Learning Each Other Through ASEAN Tourism Education: The Case

Learning Each Other
Through ASEAN
Tourism Education:
The Case of Indonesia
by
Dr. Chootima Longjit
Faculty of Management Sciences
Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus
Dr. Vanessa Gaffar
Tourism Marketing Management Study Program
Indonesia University of Education
CONTENTS
Indonesia Tourism
Tourism Education in Indonesia
Study Results
Recommendations
1
Indonesia Tourism
Year
Inbound Tourists
Average Expense/person/day
(US$)
Average
Stay/person
2003
4,467,021
903.74
9.69
2004
5,321,165
901.66
9.47
2005
5,002,101
904
9.05
2006
4,871,351
913.09
9.09
2007
5,505,759
970.98
9.02
2008
6,429,027
1,178.54
8.58
2009
6,452,259
995.93
7.69
2010
7,002,944
1,085.75
8.04
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik (2011)
2
General Information of Indonesia
An archipelago located near an equator
comprises 17,508 islands 6000 (inhabited)
• A republic, with an elected legislature
and president
Divided into 33 provinces, with over 238
million people, more than 80% of population
is Muslim.
• Bahasa Indonesia is an official language.
Disparity of Access to Education
(UNESCO, 2006)
2006)
Q = quintiles of population by consumption group
Q1 = 20 percent population in the lowest consumption group
Q5 = 20 percent population in the highest consumption group
3
Gross Enrollment Ratio By Levels Of Education
120 115.03 114.27 115.51 116.56 116.77
100
85.22
88.68
98.11
96.18
92.52
80
60
51.614
56.225
64.284
60.515
PRIMARY SCHOOL
69.605
LOWER SECONDARY
SCHOOL
UPPER SECONDARY
SCHOOL
HIGHER
HIGHER SECONDARY
SCHOOL
EDUCATION
40
20
10.62
16.7
17.25
17.75
18.36
0
Overview of Higher Education (HE)
by Institutes year 20082008-2009 (kemdiknas.go.id, 2011)
2011)
Institution
Public
Private
Total
No.
%
No.
%
University
48
10.88
393
89.12
441
Institute
6
10.91
49
89.09
55
School of Higher
Learning
2
0.14
1,391
99.86
1,393
Academy
0
0.00
955
100.00
955
Polytechnic
27
20.61
104
79.39
131
4
General Information of Tourism Education
in Indonesia
Formal Education
Informal Education
•Provided by tourism
academics
•Provided by training
organizations and in-house
training
Degrees
• Diploma I, II, III, IV
Degrees
• None
• Bachelor Degree,
• Master Degree
Source: Ahimsa Putra, H. S. (n.d.)
General Information of Tourism
Education in Indonesia
Diploma Stages
Semester
Credit Hour
Duration
of Study
Institutions
Diploma 1
40-50
1-2 years
Colleges; Academics; Institutes;
Polytechnic; Universities
Diploma 2
80-90
2-3 years
Colleges; Academics; Institutes;
Polytechnic; Universities
Diploma 3
110-120
3-4 years
Colleges; Academics; Institutes;
Polytechnic; Universities
Diploma 4
144-150
4-7 years
Colleges; Institutes; Universities
Undergraduate Degree
144-150
4-7 years
Colleges; Institutes; Universities
Postgraduate Degree
36-50
2-5 years
Institutes; Universities
Source: Ministry of nNational Education Decree No. 232/U/2000, 2006
5
Current Accreditation Tourism and /or Hospitality Programs in D4
and Undergraduate Degrees (BAN-PT,2011)
NO
INSTITUTION
1 ST Ilmu Ekonomi Pariwisata YAPARI Bandung
STUDY PROGRAM
DEGREE
Tourism Management
Tourism Marketing Management; Resort and
Leisure Management; Catering Industry
Management
S1
3 Universitas Sahid, Jakarta
Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Ambarrukmo
4 Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta
Tourism and Hotel Management
S1
Hospitality
S1
5 Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Sahid, Jakarta
Hotel
D4
6 Sekolah Tinggi Pelita Harapan, Tangerang
Hotel Management
D4
7 ST Pariwisata AMPTA Yogyakarta
Hotel Administration
D4
8 ST Pariwisata Bali
D4
9 ST Pariwisata Bandung
Hotel Administration; Tourism Management
Tourism Business Management; Travel Business
Management, Tourism Destination
Management
10 ST Pariwisata Satya Widya, Surabaya
Hotel Management, Tourism Management
D4
11 ST Pariwisata Trisakti
Hotel
D4
12 ST Pariwisata Sahid Surakarta, Surakarta
Tourism
D4
13 Univ. Udayana (UNUD), Denpasar
Tourism
D4
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI),
2 Bandung
S1
D4
Study Results
3. An integration
of a crosscultural study in
Indonesian’s
tourism
education
curriculum
4. Collaborations with
Indonesian’s academic
institutes through tourism
education curriculum in
order to build up good
understanding on different
cultures in ASEAN
community
1. Situation of
tourism
education in
Indonesia
2. Strengths
and
Weaknesses
of tourism
education in
Indonesia
6
1. Situation of Tourism Education in Indonesia
• Curriculum Structure of Tourism Courses in an Undergraduate Level
Degree
Diploma 4
(D4)
Sarjana 1/
Strata 1
(S1)
Academic
institutes
Colleges,
Universities
Colleges,
Universities
Course credits,
Semesters
144 Credits
4 Years
(8 Semesters)
144 Credits
4 Years
(8 Semesters)
