1 Annex A. Baseline status of agrobiodiversity in Sierra del Rosario

Transcription

Annex 1. Project document
Annex A. Baseline status of agrobiodiversity in Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve
(RBSR) and Chuchillas del Toa Biosphere Reserve (RBCT)
1. Introduction
Natural biodiversity has a well recognized role in ecosystem health; its decline represents
a threat to the maintenance of the ecological functions which sustain complex landscapes.
Although less widely acknowledged, genetic variation within agricultural crops and manmade productive systems also provides a broad range of essential goods and services
which further support ecosystem functioning, resilience and in turn, productivity (Tilman
2000). Over the past 50 years, agricultural systems worldwide have been oversimplified
in the trend towards intensification and commercial crop varieties have replaced many
local varieties over significant areas of agricultural production. This has resulted in
significant losses of inter and intra specific genetic variation in farmers’ fields, variation
which is instead crucial for adaptation to climate change as well as for providing breeders
with potentially useful material.
The contribution of agricultural biodiversity to improving food security and sustainability
of complex ecosystems needs to be considered in terms not only of the role of diversity in
the different components (plants, animals, micro-organisms) but mostly in terms of how
integrated productive systems which capitalize on interactions between cultivated and
wild components can strengthen productivity, resilience, adaptability and sustainability of
agro-ecosystems at a landscape scale.
The Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme of UNESCO incorporates the concept of
conservation of both natural resources as well as of human influenced landscapes (and
their associated agro-biodiversity) within protected areas, thus considering agricultural
biodiversity an important component of local cultures and livelihoods and essential for
ecosystem functions (Castiñeiras and García 2006). Indeed, balanced interactions
between human communities and the wild and cultivated components of protected
landscapes can provide important ecosystem services such as pollination, organic matter
cycling, prevention of soil erosion, and conservation of biodiversity and income
opportunities.
In Cuba, the relation between small scale agricultural activities taking place in MAB
reserves with the wider ecosystem and landscape of the protected area has not been the
specific focus of any previous research effort. This focus is one of the challenges of the
present project, which focuses on two of the island’s reserves, the Sierra del Rosario and
the Cuchillas del Toa.
The present section presents an overview of the available data on the status and use of
agricultural biodiversity, traditional knowledge, and livelihoods in areas largely
overlapping with the territory of the targeted MAB reserves. This information therefore
provides a basis from which gaps in knowledge, threats and opportunities for future
research and intervention may be identified.
The reserves will be referred to with their acronyms (RBSR for Sierra del Rosario and
RBCT for Cuchillas del Toa).
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BOX. 1 Cuban nature and conservation in the target MAB reserves
Cuba's flora and fauna are characterized by high levels of diversity and high endemism,
thanks to the country’s insularity and a variety of geological and soil formations.
Around 8 000 species of plants (including many orchids), 7 500 species of insects, 963 of
fish, 121 of reptiles, 46 of amphibians, 350 species of birds and 42 of mammals are
known on the island.
MAB reserves protect an important portion of Cuba’s wild floral and faunal species,
whose interactions with the agricultural activities taking place in the reserves’ buffer
areas should be better investigated and possible synergies enhanced and supported.
The RBCT harbours significant populations of endemic and threatened bird species,
representing a critical area for the ecology of Neotropical migrant birds that pass through
the region to winter in Cuba. The elevated percentages of amphibian and reptile species
present, given the relatively small size of the reserve (0.64% of the area of Cuba),
demonstrate its importance for Cuba’s herpetological fauna. A wide diversity (298
species, belonging to 35 families) of important and significant hymenopterans (ants, bees,
and wasps) inhabits the Park (Fong et al. 2005). Significant use of the forest resource is
recorded in the reserve, either for wood for household consumption or for commercial
use regulated by the Ministry of agriculture (MINAG 1998).
Main species harvested are an endemic pine species (Pinus cubensis), Mexican cedar
(Cedrela odorata), Cuban bast (Hibiscus elatus) and mahogany (Swietenia mahogani),
among others. Rates of deforestation need to be carefully controlled as well as the
distribution of invasive species, possibly through activities to increase awareness among
the local population (Giraudy et al. 2006).
Four vegetation formations exist in the area covered by the RBSR, with evergreen
predominating. Of the 889 plant organisms identified, an 11% are endemic. Faunal
populations include birds (115 species), reptiles (33 species), followed by anfibians and
mammals. The communities within the reserve have an education centre, aimed at
promoting environmental education towards enhancing conservation in the reserve and
securing the respect and implementation of national environmental regulations (García et
al. 2006).
2. Structure and composition of small farm and home garden systems in Cuba
Understanding the environmental, socio-economic and policy factors that affect the
management of farms and home gardens in Cuban MABs is crucial for achieving a
successful integration of these systems as strategic components of in situ conservation of
agrobiodiversity and ecological functions within the protected areas.
Worldwide evidence exists on the importance of home gardens and small-scale,
subsistence farms for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and ecosystem
services. These production systems are generally complex and dynamic: their structure,
composition, species and cultivar diversity are influenced by changes in the
socioeconomic circumstances and cultural values of the households (Hoogerbrugge and
Fresco 1993; Marsh 1998; Eyzaguirre and Watson 2001; Hodgkin 2001; Eyzaguirre and
Linares 2004).
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The Cuban rural “conuco” is the system mostly represented in protected areas and has
been object of quite extensive investigations on its role in protecting agricultural
biodiversity in a sustainable manner. Conucos host a high diversity of useful species,
cultivated or wild. They occupy a relatively small space almost invariably in close
proximity to the house although in some cases they may be shifted approximately every
three years in search of rejuvenated soil while the previous area is left fallow (Castiñeiras
et al. 2001).
Although their structure varies depending upon the topography, conucos generally
displays multistrata vegetation (subterranean, herbaceous, bushes and trees) with
characteristic cultivated species, weeds and wild species in each stratum, although the
cultivated species constitute the greatest proportion. As observed in other regions, this
arrangement maximizes efficiencies in the use of water, nutrients and solar radiation
(Troutner and Holle 1979; Guarino and Hoogendijk 2004). As observed in Cuba by
(Esquivel and Hammer 1988), it is often difficult to differentiate the limits of the conuco
and the forest. The same was stressed in studies of home gardens in Panama, where it was
impossible to provide a clear differentiation between cultivated, protected and wild
species in the complex home garden forest (Covich and Nickerson 1966).
In larger conucos a more clearly defined separation may exist between the front garden,
the area near the house, and a larger productive area where crops as often grown in a
system of continuous rotation. As garden size increases, becoming more like a small farm
system, it will contain several fields, in which intercropping of several species and
varieties is most common (Esquivell and Hammer 1992). The separation from the natural
area in this case is more pronounced and the extent to which positive interrelations and
feedbacks are maintained could be explored.
3. Inter and intraspecific diversity in Cuban small farms
Inventories of cultivated or useful wild plants carried out as part of national and
international research efforts focusing mostly on home gardens reported a total of 419
species (Table 1) in the Eastern and Western regions of the island, with a 37% overlap
between the two areas. The proportion of species used only for home consumption was
found to be high and approximately 80 % of the reported diversity corresponded to
cultivated species and the rest to wild ones used within the family (Castiñeiras et al.
2001).
Table 1. Number of species found in Western (RBSR) and Eastern (RBCT) home gardens
Region
West
East
Total
Species
320
258
419
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Table 2. Home garden species are used for a variety of purposes within the household
(from Castiñeiras et al. 2001).
Use/Region
West
East
Ornamentals
138
87
Medicinal
64
56
Timber for housing
24
30
Fruit
32
21
Spices
Other (fuel, insecticide, honey, fencing,
etc.)
17
17
9
4
Vegetables
9
7
Living fences
9
8
Timber for implements
1
8
Roots and tubers
8
6
Drink
4
5
Grains
7
8
Fodder
3
4
325
261
Total
Table 2 exemplifies how ornamental species were found to be most often located at the
front and/or on one of the sides of the dwelling, combined with fruit trees, medicinal
species and spices. Other species important for the household’s nutrition were usually
located a little further from the house and cultivated in rotation, depending on the size of
the property (Esquivel and Hammer 1988). Fruit trees play an important role in the
supply of vitamins and minerals especially in areas and seasons where the limited water
resource limit vegetable production. Widespread cultivation of crops such as cassava
(Manihot esculenta), malanga (Colocasia sp. and Xanthosoma sp.), beans (Phaseolus
spp.) and maize (Zea mays), represents the heritage of cultures indigenous to Meso- and
Latin America where roots, tubers and grains are the main staples in both human and
animal diets. Early occupants of the island, the Tainos, introduced or developed those
early crops in their own conucos, adding locally sourced fruits such as sapote, papaya,
guanábana, and guava (Eyzaguirre 2006).
Nevertheless, Esquivel and Hammer (1988) describe a much higher variety of plants in
present day Cuban gardens, representing nearly all regions of diversity of the world. 42%
of the plants observed come from the South and Central American regions of diversity;
other crops were imported by Europeans such as sugarcane mangoes (Mangifera indica)
and bananas. Most medicinal plants are also of European origin, which translates in a
relatively strong European footprint on Cuba’s ethnobotanical knowledge. Roots and
tubers of African origin were introduced by African slaves who, upon receiving freedom,
established their own conucos in mountain areas and cultivating crops such as okra, yam
and cowpea. Still today yam, followed by malanga and sweet potato, is mostly
represented in small production systems of the East. Some of these roots and tubers are
found in conucos in semi-wild conditions (Esquivel and Hammer 1988).
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In terms of intra-specific diversity, farmers across all surveyed conucos indicated twentythree crops as those harbouring the most significant infraspecific variability. Certain
species, such as pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), chilli and yam (Dioscorea spp.), exhibited
more important levels of variability in the East compared to the West. For most other
crops, reported intraspecific variability was similar across regions suggesting that farmers
value and use comparable levels of intraspecific diversity (Castiñeiras et al. 2001).
Table 3. Species observed in the majority of home gardens surveyed during an IPGRI led in situ
conservation project (Castiñeiras et al. 2002).
Crop
West
East
Cajanus cajan
X
Capsicum annuum
X
Citrus sinensis
X
X
Coffea arabica
X
X
Colocasia esculenta
X
Cucurbita moschata
X
Dioscorea alata
X
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
X
Ipmea batatas
X
Lycopersicum esculentum
X
Mangifera indica
X
Manihot esculenta
Musa spp.
X
X
Persea americana
X
Phaseolus lunatus
X
Phaseolus vulgaris
X
X
Portulaca grandiflora
X
Pisdium guajava
X
X
Saccharum officinarum
X
X
Spondias purpurea
X
Vigna unguiculata sbsp. Unguiculata
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
X
X
Zea mays
X
X
The high number of cultivars reported for each key species (data not shown) suggests the
coexistence of traditional and modern cultivars in Cuban home gardens. If this
coexistence is sustainable, which it appears to be, it would show that traditional cultivars
are still maintained even after the introduction of modern varieties. This supports the
potential of home gardens to conserve specific threatened diversity in situ; additional data
on how this may happen more easily in protected areas would be useful to measure the
specific contribution of these on agrobiodiversity which may otherwise be lost. For
example, at least four maize landraces (Criollo, Canilla, Tusón y Argentino) out of the
seven reported as typical Cuban material by Hatheway in 1957 were found in Cuban
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small farms surveyed in both the East and West (Fernández et al. 2004; Fernández et al.
2005) alongside modern varieties. Canilla (25%), Criollo and Tusa (20.8%) were the
most represented, apparently for their greater adaptation to marginal, low-input
conditions. Encouragingly, Tusón and Canilla are included in Cuba’s Ministry of
Agriculture Official Varietal List but 18 additional traditional varieties represented in ex
situ national collections and found in two areas surveyed for in situ germplasm are not
registered in the Official List (MINAG 2007).
Some of the traditional Cuban maize varieties are included in national production
improvement programmes for hard as well as soft grain (MINAG 2004). Maize breeding
programmes for creating improved varieties and hybrids have sometimes resulted in
limited variety adoption by farmers both because of the high input costs required to
cultivate this material and the fact it may not match family consumption preferences
(CNRG 2007). This has been the case for improved varieties Gibara in the West and
Yanelys in the East (Latournerie et al. 2009).
In accordance with general observations by Jarvis et al. (2008), in certain crops Cuban
farmers use a few predominant varieties for larger scale cultivation while also
maintaining smaller populations of other varieties, as an insurance strategy against
possible changes in environmental or market conditions.
A clear example is the pattern of varietal presence detected for common bean in Eastern
and Western small farms (Latournerie et al. 2009). Of the twenty-two varieties found,
some have higher frequency (among which Negro sin brillo with 9.7%, Colorao with
8.2%) while most others remain below 1%. Nevertheless, the predominance of any
variety over others was not dramatically pronounced (the few prized varieties are present
at frequencies lower than 10%), indicating that farmers are interested in conserving a
broad range of diversity to guarantee stable and diversified food sources and income
throughout the year (Shagarodsky et al. 2004).
Only four of the 41 bean varieties in the Official List are traditional; another four
originally developed by commercial breeding programmes are now found and reproduced
mainly in home gardens and small farms (CNRG 2007) where the great majority of nonregistered landraces persist (Esquivel and Hammer 1988). Interestingly, yield tests on in
situ bean landraces indicated that yields were comparable with or even higher than
commercial varieties (Castiñieiras et al. 1991). These results confirmed the outcomes of
tests carried out on cowpea collections from the ININFAT gene bank (Castellanos 1989)
and evaluation of on-farm landrace material carried out elsewhere (Ceccarelli 1996) and
clearly support the importance of conserving on farm diversity for its potential adaptation
to local, marginal conditions.
In all regions the coexistence of wild species (most importantly, Capsicum frutescens)
and cultivated varieties was observed. In many cases the wild or weedy varieties are at
first tolerated and then, if found useful, managed to a certain degree. Medicinal plants are
taken in from the wild flora such as Lepidium virginicum in the dry areas of Yacabo
Abajo Guantanamo and Peperomia pellucida in several 'conucos' and homegardens of the
Guantanamo and Santiago de Cuba provinces (Esquivel et al. 1989).
The surveys conducted in Eastern and Western gardens and farms revealed significant
differences in the on-farm agrobiodiversity, reflecting agro-ecological and socioeconomic differences.
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Western region agrobidiversity (relevant to the RBSR)
Five crops were represented in all home gardens and small farms surveyed across the
western region: chirimoya (Annona reticulata) common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris)
plantains and bananas ( Musa spp.) guava ( Psidium guajava) and coffee ( Coffea
arabica). Other 12 crops were found in more tan 80 % of farms and gardens of the
region: mango (Mangifera indica), guanábana (Annona muricata), coconut (Cocos
nucifera), malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), cassava
(Manihot esculenta), Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), breadfruit (Artocarpus communis),
sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), orange (Citrus sinensis), “mamoncillo” (Melicoccus
bijugatus) and “mamey Colorado” (Pouteria sapota)(García et al. 2006).
Other studies reported gandul (Cajanus cajan) and grains such as maní (Arachis ipogaea)
and sesame (Sesamun orientale) (Shagarodsky et al. 2004).
Significant varietal diversity was observed and has been attributed to a variety of reasons.
In some cases, diversity satisfies different gastronomic preferences (for black, white or
red beans) and provides necessary ingredients for traditional recipes: the great majority of
gardens contain more than one species and in some cases up to 10 different clones of
banana, each of which require a specific preparation and use. In other cases it allows to
extend the crop’s productive season across a wider period of time (García et al. 2006):
farms growing a combination of cassava varieties differing in length of growth cycle (7, 9
and 12 months) were observed. Finally, certain varieties are mostly used for animal feed.
Eastern region agrobidiversity (relevant to the RBCT)
Previous surveys of farms and gardens in the Eastern region revealed that these tend to be
more commercialized than in the West and production is mostly focused on coffee,
legumes, roots and tubers (Giraudy et al. 2006). The isolation and difficult access to the
Eastern region as a few unique social and cultural characteristics (among which the
strong Haitian influence) appear to influence the management of local crop diversity.
Musa x paradisica y Psidium guajaba were found in all selected conucos in the East.
Other taxa were recorded in the great majority of surveyed home gardens (80% approx)
were Allium chinense, Eryngium foetidum, Ipomea batatas, Dioscorea sp., Manihot
esculenta, Phaseolus vulgaris, Persea americana, Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays,
Coffea arabica and Citrus aurantium, Citrus sinensis, Lippia alba and Plecthranthus
amboinicus. Three endemic species were recorded: Protium cubense (or copal, providing
wood for construction), Garcinia aristata (or manajú used mainly for timber) and Piper
aduncum subsp. ossanum (or Platanillo de Cuba, medicinal) (Castiñeiras et al. 2001).
Gardens in the East have been found to contain less interspecific diversity (refer to Table
1), possibly because of stronger commercial orientation of the agricultural production,
including of sugar cane and livestock. Also, the fact that a larger number of people
benefit from each single garden in the East could explain the predominance of staples and
a lower number of overall species, particularly fruits. Climate and landscape factors also
limit fruit production, since the relatively high altitude of the area brings lower
temperatures, heavier mists and less sunlight. Indeed, a negative correlation was found
between altitude and fruit trees species (r=–0.51). Altitude, however, has a positive effect
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on roots and tubers (r=0.45), medicinal species (r=0.37), grains (r=0.35) and seasonings
(r=0.41) due to the high rainfall (Castiñeiras et al. 2001).
In any case, many of the eastern species appear to have higher intraspecific variability,
possibly because of larger populations which allow for greater representation of within
species variability. This is the case for roots and tubers (for example Dioscorea spp.),
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus lunatus, Cajanus cajan, Zea mays and Vigna
umbellata) and maize (Fernández et al. 2007). Caupí (Vigna unguiculata) is a long lasting
traditional crop in the East where, as Lima bean, it is grown during the summer rainy
season when common bean does not perform well. Local preferences seem to prize white
grained varieties, commonly named frijol carita or face bean because of the black pattern
at the hilum and white background. In the Valle del Caujeri, Guantanamo, cultivars of
Lima bean and chickpea for which commercial use had been abandoned were found
(Esquivel et al. 1989).
Farmers in the East place great importance in maize, both as human and animal food. Its
intraspecific diversity is generally high, with 14 different types reported by farmers based
on grain shape and colour (yellow, red and black).
Some of the spices found here were not present in the West, such as thyme (Thymus
vulgaris), false oregano (Lippia micromera), chilli (Capsicum frutescens) and culantro
(Erygium foetidum), which grow well in mountain areas. Weedy or wild relatives, such as
the tomate cimarrón (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme), wild morphotypes of
Capsicum frutescens and white mustard (Sinapis alba), are used as medicines or
condiments, often in so-called compuestos, typical mixed dishes of this with vegetables
and meat (Giraudy et al. 2006).
4. Insights into intra-specific diversity for key garden crops
Given the marked differences among home garden crops in term of their use, the niche
each occupies in space, their observed intra-specific variability and conservation status,
the following three species were analyzed in greater detail throughout the IPGRI led
project “Contribution of home gardens to in situ conservation of plant genetic resources
in farming systems” (1998-2001): Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), chilli (Capsicum spp.),
and sapote (Pouteria sapota), whose different biological characteristics and management
practices were taken to exemplify possible different conservation needs and priorities.
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Pouteria sapote (mamey colorado)
Even though it originates in southern central America and therefore Cuba is not centre of
origin, it appears to harbour important genetic diversity in terms of fruit appearance and
weight and, most importantly, in terms of harvesting season.
Apart from isolated individuals conserved in botanical gardens and private collections, no
formally recognized ex situ collection exists in the country, exposing the species to high
risk of genetic erosion and making conucos essential for securing the species’
conservation. Other related species have been observed with low frequency in the Island:
Pouteria campechiana, Chrysophyllum cainito and Manilkara sapota.
Phaseolus lunatus (Lima bean, frijol caballero or pallar)
Lima bean is usually planted when common bean has been harvested since its longer
growth cycle (up to 8 months) allows a harvest of grain during a time when common
bean is not available. Greater appreciation of intraspecific variation in Lima bean was
recorded in the Eastern region while in the West only recently has its production been
promoted (Latournerie et al. 2009).
Nevertheless, the crop is mainly relegated to conucos where populations are small (often
as small as five plants) and it’s not commercially marketed, not even in local markets in
the Eastern region where the crop is mostly grown. There is no formal seed system for
Lima bean and most seed is obtained as a present from relatives or neighbours.
Nonetheless, Lima bean has high protein content, making it potentially an excellent crop
for diversifying and strengthening local diets.
Fifty-three populations from across the Island were analyzed based on morphological
traits: intraspecific diversity analyses indicated that 42 populations corresponded to
cultivar group Sieva (79,25%), six to Papa (11,34%), four to Lima (7,55%) while one
appeared to be a weedy form. The most frequently encountered grain colours were white,
red and cream, with secondary colours being mostly brown, black and red.
Interestingly, Lima bean germplasm conserved in situ in home gardens covers the range
of diversity formerly conserved ex situ in genebanks. Cuban ex situ collections of this
species have been seriously damaged making home garden collections crucial for the
species’ conservation and for possible restoration of genebank collections (Castiñeiras et
al. 2001). Breeding programmes in Lima bean follow two avenues: small farmers breed
for hard grain varieties, whereas INIFAT focuses on soft grain varieties for fresh pod
production, known as habas de Lima (Muñoz et al. 1991).
Chilli (Capsicum spp.)
The main Capsicum species surveyed across the island were annuum, chinense, and
frutescens. C. annuum is rarely found in the western region, while C. chinense rarely is in
the east. The west is rich in varieties of C. chinense, like so called ají angolano, cachucha
criollo and cachucha de punta (Latournerie et al. 2009).
As for Lima bean, the diversity conserved in situ is representative of that conserved ex
situ. Nevertheless, home gardens host a few notable types which were absent from ex situ
collections, such as tarro de chivo and ají de jardín (C. annuum), chile blanco (C.
frutescens) and wild type corazón de paloma (yet unidentified), normally eaten by birds
and found in disturbed areas in or around gardens (tumbas). Following the surveys, these
types were added to the genebank collection due to the high risk of genetic erosion.
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Nonetheless, since some of this material (for instance C. frutescens) may not express all
characteristics during regeneration, in situ conservation is fundamental for conservation
(García et al. 2005).
Capsicum species have a variety of uses: large fruit types are consumed as a fresh
vegetable (roasted or filled), medium sized fruits are dried to make sweet paprika or
ground to purees, hot/spicy medium-sized fruits with thin pericarps are used for pickles
(encurtidos), medium-sized fruits with a sweet-intermediate flavour and thin pericarp are
used as seasoning, small fruits for medicines or ornamentals. Cubans do not consume the
hot/spicy fruits as condiments for typical dishes, as in Mesoamerican countries (Mexico,
Guatemala etc.): only six semi-domesticated varieties of C. frutescens are hot and are
grown for edible purposes (Barrios et al. 2007).
Intraspecific diversity is not very pronounced in the Capsicum complex, since the crop is
maintained primarily in home gardens where small population sizes and scarce seed
production from one generation to the next reduces variability (Castiñeiras et al. 2001).
Comparatively greater intraspecific variation was observed in C. annuum with five
cultivated morphotypes, followed by C. frutescens with two cultivated morphotypes with
weedy characteristics and three wild types and finally C. chinense with three cultivated
morphotypes (Castiñeiras and García 2006).
It’s interesting to observe, however, that notwithstanding the relatively low intraspecific
variability in Cuban gardens, it is still higher than that found in other countries where
chilli cultivation is more widespread (Mexico and Peru) (Latournerie et al. 2009).
Gene flow including between cultivated and wild species has been detected through the
presence of hybrid populations, similarly to observations in home gardens elsewhere:
Hernández (2000) highlighted the crosses between cultivated (C. annuum) and wild
species in Cassavatán (Mexico) and how farmers in the majority of cases, took advantage
of these. Hybrids tend to produce little or poor quality seed but may give higher yields in
terms of fruit weight and carotenoid content (Sevilla and Holle 2004) and their
conservation depends on the acceptance by farmers.
Species C. chinense and C. frutescens are infrequent on Cuban markets, suggesting there
is interesting potential for developing a market for the underutilized Capsicum diversity
available in Cuban conucos (Castiñeiras et al. 2002).
5. Evolution of plant genetic diversity in small farm and conuco systems
In determining how home gardens contribute to conservation of agro-biodiversity, all
factors affecting its distribution, evolution and resilience over time need to be understood.
As data on Capsicum point out, introgression is one of the most interesting processes
occurring in the conucos and a great amount of the crop variability present in cultivated
plants of Cuba stems from the long term process of introgressive hybridization
(backcrossing an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species).
The Cuban wild tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) is a weedy species
often tolerated in fields and gardens and grown alongside landraces or commercial
varieties. Under such conditions intermediate forms have arisen, which could be tested in
pre-breeding, for their potential contribution of fruit characters or disease tolerance.
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Introgression of landraces of maize in Cuban farmers' fields is another interesting case.
Hatheway (1957) studied landraces of maize in Cuba and stressed that the widespread
inter-varietal hybridization caused complications for the classification of
Cuban maize and forced him to make some modifications in his race concept.
More recently, Esquivel and Hammer (1992) found pure maize landraces as Criollo,
Canilla and Tuzon only in very isolated conucos whereas the vast majority of material
collected in gardens forms mixed populations, showing variable degrees of introgression
with modern dent maize. New types of dent maize have been collected in Central Cuba
with high yields and relatively good popping qualities, possibly as a result of
introgression between flint and pop types. On occasions, famers have adopted
commercial cultivars of crops with high market potential (mostly maize) and this is the
case of var. Yanelis in Guantánamo; nevertheless, the variety is not used within the
family since its organoleptic characteristics are not appreciated for the traditional uses
(Pinedo et al. 2009).
