Rekayasa Genetika

Rekayasa Genetika
Genetics Engineering
Genetics Engineering
• what gene is made of ?
• how it works ?
• how it is transmitted from
generation to generation ?
Initially thought of in functional
terms :
It is a hereditary unit responsible
for the appearance of particular
biological characteristics, such as
eye or hair color in human beings.
Genetics Engineering
• what gene is made of ?
• how it works ?
• how it is transmitted from
generation to generation ?
Gene is DNA or RNA
BACKBONE
• The backbones of both DNA and RNA
are hydrophilic.
• The hydroxyl groups of the sugar
residues form hydrogen bonds with
water.
• The phosphate groups, with a pKa near
0, are completely ionized and
negatively charged at pH 7, and the
negative charges are generally
neutralized by ionic interactions with
positive charges on proteins, metal
ions, and polyamines.
NITROGEN BASE
• Free pyrimidines and purines
are weakly basic compounds
and called bases.
• They have a property with
important consequences for the
structure, electron distribution,
and light absorption of nucleic
acids.
• All nucleotide bases absorb UV
light, and nucleic acids are
characterized by a strong
absorption at wavelengths near
260 nm
NITROGEN BASE
• The purine and pyrimidine
bases are hydrophobic and
relatively insoluble in water at
the near-neutral pH of the cell.
• At acidic or alkaline pH the
bases become charged and
their solubility in water
increases.
Cell Organization
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
• Cells are of 2 basic type:
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
• Each cell has about 2 m of
DNA.
• The average human has 75
trillion cells.
• The average human has
enough DNA to go from the
earth to the sun more than
400 times.
The earth is 150 billion m
or 93 million miles from
the sun.
Genetics Engineering
• what gene is made of ?
• how it works ?
• how it is transmitted from
generation to generation ?
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Ribosome
Polypeptide
(protein)
Washington State University
adhingra@wsu.edu
Inside a Living Cell
Life alphabet
4 letters
A, T, G, C
English
alphabet
26 letters
Structure
Static
Function
Dynamic
Function
Dynamic
Genetics Engineering
• what gene is made of ?
• how it works ?
• how it is transmitted from
generation to generation ?
• Genes are on
chromosomes.
– Bacterial cell :
1 chromosomes
– Human : 46 chromosomes
– Pigeon : 80 chromosomes
• One chromosomes carries
a large number of genes
• Chromosomes are in a pair 
homologous chromosomes
• Human :
– 46 chromosomes = 23 pairs
chromosome
–  35.000 genes
• Homologous chromosomes
separate through mitosis and
meiosis
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
Washington State University
adhingra@wsu.edu
Terminology
• The genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA.
– a bacteria contains about 600,000 DNA base pairs
– human and mouse genomes have some 3 billion.
• human genome has 24 distinct chromosomes.
– Each chromosome contains many genes.
• Proteins
– Make up the cellular structure
– large, complex molecules made up of smaller subunits
called amino acids.
• Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism
• Phenotype: the physical expressed traits of an organism
Washington State University
adhingra@wsu.edu
Terminology
• Nucleic acid: Biological molecules(RNA and DNA) that
allow organisms to reproduce
• Gene: a discrete units of hereditary information
located on the chromosomes and consisting of DNA.
• Gene
– basic physical and functional units of heredity.
– specific sequences of DNA bases that encode
instructions on how to make proteins.
• Genome: an organism’s genetic material
Genetics Engineering
• Any artificial created DNA molecule which brings
together DNA sequences that are not usually
found together in nature.
• Refers to any of a variety of sophisticated
techniques for the creation of recombinant DNA
and, in many cases, its subsequent introduction
into living cells.
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