
Plant food provides unsaturated fats, proteins, fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and mainly
low glycemic index carbohydrates. Food is digested down to three main macromolecules: proteins,
lipids, and carbohydrates. A perfectly balanced meal must contain the right proportions of these
macromolecules in a block. These are 7 gms protein, 9 gms carbohydrate, and 1.5 gms fat for
every meals. The average number of blocks may be three to four per meal. Important vegetables,
fruits, and low fat animal products are available, these are: peppers, tomatoes, onions, garlic,
avocadoes, potatoes, rice, legumes, nuts, spices, coconut and olive oil, etc. Both food sources
provide sufficient essential nutrients but require a dramatic life style change including daily exercise to reduce the metabolic syndrome by at least 80%. So, eat food, mainly vegetables, fruits,
exercise and live healthy ever after.
Acknowledgements: Dr. Berry Sears, Dr. David L. Katz, Dr. Aubrey de Grey, Dr. Ronald A. De Pinho, Dr. Robert L. Lustig, and many international renowned medical doctors and research scientists
dedicated to the prevention of human diseases.
122
Current Status of Perceived Benefits of Pepper Health Benefits:
Challenges and Opportunities to Increase Consumption
of Pepper Using Health and Nutritional Benefits -21
Bhimanagouda S Patil
Bpatil@ag.tamu.edu
Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, 1500 Research
Parkway, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-2119
Peppers are good source of essential nutrients such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids,
vitamins and are also rich in natural colors with good aroma compounds. Capsaicinoids are the
pungent components characteristic to peppers while capsinoids are non-pungent compounds
present only in sweet peppers. Certain compounds from peppers demonstrated to reduce risk
from certain types of cancer and help in reducing weight. It has been reported that capsaicin
or dihydrocapsaicin inhibits obesity by enhancing energy expenditure and reducing body fat
accumulation in animals as well as clinical studies. In addition, capsaicinoids also displayed
the benefits on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal system as well as pharmacological properties to
manage obesity and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, capsaicin is used as key ingredient
in certain drugs and oral pain reliever creams. Similar to capsicinoids, capsiate is also reported
to accelerate the energy expenditure and raise the core temperature. Interestingly, many weight
loss products of capsiate are marketed in US and Japan. Recent studies demonstrated that degree
of pungency depends on the cultivar and environmental conditions during plant growth and fruit
development/maturation. Presentation will also discuss factors affecting levels of capsaicinoids
such as developmental stage of the fruit and the environmental growth conditions.
123
Development of a Natural Antioxidant for Use in Foods
from Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum -84
Daniela Barros de Oliveira 1 , Maria Lucy Vieira de Assis 1,
Silvia Menezes de Faria Pereira 1, Pakizza Sherma da Silva Leite 2 , Rosana Rodrigues2
dbarrosoliveira@uenf.br; dbarrosoliveira@terra.com.br
1Universidade
Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias
Agropecuárias - Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos (UENF/CCCTA/LTA), 2Laboratório de
Melhoramento Genético (UENF/CCTA/LTA)
The sausages food products are highly appreciated for its spicy and pungent flavor, but a relevant
factor that should be taken into consideration is that these food sources are rich in lipids, and
they constantly suffer oxidation, which causes chemical and enzymatic reactions in product, and
the products formed consequently alter the sensory attributes thereof. On the other hand, there is
a great controversy about the sanity of said synthetic antioxidants, since scientific investigations
have concluded that they can cause diseases such as cancer. For this reason, the natural antioxidants are increasingly exploited as its benefits as an additive in foodstuffs, or to increase the shelf
life of food products, taking into account that one of the mechanisms is that they have property
to inhibit lipid oxidation and investigated another important point are the beneficial effects on
the human body. The development a natural antioxidant from plant species Capsicum baccatum
(Solanaceae), through a detailed investigation of 27 accessions of this plant source, for use of
the extracts of pepper in sausage meat of sheep. The antioxidant activity will be verified through
sequestration of free radicals (DPPH - 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl); the total phenolic content
is quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The development of any product or process agricultural and food requires the application of scientific knowledge, therefore, antioxidant potential
was observed at concentrations of 1000 and 100 g / ml, and the results were more expressive in
the highest concentration. Stood out the BRS, 1490, 1495, 1611, 1613, 1629, 1630, 1633, 1639,
1642, 1643rd, 1732, 1738 and 1797 accessions, which showed 100% activity. The latter being
considered the most effective action as free radical scavengers against DPPH. The results of the
quantification of total phenols were expressed according to the Scott Knott test, and found that the
BRS access, showed the highest content of total phenolics, followed by hits 1643b, 1611, 1417,
1494, 1613 to 1584, which also stood out in this analysis.