In recent years, Cucurbita moschata commercial variety ‘RG’ virtually invaded Cuban
markets causing the disappearance of landraces as Cuero de sapo and Sello de oro which
were considered extinct. Hybrid populations between 'RG' and such landraces were found
in conucos of Eastern provinces.
Home gardens are a place for domestication and selection from wild or weedy forms
(Kulpa and Hanelt 1981; Leiva et al. 2001). In Cuba, what is mostly recorded is rather the
opposite process, or de-domestication, by which plants escape open field cultivation and
readapt to semi-wild conditions in home gardens. Interesting cases are Brassica
urbaniana, B. lanceolata and B. juncea, species reported as wild in Cuban home gardens.
6. Socioeconomic and cultural features of conucos in Eastern and Western
regions
The average family composition of the household managing the home gardens surveyed
in Easter and Western regions of Cuba is 5 people. Nevertheless, a much larger number
benefit directly or indirectly from home gardens produce.
Men are those mostly involved in carrying out agricultural tasks, whereas women take
care of specific plants (ornamentals, medicinal species) and animals (very often birds).
Table 4 below describes the socio-economic characteristics of home gardens in the target
regions (Castiñeiras et al. 2002).
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Table 4. Main socio-economic characteristics of home gardens in the target regions (Castiñeiras
et al. 2002).
Region
West
East
Elements
Predominant conuco
production system
Gender of conuco
owner
No of beneficiaries of
home garden
Percentage of families
selling garden produce
roots & tubers, grains, fruit
roots & tubers, grains
85% men; 15% women
93% men; 7% women
17
24
92.4
78.5
In the last decades, migratory fluxes from the countryside to cities have caused
significant abandonment of rural properties. The increasing level of education among
farmers’ children has accelerated this trend, with younger generations becoming involved
in non-agricultural activities. Nevertheless, recent years have witnessed a halting and
even a certain reversion of this process, favoured by both the adoption of specific
agrarian State policies for land distribution, as well as by the better prices of agricultural
produce on markets.
Keeping more educated people on the land may influence the level of diversity, since a
low but positive correlation (r=0.24) was found between the level of education of the
owner of the garden, and the number of species.
No relationship was observed between time dedicated to care and maintenance of the
garden and the total number of species; however, a low but positive relationship was seen
between time spent tending the conuco and number of different uses for garden species
(r=0.22), satisfying families’ needs and providing more commercialization options
(Castiñeiras et al. 2002).
A study on the knowledge of the local fauna in the communities of La Melba and Piedra
La Vela, both situated in rainforest areas within the RBCT, suggests that the level of
human interaction with elements of the local fauna is relatively low. Fauna species most
often reported as part of the local diet include hutias (with 21 responses), wild birds (for
example, crows, hawks, parrots, with 17 responses), pigs (16), and Cuban boas (7).
Therefore, hunting pressure on certain important native species, some of which are listed
as Conservation Targets in this report, could be high. Community members also report
consuming wild exotic species, like wild boars. Data regarding community knowledge of
animals functioning as biological controls, and those acting as disease vectors show that
awareness-raising environmental education programs are needed. These environmental
education programs serve as a catalyst to involve more people in conservation planning
and decision making (Fong et al. 2005).
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7. Farming practices and agrobiodiversity management
The management of the agricultural tasks in most Cuban conucos has little adverse
impact on the environment, since in general harvesting, seedbed preparation and weed
control are all carried out manually. There is little use of irrigation water while
fertilization and pest control is mostly based on the use of organic or organo-synthetic
products (Castiñeiras et al. 2002).
Of all the gardens surveyed in previous projects, those located in or around protected
areas had the best environmental health (soil fertility and management, adequate and
dynamic management of the different species within the system, attention to garden
tending, no nearby sources of pollution).
In non protected areas of the island, a more pronounced tendency towards the use of
advanced in place of traditional cultivars was observed and farmers reported smaller
proportions of intraspecific diversity. The management of irrigation and fertilization is
based on higher, technologically more intensive inputs, especially in gardens located
close to urbanized areas. Nevertheless, successful Urban Agriculture programmes include
the promotion of underutilized and/or local species cultivated in sustainable systems
(CNRG 2007).
The greater sustainability in MAB gardens is first of all achieved through the adoption of
polycultures, with rotations of species and varieties and then fallow. Common sequences
involve maize and beans; maize and boniato (Ipomoea batatas); maize and cassava;
maize, beans and pumpkin (Castiñeiras and García 2006). The relative isolation of home
gardens in the transition area of the RSCT has determined a certain degree of
experimentation with other, more innovative polycultures based on malanga and beans as
well as on maní, beans and cassava. In hilly or mountain areas a traditional practice of
African origin is that of the so-called agricultura de montón (‘mound cropping’) by which
roots and tubers are grown by making small mounds of soil.
Farmers’ capacity to store seed is crucial for securing both the year’s harvest and the seed
supply for the following year’s crop, especially if one considers that in Cuba 80% of the
seed for the new growing season comes from the farmer’s own production or the informal
supply systems across the island (Almekinders et al. 1994; Shagarodsky et al. 2007).
Furthermore, it has been suggested that available storage systems influence the adoption
of improved varieties by farmers, since these may not possess the characteristics which
allow them to resist under traditional storage conditions (Latournerie et al. 2006).
In the target regions, 100% of farmers store their maize seeds as full cobs without leaves,
either at home (45.5%) or in an especially dedicated storage building (33.3%) and
generally in yuta bags or in glass or plastic containers sealed with wax. All Cuban
farmers use some control strategy against insects and pests in the storage phase for maize.
The main forms of control are periodically exposing seeds to the sun (66% of farmers),
various types of insecticides (12%) and other means. A relatively common practice is to
use leaves of matico (or guayuyo, Piper aduncum), rubbed into the walls of the
containers in which seed is stored (6.1%).
Bean seeds are stored alternatively in the pod or after threshing, the latter being preferred
(58.7% of farmers). Only 43% of farmers use control methods against pests in beans
A - 13
storage. Among the most common methods is the application of ash (27%) or insecticides
(32%).
Chili sowing material is stored as threshed seed, unless it is semi-domesticated or wild, in
which case there is no seed saving. Seed of both crops is mostly conserved within the
house and pest control in this phase is basically non existent.
8. Seed systems
As described above, most farmers in the regions around the target MAB reserves choose
to reproduce their own seed (in approximately 80% of the cases) (Castiñeiras et al. 2002).
The most frequent source of initial germplasm is the close family, followed by trusted
neighbours and members of the same community. Only when these sources fail to satisfy
the farmers’ needs do they turn to the formal sector (Ministry of Agriculture or scientific
institutions) (Fernández et al. 2004; Badstue et al. 2006).
Table 5. Origin of seed in MAB conucos
Origin of seed material
Saved seed
Locally sourced seed
Seed obtained from the formal system
Maize
67
24
9
Bean
%
83
15
2
Chili
44
41
15
An IPGRI led project on seed system dynamics (2004-2007) looked into the patterns of
seed exchange in 36 traditional farms in Western (La Flora, La Tumba, Los Tumbos y
Río Hondo) and Eastern communities (La Carolina, La Munición, La Vuelta, Rancho
Yagua y Vega Grande) of Cuba (see Table 5).
Additional literature reports that, for the major crops analysed in the project, seed
exchange occurs mostly within the same community, whereas exchanges between
communities do not exceed 19.3% as can be seen in Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Extent of within and between community seed exchange for bean, maize and chilli
The portion of the total cropping area where self-saved seed was observed during the
project is quite relevant, especially for beans, as can be seen in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2. Proportion of the farms’cropping area planted with self-saved seed
Farmers prefer seeds produced in their own farms (Arias 2000; Ortega-Paczka et al.
2000) because they have control over its quality or because their own varieties are likely
to be better adapted to unique or specific micro-niches (Dennis et al. 2005). Sometimes a
certain extent of seed exchange is used to support local farming practices: in Eastern
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Cuba, farmers avoid cultivating the same maize variety for more than two years in a row
and exchange seeds among neighbours to maintain the necessary rotation (Torres 2007).
The speed at which varieties move through exchanges among farmers and communities
can be a function of their level of adoption and the knowledge farmers possess about their
existence and availability in neighbouring communities. In the East, seed from more
widespread varieties such as Cuña and Criollo (maize) and Negro sin brillo and Colorao
(common bean) tend to move faster, whereas rarer varieties moved with much lower
frequencies or appeared to not move at all, such as in the case of Argentino and Grano
grande (maize) and Maní and Blanco (common bean) (Castiñeiras et al. 2009).
This suggests the opportunity for interventions promoting the exchange of rare seeds
among rural communities, coupled with interventions aimed at securing ex situ
collections of such seeds. Successful examples of this kind are available in Cuba, where
eight bean, one chilli and two maize cultivars were reintroduced in 2007 in small farms,
using seed from the INIFAT genebank and which had originally been collected in those
farms but which had then disappeared from cultivation (Castiñeiras et al. 2009).
[In the small farms surveyed during the project on seed systems, the figure of so-called
nodal farmers who supply seeds to a number of other farmers (four or more in Cuba)
emerged.
In the East and West regions, 72% and 73% of farmers can be considered nodal farmers
for maize. For common and Lima bean a greater portion of farmers use their own saved
seed and therefore only 9% nodal farmers in the West and 11% in the East were recorded
for common bean, and 10% and 7% in the two regions for Lima bean. Nodal farmers for
Lima bean correspond to farmers recognized in their community as those possessing
greater diversity in their farms, whereas this is not the case for common bean nodal
farmers.
There were no nodal farmers for chilli in the Eastern region, maybe also because most C.
frutescens populations are concentrated there and there is no seed system for this species.
Although C. annuum commercial varieties are grown in the region and farmers do
reproduce its seed, they tend not to exchange it in order to avoid accidental crossfertilization and loss of germination (Badstue 2007). Only one nodal farmer for chilli was
recorded (in the RBSR region) who appears to be the one conserving most traditional
diversity of the area.
An effective instrument to support seed exchange through informal systems is the
organization of seed fairs (Almekinders 2000; IIAP et al. 2004). In Cuba, seed fairs have
been organized with the intention of benefiting areas where seed systems are particularly
weak and agrobiodiversity is declining. MAB reserves have hosted editions of these fairs,
thus contributing to raising awareness on the diversity available in other areas of the
island, which was displayed and exchanged during the fairs (Castiñeiras et al. 2002).
A total of 130 species were exhibited during the seven seed fairs organized in Cuban
MABs during 2005-2007, four in Pinar del Río and three in Guantánamo provinces. The
fairs were particularly important for exchanging valuable varieties whose seed systems
are highly localized. For example, during one of these fairs farmers from a given area
who lamented the lack of Lima bean varieties with determined growth, were surprised to
find seed of such a kind from another area.
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A greater number of species was reported in Western seed fairs, reflecting the greater
species diversity reported in home gardens of that region. Only 34 out of 130 species
were common between the regions. Complementarity measures within fairs in the two
regions resulted in a relatively high complementarity index (0.645), confirming the
prevalence of unique over common species between the regions.
Seed fairs are also an important occasion for farmers to obtain seeds of novel crops with
which to experiment and which may offer new sources of income. Cinnamon
(Cinnamomun aromaticum) was introduced as part a previous IPGRI led project. It was
initially multiplied in the East and gradually spread to other regions through seed fairs,
offering farmers elsewhere new market and income generating opportunities (Castiñeiras
et al. 2002).
9. Threats and opportunities for small scale sustainable agriculture in MAB
ecosystems
A combination of threats affects the delicate balance of the reserves’ ecosystems, as well
as the wellbeing of the rural communities living at their borders and the diversity of their
agricultural systems.
On the side of natural ecosystem degradation, the Rapid Biological Inventory (Fong et al.
2005) of the RBCT reported increasing deforestation rates mostly for clearing land for
agricultural purposes. Subsequent soil erosion of deforested areas may cause severe
damage to the reserve’s habitats and the quality of its soils for agricultural production
itself. Water contamination of rivers and groundwater by residuals of mining activities
and coffee processing from larger scale enterprises may further affect the park’s
ecosystem, calling for a careful evaluation and promotion of agricultural systems
compatible with sustainable resource use in a protected area.
In Guantánamo province, agro-forestry practices are being introduced and tested at
community level according to the principles of Analog Forestry, which could be tested
and possibly introduced in the protected area as a more sustainable alternative to land
clearance for agriculture (http://www.analogforestrynetwork.org/es/analoga.html).
For what concerns agricultural genetic resources, while there are mechanisms in place
aimed at monitoring the status of national collections over time (the National Information
Sharing Mechanism), there is no direct mechanism for assessing the in situ and on farm
risks and losses ex ante. The lack of appropriate technology and funding support for such
assessments is a continuing problem, although Cuba has carried out a series of projects
on in situ conservation and threats to on farm biodiversity, mostly focused on traditional
small scale agriculture and at least partly on MAB reserve areas. Data produced as part of
these projects revealed that many farms and gardens had lost significant portions of their
traditional varieties, leading to genetic erosion in the field.
Before listing any of the most important bottlenecks leading to an increased risk of
genetic erosion of the diversity conserved in small farms, it has to be said that those
varieties and species which are grown and exchanged at low frequencies are those under
A - 17
greatest threat and which should be prioritized in any conservation strategy. Some of the
main problems reported by farmers are:
• Increased climate variability and extreme events. Farming systems at all scales are
increasingly affected by climatic variations and extreme events (mostly a
predominance of long dry seasons followed by long wet ones), which are becoming
the main cause for crop failure and consequently loss of farmer saved seed which, as
already discussed, represents a large proportion of total seed planted.
• High incidence of pests and diseases in the field and in the storage phase and poor
germination rates. Climatic events and their sudden variations are triggering increased
incidence of pests and diseases. In the late nineties a new pest (Thrips palmi) hit
important crops such as bean and chilies and made the development of integrated
management strategies necessary (Murgido et al. 2002). Integrated pest management
has proven effective in managing pests and diseases in a sustainable manner in many
countries and ecological contexts. The use of diverse plant species and varietal
mixtures is usually included among the various elements of effective IPM strategies.
• Loss of knowledge related to use and conservation and reproduction of traditional
crops and varieties (affecting Lima bean among others)
• Insufficient information on the availability of varieties in neighbouring or far farms
and gardens
• Low purchasing power by families to buy seeds and improving their pests and disease
control methods
• Difficult or expensive access to seed after natural disasters. Furthermore, the
mechanisms Cuba has established for agricultural relief after extreme events pay no
attention to the recovery and distribution of local, traditional seed.
• Low price of agricultural produce on the market
• Small population size of the traditional varieties kept on farm (this is an important
factor constraining the conservation of Lima bean for instance)
• Lack of genetic purity in traditional crops and varieties (especially in conucos, crops
are grown very close to one another, which increases cross fertilization especially in
crops such as maize and chilli)
Ecological problems due to population increase and a general tendency towards
production intensification and are also observed in Cuba, although in protected areas
these have been somewhat buffered.
The abandonment of some traditional agronomic practices such as granting soils a
sufficiently long fallow period has consistently reduced productivity and the level of
below and above ground biodiversity important for securing ecosystem functioning and
productivity. This practice is most commonly observed in larger conucos and farms
where improved varieties requiring more intensive cultivation systems are grown for
commercial production while it is less frequent in smaller, subsistence oriented gardens.
At the same time, the smaller the farm the smaller the population size of the crops
conserved, which leads to increased risks of germplasm loss or loss of genetic integrity of
the on-farm populations, through hybridization (as for chilli).
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10. National and international initiatives and policies relevant for protected
areas and agrobiodiversity conservation
MAB reserves are recognized formally by UNESCO as important for in situ conservation
of plant genetic resources, including agrobiodiversity. Their role in facilitating and
supporting the implementation of international agreements on biodiversity conservation
and sustainable development is explicitly promoted in UNESCO’s Sevilla strategy
(UNESCO 1995). Cuba has signed and ratified nine conventions, two protocols and a
Treaty related to genetic resources for food and agriculture, with which the MAB could
develop synergies. Furthermore, Cuba’s National Committee on Genetic Resources has
formalized their intention to join efforts with the MAB programme for the promotion of
biodiversity (Castiñeiras and García 2006).
Cuba’s biosphere reserves are included in the World Network of Biospehere Reserves,
the Regional Netowrk for Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal
(IBEROMaB) and will be included in the incipient Subregional Caribbean Network.
These networks provide opportunities to disseminate success stories of natural as well as
agricultural biodiversity conservation in MAB reserves and to mainstream good practices
and lessons learnt which can be useful in other MAB reserves in the region.
UNESCO’s Madrid action plan (UNESCO 2008) provides a list of milestones and actions
to be implemented in the MAB reserves in the coming years. Among the milestones for
Cuba, the strategy mentions the need to update the country’s reserves’ management plans
by 2011. Since proposals have been put forward in the past for the official inclusion of
conuco based conservation of agrobiodiversity (Castiñeiras et al. 2002) in MAB reserves,
this call would represent an opportunity to incorporate such proposals formally.
The Madrid plan also calls for both general and scientific publications to raise awareness
on MAB reserves, again providing opportunities to highlight and mainstream the
agricultural component and its relevance for the wider ecosystem’s health and ecological
functioning. Finally, the plan promotes improved communication on the role of farmers
in maintaining the reserve’s integrity. Cuba’s successful experience in this sense through
diversity and seed fairs could be further strengthened.
Cuba’s political vision on environmental sustainability and development is strongly
shaped and supported by the socialist system. The idea of sustainability is intrinsic to the
socialist principles that uphold the revolutionary model. This is true especially in terms of
the decisive role played by the State, whose economic planning aims at harmoniously
projecting long-term use of resources. Socialism in Cuba maintains its focus on
environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources, due to its ethical and
social identity, the social solidarity that it engenders and the conceptual unity inherent to
socialist governments (CITMA 2007).
The creation of the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment (CITMA) in 1994
provided an important impetus for environmental policy and management and soon after
its establishment a progressive National Environment Strategy was elaborated (1997).
Over the ten years of the Strategy’s implementation, many important socio-economic
changes occurred at the national level, and the Strategy was revised to strengthen specific
components, some of which are particularly relevant for the present project such as those
A - 19
on biological diversity, sustainable forest and watershed management, integrated
mountain development, environmental education, desertification and drought and the
National System of Protected Areas.
In terms of genetic resources, the Environmental Strategy calls for the conservation of the
genetic diversity of crops, livestock, and species of trees, fishes, and wildlife collected
commercially and other socio-economically valuable species together with the associated
local knowledge. It also encourages the development of a normative strategic framework
that integrates conservation of biological diversity with the development of genetic
resources for food and agriculture.
In promoting joint regional and international programs relating to monitoring,
management, research, and utilization of biological diversity, the Strategy aims at
strengthening coordination and integration between national entities directly or indirectly
linked to the conservation and use of biological diversity and encourages synergies
between commissions and groups involved in the protection and use of natural resources.
One of the most relevant institutions involved in these collaborative efforts on genetic
resources is he National System for Genetic Resources, composed by a National
Commission, a National Database of Plant Genetic Resources and a network of research
institutes, national germplasm collection curators and educational centres. The National
Commission was established by the Science Technology and Environment Ministry to
oversee and coordinate actions for the conservation, access and sustainable use of the
country’s genetic resources and ensures a framework for the equitable sharing of benefits
deriving from their use, with the ultimate goal of promoting food security. The National
compiles the National Report on the state of genetic resources and of the National Action
Plan for conservation and sustainable use. It supports the Government in the design of
national policies and actions around genetic resource issues, including norms and
regulations which implement the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture at national level (work is underway to implement the Material
Transfer Agreements with rules for access and benefit sharing).
Cuba grants official protection to those plant varieties developed through conventional
breeding programmes by registration in the National Official Varietal List. A positive
development in the field of agrobiodiversity, and particularly with relation to
underutilized, local diversity is the growing interest in registering local crops and
varieties, if not in the Official Varietal List, in separate inventories (Castiñeiras et al.
2006). IPGRI led in situ conservation projects focusing on home gardens and small farms
carried out on the island since 1998 have also added to such interest. Some of the
inventories developed through these interventions include information on the traditional
knowledge related to each species’ use and management and ensuring their continued
update could allow to monitoring trends in the conservation and use of locally important
resources. The recent inclusion of a few traditional varieties of Lima bean (Enano Pinto),
maize and Capsicum in the List undoubtedly represents an incentive from a socialcultural standpoint. Nevertheless, there are no regulatory frameworks to ensure the
development or expansion of seed systems for local crops or varieties of relevance for
Cuban smallholders. In addition, the inclusion of traditional varieties in the list does not
automatically enable the farmer to claim ownership over these. Famers can claim
ownership only when the variety complies with the characteristics of distinctiveness,
A - 20
homogeneity and stability, requirements which automatically exclude traditional
varieties.
The above mentioned in situ conservation projects supported by the active participation
of local authorities provided justification for strengthening informal and local seed
exchange systems – for instance through the organization of successful diversity fairs and
the establishment of a few community seed banks (in the Pinar del Río region and in
Batabanó near La Habana), mostly for traditional varieties. Although there is still no
official support for small scale seed production from traditional varieties and economic
incentives for seed production from local varieties are still scarce, some steps have been
taken towards the integration of this activity in the national agricultural context, ranging
from involvement of private actors (for example the Grupo Empresarial de Cultivos
Varios) to the creation of Urban Seed Farms, building upon the success of Cuba’s Urban
Agriculture Programme.
An open and dynamic system for seed exchange is often recommended (Vernooy 2007),
in which local initiatives are supported, such as the creation of micro-enterprises for
production of landrace seed, knowledge and material sharing initiatives (such as diversity
fairs) and institutional arrangements which favour access to and use of diversity. In this
last respect, improved coordination between ex situ and in situ efforts is auspicable, in
order to make diversity more easily accessible to producers. In Cuba itself, examples are
available of the potential of using on-farm diversity to restore ex situ collections
(Castiñeiras et al. 2007).
Indeed, national policies in the area of Urban Agriculture have been of great relevance
not only for Cuba’s food security but also for promoting diversity through formal
production channels. Specifically, the Urban Agriculture programme (PNAU)’s
contribution to enhancing the use of 39 underutilized crops within sustainable cropping
systems deserves attention. The main use categories being supported are those capable of
delivering the highest benefits in complementing staple foods, such as fruit, vegetable
and medicinal species. The Programme has promoted advanced soft and hard grain Lima
bean cultivars obtained by material from traditional agricultural systems (CNRG 2007). It
has also developed and disseminated integrated pest management plans as well as the use
of species with medicinal properties. It has carried out participatory evaluation of crops
and varieties, an approach which could be usefully extended to rural areas and home
gardens in the present project’s target areas. Within the network of Urban Farms more
than 1500 nurseries have been established where grafting of a number of often
underutilized local fruit trees is being carried out, with the aim of reproducing enough
material to be respond to the demand on local markets (annona, sapote, guava). In recent
times, traditional varieties have been used also within other programmes such as the field
days of the National Programme for Rice and the Agricultural Diversification Programme
of the Ministry of Agriculture (CNRG 2007). The Government has somewhat
incorporated the idea of using locally available diversity in its overall agricultural
development strategies, by establishing for example that any increase in maize cropping
area has to be based on the use of germplasm from the region (which will include
traditional varieties alongside commercial ones, although to a lesser extent).
A - 21
It will be important that genetic resources become a priority issue within programmes to
educate both farmers and the general public in agriculture and conservation, emphasising
the relevance of agrobiodiversity both for ecosystem and human health and incorporating
these issues in other areas, such as in nutrition programmes (CNRG 2007). In terms of
education and awareness, MAB reserves have already played an important role: since
1986 education and communication programmes for schools and communities as well as
participatory trainings on genetic resource conservation and ecotourism initiatives have
been developed in the RBSR, promoting the involvement of inhabitants of the reserves in
their management (Castiñeiras and García 2006).
A - 22
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Paris
A - 26
Annex B. List of plant species in Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve (RBSR) and the Cuchillas del Toa Biosphere Reserve (RBCT)
Plant Species - Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve
Family
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Aloaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Genera
Crossandra
Justicia
Odontonema
Sanchezia
Thunbergia
Agave
Agave
Cordyline
Cordyline
Dracaena
Polianthes
Sansevieria
Sansevieria
Allium
Allium
Allium
Allium
Allium
Aloe
Alternanthera
Alternanthera
Celosia
Gomphrena
Crinum
Hippeastrum
Hymenocallis
Zephyranthes
Zephyranthes
Mangifera
Spondias
Spondias
Annona
Annona
Annona
Eryngium
Allamanda
Taxa
Crossandra infundibiliformis Nees.
Justicia pectoralis Jacq. var. pectoralis
Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees in DC.) Kuntze
Sanchezia nobilis Hook. f. var. glaucophylla
Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anders.
Agave angustifolia Haw. var. marginata Hort.
Agave sp.
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chevalier
Cordyline magnifica Hort.
Dracaena marginata Lam.
Polianthes tuberosa L.
Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce
Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain 'Helnii'
Allium cepa L.
Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G. Don
Allium chinense G. Don
Allium fistulosum L.
Allium sativum L.
Aloe vera (L.) N. L. Burm.
Alternanthera paronychoides A. St. Hilaire 'Amoena'
Alternanthera sp.
Celosia argentea L.
Gomphrena globosa L.
Crinum zeylanicum (L.) L.
Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.)
Hymenocallis arenicola Northrop
Zephyranthes puerotricensis Traub.
Zephyranthes rosea Lindl.
Mangifera indica L.
Spondias mombin L.
Spondias purpurea L.
Annona muricata L.
Annona reticulata L.
