GÂNDIRE, LIMBAJ COMUNICARE

GÂNDIRE, LIMBAJ
COMUNICARE
“Creierul- cel mai puternic organ
al corpului...”
Hipocrate- 460 î.c.
-Inima sediul mişcării si
vieţii psihice
-T.inexcitabilităţii cerebrale
Aristotel 384-322 î.c.
- Medicul regelui Filip cel frumos
după 1300 scrie: “creierul este...
rece şi umed pt. a diminua
extrema căldură şi uscăciune a
inimii, alb pt. a fi ca o tabula
rasa şi a primi orice imagine, lax
şi moderat de vâscos pt. ca
lucrurile percepute să-l străbată
uşor...
gândire
limbaj
comunicare
forme de
manifestare a
INFORMAŢIEI
”O imagine științifică asupra
lumii care nu înglobează
problemele conștiinței nu poate
avea pretenții serioase de
completitudine. Conștiința este
parte a Universului nostru și deci
orice teorie fizică care nu-i face
loc, eșuează în încercarea de a
da o descriere fidelă a lumii”
Încertitudinile rațiunii. Umbrele minții.
R. Penrose. Ed. Tehnică. 1999
Gândirea
- amprentă a identității
- forță transformatoare
- factor de sănătate
Gândirea
amprentă a identității
”Poate, dacă suntem norocoși, roboții
de mâine ne vor păstra ca pe niște
animale răsfățate… sau dacă suntem
destul de deștepți, am putea transfera
roboților ”structurile noastre proprii
de informație” R.P
Sea squirt
Halobacterium
salinarium
The effects of laughter on postprandial glucose levels and gene
expression in type 2 diabetic
patients .
Takashi Hayashi , Kazuo Murakami. Life
Sciences 85
In transgenerational epigenetic inheritance,
phenotypic information not encoded in
DNA sequence is transmitted across
generations. In germline-dependent mode,
memory of environmental exposure in
parental generation is transmitted through
gametes, leading to appearance of
phenotypes in the unexposed future
generations. The memory is considered to
be encoded in epigenetic factors like DNA
methylation, histone modifications and
regulatory RNAs
Environmental exposure may cause
epigenetic modifications in the germline
either directly or indirectly through
primarily affecting the soma. The latter
possibility is most intriguing because it
contradicts the established dogma that
hereditary information flows only from
germline to soma, not in reverse. As such,
identification of the factor(s) mediating
soma to germline information transfer in
transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
would be pathbreaking
Factors such as RNAs and hormones,
including neurohormones and europeptides,
have previously been considered to
potentially mediate soma to germline
communication in epigenetic inheritance
In last decade, small non-coding RNAs
(sncRNAs) such as small interfering RNAs
(siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and
piwiinteracting RNAs (piRNAs) have
emerged as master regulators of gene
expression in eukaryotes
It is in this context that we would like
to consider the genomic “darkmatter,”
one of the major mysteries of the postgenome era. Perhaps no other topic in
contemporary genomics has inspired
such diverse viewpoints as the 95% of
the genome,previously known as “junk
DNA,” that does not code for proteins.
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Focus on soma to germline information
transfer. A. Sharma Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (2012)
E.O. Wilson has learned a great deal about human
behavior by studying ants, termites, and bee
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html
Language defines the very
structure of information.
This is more than an empirical
truth; it is a rational and
scientific necessity; the laws of
nature are a language.
The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the
Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory.
Christopher Michael Langan. 2002.
Maintenance of cognitive control is a
major concern for many human disease
condition, therefore a major goal of
human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate
and/or recover cognitive function when
such circumstances impair appropriate
decision making.
Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive
Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that
Utilizes Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012
A brain-to-brain interface (BTBI)
enabled a real-time transfer of
behaviorally meaningful
sensorimotor information between
the brains of two rats.
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor
Information. Scientific reports.2013
•Snsibilitate odoranta
•Insecte- o mol/ feromon /receptor
•Vertebrate 0,1 picoM- micromolarcâteva mii-10.000 de mirosuri/
molecule sau grupari chimice
•Suportul genetic pentru receptori:
de la cateva sute la cca 2000 gene
pseudogene
Kaupp U.B. Olfactory signalling in vertebrates and insects: differences
and commonalities Nature Review Neuroscience 2010
The studies show that the onset of
the neural events associated with free
decisions precede the reported onset
of the awareness of intention, and
suggest that conscious intention
cannot be a causal factor for free
decisions.
Filevich E. Brain correlates of subjective freedom of choice.
Consciousness and cognition. 22. 2013
Katrin Amunts of the Research Centre
Jülich in Germany and her team
announced that they had done it last
month, when they published a threedimensional reconstruction of a human
brain in unprecedented detail. To build it,
they painstakingly sliced the brain of a 65year-old woman into 7,400 layers 20
micrometres thick, stained them, imaged
them with a light microscope and then
used 1,000 hours on two supercomputers
to piece the terabyte of data together.