Acknowledgements: UENF, CAPES, FAPERJ e CNPq.
124
Novel Formation of Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Capsicum
Fruit Walls Explains Super-hot Chile Peppers - 85
Danise Coon* and Paul W. Bosland.
hotchile@nmsu.edu
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.
Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are one of the first crops domesticated in the Western Hemisphere
about 10,000 ybp (Perry et al. 2007). The capsaicinoids have the ability to elicit the sensation of
a burning pain in humans, and are only found in the Capsicum genus. The Scoville Organoleptic
Heat test, invented by Scoville in 1912, is a subjective measure of chile pepper heat (Scoville,
1912). Today, the most reliable, rapid, and efficient method to identify and quantify capsaicinoids
is high-performance liquid chromatography, then converted to Scoville Heat Units (SHU) (Collins
et al., 1995). In 2006, Bosland and Baral (2007) reported that "Bhut Jolokia", a natural interspecific
hybrid between Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens grown in India, surpassed the one
million Scoville Heat Units. Later in 2012, a chile pepper from Trinidad had a heat level greater
than 2 million Scoville Heat Units (Bosland et al., 2012). Chile peppers with a heat level greater
than 1 million SHUs are now known in the vernacular as "super-hots." The quantitative aspect of
heat level is based on the concentration of capsaicinoids that accumulate in the vesicles on the
placental walls (Suzuki, et al., 1980). Our current understanding is that capsaicinoids are only
synthesized in the epidermal cells of the interlocular septum (placenta) and are stored in vesicles
only on the surface of the placental tissue in a Capsicum fruit (Ancona-Escalante et al., 2013)
The objective was to determine the existence of vesicles on the pericarp to explain the high Scoville
Heat Units of the super-hot chile peppers. Pods of each super-hot variety were carefully dissected.
The pericarps were carefully removed from the placenta tissue, being cautious not to disturb the
placental tissue. The pericarps and placental tissue were then separated from one another for drying.
After samples were dried they were ground. Capsaicinoids were quantified with HPLC according
to the method reported by Collins et al. (1995). The content of capsaicinoids was converted from
parts per million (ppm) to SHU by multiplying the parts per million by 16. 3 pods of each variety
were carefully dissected and the placental tissue and pericarps were observed under an electron
microscope for the presence or absence of vesicles.
The results showed that each of the superhot varieties tested had significant amounts of capsaicin
in the pericarp samples of the pods resulting in a SHU rating for pericarp tests. Each of the superhot
varieties observed under the electron microscope revealed vesicles on the pericarpal tissue. In
conclusion, It was determined by HPLC and electron microscope photography that Bhut Jolokia,
Trinidad Scorpion and Trinidad Moruga Scorpion all produce vesicles containing capsaicin on
the pericarp.
125
Effect of Capsinoids in Human Energy Metabolism -20
Jose E. Galgani
jgalgani@uc.cl
Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo; UDA-Ciencias de la Salud, Nutrición y
Dietética. Escuela de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
The prevalence of obesity continues to increase in most developed and developing countries. In
fact, about one half of the population has some degree of overweight or frank obesity. At present,
energy restriction and increased physical activity are advocated in most weight control programs;
however, sustained changes in diet and physical activity are difficult to achieve. Thus, a number of
alternative strategies have been proposed to dampen positive energy balance and resulting weight
gain. Among them, so called thermogenic agents have been administered over decades to obese
individuals to boost metabolic rate and induce a negative energy balance expected to lead to
weight loss. Currently, there is interest in finding natural substances or extracts having thermogenic
properties. Capsaicin is present in chili peppers and can increase energy expenditure probably
via an enhancement in the activity of the sympathetic tone or cathecolamine secretion. However,
given its strong pungency, not all individuals feel comfortable upon capsaicin consumption. In
turn, capsinoids are much less pungent and have shown to increase metabolic rate in mice.