Annona squamosa L.
Eryngium foetidum L.
Allamanda cathartica L.
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
B-1
Common name
Crosandra
Tilo
Sankesia
Mainereta
Maguey
Cordiline
Cuba Libre
Palmita
Azucena
Lengua de vaca
Lengua de vaca enana
Cebolla
Cebolla corojo
Ajo porro
Cebollino, Ajo de jardín
Ajo criollo
Sábila
Alternantera
Moco de pavo
San Diego
Lirio de cinta
Kuntze, Taraco
Lirio sanjuanero
Brujita blanca
Brujita rosada
Mango
Jobo
Ciruela
Guanábana
Chirimoya
Anón
Culantro
Flor de barbero
Plant Species - BRSR
Primary use
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Frutal
Otros usos
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Condimentos
Ornamental
Family
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araliaceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Begoniaceae
Begoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bixaceae
Bombacaceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Bromeliaceae
Bromeliaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Genera
Catharanthus
Nerium
Plumeria
Tabernaemontana
Tabernaemontana
Aglaonoema
Anthurium
Anthurium
Caladium
Colocasia
Dieffenbachia
Syngonium
Xanthosoma
Xanthosoma
Xanthosoma
Polyscias
Cocos
Dypsis
Hoya
Bidens
Lactuca
Montanoa
Pluchea
Zinnia
Impatiens
Impatiens
Begonia
Begonia
Crescentia
Podranea
Bixa
Pachira
Gerascanthus
Brassica
Lepidium
Sinapis
Ananas
Bromelia
Opuntia
Opuntia
Opuntia
Opuntia
Bauhinia
Caesalpinia
Taxa
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don
Nerium oleander L.
Plumeria rubra L.
Tabernaemontana citrifolia L.
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br.
Aglaonoema sp.
Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott
Anthurium sp.
Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent.
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott et Endl.
Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott in Schott et Endl.
Syngonium auritum (L.) Schot in Schott et Endl.
Xanthosoma atrovirens Koch et Bouche
Xanthosoma nigrum (Vell.) Mansf.
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott in Schott et Endl.
Polysicias guilfoley (Bull) L.H.Bailey
Cocos nucifera L.
Dypsis lutescens (Bory) W. Wendl.
Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br.
Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. - Bip.
Lactuca sativa L.
Montanoa hibiscifolia C. Koch.
Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don
Zinnia elegans Jacq.
Impatiens balsamina L.
Impatiens wallerana J. D. Hook. f. in Oliver
Begonia erytophylla Newman
Begonia sp.
Crescentia cujete L.
Podranea riacasolina (Tanf.) in Sprague
Bixa orellana L.
Pachira aquatica Aubl.
Gerascanthus coloccocus (L.) Borhidi
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.
Lepidium virginicum L.
Sinapis alba L.
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.
Bromelia pinguin L.
Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill.
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.
Opuntia sp.
Opuntia stricta Haw. var. dillenii (Ker-Gawler) L. Bensun
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Caesalpina pulcherrima (L.) Sw.
B-2
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Vicaria
Adelfa
Súcheli
Jazmín café
Jazmín de montaña
Anturio gigante
Malanga
Corazón de cabrito
Malanga
Dicha
Malanga
Malanga amarilla
Malanga morada
Malanga
Aralia
Coco
Areca
Flor de cera
Romerillo
Lechuga
Montanoa
Salvia
Clavelón
Madama
Madama china
Begonia
Begonia
Guira
Bija, achote
Carolina
Ateje
Mostaza
Mastuerzo
Mostaza
Piña
Piña de ratón
Tuna mansa
Tuna
Tuna brava
Pata de vaca
Guacamaya
Primary use
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Raices y tubérculos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Vegetal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Ornamental
Condimentos
Ornamental
Alimento animal
Condimentos
Medicinal
Condimentos
Frutal
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Family
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Cannaceae
Cannaceae
Capparaceae
Capparaceae
Caricaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Casuarinaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Chrysobalanaceae
Clusiaceae
Combretaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Convolvulaceae
Costaceae
Costaceae
Costaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cycadaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Genera
Cassia
Delonix
Peltophorum
Senna
Canna
Canna
Cleome
Sambucus
Carica
Dianthus
Casuarina
Teloxys
Chyrsobalanus
Mammea
Quisqualis
Callisa
Cyanetis
Tradescantia
Tradescantia
Ipomoea
Costus
Costus
Costus
Bryophyllum
Echeveria
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Sedum
Benincasa
Citrullus
Cucumis
Cucumis
Cucurbita
Luffa
Sechium
Cycas
Dioscorea
Dioscorea
Acalypha
Acalypha
Codiaeum
Euphorbia
Taxa
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cassia grandis L. f.
Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Hen
Senna alata (L.) Roxb.
Canna indica L.
Canna x generalis Bailey
Cleome sp.
Sambucus mexicana K. B. Presl. ex DC.
Carica papaya L.
Dianthus caryophyllus L.
Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J.R. et J. G. Foster
Teloxys ambrosioides (L.) W. A. Weber
Chyrsobalanus icaco L.
Mammea americana L.
Quisqualis indica L.
Callisa repens L.
Cyanetis somalensis C. B. Clarke
Tradescantia pallida (Rosel) D. R. Hunt
Tradescantia spatahacea Sw.
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
Costus sp.
Costus speciosus (Koening) J. E. Smith
Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Roscoe
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Echeveria pallida E. Walth.
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana V. Poell.
Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Hamet et Perr.
Kalanchoe sp.
Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harvey) Hamet
Sedum morganianum E. Walth.
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. in DC.
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura et Nakai
Cucumis melo L.
Cucumis sativus L.
Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poir
Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.
Cycas revoluta L.
Dioscorea alata L.
Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.
Acalypha hispida Burm. f.
Acalypha wilkesiana Muell. Arg.
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume
Euphorbia leucocephala ritr
B-3
Common name
Flamboyant
Framboyán amarillo
Guacamaya francesa
Platanillo de Cuba
Platanillo de Cuba
Uña de gato
Saúco blanco
Fruta bomba
Clavel
Casuarina
Apasote
Icaco
Mamey de Santo Domingo
Piscuala
Calisa
Cucaracha peluda
Cucaracha morada
Cordován
Boniato
Caña mejicana
Caña americana, cañuela santa
Caña mejicana
Siempreviva
Santa Bárbara
Siempre viva
Majá
Majá
Granito de arroz
Calabaza china
Melón de agua
Melón de castilla
Pepino
Calabaza
Estropajo
Chayote
Alcanfor
Ñame
Ñame amarillo
Rabo de gato
Acalifa
Croto
Euphorbia
Primary use
Bebida
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Otros usos
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Vegetal
Frutal
Otros usos
Vegetal
Vegetal
Otros usos
Vegetal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Haemodoraceae
Heliconiaceae
Heliconiaceae
Iridaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lauraceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Lytrhaceae
Lytrhaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Genera
Euphorbia
Euphorbia
Jatropha
Jatropha
Jatropha
Manihot
Pedilanthus
Arachis
Cajanus
Canavalia
Gliricidia
Oritrina
Phaseolus
Phaseolus
Vigna
Vigna
Vigna
Chrysanthemis
Episcia
Episcia
Xiphidium
Heliconia
Heliconia
Gladiolus
Mentha
Ocimum
Ocimum
Ocimum
Origanum
Plectranthus
Plectranthus
Rosmarinus
Solenostemon
Persea
Asparagus
Asparagus
Clorophyton
Eucharis
Hemerocallis
Cuphea
Lagerstroemia
Abelmoschus
Gossypium
Gossypium
Taxa
Euphorbia mili Ch. des Moulins
Euphorbia trigona Haw.
Jatropha aethiopica Muell. Arg.
Jatropha curcas L.
Jatropha multifida L.
Manihot esculenta Crantz
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.
Arachis hypogaea L.
Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth.
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.
Oritrina variegata var. orientalis (L.) Merr. in Stichm.
Phaseolus lunatus L.
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subs. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., subsp. unguiculata
Chrysanthemis pulchella (J. Donn ex Sims) Descasine
Episcia cupreatra (Hook.) Hanstein
Episcia lilacina Hanstein
Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.
Heliconia rostrata Ruiz et Pavón
Heliconia wagneriana Petersen
Gladiolus communis L.
Mentha spicata L.
Ocimum basilicum L.
Ocimum gratissimum L.
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
Origanum majorana L.
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.
Plectranthus nummularius Briq.
Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd.
Persea americana Mill.
Asparagus plumosus J. G. Baker
Asparagus sprengeri Regel
Clorophyton stembergianum Steud.
Eucharis grandiflora Planch. et Lindl.
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.
Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth
Lagerstroemia indica L.
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.
Gossypium hirsutum L.
Gossypium sp.
B-4
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Corona de Cristo
Corona de la reina
Chaya, mata diabetes
Piñón botija
Ceibilla
Yuca
Itamo real
Maní
Gandul
Nescafé
Jupiter
Piñón
Frijol caballero
Frijol
Frijol picolina
Habichuela china
Begonia
Barba de Aarón
Barba de Aarón
Mandelamina
Heliconia
Heliconia
Gladiolo
Hieba buena
Albahaca
Oregano cimarron
Albahaca morada
Mejorana
Orégano francés
Mata del dinero
Romero
Manto
Aguacate
Espárrago
Espárrago
Mala madre
Estrella americana
Lirio turco
Cufia
Júpiter
Quimbombó
Algodón
Algodón
Primary use
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Otros usos
Alimento animal
Bebida
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Granos
Granos
Vegetal
Vegetal
Granos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Condimentos
Medicinal
Condimentos
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Vegetal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Family
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Marantaceae
Meliaceae
Moraceae
Musaceae
Musaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Oleaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Oxalidaceae
Passifloraceae
Pedaliaceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Plumbaginaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polemoniaceae
Polygonaceae
Polypodiaceae
Polypodiaceae
Pontederiaceae
Portulacaceae
Portulacaceae
Portulacaceae
Genera
Hibiscus
Hibiscus
Hibiscus
Hibiscus
Malvabiscus
Maranta
Melia
Artocarpus
Musa
Musa
Psidium
Syzygium
Bougainvillaea
Bougainvillaea
Mirabilis
Jasminum
Bletia
Cattleya
Encyclia
Encyclia
Epidendrum
Oncidium
Schomburgkia
Spathoglottis
Averrhoa
Passiflora
Sesamum
Peperomia
Piper
Potomorphe
Plumbago
Bambusa
Cymbopogon
Oryza
Saccharum
Zea
Plox
Antigonon
Adiantus
Platycerium
Eichhornia
Portulaca
Portulaca
Portulaca
Taxa
Hibiscus pernambucencis Arruda
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Hibiscus schizopetalus L.
Malvabiscus arboreus Cavanilles var. mexicanus Schlechtendahl
Maranta arundinacea L.
Melia azedarach L.
Artocarpus communis J.R. et J. F. Foster
Musa acuminata Colla
Musa x paradisiaca L.
Psidium guajava L.
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. et Perry
Bougainvillaea glabra Choisy
Bougainvillaea spectabilis Willd.
Mirabilis jalapa L.
Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.
Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC.
Cattleya sp.
Encyclia phoenicea (Lindl.) Cogn.
Encyclia sp.
Epidendrum difforme Jacq.
Oncidium luridum (Sw.) Salisb.
Schomburgkia tibicinis Baten
Spathoglottis plicata Blume
Averrhoa bilimbi L.
Passiflora edulis Sims
Sesamum orientale L.
Peperomia arrepta Tril.
Piper sp.
Potomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.
Plumbago auriculata Lam.
Bambusa vulgaris Schrander ex Wendel.
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.
Oryza sativa L.
Saccharum officinarum L.
Zea mays L.
Plox drumondii Hook. in Curtis
Antigonon leptopus Hook. et Arn.
Adiantus capillus-veneris L.
Platycerium alciforme Desv.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.
Portulaca grandiflora Hook. in Curt.
Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulaca pilosa L.
B-5
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Majagua
Marpacífico
Serení
Farolito chino
Lágrimas de señorita
Sagú
Paraiso
Arbol del pan
Plátano congo
Plátano
Guayaba
Albaricoque, pera
Buganvil
Bugnavil
Maravilla
Jazmín
Candelaria
Orquídea
Flor de San Pedro
Orquídea
Orquídea
Oreja de burro
Buho
Orquídea
Pepinillo
Maracuyá
Ajonjolí
Charol
Caisimón
Embeleso
Caña brava
Caña santa
Arroz
Caña de azucar
Maiz
Primavera
Coralillo
Culantrillo de pozo
Cabeza de reno
Jacinto de agua
Diez del día
Verdolaga de jardín
Diez del día
Primary use
Otros usos
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Otros usos
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Bebida
Otros usos
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Otros usos
Medicinal
Granos
Otros usos
Granos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Family
Punicaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Symphoremaceae
Turneraceae
Urticaceae
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Genera
Punica
Prunus
Rosa
Coffea
Gardenia
Ixora
Pentas
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Murraya
Ruta
Melicoccus
Chrysophyllum
Chrysophyllum
Manilkara
Pouteria
Pouteria
Angelonia
Ruselia
Brugmansia
Brugmansia
Brunfelsia
Brunfelsia
Capsicum
Capsicum
Capsicum
Datura
Lycopersicon
Lycopersicon
Congea
Turnera
Pilea
Pilea
Duranta
Lippia
Taxa
Punica granatum L.
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.
Rosa sp.
Coffea arabica L.
Gardenia augusta (L.) Merrill
Ixora coccinea L.
Pentas lanceolata (Fors.) Deflers
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. et Pranz) Swingle
Citrus aurantium L.
Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit.
Citrus limetta Risso
Citrus limon Burm
Citrus limon Burm f. x Citrus medica L.
Citrus madurensis Lour.
Citrus medica L.
Citrus reticulata Blanco
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck
Citrus x paradisi Macf. in Hook.
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq.
Ruta chalepensis L.
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.
Chrysophyllum cainito L.
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.
Manilkara sapota (L.) van Royen
Pouteria campechiana (Humb., Bonpl. et Kunt) Baehni
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore et Stearn
Angelonia pilosella Kickx
Ruselia equisetiformis Schletcht.et Cham.
Brugmansia x candida Pers.
Brugmansia x cubensis (V. R. Fuentes) V. R. Fuentes
Brunfelsia jamaicensis Griseb.
Brunfelsia nitida Benth. in DC.
Capsicum annuum L.
Capsicum chinense Jacq.
Capsicum frutescens L.
Datura metel L. var. fastuosa (Bernh.) Danert
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Alef
Congea tomentosa Roxb.
Turnera ulmifolia L.
Pilea involucrata
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.
Duranta repens L.
Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown
B-6
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Primary use
Granada
Frutal
Melocotón
Frutal
Rosa
Ornamental
Café
Bebida
Gardenia
Ornamental
Santa Rita
Ornamental
Pentas
Ornamental
Limón criollo
Condimentos
Naranja agria
Condimentos
Bergamota
Medicinal
Lima de ombligo
Frutal
Limón agrio, limón
Condimentos
Limón francés
Otros usos
Mandarina de San José
Frutal
Cidra
Otros usos
Mandarina
Frutal
Naranja dulce
Frutal
Toronja, grifu
Frutal
Muraya
Ornamental
Ruda
Medicinal
Mamoncillo
Frutal
Caimito
Frutal
Caimitillo
Frutal
Sapote
Frutal
Canistel
Frutal
Mamey colorado, sapote
Frutal
No me olvides
Ornamental
Lágrimas de Cupido
Ornamental
Campana
Ornamental
Campana
Ornamental
Galán de noche
Ornamental
Galán
Ornamental
Ají de jardín
Condimentos
Ají cachucha
Condimentos
Ají guaguao
Condimentos
Chamico morado
Ornamental
Tomate de ensalada, placero, guirito
Vegetal
Tomate cimarrón
Condimentos
Lluvia de orquídeas
Ornamental
Marilope
Medicinal
Frescura
Ornamental
Frescura
Ornamental
No me olvides
Ornamental
Quita dolor, flor de España, menta americana Medicinal
Common name
Family
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Annonaceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Burseraceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Fabaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Mimosaceae
Mimosaceae
Mimosaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Genera
Lippia
Stachytarpheta
Verbena
Vitex
Vitex
Vitis
Alpinia
Alpinia
Curcuma
Etlingera
Hedychium
Hedychium
Kaempferia
Zingiber
Oxandra
Roystonea
Sabal
Bidens
Parthenium
Xanthium
Tournefortia
Varronia
Bursera
Caesalpinia
Senna
Calophyllum
Garcinia
Momordica
Erythroxylon
Erythroxylon
Andira
Casearia
Gossypium
Hibiscus
Cedrela
Guarea
Swietenia
Trichilia
Acacia
Dichrostachys
Samanea
Cecropia
Ficus
Pseudolmedia
Taxa
Lippia micromera Schau. In DC.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl
Verbena sp.
Vitex agnus-castus L.
Vitex trifolia L.
Vitis vinifera L.
Alpinia purpurata Vieillard ex Schumann in Engler
Alpinia zerumbet (Peerson) Brutt et R.M. Smith
Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith
Hedychium coronarium Koen. in Retz.
Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe
Kaempferia rotunda L.
Zingiber officinale (L.) Roscoe
Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Benth.
Roystonea regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook
Sabal florida Becc.
Bidens pilosa L.
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Xanthium strumarium L.
Tournefortia hirsotissima L.
Varronia globosa (Jacq.) Borhidi
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.
Caesalpinia vesicaria L.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.
Calophyllum antillanum Britt.
Garcinia aristata (Griseb.) Borhidi
Momordica charantia L.
Erythroxylon confusum Britt.
Erythroxylon havanensis Jacq.
Andira jamaicensis (W. Wr.) Urb.
Casearia sylvestris Sw.
Gossypium arboreum L.
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
Cedrela odorata L.
Guarea trichilioides L.
Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.
Trichilia hirta L.
Acacia farneciana (L.) Willd.
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight. Et Arnot.
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill
Cecropia schreberiana Miq.
Ficus membranacea C. Wr.
Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb.
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
B-7
Common name
Oreganito
Verbena, verbena cimarrona
Verbena
Vencedor
Yo puedo más que tú
Uva
Alpinia roja
Colonia
Bastón del Emperador
Mariposa blanca
Mariposa amarilla
Gengibre
Gengibre
Algarrobo, yaya
Palma real
Palma cana
Romerillo
Escoba amarga
Guizazo de caballo
Nigua
Yerba de la sangre
Almácigo
Brasil
Yerba hedionda
Ocuje
Manajú
Cundeamor
Arabo
Jibá
Yaba
Sarnilla
Algodón
Majagua
Cedro
Yamao
Caobilla
Cabo de hacha
Aroma
Marabú
Algarrobo
Yagruma
Jaguey colorado
Macagua
Primary use
Condimentos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Bebida
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Otros usos
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Family
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Piperaceae
Poaceae
Polypodiaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapotaceae
Smilaceae
Solanaceae
Sterculiaceae
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Families
Genera
Taxa
Cultivated
Wild
Genera
Trophys
Eugenia
Syzygium
Piper
Panicum
Polypodium
Prunus
Hamelia
Zanthoxylum
Allophylus
Cupania
Matayba
Mastichodendron
Smilax
Solanum
Guazuma
Urera
Lippia
Tectonia
Cissus
Taxa
Status
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Trophys racemosa (L.) Urb.
Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd.
Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston in Trimen
Piper aduncum L.
Panicum maximum Jacq.
Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitchc.
Prunus occidentalis Sw.
Hamelia patens Jacq.
Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC
Allophylus cominia L.
Cupania macrophylla A. Rich.
Matayba opoositifolia (A. Rich.) Britt.
Mastichodendron foetidissimum Jacq.
Smilax dominguensis Willd.
Solanum torvum Sw.
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud.
Lippia dulcis Trevir
Tectonia grandis L.
Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson et Jarvis
91
235
320
270
50
B-8
Common name
Ramon de caballo
Guairaje
Pomarrosa
Platanillo de Cuba
Hierba de guinea
Doradilla
Cuajaní
Ponasí
Ayúa
Palo caja
Guara
Macurije
Jocuma
Raiz de china
Pendejera
Guasima
Chichicate
Orozoz
Teca
Bejuco ubí
Primary use
Madera otros usos
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Otros usos
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Plant Species - Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve
Family
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Aizoaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Aloaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araliaceae
Arecaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Genera
Justicia
Odontonema
Thunbergia
Cordyline
Cordyline
Sansevieria
Aptenia
Allium
Allium
Allium
Aloe
Gomphrena
Iresine
Crinum
Crinum
Hippeastrum
Hymenocallis
Mangifera
Spondias
Annona
Annona
Coriandrum
Daucus
Eryngium
Foeniculum
Petroselinum
Allamanda
Catharanthus
Nerium
Caladium
Dieffenbachia
Xanthosoma
Polyscias
Cocos
Ambrosia
Artemisia
Bidens
Bidens
Coreopsis
Dahlia
Gerbera
Helenium
Helianthus
Tagetes
Taxa
Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rutt.) Roxb.
Aptenia cordifolia Schwantes
Allium tuberosum
Iresine herbstii Hook.
Crinum sp.
Mangifera indica L.
Annona muricata L.
Coriandrum sativum L.
Daucus carota L.
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym.
Nerium oleander L.
Polyscias sp.
Cocos nucifera L.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
Artemisia absintihium L.
Bidens leucantha Willd.
Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall
Dahlia pinnata Cav.
Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex J. D. Hook.
Helenium amarum (Raf.) Rock
Helianthus annuus L.
Tagetes erecta L.
B-9
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Tilo
Fauto
Cordiline
Cuba Libre
Lengua de vaca
Cebolla corojo
Ajo porro
Cebollino, Ajo de montaña
Sábila
San Diego
Molleja
Lirio
Lirio de cinta
Kuntze, Taraco
Lirio sanjuanero
Mango
Ciruela
Guanábana
Chirimoya
Culantro
Encaje de la reina
Culantro
Hinojo
Perejil
Flor de barbero
Vicaria
Adelfa
Corazón de cabrito
Dicha
Malanga
Aralia
Coco
Artemisa
Ajenjo
Romerillo de jardín
Romerillo
Estrella del norte
Dalia
Margarita japonesa
Manzanilla
Giarasol
Carolá
Plant Species - BRCT
Primary use
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Condimentos
Ornamental
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Frutal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Alimento animal
Medicinal
Family
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Begoniaceae
Bixaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Bromeliaceae
Bromeliaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Cannaceae
Cannaceae
Capparaceae
Caricaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Clusiaceae
Combretaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Convolvulaceae
Costaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cupressaceae
Cycadaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Genera
Tithonia
Zinnia
Impatiens
Impatiens
Begonia
Bixa
Brassica
Brassica
Lepidium
Ananas
Bromelia
Opuntia
Opuntia
Opuntia
Cassia
Cassia
Delonix
Senna
Canna
Canna
Cleome
Carica
Dianthus
Mammea
Quisqualis
Callisa
Tradescantia
Tradescantia
Tradescantia
Ipomoea
Costus
Bryophyllum
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Cucurbita
Momordica
Sechium
Platycarpus
Cycas
Dioscorea
Dioscorea
Acalypha
Acalypha
Codiaeum
Euphorbia
Taxa
Tithonia diversifolia Hesml.
Begonia sp.
Bixa orellana L.
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata
Bromelia pinguin L.
Opuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Haw.
Cassia fistula L.
Cassia moschata Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.
Canna indica L.
Cleome sp.
Carica papaya L.
Dianthus chinensis L.
Mammea americana L.
Callisa repens L.
Tradescantia zebrina Bosse
Costus sp.
Momordica charantia L. subsp. abreviata (Ser.) Grebense
Platycarpus orientalis (L.) Franco
Cycas revoluta L.
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Euphorbia lactea Haw.
B - 10
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Margarita angolana
Clavelón
Madama
Madama china
Begonia
Bija, achote
Mostaza
Col, repollo
Mastuerzo
Piña
Piña de ratón
Tuna
Tuna mansa
Tuna brava
Caña fístula
Cañandonga de hueso
Flamboyant
Sena
Platanillo de Cuba
Platanillo de Cuba
Uña de gato
Fruta bomba
Clavel
Piscuala
Calisa
Cucaracha morada
Cordován
Cucaracha
Boniato
Caña mejicana
Siempreviva
Santa Bárbara
Siempre viva
Majá
Calabaza
Cundeamor
Chayote
Alcanfor
Ñame, ñame volador
Ñame amarillo
Rabo de gato
Acalifa
Croto
Ataja negro
Primary use
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Medicinal
Vegetal
Medicinal
Frutal
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Medicinal
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Frutal
Ornamental
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Medicinal
Vegetal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Geraniaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lauraceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Lytrhaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Marantaceae
Musaceae
Myrtaceae
Genera
Euphorbia
Euphorbia
Euphorbia
Jatropha
Jatropha
Manihot
Pedilanthus
Arachis
Cajanus
Erythrina
Glycine
Phaseolus
Phaseolus
Pisum
Vigna
Pelargonium
Hydrangea
Gladiolus
Tigridia
Mentha
Mentha
Ocimum
Ocimum
Origanum
Plectranthus
Plectranthus
Pogostemon
Salvia
Solenostemon
Thymus
Persea
Asparagus
Asparagus
Clorophyton
Hemerocallis
Lagerstroemia
Abelmoschus
Abutilon
Althaea
Gossypium
Hibiscus
Malvabiscus
Pavonia
Maranta
Musa
Pimenta
Taxa
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzm
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Jatropha curcas L.
Jatropha urens L.
Arachis hypogaea L.
Eryhtrina berteroana Urb.
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Pisum sativun L.
Pelargonium sp.
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunberg) Seringe
Tigridia pavonia Ker.
Mentha spicata L.
Mentha x piperita L.
Ocimum basilicum L.
