archaeology and cultural heritage 8

Transcription

ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 8
8.0
INTRODUCTION
8.1
The main aim of this chapter is to establish the presence/absence, date,
character and quality of any cultural heritage resources surviving within or
near to the application site, and to assess the likely significant impacts of the
proposed development upon them. The results of this study will be used to
inform the mitigation strategy for this aspect of the proposed development.
8.2
Cultural Heritage resources include:
•
Scheduled Ancient Monuments;
•
Other archaeological sites;
•
Listed Buildings;
•
Historic Landscapes;
•
Other buildings of historic or architectural importance (and recorded on
the Heritage Environment Record (HER) maintained by Surrey Council
and
•
Conservation Areas and Designed Landscapes.
GUIDANCE AND INDUSTRY GOOD PRACTICE
8.3
SLR Consulting is an organisation registered with the Institute of Field
Archaeologists (IFA). Work has been carried out according to the bye-laws
and guidelines of the IFA. There is no specific IFA guidance on preparation
of Environmental Statements.
8.4
The following guidelines and legislation have been used in the preparation of
this assessment:
•
Guidelines for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (Institute for
Archaeologists);
•
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979;
Alderbrook, Cranleigh
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•
The Town and Country Planning Act (Listed Buildings and Conservation
Areas) 1990;
•
Planning Policy Guidance Note 15 - Planning and the Historic
Environment (1994); and
•
Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 - Archaeology and Planning (1990).
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
8.5
The following sources were consulted:
•
Surrey Heritage Environment Record (HER); Surrey County Council,
search
•
area 2km radius;
Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas,
Ancient
Woodland and other datasets contained on the MAGIC
database, search area 5km;
•
Early Ordnance Survey mapping;
•
Other resources, referenced in footnotes; and
•
Sites numbered in the text refer to the HER number.
Consultations
8.6
Surrey County Council Archaeology section were consulted in order to
establish the baseline data, and historic landscape characterization, for the
area.
ASSESSMENT APPROACH
Study Area
8.7
The study area was defined as being the land within the application site with
an additional buffer for statutorily listed sites (see above) and other sites
recorded in the Surrey HER. This buffer was required to address possible
impact to setting and to gain an understanding of the archaeological
potential of the area. Data was collected on Scheduled Ancient Monuments,
Listed Buildings Grades I, II* and II, Conservation Areas and Historic Parks
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and Gardens to 2km of the centre of the site boundary; and Heritage
Environment Records for up to 2km of the application boundary. This was
extended from 1km on account of the low number of sites recorded within
that distance of the application area.
Site Survey
8.8
A site walkover was carried out on 21st November 2008, in order to inspect
sites identified during the desktop survey and to search for others.
No
intrusive site investigations were carried out.
BASELINE CONDITION
Overview
8.9
No known archaeological features are known within the confines of the
application site, however some relict landscape features and other 19th and
early 20th century buildings have been observed.
These are discussed
within the site walkover section (below).
8.10
A search of an area to 2km revealed 38 archaeological sites noted in the
HER, in addition to the 84 entries relating specifically to buildings (see
Appendix 8.1). Of these, there were occasional duplications, with multiple
entries relating to St Nicholas’ Church, Cranleigh and Ewhurst Windmill.
This situation is normal, as HERs have increased in size in recent years to
include buildings and other heritage features not traditionally associated with
Sites and Monuments Records – the predecessor databases.
Geographic and historic landscape setting
8.11
The application site lies on the interface between the Lower Weald (to south)
and the Greensand Ridge (to north). The name weald originates from the
Saxon name for woody country, and the area is characterised by being a
predominantly pastoral area, with long-established pockets of woodland
which have been managed since then, with scattered farms and small
villages spread over the area. The geological type of the Lower Weald is
clay, with the area traditionally being a focus for the production of brick and
tile, whilst the Greensand Ridge to north would have been a resource for
iron production from the Iron Age onwards. The application area lies on this
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geological boundary, and therefore displays characteristics of both land use
types.
8.12
Surrounding the application site are several tracts of Ancient Woodland and
areas of Common, notably Alderbrook Copse, and Smithwood Common,
adjacent to west and Winterfold Heath (to north) respectively.
Regular
woodland management was important for the brick industry, as coppiced
wood would have provided the majority of the fuel (in the form of charcoal)
for kilns. Similarly, charcoal would have been the fuel source for Medieval
“forest glass” and iron. This, together with the non-sustainable extraction of
wood for shipbuilding, would have led to a general reduction of woodland
over the Medieval period onwards.
8.13
Much of the woodland was also used for the traditional management of pigs
(known as pannage), which were seasonally fed on the rich supply of acorns
and beech mast from the managed woods. This strong dependence on the
woodland as a resource, in contrast to more open farming methods, has
shaped this area of southern England, and is one of its defining
characteristics.
8.14
Common Ground was also important, as communally held grazing for the
local communities, and two commons lie on the boundaries of the proposal,
to north and west. Winterfold Heath (to north) is registered common, and
displays the hallmarks of the Upper Greensand geology, with coniferous
heath coverage, rather than the denser woodland found to south.
Smithwood Common is found to west of the proposal.
Scheduled Monuments
8.15
Four scheduled monuments (SMs) lie within 5km of the proposal.
The
closest of these is a Romano-British temple and enclosure on Farley Heath
(SM SU98, NMR TQ04SE 3). Excavations uncovered the site of a RomanoBritish temple and pottery kilns, together with Iron Age coins, suggesting an
early date to the complex. It lies 2.7km to the north of the application area.
The other SMs include a Bronze Age burial mound (Shere Heath 4.7km), a
hillfort (Holmbury Camp 4km away), and a medieval moated site at 3.7km
distance.
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Listed Buildings
8.16
Within 5km of the proposal, there are 309 listed buildings: two Grade I, five
Grade II* and 302 Grade II. Of these, the Grade I buildings both lie over
2km from the boundary; the closest two Grade II* buildings lie between 1
and 2km; 24 of the Grade II buildings are within 1km of the boundary, with
one (Maplewood Cottages) lying within the boundary of the application site.
Other
8.17
No Registered Gardens and Designed Landscapes, Historic Battlefields or
Conservation Areas lie within 2km of the proposal. However, it is of note
that whilst not a nationally designated Designed Landscape, Alderbrook
Park does appear in county records as one.
8.18
Rapsley
(SMR
447,
448)
has
a
local
designation
of
being
an
archaeologically sensitive area, given its concentrated Roman remains. It
lies 1.5km from the boundary.
Aerial Photography
8.19
Post-war aerial photographic coverage is fairly good, with 41 images being
identified from vertical collections held with English Heritage. These cover
the period 1944-1993.
8.20
The earliest photographs show the field north east of the farm, adjoining the
woodland to north and the eastern boundary of the estate as being planted
for trees1. This does not change by 1947, and it also shows that the planting
pattern is similar to that encountered within the plantation, suggesting that
compartment south of the track (13) was a contemporary planting, and
possibly not of ancient origin2. Also shown is further cultivation to south
west of the walled garden, which runs up to the line of trees still extant.
8.20
The next set of photographs in the 1950s that cover the application area show
that the cultivation associated with the walled garden is still extended into the
field to south west, and the plantations noted earlier appear to have been
harvested.
1
2
US/7PH/GP/LOC/314, frame 5035
RAF/CPE/UK/2034, frame 4210
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8.21
The 1965 photographic coverage is similar in detail, with some evidence of
earlier field patterns to south of the farm although this detail is lessened by
the photography having taken place halfway through the harvest, and
consequently much of the potential cropmark evidence is unclear.
8.22
The 1975 photographs clearly show a former rectilinear field pattern as
cropmarks beneath the arable ground to south of Alderbrook Farm - this
appears to be broadly consistent with the field boundaries marked on the 1st
Edition. The ditched watercourse (33) to north of the farm is also clearly
visible.
8.23
The 1988 photographs show most of the fields cut for hay or silage, with no
formerly unrecorded landscape features visible.
The 1993 photographs
clearly show the former boundaries to south of the farm in the form of pale
linears crossing the landscape3.
Map regression
8.24
Early maps of the area4 include the John Norden (1594), Sellar (1690) and
Badeslade (1742). Norden’s map is of insufficient detail to show Alderbrook
as a placename. John Sellar shows various parks, but not Alderbrook Park;
in its place Alderbury is mentioned.
8.25
Badeslade’s Map of 1742 shows villages of Cranleigh, Ewhurst and Albury,
with hills in between, but no mention of Alderbrook. This is not entirely
unsurprising, as Alderbrook does not appear to be a settlement until the late
19th century (see below).
8.26
A search of internet resources5 highlighted various maps covering Surrey
and the surroundings of Cranleigh. Few of these were at a sufficient scale
to identify specific items of note, however the Roque Map of Surrey 1768
shows the best detail, depicting Smiths Wood Common (sic), and the survey
area, which appears to be merely open fields with no settlement evidence.
3
4
5
OS 93590
www.archive.org/stream/historyofsurry03malduoft/historyofsurry03malduoft_djvu.txt
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~genmaps/genfiles/COU_Pages/ENG_pa
ges/sry.htm
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8.27
Lewis’ Map of England and Wales (1840) shows no clear detail of the
application site, due to its scale.
8.28
The 1st Edition OS map of 1871 shows little difference in general from
Roque’s representation of 1742, and it is assumed that prior to the late 19th
century, there was little recorded change in the landscape.