In humans, we observed no effect of single doses of encapsulated capsinoids (1 to 12 mg) on resting metabolic rate. In contrast, other studies have reported thermogenic properties after chronic
consumption of encapsulated capsinoids, which suggests that a prolonged consumption may improve its thermogenic potency. Dihydrocapsiate, one of the compounds from the capsinoids family,
has been synthesized and approved for human consumption. In vivo and in vitro experiments
show that dihydrocapsiate shares similar potency compared to other capsinoids. By conducting
a double-blind randomized clinical trial, we investigated the chronic effect of placebo vs. 3 and
9 mg of dihydrocapsiate per day for 28 days on resting metabolic rate. In general, no effect was
noticed after consumption of 3 or 9 mg of dihydrocapsiate vs. placebo. However, after combining
findings from both experimental groups, a small but significant thermic effect of dihydrocapsiate
was detected (~50 kcal/d). An additional study about the role of capsinoids on metabolic rate
found that capsinoid´s thermogenic effect lies on the presence of brown adipose tissue, a highly
sympathetically innervated and thermogenic tissue. Indeed, capsinoids did enhance resting metabolic rate only in individuals being positive for brown fat tissue, a fat depot mainly detected
in lean, young, male individuals. In any case, the thermogenic effect of capsinoids on metabolic
rate is small and around 50 kcal/d. Such value is within the day-to-day variation in human resting
metabolic rate; therefore, the eventual influence of capsinoids ingestion on body weight and body
composition remains elusive.
126
Effect of Temperature and Drying Kinetics of Hot Air on the
Quality of Rehydrated Pepper (var. Lamuyo) -100
Vega-Gálvez A. 1 , Lemus-Mondaca R. 1, Marín D.1, López J. 1, Zura L.1, Uribe E. 1*
muribe@userena.cl
1 Departamento
de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad de La Serena. Chile
The red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) variety Lamuyo is in high commercial demand by the
global food industry, based on its aromatic, colorings and flavoring, and can be regularly consumed
as a raw and cooked vegetable in pastes, pickles and sauces, also in dried powder, hot spice, or
as a condiment. Is one of the main agricultural products of the regions of Almeria, Murcia, and
Alicante (Spain) that can successfully undergo dehydration processes by means of hot-air drying,
due mainly to a reasonable resistance to heat variations, within a given range of temperature. The
objective was to study the effect of temperature air-drying on drying kinetics quality characteristics
and microstructural properties of dried red pepper rehydrated variety Lamuyo. The experiment
was carried out at four temperatures from 50 to 80 oC and rehydrated in water at 30 o C for 24 h.
Sample were pretreated were submerged for 10 min at 25 oC in an aqueous solution of 20% (w/w)
NaCl, 1.0% (w/w) CaCl2 and 0.3% (w/w) Na 2S2 O5. Rehydrated samples were measured several
quality parameters such as: rehydration ratio, water retention capacity, color, firmness, vitamin C
and microstructure. The modelling of drying kinetics of the red bell pepper at four temperatures
with an air velocity of 2,5 ms -1 was studied. All drying curves showed a clear exponential trend,
which was modeled by Fick's second law obtaining itself an effective diffusivity between 3.2 x
10-9 and 11.9 x 10-9 m 2s-1 within the range of temperature studied. And an activation energy (Ea)
of 39.70 kJ mol -1 described by the Arrhenius equation. In addition, Newton, Henderson - Pabis,
Page, and Page modified empirical models were used for modeling the drying kinetics, being the
model Page Modified that provides a better fit for experimental data, which represents an excellent
tool for estimating the drying time. The WHC decreased as the air-drying temperature increased,
the RR and WHC values for the pretreated samples were 6.10 ± 0.22 g absorbed water/g d.m. and
0.64 ± 0.04 g retained water/g water, respectively. In relation the color the pretreated samples
showed an increase of 13.1, 24.7 and 32.6% in L*, a* and b*, respectively; while non-pretreated
samples, in comparison with the initial color of fresh pepper, showed an increase (average of the
five drying temperatures) of 3.7 % for L*, 16.9% for a* and 25.8% for b*. Microscopic examination of the rehydrated pepper samples suggested that damage to cellular structure was minimized
by pretreatment of samples; the resulting rehydrated peppers displayed comparatively improved
vitamin C retention, colour, and firmness.
The results showed that the best quality product was obtained when samples were pretreated
before drying.
127
Evaluation of Drying and Rehydration Kinetics
of Capsicum annuum L. -101
Zura L. 1, Vega-Gálvez A. 1, Lemus R. 1, Marín D. 1 , Moraga N. 2, Puente L. 3, Discala K. 4
liliana.zura@gmail.com
1Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad de La Serena. 2 Departamento de Ingeniería
Mecánica, Universidad de La Serena. 3Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos y Tecnología
Química, Universidad de Chile. 4 Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad
Nacional de Mar del Plata. 4CONICET Mar del Plata.
One of the main ways of processing the fruits of Capsicum annuum L. is through processes of
dehydration (open sun and drying tunnels) in order to have a stable product that can be used as
an ingredient in dehydrated soups, ready meals, sauces, snacks, etc. Moreover, a way to evaluate
the effects of the conditions during a drying process is when dried products are rehydrated, when
immersed in water or some other means and with this information proceed to optimize the processes of dehydration.