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.
Salvia tenella Sw.
Thymus vulgaris L.
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet
Althaea rosea Cav.
Gossypium sp.
Pavonia thyphalea (L.) Cav.
Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.
B - 11
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Corona de Cristo
Flor de pascua
Palito chino
Piñón botija
Chaya
Yuca
Itamo real
Maní
Gandul
Piñón de conejo
Soya
Frijol caballero
Frijol
Chícharo
Frijol picolina
Geranio
Bella Hortensia
Gladiolo
Avispa
Hieba buena
Menta inglesa, toronjil
Albahaca
Albahaca morada
Mejorana
Orégano francés
Mata del dinero
Pachuli
Amargosa
Manto
Tomillo
Aguacate
Espárrago
Espárrago
Mala madre
Lirio turco
Júpiter
Quimbombó
Botón de oro
Varita de San José
Algodón
Marpacífico
Guizazo de perro
Sagú
Plátano
Pimienta gorda
Primary use
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Cerca viva
Otros usos
Granos
Vegetal
Cerca viva
Granos
Granos
Granos
Granos
Granos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Condimentos
Ornamental
Otros usos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Condimentos
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Frutal
Medicinal
Family
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Oleaceae
Orchidaceae
Passifloraceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Plantaginaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Portulacaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Tiliaceae
Tropaeolaceae
Genera
Psidium
Syzygium
Jasminum
Schomburgkia
Passiflora
Peperomia
Peperomia
Piper
Plantago
Cymbopogon
Oryza
Saccharum
Sorghum
Zea
Antigonon
Portulaca
Portulaca
Rosa
Coffea
Coffea
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Ruta
Chrysophyllum
Pouteria
Capraria
Ruselia
Brugmansia
Brugmansia
Capsicum
Capsicum
Capsicum
Cestrum
Lycopersicon
Lycopersicon
Nicotiana
Solanum
Solanum
Solanum
Solanum
Corchorus
Tropaeolum
Taxa
Psidium guajava L.
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth
Piper auritum Humb.; Bonp. et Kunth
Plantago major L.
Oryza sativa L.
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
Zea mays L.
Rosa sp.
Coffea arabica L.
Coffea canephora Pierre ex Frochener var.robusta
Citrus aurantium L.
Citrus x paradisi Macf. In Hook.
Ruta chalepensis L.
Capraria biflora L.
Capsicum annuum L.
Cestrum nocturnum L.
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Alef
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Solanum americanum Mill.
Solanum melongena L.
Solanum seaforthianum Andr.
Solanum torvum Sw.
Corchorus siliquosus L.
Tropaeolum majus L.
B - 12
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Guayaba
Albaricoque, pera
Jazmín
Buho
Maracuyá
Charol
Hierba de hombre
Anisón
Llantén
Caña santa
Arroz
Caña de azucar
Sorgo
Maiz
Coralillo
Diez del día
Rosa
Café
Café robusto
Limón criollo
Naranja agria
Lima de ombligo
Mandarina
Naranja dulce
Toronja, grifu
Ruda
Caimitillo
Maguiro
Lágrimas de Cupido
Campana
Campana
ají, pimiento
Ají cachucha
Ají guaguao
Galán de noche
Tomate de ensalada, placero, guirito
Tomate cimarrón
Tabaco
Yerba mora
Berenjena
Jazmín
Pendejera
Platanillo
Calabacita de jardín
Primary use
Medicinal
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Granos
Alimento animal
Alimento animal
Granos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Bebida
Bebida
Condimentos
Condimentos
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Medicinal
Frutal
Frutal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Vegetal
Condimentos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Vegetal
Condimentos
Otros usos
Medicinal
Vegetal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Family
Urticaceae
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Annonaceae
Apocynaceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Boraginaceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Chenopodiaceae
Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cyperaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Genera
Pilea
Pilea
Aloysia
Duranta
Lippia
Lippia
Lippia
Stachytarpheta
Verbena
Vitex
Cissus
Alpinia
Hedychium
Zingiber
Oxandra
Rauvolfia
Calyptrogine
Roystonea
Bidens
Chrosmolaena
Eupatorium
Koanophyllum
Mikania
Parthenium
Pluchea
Crescentia
Enallagma
Tabehuia
Cordia
Protium
Protium
Teloxys
Calophyllum
Clusia
Garcinia
Rheedia
Bucida
Bucida
Fevilla
Cyperus
Gymnanthes
Lasiocroton
Ricinus
Canavalia
Erythrina
Gliricidia
Taxa
Pilea involucrata
Aloysia citriodora Palau
Duranta repens L.
Lippia micromera Schau. in DC.
Verbena sp.
Vitex trifolia L.
Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A.Rich.
Rauvolfia salicifolia Griseb.
Calyptrogine dulcis H. Wend.
Bidens pilosa L.
Chrosmolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King et H. Rob.
Eupatorium villosum Sw.
Koanophyllum villosum (Sw) R. M. King et H. Rob.
Mikania hastata (L.) Mill.
Enallagma cucurbitina (L.) Baill.
Tabehuia angustata Britt.
Cordia sulcata DC.
Protium cubense (Rose) Urb.
Protium fragrans (Rose) Urb.
Clusia rosea Jacq.
Rheedia roscifolia Griseb.
Bucida buceras L.
Bucida spinosa (Nortrop.) Jenning
Fevilla cordifolia L.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Gymnanthes locida Sw.
Lasiocroton cordifolius Britt.et Wils.
Ricinus communis L.
Canavalia cubensis Griseb.
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F.Cook
B - 13
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Primary use
Frescura
Ornamental
Frescura
Otros usos
yerbaluisa
Medicinal
No me olvides
Ornamental
Quita dolor, flor de España, menta americana Medicinal
Orozoz
Medicinal
Oreganito
Condimentos
Medicinal
Verbena
Ornamental
Ornamental
Bejuco ubí
Medicinal
Colonia
Condimentos
Mariposa blanca
Ornamental
Gengibre
Medicinal
Puria
Madera casa
Lechero
Madera otros usos
Guano manaca
Otros usos
Palma real
Madera casa
Romerillo
Medicinal
Rompezaraguey
Medicinal
Trebolillo
Medicinal
Trebolillo
Medicinal
Guaco
Medicinal
Confitillo
Medicinal
Salvia
Medicinal
Guira
Madera otros usos
Maguiro
Medicinal
Roble blanco
Madera casa
Tabaco
Madera otros usos
Copal
Medicinal
Incienso
Madera casa
Apasote
Medicinal
Ocuje
Madera casa
Cupey
Madera otros usos
Manajú
Madera otros usos
Espuela de rey
Madera casa
Júcaro
Madera casa
Jucarillo
Madera casa
Jabilla
Medicinal
Caramaná
Medicinal
Aite
Madera casa
Cuaba amarila
Madera casa
Higuereta
Medicinal
Cayajabo
Medicinal
Bucaro
Madera otros usos
Júpiter
Madera casa
Common name
Family
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Malvaceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Piperaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Smilaceae
Sterculiaceae
Turneraceae
Ulmaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Families
Genera
Taxa
Cultivated
Wild
Genera
Nectandra
Ocotea
Ocotea
Hibiscus
Cedrela
Guarea
Swietenia
Chlorophora
Ficus
Pseudolmedia
Trophys
Syzygium
Piper
Colubrina
Gavania
Prunus
Prunus
Acrosynanthus
Casasia
Erithralis
Amyris
Zanthoxylum
Allophylus
Cupania
Smilax
Guazuma
Turnera
Celtis
Cornutia
Vitis
Taxa
Status
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Nectandra antillana Meins
Ocotea cuneata (Griseb.) Urb.
Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez.
Cedrela odorata L.
Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.
Piper aduncum L. subsp. aduncum
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.
Gavania polygama (Jacq.) Urb.
Prunus myrtifolius (L.) Urb.
Acrosynanthus trachyphyllus Standley
Casasia calophylla Griseb.
Erithralis fruticosa L.
Amyris balsamifera L.
Celtis trinervia Lam.
Cornutia pyramidata L.
Vitis tiliaefolia Humb.
82
204
258
196
62
B - 14
Common name
Boniato
Canelón
Curavara
Majagua
Cedro
Yamagua
Caoba
Futete
Jaguey
Macagua
Ramón de caballo
Pomarrosa
Guayoyo
Fuego
Jaboncillo
Almendrillo
Almendro
Jaragua
Lirio
Cuabilla
Cuaba
Ayúa
Palo caja
Guarano
Raiz de china
Guasima
Marilope
Hueso
Salvilla
Bejuco parra
Primary use
Madera casa
Madera otros usos
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Alimento animal
Madera otros usos
Medicinal
Madera casa
Bebida
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Bebida
Madera otros usos
Medicinal
Madera otros usos
Medicinal
Bebida
Sample Home gardens
Sample Home gardens
Sample
Home
garden
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
14
27
42
Owner
Community
Location
Altitude
Municipality
Province
Region
Longitude
Latitude
Rafael Oliva
Isidro Piloto
Placido C. Martínez
Andrés Requejo
Celestino Rivero
Eugenio Gutiérrez
Vicente Bocourt
José Bocourt
Manuel Gomez
Dora Bocourt
Vicente Martinez
Juan F. Babín
Mauricio Salabarría
José María Díaz
Victor Mena
Gregorio Calderón
Rosa Rodríguez
Sebastián I. González
María labrada
Hector Madruga
Silvio Velásquez
Francisco Rodríguez
Heriberto Soriano
Octavio A. San Martin
Zenaida Trujillo
Diego Arcalla
Alberto Rodríguez
Rafael Rodríguez
Felix Savón
Victor Savón
Luís Tabera
Gabriel Montero
José A. Rodríguez
Fermín Fidalgo
Rafael Pol
Emilio Pérez
Cristina Ramírez
La Flora
Rio Hondo
Rio Hondo
La Tumba
La Tumba
Rio Hondo
Rio Hondo
Los Tumbos
La Flora
Los Tumbos
La Flora
La Flora
Los Tumbos
El Cafetal
El Cafetal
El Cafetal
El Cafetal
La Tatagua
El Cacahual
Pepito Tey
Guaos
Guaos
Guaos
Guaos
El Cafetal
La Munición
La Munición
La Munición
La Munición
La Munición
La Munición
Vega Grande
La Munición
La Vuelta
Vega Grande
La Carolina
La Carolina
Fca. San José, Carretera Soroa
Fca. La Esperanza, Carretera Nueva Montaña
Fca. La Colmena, Carretera Nueva Montaña
Fca. La Gloria, Km 51 de la 8 Vías
Fca. Calderin, Coblet
Fca. San Nicolás, La Comadre
CCS Julio A. Mella
Fca. El Mameyal
Fca. San Jose Bencomo, Carambola
Fca. San Nicolás, La Comadre
Fca. San Jose Bencomo, Carambola
Barrio Candido, La Carretera
Fca. El Porvenir, La Comadre
El Cafetal, La Sierrita
Fca. Horno de Cal, El Cafetal
Fca. La Vega, La Tatagua
Cacahuall, La Sierrita
Batey Central Pepito Tey
Guaos
Guaos, El Naranjito
Guaos
Guaos
El Cafetal
La Escondida, La Munición
S/n, La Munición
Fca. Aguas Blancas, La Munición
Fca. La Pumarrosa
Fca Esperanza, La Munición
Fca. Toro, La Munición
S/n, Vega Grande
S/n, La Munición
S/n, La Vuelta
S/n, Vega Grande
Fca. La Caridad, La Carolina
S/n, La Carolina
10
210
288
45
40
237
215
204
125
206
115
93
210
210
200
190
490
30
158
60
54
61
73
67
220
720
752
775
790
800
760
770
600
580
700
462
437
Candelaria
Candelaria
Candelaria
Artemisa
Artemisa
Candelaria
Candelaria
San Cristóbal
Candelaria
Candelaria
Candelaria
Bahía Honda
Candelaria
Cumanayagua
Cumanayagua
Cumanayagua
Cumanayagua
Cumanayagua
Cumanayagua
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cumanayagua
Yateras
Yateras
Yateras
Yateras
Guantánamo
Yateras
Guantánamo
Yateras
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Yateras
Yateras
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Habana
Habana
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Pinar del Río
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Occidental
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
Oriental
-82.9867
-83.0775
-83.0908
-82.9044
-82.9050
-83.0808
-83.0689
-83.1075
-83.0144
-83.0867
-83.0128
-83.0021
-83.0914
-80.2478
-80.2486
-80.2353
-80.2481
-80.2405
-80.2778
-80.3364
-80.3078
-80.3081
-80.3189
-80.3211
-80.2506
-75.0511
-75.0472
-75.0522
-75.0533
-75.0644
-75.0606
-75.0772
-75.0461
-75.0792
-75.0825
-75.0567
-75.0264
22.7611
22.8183
22.8247
22.8306
22.8025
22.8175
22.8136
22.7964
22.7811
22.8164
22.7825
22.7814
22.8164
21.9936
21.9919
21.9817
21.8992
21.8851
21.9928
22.1286
22.1444
22.1400
22.1411
22.1411
21.9953
20.3958
20.4006
20.3847
20.4061
20.3994
20.3947
20.4253
20.3981
20.4386
20.4364
20.3639
20.3636
Eladio Cuza
Eduardo Diez
Centro-Occidente
Centro -Centro
Centro-Oriente
La Carolina
La Munición
Fca. El Paradero No. 2, El Baldor, La Carolina
Fca. El Sapote, La Munición
Sin localización
Sin localización
Sin localización
541
738
153
151
673
Yateras
Yateras
Candelaria
Cumanayagua
Yateras
Guantánamo
Guantánamo
Pinar del Rio
Cienfuegos
Guantánamo
Oriental
Oriental
Occidental
Central
Oriental
-75.0331
-75.0519
-83.0040
-80.2880
-75.0597
20.3481
20.3997
22.8000
22.0130
20.3939
B - 15
Plant Species - Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve and Cuchillas del Toa Biosphere Reserve
Plant species BRSR, BRCT
Family
Acanthaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Polypodiaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Araceae
Apocynaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Alliaceae
Aloaceae
Verbenaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Malvaceae
Asteraceae
Anacardiaceae
Bromeliaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Araceae
Araceae
Polygonaceae
Aizoaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Moraceae
Genera
Aphelandra
Abelmoschus
Abutilon
Acalypha
Acalypha
Adiantus
Agave
Agave
Aglaonoema
Allamanda
Allium
Allium
Allium
Allium
Allium
Allium
Allium
Aloe
Aloysia
Alpinia
Alpinia
Alternanthera
Alternanthera
Alternanthera
Alternanthera
Althaea
Ambrosia
Anacardium
Ananas
Angelonia
Annona
Annona
Annona
Anthurium
Anthurium
Antigonon
Aptenia
Arachis
Artemisia
Artocarpus
Taxa
Aphelandra sinclariana Nees
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet
Adiantus capillus-veneris L.
Agave angustifolia Haw. var. marginata Hort.
Agave sp.
Aglaonoema sp.
Allium cepa L.
Allium fistulosum L.
Allium porrum L.
Allium sativum L.
Allium tuberosum
Aloysia citriodora Palau
Alpinia purpurata Vieillard ex Schumann in Engler
Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel) Voss
Alternanthera paronychoides A. St. Hilaire 'Amoena'
Alternanthera peploides (Humb. et Bonpl.) Urb.
Alternanthera sp.
Althaea rosea Cav.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
Anacardium occidentale L.
Angelonia pilosella Kickx
Annona muricata L.
Annona squamosa L.
Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott
Anthurium sp.
Aptenia cordifolia Schwantes
Arachis hypogaea L.
Artemisia absintihium L.
Artocarpus communis J.R. et J. F. Foster
B - 16
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Afelandra
Quimbombó
Botón de oro
Rabo de gato
Acalifa
Culantrillo de pozo
Maguey
Flor de barbero
Cebolla
Cebolla corojo
Ajo porro
Cebollino, Ajo de jardín
Ajo porro
Ajo criollo
Cebollino, Ajo de montaña
Sábila
yerbaluisa
Alpinia roja
Colonia
Adorno de jardín
Alternantera
Tapón
Varita de San José
Artemisa
Marañón
Piña
No me olvides
Guanábana
Chirimoya
Anón
Anturio gigante
Malanga
Coralillo
Maní
Ajenjo
Arbol del pan
Primary use
Ornamental
Vegetal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Frutal
Frutal
Ornamental
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Medicinal
Otros usos
Family
Asclepiadaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Asteraceae
Oxalidaceae
Poaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Begoniaceae
Begoniaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Bromeliaceae
Bixaceae
Orchidaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Bromeliaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Crassulaceae
Burseraceae
Caesalpinaceae
Fabaceae
Araceae
Commelinaceae
Myrtaceae
Fabaceae
Cannaceae
Cannaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Caricaceae
Apocynaceae
Genera
Asclepias
Asparagus
Asparagus
Aster
Averrhoa
Bambusa
Bauhinia
Begonia
Begonia
Benincasa
Beta
Bidens
Bidens
Bilbergia
Bixa
Bletia
Bougainvillaea
Bougainvillaea
Brassica
Brassica
Bromelia
Brugmansia
Brugmansia
Brunfelsia
Brunfelsia
Bryenia
Bryophyllum
Bursera
Caesalpinia
Cajanus
Caladium
Callisa
Callistemon
Canavalia
Canna
Canna
Capraria
Capsicum
Capsicum
Capsicum
Carica
Cascabela
Taxa
Status
Asclepias curassavica L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Aster nov-belgii floribunda De May
Cultivada
Averrhoa bilimbi L.
Cultivada
Bambusa vulgaris Schrander ex Wendel.
Cultivada
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Cultivada
Begonia erytophylla Newman
Cultivada
Begonia sp.
Cultivada
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. in DC.
Cultivada
Beta vulgaris L.
Cultivada
Bidens leucantha Willd.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Bilbergia pyrmidalis (Sims) Lindl.
Cultivada
Bixa orellana L.
Cultivada
Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC.
Cultivada
Bougainvillaea glabra Choisy
Cultivada
Bougainvillaea spectabilis Willd.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata
Cultivada
Bromelia pinguin L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Brunfelsia jamaicensis Griseb.
Cultivada
Brunfelsia nitida Benth. in DC.
Cultivada
Bryenia disticha J.R.Forst et J.G. Forst
Cultivada
Cultivada
Bursera graveolens (Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth) Triana et Planch.
Cultivada
Caesalpina pulcherrima (L.) Sw.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Callisa repens L.
Cultivada
Callistemon speciosus DC.
Cultivada
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.
Cultivada
Canna indica L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Capraria biflora L.
Cultivada
Capsicum annuum L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Carica papaya L.
Cultivada
Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold
Cultivada
B - 17
Common name
Yerba de la calentura
Espárrago
Espárrago
Ramillete cubano
Pepinillo
Caña brava
Pata de vaca
Begonia
Begonia
Calabaza china
Remolacha
Romerillo de jardín
Romerillo
Bilbergia
Bija, achote
Candelaria
Buganvil
Bugnavil
Mostaza
Col, repollo
Piña de ratón
Campana
Campana
Galán de noche
Galán
Nevada
Siempreviva
Guacamaya
Gandul
Corazón de cabrito
Calisa
Calistemon
Nescafé
Platanillo de Cuba
Platanillo de Cuba
Maguiro
Ají de jardín
Ají cachucha
Ají guaguao
Fruta bomba
Cabalonga
Primary use
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Otros usos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Vegetal
Vegetal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Condimentos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Medicinal
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Bebida
Ornamental
Medicinal
Condimentos
Condimentos
Condimentos
Frutal
Medicinal
Family
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Casuarinaceae
Apocynaceae
Orchidaceae
Amaranthaceae
Cactaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Gesneriaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Chrysobalanaceae
Verbenaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Capparaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Liliaceae
Bignoniaceae
Polygonaceae
Arecaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Genera
Cassia
Cassia
Cassia
Casuarina
Catharanthus
Cattleya
Celosia
Cereus
Cestrum
Cestrum
Chrysanthemis
Chrysophyllum
Chrysophyllum
Chyrsobalanus
Citharexylum
Citrullus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Cleome
Clerodendrum
Clerodendrum
Clerodendrum
Clorophyton
Clystotoma
Coccoloba
Cocos
Codiaeum
Coffea
Coffea
Taxa
Cassia fistula L.
Cassia grandis L. f.
Cassia moschata Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth
Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J.R. et J. G. Foster
Cattleya sp.
Celosia argentea L.
Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill.
Cestrum diurnum L.
Cestrum nocturnum L.
Chrysanthemis pulchella (J. Donn ex Sims) Descasine
Chrysophyllum cainito L.
Chyrsobalanus icaco L.
Citharexylum ellipticum Sessé ex D. Don
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura et Nakai
Citrus aurantium L.
Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit.
Citrus limon Burm
Citrus limon Burm f. x Citrus medica L.
Citrus limonia Osbeck
Citrus madurensis Lour.
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.
Citrus medica L.
Citrus reshni (Engler) Tanaka
Citrus sp.
Citrus x paradisi Macf. in Hook.
Cleome sp.
Clerodendrum sp.
Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Gaert et Morren
Clerodendrum thomsonae Balf. f.
Clystotoma callistegioides Bur.
Coccoloba uvifera L.
Cocos nucifera L.
Coffea arabica L.
Coffea canephora Pierre ex Frochener var.robusta
B - 18
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Caña fístula
Cañandonga de hueso
Casuarina
Vicaria
Orquídea
Moco de pavo
Miramar
Galán de día
Galán de noche
Begonia
Caimito
Caimitillo
Icaco
Melón de agua
Limón criollo
Naranja agria
Bergamota
Lima de ombligo
Limón agrio, limón
Limón francés
Lima ranjour, limón dulce
Mandarina de San José
Toronja criolla, pomelo
Cidra
Mandarina Cleopatra
Mandarina
Naranja dulce
Toronja, grifu
Uña de gato
Coral
Claralisa
Mala madre
Ajo de Jardín
Uva caleta, uvero
Coco
Croto
Café
Café robusto
Primary use
Medicinal
Bebida
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Frutal
Frutal
Otros usos
Ornamental
Frutal
Condimentos
Condimentos
Medicinal
Frutal
Condimentos
Otros usos
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Otros usos
Medicinal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Frutal
Ornamental
Bebida
Bebida
Family
Araceae
Symphoremaceae
Tiliaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Asteraceae
Apiaceae
Costaceae
Costaceae
Costaceae
Bignoniaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Asteraceae
Acanthaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Lytrhaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Commelinaceae
Cycadaceae
Poaceae
Orchidaceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Araceae
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Verbenaceae
Arecaceae
Crassulaceae
Asteraceae
Genera
Colocasia
Congea
Corchorus
Cordyline
Cordyline
Coreopsis
Coriandrum
Costus
Costus
Costus
Crescentia
Crinum
Crinum
Critonia
Crossandra
Cucumis
Cucumis
Cucurbita
Cuphea
Curcuma
Curcuma
Cyanetis
Cycas
Cymbopogon
Cyrtopodium
Dahlia
Datura
Daucus
Daucus
Delonix
Dianthus
Dianthus
Dieffenbachia
Dioscorea
Dioscorea
Dioscorea
Dracaena
Dracaena
Duranta
Dypsis
Echeveria
Egletes
Taxa
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott et Endl.
Congea tomentosa Roxb.
Corchorus siliquosus L.
Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall
Coriandrum sativum L.
Costus sp.
Costus speciosus (Koening) J. E. Smith
Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Roscoe
Crinum sp.
Critonia aromatissans (DC.) R.M. King H. Rob.
Crossandra infundibiliformis Nees.
Cucumis melo L.
Cucumis sativus L.
Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth
Curcuma longa L
Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe
Cyanetis somalensis C. B. Clarke
Cycas revoluta L.
Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.)Lindl.
Dahlia pinnata Cav.
Datura metel L. var. fastuosa (Bernh.) Danert
Daucus carota L.
Daucus carota L. subsp. sativa (Hoffm.) Schuelb. et Mart.
Dianthus caryophyllus L.
Dianthus chinensis L.
Dioscorea alata L.
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Dracaena marginata Lam.
Dracaena sanderiana Hort. Sanders ex M. T. Masters
Duranta repens L.
Dypsis lutescens (Bory) W. Wendl.
Echeveria pallida E. Walth.
Egletes viscosa (L.) Less
B - 19
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Malanga
Lluvia de orquídeas
Platanillo
Cordiline
Cuba Libre
Estrella del norte
Culantro
Caña mejicana
Caña americana, cañuela santa
Caña mejicana
Guira
Lirio
Lirio de cinta
Trebol
Crosandra
Melón de castilla
Pepino
Calabaza
Cufia
Raiz de madrás, cúrcuma, yuquilla
Cucaracha peluda
Alcanfor
Caña santa
Cañuela
Dalia
Chamico morado
Encaje de la reina
Flamboyant
Clavel
Clavel
Dicha
Ñame
Ñame, ñame volador
Ñame amarillo
Palmita
Dracaena
No me olvides
Areca
Manzanilla
Primary use
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Otros usos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Ornamental
Otros usos
Vegetal
Vegetal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Vegetal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Family
Pontederiaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Fabaceae
Apiaceae
Zingiberaceae
Liliaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Moraceae
Apiaceae
Malpighiaceae
Rubiaceae
Boraginaceae
Asteraceae
Iridaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Amaranthaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Acanthaceae
Asteraceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Heliconiaceae
Heliconiaceae
Liliaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Genera
Eichhornia
Encyclia
Encyclia
Epidendrum
Epidendrum
Epidendrum
Episcia
Episcia
Erythrina
Eryngium
Etlingera
Eucharis
Euphorbia
Euphorbia
Euphorbia
Euphorbia
Euphorbia
Euphorbia
Ficus
Foeniculum
Galphimia
Gardenia
Gerascanthus
Gerbera
Gladiolus
Gliricidia
Glycine
Gomphrena
Gossypium
Gossypium
Graptophyllum
Gynura
Hedychium
Hedychium
Helenium
Helenium
Helianthus
Heliconia
Heliconia
Hemerocallis
Hibiscus
Hibiscus
Taxa
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.