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Figure 8.1 Alderbrook area on 1st edition OS map of 1871
8.29
The First Edition map (1871) shows the landscape prior to the development
of Alderbrook Hall, with a landscape consisting of hedged fields with thick
woods to the north, such as Alderbrook and Lapscombe Copse. A series of
winding paths lead between or along the edges of fields and through the
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woodlands. Several buildings are noted on the periphery of the proposal, to
east of Pittance Farm, Maplewood Farm (to west of the boundary) and
Lapscombe Farm, on the northern edge of the estate. Alderbrook Farm is
not shown, although the layout of the tracks in this area suggest an area
widened to allow storage and working facilities. It may be that this is the first
suggestion of in-progress works being carried out for the creation of
Alderbrook Park. The presence of a marked gate post on the map suggests
that this was an established site, and the dotted line depicting a water main
shows that the site was subject to early infrastructural development at this
time, although possibly this was related to Maplewood Farm, which is well
established by this point and further along the same track to west.
8.30
The Second Edition (dated 1896) shows the field pattern has been modified
to include Alderbrook House and Park. The hedge lines have been reduced
to broken lines of trees, presumably echoing a removal of the actual
boundaries within the newly formed parkland. The woodland to south-west
of Alderbrook House has been removed, leaving some specimen trees for
the park. The network of paths through the woodland appears to remain
unchanged, with the exception of the sinuous main drive that leads north
through the park to the house.
A walled garden (7) and accompanying
glasshouses (6, 31 & 32) are noted, the orientation running NE-SW, with the
north east internal wall being covered, presumably as a conservatory, with a
further glasshouse immediately “behind” (now lost), to north east. A further
building is shown on the exterior north corner of the walled garden:
presumably the gardener’s house (6).
8.31
Alderbrook House is shown on an upper terrace, with southerly views over
the park. A small rectangular open area (24) is visible immediately to north
of the house, within woodland; a path passes to west, leading via an orchard
(no longer visible) to a three-sided, courtyarded stable block on the northern
edge of the property – this lies outwith the current site boundary.
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Figure 8.2 Alderbrook Park as shown on 2nd edition OS map of 1896
8.32
The 1916 Third Edition shows a gradual development of the park and
associated buildings.
The glasshouses at the walled garden have been
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increased to include a second range and a small row of (?) cold frames to
north (5). A reservoir (10) lies at the base of the embankment forming the
boundary of the estate with Alderbrook Copse.
Figure 8.3 Alderbrook Park as shown on 3rd edition OS map of 1916
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8.33
The map contained in the particulars of the sale of the estate, dating to
1948, shows Alderbrook Farm in some detail. There were several additional
buildings to the south of the track plus a new set of buildings to north of the
track.
Landscape Characterisation
8.34
Surrey County Council’s online landscape characterisation map of the
county shows this area in some detail, identifying Alderbrook Park as a
designed landscape, of undefined date, surrounded by a mixture of open
fields, registered common and with pockets of ancient woodland visible. This
includes a small portion within the application boundary, in the north-eastern
corner, which traditionally was recorded as Alderbrook Copse.
Further
detail was not possible, on account of the scale of the mapping.
8.35
A series of routeways run through the surrounding area, such as the
Greensand Way (a modern adaption of an ancient ridgeway) running west –
east to the north of the application area, and the Roman road of Stane
Street running from Chichester-London which is found to the east of the
application area. Along Alderbrook Park’s eastern edge a north-south
boundary, and occasional path, can be seen on OS mapping, which is of
local importance for administrative purposes as the boundary for the Rural
District.
Place names
8.36
The majority of place names reflect the wooded nature of the Weald. There
is a preponderance of –ley suffixes which originate from Anglo-Saxon and
denote clearings within woodland. In addition later names of medieval and
post-medieval origin such as –hurst refer to blocks of woodland. The name
Alderbrook itself originates from a stream lined by alder trees.
Heritage Environment Record (Drawing 8.0/A)
8.37
It is noticeable that the HER information shows a surprisingly low
concentration of archaeological sites within the area of the proposal (Table
8.0/1). Only one record is known that crosses into the proposal area – a
watching brief was carried out on a gas pipeline that runs east-west through
the southern portion of the site (HER 5488), which found flints and
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associated material, although these find spots were several km distant. It is
probable that this lack of evidence is in large part due to the lack of largescale development in the area and a lack of structured archaeological
fieldwork, which has meant that the application area has not been studied in
detail before now.
Table 8.0/1 - HER sites within 2km of the application boundary6
Distance
to
HER No:
Name
Easting
Northing
boundary
Period
3336
Mesolithic Tranchet Axe
506000
139000
1434
Mesolithic
Mesolithic
Flints,
Helmet
450
Copse, Winterfold Heath
506200
143400
1109
Mesolithic
443
Mesolithic Site, Pitch Hill
508270
142480
1775
Mesolithic
Mesolithic
Flint
Knife,
451
Ewhurst
508390
141170
1880
Mesolithic
3268
Prehistoric flint dagger
505300
142600
675
Neolithic
2268
Neolithic Flints
506200
143400
1109
Neolithic
452
Neolithic Axe, Ewhurst
507676
142422
1183
Neolithic
508000
141500
1518
Neolithic
Late Neolithic/Early Bronze
2797
Age flints
Bronze
4601
Age
Bronze
Spearhead
505000
Farley Heath
144000
1930
Age
Bronze
2801
Mid Bronze Age palstave
Prehistoric
5805
Age
142700
431
Age
506040
139850
603
Iron Age
506040
139850
603
Iron Age
506040
139850
603
Roman
system:
Wyphurst Road, Cranleigh
Iron
5804
field
505750
settlement:
Roman settlement evidence:
5803
6
Non-building sites
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Distance
to
HER No:
Name
Coin
682
of
Valentinian
Easting
Northing
boundary
Period
504570
139942
1249
Roman
II,
Cranleigh
Roman Tile Kiln, Rapsley,
448
Ewhurst
508030
140920
1509
Roman
447
Rapsley Villa, Ewhurst
508040
141520
1562
Roman
2269
Roman Road
508290
140370
1842
Roman
Post-Roman
3827
Early
lime-burning
kilns
508100
141700
1629
Medieval
Upper House Farm: 15th
4327
Century Hall House
503680
141970
1900
Medieval
684
Homestead moat, Cranleigh
505950
139200
1230
Medieval
St
Nicholas'
Church,
687
Cranleigh
505980
139140
1292
Medieval
11696
CHURCH OF ST NICHOLAS
505986
139139
1294
Medieval
507500
140300
1098
Medieval
Woodland
4328
Drainage
Channels
Medieval pottery - possible
2798
occupation site
507970
141510
1491
Medieval
3826
12th century pottery kiln
508000
141600
1541
Medieval
3193
Medieval And Later Quarry
508080
142670
1639
Medieval
508300
140400
1847
Medieval
Possible Tudor iron Forge,
445
Coneyhurst Gill
Two
4201
Trader's
Post
Tokens,
506000
Cranleigh
139000
1434
medieval
Fourteen cast iron Filmer and
Mason
Post
"gravestones",
3812
Cranleigh churchyard
505900
139100
1327
medieval
5669
Brick kiln adjacent to 'Brick 504360
139140
1895
Post
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Distance
to
HER No:
Name
Easting
Northing
boundary
Field', Cranleigh
19th
5537
3386
medieval
century
Mower
Post
features,
Cranleigh Church, Cranleigh
Richard
Period
505900
139100
1327
Memorial:
Cranleigh
medieval
Post
506000
139100
1334
medieval
Post
3390
Turnpike Obelisk
Swallow's
3385
tile
506080
139030
1415
Post
works:
507600
Cranleigh
medieval
139400
1718
medieval
Post
3392
Ewhurst Windmill, Hurtwood
507750
142630
1315
medieval
Site of Junkers 88 crash site:
Thorne’s
Flush,
near
16182
Cranleigh
504600
140400
1047
modern
6207
ANTI TANK BLOCK
506000
139000
1434
modern
5488
Watching brief
503700
144000
Findspot
Bronze/
over 2km Iron Age
distant
Prehistoric
8.38
The earliest known archaeological features within 2km of the proposal are
the evidence of Mesolithic activity discovered on Winterfold Heath at Helmet
Copse (HER 450) in 1961 during afforestation operations. Further evidence
of Neolithic occupation was also discovered during the same operations
(HER 2268), in the form of more flints, suggesting that the heath was a
focus of activity from very early in the current Interglacial.
8.39
It is likely that the higher ground of the Greensand ridge was a favoured
area for lookouts and hunting parties, as Mesolithic activity is known from
various sites along this ridge, with an occupation site at Pitch Hill (HER 443),
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further to east, giving evidence of hilltop activity during this period, in the
form of microburins (a form of small blade used for cutting) and pygmy
points (for arrowheads).
8.40
Further Mesolithic and Neolithic occupation was noted at Ewhurst (HER 451,
452 respectively) on the lower ground beneath the ridge. Similarly, a flint
dagger was discovered at Willingshurst House (to northwest of the
application) (HER 3268).
8.41
Bronze Age remains are similarly scattered, with chance finds of a palstave
axe (HER 2801) and a spearhead (HER 4601) being discovered within 2km
of the application site. Further flints of late Neolithic or early Bronze Age
date were discovered at Wykehurst Farm (HER 2797), close to the main
Roman remains in the area.