This work consisted of conducting dehydration experiments using pepper slabs of 4.0 cm long
using a temperature of 6o C and an air velocity of 2.0 m/s until to reach an equilibrium condition.
Rehydration experiments were conducted using 100 g of dehydrated peppers and distilled water
in a ratio of 1:50 at temperatures of 20, 40 and 60 oC for a time of 600 minutes, also the water
retention capacity and rehydration rate were studied. For the study of the mass transfer phenomena in rehydration experiments ,diffusion coefficient based on the equations derived from Fick's
second law was determined, besides customary empirical equations for the study of phenomena
of rehydration (Peleg were employed Weibull, exponential and first-order kinetics). Additionally,
firmness was measured as a quality parameter by using a universal testing machine with a punch
test device 3 mm in diameter by determining the maximum force.
Regarding the development of the drying curve, a characteristic exponential decay for most fresh
food moisture reaching the end of the process 0.23 ± 0.11 g water / g dry solid was observed,
which represents the initial moisture rehydration process. In the rehydration curve, the importance
of temperature was observed, especially in the first two hours where the liquid quickly fills the
pores available in the food matrix. The greater amount of retained water is introduced into the
rehydration treatment at 40 oC 38.6 ± 0.2 grams water / 100 grams of sample. Finally the maximum
decrease of texture introduced at 60 oC due to excessive softening of the sample.
Acknowledgements: The authors of this work thank to DIULS for economical support with PROYECT PMU13.
128
Differential Carotenoid accumulation and Beta-ciclasa (LCYb),
Capsantina/ Capsorubina Sintasa gene expression in
Capsicum genotypes differing in fruit color-19
Darío Estay 1*, Francisca Aguayo 1, Olga Zamora 1,2, Carolina Pabon 3,
Ana Mabel Muñoz 1, María-Teresa Pino 1
1 Instituto
Biochemistry-Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. 3Escuela Politécnica
del Ejército Quito Ecuador. E-mail: corresponding autor mtpino@inia.cl
During the last decade, the demand for peppers and pepper-based products has increased significantly. This higher demand is explained in part because of enhanced functional properties and the
associated health benefits (beta carotene, vitamin A and vitamin C, and Capsaicin). The remarkable
variety of fruit color in Capsicum species is explained in part because the chlorophyll degradation
and beta-carotenes synthesis during fruit ripening process among others, which is under genetic
and environmental regulation. The color expression in Capsicum fruits and those genes associated
to its control is still unlocked. During this study we studied the fruit chlorophyll degradation and
some carotenoid pigments accumulation such as capsorubin, capsanthin and zeaxanthin by HPLC
in red-fruits (A-571, A-1777, A-664), yellow fruits (A-580, A-583) and dark-brown fruits (A-612,
A-658). Also, Lycopene-b-cyclase (-LCY) gene and Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) gene
were amplified, and then sequenced for further gene expression studies. The gene expression was
followed by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Differences were observed in chlorophyll content and betacarotenes according to the fruit color; while in dark-drown fruit less chlorophyll degradation was
detected in conjunction with higher CCS gene expression, in Yellow fruits chlorophyll degradation
was almost complete and CCS expression null. Yellow fruits showed Zeaxanthin accumulation but
not Capsorubin or Capsanthin accumulation. The studied gene sequences in the seven Capsicum
accessions were highly conserved in relation to the previous reported sequences, supporting that
CCS expression fails in the Yellow accessions (A-580 and A-583).
(09PMG-7244).
129
In vitro Biosynthesis of Capsaicin in Suspension
Cultures of Naga King Chili -22
Mechuselie Kehie 1*, Suman Kumaria 2, and Pramod Tandon 2
kehie10@gmail.com
1Post
Graduate Department of Environmental Science, Patkai Christian College (Autonomous),
Chumukedima, Seithekema, Dimapur 797103, India, Phone: 03862-240449, 240601, Fax: 03862240811. 2Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University,
Shillong-793022, India. Fax +91-364-255150, Phone: +91-9862654355
Cell suspension cultures were initiated from hypocotyl derived callus to induce capsaicin biosynthesis
in suspension cultures of Naga King Chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Efficient capsaicin production
with high Growth Index was obtained by exposing cells to salicylic acid (SA) and calcium channel
modulators in suspension cultures. The time course of capsaicin formation is related to the cell
growth profile in a batch culture. Cells cultivated in the standard medium (SM) initially showed
low level of capsaicin yield during active growth. When the cells approached stationary phase,
cell growth and cell viability decreased whereas capsaicin production increased continuously.