Encyclia phoenicea (Lindl.) Cogn.
Encyclia sp.
Epidendrum difforme Jacq.
Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq.
Epidendrum secundum Jacq.
Episcia cupreatra (Hook.) Hanstein
Episcia lilacina Hanstein
Eryhtrina berteroana Urb.
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith
Eucharis grandiflora Planch. et Lindl.
Euphorbia lactea Haw.
Euphorbia leucocephala ritr
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzm
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Euphorbia trigona Haw.
Ficus sp.
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Galphimia gracilis Bartl.
Gardenia augusta (L.) Merrill
Gerascanthus coloccocus (L.) Borhidi
Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex J. D. Hook.
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Gossypium hirsutum L.
Gossypium sp.
Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griffith
Gynura aurantica (Blume) DC.
Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe
Helianthus annuus L.
Heliconia rostrata Ruiz et Pavón
Heliconia wagneriana Petersen
Hibiscus pernambucencis Arruda
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
B - 20
Common name
Jacinto de agua
Flor de San Pedro
Orquídea
Orquídea
Flor de San Pedro
Orquídea
Barba de Aarón
Barba de Aarón
Piñón de conejo
Culantro
Bastón del Emperador
Estrella americana
Ataja negro
Euphorbia
Corona de Cristo
Flor de pascua
Palito chino
Corona de la reina
Hinojo
Granito de oro
Gardenia
Ateje
Margarita japonesa
Gladiolo
Jupiter
Soya
San Diego
Algodón
Algodón
Guacamayo
Mariposa blanca
Mariposa amarilla
Manzanilla
Manzanilla
Giarasol
Heliconia
Heliconia
Lirio turco
Majagua
Marpacífico
Primary use
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Condimentos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Granos
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Ornamental
Family
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Verbenaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Convolvulaceae
Amaranthaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Oleaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Zingiberaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Asteraceae
Lytrhaceae
Lamiaceae
Brassicaceae
Mimosaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Malvaceae
Cactaceae
Clusiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Genera
Hibiscus
Hibiscus
Hippeastrum
Holmskioldia
Hoya
Hydrangea
Hymenocallis
Impatiens
Impatiens
Ipomoea
Iresine
Ixora
Ixora
Jasminum
Jatropha
Jatropha
Jatropha
Jatropha
Jatropha
Jatropha
Justicia
Justicia
Kaempferia
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Lactuca
Lagerstroemia
Lantana
Lepidium
Leucaena
Lippia
Lippia
Luffa
Lycopersicon
Lycopersicon
Malvabiscus
Mamillaria
Mammea
Mangifera
Manihot
Taxa
Status
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Cultivada
Hibiscus schizopetalus L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz.
Cultivada
Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br.
Cultivada
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunberg) Seringe
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Iresine herbstii Hook.
Cultivada
Ixora coccinea L.
Cultivada
Ixora twaithesii Hook. f.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Jatropha aethiopica Muell. Arg.
Cultivada
Jatropha curcas L.
Cultivada
Jatropha gossypifolia L.
Cultivada
Jatropha multifida L.
Cultivada
Jatropha ritrinama Jacq.
Cultivada
Jatropha urens L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Justicia pectoralis Jacq. var. stenopylla Leonard
Cultivada
Kaempferia rotunda L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Kalanchoe sp.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Lactuca sativa L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Lantana sp.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit
Cultivada
Cultivada
Lippia micromera Schau. In DC.
Cultivada
Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Alef Cultivada
Cultivada
Mamillaria prolifera (Mill.) Haw.
Cultivada
Mammea americana L.
Cultivada
Mangifera indica L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
B - 21
Common name
Primary use
Serení
Medicinal
Farolito chino
Ornamental
Kuntze, Taraco
Ornamental
Paragüita chino
Ornamental
Flor de cera
Ornamental
Bella Hortensia
Ornamental
Lirio sanjuanero
Ornamental
Madama
Ornamental
Madama china
Ornamental
Boniato
Molleja
Ornamental
Santa Rita
Ornamental
Ixora blanca
Ornamental
Jazmín
Ornamental
Chaya, mata diabetes
Ornamental
Piñón botija
Ornamental
Frailecillo, tuatua
Otros usos
Ceibilla
Medicinal
Peregrina
Ornamental
Chaya
Cerca viva
Tilo
Medicinal
Tilo o tila
Medicinal
Gengibre
Ornamental
Santa Bárbara
Ornamental
Siempre viva
Ornamental
Majá
Ornamental
Majá
Ornamental
Lechuga
Vegetal
Júpiter
Ornamental
Filigrana
Ornamental
Mastuerzo
Medicinal
Pinito
Alimento animal
Quita dolor, flor de España, menta americana
Medicinal
Oreganito
Condimentos
Estropajo
Otros usos
Tomate de ensalada, placero, guiritoVegetal
Tomate cimarrón
Condimentos
Ornamental
Mamilaria
Ornamental
Frutal
Mango
Frutal
Yuca
Family
Sapotaceae
Marantaceae
Meliaceae
Sapindaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Asteraceae
Moringaceae
Rutaceae
Musaceae
Musaceae
Polypodiaceae
Apocynaceae
Solanaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Acanthaceae
Orchidaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Lamiaceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Bombacaceae
Passifloraceae
Passifloraceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Geraniaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Poaceae
Rubiaceae
Piperaceae
Genera
Manilkara
Maranta
Melia
Melicoccus
Mentha
Mentha
Mentha
Merremia
Mirabilis
Momordica
Montanoa
Moringa
Murraya
Musa
Musa
Nephrolepis
Nerium
Nicotiana
Ocimum
Ocimum
Ocimum
Odontonema
Oncidium
Opuntia
Opuntia
Opuntia
Opuntia
Opuntia
Origanum
Oritrina
Oryza
Pachira
Passiflora
Passiflora
Pavonia
Pavonia
Pedilanthus
Pelargonium
Peltophorum
Pennisetum
Pentas
Peperomia
Taxa
Manilkara sapota (L.) van Royen
Melia azedarach L.
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.
Mentha spicata L.
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.
Mentha x piperita L.
Merremia tuberosa (L.) Rendle in Dyer
Mirabilis jalapa L.
Momordica charantia L. subsp. abreviata (Ser.) Grebense
Montanoa hibiscifolia C. Koch.
Moringa oleifera Lam.
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq.
Musa acuminata Colla
Nephrolepis exaltata Schott
Nerium oleander L.
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Ocimum basilicum L.
Ocimum gratissimum L.
Oncidium luridum (Sw.) Salisb.
Opuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Haw.
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.
Opuntia sp.
Oritrina variegata var. orientalis (L.) Merr. in Stichm.
Oryza sativa L.
Pachira aquatica Aubl.
Passiflora quadrangularis L.
Pavonia fruticosa (Mill.) Fawc. et Rendle
Pavonia thyphalea (L.) Cav.
Pelargonium sp.
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Hen
Pennisetum purpureum Schum.
Pentas lanceolata (Fors.) Deflers
B - 22
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Sapote
Sagú
Paraiso
Mamoncillo
Hieba buena
Menta
Menta inglesa, toronjil
Flor de madera
Maravilla
Cundeamor
Montanoa
Falso hilo, acacia, palo jeringa
Muraya
Plátano congo
Plátano
Helecho
Adelfa
Tabaco
Albahaca
Oregano cimarron
Albahaca morada
Oreja de burro
Tuna
Tuna mansa
Tuna
Tuna brava
Mejorana
Piñón
Arroz
Carolina
Maracuyá
Ceibey, maracuyá
Tábano
Guizazo de perro
Itamo real
Geranio
Framboyán amarillo
Hierba elefante
Pentas
Charol
Primary use
Frutal
Medicinal
Frutal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Frutal
Frutal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Medicinal
Medicinal
Condimentos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Granos
Ornamental
Bebida
Bebida
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Family
Piperaceae
Lauraceae
Apiaceae
Orchidaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Araceae
Verbenaceae
Urticaceae
Urticaceae
Myrtaceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Fabaceae
Plantaginaceae
Cupressaceae
Polypodiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Polemoniaceae
Asteraceae
Plumbaginaceae
Apocynaceae
Bignoniaceae
Lamiaceae
Agavaceae
Araliaceae
Araliaceae
Portulacaceae
Portulacaceae
Portulacaceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Rosaceae
Myrtaceae
Punicaceae
Combretaceae
Brassicaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Genera
Peperomia
Persea
Petroselinum
Phaius
Phaseolus
Phaseolus
Philodendron
Phylla
Pilea
Pilea
Pimenta
Piper
Piper
Piper
Pisum
Plantago
Platycarpus
Platycerium
Plectranthus
Plectranthus
Plox
Pluchea
Plumbago
Plumeria
Podranea
Pogostemon
Polianthes
Polyscias
Polyscias
Portulaca
Portulaca
Portulaca
Potomorphe
Potomorphe
Pouteria
Pouteria
Prunus
Psidium
Punica
Quisqualis
Raphanus
Ricinus
Taxa
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym.
Phaius thankervillae (Banks) Blume
Philodendron sp.
Phylla scaberrima (Juss. ex Pers.) Moldenke
Pilea involucrata
Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.
Piper aduncum L. subsp. ossanum (C.DC.) Trel.
Piper auritum Humb.; Bonp. et Kunth
Piper sp.
Pisum sativun L.
Plantago major L.
Platycarpus orientalis (L.) Franco
Platycerium alciforme Desv.
Plox drumondii Hook. in Curtis
Plumbago auriculata Lam.
Plumeria rubra L.
Podranea riacasolina (Tanf.) in Sprague
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.
Polianthes tuberosa L.
Polyscias sp.
Polysicias guilfoley (Bull) L.H.Bailey
Portulaca pilosa L.
Potomorphe sp.
Potomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.
Pouteria campechiana (Humb., Bonpl. et Kunt) Baehni
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.
Psidium guajava L.
Punica granatum L.
Raphanus sativus L.
Ricinus communis L.
B - 23
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Hierba de hombre
Aguacate
Perejil
Orquídea
Frijol caballero
Frijol
Malanga
Orozoz
Frescura
Frescura
Pimienta gorda
Platanillo de Cuba
Anisón
Chícharo
Llantén
Cabeza de reno
Orégano francés
Mata del dinero
Primavera
Salvia
Embeleso
Súcheli
Pachuli
Azucena
Aralia
Aralia
Diez del día
Diez del día
Caisimón
Caisimón
Canistel
Melocotón
Guayaba
Granada
Piscuala
Rábanp
Higuereta
Primary use
Medicinal
Frutal
Condimentos
Ornamental
Granos
Granos
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Granos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Ornamental
Cerca viva
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Frutal
Ornamental
Vegetal
Medicinal
Family
Rosaceae
Lamiaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Rutaceae
Poaceae
Lamiaceae
Capparaceae
Acanthaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Lamiaceae
Orchidaceae
Araceae
Cucurbitaceae
Crassulaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Pedaliaceae
Brassicaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Lamiaceae
Poaceae
Orchidaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Verbenaceae
Araceae
Myrtaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Asteraceae
Caesalpinaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Combretaceae
Sterculiaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Lamiaceae
Iridaceae
Asteraceae
Genera
Rosa
Rosmarinus
Ruselia
Ruta
Saccharum
Salvia
Sambucus
Sanchezia
Sansevieria
Sansevieria
Satureja
Schomburgkia
Scindapsis
Sechium
Sedum
Senna
Senna
Sesamum
Sinapis
Solanum
Solanum
Solanum
Solenostemon
Sorghum
Spathoglottis
Spondias
Spondias
Stachytarpheta
Syngonium
Syzygium
Tabernaemontana
Tabernaemontana
Tagetes
Tamarindus
Teloxys
Terminalia
Theobroma
Thunbergia
Thunbergia
Thymus
Tigridia
Tithonia
Taxa
Rosa sp.
Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Ruta chalepensis L.
Salvia tenella Sw.
Sambucus mexicana K. B. Presl. ex DC.
Sanchezia nobilis Hook. f. var. glaucophylla
Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain 'Helnii'
Satureja brownei (Sw.) Briq.
Scindapsis aureus Engl.
Sedum morganianum E. Walth.
Senna alata (L.) Roxb.
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.
Sesamum orientale L.
Sinapis alba L.
Solanum americanum Mill.
Solanum melongena L.
Solanum seaforthianum Andr.
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
Spathoglottis plicata Blume
Spondias mombin L.
Syngonium auritum (L.) Schot in Schott et Endl.
Tabernaemontana citrifolia L.
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br.
Tagetes erecta L.
Tamarindus indica L.
Terminalia catappa L.
Theobroma cacao L.
Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anders.
Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rutt.) Roxb.
Thymus vulgaris L.
Tigridia pavonia Ker.
Tithonia diversifolia Hesml.
B - 24
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Common name
Rosa
Romero
Lágrimas de Cupido
Ruda
Caña de azucar
Amargosa
Saúco blanco
Sankesia
Lengua de vaca
Lengua de vaca enana
Menta
Buho
Malanguita de jardín
Chayote
Granito de arroz
Guacamaya francesa
Sena
Ajonjolí
Mostaza
Yerba mora
Berenjena
Jazmín
Manto
Sorgo
Orquídea
Jobo
Ciruela
Malanga
Albaricoque, pera
Jazmín café
Jazmín de montaña
Carolá
Tamarindo
Apasote
Almendro de la india
Cacao
Mainereta
Fauto
Tomillo
Avispa
Margarita angolana
Primary use
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Otros usos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Vegetal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Medicinal
Otros usos
Condimentos
Medicinal
Vegetal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Alimento animal
Ornamental
Otros usos
Frutal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Frutal
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Frutal
Medicinal
Frutal
Otros usos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Condimentos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Family
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Meliaceae
Tropaeolaceae
Turneraceae
Arecaceae
Verbenaceae
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Violaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Haemodoraceae
Poaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Zingiberaceae
Asteraceae
Mimosaceae
Rubiaceae
Sapindaceae
Rutaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Burseraceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Clusiaceae
Rubiaceae
Arecaceae
Fabaceae
Genera
Tradescantia
Tradescantia
Tradescantia
Trichilia
Tropaeolum
Turnera
Veitchia
Verbena
Vetiveria
Vigna
Vigna
Vigna
Viola
Vitex
Vitex
Vitex
Vitis
Xanthosoma
Xanthosoma
Xanthosoma
Xiphidium
Zea
Zephyranthes
Zephyranthes
Zingiber
Zinnia
Acacia
Acrosynanthus
Allophylus
Amyris
Andira
Bidens
Bucida
Bucida
Bucida
Bursera
Caesalpinia
Caesalpinia
Calophyllum
Calycophyllum
Calyptrogine
Canavalia
Taxa
Status
Cultivada
Cultivada
Tradescantia zebrina Bosse
Cultivada
Trichilia glabra L.
Cultivada
Tropaeolum majus L.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Veitchia merillii (Becc.) H. E. Moore
Cultivada
Verbena sp.
Cultivada
Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash in Small
Cultivada
Cultivada
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subs. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.Cultivada
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., subsp. unguiculata
Cultivada
Viola odorata L.
Cultivada
Vitex agnus-castus L.
Cultivada
Vitex sp.
Cultivada
Vitex trifolia L.
Cultivada
Vitis vinifera L.
Cultivada
Xanthosoma atrovirens Koch et Bouche
Cultivada
Xanthosoma nigrum (Vell.) Mansf.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.
Cultivada
Zea mays L.
Cultivada
Zephyranthes puerotricensis Traub.
Cultivada
Zephyranthes rosea Lindl.
Cultivada
Cultivada
Cultivada
Acacia farneciana (L.) Willd.
Silvestre
Acrosynanthus trachyphyllus Standley
Silvestre
Silvestre
Amyris balsamifera L.
Silvestre
Andira jamaicensis (W. Wr.) Urb.
Silvestre
Bidens pilosa L.
Silvestre
Bucida buceras L.
Silvestre
Bucida sp.
Silvestre
Bucida spinosa (Nortrop.) Jenning
Silvestre
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.
Silvestre
Caesalpinia bahamensis Lam.
Silvestre
Caesalpinia vesicaria L.
Silvestre
Silvestre
Calycophyllum candidissimum DC
Silvestre
Calyptrogine dulcis H. Wend.
Silvestre
Canavalia cubensis Griseb.
Silvestre
B - 25
Common name
Cucaracha morada
Cordován
Cucaracha
Siguaraya
Calabacita de jardín
Marilope
Palma Miami
Verbena
Vetiver
Frijol picolina
Habichuela china
Violeta
Vencedor
Uva
Malanga amarilla
Malanga morada
Malanga
Mandelamina
Maiz
Brujita blanca
Brujita rosada
Gengibre
Clavelón
Aroma
Jaragua
Palo caja
Cuaba
Yaba
Romerillo
Júcaro
Júcaro
Jucarillo
Almácigo
Brasilete
Brasil
Ocuje
Dagame
Guano manaca
Cayajabo
Primary use
Ornamental
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Ornamental
Otros usos
Vegetal
Vegetal
Granos
Medicinal
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Bebida
Ornamental
Medicinal
Granos
Ornamental
Ornamental
Medicinal
Ornamental
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera otros usos
Medicinal
Madera casa
Melifera
Otros usos
Medicinal
Family
Canellaceae
Rubiaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Moraceae
Meliaceae
Ulmaceae
Moraceae
Asteraceae
Vitaceae
Clusiaceae
Rhamnaceae
Boraginaceae
Verbenaceae
Sapindaceae
Cyperaceae
Mimosaceae
Bignoniaceae
Rubiaceae
Fabaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Asteraceae
Cucurbitaceae
Moraceae
Clusiaceae
Rhamnaceae
Boraginaceae
Malvaceae
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllaceae
Meliaceae
Sterculiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Rubiaceae
Meliaceae
Malvaceae
Asteraceae
Euphorbiaceae
Verbenaceae
Genera
Canella
Casasia
Casearia
Cecropia
Cedrela
Celtis
Chlorophora
Chrosmolaena
Cissus
Clusia
Colubrina
Cordia
Cornutia
Cupania
Cyperus
Dichrostachys
Enallagma
Erithralis
Erythrina
Erythroxylon
Erythroxylon
Erythroxylon
Eucalyptus
Eugenia
Eupatorium
Fevilla
Ficus
Garcinia
Gavania
Gerascanthus
Gossypium
Guajacum
Guajacum
Guarea
Guazuma
Gymnanthes
Hamelia
Hibiscus
Hibiscus
Koanophyllum
Lasiocroton
Lippia
Taxa
Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.
Casasia calophylla Griseb.
Casearia sylvestris Sw.
Cecropia schreberiana Miq.
Cedrela odorata L.
Celtis trinervia Lam.
Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.
Chrosmolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King et H. Rob.
Clusia rosea Jacq.
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.
Cordia sulcata DC.
Cornutia pyramidata L.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight. Et Arnot.
Enallagma cucurbitina (L.) Baill.
Erithralis fruticosa L.
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F.Cook
Erythroxilom sp.
Erythroxylon confusum Britt.
Erythroxylon havanensis Jacq.
Eucalyptus sp.
Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd.
Eupatorium villosum Sw.
Fevilla cordifolia L.
Gavania polygama (Jacq.) Urb.
Gerascanthus gerascanthoides (L.) Borhidi
Gossypium arboreum L.
Guajacum officinale L.
Guajacum sanctum L.
Gymnanthes locida Sw.
Hamelia patens Jacq.
Hibiscus elatus Sw.
Koanophyllum villosum (Sw) R. M. King et H. Rob.
Lasiocroton cordifolius Britt.et Wils.
B - 26
Status
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Common name
Palo malambo
Lirio
Sarnilla
Yagruma
Cedro
Hueso
Futete
Rompezaraguey
Bejuco ubí
Cupey
Fuego
Tabaco
Salvilla
Guara
Caramaná
Marabú
Maguiro
Yajabico
Bucaro
Arabo
Arabo
Jibá
Eucalipto
Guairaje
Trebolillo
Jabilla
Jaguey colorado
Manajú
Jaboncillo
Varia
Algodón
Guayacán
Guacayancillo
Yamao
Guasima
Aite
Ponasí
Majagua
Majagua
Trebolillo
Cuaba amarila
Orozoz
Primary use
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera otros usos
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera otros usos
Madera casa
Madera otros usos
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera cercas
Madera otros usos
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Bebida
Madera otros usos
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Family
Sapotaceae
Sapindaceae
Asteraceae
Cucurbitaceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Euphorbiaceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Fabaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Polypodiaceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Moraceae
Apocynaceae
Clusiaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Mimosaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Smilaceae
Smilaceae
Solanaceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Myrtaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Verbenaceae
Boraginaceae
Meliaceae
Moraceae
Convolvulaceae
Genera
Mastichodendron
Matayba
Mikania
Momordica
Nectandra
Ocotea
Ocotea
Oxandra
Oxandra
Panicum
Parthenium
Pera
Piper
Piper
Piscidia
Poeppigia
Polypodium
Protium
Protium
Prunus
Prunus
Pseudolmedia
Rauvolfia
Rheedia
Rhizophora
Roystonea
Sabal
Samanea
Senna
Smilax
Smilax
Solanum
Swietenia
Swietenia
Syzygium
Tabehuia
Tabehuia
Tectonia
Tournefortia
Trichilia
Trophys
Turbina
Taxa
Mastichodendron foetidissimum Jacq.
Matayba opoositifolia (A. Rich.) Britt.
Mikania hastata (L.) Mill.
Momordica charantia L.
Nectandra antillana Meins
Ocotea cuneata (Griseb.) Urb.
Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez.
Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Benth.
Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A.Rich.
Panicum maximum Jacq.
Pera bumeliifolia Griseb.
Piper aduncum L.
Piper aduncum L. subsp. aduncum
Piscidia piscipula L.
Poeppigia procesa Presl.
Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitchc.
Protium cubense (Rose) Urb.
Protium fragrans (Rose) Urb.
Prunus myrtifolius (L.) Urb.
Rauvolfia salicifolia Griseb.
Rheedia roscifolia Griseb.
Rhizophora mangle L.
Sabal florida Becc.
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.
Smilax sp.
Solanum torvum Sw.
Swietenia macrophylla King
Tabehuia angustata Britt.
Tabehuia sp.
Tectonia grandis L.
Tournefortia hirsotissima L.
Trichilia hirta L.
Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf.
Status
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
B - 27
Common name
Jocuma
Macurije
Guaco
Cundeamor
Boniato
Caneón
Curavara
Algarrobo, yaya
Puria
Hierba de guinea
Escoba amarga
Jiquí
Platanillo de Cuba
Guayoyo
Candelón
Tengue
Doradilla
Copal
Incienso
Almendrillo
Cuajaní
Macagua
Lechero
Espuela de rey
Mangle
Palma real
Palma cana
Algarrobo
Yerba hedionda
Raiz de china
Zarzaparrilla
Pendejera
Caoba hondureña
Caobilla
Pomarrosa
Roble blanco
Roble
Teca
Nigua
Cabo de hacha
Ramon de caballo
Campanilla
Primary use
Madera casa
Otros usos
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera otros usos
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Otros usos
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Madera casa
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera otros usos
Melifera
Family
Urticaceae
Boraginaceae
Vitaceae
Asteraceae
Rutaceae
Flacourtiaceae
familias
generos
taxa
cultivadas
silvestres
Genera
Urera
Varronia
Vitis
Xanthium
Zanthoxylum
Zuelania
Taxa
Status
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud.
Varronia globosa (Jacq.) Borhidi
Vitis tiliaefolia Humb.
Xanthium strumarium L.
Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. Et Mills.
107
352
508
402
106
B - 28
Common name
Chichicate
Yerba de la sangre
Bejuco parra
Guizazo de caballo
Ayúa
Guajaní
Primary use
Medicinal
Medicinal
Bebida
Medicinal
Madera casa
Madera casa
Summary table of Plant Species
Families
Genera
taxa
cultivated
wild
Western Cuba
No
%
91
85.05
235
66.76
320
62.99
270
84.38
50
15.63
Central Cuba
No
%
90
84.11
238
67.61
315
62.01
281
89.21
34
10.79
Eastern Cuba
No
%
82
76.64
204
57.95
258
50.79
196
75.97
62
24.03
Total
No
107
352
508
402
106
%
100.00
100.00
100.00
79.13
20.87
B - 29
ANNEX C. Cuba’s National System of Protected Areas.
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE AREAS PROTEGIDAS DE CUBA: Desarrollo del Sistema y
Plan Estratégico
ABSTRACT:
Cuba’s National System of Protected Areas: its development and strategic plan
The paper reviews the historical evolution and status of Cuba’s national system of protected areas.