Iron Age/ Roman/ Early Medieval
8.42
Iron Age occupation overlaps significantly with Roman occupation in the
area, with the settlement at Wyphurst Road (HER 5803, 5804) extending
over the two periods. The settlement appears to have its origins in the Iron
Age, although the majority of the occupation dates to the 1st and 2nd
centuries AD.
The site was subject to an evaluation in 2004 which
uncovered ditches, gullies and enclosures, with a second phase with stone
building footings identified, suggesting a settlement of some size and status.
No record of whether the site was fully excavated was available, so it is not
clear whether it was a villa site. It lies 600m from the application boundary.
8.43
A known villa site is located at Rapsley (HER 447, 448) which underwent a
programme of excavations in the 1960s.
It consisted of a villa with
bathhouse, outbuildings, a boundary wall and enclosures (447) in close
association with further material found in an adjacent field related to brick
and tile manufacturing (448). Several phases of the villa were evident, with
occupation extending over the period AD 80 - 330.
8.44
In close association with the villa is the Roman road (2269) that sporadically
extends in a northwesterly direction from Rowhook to Farley Heath. This
passes within 1km of the application area, although it is possible that it is
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much closer in reality, as the line of it is shown on the northern side of
Winterfold Heath, to north of Alderbrook, as well as to the south-east of the
application site.
8.45
Post-Roman lime burning kilns were also discovered in relatively close
proximity to the villa site, to north, at Harelot Lane.
These kilns were
discovered in 1957, and unfortunately no further information on their form or
distribution exists. It does however show that lime burning was an important
industry, and suggests a relatively organised society that required lime for
either fertilisation or building purposes. Given the nature of the Wealden
clays, it is most probable that this represented evidence of lime being used
for land management purposes.
Medieval
8.46
The earliest record to Alderbrook could be contained within a sale document
in 1374-5 by Roger Libbesofte and Joan his wife to Robert Brown. This
reference to “Aldrebrook” is identified as part of Albury parish, within the
Victoria County History Volume 3 (1911) for Surrey.
8.47
Rapsley was clearly a focus of occupation, as a large quantity of medieval
pottery was found in the layers overlying the villa. This is interpreted in the
HER as evidence for further occupation of the site (2798).
8.48
Pottery manufacturing continued in the locality, and in some instances there
was clear reuse of earlier materials: the 12th century kiln site at Hareholt
Copse (HER 3826) utilised a significant number of Romano British flue tiles
in the walls of the kiln. This site lies 1.5km from the application boundary.
8.49
Ironmaking was also a focus of medieval activity, and the Weald was known
for its iron production, which included a significant proportion of medieval
cannon manufacture. Known ironmaking sites close to the application area
is limited to a possible Tudor iron forge at Coneyhurst Gill (HER 445), 1.8km
from the application site.
8.50
High status agricultural buildings still survive from the medieval period, with
Upper House Farm displaying elements of a 15th century hall house (4327).
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This lies 1.9km from the proposal boundary. Also within the study area is
the homestead moat at Cranleigh Rectory (HER 684), close to St Nicholas’
Church (HER 687, 11696). The close proximity of high status moated sites,
many of which were manors, to village churches shows the level of
centralised power predominant in Medieval England, where villages were
typically being planned, with single street layouts being common on the
Weald.
8.51
Quarrying was also an important activity from the medieval period onwards,
as the quarry at Patch Hill 1km to the northeast (HER 3193) shows: this
continued for several centuries and produced the fine quality sandstone
used in the construction of Ewhurst Church in the 12th century.
8.52
Woodland management is also well known and understood from this period,
with the continued use of pannage as a method of stock management and
drainage being heavily carried out as a method of relieving the problems of
waterlogged clay soils (HER 4328).
Post Medieval
8.53
The tradition of small-scale industrial activity carried on in the area into the
Tudor period, with the possible Tudor iron forge at Coneyhurst Gill (HER
445) – this was excavated in 1960 and evidence of slag, fired clay and a 50ft
long oak duct were uncovered, suggesting a sophisticated operation.
Further industrial activity is found in the form of the brick kiln and clay mill at
Brick Field (HER 5669), which appears on the 1st edition OS mapping. It is
reasonable to assume that this field name and the industry dates back
considerably further than the mid-1800’s.
8.54
Further industrial activity is found in the form of Swallow’s tile works, which
was established in 1894, and is still in production. This operation utilises
five small coal fired downdraught kilns to produce hand-made, sand faced
tiles.
8.55
Turnpike roads were developed during the 18th century throughout England,
and this area is no exception: Cranleigh was connected to Horsham and
Brighton by a turnpike, and the obelisk erected in 1794 in Cranleigh High
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Street (HER 3390) commemorates this.
Such roads would have
revolutionised traffic movement and brought considerable economic gain,
given that prior to their development only the deep sunken lanes would have
been available, and many of these would have been in poor condition and
impassable at certain times of year.
8.56
Other 19th century features in the landscape surrounding the application site
include Ewhurst windmill, built in 1846 to the northeast and listed Grade II.
It is a 4 storey brick built tower with oak dummy sails and a tarred ogee cap
roof, situated about 800ft above sea level. It is now a private dwelling.
8.57
Several 19th century memorials are also noted within Cranleigh churchyard –
14 cast iron “gravestones” (HER 3812), produced by the Guildford firm of
Filmer and Mason in the 1870s. These were intended for people unable to
afford a stone memorial, and cost relatively little.
They are fairly rare
survivals, given their lesser durability over stone.
The churchyard also
contains a memorial dating to 1630 to Richard Mower, - a yeoman of the
parish who discovered how fertility could be improved by using lime on the
local heavy clay soils.
8.58
Alderbrook House and estate buildings were originally built in 1881 to a
design by the architect Richard Norman Shaw. The original house was
demolished in 1956 and replaced by the existing dwelling in 1962. The
original formal gardens were extended by the designer Percy Cane around
1936.
The Victoria County History notes that the owner of Alderbrook
House in 1911 was the eminent psychiatrist Pandelli C. Ralli. He was of
Greek extraction, and in addition to having a practice in Belgrave Square,
was the Liberal MP for Bridport and Wallingford from 18807. He died in
1928, and it is assumed that he was responsible for the creation of
Alderbrook Park. The site was apparently sold in 1919, and again in 1936 to
the Van den Bergh family who retained the site until 1956, despite the house
being requisitioned over WW2 as a hospital for the Canadian Army8.
7
8
http://uk.geocities.com/david.hemming1@btinternet.com/charactersr.htm#Pandelli%20Ralli
Design and Access Statement
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8.59
Two 20th century sites are also recorded in the area – these both date from
WW2 and comprise the site of a plane crash (HER 16182) and an anti-tank
block (HER 6207). The crash site relates to a Junkers Ju 88 crash that
occurred in 1941. The site was excavated by a recovery team in the 1970s
and material removed. Ju 88s were multi-role bomber aircraft, and were the
most successful and versatile aircraft the Luftwaffe possessed, with 15,000
examples being produced over the course of the war. The anti-tank block
was recorded as destroyed in a site visit in 2007.
Conclusions
8.60
Alderbrook lies within an area of sustained occupation, which has been
subject to considerable management for agricultural and low-key industrial
processes. Industry has been employed to make use of the rich natural
resources of clay, ironstone and timber, the latter two being traditionally
used in the naval shipbuilding industry in the post-medieval period.
8.61
Human occupation has traditionally been dispersed, and this has continued
from the Neolithic onwards, with settlements tending towards being small,
and probably based around family/ farming units, with occasional larger
settlements based around industrial manufacturing. This tradition continues
until today, with a great number of isolated farms and small hamlets being
located throughout the landscape with few villages or towns.
8.62
Land management has followed this dispersed pattern, with a great deal of
continuity being observed, with small fields linked by tracts of intensively
managed woodland which was in dual use for stock management.
8.63
Given these factors, it is likely that the concentrations of early activity on the
Greensand ridge and to east and west of the application site may suggest
that further pre-Medieval concentrations may exist in the area of the
development.
It is probable that any evidence of this has been so far
obscured by the ancient woodland and ostensibly undisturbed land use
patterns that predominate in this area of Surrey.
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Previous work carried out in support of this planning application
8.64
Kemp & Kemp produced a planning brief in 2007 which included a
constraints map of the sites with “heritage features” marked. This showed
HF REF 027, 028, 100 and 110 as falling within the current application
boundary – these refer to records held by Waverley Borough Council. HF
REF 110 refers to the Percy Cane-designed gardens, HF REF 100 refers to
the wrought iron gates at the entrance to Alderbrook Park. HF REF 027
identifies the ornamental lake at the southern end of the property and 028
refers to the duck pond immediately north of the farm buildings.
Site Walkover (Drawing 8.0/B)
8.65
A site walkover was conducted on 21st November 2008 in fair conditions
(see Table 8.0/2).
8.66
The application area is divided into 3 main land uses – pasture-based
parkland in the central portion, arable farming to south of the farm and tracts
of woodland to north and east of Alderbrook House.
8.67
The woodland to north-east of Alderbrook House is predominantly replanted,
with specimen trees and non-native species contributing to woodland
pleasure grounds that include a possible water garden or sunken lawn (24)
– interpreted as a croquet court in the current masterplan, a covered
reservoir to north (10) and woodland walks, including newly planted oak
tunnel and a hydrangea walk. Also noted was a rock garden (23) – possibly
a Japanese Garden, on account of the maples that appeared to be part of
the planting regime, which formed a series of linked rock-edged pools (11)
and paths issuing out close to the walled garden.