Course
structures
Subject groups
60%
Practicum
40%
Theory
• Personality development courses
(MPK)
• Academic subjects and skills (MKK)
60%
Theory
40%
Practicum
* Similar to D4
* Difference from D4
• Subjects of expertise work (MKB)
• Courses work behavior (CDM)
• Social life courses (MBB)
•General subjects (MKU)
•Faculty subjects (MKK-Faculty)
•Program study subjects
(MKK-program study)
•Program specialized subjects (MKPP)
•Academic exercise (MKLA)
1. Situation of Tourism Education in Indonesia
(continued)
• Curriculum Structure of Tourism Courses in an Undergraduate Level
Degree
Diploma 4
Tourism Knowledge and
Concepts
• Introduction to
tourism/hospitality
• Hospitality & tourism
marketing
• Tourism statistics
• Tourism economics
• Tourism business laws
• Hospitality and tourism
research
• Service psychology
Relevant generic
skills
Cooperative
education
•Religion and
culture
•Foreign languages
(English/others)
•Information system
and computer
•Accounting
•Operational skill
practices within
relevant classes
Internship in
the
operational
level within
Indonesia and
abroad
between 3 12 months
7
1. Situation of Tourism Education in Indonesia
(continued)
• Curriculum Structure of Tourism Courses in an Undergraduate Level
Degree
Tourism Knowledge and Concepts
Relevant generic
skills
Cooperative
education
Sarjana
1/ Strata
1 (S1)
• Introduction to tourism/hospitality
• Tourism/hospitality management
• Tourism sociology, Tourism
geography, Tourism ecology
• Tourism/hospitality marketing
management
• Financial management for hospitality
and tourism
• Tourism statistics
• Tourism business law and ethics
• Tourism research methodology
• Service psychology/ consumer
behavior and service
• Religion and
culture
• English language
• Introduction to
management/
economics/mark
eting
• Mathematics/
quantitative
knowledge
Internship at
least 3 months
required in some
programs, while
some programs
perceive as
unnecessary
2. Strengths and Weaknesses of Tourism
Education in Indonesia
Strengths
Weaknesses
• Diverse hotel and hospitality
courses with a focus on
vocational education
• Strong operational skills in
vocational education (D4)
• Increasing of tourism courses in
bachelor degree (S1) with a focus
on managerial theories and
concepts
• All courses are accredited by a
National Accreditation Body
(BAN)
• Few courses offered in an academic
level, which leads to a lack of managerial
staff
• Lack off operational skill in bachelor
degree (S1)
• Inconsistency of internship requirement
and period of working in the industry
• Insufficient financial support for public
universities
• No specific subject regarding ASEAN
cross-cultural study in both D4 and S1
8
3. Integration of a Cross-Cultural Study in
Indonesia Tourism Education Curriculum
* Attitudes toward a cross-cultural study and building up
good understanding on different cultures in ASEAN
community
• A cross-cultural study is perceived as importance, particularly
from a marketing perspective
• It helps to bring social understanding and to be able to build
up “togetherness” in ASEAN culture
* Approaches in integrating a cross-cultural study in
tourism education curriculum
• Integrating in the course structure (as a core subject)
• Integrating in the course activities or academic collaboration
(such as visiting trip, conference)
4. Collaboration with Indonesian academic institutes in building up good
understanding on different cultures in ASEAN community through
tourism education curriculum in Indonesia
* Collaboration
in a university level
• Building up mutual understanding between
universities on ASEAN culture
• Developing a cross-cultural study subject
that can be used in the universities
*
Collaboration in a national level
• Collaboration through national government
bodies
• Collaboration through relevant public and
private organizations/ agencies
9
Recommendations for This Study
- Over demand of H&T staff in operational level (tend to export to other countries)
* Country capacity in relations to future ASEAN work flow
- Over demand of H&T staff in operational level (tend to
export to other countries)
- Possibility for managerial staff from other ASEAN
countries
Recomme
ndation
* General capacity of tourism course curriculum
-Restructuring the course curriculum and content
-Adding a cross-cultural study in the context of
ASEAN in the curriculum
Text in here
* Tendency in education collaboration in ASEAN
community
Recommendations for Further Studies
- Over demand of H&T staff in operational level (tend to export to other countries)
* Followed up research on the
course restructure
Recomme
ndation
* Study course situation from
different groups of stakeholders
Text in here
* Comparative study between tourism
courses in vocational schools and universities
10
11