…Jeff Lichtman and Winfried Denk
are working with the German optics
company Carl Zeiss on a new
electron microscope that would
image even thinner slices- 25 nm
“Then you get to see every little
damn thing in the brain, from every
neuron to every subcellular
organelle, from every synapse to
every spine neck.
•The new machines will have 61
scanning beams operating in
parallel and will shrink this time
down to months. Denk estimates
that this will allow them to make a
computational reconstruction- “a
mouse brain in a box”
Denk’s lab scanned minuscule volumes of
mouse retina, one of the simplest parts of
the mammalian brain. But computing alone
was not able to reconstruct the 300
gigabytes of image data the effort
generated, so the lab enrolled 230 people
to help to trace, by eye, the neurons as they
meander through the slices. “We’ll have to
develop algorithms to get machines to do
the job as well as the human eye.”
Abbott A. Solving the brain. NATURE, 499. 2013.. “The human brain produces in
30 seconds as much data as the Hubble Space Telescope has produced in its lifetime.”
Neuroscience research provides
basic discoveries about how the
brain works and about how the
brain controls behavior.
These discoveries are then applied
for the good of humankind.
Donald W. Pfaff. Neuroscience in the 21st Century.
From Basic to Clinical. Springer. 2013
”The individuals…having largely
increased their needs according as the
societies which they formed became
larger, had to multiply their ideas to an
equivalent extent, and thus felt the need
for communicating them to theyr fellows.
We may imagine that this will have
compelled them to increase and vary in
the same degree the signs which they used
for communication these ideas…”
Lamarck J B. Philosophie Zoologique. I809
Comunicarea este liantul
Universului holistic
Using MRI scans, scientist can now
read thoughts circulating in our
brains. Scientist can also insert a
chip into the brain of patient who
is totally paralyzed and connect it
to a computer, so that through
thought alone that patient can surf
the web, read, and write e-mails,
play video games, control their
wheel chair, operate housholde
appliance, and manipulate
mechanical arms.
”The question of all questions for
humanity, the problem which lies
behind all other and is more
interesting than any of them, is of
determination of man's place in
Nature and his relation to the
Cosmos”. Th. Huxley
Computers are now powerful
enough to record the
electrical signals emanating
from the brain and partially
decode them into a familiar
digital language. This makes
it possible for the brain to
directly interface with
computers to control any
object around it.
Centuries from now, one can
imagine placing our entire
neural blueprint on a laser
beams, which will then sent
into deep space, perhaps the
most convenient way for our
consciousness to explore the
stars.
Scientists are going even
furthure, by connecting the brain
directly to exoskeleton that
these patient can wear around
their paralyzed limbs. One day,
our astronauts may even explore
the planets by mentally
controling mechanical
surrogates from the comfort of
their living rooms.
Part of this rapid progress
has occured because
physicists today have a good
understending of
electromagnetism, which
governs the electrical signal
racing through our neurons.
Maintenance of cognitive control is a
major concern for many human disease
condition, therefore a major goal of
human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate
and/or recover cognitive function when
such circumstances impair appropriate
decision making.
Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive
Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that Utilizes
Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012
Neuroscience is awaiting for a
breakthrough: An essay bridging the
concepts of Descartes, Einstein,
Heisenberg, Hebb and Hayek with the
explanatory formulations in this special
issue. E. Başar, Karakaş . Intern. J.
Psychophysiology. 60 (2006) 194–201
... understanding the brain/body–mind
complex is possible only when these
three are considered as a holistic
entity and not as discrete structures
or functions.
Câmpul electromagnetic este realitatea
fizică cu care suntem în contact permanent
şi nemijlocit, deşi nu avem simţuri pentru a
o percepe. În odaia în care stăm, în parcurile
în care ne plimbăm, în noi înşine, totul este
plin de câmp electromagnetic, în fiecare
moment, datorită câmpului electromagnetic,
fiecare cută a fiinţei noastre este pătrunsă de
toate melodiile care se cântă pe Pământ, ba
şi de şoapte din afara lui, rostite poate cu
miliarde de ani în urmă.
A.Ţugulea- Câmpul electromagnetic?
Ed. Agir, 2011
Sistemul de transport ionic
membranar (STIM)
- Canale ionice
- Pompe ionice
- Transportori ionici
Molecule
hidrofobe
O2
CO2
N2
Subst.
steroidice
Molecule
mici
nepolare
Apă
Glicerol
Uree
Molecule
mari
nepolare
Glucoză
Zaharoză
Ioni
Na+, H+, K+
Ca2+, Mg2+
HCO3-, Cl-
Extracelular
Bistrat
lipidic
(3nm)
Retinal
legat de
lizina
Citosol
Bacteriorodopsina (Alberts
B. 2008)
transport membranar
canal
proteic
transportori
bistrat
lipidic
difuzie
simpla
Gradient de
concentraţie
mediată
mediată de mediată de
de canale transportori pompe
transport pasiv
transport activ
adaptat după MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL. 2008
Distribuţia sarcinilor electrice
Concentraţia intra- extracelulară a
principalilor ioni în celula mamiferelor
(mMol)
Ion
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Cl–
Mg2+
Extracelular
Intracelular
145
12
4
155
1.8
0.001(rep)– 0.1(activ.)