8.68
The walled garden (7) is a large, almost square area orientated with its
corners at the cardinal points. It contains fruit trees (possibly peach) in a
short avenue along its NE-SW centreline and some espaliered apples on its
internal SW and SE walls. The walls are approximately 3m high and are
constructed in brick. A large glasshouse (31) occupies the NE wall, with a
secondary heated glasshouse (30) slightly separated from the main
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glasshouse on the western end of identical build. The main glasshouse is a
lean-to structure, with a centrally aligned porch. It is of brick, timber and
glass construction with low 1.5m wide arches at the base of the walling for
drainage and ventilation purposes. The glasshouses contain beds along
both walls and dividing walls separate the main glasshouse into 5 areas –
the central porch and two flanking areas to each side. To NW of the centre,
one area is in use as a geranium house. The condition of the glasshouses
is poor, with partially complete glazing and many rotten astragals
throughout.
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Figure 8.4 - left: Walled Garden; right: Garden Cottage and glasshouses
8.69
The NE wall of the walled garden was originally heated: evidenced by vents
high on the internal faces of the wall, together with several chimneys. Whilst
the outbuildings on the northern side of the wall were not accessed, it is
likely that within some of the rooms were furnaces for maintaining these flue
systems. Heating would have allowed a substantially extended season for
the growing of more tender crops, such as soft fruit, and such practises are
well documented in large walled gardens.
8.70
An area of hard standing occupies the site of the glasshouses located on the
3rd edition map, on the northern side of the drive that passes the Garden
Cottage and walled garden (5).
Figure 8.5 Details of glasshouses: entrance and heated wall to rear
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8.71
Entrances are on all walls, with the doorway in the SW wall being centrally
aligned and sizeable enough to admit a tractor. A similarly sized opening
lies on the northern end of the SE wall close to the end of the glasshouse;
an access door is also positioned to south of the garden cottage (6). The
glasshouse is also accessed though the north-east wall, with access being
into the centre of the main glasshouse, via the ancillary buildings on the
outside. A further gate is located at the NW end of the heated greenhouse,
in between it and the garden cottage.
8.72
The bothy (34) was not located during the survey. From photographs and a
review of desk-based information, this building is a relatively modern (postwar) design.
8.73
The main house (9) is a relatively modern addition to the site, being
constructed in the 1960s9. It occupies the northern side of the upper terrace
of 3 which step down to south and which have commanding views over the
South Downs and the Weald. The terraces are flat with brick retaining walls.
A small swimming pool and fountain feature, recessed into the retaining
wall, occupy the lower terrace.
Figure 8.6 Alderbrook House; view to south with swimming pool on
lower terrace
8.74
An ancillary building, built in brick (25) occupies a position to north of the
main house. It has a carport on its western side, with an entrance from the
9
See Design and Access Statement
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north, and offices or similar rooms accessed from south, overlooking the
space between it and the main house. It may originally have been servants’
quarters, although it is not clear from survey alone as to its original function.
8.75
The parkland to west of the main house is characterised by open planting
with heavy rhododendron cover on the western limits of the garden grounds,
bounded by a ditch and bank with the original wrought iron railing
surrounding the base of the garden. Specimen trees are spread throughout
the parkland, many of which appear to be remnants of the pre-emparkment
field boundaries.
Further field boundaries were noted at (26) and (12),
where ditches were visible or slight hollows suggested that ditched
boundaries were once landscape features.
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Figure 8.7 Views of Alderbrook Farm
8.76
Alderbrook Farm is a good example of a relatively unchanged Victorian/
Edwardian model farm. Constructed in brick, it consists of two pairs of semidetached cottages (15 & 16) sitting to east of the stables (17) and the early
brick outbuildings (18).
More modern additions have been made to the
farm, with concrete and metal portal framed sheds (site 2 is earmarked as
the sports facility) found to both north and south of the drive. A small carport
lies slightly west of the duck pond.
8.77
The woodland south of the walled garden and north of the farm is
characterised by coppiced hazel and ash with some oak. Many tracks pass
through the woodland, and these are maintained by the current owner: these
appear to be a direct continuation of the tracks noted on the First Edition OS
mapping, and are likely to be of some antiquity. Also visible are remnant
field boundaries, characterised by small ditches and banks with oak and
coppiced wood atop the banking.
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Figure 8.8 Field boundaries. Left coppice stools woodland boundary,
right field boundary
8.78
The farmland to south of Alderbrook Farm was found to be under arable
cultivation when visited. The line of the footpath is clearly marked as a wide
grassed track bisecting the open fields. A track also runs NW-SE from the
farm towards the footpath (19), with slight evidence of banks to either side.
An established field boundary (22) also showed evidence of antiquity, with
the ditch and bank arrangement.
This area was monitored during the
installation of a pipeline in 1999.
8.79
Maplewood Cottage and Cranleigh Lodge (35) lie just within the application
area, on the edge of the estate. Cranleigh Lodge is of brick construction,
with hanging tile and timber adornments. It sits on the drive, at the gate.
Maplewood Cottage is a Grade II listed building with a 16th century timberframed core, clad in sandstone rubble and brick, with 19th century additions
in sandstone.
It sits back from the road within gardens surrounded by
mature trees.
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General observations
8.80
Aerial photographic coverage of the site was moderate, and the underlying
geology is known not to favour good cropmark evidence. Notwithstanding
this, previous field boundaries were clearly shown on the aerial photographs
studied, although no new sites were discovered.
8.81
Aerial photographs do show that some changes have occurred over time,
these being predominantly related to land management, with 20th century
tree plantations to north-east of the farm reducing in size and being replaced
by arable, and a reduction in size of the cultivated ground surrounding the
walled garden. Little else has changed on the site, although the original
photographs (only photocopies were supplied) would probably give a clearer
indication of the development of the farm and when replacement of the early
farm buildings to south of the track occurred.
8.82
The clay subsoil makes it difficult to identify archaeological remains (other
than earthworks) from aerial photographs.
This is possibly one of the
contributing factors to the relatively sparse number of sites in the HER that
appears to exist around Alderbrook. Since the application site has been
essentially static in terms of its development over the last 50-100 years, very
little information has been collected, and the area has not been subject to
survey, this may also have contributed to a general paucity of information in
this particular area of Surrey.
Hidden concentrations of archaeological
remains/ sites may be present within the application area, but it is extremely
difficult to ascertain this without archaeological site investigation.
Such
investigations would only be appropriate if formerly undisturbed ground were
to be earmarked for major changes: examples of such work would include
the construction of new buildings, landscaping works, the installation of new
infrastructure and associated service routes or the restoration of former field
boundaries.
8.83
The traditional management of this area of Surrey has contributed to the
preservation of ancient elements of the landscape, particularly in woodland
areas. Whilst the ancient woodland is to be found immediately outside the
application area to east and north east, one clear pocket is recorded within
the woodland to south of the walled garden. This also contains evidence of
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early field boundaries and tracks, features which can be preserved even if
the ancient woodland element is subsequently lost.
8.84
Within the emparked area, most of the original pre-1890 field boundaries are
visible in the landscape as shallow ditches, banks or broken lines of mature
trees. To south of the farm some of these have been retained within the
amalgamated fields where planting continues to respect boundaries now
invisible on the ground.
Table 8.0/2 - Summary of sites within and immediately surrounding the
application area
Related
Site no:
Easting
Northing
Photo
1
505823
141173
Garage
2
505857
141185
Concrete portal frame shed
3
505861
141169
Portal framed shed
4
506381
141959
24
Description
Manhole showing water pipe
system
5
506375
141949
Site of cold frames and
greenhouse
6
506349
141964
13, 15, 22
7
506357
141922
11, 14, 16, Walled
18, 23
Garden cottage
garden,
including
ancillary buildings on NE
elevation
8
506195
142025
25-29
Garden terraces
9
506199
142066
25, 26
Main house
10
506298
142187
Covered reservoir
11
506378
142034
Ponds within woodland
12
506355
141306
7
Bank & ditch boundary on
edge of estate
13
506395
141745
10
Woodland path
14
505750
141476
12
Parkland
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Related
Site no:
Easting
Northing
Photo
Description
15
505949
141228
5
Semi-detached cottage (pair)
16
505972
141241
6
Semi-detached cottage (pair)
17
505918
141212
4
Stables
18
505886
141224
2, 3
Outbuilding (original brick)
19
505938
140970
44, 45
Line of footpath
20
506014
141004
46
Track from farm, on line of
removed boundaries
21
506156
140975
47
Line of footpath
22
506207
140895
48
Ditch & bank field boundary
23
506394
142116
40, 41
Rock garden
24
506242
142154
39
Sunken
terrace/
croquet
lawn
25
506206
142094
38
Garage
26
506348
141343
8
Coppiced woodland
27
506094
142067
34
Ditch and bank on edge of
garden
28
506023
141886
30-32
Upper parkland
29
506065
142071
33
Main drive
30
506362
141956
20
Heated greenhouse
31
506376
141939
14, 15, 17, Main greenhouse, including
19, 21
geranium house
32
505592
141321
36, 37
Former field boundary
33
505899
141689
35
Ditch (former field boundary)
34
506398
141967
Bothy
35
505434
141082
Maplewood Cottages
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ASSESSMENT OF IMPORTANCE
Sites within the Application Site
8.85
The site walkover has shown that Alderbrook Park was created out of an
essentially agrarian landscape of fields, separated by long-established
wooded areas with paths running through the woodland.