Key tables and maps present the total area under protection and the conservation and management
regimes that pertain to the different areas. The paper provides a brief description of the edaphic and
geographic conditions in Cuba 109,886 km2 distributed over 1600 islands and cays in the Greater
Antilles. The diverse ecosystems are highlighted- tropical mountains, hillsides and plains with three
major mountain chains cutting across the main island. Cuba’ National Protected Area Systems
(SNAP) traces its origin to 1930 with the establishment of a protected habitat for flamingoes. With
the Revolution in 1959, a decree established the legal basis for protected area conservation,
focusing primarily on forests and habitats for endangered species. The Agrarian Reform Law of
1963 recognized the importance of ecosystem conservation and set aside additional areas for
protection. Cuba established the National Systems of Natural and Cultural Areas in 1974 with
support from FAO and UNDP. In 1981, Law #33 established a national policy on Environmental
Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources that provided the legal basis for a consolidated
national protected area system with articles 78 and 79 creating the legal structure of SNAP. In 1985
UNESCO accords Biosphere Reserve status to the first two protected areas in Cuba leading to the
eventual total of 6 MaB Reserves achieved in 2004. In 1994 the Ministry of Science, Technology,
and Environment (CITMA) was created and the SNAP was placed under the CITMA with the
national centre for Protected Areas (CNAP) providing the policy, organization and management for
the national system. There are presently 53 protected areas in Cuba distributed among categories 16 of IUCN’s protected area management typology. The bulk of the area under protection falls
within the designated MaB Reserves. The two ministries directly charged with protected area
management are CITMA and the Ministry of Agriculture with involvement from the Ministry of
Tourism and FARC territorial defense. A much smaller proportion of the systems is managed by
local authorities and civil society organizations. The first SNAP Strategic Plan covered the period
2003-2008. The current SNAP strategic Plan covers 2009-2013 and has 14 programmes to
implement 10 strategic objectives that the paper presents in detail. The bulk of the area under
protection is also designated for sustainable use of biodiversity and is closely linked to national
development goals and enhancing the value of Cuba’s natural and cultural patrimony.
INTRODUCCION
El archipiélago cubano está formado por más de 1 600 islas, islotes y cayos, ubicados entre los
23º17´09´´- 19º49´36´´ de latitud norte y los 74º07´55´´- 84º57´54´´ de longitud oeste, con una
extensión total de 109 886 km2, rodeado por cuatro grupos insulares: Los Colorados y SabanaCamagüey (al norte) y Jardines de la Reina y Los Canarreos (al sur). Este último archipiélago
posee, la isla más extensa después de la Isla de Cuba, nombrada Isla de la Juventud, con 2 419 km2
(Comisión Nacional de Nombres Geográficos, 2000).
El relieve se destaca por su complejidad y diversidad, constituido por montañas, alturas y llanuras,
ocupando estas últimas la mayor parte del territorio nacional. Los grupos orográficos más
importantes son la cordillera de Guaniguanico en la región occidental, el macizo de Guamuahaya en
C-1
la región central y los macizos de Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa y la Sierra Maestra en la región oriental. En
la Sierra Maestra se encuentra la mayor elevación de Cuba, el Pico Real del Turquino con 1 974
msnm (ONE, 2007). En la Isla de la Juventud, la elevación más alta se encuentra en la Sierra de la
Cañada con 303 msnm y en Cayo Romano, tercera isla de Cuba en extensión, la mayor altura es la
Silla de Romano con 62 msnm.
La mayor parte de los suelos de Cuba son calizos, dado el predominio de las rocas carbonatadas en
todo el país (65 %), los menos desarrollados se encuentran en las zonas montañosas, mientras en las
llanuras se destacan los arcillosos.
La isla de Cuba, por su forma larga y estrecha, presenta una peculiar hidrología que se divide en dos
grandes vertientes, norte y sur, separada por un parteaguas central que atraviesa todo el territorio.
Los ríos más largos son el Cauto, Zaza, Sagua la Grande, Caonao y Toa. La mayor parte de los ríos
se encuentran embalsados, siendo los mayores embalses el del Zaza y el del Alacranes. En la Isla de
la Juventud la red hidrográfica es radial por su forma de domo (Comisión Nacional de Nombres
Geográficos, 2000).
En Cuba los paisajes, a diferencia del resto de las Antillas Mayores, se caracterizan por un amplio
predominio de las llanuras y de los paisajes desarrollados en rocas carbonatadas y la preponderancia
de las montañas bajas húmedas, mientras que las montañas medias solo ocupan el 1 % del territorio
(Mateo, 1989).
ORIGEN Y EVOLUCIÓN DEL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS
El primer territorio legalmente establecido en Cuba como área protegida fue el Parque Nacional
Sierra del Cristal, situado en los términos municipales de Mayarí y Sagua de Tánamo, de la
entonces provincia de Oriente, el 12 de abril de 1930 por el Decreto Presidencial 487/1930. El
fundamento de su creación (actualmente conocido como Parque Nacional Pico Cristal) fue su valor
como reserva forestal, por el valor de las maderas y el grado de conservación de los bosques de
pinares presentes en ella.
Con posterioridad el Decreto 803/1933, declaró una Reserva Nacional para flamencos en la costa
norte de la provincia de Camagüey, incluyendo los cayos, con la prohibición de matar o apresar a
estas aves. El Decreto 1370/1936, declaró como Refugio Nacional de Caza y Pesca a toda la
Ciénaga de Zapata.
En el año 1959 el gobierno revolucionario aprueba la Ley 239/59, que a través del Departamento de
Repoblación Forestal tenía como finalidad conservar, proteger y fomentar la riqueza forestal de la
nación y que en su Artículo 20 crea nueve Parques Nacionales (Cuchillas del Toa, Gran Piedra,
Sierra Maestra, Escambray, Laguna del Tesoro, Los Órganos, Guanahacabibes, Ciénaga de Lanier y
Sierra de Cubitas) a lo largo del país, prohibiéndose en ellos la destrucción de la vegetación y de la
fauna.
En los años 60 con el objetivo de proteger y profundizar en el conocimiento de nuestros recursos
naturales, mediante la Resolución No. 412/1963, del Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria, se
declaran como Reservaciones Naturales conocidas como El Veral y Cabo Corrientes en Pinar del
Río, Jaguaní y Cupeyal del Norte en las provincias orientales, y en 1966 a Cayo Caguanes, al norte
de Sancti Spiritus.
En 1973, a través de un proyecto internacional del INDAF, en colaboración con el Programa de las
Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la
C-2
Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO) con el fin de fortalecer diferentes aspectos del sector forestal
del país, se solicitó una consultoría a esta última entidad, para desarrollar la actividad de Parques
Nacionales y Vida Silvestre. En el marco de este proyecto, en mayo de 1973, visita a Cuba el
consultor Kenton Miller (actualmente asesor de la Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas), quien
contribuyó a crear un marco conceptual para la planificación de forma general y particular en
relación a las áreas protegidas, introduciéndose nuevos conceptos, términos, nomenclatura y
principios. Se recomendó por primera vez una estrategia para la creación, manejo y desarrollo de un
“sistema nacional de áreas naturales y culturales en Cuba” (FAO, 1974).
Se apoyó además el concepto de una Comisión Nacional ínter organismos, que se encargara del
tema. Estos y muchos otros aspectos, incluyendo la propuesta de un grupo importante de áreas de
elevados valores naturales y culturales y de significación nacional, aparecen reflejados en el
Informe preparado para el Gobierno de Cuba por la FAO, basado en la labor del consultor K. R.
Miller (FAO, 1974).
En el año 1976 se crea de la Comisión Nacional para la Protección del Medio Ambiente y los
Recursos Naturales (COMARNA), con las funciones de recomendar las medidas legislativas y la
tecnología apropiada para la protección y el mejoramiento del medio ambiente y el
aprovechamiento racional de los recursos naturales.
En 1981 se aprueba la Ley 33 de Protección del Medio Ambiente y del Uso Racional de los
Recursos Naturales que unificó políticas y acciones en cuanto a estos temas, y en sus artículos 78 y
79 brindó la base legal para la creación de la red nacional de áreas protegidas.
En esta década de los años ochenta, se continúan realizando estudios relacionados con la
conservación y protección de nuestros recursos, teniéndose en cuenta la representatividad de
ecosistemas y de otros valores como los florísticos, faunísticos, geológicos, geomorfológicos e
histórico-culturales, en los que intervinieron especialistas de diferentes entidades estatales como el
Departamento de Parques Nacionales, Fauna Silvestre y Caza del Ministerio de la Agricultura
(MINAG), la COMARNA, el Instituto de Planificación Física (IPF), el Instituto de Ecología y
Sistemática (IES) y el Instituto de Geografía, el Instituto Nacional de Turismo (INTUR), entre otras
instituciones.
También la UNESCO concede en 1985 el título de Reserva de la Biosfera a la Sierra del Rosario en
la provincia de Pinar del Río y en 1987 a la Península de Guanahacabibes en Pinar del Río, a las
Cuchillas del Toa en Guantánamo y a Baconao en Santiago de Cuba (Herrera, 2001).
En la década del noventa se produce una reorganización de los Organismos de la Administración
Central del Estado, creándose en 1994 el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente
(CITMA) y la Agencia de Medio Ambiente (AMA), y en 1995, entre otros centros de carácter
ambiental, el Centro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (CNAP) que en cumplimiento de sus funciones
estatales, tiene como misión, ser el centro rector del planeamiento y la gestión integral del Sistema
Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SNAP), garantizando su dirección, control y funcionamiento. Este
proceso impulsó la consolidación institucional del SNAP (CNAP, 2002).
En este período el Instituto de Oceanología (IDO) elaboró el documento Propuesta de áreas vedadas
de pesca para el manejo sostenible de los recursos de la plataforma cubana, definiendo principios,
generalidades y beneficios de las reservas de pesca, proponiendo 15 áreas que respondían a
objetivos de protección y conservación de especies o ecosistemas, para su incorporación en el
Sistema (Estrada et al., 2004).
C-3
En 1995, se realizó el II Taller Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, donde se analizaron 535 sitios
propuestos como áreas protegidas y se inició un proceso de perfeccionamiento con vistas a lograr
una mayor representatividad de los ecosistemas marinos.
En esta etapa se crea la Dirección Nacional Forestal y el Servicio Estatal Forestal (SEF) adjuntas al
MINAG, encargadas de dirigir y controlar la política forestal del país; se establece el Cuerpo de
Guardabosques (CGB) en el Ministerio del Interior (MININT); se crea la Oficina Nacional de
Inspecciones Pesqueras (ONIP) y la Dirección de Ciencia y Regulaciones Pesqueras (DCRP) en el
Ministerio de la Industria Pesquera (MIP).
Estas entidades tienen una fuerte incidencia en la gestión de las áreas protegidas.
La Dirección de Ciencia y Regulaciones Pesqueras (DCRP) comenzó un proceso de declaración de
Zonas Bajo Régimen Especial de Uso y Protección (ZBREUP), que han sido el punto de partida de
propuestas de áreas protegidas marinas como el Parque Nacional Jardines de la Reina, el Parque
Nacional Punta Francés, así como del reconocimiento del Parque Nacional Ciénaga de Zapata y la
Reserva Ecológica Cayo Largo, entre otras (Estrada et al., 2004).
En 1999 se emite el Decreto Ley 201/99 del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas que establece el
régimen legal relativo a su rectoría, control, administración, categorías de manejo, propuesta y
declaración de áreas protegidas, régimen de protección, entre otros aspectos. En este propio año se
reconoce por la UNESCO como Sitio del Patrimonio Mundial Natural, al Parque Nacional
Desembarco del Granma.
Dos nuevas Reservas de la Biosfera reconoce la UNESCO en el 1999: Buenavista al norte de las
provincias de Villa Clara, Sancti Spiritus y Ciego de Ávila y Ciénaga de Zapata en Matanzas.
Por primera vez, se reconoce legalmente un grupo de 35 áreas protegidas mediante el Acuerdo
4262/2001, del Comité Ejecutivo del Consejo de Ministros (CECM). Cuba designa seis sitios
Ramsar que fueron reconocidos por dicha convención, uno en el año 2001 (Ciénaga de Zapata) y
los 5 restantes en el 2002: Buenavista al Norte de Villa Clara y Sancti Spiritus; Ciénaga de Lanier y
Sur de la Isla de la Juventud; Gran Humedal del Norte de Ciego de Ávila; Humedal Delta del Cauto
en Granma y Las Tunas y Río Máximo-Cagüey al Norte de Camaguey. También la UNESCO
distingue un nuevo Sitio del Patrimonio Mundial Natural, al Parque Nacional Alejandro de
Humboldt en el 2001. (Tabla-1)
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Tabla – 1. Áreas Protegidas con Reconocimiento Internacional
Superficie
Total
ÁREAS
Reservas de la Biosfera
(km2)
Provincia
Guanahacabibes
Pinar del Río
Sierra del Rosario
Pinar del Río - La Habana
Cuchillas del Toa
Guantánamo – Holguín
Ciénaga de Zapata
(km2)
Zona de
amortiguamiento
(%)
(%)
(km2)
(%)
61,8
106,98
9,8
80,20
32,0
145,84 58,2
2083,05
897,41 43,1
492,84
23,7
692,80 33,3
Matanzas
Villa Clara, Sancti Spiritus y
Ciego de Ávila
10499,00
7478,00 71,2
1968,00
18,7 1053,00 10,0
3154,66
765,10 24,3
195,56
6,2 2194,00 69,5
Santiago de Cuba - Guantánamo
848,53
141,53 16,7
446,50
52,6
325,76
..
..
..
..
..
..
706,80
..
..
..
..
..
..
111,20
..
..
..
..
..
..
Sitios Ramsar (Humedales de Importancia Internacional)
Ciénaga de zapata
Matanzas
6657,85
..
..
..
..
..
..
Ciénaga de Lanier y
Sur de la Isla de la
Juventud
Isla de la Juventud
1540,29
..
..
..
..
..
..
225,80
..
..
..
..
..
..
2589,27
..
..
..
..
..
..
3154,66
..
..
..
..
..
..
663,70
..
..
..
..
..
..
Baconao
250,70
348,56 29,2
(km2)
Zona de
transición
736,35
Buenavista
1191,89
Zona
núcleo
24,66
9,0
260,50 30,7
Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad
Parque Nacional
Desembarco del
Granma
Granma
Parque Nacional
Alejandro de
Humboldt
Guantánamo
Paisaje Cultural de la Humanidad
Parque Nacional
Viñales
Pinar del Río
Humedal Río
Máximo-Camagüey
Gran Humedal del
Norte de Ciego de
Ávila
Buenavista
Humedal Delta del
Cauto
Camagüey
Ciego de Ávila
Villa Clara, Sancti Spiritus y
Ciego de Ávila
Tunas, Granma
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A partir del año 2003 se realiza un diagnóstico, se actualiza y redefine el SNAP y se elabora el
primer Plan del Sistema 2003-2008, documento rector de carácter normativo y metodológico que
constituyó la primera herramienta estratégica, para encaminar las acciones a través de objetivos y
programas durante cinco años.
A inicios del 2008, el CECM reconoce por medio del Acuerdo 6291 a diez áreas protegidas
identificadas en el Sistema, con lo que suman 45 las áreas protegidas legalmente aprobadas por el
gobierno cubano, de un total de 105 áreas administradas.
Con posterioridad en el 2010 se hace un nuevo análisis por el CECM y se aprueba por el Acuerdo
6803 ocho nuevas áreas protegidas, lo que ahora suman 53 las áreas legalmente aprobadas por el
gobierno cubano, de un total de 105 áreas administradas.
PLAN DE SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS 2003 – 2008
El año 2003 constituyó un momento importante en el SNAP de Cuba, pues mediante un proceso
participativo, se elaboró el primer Plan de Sistema, que constituyó una herramienta programática a
través de la cual se establecieron los objetivos y las acciones a realizar en el período 2003-2008,
diseñado a través de 14 programas dirigidos a desarrollar las 10 líneas estratégicas identificadas que
se relacionan a continuación:
10 Objetivos Estrategicos para las Areas Protegidas
1. Perfeccionar la organización del Sistema creando la Junta Coordinadora Nacional (JCN) del
SNAP y otros mecanismos.
2. Fortalecer el proceso de instrumentación de las áreas protegidas identificadas en el Sistema
Nacional, y la elaboración de sus planes de manejo, priorizando Parques Nacionales,
Reservas Ecológica y Áreas Protegidas de Recursos Manejados, proponiendo al CECM al
menos el 80 % de las áreas protegidas de significación nacional.
3. Fortalecer los mecanismos de trabajo de los organismos administrativos y de control sobre
las actividades que se realizan en las áreas protegidas.
4. Perfeccionar la integración e interacción con otros sistemas, planes y programas e
incorporar en el planeamiento del SNAP estrategias de manejos bio-regionales.
5. Priorizar la declaración y atención de áreas bajo reconocimientos internacional es y lograr
una adecuada proyección nacional e internacional del sistema que permita la búsqueda y
obtención de financiamiento y recursos.
6. Desarrollar la capacitación en todos los niveles y componentes del SNAP.
7. Desarrollar la investigación, validación e introducción de tecnologías de avanzada,
implementando un sistema de información para la gestión del SNAP.
8. Desarrollar el trabajo y la participación comunitaria en las áreas protegidas.
9. Fortalecer la capacidad para la divulgación y la educación ambiental.
10. Incrementar el uso público en las áreas protegidas.
Los principales resultados de este proceso de implementación del Plan del SNAP 2003- 2008
fueron:
Sistema de planificación
 El propio desarrollo del primer Plan del Sistema, como estrategia general que estableció el
diseño y las acciones a realizar a mediano plazo, que constituyó el marco de referencia para
el desarrollo de las áreas protegidas.
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
Elaboración de instrumentos metodológicos para la planificación y la gestión de las áreas
protegidas como la:
o Metodología para la elaboración de los Planes de Manejo y Planes Operativos,
o Metodología para Evaluar la Efectividad del Manejo (EEM),
o Metodología para Capacidad de Carga de Visitantes en las áreas protegidas
marinas,
o Manual de Señalética,
o Manual de Identidad Visual Institucional del SNAP,
o Metodología para evaluar daños causados por huracanes en áreas protegidas,
o Manual y Metodología para la Planificación Financiera en las Áreas Protegidas,
entre otros.
Mecanismos de coordinación
 Creación y consolidación del trabajo de gestión de la Junta Coordinadora Nacional del
SNAP, de las 15 Juntas Coordinadoras Provinciales (JCP) de áreas protegidas, de las Juntas
de Administración de las Reservas de la Biosfera (RB) y los sitios Ramsar que necesitan de
mecanismos de coordinación para su gestión.
 Establecimiento de un mecanismo participativo de elaboración, revisión, entrega y
aprobación de los planes de manejo y los planes operativos a nivel provincial y nacional, y
de aplicación de los resultados de la Evaluación de la Efectividad del Manejo en la gestión
de las áreas.
Sistema de control
 Inclusión del control de la gestión del SNAP en el Sistema Ambiental del CITMA, que
incluye a la Dirección de Medio Ambiente (DMA), a la Agencia de Medio Ambiente
(AMA), al Centro de Información, Gestión y Educación Ambiental (CIGEA) y al Centro de
Control e Inspección Ambiental (CICA).
 Implementación de un sistema de control de la gestión del SNAP en el que participan
activamente instancias nacionales y territoriales de control como el SEF, el CGB, Tropas
Guardafronteras (TGF), la ONIP, las OPIP, así como la ENPFF y las Unidades de Medio
Ambiente (UMAs).
Este sistema de control permite evaluar anualmente de forma sistemática el funcionamiento del
Sistema de forma integral y a nivel de los territorios, mediante acciones entre las que se destacan las
visitas integrales que realiza el Sistema Ambiental del CITMA y la Junta Coordinadora Nacional a
cada una de las provincias del país y las Juntas Coordinadoras Provinciales que en cumplimiento de
sus cronogramas de trabajo, realizan visitas dirigidas a las áreas protegidas.
PLAN DE SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS 2009 – 2013
El SNAP lo integran un conjunto de entidades e instituciones que de manera colegiada, contribuyen
a la conservación in situ del patrimonio natural cubano, a través de tres niveles de coordinación de
la gestión, con roles y responsabilidades diferenciadas:
Nivel Nacional: Comprendido por las entidades que integran la Junta Coordinadora Nacional: el
Centro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, la Dirección Nacional del Cuerpo de Guardabosque, la
Dirección Nacional Forestal, la Dirección de Ciencia y Regulaciones Pesqueras, la Oficina Nacional
de Inspección Pesquera, la Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna, la Dirección
de Medio Ambiente del CITMA y la Oficina de Regulación Ambiental y de Seguridad Nuclear.
Nivel Provincial: Comprendido por las entidades que integran las Juntas Coordinadoras
Provinciales: las Unidades de Medio Ambiente de las Delegaciones Territoriales del CITMA, los
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establecimientos territoriales de la ENPFF y sus grupos técnicos, el SEF tanto provincial como
municipal, Cuerpo de Guardabosque, las Oficinas Provinciales de Inspección Pesquera, los Órganos
Locales del Poder Popular, entre otros.
Nivel Base: Constituido por las áreas protegidas que cuentan con administración tanto individual
(cuando es ejercida por una única persona natural o jurídica) como coordinada (cuando las son
administradas a través de una Junta de Administración compuestas por todas las personas naturales
o jurídicas con intereses en el área protegida) (Decreto-Ley 201/99). Se consideran en el nivel
básico los guardabosques situados en las áreas protegidas y los circuitos que los mismos apoyan.
Nivel Nacional: La coordinación a nivel de nacional se realiza a través de la Junta Coordinadora
Nacional, que permite a las entidades que la integran, un mejor desempeño en sus funciones
estatales de rectoría, gestión y control relacionadas con las áreas protegidas. Esta Junta es presidida
por el Centro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, y está integrada por los máximos representantes de las
entidades miembros, que se reúnen periódicamente para tomar decisiones de manera colegiada.
El Plan de Sistema como documento rector para un período de 5 años, se elabora de manera
participativa entre todos los miembros del Sistema. Para materializar el Plan se lleva a cabo cada
año a una expresión anual, de manera que sea más fácil la consecución de los logros propuestos y se
puede ir midiendo los resultados alcanzados.
La coordinación a nivel provincial se ejecuta a través de las Juntas Coordinadoras Provinciales.
Cada provincia y el municipio especial Isla de la Juventud, en el transcurso de estos 5 años ha
consolidado su Junta Coordinadora Provincial. Las 15 Juntas Coordinadoras Provinciales, son
presididas por la Delegación Provincial del CITMA en las que participan especialistas de las
instituciones vinculadas a la gestión y el control de las áreas protegidas a este nivel. Estas Juntas
planifican sus reuniones periódicas y visitas de control a las áreas protegidas en sus respectivos
territorios. A nivel base se puso en evidencia la necesidad de conceptualizar los diferentes estadios
de gestión de las áreas protegidas en Cuba. Se constata que algunas poseen administraciones más
activas y consolidadas que otras en cuanto a disponibilidad de personal, infraestructura,
equipamiento, etc., para asumir las necesidades de protección y gestión del área.
Se cuenta por el SNAP a través de las administraciones de las áreas y de las Juntas Coordinadoras
Provinciales, un total de 105 áreas protegidas con administración, de las cuales 11 son
administradas de manera coordinada: tres áreas entre dos instituciones y ocho áreas a través de una
Junta de Administración, compuesta por las personas naturales o jurídicas con intereses en el área
protegida y 94 son administradas de manera individual (administración ejercida por una única
persona natural o jurídica).
Los principales organismos administradores de áreas protegidas son el MINAG y el CITMA, que
administran de manera individual aproximadamente el 83,8 % del total de las áreas protegidas
administradas del Sistema. La Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna del
Ministerio de la Agricultura, administra individualmente 69 áreas protegidas, y las Empresas
Forestales Integrales tienen 4 administraciones en su haber. Diferentes entidades del CITMA
administran de manera individual 15 áreas protegidas que representan alrededor del 14,3 % del total
de áreas administradas.
El resto de las áreas están administradas por una diversidad de organismos y entidades, entre las que
se encuentran la ONG Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez para la Naturaleza y el Hombre, las
Sociedades Anónimas Gaviota y Cubanacán, Órgano Local del Poder Popular de la Ciudad de la
Habana y Juntas de Administración.
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Estructura Espacial del SNAP
En el período anterior (2003-2008), el SNAP tenía identificadas 263 áreas protegidas. Luego de un
reanálisis de los valores existentes en las áreas de cada provincia y el municipio especial Isla de la
Juventud, quedan identificadas 253 áreas protegidas con valores para ser manejadas con fines de
conservación bajo alguna de las categorías de manejo establecidas para Cuba, de las cuales 91 son
de significación nacional (APSN) y 162 de significación local (APSL) (Anexos 1 y 2). Este análisis
se realizó a nivel de los sistemas provinciales de áreas protegidas (SPAP), y consistió en la
propuesta de 24 nuevas áreas y la reevaluación de otras 34, por diferentes causas, como
redelimitación, unificación con áreas adyacentes u otras (Fig. 1).
Figura 1. Número de áreas protegidas por categorías de manejo en el Sistema Nacional de
Áreas Protegidas de Cuba.
La superficie que abarcan las 253 áreas protegidas identificadas representa el 19.93 % del territorio
nacional, incluyendo la plataforma insular marina hasta la profundidad de 200 m, quedando bajo
cobertura del Sistema el 16,85 % de la parte terrestre y el 24,81 % de la plataforma marina (Tabla 2).
Tabla - 2 Por ciento de cobertura del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas con relación a la
superficie total del archipiélago cubano.
Superficie
(ha)
SNAP
Áreas
Protegidas de
Significación
C-9
Áreas
Protegidas de
Significación
Cuba
Terrestre
Marina
Total
1 850 006,90
(16,84 %)
1 733 595,18
(24,81 %)
3 583 602,08
(19,93 %)
Nacional
1 523 116,36
Local
326 890,54
10 988 600,00
1 652 383,00
81 212,18
6 988 058,00
3 175 499,36
(88,61 %)
408 102,72
(11,39 %)
17 976 658,00
Aunque el número de APSN es menor que el de las APSL, las primeras abarcan una mayor
extensión territorial (3 175 499,36 ha) que estas últimas (408 102,72 ha), debido a que son
generalmente áreas más extensas y comprenden ecosistemas más completos.
Las APSN cubren el 88,61 % del SNAP, mientras que las APSL lo hacen solo sobre el 11,39 %,
concentrándose los mayores valores naturales del país en las de significación nacional.