In the fed-batch cultures, the highest capsaicin yield (567.4±8.1 µgg1fresh weight) (f.wt) was
obtained by feeding the cells with 1 mM salicylic acid. However, salicylic acid feeding during
cultivation repressed the cell growth. Enhanced cell growth (3.1±0.1 Growth index/culture) and
capsaicin yield (534±7.8 µgg-1f.wt) were obtained when the cells were fed with calcium ionophore
A23187 (0.5 mM) on day 25 as compared to the control. Addition of the calcium channel blocker
verapamil hydrochloride (100 mM) inhibited cell growth and capsaicin production in Naga King
Chili suspension cell cultures.
Acknowledgement: Mechuselie Kehie would like to acknowledge the University Grant Commission
(UGC) for awarding him Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship.
130
Volatile Compounds and Capsaicinoid Content of Some
Organically Grown Peruvian Chili Peppers -86
Kirti Patel, Candy Ruiz, Rosario Rojas*
rosario.rojas@upch.pe
Unidad de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Laboratorios de Investigación en Productos
Naturales, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Av. Honorio Delgado 430. SMP.
Phone: 51-1-3190000 anexo 2705
Perú has a large number of local Capsicum varieties, each with specific phytochemical characteristics. The company Agro Export Topará S.A.C. is known to organically grow several varieties
of Capsicum in Topará valley at Chincha province in the Ica region. One of the requirements to
the introduction of these Capsicum varieties to the market is the understanding of their chemical
composition.
Volatile components of fresh chillies were extracted by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and
identified by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 300 compounds were detected and marked difference in volatile patterns were found between different
varieties. D-Limonene, 2-Bromo dodecane, 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, 4-methyl-2-Undecene,
hexyl ester Hexanoic acid and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-Octatriene were found to be the major volatile
constituents.
The capsaicinoids content was determined by the analysis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in
the seven oven dried chilli pepper to calculate their pungency in Scoville heat units (SHU). Reversed phase-HPLC separation of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in seven Peruvian chilli varieties
was achieved using photodiode array (PDA) detector. Solvent extractions using methanol for both
compounds were conducted by magnetic stirring extraction method. Total content of capsaicinoids
were found in the range of 7-24 mg/g DW with their corresponding SHU of 104825-354843. The
ratio of capsaicin to dihydrocapsaicin was 3 to 1.
The results of this study contribute to the characterization of Peruvian Capsicum varieties for
potentially commercial traits. The biochemical descriptions can be used to identify, in a participatory approach with small-scale farmers and local entrepreneurs, promising material for the
development of high-value products and to start market specialization. The determination of these
analytical data may provide efficient tools for the differentiation of peppers, establishing criteria
for improvement of quality, prevention of frauds and guaranteeing their origin. The results can
also be a starting point for further breeding activities. The study results thus add value to Peruvian
Capsicum diversity and provide incentive to conserve local Capsicum varieties.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Stefan Bederski of Agro Export Topará S.A.C. (http://toparaorganico.com) for providing the Capsicum varieties for this study. Thanks are also due to
FONDECYT-CONCYTEC (Contract 206-2013-CONCYTEC-P) and FINCyT (Contract 128-FINCyTIA-2013) for their financial support for this project.
131
Obtaining an Excipient from Seeds and Veins of Yellow Chili Pepper
(Capsicum baccatum) after Removing Capsaicinoids -107
Acuña, F. and Morales, E*.
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
The seeds and veins constitute 20 % (w/w) of yellow chilies and they are a by-product in the
formulation of different types of sauces. This waste that contains 30,65 % (dry basis) of insoluble
dietary fiber is discarded because it has a high pungency of 648 µg of capsaicinoids per gram of
decline, which significantly changes the flavor profile of the product where they are introduced.
These alkaloids responsible of pungency in chili were extracted to take advantage of by-product
processed as an excipient in the formulation of a dressing. In laboratory conditions, the capsaicin
content was minimized to 5,75 µg gram of yellow chilli seeds and veins flour with a yield of 5,65
% using a 0,1 % aqueous solution of a commercial surfactant (Cognis Glucopon 600 marks) with
the following parameters: 95o C, 200 rpm of radial agitation , 40 µm of particle size, with a ratio
of aqueous / raw material of 4,8/1, for 7 stages of 6 minutes each one. The cake obtained was
dried at 60o C for 30 hours and after this process, it had 43,62% (dry basis) of insoluble dietary
fiber; 4,18 ml/g swelling capacity; 482,33% of capacity water retention; 418.33% of capacity to
absorb organic molecules and the final product was able to replace up to 39% of the yellow chili
paste of a dressing, without burning 90 seconds more (180 seconds in total) than dressing without
substitution at 180 oC in an oil-output ratio of 1-2.