Whilst this
woodland has largely lost its original planting, it continues to retain elements
of a relict landscape, and as such has local importance. Similarly, the
fossilised boundaries within the parkland retain some cultural significance,
and therefore are also of local importance.
8.86
Alderbrook Park was developed in the last decade of the 19th century, and
largely took a sympathetic approach to the emparkment process, reducing
tree cover to open up the vistas for Alderbrook House, and limiting
landscape changes to the area of the house and gardens, the walled garden
and the model farm. The exception to this was the removal of further hedge
lines to south of the farm, to increase production as mechanisation became
a greater factor in agriculture.
8.87
The loss of Alderbrook House, led to a new house being developed on the
site, although few additional modifications have been made to the estate
since its inception.
The house is considered to be of negligible
importance, although the upper terraces on which it sits were formed for
the original house and are
elements of the original design: these are
considered to be of local importance.
8.88
The woodlands are mainly relatively new, although they respect the shape
and characteristics of long-established field boundaries and woodland
compartments. The area to the north of the walled garden is predominantly
20th century planting, with an effort made to create an area of specimendominated woodland walks and small pleasure gardens.
They are
considered to be locally important.
8.89
The farm is remarkably unaltered, with most of the buildings surviving in
good order with few modifications. Where new space was needed, more
buildings appear to have been built alongside, rather than modifying or
removing earlier ones. This has preserved the overall layout of the group
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and they remain in good condition and in use. The group is considered to
be locally important.
8.90
Similarly, the walled garden and its associated buildings survive well,
however the glasshouses are in relatively poor condition, with a great deal of
work needed to restore the entire range to full working use. Some limited
production continues, showing that the intended use of the buildings is still
possible, albeit under reduced circumstances – presumably largely on the
grounds of lack of manpower, since such an extensive area of kitchen
gardens would originally have required a substantial team of groundsmen
and gardeners. The group is considered to be locally important.
Sites outwith the Application Site
Prehistoric
8.91
Several records were noted in the HER dating from the Mesolithic. Two of
the four relate to possible activity sites (HER 443, 450), as opposed to stray
finds (3336, 451). The Pitch Hill “settlement” (443) consisted of several
microburins and pygmy points discovered on a hilltop excavation in 1928,
whilst the flints discovered at Helmet Copse (450) were discovered during
ploughing in 1963. All the known Mesolithic activity is more than 1km from
the application boundary and although of some importance due to their
rarity, it is considered that there is low potential for remains of this period to
be found within the application area.
8.92
All four HER entries dating to Neolithic activity within 2km of the site
boundary are find spots, being a dagger (3268), an axe (452) or various
flints (2268, 2797). One of the flint findspots (2268) also originated from the
same work at Helmet Copse as entry 450, suggesting that this may have
been either a concentration of activity or a further entry into the HER to
cover the possibility of the finds falling into two periods. Chance finds such
as these are considered to have a moderate potential for recovery within
the application site.
8.93
Bronze Age activity in the area is poorly represented, with only two important
metalwork finds from this period: a palstave (2801) and a spearhead (4601).
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In addition to the nationally important burial mound at Shere Heath, a series
of flints were discovered during excavations at Rapsley Roman villa (2797).
The flints are thought to have originated from either hillwash or accidental
loss. It is therefore considered that there is low potential for Bronze Age
remains to be found within the application site.
Iron Age/ Roman/ Early Medieval
8.94
Two Iron Age sites (5804, 5805) are noted within the HER: both entries
relate to a common site, at Wyphurst Road, Cranleigh. Although this 1990s
investigation was predominantly Roman, some Iron Age evidence was
recovered, consisting of gullies and field systems and showing that the
activity extended further east and north than the main Roman focus. Iron
Age origin for the Romano-Celtic temple at Farley Heath, and the hillfort at
Holmbury Camp (both sites of national importance), demonstrate a high
status presence within the region, and it is therefore of moderate potential
that later prehistoric activity could be found within the application site.
8.95
The Roman activity on the Wyphurst Road, Cranleigh, site (HER 5803) was
indicative of a relatively small farmstead, with ditches, gullies, wall
foundations, ditches, postholes and pits identified and dating to the late 1st
or early 2nd century AD. It is possible that the site was of higher status, such
as a villa, although since it was not excavated further, it is not possible to be
certain. The site lies approximately 600m west of the site boundary.
8.96
A Roman villa is also located at Rapsley (HER 447), dating to between the
2nd and 4th centuries, and lies approximately 1500m east of the application
boundary.
It is closely associated with fieldwork carried out (HER 448)
which identified a kiln site in close proximity to the villa and is close to PostRoman lime burning kilns (HER 3827): these were only preliminarily
investigated in 1964, and no further information is known about their date,
although it is most probable that they were either immediately Post-Roman
or Anglo-Saxon (approximately 9th century or later) in origin.
8.97
Rapsley Villa lay off the line of Stane Street, on an offshoot that appears to
run relatively close to the eastern boundary of the application towards
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Winterfold Heath10. It is likely that given that there was considerable and
sustained activity within the area, particularly related to Rapsley, that
Alderbrook was part of the outlying portion of the villa estate, although there
is no direct evidence to support this. It is therefore considered that there is a
moderate – high potential that Roman period remains exist within the
application area.
Medieval
8.98
Several Medieval sites lie within the study area. These represent a variety
of typical domestic, industrial and agrarian sites, including a hall house
(4327) and moated farmstead (684), some industrial sites, such as kilns
(3826), a forge (445) and quarry (3193), a church (687/ 11696) and
landscape features (4328). These sites lie over 1km from the application
boundary and are indicative of dispersed settlement. The lack of continuity
from this period suggests that Alderbrook is unlikely to have had a
settlement, but the dispersed nature of such activity in this part of Surrey,
means that remains of medieval date must have a low-moderate potential
for existing within the application area.
Post Medieval
8.99
The Church of St Nicholas, Cranleigh (687/ 11696), whilst it has Medieval
origins, also has several interesting cast iron crosses, dating to the 1862
and 1864 (5537, 3812), as well as a monument to Richard Mower, dating to
1630.
A watching brief, carried out in 2002 (5537) failed to find any
evidence of material earlier than 19th century in date on the site. The church
is the closest Grade II* listed building to the application area and stands
approximately 1.3km from the boundary.
8.100
A turnpike obelisk is also listed (3390): this 7.5m high obelisk was erected
by public subscription, reputedly in 1794, to commemorate the turnpike from
Horsham to Brighton.
8.101
Swallow’s tile works (3385) was founded in 1894 and continues to produce
hand-made tiles from the original 5 barrel arch designed downdraught kilns.
It lies 1.7km from the site boundary. A further brick kiln and clay mill site
10
The Roman Roads of Britain
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(5669) was noted on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1873), although
this site has been redeveloped.
8.102
The Grade II* listed Ewhurst Windmill (3392) is situated 1.3km from the site
boundary, at 800 feet above sea level.
It was built around 1845 and
survives today as a private dwelling. It has a tarred tower with ogee cap and
has dummy oak sails. As a functional mill, its position owed more to wind
availability than dominant views over the landscape. It is not considered to
have any meaningful setting issues associated with its position in relation
the application.
8.103
Two WW2 sites are noted within the HER – a Junkers 88 crash site (16182)
and anti-tank blocks (6207). The Junkers 88 bomber crashed in 1941 at
Thorne’s Flush, near Cranleigh, and was excavated in the early 1970s by a
recovery team – a partial engine block was removed from the site. The site
lies 1km from the site boundary. The anti-tank block was inspected in 2003
and was shown to have been destroyed.
Conclusions
8.104
Whilst there are several sites of national importance within 2km of the site
(the scheduled monuments and listed buildings), the majority of the sites are
of local importance – these are typically small, dispersed sites of both
domestic and industrial function.
They are not within the proposed
development area, and therefore are highly unlikely to sustain any effect as
a result of the proposed development.
POTENTIAL IMPACT
Sites within the application site
8.105
The proposed development is described in full in Section 3.0 and on
Drawing 3.0/A. Major proposed changes envisaged on the site which may
affect archaeological sites are as follows:
•
Demolition of existing and construction of a new house, including an
underground parking area;
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•
Expansion of swimming pool on lower terrace of formal garden and
refacing of terrace walls;
•
Restoration of walled garden;
•
Creation of Energy Centre on site of cold frames and greenhouse
remains to north of walled garden (5)
•
Change of use of the hay barn (2) to a sports building;
•
Creation of new woodland areas and restoration of field boundaries as
shown on the landscape masterplan;
•
The creation of small in-line waterbody in the central stream at the
centre of the emparked area;
8.106
•
Construction of new access roads to serve the main house.
•
Change of use for Cranleigh Lodge to security lodge from residential
Given the scale of the site, and the importance of the cultural heritage
features, these proposals appear to be in keeping with the original design
and pay significant respect to the historic landscape
8.107
The proposals for the house are to remove the existing building and replace
– clearly this will result in the loss of the current building. This will require
considerable ground disturbance for the foundations and basements, and
excavations may shed light on the footings and construction of any surviving
remains of the first house. However, since both the current and former
house are considered to be of little architectural merit, it is considered as
having a low to negligible impact on any cultural heritage assets.