Según su categoría de manejo las 253 áreas protegidas identificadas para formar parte del SNAP en
Cuba se dividen de la siguiente forma según su importancia. (Tabla 2).
Tabla 2. Áreas Protegidas Identificadas por Categoría de Manejo
Reserva Natural
(UICN Categoría. I)
Parque Nacional
(UICN Categoría. II)
Reserva Ecológica
(UICN Categoría. II)
Elemento Natural Destacado
(UICN Categoría. III
Reserva Florística Manejada.
(UICN Categoría. IV
Refugio de Fauna
(UICN Categoría. IV)
Paisaje Natural Protegido
(UICN Categoría. V)
Áreas Protegida de Recursos
Manejados
(UICN Categoría. VI)
TOTAL
Significación
Nacional
5
Significación
Local
Total
0
5
14
0
14
25
12
37
11
32
43
11
50
61
13
34
47
2
24
26
10
10
20
91
162
253
Haciendo un análisis del número de áreas protegidas y su nivel de significación por
Categoría de manejo, se observa que las categorías con mayor número de áreas son la
Reserva Florística Manejada, el Refugio de Fauna y el Elemento Natural Destacado
Las áreas protegidas por los valores contenidos en ellos se dividen en categorías de manejo, lo que
hace más viable la gestión administrativa y de conservación. Las áreas protegidas identificadas para
Cuba son ocho, que equivalen a las 6 categorías de manejo propuestas por la UICN.
C - 10
PROYECCIONES ESTRATÉGICAS DEL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS
PROTEGIDAS DE CUBA.
1. Lograr la integración institucional y funcional del SNAP.
2. Fortalecer la colaboración internacional.
3. Fortalecer las áreas protegidas como unidades básicas del SNAP.
4. Diseñar y promover nuevos mecanismos financieros y económicos para el SNAP.
5. Identificar y desarrollar las prioridades sobre capacitación, gestión participativa de
las comunidades, de investigación, monitoreo y manejo para el SNAP.
6. Elevar la eficacia del proceso de planificación para la conservación en armonía con
el desarrollo sostenible.
7. Determinar las amenazas y vulnerabilidades del SNAP para prevenir, mitigar y adaptación al
cambio climático.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA.
Comisión Nacional de Nombres Geográficos. 2000. Diccionario Geográfico de Cuba. Oficina
Nacional de Hidrografía y Geodesia, Ediciones GEO. GEOCUBA. 386 pp.
CNAP. 2002. Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Cuba. Plan 2003-2008. Escandón
Impresores, España. 222 pp.
Estrada, R., A. Hernández, J. L. Gerhartz, A. Martínez, M. Melero, M. Blienmsrieder y K. C.
Lindeman. 2004. El Sistema de áreas Marinas Protegidas de Cuba. Centro Nacional de
Áreas Protegidas. CNAP. 11 pp.
FAO. 1974. Manejo y desarrollo integral de las áreas naturales y culturales. Proyecto
PNUD/CUB/69/503, Informe Técnico 11. 101 pp.
Herrera, M. 2001. Las Reservas de la Biosfera de Cuba. GRAFIP. La Habana. Cuba. 53 pp.
Mateo, J. 1989. Paisajes. Sección XII 1.2-3. En Nuevo Atlas Nacional de Cuba. Instituto de
Geografía. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Ediciones Alber, España.
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1/17/2012
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE AREAS PROTEGIDAS DE LA
REPUBLICA DE CUBA
Julio 2011
Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas
Misión:
• Contribuir a disminuir la pérdida de la Diversidad
Biológica, a la protección de los valores
Patrimoniales, Naturales y al Desarrollo Sostenible.
Visión:
• Somos un Sistema integrado con múltiples actores,
diseñado con una adecuada representatividad de
los valores naturales terrestres y marinos, que de
manera efectiva contribuye a la disminución de la
pérdida de la Diversidad Biológica y al Desarrollo
Sostenible
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1
1/17/2012
Clasificación de las AP en Cuba
• Áreas
Protegidas de
Significación
Nacional.
• Áreas
Protegidas de
Significación
Local.
• Regiones
Especiales de
Desarrollo
Sostenible.
El Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas presenta la siguiente
situación para comenzar el Plan del 2009 – 2013.
ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS IDENTIFICADAS:
ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS DE SIGNIFICACIÓN NACIONAL – 91
ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS DE SIGNIFICACIÓN LOCAL – 162
Total – 253 ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS IDENTIFICADAS
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2
1/17/2012
Significación
Nacional
Significación
Local
RN
5
0
5
PN
14
0
14
Total
RE
25
12
37
END
11
32
43
RFM
11
50
61
RF
13
34
47
PNP
2
24
26
APRM
10
10
20
91
162
253
Representa el 19.95% del territorio nacional incluyendo la plataforma insular marina
De ello el:
24,81 % del territorio de la plataforma insular marina
16,85 % del territorio terrestre
AP 19.95%
Territorio Nacional en Areas Protegidas Identificadas
Territorio Nacional que no constituye áreas protegidas
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3
1/17/2012
Superficie de áreas protegidas identificadas por cada tipo de significación
409966.32 11.43%
3175526.36
88.57%
Areas Protegidas de Significación Nacional (91 áreas protegidas)
Areas Protegidas de Significación Local (162 áreas protegidas)
Nivel de conservación según categorías de manejo
1 505 191 ha.
47%
53%
2 078 381 ha.
Cat 1 - 6
Cat 7 - 8
Categorías de la 1 a la 6 más estrictas
Categorías de la 7 a la 8 menos estrictas
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1/17/2012
Categorías de manejo
Cuba tiene establecidas 8 categorías de manejo, que se corresponden (al igual que
en otros países), con las propuestas por la UICN.
Este sistema de categorías se encuentra definido en los capítulos II y IV del
Decreto - Ley 201 del SNAP.
1- Reserva Natural
I UICN
2- Parque Nacional
II UICN
3- Reserva Ecológica
II UICN
4- Elemento Natural Destacado
III UICN
5- Refugio de Fauna
IV UICN
6- Reserva Florística Manejada
IV UICN
7- Paisaje Natural Protegido
V UICN
8- Área de Recursos Manejados
VI UICN
En Cuba están reconocidas:
6 Reservas de la Biosfera:
6 Sitios Ramsar:
• RB Guanahacabibes
• RB Sierra del Rosario
• RB Ciénaga de Zapata
• RB Buenavista
• RB Baconao
• RB Cuchillas del Toa
•Ciénaga de Zapata
•Buenavista
•Ciénaga de Lanier y Sur Isla de la
Juventud
•Gran Humedal del Norte de Ciego de
Ávila
•Delta del Cauto Río Máximo-Camaguey
2 Sitios de Patrimonio Mundial
Natural:
•PN Desembarco del Granma
•PN Alejandro de Humboldt
C - 16
5
1/17/2012
Areas Protegidas con Reconocimiento Internacional
C - 17
6
1/17/2012
Se cuenta en SNAP con 113 Áreas Protegidas Administradas
67 de Significación Nacional
46 de Significación Local
Áreas Protegidas Administradas por categorías de manejo
Reservas Naturales
3
Parques Nacionales
14
Reservas Ecológica
19
Elementos Naturales Destacados
10
Refugios de Fauna
27
Reserva Florística Manejadas
14
Paisaje Natural Protegido
12
Áreas Protegidas de Recursos Manejados 14
AREAS ADMINISTRADAS
DEL TOTAL DE AREAS IDENTIFICADAS
44,66 %
55,34%
55,34%
44,66%
1
2
Areas Protegidas Administradas - 113
Areas Protegidas Identificadas sin Administración - 140
C - 18
7
1/17/2012
De las 113 áreas protegidas administradas
80 están aprobadas por el CECM (76,19%)
26 están presentadas al CD del CITMA (23,81%)
Las áreas administradas están distribuidas de la siguiente forma:
68 de la Empresa Nacional de Flora y Fauna
14 del CITMA
3 EFI Ministerio de la Agricultura
2 OLPP (Museo de Guanabo)
1 Parque Metropolitano
4 Turismo (Gaviota)
1 Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre
1 Flora y Fauna – CITMA
3 CITMA – MINAGRI (EFI)
8 Juntas de Administración
C - 19
8
1/17/2012
Programas del Sistema
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Coordinación y Control
Legislación
Planificación
Cambio Climático
Vigilancia y Protección
Administración
Capacitación
Manejo de recursos
Especies Invasoras.
Educación ambiental y
participación
Visitación
Investigación y monitoreo
Sostenibilidad Financiera
Líneas Estratégicas del SNAP 2009-2013
1.Lograr la integración institucional y
funcional del SNAP en todas
direcciones
2.Fortalecer
2.
Fortalecer la Colaboración Internacional.
3.Fortalecer
la base del
SNAP.
5. Diseñar y promover
mecanismos financieros y
económicos en el SNAP.
4. Identificar y
desarrollar las
prioridades de
investigación y
monitoreo para el
SNAP.
6. Elevar la eficacia del
proceso de planificación
de la conservación.
.7.
Determinar las amenazas
y vulnerabilidades del
SNAP para prevenir y
mitigar desastres.
C - 20
9
1/17/2012
Las Áreas Protegidas Marino Costeras por la importancia de los
servicios ambientales que brindan y por su alta representatividad, el
Plan del SNAP está encaminado a fortalecer la gestión de ellas.
Por los valores existentes en el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas
también nos encontramos trabajando las áreas cársicas de nuestro país
La representatividad del carso
cubano abarca el 76,9% de la
superficie total del SNAP
C - 21
10
1/17/2012
El Programa de Protección y Vigilancia adquiere
en esta nueva etapa una dimensión más integral
(en muchas áreas protegidas solo con el
cumplimiento de este programa se garantizan
todas las actividades de los Planes de Manejo y
Operativos)
A través del programa Educación Ambiental y Participación se fortalece
la visión social del SNAP
C - 22
11
Appendix 1. Project document
ANNEX D. Project Public Involvement Plan
INSTITUTUION INIFAT MINAG RELEVANT MISSION AND SCOPE Contribute to the management of genetic resources and sustainable development Cuban agriculture. Special emphasis in urban peri‐urban agriculture and the commitment to long term support for food security and food sovereignty CNAP National center for protected areas CITMA Manage and protect the biodiversity and natural resources of Cuba, including agricultural biodiversity found in natural ecosystems and protected areas Small farm household s and communities that manage agricultural spaces in biosphere reserves (homegardens, conucos) Livelihoods security, food sovereignty based on sustainable use of biodiversity D - 1 ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE PROJECT » Provide national coordinator » Coordinate activities of the three component with external partners » Lead implementer of components 1 and 3 » Identify and evaluate agriculture landscapes, their biodiversity and its uses » Organize and direct capacity building workshops and exchanges with other partners in project sites » Collect documents and process socio‐
cultural information and agricultural biodiversity » Use GIS to identify agrobiodiversity within natural landscapes in collaboration with external partners » Organize and establish community seed banks, seed fairs, biodiversity fairs and cultural events with partners » » Vice coordinator of the project and lead partner in component 2 » Oversee all activities implemented within the project biosphere reserves (Sierra del Rosario and Cuchilla del Toa Biosphere reserves) » Disseminate and communicate results and lessons learnt to the networked of the protected areas of Cuba » » Contribute their traditional knowledge in agricultural biodiversity and best practices for sustainable management » Community seed banks » Timely farm families in local workshops, seed fairs and other cultural and technical events » Sharing of knowledge and best practices
Appendix 1. Project document
INSTITUTUION Sierra del Rosario and cuchilla del Toa Biosphere reserves ANAP National association of small farmers: national and provincial cooperatives (CCS and CPA) NGO Cuban Institute of Anthropology CITMA Museum of Natural History “Felipe Poey” CITMA Inst. Ecología y Sistemática (IES)/ CITMA RELEVANT MISSION AND SCOPE Conservation and management of natural resources in the reserves ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE PROJECT » Select and participate in project sites » Contribute inventories of species and natural vegetation and distribution of endemism » Organize and direct capacity building workshops and knowledge exchange » Maintain nurseries of endemic forest species in the reserves (in collaboration with MINAG) » Determine the role of agrobiodiversity and its function as biological corridors for wild and migratory species » Monitor impacts of agriculture in natural landscapes including resilence invasive species and restoration » Evaluate the possible involvement of farm families in ecotourist routes of bio‐cultural corridors » Promote social and economic interest » Contribute through its capacity building of small farmers in Cuba who account system and outreach programmes, for 35% of Cuban agriculture certification schemes and multipurpose production agriculture community centres » Support commercialization and income generation activities using products from traditional agricultural biodiversity
» Participate and co‐organize workshops and fairs Scientific Research on ethnological, » Develop survey instruments and tools socio‐cultural, and archeological topics for interviews, participatory appraisals with farm households, » Record cultural and non‐market values for landscape management practices and biodiversity uses » Assess differences in institutions, family household structure and gender across communities, regions & ecosystems in MaB reserves Teaching, training, environmental » Assist in identifying and characterising education (theory & practice), crop wild relatives and their uses by speciation and adaptation based on communities in the respective sites. the museum’s scientific collections of plants and animals. Conduct ecological, taxonomic and » Support taxonomic inventories of systematics studies on biodiversity for cultivated species and the identification conservations and sustainable use in and classification of useful wild species. both natural ecosystems and ecosystem restoration. D - 2 Appendix 1. Project document
INSTITUTUION National Program for Urban and SubUrban Agriculture (PNAU/ASU)/ MINAG School of Adcvanced Studies in Hotel and Tourism Management MINTUR Museum of Anthropology “Montané”/ Biology Faculty, U. of Havana MES RELEVANT MISSION AND SCOPE Achieve food security and food sovereignty, practice ecoagriculture, increase land productivity, reduce fuel consumption, sustainable agriculture in urban/suburban spaces. Increase access to food markets. Build linkages among producers, scientific, technical agencies; promote knowledge exchange; build capacities along the food value chain for local farmer‐led innovations. Provide technical and post‐graduate training for personnel in tourism sector » Support and evaluate the inclusión of »
Research and teaching and »
archeological exhibitions based on materials and pre‐hispanic historical collections, including ecological history »
of land use and adaptation. Cuban Assoc. of agricultural and forestry technicians (ACTAF) NGO Conduct actions and cannel resources to contribute to sustainable agricultural development, capacity building of technicians and farmers, and supporting farming systems for local community development. Cuban Assoc. of Livestock Contribute to raising productivity and Producers (ACPA) integrated development of the NGO livestock sector. Institute of Tropical Conduct research and provide Geography Tropical (IGT) scientific and technical services on CITMA Geography and GIS for land use planning and sustainable economic development Man and Biosphere Conservation and management of of Reserves: Ciénaga de natural resources in RBCZ, RBB, RBG y Zapata (RBCZ), Baconao RBBU. (RBB),Guanahacabibes (RBG), Buenavista (RBBU) CITMA UNESCO‐Havana Cluster Promote science for sustainable Office ; development; D - 3 ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE PROJECT » Technical support to establish fruit tree nurseries in Project sites and communities. » Develop and extend frameworks for commercialization of natural products and local processing of agrobiodiversity products. »
»
farm families in ecotourism/ agrotourism routes in collaboration with CITMA & ANAP Train tourism operators on the value of agricultural/biocultural landscapes, and biodiversity in MaB reserves Support development of questionnaires and data collection for farm household interviews. Support collection information on socio‐cultural, economic and gender aspects. Support extension and dissemination of Project results. Support training and capacity building for local producers. » Provide technical support and expertise to small farmers on small livestock raising in Project sites » Provide technical support on GIS to define and map natural and agricultural landscapes in Project sites. » Participation in technical workshops; » Evaluate social‐ecological production landscapes in the four Biosphere reserves. » Contribute to training of Biosphere staff and farming community leaders in Appendix 1. Project document
INSTITUTUION UNESCO MAB national committee, hosted by CITMA UNESCO Paris Division of Ecological Sciences and Crosscutting Initiatives RELEVANT MISSION AND SCOPE Culture and bio‐cultural development Afro‐Cuban culture and the landscape, promotion of certified quality crafts using bio‐cultural knowledge Support Conventions; Capacity building for biological and cultural patrimony, environmental education, Use biosphere reserves as sites for integration with work of environmental conventions. Establish close links between aspects on cultural and biological diversity. Reinforce World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Reinforce Regional MAB Networks, and thematic inter‐regional networks. Caribbean Biodiversity Corridor Mainstream methods and best practices to achieve UNESCO‐MaB Madrid Action Plan, livelihood s & food security MDG United Nations University Seeks to advance knowledge and – Institute of Advanced promote learning for policy making to Studies (UNU – IAS) meet the challenges of International environmentally sustainable Organization development. The research programmes in the Institute analyse local, regional and global environmental issues from inter‐ and multi‐disciplinary perspectives, bringing together the natural, social and life sciences FAO – Land Water Aims at enhancing the agricultural Division productivity and advancing the sustainable use of land and water resources through their improved tenure, management, development and conservation in order to meet present and future demands for agricultural products, while ensuring the long‐term sustainability of the land and water quantity and quality. It provides assistance to member nations in developing policies, programmes, best practices and tools. D - 4 ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE PROJECT » Management of Cultural Landscapes » Management of Natural Patrimony » Provide networking support and expertise linking in environmental sciences and culture (bio‐cultural landscapes) » Provide facilitation between national MaB agrobiodiversity project and regional; UNESCO MaB Networtk and offices » Support mainstreaming of agricultural biodiversity knowledge and awareness into schools and public educational programmes, » Promotes socio‐ecological production landscapes that contribute to the maintenance and conservation of biodiversity » Provides support for the development and application of indicators of resilience to agriculture, conservation and community livelihoods in protected areas. » Support development of policies, programmes, best practices and tools in the fields of irrigation and drainage, soil conservation, drought mitigation, water rights, access to natural resources, and improvement of land markets » Identify and mainstream sustainable practices from conservation areas into the larger agricultural production sector » Support dynamic conservation management approaches in agricultural systems and landscapes for improved productivity and better management of land and water. » Mainstream sustainable practices from Appendix 1. Project document
INSTITUTUION University of Michigan ISTOM (Ecole d’ingénieur Agro‐développement International) International University BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria Diversity and Development, NGO RELEVANT MISSION AND SCOPE ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE PROJECT conservation areas into the larger agricultural production sector and to other networks of similar agricultural landscapes and systems worldwide. Teaching and research ecology, » Provide inputs on conservation natural and wild landscape interface functions of Protected Areas » Impact of agriculture on biological corridors » Assess natural and wild landscape interface Research on development in emerging » Provide support in analyses of and developing economies with focus economic services on the agro‐ecological transformations » Analysis of income opportunities from and changes in agricultural sectors sustainable agriculture using multidisciplinary approaches » Contribute to development of methodological framework for agrobiodiversity promotion and sustainable use Teaching and research on ecologically » Mainstream agriculture to eco‐
sustainable use of natural resources, agriculture and homegardens » Management of agrobiodiversity in agricultural Sciences and their homegardens contribution to the responsible utilization of ecological, economic and » Management and in situ social resources in agricultural conservation of traditional species and production, a principal means of local varieties in farmers plots subsistence for society. » Diversity of plant species harvested and their use in the MaB Biosphere Reserve Defines and promotes territorial » Contribute to the development of development strategies relying on participatory certification schemes biocultural diversity conservation and » Capacity building to staff and local its sustainable use. They sustain communities on certification biocultural diversity through research, » Test and evaluate effectiveness of policy development, knowledge participatory certification schemes management, capacity building, » Provide support improving livelihoods development of models and tools to of local communities strengthen adaptive management of biocultural diversity D - 5 Annex 1. Project document
Annex E. List of documents and existing datasets consulted for Cuba-MAB baseline study
(PPG)1
Data files and compilations of agro)biodiversity taxa and features
• Base de datos proyecto conucos (.xls).
•
Base de datos proyecto flujo de semillas (.xls).
•
lista biodiversidad de fauna_RBSR (.xls)
•
.lista biodiversidad de flora_RBSR (.doc).
•
lista de flora comestible_RBSR (.doc).
•
lista de flora maderable_RBSR (.doc).
•
lista de flora medicinal_RBSR (.doc).
•
lista de flora melifera_RBSR (.doc).
Ansel Fong, G. et al. eds., 2005. Cuba: Parque Nacional "Alejandro de Humboldt Rapid Biological
Inventories
Report",
Chicago:
The
Field
Museum.
Available
at:
http://fm2.fmnh.org/rbi/results_cub14.asp.
Castineiras, L. et al., 2009. Diversidad AFLP y morfológica de Phaseolus lunatus L. en huertos
caseros de Cuba (.ppt).
Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad Cuba, Diversidad Biota Cubana.
http://www.ecosis.cu/cenbio/diversidadbiotacubana.htm [Accessed August 9, 2010].
Available
at:
Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad, Cuba, Diversidad Biológica Cubana Reino Plantae: Angiospermas.
Centro Nacional
Gimnospermas.
de
Biodiversidad,
Cuba,
Diversidad
Biológica
Cubana
Reino
Plantae:
Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad, Cuba, Diversidad Biológica Cubana Reino Plantae: Pterodofitos.
Luer, C., 2004. The orchids of Cuba/Las orquideas de Cuba, Sevilla, Spain: Greta Editores.
Mesa Izquierdo, M., Alvarez Pinto, M. & Sanchez Rodriguez, N., 1999. Los productos forestales no
madereros
en
Cuba,
Santiago,
Chile:
FAO.
Available
at:
http://www.infoagro.net/shared/docs/a6/serie13.pdf.
Muñoz de Con, L., 2009, Identificación de las variedades de mango más destacadas de Cuba. (.ppt)
Reserva de la Biosfera Cuchillas del Toa: background information. (.ppt)
Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Rosario: background information I. (.ppt)
Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Rosario: background information II. (.ppt)
1
This list is saved as a reference file with Zotero software, which can be shared online
E-1
Project reports and publications (from previous homegarden studies)
Castineiras, L. et al., 2002. Contribution of home gardens to in situ conservation of plant genetic
resources in farming systems: Cuban component. In J. Watson & P. Eyzaguirre, eds. Proceedings of
the Second International Home Gardens Workshop: Contribution of home gardens to in situ
conservation of plant genetic resources in farming systems, 17–19 July 2001, Witzenhausen, Federal
Republic of Germany. Rome, Italy: IPGRI, pp. 42-56.
Castineiras, L. et al., 2002. Contribution of home gardens to in situ conservation of plant genetic
resources in farming systems: Cuban component. In Proceedings of the Second International Home
Gardens Workshop: Contribution of home gardens to in situ conservation of plant genetic resources
in farming systems, 17–19 July 2001, Witzenhausen, Federal Republic of Germany. Rome, Italy:
IPGRI, pp. 42-56.
Garcia, M. & Castineiras, L., 2006. Biodiversidad agricola en las Reservas de la Biosfera de Cuba, La
Habana, Cuba: Editorial Adademia.
Garcia, M. et al., 2007. Conservación de la biodiversidad agrícola en las reservas de la biosfera de
Cuba:
un
reto
para
el
futuro,
La
Habana,
Cuba:
INIFAT.
Available
at:
http://hdl.handle.net/10625/44367.
Hermann, M. et al. eds., 2009. ¿Cómo conservan los agricultores sus semillas en el trópico húmedo
de Cuba, México y Perú? Experiencias de un proyecto de investigación en sistemas informales de
semillas de chile, frijoles y maíz, Rome, Italy: Bioversity International.
Shagarodsky, T., Fuentes, V. & Barrios, O., 2004. Exposición de la biodiversidad agrícola
conservada en áreas rurales de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Rosario. In Memorias de la
Reunión Nacional de agrobiodiversidad en Reservas de la Biosfera de Cuba. La Habana, Cuba:
INIFAT, pp. 129-134.
Shagarodsky, T. et al., 2003. Diversidad de especies alimenticias en tres mercados agricolas de La
Habana, Cuba. Agronomia Mesoamericana, 14(1), 27-39.
Castineiras, L. & et al, 1999. The Contribution of Home Gardens to In Situ Conservation of Plant
Genetic Resources in Farming Systems. Annual Report 1999.
Castineiras, L. & et al, 2000a. The Contribution of Home Gardens to In Situ Conservation of Plant
Genetic Resources in Farming Systems. Annual Report 2000.
Castineiras, L. & et al, 2000b. The Contribution of Home Gardens to In Situ Conservation of Plant
Genetic
Resources
in
Farming
Systems.
Six
Months
Report
2000.
Comment: these project reports contain a large amount of data, including drawings and profiles of the
gardens studied. Some of the findings of these reports are summarized in Castineiras, L. et al., 2002
(above)
Castineiras, L. et al., 2000. The use of home gardens as a component of the national strategy for the
in situ conservation of plant genetic resources in Cuba. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, (123), 918.
Fundora Mayor, Z. et al., 2007. Percepción local de la diversidad infraespecífica de las especies
presentes en los huertos caseros de tres zonas de Cuba. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, (152),
23-32.
E-2
Fundora Mayor, Z. et al., 1999. Sistemas Informales de Producción de Semilla, Recursos
Fitogenéticos Tradicionales y Variedades Mejoradas, en Cuba. In Simposio Internacional y Talleres
sobre Fitomejoramiento Participativo (FMP) en América Latina y el Caribe: Un Intercambio de
Experiencias. Quito.
Fundora Mayor, Z. et al., 2004. Seed systems and genetic diversity in home gardens: a Cuban
approach. In D. Jarvis et al., eds. Seed systems and crop genetic diversity on-farm. Proceedings of a
workshop, 16-20 September 2003, Pucalpa, Peru. Rome, Italy: IPGRI, pp. 68-77.
National and International reports, policy and management.
CITMA,
2005.
Cuba:
Tercer
informe
nacional
CBD.