Acknowledgements: ALICORP, Food Industry Faculty (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina).
132
Tolerance to Stress Conditions during Shipping
in Ornamental Pepper -99
Rithiely Paschoa Queiroz Cavatte, Paulo Cezar Cavatte, Julien Lima,
Tania Pires da Silva*, Fábio Murilo da Matta, Fernando Luiz Finger
taniapiresdasilva@yahoo.com.br
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Stress conditions usually occur during shipping of ornamental pepper plants limiting their shelf
life afterwards. The role of anthocyanins on photo protection of plants has attracted a lot of attention by researchers working with oxidative stresses. The objective of this work was to investigate
the behavior of two varieties of C. annuum ornamental peppers with different leaf pigmentation
color and to characterize the main physiological strategies involved in the tolerance to stress
conditions during shipping. For this, we used two varieties of ornamental peppers the BGH 1039
with green leaves and a purple leaf variety Roxa in response to heat stress (35 oC) under light and
room indoor temperature (25 oC). The lower activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system and
reduced concentration of anthocyanins presented by the plants BGH 1039 may be responsible for
the low photo protective capacity, allowing greater occurrence of oxidative damage, which might
promoted higher rate of leaf abscission during the transport simulation. These results indicate that
biochemical limitations present on the variety BGH 1039 is mainly due to an inefficient antioxidant mechanism system and by the inability dissipate the energy due to lower concentration of
anthocyanins present in the leaves.
Acknowledgements: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais - Fapemig; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq.
133
Effect of Ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene and Silver Thiosulfate on
the Post-Production of Ornamental Peppers (Capsicum annuum) -40
Paula Cristina Carvalho Lima 1, Wellington Souto Ribeiro 2, Milena Maria Tomaz de Oliveira 1,
Lucas Cavalcante da Costa 2, Fernando Luiz Finger2 *
ffinger@ufv.br
1Department
of Plant Biology of Federal University of Viçosa, 2Department of Plant Science of
Federal University of Viçosa
Species from Capsicum genus are being used for different purposes, with excellent potential for
commercialization as ornamental potted plant. However, there are only a few studies on the factors affecting the post-production shelf life. The presence of ethylene induces various responses
on potted peppers, reducing the shelf life of sensitive cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the
effects of ethylene and the inhibitors of ethylene action, methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and silver
thiosulfate (STS) on the shelf life of potted 'Calypso' and 'MG 302'. The plants were selected for
marketing when 30% the fruits were ripe. The experiment was conducted in a indoor environment
with 8-10 µmol s-1 m-2 white fluorescent light. The treatments were composed by the control,
exposure to 10 µL L-1 of ethylene for 48 hours, fumigation with 1 µl L -1 1-MCP for 6 hours, fumigation with 1 µl L -1 1-MCP for 6 hours followed by exposure to 10 µL L -1 ethylene for 48 hours,
spraying with 2 mmol L-1 STS and spraying of 2 mmol L -1 STS followed by exposure to 10 µL L -1
ethylene for 48 hours. The cultivar 'MG 302' showed intermediate sensitivity to ethylene action
(about 38% of leaf abscission), while the cultivar 'Calypso' showed complete abscission of leaves
when exposed to ethylene. For both cultivars, the treatments with 1-MCP, 1-MCP + Ethylene, STS
and STS + Ethylene slowed leaf abscission similar to control plants. The plants treated with STS
showed longer durability when compared to the other treatments, about 6 days for the 'Calypso'
and 15 days for 'MG 302'. Nevertheless, plants treated with 1-MCP also exhibited good shelf life,
about 6 days for 'Calypso' and 10 days for the 'MG 302'. Treatment with STS although was more
efficient did not completely block the action of ethylene and exhibited some phytotoxicity, while
the treatment with 1-MCP had good efficiency without inducing any toxicity.
Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the Foundation for Research Support of the State
of Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG.
134
MARKETING & EXTENSION
135
Merken: a Ground Smoked Hot Pepper of Ancestral Origin and High Gourmet
Value from the Araucanía Region of Chile to the World -9
Leonelli, G1 . And E. Kehr2 *
ginalc@uct.cl. *ekehr@inia.cl
1U.