8.108
The formal terraced gardens to south of the main house will only be subject
to small-scale changes as a result of the demolition and rebuilding of
Alderbrook House. The expansion of the swimming pool (situated on the
lower terrace created by the Cane improvements of the 1930s) and refacing
of the brick walled terraces will have little effect on the structure from a
cultural heritage viewpoint as the overall form of the garden will not be
substantially altered. Therefore, since the terraced areas themselves are
not thought to undergo significant change as a result of the proposal, the
development is likely to be of negligible impact.
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8.109
The walled garden, with its row of glasshouses, is probably the most intact
non-domestic building on the estate and forms a significant, unaltered
complex with the adjoining garden cottage and ancillary buildings on the
north exterior face. Some restoration of the original planting schemes has
been undertaken, although this is far from complete. The glasshouses are
in a poor state of repair, although this is mainly with regard to the glazing,
and restoration of this would be possible without structural alteration. The
condition of the structure of the walled garden was not assessed in detail,
although it did appear to be sound and not showing signs of subsidence or
bowing, as is the case with many. As such, whilst care should be taken with
any structural work carried out within the walled garden, it is not considered
that major repair will be required, and therefore the development will be low
impact.
8.110
The energy centre is situated on the site of the former glasshouses (5). The
formation of the energy centre will entail the excavation of this area, as the
building is partially sunken. This area is currently part hard standing and
part grassed over banking, of which the hard standing is used for car
parking. It is not thought that there is great survival to the glasshouses or
cold frames that were recorded on the 3rd Edition OS mapping. Moreover, it
is not considered that these short-lived features have any great cultural
heritage merit.
Therefore it is considered that this aspect of the
development will have a low to negligible impact.
8.111
The reuse of a concrete portal framed shed (2) as a sports facility is
proposed as part of this scheme. The building is modern in date and the
changes proposed are not thought to affect the underlying structure. In
addition, the building is likely to have removed all traces of earlier buildings
that occupied the site. It is considered that this will have negligible impact.
8.112
The pre-20th century cultural heritage features within the application site
entirely relate to early land boundaries, removed to form the designed
landscape of Alderbrook Park. The current proposals for the site are for a
reintroduction of some of these landscape boundaries, to south of the farm.
This area has undergone arable cultivation in recent years, and several of
the boundaries, though respected by the planting regime, are not longer
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visible on the ground surface, although evidence of the ditches will
undoubtedly remain below plough depth. The new planting schemes will
have the effect of destroying the majority of the buried physical remains as
part of the restoration, and the original lines of the field boundaries will have
to be traced carefully if authenticity is to be retained. Where the original
boundaries survive, this difficulty will not be encountered, and with diligent
planning, it should be possible to restore these boundaries with relatively
good accuracy. Restoration of the lost landscape boundaries to south of the
farm will result in a low beneficial impact.
8.113
The creation of a small water feature between the house and the farm will
require some soil removal and general disturbance. It is considered that,
given an appropriate mitigation strategy this could be of negligible impact.
8.114
The construction of new access roads to serve the main house is thought to
not be more than a resurfacing of the current road network, with minor
changes to the layout in the vicinity of the main house. Given that no pre20th century features are known, and the low importance of any buildings
historically occupying this area it is considered that this will have a
negligible impact.
8.115
Changing the use of Cranleigh Lodge to a security building will entail
considerable
incorporation
of
new
services,
such
as
CCTV
and
communications. It is not known how this may affect the internal features
within the building, or whether the building retains its original layout, fixtures
and fittings.
Given this, it is considered that the exterior will sustain a
negligible impact, whilst internally the impact is unknown.
General Considerations
8.116
The fruit trees that are situated within the walled garden are thought to date
from the original planting. These survive in places within the walled garden,
and are an asset to understanding the historic design of the garden. Any
development within the walled garden should take these features into
account, as they form a portion of the original scheme, and therefore have
214
SLR
heritage value. An assessment is deferred on these, as it is more likely that
a more accurate judgement can be arrived at by an appropriate
arboriculturalist.
8.117
The farm dates from the initial phase of Alderbrook Park, although it is most
likely that elements date to earlier than this, given that some buildings
existed on the site of the farm in the 1st Edition OS map. Given this, it is
possible that this area is likely to contain the greatest potential for pre1890’s remains, although it is also likely that later development of the farm
has obscured these remains. No development is proposed for this area,
and therefore it is likely that this area will experience a low to negligible
impact.
8.118
The one listed building within the application area – Maplewood Cottages
(35), lies on the edge of the parkland on one side of the drive at the main
gate. No development is proposed at Maplewood Cottages and it is not
considered that the proposed development elsewhere within the application
site will have an effect on the cottages, given that these will only be partially
visible at best, and at some distance. Given the nature of the changes
envisaged, it is considered that the cottage will experience negligible
impact.
8.119
The woodland gardens and walks are an integral part of the original
landscape design of the park, and are an important asset as they are part of
the original design concept, and contain some important structural features
(and presumably specimen trees). This area contains a sunken garden/
croquet lawn (24), a series of ponds (11) – possibly a Japanese garden,
various wooded walks/ paths and a covered reservoir (10) for supplying the
house and garden. It is not thought that any appreciable heritage assets are
within the area earmarked for the formal garden to north of the house,
immediately to west of the sunken garden (24). It is considered that the
planting scheme will be of low to negligible impact on these features.
215
SLR
Statutorily protected sites outwith the application site
8.120
The development area is relatively enclosed, with open views mainly to
south.
As such any setting issues associated with listed buildings or
scheduled monuments will be to those that have a view towards the
proposal. In addition, only 24 listed buildings lie within 1km of the boundary,
all of which are Grade II – those that lie outside this are highly unlikely to
sustain any change to their setting, on account of reduced visibility towards
the site. Given that the main alterations within the application area will be
with regard to the proposed development of a new main house, any
changes will be limited. Therefore it is considered that the proposal will
have a negligible impact on the listed buildings in the vicinity.
MITIGATION CONSIDERATIONS
8.121
The proposals for the site are relatively low-key, with new features being
created in relatively unimportant areas of the site, and a general restoration
of the park and its buildings being intended. This economical approach is
beneficial to the cultural heritage, as it is considered that little will be affected
by these proposals. This conclusion is reflected in the impact assessment,
and consequently no specific recommendations are made on specific items
within the masterplan.
8.122
Large scale landscaping changes have the greatest potential to damage
archaeological features.
This would include damage to both pre-
emparkment landscape features, fossilised in the parkland, as well as
previously unrecorded archaeology. It is considered that the proposals are
low-key and sympathetic, although it is worth noting certain caveats. The
underlying clay geology makes it problematic to predict whether sites may
exist or not, and it is probable that a greater level of scrutiny of both the
proposals and aerial photographs would be required to adequately assess
any potential threat, despite the likelihood that discovery of new sites is
considered as being low. Since the proposals are very limited in scope, it is
not considered that the current scheme merits further site investigation.
However, changes to the current proposals should be considered on a case-
216
SLR
by-case basis, and any amendments should be studied carefully for their
potential impact on known and potential areas of archaeological potential.
8.123
Restoration of both the estate buildings and landscape features –
particularly the walled garden, but also the model farm and the gardens –
will require sympathetic design and execution, as many of the original
features were designed with longevity in mind and are relatively complex: for
example, the glasshouses feature a heated wall, substantial areas of glass,
and a very specific structural design, presumably to accommodate particular
plants. This ideally needs to be more fully understood prior to any work
taking place, in order to inform and guide the work, thereby allowing honest
and accurate restoration.
8.124 Cranleigh Lodge has already undergone internal remodelling over 2008, and
the extent to which this impacted upon original internal features is not
known.
It would be advantageous to obtain further information on the
changes made before a final decision on whether additional low level
standing building recording is justified to record the condition and survival of
original layout, fixtures and fittings.
CONCLUSIONS
8.125
Alderbrook represents a moderately well preserved Victorian/ Edwardian
country estate with some elements surviving in a very good, unaltered state.
It was a relatively low-key emparkment, with earlier landscape features
surviving as fossilised features and the design reflects a certain level of
sympathy for the historic environment in which it was placed. The building
stocks are in good condition, having been constantly maintained, with the
exception of the glasshouses, which show evidence of wear and a certain
lack of investment in their (expensive) upkeep over the years. However, the
buildings that survive from the initial scheme are remarkably unaltered and
whilst not considered to be of great architectural merit, are nevertheless a
good example of a country estate of late 19th century origin.
8.126
The sites and monuments that surround the proposal are of relatively
modest character, with few buildings or sites of national important status
217
SLR
within the study area. Indeed, there are relatively few sites and monuments,
and Alderbrook appears to be in an area of less densely recorded sites. Of
those that are of importance, none are considered to have issues of setting
which would be affected by the proposal.
Statement of Significance
8.127
The sites within the application area are of local importance, on account of
their form and preservation; it is thought that the development will be of
negligible significance to the cultural heritage.
8.128
No statutorily protected sites will be affected by the proposal as they lie
sufficiently distant not to be appreciably affected: it is therefore considered
that this development will be of negligible significance to cultural heritage
in the surrounding area.