123
4.2
1.5
0.8
0 mV
Potenţial de acţiune
PA
Na+
50
K+
Transmiterea şi procesarea
semnalului în sistemul nervos
I.Transmiterea sinaptică
Transmiterea sinaptică chimică
Transmiterea sinaptică electrică
II. Transmiterea nonsinaptică
Transmiterea hormonală
Transmiterea auto- paracrină
Transmiterea efaptică
Transmiterea şi procesarea
semnalului în sistemul nervos
I. Date generale
SNC - 1011 neuroni;
- 1000 sinapse/neuron
- neuron=microprocesor ?
- alte mecanisme de comunicare
Transmiterea şi procesarea
semnalului în sistemul nervos
Repere istorice
L.Galvani- electricitatea animală 1797
A.Volta-bateria electrică 1800
H.C.Oersted-electromagnetism 1820
Sinapsa chimică
Segment
presinaptic
AGONIŞTI
ANTAGONIŞTI
E
Celulă
glială
Sinapsă excitatorie
Sinapsă inhibitorie
Segment
postsinaptic
Neurotransmiţători cu moleculă mică şi enzimele lor de
biosinteză
Neurotransmiţător
Enzime
Activitate
ACETIL COLINĂ
Colin acetiltransferază
Specifică
Dopamină
Tirozin hidroxilază
Specifică
Epinefrină
Tirozin hidroxilază şi
dopamin b hidroxilază
Norepinefrină
Tirozin hidroxilază şi
dopamin b hidroxilază
Specifică
Serotonină
Triptofan hidroxilază
Specifică
Histamină
Histidin decarboxilază
Specificitate incertă
AMINE BIOGENE
AMINOACIZI
GABA
Glutamat decarboxilază Specificitate probabilă
Glutamat
Enzime din
metabolismul general
Cale specifică
nedeterminată
Glicină
Enzime din
metabolismul general
Cale specifică
nedeterminată
Peptide cerebrale neuroactive
clasificate după localizarea tisulară
Categoria
Peptide
HORMONI ELIBERATORI
HIPOTALAMICI
TRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, CRH, GH-RH
HORMONI NEUROHIPOFIZARI
Vasopresină, Oxitocină
PEPTIDE HIPOFIZARE
ACTH, B-endorfină, A-MSH, Prolactină,
LH, GH, TSH
PEPTIDE GASTROINTESTINALE
VIP, CCK, Gastrină, Neurotensină, MetEnkefalină, Leu-Enkefalină, SP,
Insulină, Glucagon, Bombezină,
Secretină, SST, TRH, Motilină
PEPTIDE CARDIACE
PAN
ALTELE
Angiotensina II, Bradikinină,
Calcitonină, CGRP, NPYY, Galanină,
Substanţa K (Neurokinina A), Peptide
de somn
Sinapsa Colinergica
Transportor
Transportor
vezicular de ACh
Transportor
de colina
ACh
Nicotinici musc.
suxametoniu
Nicotinici nn.
lobelina
vesamicol
Muscarinici
atropina
Nicotinici musc.
D-tubocurarina
ACh
ChAT
Colina
ACh
Nicotinici nn.
hexametoniu
AcCoA
hemicolinium
AChE
ACh
Ach
Muscarinici
carbachol
edrofoniu
Colina
+ Ac
Colina
+ Acfizostigmina
-
M.Gravis ?...
BNCh 188
La nivelul
cel mai
elementar,
noi nu
suntem o
reacţie
chimică ci
o sarcină
electrică...
Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Itzhak Fried and Christof Koch. Brain Cells for
Grandmother Scientific American. 2013
Membrane ATPases are capable
of absorbing energy from
oscillating electric fields of
defined frequency and amplitude
and using it to perform chemical
work. The concept of the
'electroconformational coupling'
is used to explain how an
electric signal can modulate the
activity of a membrane protein.
Tsong TY. Deciphering the language of cells. Trends Biochem.Sci 1989
A brilliant new scientific
landscape that will reshape
human destiny is now trully
opening up. We are now
entering a new golden age of
neuroscience.
Consciuosness is just another state
of matter, likea solid, liquid or gas
Max Tegmark. Solid. Liquid. Consciousness. New Scientist. 2014
Gândului
de Puterea
însufleţite
ale Pământului,
Vlăstare
Tinere
Suntem