Católica de Temuco, Chile, 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Chile Carillanca
In "La Araucanía region" in the southern of Chile (37 o35'-39 o 37' SL), 7.9 hectares are cultivated
every year with a local hot pepper genotype (Capsicum annuum L. var Longum) named "Cacho
de Cabra". This local genotype is cultivated in home orchards, hand harvested and processing
to produce Merken by the indigenous Mapuche families, mainly females. "Cacho de Cabra" hot
pepper is cultivated between spring and summer season (august-march), by seeding and transplant
in field, and sometimes under greenhouses. The fruits are hand-harvested at the maturity stage
(red color), then are dried naturally under the sun, then are smoked and finally toasted. Once the
post-harvest processing is finished, the fruits are grinded on a mill and mixed with salt and dressings like coriander seeds to obtain the "Merken", name derivate from the word medkeñ belong
the mapuche dialect "Mapudungun". This product is commercialized under several formats like
in jars, plastic or paper bags. According to the Nutrition Institute and Food Technology of Chile
(INTA) analysis, the Merken is composed by 31% crude fiber, 29.5% sugar, 14.5% ashes and
other compounds like lipids and proteins. Given the highly heterogeneous farming community,
and non-standardized cultivation method among them, different raw materials are commonly
obtained, causing variation in terms of color, flavor and aroma. Because of this issue, the Catholic
University of Temuco has been working with the Mapuche farmers in order to organize them, and
to standardize "Cacho de Cabra" cultivation and Merken elaboration process. The results suggest
also that a marketing strategy is needed, given the increasing importance of Merken at national
and international level. Because Merken is a product with ancestral origin, the Mapuche people
are doing effort with the Catholic University in order to get PDO (protected designation of origin),
and to protect the "Mapuche Merken" and also add value. Last years, the market for Merken has
been increasing, from being a product exclusively sold in local market and always cultivated close
to the processing areas, to a very well-known product in Chile. Now, Merken has already entered
to Europe market and other areas.
136
Capsicum Working Group: a Collaborative Multidisciplinary
Effort to Improve Sweet and Chili Pepper -10
Rosana Rodrigues1 , Cláudia P. Sudré 1,Cíntia dos S. Bento 1, Samy Pimenta 1,
Artur M. Medeiros 1, Monique M. Moulin2 , Leandro S. A. Gonçalves3 ,
Maura da Cunha4, Leonarda G. Neves 5,Valdirene M. Gomes 6
rosana.rodrigues@pq.cnpq.br
1 Universidade
Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF); 2Instituto Federal do Espírito
Santo (IFES);
Estadual de Londrina (UEL); 4Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual - LBCT/UENF; 5Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso (UNEMAT); 6Laboratório de Fisiologia
e Bioquímica de Microrganismos - LFBM/UENF.
3Universidade
A collaborative interdisciplinary network is bringing together researchers from different major
fields embracing Brazilian institutions to unveil basic and applied aspects related with Capsicum
genetics, breeding and genomics. The major goals of this research network are: a) genebank conservation, characterization and evaluation; b) breeding for disease resistance and agronomic traits;
c) genetic mapping, and d) disease resistance mechanisms investigation. A genebank collection
with 486 accessions, mainly consisting in landraces of different Capsicum species from distinct
Brazilian areas are being maintained, characterized and evaluated. Accessions characterization
is carried out considering morphological, agronomic, chemical and molecular aspects. The accessions evaluations are mostly focused in disease resistance reaction such as bacterial spot (BS),
Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and anthracnose. The breeding program is dedicated to
develop hybrids and pure lines with potential to be used for farmers, especially the ones located
in Rio de Janeiro state. The cultivars are being developed using different classical approaches such
as pedigree and single seed descent (SSD) breeding methods and also applying marker-assisted
selection. Genetic mapping effort is focusing in C. baccatum var. pendulum, a still underexploited
species within the genus. PepYMV resistance mechanisms are being investigated considering the
role of the pathogenesis related proteins in plant-pathogen interaction. Three hundred thirty-five
accessions are characterized for multiple traits; two accessions, one from C. annuum var. annuum
and another from C. baccatum, were identified as resistance source for BS; nine accessions, being
seven from C. chinense and two from C. baccatum were resistant to PepYMV and other two C.
baccatum for anthracnose. These accessions are being used in our breeding program reinforcing
the importance of this germplasm collection. Two pure lines (C. annuum var. annuum) resistant
to BS and three C. baccatum var. pendulum are in final trials before releasing as new commercial
genotypes. Moreover, using pedigree and SSD, 19 C. baccatum var. pendulum recombinant inbred
lines were found to be resistant to PepYMV. The first genetic map for C.baccatum var. pendulum
was constructed with 183 molecular markers (SSR, RAPD and ISSR) covering 2547,5cM of the plant
genome. Also in C. baccatum var. pendulum, it was observed that peroxidase has an important role
in the PepYMV resistance reaction. Capsicum species are an intriguing and a challenging target
in many research fields, stimulating researchers to devote their effort and work in collaboration
toward a better comprehension of these plants.