218
SLR
DRAWINGS
N
REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF ORDNANCE SURVEY ON
BEHALF OF HMSO. CROWN COPYRIGHT AND DATABASE RIGHT
W
OS DATA LICENCE EXPIRATION: MM/YY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. LICENCE NUMBER AI100012293
0
2187
NOTES
E
HER BUILDINGS NOT SHOWN, AS THESE ARE A
DUPLICATION OF LISTED BUILDING DATA
S
LEGEND
Scheduled Monuments
HER (non-buildings)
2344
2555
3264
Listed Buildings
3359
Conservation Areas
Application boundary
3394
3238
2km buffer to Application Boundary
Line of Roman road
1589
3363
3340
3336 3352
3326
3430
3
Revision
DH
TM
01/09
By
Chk'd By
Date
Comments
3350
2082
2060
3181
26812682
2680
33963403
7 WORNAL ROAD
MENMARSH ROAD
WORMINGHALL, AYLESBURY
BUCKS, HP18 9JX
T: 01844 337380
F: 01844 337381
www.slrconsulting.com
Site
Alderbrook Park
Project
3209
1964
2616
2628
2648
2598
2696
26022657
2651
2647
Alderbrook Park Environmental Statement
Drawing Title
Heritage Environment Record points
Project File Reference
Drawn By
403.2312.00001.009
Scale
1:23,363 @ A3
Drawing Number
DH
Date
January 2009
1
Chk'd By
TM
Revision
Final
3
N
REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF ORDNANCE SURVEY ON
BEHALF OF HMSO. CROWN COPYRIGHT AND DATABASE RIGHT
W
OS DATA LICENCE EXPIRATION: MM/YY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. LICENCE NUMBER AI100012293
24
29
27
9
8
E
S
10
23
25
11
6 34
5
74
28
NOTES
LEGEND
Sites in application area
Application boundary
13
33
14
32
26
12
3
Revision
DH
TM
01/09
By
Chk'd By
Date
Comments
16
18 17 15
1 32
35
19
20
7 WORNAL ROAD
MENMARSH ROAD
WORMINGHALL, AYLESBURY
BUCKS, HP18 9JX
T: 01844 337380
F: 01844 337381
www.slrconsulting.com
21
22
Site
Alderbrook Park
Project
Alderbrook Park Environmental Statement
Drawing Title
Cultural Heritage features within
the application boundary
Project File Reference
Drawn By
403.2312.00001.009
Scale
1:7,500 @ A3
Drawing Number
DH
Date
January 2009
2
Chk'd By
TM
Revision
Final
3
APPENDIX 8.0/A & 8.0/B
Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 8
APPENDIX 8.0/A
STATUTORILY PROTECTED SITES AND BUILDINGS WITHIN THE STUDY AREA
Listed Buildings within 2km
LB no:
291857
288477
291710
437008
291861
291240
440082
291745
291744
291743
291682
291741
291742
291681
291680
440843
291892
291699
291746
291747
440397
440396
291889
291740
291739
291738
291736
291886
291683
291684
291749
291691
291679
291692
291690
440337
440336
Name
CHURCH OF ST PETER AND ST PAUL
HOLMDALE
CHURCH OF ST NICHOLAS
MARYLANDS
WHITE HART COTTAGE
CHURCH OF ST ANDREW
BARNETT HILL
MAPLEWOOD COTTAGES
LAPSCOMBE FARM HOUSE
LITTLE PITTANCE
BARN TO REAR OF WYPHURST HOME
FARM HOUSE
PITTANCE FARM HOUSE
BARNS AT PITTANCE FARM
WYPHURST HOME FARM HOUSE
BARHATCH
SMITHWOOD COMMON LODGE
CRANLEIGH
SCHOOL,
WOODYER
BUILDINGS
LOWER HOUSE FARM HOUSE
HIGH UPFOLD FARM HOUSE
BARN (NOW SCHOOL HALL AT HIGH
UPFOLD FARM HOUSE)
COACH
HOUSE
LITTLE
WILLINGHURST
WILLINGHURST HOUSE
SMITHS COTTAGE
GRANARY AT SMITHWOOD HOUSE
SMITHWOOD HOUSE
SMITHWOOD FARM HOUSE
ROWLY LODGE
THORNSFLUSH
HIGH CANFOLD FARM HOUSE
BARN TO REAR OF HIGH CANFOLD
FARM HOUSE
JELLYS HOLLOW
PEAR TREE COTTAGE
PARK GREEN COTTAGE
CHAPEL PLACE
OLD TOKEFIELD
BARN TO LEFT OF MADGEHOLE FARM
HOUSE
MADGEHOLE FARM HOUSE
GRADE
I
I
II*
II*
II*
II*
II*
II
II
II
EASTING
509136
511073
505986
508292
509065
502296
502431
505434
505679
505430
Distance
to
boundary
NORTHING (m)
140472
2651
143800
4837
139139
1294
142008
1767
140749
2549
141659
3161
145442
4692
141082
0
142210
145
141751
234
II
II
II
II
II
II
506737
505409
505393
506779
506876
505184
140814
141739
141735
140810
140725
141679
235
249
262
276
399
408
II
II
II
505465
504931
505236
140093
141019
140320
455
481
488
II
505196
140324
524
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
505377
505323
504914
504778
504777
504784
504633
504787
507451
142585
142546
141682
141459
141458
141516
140932
140372
141075
606
624
653
703
704
710
788
910
945
II
II
II
II
II
II
507470
507527
505205
506870
505275
505103
141096
142177
139608
139743
139516
139530
966
999
1005
1013
1057
1124
II
II
505222
505228
143187
143213
1126
1143
i
SLR
291689 SPRATTS
291700 HOLLYHOCKS
291698 EAST WHIPLEY COTTAGE
LARGE
BARN
AT
CRANLEIGH
SCHOOL, APPROXIMATELY 5 METRES
291890 NORTH EAST OF COMMON HOUSE
291688 THE OLD BAKERY
291687 MERCERS COTTAGE
440394 WILLINGHURST FARM HOUSE
BARN
SOUTH
WEST
OF
440395 WILLINGHURST FARM HOUSE
440398 WILLINGHURST COTTAGE
291834 HURTWOOD EDGE
291701 OLD MILL HOUSE
ATTWELL
ROGER
(OPTICIAN)
291704 DELICATESSEN AND OFF LICENCE
291705 BOOKSHOP
291874 EWHURST WINDMILL
291706 PHOTOGRAPHERS
291703 FOUNTAIN MEMORIAL
291711 BELWEATHERS
291707 OLIVER HOUSE
291696 WELL HOUSE
291712 THE CAUSEY
LYCH GATE TO CHURCH OF ST
291709 NICHOLAS
291708 HOME AND GARDEN
291713 OBELISK
291716 VALENTINES WINE BAR
291715 CRANLEIGH VILLAGE HOSPITAL
291718 BROADOAK
LITTLE
MANOR
TO
REAR
OF
291714 CRANLEIGH MOTORS
291702 RUFFOLD FARM HOUSE HOTEL
BARN TO EAST OF WYKEHURST
291809 FARM HOUSE
291808 WYKEHURST FARM HOUSE
BARN OPPOSITE RAPSLEY FARM
291807 HOUSE
291748 OLD COTTAGE
291806 RAPSLEY FARM HOUSE
291737 ROWLY FARM HOUSE
291849 LONG COPSE
440842 STROUD LODGE
COTTAGE 10 FEET NORTH NORTH
291850 EAST OF LONG COPSE
CONEYHURST ON THE HILL, MENDIP
291848 AND BRACKENLEA
440335 SMARKHAM
440351 FRIENDLY COTTAGE
291802 CONEYHURST FARM HOUSE
440390 WINTERSGRACE
440393 BARN TO SOUTH OF UPPER HOUSE
II
II
II
505039
504668
504278
139520
139925
141416
1167
1170
1170
II
II
II
II
506080
504981
504924
504769
139237
139502
139538
142796
1211
1215
1221
1226
II
II
II
II
504730
504789
507794
504745
142730
142834
142201
139601
1226
1229
1267
1298
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
505703
505710
507747
505720
505701
506032
505768
506148
506095
139130
139128
142626
139119
139110
139109
139099
139122
139088
1304
1306
1311
1313
1324
1329
1330
1337
1360
II
II
II
II
II
II
506008
505875
506069
505971
505992
506083
139070
139059
139031
138990
138980
138988
1365
1367
1412
1441
1453
1456
II
II
506044
504435
138970
139715
1469
1477
II
II
507999
508004
141232
141226
1489
1494
II
II
II
II
II
II
507968
507290
508002
504064
508122
504188
141545
139432
141550
140318
142074
142362
1497
1506
1531
1539
1594
1598
II
508131
142085
1603
II
II
II
II
II
II
508173
504805
503812
508370
504161
503702
142085
143554
141905
141259
143017
141950
1645
1675
1754
1860
1862
1873
ii
SLR
291804
291805
440391
440392
288281
291725
FARM COTTAGE
BARN 20 METRES TO NORTH EAST
OF CONEYHURST HOUSE
BARN 40 METRES TO NORTH OF
CONEYHURST FARM HOUSE
UPPER HOUSE
UPPER HOUSE FARM COTTAGE
HURTWOOD COTTAGE
COLDHARBOUR FARM
Scheduled Monuments within 2km of the boundary
SM no. Name
12760
23013
SU98
20181
II
508403
141266
1893
II
II
II
II
II
508407
503745
503664
506366
505822
141327
142237
142060
144265
138435
1900
1947
1947
1990
1991
Easting
MEDIEVAL MOATED SITE WEST OF VACHERY 506815
FARM
HOLMBURY CAMP: A SMALL MULTIVALLATE 510463