137
Students Involved in Capsicum Research
and Extension in Mala Valley, Peru -77
A. Quispe and R. Ugás
arnold_992@hotmail.com ; rugas@lamolina.edu.pe
La Molina - National Agrarian University, Lima. Perú
Colectivo Ayni is a group of students from different UNALM faculties formed in 2009, who are
aimed to encourage the participation of students to solve principal problems of Peru through
workshops, projects and festivals. Among the group's projects is the "Agroecological Project Refuge" in Mala valley. The link with farmers of Mala arises with the VLIR project, which is a result
of the alliance between the UNALM and Belgian universities whose promote the strengthening of
value chains on native products such as chili pepper and quinoa. The Department of Horticulture
of UNALM motivated students to develop theses in Capsicum in that valley. Two students from
Colectivo Ayni are conducting a research in a part of the productive area of "El Refugio" farm.
Owing to agricultural practice is environmentally healthy without affect human health, they decided to share their experiences and stories in events related to small- agriculture and agroecology.
Mala is a valley of the Peruvian coast, located 85 km south of Lima, with approximately 6000
ha, where 16 ha chili pepper is produced and less than 1 ha of peppers are under organic management. Mala is an agricultural valley mainly, with small farmers whose produce fruit (apple,
quince, passionflower) and vegetables (native chili peppers, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava,
watermelon, and lettuce) for the local market.
In the last two years native chili peppers (mochero, cerezo, arnaucho, charapita, ayuyo chili
pepper) are covering big importance in the domestic market due to gastronomy and promotion
by well-known Peruvian chefs; this is evidenced by the increase in performance and price per
kilo of these chili peppers. That is why research in irrigation techniques, application of own
organic foliar fertilizers and adaptability of native chili peppers are being made in "El Refugio"
also aims to demonstrate to farmer from Mala that native chili peppers production is profitable.
Finally, Colectivo Ayni is presented as responsible of making "Fundo El Refugio" a center for organic production, with sufficient funds, to disseminate and perform research where visitors learn
to appreciate agriculture and create networks among farmers, and college students. Fieldwork
involves technical knowledge and exchange of experiences.
138
New Mexico State University - Chile Pepper Institute
Educating the World about Chile Peppers -79
Erica Trevino* and Paul W. Bosland
ericacpi@nmsu.edu
Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, USA
The New Mexico State University (NMSU) Chile Pepper Institute is the only worldwide non-profit
institute devoted to first-class education, research, and archiving information related to Capsicum.
Established in 1992, the Chile Pepper Institute builds on the research of chile peppers started by
the famous horticulturalist Fabian Garcia, the father of the U.S. chile pepper industry. He began
to standardize chile pepper varieties, which culminated in the New Mexican pod type.
The Chile Pepper Institute provides education to students, researchers, growers, producers and
many others in our community, the state, the nation, and the world. It provides a chile pepper
science undergraduate research program, anual conference, visiting scientist program, a question
and answer service, a teaching garden, an online website, a media venue, research reports, and
a visitors center where books, posters, plants, seeds, chile sauces, and publications are available.
The Chile Pepper Institute works closely with the NMSU Chile Breeding and Genetics Program
to provide the latest information on chile pepper research that is conducted at NMSU. To ensure
chile pepper research continues to be a fixture at NMSU, the Institute is creating partnerships
around the world to raise funds for a chile pepper endowed chair. By becoming a member you
assist in these efforts. New Chile Pepper Institute members receive a one-year subscription to our
newsletter, a Chile Pepper Institute decal, a unique seed packet, discounts at our shop located in
Las Cruces, NM, and discounts on admission to the annual New Mexico Chile Conference. Small
Business, Industry, and Corporate members are highlighted through links on the Institute website
and company profiles in the newsletter.
NMSU President Carruthers alongside the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental
Sciences and the Chile Pepper Institute are working on an exciting new project. We have begun
raising funds and will establish a top-of-the-line agricultural experience for all NMSU visitors. The
Chile Pepper Institute shop, greenhouse, and chile gardens will be featured at the NMSU Heritage
Garden with public access and tours available throughout the year. To learn more and become
involved please contact Erica Trevino at ericacpi@nmsu.edu or
575-646-3028.
Please visit our newly improved website at www.chilepepperinstitute.org for the latest information and updates on all of the current Chile Pepper Institute projects, and don't forget to click
on those social media icons to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest where you will find
daily updates.
139
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Book of Abstracts corregido.indd

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