HILLFORT NORTH OF THREE MILE ROAD
Romano-British temple and enclosure on Farley 505180
Heath
BOWL BARROW ON SHERE HEATH
507094
Northing
136762
Distance to
boundary
(m)
3781
142978
4024
144943
2738
146945
4763
iii
SLR
APPENDIX 8.0/B
HER records within 2km of the boundary (non-building)
HER
Name
no:
4327
3193
3827
443
2269
445
451
5669
682
16182
Upper House Farm: 15th Century Hall House
Medieval And Later Quarry
Post-Roman lime-burning kilns
Mesolithic Site, Pitch Hill
Roman Road
Possible Tudor iron Forge, Coneyhurst Gill
Mesolithic Flint Knife, Ewhurst
Brick kiln adjacent to 'Brick Field', Cranleigh
Coin of Valentinian II, Cranleigh
Site of Junkers 88 crash site: ThorneÆs Flush,
near Cranleigh
4601
Bronze Age Spearhead Farley Heath
3268
Prehistoric flint dagger
2801
Mid Bronze Age palstave
3812
Fourteen cast iron Filmer and Mason
"gravestones", Cranleigh churc
5537
19th century features, Cranleigh Church,
Cranleigh
684
Homestead moat, Cranleigh
687
St Nicholas' Church, Cranleigh
11696 CHURCH OF ST NICHOLAS
3336
Mesolithic Tranchet Axe
3386
Richard Mower Memorial: Cranleigh
4201
Two Trader's Tokens, Cranleigh
6207
ANTI TANK BLOCK
5803
Roman settlement evidence: Wyphurst Road,
Cranleigh
5804
Iron Age settlement: Wyphurst Road, Cranleigh
5805
Prehistoric field system: Wyphurst Road,
Cranleigh
3390
Turnpike Obelisk
450
Mesolithic Flints, Helmet Copse, Winterfold Heath
2268
Neolithic Flints
4328
Woodland Drainage Channels
3385
Swallow's tile works: Cranleigh
452
Neolithic Axe, Ewhurst
3392
Ewhurst Windmill, Hurtwood
2798
Medieval pottery - possible occupation site
2797
Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age flints
3826
12th century pottery kiln
448
Roman Tile Kiln, Rapsley, Ewhurst
447
Rapsley Villa, Ewhurst
Easting
Northing
503680
508080
508100
508270
508290
508300
508390
504360
504570
504600
141970
142670
141700
142480
140370
140400
141170
139140
139942
140400
Distance
to
boundary
(m)
1900
1639
1629
1775
1842
1847
1880
1895
1249
1047
505000
505300
505750
505900
144000
142600
142700
139100
1930
675
431
1327
505900
139100
1327
505950
505980
505986
506000
506000
506000
506000
506040
139200
139140
139139
139000
139100
139000
139000
139850
1230
1292
1294
1434
1334
1434
1434
603
506040
506040
139850
139850
603
603
506080
506200
506200
507500
507600
507676
507750
507970
508000
508000
508030
508040
139030
143400
143400
140300
139400
142422
142630
141510
141500
141600
140920
141520
1415
1109
1109
1098
1718
1183
1315
1491
1518
1541
1509
1562
iv
SLR
HER records within 2km of the boundary (buildings)
HER
Name
No
12511
13267
13018
13022
12322
13028
11689
11690
12215
12887
12886
12878
11705
12510
12870
11732
12179
12191
13048
12512
11734
12525
11706
13038
12192
13292
12888
12892
11649
12172
11733
13257
12173
11729
12871
13035
12174
12494
12876
Easting Northing Distance
to
boundary
(m)
UPPER HOUSE FARM COTTAGE
503664 142060 1947
LONG COPSE
508122 142074 1594
COTTAGE 10 FEET NORTH NORTH EAST OF LONG 508131 142085 1603
COPSE
CONEYHURST ON THE HILL, MENDIP AND 508173 142085 1645
BRACKENLEA
MARYLANDS
508292 142008 1767
CARTSHED TO SOUTH WEST OF CONEYHURST 508350 141178 1840
FARM HOUSE
CONEYHURST FARM HOUSE
508370 141259 1860
BARN 20 METRES TO NORTH EAST OF 508403 141266 1893
CONEYHURST HOUSE
BARN 40 METRES TO NORTH OF CONEYHURST 508407 141327 1900
FARM HOUSE
BARN TO SOUTH OF UPPER HOUSE FARM 503702 141950 1873
COTTAGE
MAGNOLIA COTTAGE AND STOKE ALLBROOKE AND 503745 142237 1947
UPPER HOUSE AND WAVERLEY COTTAGE
FRIENDLY COTTAGE
503812 141905 1754
ROWLY FARM HOUSE
504064 140318 1539
WINTERSGRACE
504161 143017 1862
STROUD LODGE
504188 142362 1598
EAST WHIPLEY COTTAGE
504278 141416 1170
RUFFOLD FARM HOUSE HOTEL
504435 139715 1477
ROWLY LODGE
504633 140932 788
HOLLYHOCKS
504668 139925 1170
BARN SOUTH WEST OF WILLINGHURST FARM 504730 142730 1226
HOUSE
OLD MILL HOUSE
504745 139601 1298
WILLINGHURST FARM HOUSE
504769 142796 1226
SMITHWOOD COTTAGE AND SMITHWOOD HOUSE
504777 141458 704
GRANARY AT SMITHWOOD HOUSE
504778 141459 703
SMITHWOOD FARM HOUSE
504784 141516 710
THORNSFLUSH
504787 140372 910
WILLINGHURST COTTAGE
504789 142834 1229
SMARKHAM
504805 143554 1675
SMITHS COTTAGE
504914 141682 653
MERCERS COTTAGE
504924 139538 1221
LOWER HOUSE FARM HOUSE
504931 141019 481
THE OLD BAKERY
504981 139502 1215
SPRATTS
505039 139520 1167
OLD TOKEFIELD
505103 139530 1124
SMITHWOOD COMMON LODGE
505184 141679 408
BARN (NOW SCHOOL HALL AT HIGH UPFOLD FARM 505196 140324 524
HOUSE)
PEAR TREE COTTAGE
505205 139608 1005
BARN TO LEFT OF MADGEHOLE FARM HOUSE
505222 143187 1126
MADGEHOLE FARM HOUSE
505228 143213 1143
v
SLR
11708 HIGH UPFOLD FARM HOUSE
13258 CHAPEL PLACE AND LITTLE SOUTH COTTAGE AND
WHITE WICKETTS
12513 WILLINGHURST HOUSE
12526 COACH HOUSE LITTLE WILLINGHURST
12193 BARNS AT PITTANCE FARM
13247 PITTANCE FARM HOUSE
11707 LITTLE PITTANCE
13034 MAPLEWOOD COTTAGES
11651 CRANLEIGH SCHOOL, WOODYER BUILDINGS
13323 HOLLYHOCK FARMHOUSE
13248 LAPSCOMBE COTTAGE AND LAPSCOMBE FARM
HOUSE
11735 FOUNTAIN MEMORIAL
13044 ATTWELL ROGER (OPTICIAN) DELICATESSEN AND
OFF LICENCE
11692 BOOKSHOP AND JOHN ALLEN MENSWEAR
11693 ONSLOW ARMS AND PHOTOGRAPHERS
11694 OLIVER HOUSE
12187 COLDHARBOUR FARM
13279 HOME AND GARDEN
13282 VALENTINES WINE BAR
11698 CRANLEIGH VILLAGE HOSPITAL
6065
NODAL POINT
11695 LYCH GATE TO CHURCH OF ST NICHOLAS
13280 BELWEATHERS
12181 LITTLE MANOR TO REAR OF CRANLEIGH MOTORS
13281 OBELISK
11650 LARGE
BARN
AT
CRANLEIGH
SCHOOL,
APPROXIMATELY 5 METRES NORTH EAST OF
COMMON HOUSE
11699 BROADOAK
11697 THE CAUSEY
11731 WELL HOUSE
8358
HURTWOOD COTTAGE
11727 BARN TO REAR OF WYPHURST HOME FARM
HOUSE
12169 WYPHURST HOME FARM HOUSE
13255 PARK GREEN COTTAGE
11726 BARHATCH
11709 OLD COTTAGE
12170 HIGH CANFOLD FARM HOUSE
13256 BARN TO REAR OF HIGH CANFOLD FARM HOUSE
13036 JELLYS HOLLOW
12237 EWHURST WINDMILL
11662 HURTWOOD EDGE
13025 BARN OPPOSITE RAPSLEY FARM HOUSE
13293 BARN TO EAST OF WYKEHURST FARM HOUSE
11691 RAPSLEY FARM HOUSE
11652 WYKEHURST FARM HOUSE
505236 140320
505275 139516
488
1057
505323
505377
505393
505409
505430
505434
505465
505612
505679
142546
142585
141735
141739
141751
141082
140093
138461
142210
624
606
262
249
234
0
455
1979
145
505701 139110
505703 139130
1324
1304
505710
505720
505768
505822
505875
505971
505992
506000
506008
506032
506044
506069
506080
139128
139119
139099
138435
139059
138990
138980
139000
139070
139109
138970
139031
139237
1306
1313
1330
1991
1367
1441
1453
1434
1365
1329
1469
1412
1211
506083
506095
506148
506366
506778
138988
139088
139122
144265
140811
1456
1360
1337
1990
275
506778
506870
506876
507290
507451
507470
507527
507747
507794
507968
507999
508002
508004
140811
139743
140725
139432
141075
141096
142177
142626
142201
141545
141232
141550
141226
275
1013
399
1506
945
966
999
1311
1267
1497
1489
1531
1494
vi
SLR

archaeology and cultural heritage 8

Transcription

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