Comment: contains all information necessary related to status of conservation, national policies, etc.
Fundora Mayor, Z. & et al, 2007. Cuba: Informe nacional sobre los recursos fitogenéticos para la
alimentación
y
la
agricultura,
La
Habana,
Cuba.
Comment: idem (see above)
Rodriguez Nodals, A. & Sanchez Perez, P., 2009. Especies de frutales cultivadas en cuba en la
agricultura urbana y suburbana 4th ed., La Habana: INIFAT.
World Food Programme (WFP), 2001. Analisis y cartografia de la vulnerabilidad a la inseguridad
alimentaria en Cuba, La Habana, Cuba.
CITMA, 2010. Plan de Manejo: Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Rosario (2011-2015).
Comment: Missing is the Cuchillas del Toa mgt plan.
Garcia, M., 2010. Registro de acciones y metas a ejecutar por los países en el marco del Plan de
Acción de Madrid.
UNESCO, 2008. Madrid Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves (2008-2013).
Information booklets and didactic materials
Castineiras, L., 1998. El campesino cubano y sus huertos caseros.
Castineiras, L. & et al, 2006. Catalogo de cultivares tradicionales y nombres locales en fincas de las
regiones occidental y oriental de Cuba (Frijoal Caballero, Frijol Comun, Ajies-Pimientos, Maiz), La
Habana, Cuba: INIFAT.
Fundora Mayor, Z., Castineiras, L. & Shagarodsky, T., 2009. La conservacion de la Diversidad
Agricola (material didactico), La Habana, Cuba: ProNaturaleza.
Telleria Llamazares, T. et al., 2009. La conservacion de la diversidad agricola: Ajies y pimientos
(Capsicum spp.) (material didactico), La Habana, Cuba: ProNaturaleza.
Telleria Llamazares, T. & et al, 2009. La conservacion de la diversidad agricola: Frijol caballero
(Phaseolus lunatus) (material didactico), La Habana, Cuba: ProNaturaleza.
Telleria Llamazares, T. & Fernandez Granda, L., 2009. La conservacion de la diversidad agricola:
Maiz (Zea mays) (material didactico), La Habana, Cuba: ProNaturaleza.
E-3
INIFAT, 2007. Practicas del manejo de semillas para la conservacion de la biodiversidad agricola
tradicional, La Habana, Cuba: INIFAT.
Other publications of interest
DeClerck, F.A. et al., 2010. Biodiversity conservation in human-modified landscapes of Mesoamerica:
Past, present and future. Biological Conservation.
Garcia, M. et al., 2005. Conservación de la biodiversidad y uso de las plantas cultivadas en huertos
caseros de algunas áreas rurales de Cuba. Mediterranea: Serie de estudios biologicos, 2(18).
José-María, L. et al., 2010. Effects of agricultural intensification on plant diversity in Mediterranean
dryland cereal fields. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47(4), 832-840. [methodology]
Volpato, G. & Godínez, D., 2004. Ethnobotany of pru, a traditional Cuban refreshment. Economic
Botany, 58(3), 381-395. [example of underutilized wild specie that could be focus of project]
Esquivel, M. & Hammer, K., 1992. The Cuban homegarden ‘conuco’: a perspective environment for
evolution and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,
39(1), 9-22.
Finegan, B. & Nasi, R., 2004. The biodiversity and conservation potential of shifting cultivation
landscapes. In G. Schroth et al., eds. Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical
landscapes. Island Press, pp. 153-197. [details important connections between cultivated and wild
landscape components]
Hoehn, P., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T., 2010. Relative contribution of agroforestry,
rainforest and openland to local and regional bee diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(8),
2189-2200. [methodology]
E-4
Eyzaguirre, P. B and Linares O.F. 2004. Introduction In: Home Gardens and Agrobiodiversity,
Eyzaguirre, P. B and Linares O.F.(eds.), pp. 1-28
Fundora Mayor, Z., Shagarodsky T., Castiñeiras, L. 2004. Sampling methods for the study of Genetic
diversity in home gardens in cuba. In: Home Gardens and Agrobiodiversity, Euzaguirre, P. B and
Linares O.F.(eds.), pp. 56-77
E-5
Annex F_ Methodological Framework and Key Issues and Questions
Draft Methodological Framework for the UNEP/GEF –Bioversity International UNESCO MAB project: Agricultural biodiversity conservation and Man and Biosphere
Reserves in Cuba: Bridging managed and natural landscapes
In traditional systems, farmers actively manage agricultural biodiversity on-farm in order to
improve productivity and maintain sustainability; and adapt to changing needs and
circumstances.
Agricultural biodiversity supports livelihoods and contributes to resilient agro-ecosystems
worldwide. Enhancing farmer utility for a certain variety or species with a high public value
increases the incentive for farmers to maintain agrobiodiversity on farm. This can be
accomplished by enhancing the income generated from these resources.
Although they have the potential to increase the demand for diverse products from different
varieties, markets can also result in homogenisation and specialisation.
Agricultural commercialization can have adverse effects on in situ conservation when native
crops are replaced by commercial crops. It is therefore of critical importance to identify
whether a market-based strategy aimed at both income generation and agrobiodiversity
conservation could be successful and sustainable (Rietbergen et al., 2002).
The sustainable use of ABD could be achieved following an integrated strategy that covers all
the potential “values” associated with ABD. This implies not only to combine measures aimed
at improving quality of products, differentiating them and diversifying their value chain, but
also to take into account aspects such as the relation between quality and origin, the
traditional ecological knowledge associated with ABD, the consumption habits and food
culture, and their contribution to the resilience of socio-ecological production landscapes.
Nevertheless, it is crucial to create the economical conditions and break down the incentives,
institutional and policy barriers that currently exist so as to focus interventions on some ABD
products with high market potential that will generate a virtuous cycle and positively impact
the other components of ABD. This won’t be achieved through independent actions and single
sectorial interventions around a traditional market based strategy for ABD but transforming
valorisation towards a more integrated strategy that covers different scales and relies on other
activities and services such as agro-ecotourism, traditional craft and their interrelations.
Basket of Goods is an integrated tool which promotes the joint valorisation of local quality
products, and environmental services strongly linked with the territory and its culture.
This tool results from a social and institutional construction around AGD interactions that allow
a fair and equitable flow of benefits
The proposed general methodological framework will be tested and adapted in the context of
the : UNEP/GEF –Bioversity International -UNESCO MAB project : Agricultural biodiversity
conservation and Man and Biosphere Reserves in Cuba. The project goal is to conserve the
diversity within and around protected areas in ways that both improve the livelihoods of rural
F-1
communities and sustain ecosystem functions in MAB Reserve buffer and transition zones.
Therefore this integrated methodology will focus on two of the six Cuban biosphere reserves,
the Sierra del Rosario (RBSR) and the Cuchillos del Toa (RBCT) which have already taken a first
and major step: Recognizing that agricultural biodiversity and the associated management
practices are important, and beginning to identify and gather data on these practices.
Consequently with a ABD identification and valorisation stage detailed as follows, the objective
will be to adopt a more holistic and integrated approach around the joint valorisation of ABD
products and services, such as agro-ecotourism, and their interrelations under an innovative
conceptual framework: the Basket of Goods and Services (BGS)
This tool results from a social and institutional construction around ABD interactions which
allows a fair and equitable flow of benefits distributed along the value chains while positively
impacting the whole local community. The proposed methodological framework will lead to
the identification and development of income generating activities with potential of positively
impacting the livelihoods of local communities while generating high levels of ABD from
“conucos to landscape”.
BASKET OF
GOODS AND
SERVICES
INTEGRATED
BENEFIT FLOW
TO
COMMUNITIE
S
HIGH LEVEL OF
AGRICULTURAL
BIO DIVERSITY
FROM PRODUCT
TO LANDSCAPE
VALUE
ENHACEMENT
FOR ABD
IDENTIFIED
PROUCTS
ABD
PRODUCTS
IDENTIFICATIO
N
Figure 1 : Different stages of the methodological framework
STAGE 1: PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
The first question that arise when initiating an integrated approach of agricultural biodiversity
(ABD) valorisation, is how to identified the ABD components in which the strategy will focus to
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generate at different scales-from products to landscape- a virtuous circle around ABD
conservation
How products have to be identified to be part of an ABD valorisation strategy that ensures an
equitable and integrated flow of benefits to communities? Do they have to be identified taking
into account only economic/market based parameters? Do they have to incorporate new
criteria to ensure that the valorisation strategy leads to more sustainable and equitable benefit
sharing mechanisms? How to integrate agroecosystem and landscape resilience components in
a product valorisation strategy?
Precise participatory identification of ABD products that are going to be valorised as a
component of the biocultural territorial diversity is the first and a critical step of the
agricultural biodiversity valorisation strategy presented in this document. In this way, this
methodology do not rely exclusively on the market potential for ABD products but integrate a
range of features such as the existing governance around a product value chain, the link
between this products and the local biocultural diversity and the contribution of these
products to the resilience of socio-ecological production landscapes.
Since the participatory approach is going to be present in the different stages that make this
strategy up, the multi-stakeholders identification related to the ABD valorisation and the
relationship of power among them -by using “who does what mapping exercise”- is going to be
a starting point. Following this step, different studies could be used to identify the products
with potential of positively impacting the livelihoods of local communities while generating
high levels of ABD from products to landscape.
1. Market studies:
a. Market analysis:
A market analysis allows identifying who products´ buyers are, their characteristics,
and why they are likely to buy that product. In other words, it is a definition and a
description of prospective customers, including target markets, size and structure of
the customer base, and growth prospects. Although, when studying products that are
related to the landscape and ABD, the market analysis also has to acknowledge that
the forces driving changes, especially within agri-food chains, are mainly linked to the
increasing retail consolidation and the influence of food retailers on value chain
governance, as well as to the tighter links between farmers, processors, retailers and
other stakeholders needed to address the rapidly changing economic, production and
marketing environment. Some study cases have been accomplished in relation to
improve marketing underutilized ABD products that could be reference to analyse the
market value of products within the landscape and territories with a high level of ABD.
b. Value chain analysis:
Value chains analysis describes the work processes and actors involved in the
production, processing, trade, and consumption of a product. In terms of development
cooperation they offer various opportunities to improve the living and production
conditions of the people involved, as well as to conserve biological diversity for food
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and agriculture. Their suitability varies in terms of measures for reducing poverty, and
conserving biodiversity. There are, for example, differences in the type of social groups
involved, access to the value chain and the distribution of power within the chains.
To accomplish this analysis, production and production´s cost estimations are needed,
and to obtain this data, a value chain structure analysis has to be made, determining
the value chain´s technic stages, the value chain´s actors and its own functions, the
repartition of the production throughout the different commercialization channels, to
end up with the value chain´s functionality analysis.
This analysis is an important tool to inform decision making and allows identifying the
potential malfunctions and disparities existing around a specific product’s value chain
while looking for options and corrective actions to secure a fair and sustainable flow of
benefit to local communities. To have a global picture of the value chain around a
specific product the existing market channels (direct and indirect selling) have to be
identified and examine how the value is created and distributed along these
commercialization channels.
An example of this type of analysis´ result is seen in the following graphics around ABD
products in Morocco. In the first one, the retailer obtains the higher price and better
profit margin of mint’s value chain, being the producer the actor that obtains the lower
price and profit margin. In this way, as it is seen in the second picture, the retailer
obtains the highest percentage of the added value of all the actors that make up the
Moroccan mint chain value, concentrating three and a half times more the mint´s total
added value than the producer.
Distribution of the added value for the
moroccan mint along the informal national
commercialization channel (DH/kg)
30
Retailer
25
20
12.5
Local/national grocery
stores
15
10
7
5
5
2
5.5
2
3
1.56
Selling Price (DH/kg)
Proffit margin (DH)
0
Figure 1: Example of the Value Chain`s Analysis
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Local intermediary
Producer
Distribution of the added value for the
moroccan mint along the informal national
commercialization channel (DH/kg)
100%
80%
Retailer
46%
Local/national grocery
stores
60%
40%
20%
0%
17%
Local intermediary
25%
Producer
13%
%
Figure 2: Example of the Value Chain`s Analysis
2. Territorial products identification analysis:
Analysing the existing relation between a product and its territory is a difficult endeavour,
because this relation could be related to its geographical origin, the biocultural diversity
associated to this product at the production or consumption level, its historical
anchorage, or a mix combination of this entire factor. Although, what is widely recognized
is that territorial products integrate three dimensions: ecological historical and sociocultural aspects. These biocultural dimensions differentiate territorial products by
associating them to a singular know-how a particular identity and ultimately conferring
them specificity identity.
ABD products, due to their special bond with a specific territory and culture, frequently
rely on an intrexincable link between biological and cultural elements which in turn leads
to particular qualitative characteristics that differentiate it from other products. Thus,
after the market analysis the following step of the Product Identification strategy is the
selection, with a participatory approach, of the territorial products found at the local
level.
Due to the difficulty to correctly identified territorial products, institutions such as Food
And Agriculture of the United Nations (FAO) have been working in a methodology to
identify products with territorial identity in a participatory manner. This type of
methodology could be integrated into the “tool box” ABD valorisation strategy to identify
those products that have a strong territorial identity and are already recognized as such
by producers and consumers.
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3. Socio-ecological resilience contribution analysis:
One of the main risks of ABD value enhancement strategies is to ultimately fall in
specialization processes and consequently negatively impact the level of agricultural
biodiversity. According to FAO (2011), there is a negative reinforcing feedback between
poverty and ecosystem conditions, resulting from the interaction between human
activities and ecosystem. That is to say, that when a homogenization of ABD occurs, as the
result of any specialised productive practices or governance aspects occurred, poverty will
increase as a result of the loss of biodiversity.
Consequently, all ecosystems and landscapes must be seen as social-ecological systems
whose capacity to respond to stresses and change is a result of ecological and social
characteristics and their interrelation (Van Oudenhoven & al. 154). Hence the importance
to develop with a participatory approaches a value enhancement strategy that integrates
aspects that could prevent and/or avoid the ABD homogenization. This will be done
analysing the ABD products socio-ecological resilience contribution.
To determine how high the contribution of a product´s species to resilience is, the biologic
diversity, understood as the diversity of ways of life of an organism and its adaptation to
the environment, is going to be quantified. To do so, once a product that has a strong
market value and a strong territorial identity is identified, is also going to be studied, with
a participatory approach, to determine its socio-ecological resilience contribution trough
the number of varieties related to its species.
Measuring social-ecological resilience contribution is challenging, particularly because
institutional and organizational processes must be understood as carefully as ecological
ones. Therefore, a framework, like the one developed by Van Oudenhoven and Eyzaguirre
could be use, mainly because it helps the understanding of interactions between human
and environment taking in place in traditionally managed ecosystems and landscapes. It
also monitors the role that these interactions play in the maintenance of such systems.
Figure 3: Stage 1 of the Agricultural Biodiversity Valorisation Strategy
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STAGE 2: ABD IDENTIFIED PRODUCTS VALORISATION STRATEGY. VALUE CHAINS –
COMMERCIALIZATION OF PRODUCTS: QUALITY, DIVERSIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION
The best way to preserve naturally occurring plant and animal species and those sub-species,
types and races arising out of environmental conditions and human intervention, used, or
potentially usable by humans, is to create and maintain a market value for them. In this way,
according to the experience accumulated, there are three relevant aspects to be considered to
improve the market and socio-ecological value of a product, which are main components of
this ABD valorisation strategy:
Quality:
Quality is commonly understood as the property or a group of inherent properties of
something that allows judging its value. In addition, the International Standardization
Organization defines it as the group of properties and characteristics of a product that
confer the aptitude to satisfy consumers´ declare and implicit needs. In other words,
these product´s group of properties allow its own distinction among other products,
being its quality determined by its functionality or aptitude.
Consequently, the quality of a product is strongly linked with its consumer and its
needs. In this way, the “good quality” is relative, subjective and dynamic, especially
when the product´s value is influenced by social customs and traditions (Pons and
Sivardière, 2002). Recently the definition of quality has evolved under a more holistic
approach. A good example of this integrated vision of quality could be found in
definitions such as the one developed by Slow Food, where a quality product is defined
as being a “Good, Clean and Fair” one.
Differentiation:
Differentiation is strongly linked with quality concept, because a product
differentiation can be done by modifying its inherent characteristics in the production
process, or modifying the product´s image that consumers perceive.
The product differentiation is a method that allows the producer to achieve a
competitive advantage that it is not reachable by a strategic option or structural
impossibility, due to the higher cost that it means in comparison to standardize
products (Grant, 1991).
Hence, the absence of homogeneity among one type of products ends the perfect
competition and places the market in the proximities of monopolistic competition, in
which each segment of the demand is willing to pay more for some product´s specific
characteristics that satisfy it.
Since the producer has higher possibilities to set the price of his product and reach
new markets, the possibility to obtain a higher rent increases. In the consumer’s hand,
the products differentiation allows them to obtain a higher satisfaction through its
consumption, due to the possibility to find in the market the product that fits to their
pleasure, needs and resources (Caldentey and Gómez, 2001).
To accomplish a correct differentiation by the modification of the product´s image that
consumers perceive, some signals are necessary to communicate those new
characteristics. Therefore, these signals, more known as “quality brands”, are
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constituted by all those distinctive signals that recognise product´s particular
qualitative characteristics (Caldentey y Gómez, 1998).
Among the quality brands, Denomination of Origin, Geographic Denominations,
Quality Denominations, Regional Distinctive, Collective Brands, Participatory Guaranty
System, Organic Certification, Fair Trade, among others, can be found. Furthermore, in
the literature it is also found a discussion about landscape labelling approach and the
way it contributes to the promotion of ecosystem services delivery, together with the
cultural and symbolic attributes of the landscape. It has the potential to improve
market recognition, and secure premium payments while gaining access to niche
markets.
To obtain any of these or other quality brands a certification is needed. This is
understood as a formal document in which a certification organization declares that
the product or service that the consumer is paying for is produced or done under a
specific norm that goes beyond the law. In this way certification establish a
relationship of trust among the producer and the consumer, in which the producer
response to the different consumer´s desires related to cultural, social, ethics, and
environmental aspects.
It cannot be forgotten that the State has a role in the certification process, which is to
ensure the seriousness of the certification and the accredited agencies that are active
in each country, doing a State control on the certification bodies. The State can also
take on the role of giving a general framework and recognition of certain voluntary
standards, as in the case for organic food, Protected Designation of Origin, and
Protected Geographical Indications, among others.
ABD can benefit from marketing development and differenciation strategies as a
means of supporting their sustained use and help foster the conservation of
agrobiodiversity, while generating sustainable income for the local producers and
value chain stakeholders.
Diversification:
Cáceres (1994) understands diversification as the group of strategies that have, both,
in or out the productive systems, which objective is to minimize the homogeneity
among productions. As seen before, the modification of the inherent characteristics
contributes to eradicate this situation, and can be made, in relation with the
productive processes, by incorporating added value to the product, modifying the
producing processes, valorising new varieties of incomes, and the use of productive
processes´ externalities to create new products, among many others.
Territorial characteristics get relevance to diversify and develop a product and/or its
process, mainly for its contribution the conservation and sustainable use of ABD. The
know how accumulated through years in traditional and environmental friendly
transformation practices, allows to innovate and diversify a product and its productive
process, also within other productive sectors and services. As a result, this innovation
processes allow to improve conservation of some types of ABD valorisation products,
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such as agro-food ones, permitting also to increase rent and the period of time
through year that it is obtained.
According to what has been said until now, the ABD valorisation strategy will define, once the
participatory product identification is done, a participatory action plan will combine measures
aimed at improving the quality of products, differentiating them, and diversifying their value
chain, while ensuring that the biocultural diversity embedded in this production is preserved
and enhanced.
Figure 4: Stage 2 Enhanced and equitable value for ABD products
STAGE 3: FLOW OF BENEFITS TO THE COMMUNITY
To avoid process of specialization and in turn homogenization through an enhanced and
equitable value for ABD products, there is a strong need to transform this sectorial valorisation
strategy to a more integrated one which covers different scales (from product to landscapes)
and relies on other activities and services such as tourism, traditional craft and their
interrelations.
Once the identified products´ market value has been improved, it is necessary to canalised the
benefit flow to the local community avoiding specialization process so as to positively impact
on biocultural diversity from the product to the landscape. Thus, Basket of Goods and Services
(BGS) gets prominence, this concept is an integrated tool which promotes the joint valorisation
of local quality products and environmental services strongly linked with the territory. This
bond makes these resources exclusive, interdependent and complementary, resulting from a
social and institutional construction around ABD interactions that connect products, services
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and landscapes in a sustainable and holistic manner. It also has the potential of building a
model of sustainable territorial development, because it relies on positive synergies between
the supply and demand of specific local high quality products and services and goes beyond
conventional development strategies around single value chains by promoting joint and
complementary market access strategies for territorial resources.
In contrast to the singular valorisation of each product identified, which would result in a
Vertical Benefit Flow (VBF), the BGS will promote an Integrated Benefit Flow (IBF). In the first
case, , as a result of the action plan developed at the stage 2 the benefits are going to flow
only among the value chains` actors involved on the production, transformation and
commercialization of a specific product. In the case of the BGS the whole community is going
to be benefited, through the joint valorisation of local quality products and environmental
services that result from a social-institutional construction which cross different sectors.
In this context, governance gets significance, thus, the previously correct identification of the
multi-stakeholders related to the joint valorisation of local quality products and environmental
services is of paramount importance.
The recognition for those environmental services obtains importance to strengthen the flow of
benefits to the community. For this reason, the design and implementation of instruments and
the application of mechanisms that monitor income increase are necessary to value the
improvement that these activities generate for the local livelihoods.
As a consequence of the vertical and integrated benefits flows to the community, an
increment of the agricultural biodiversity at the landscape level will be achieved, due to the
influence that the strategy has in raising the community´s awareness of the importance ofABD
and its valorisation in socio-cultural, economic and environmental aspects. Thus, these flows of
benefits will positively affect the community´s initiative in improving the quality of their
products, diversifying and differentiating their productive activities with a territorial and
sustainable approach.
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Figure 5: Stage 5 of the Agricultural Biodiversity Valorisation Strategy
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INDICATORS TO EVALUATE THE FLOW OF BENEFITS OF THE ABD
VALORISATION STRATEGY
ABD contributes to livelihoods in a number of ways, both directly and indirectly. The direct
effects include improved nutrition and promotion of traditional knowledge among other
things, while indirect benefits include improved resilience of the Socio Ecological Production of
Landscape (SEPL) in the face of climate change and extreme climate events such as high winds.
The SEPL indicators will provide a framework for analysing how projects conserve ABD, both
ecosystem resilience (mainly ecological indicators) and well-being (mainly sociological
indicators) at the landscape level.
Van Oudenhoven et al. (2011) outline how classic ecological indicators of ecosystem health,
such as species richness, nutrient and water cycling, soil productivity, can be couple with sociocultural indicators. These socio-cultural indicators can be used to complete ecological
indicators by taking into account the social and historical dimensions of the SEPL. These
indicators would include information related to retention and acquisition of traditional
ecological knowledge (TEK), such as geographical diffusion of knowledge; cultural values
related to agriculture, such as the existence of folklore, ceremonies, dances etc.; customary
laws and social institutions; and food sovereignty, in particular availability of sufficient quantity
and quality of traditional foods, among other related indicators. The interaction between these
two types of indicators will give a better picture of the interactions important to the resilience
and functioning of SEPLs.
The combination of impacts to resilience and well-being will undoubtedly also have an impact
on livelihood strategies and choices. The changes in strategies can be measured using a
sustainable livelihood framework that takes into account the five types of capital assets
(natural, social, human, financial and physical).
Figure 6 illustrates how the indicator framework can be used by both scientists and the
population to monitor and improve the SEPL. The conservation of ABD provides a stream of
benefits to the population (whether concrete, in the form of monetary and ecological benefits,
or perceived, in the form of cultural or spiritual benefits). The population uses the indicator
framework to measure various aspects of the SEPL which helps to translate the direct
(increased well-being, nutrition, etc.) or indirect benefits (potential resilience of system in the
face of climate change, etc.) of conservation of ABD and, therefore, the increased perceived
value of conserving biodiversity. Researchers and project developers use the indicators to
develop and improve programs which increase the potential benefits of conservation of ABD
(payment for ecosystem services, etc.).
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Figure 6: Dual Purpose of the Indicator Framework for Conservation and Promotion of SEPL Values
Various indicators have been used to measure ecological and sociological impacts on
sustainable livelihood. Some relevant aspects that these should centre, after bringing them
closer to the local community´s reality, are creation of working days; poverty reduction; wellbeing and capabilities; livelihood adaptation, vulnerability, resilience; the degree of
dependency of farmers’ on their ABD; flow of information and materials related to the ABD
valorisation, biotic components´ situation, water supply: quality-quantity, soil fertilityproductivity, weather stability; condition of the vegetation cover; average income levels; and
migration, among many others.
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Nr.
Key questions and themes
Comments
1
Can species/ecosystem elements be
integrated/introduced into existing
systems to complement them and make
them more sustainable?
Recommend focus on tropical fruit trees which are
arguably the part that conucos take most of their
stability from (consult Instituto de Investigaciones de
Fruticultura Tropical)
2
Which activities contribute in what ways to
the wellbeing and economic status of
people living in the reserve areas. What
are the impacts of these practices on the
ecosystems in the protected area, and
implications for linking wild and
cultivated landscapes?
Sierra del Rosario, Cuba's first Biosphere reserve,
includes a 'model village', Las Terrazas. It was
conceived with the idea that the people living in the
countryside could improve their living conditions
(which were very poor) by moving to this model village
and engaging in ecotourism activities. This is an
interesting example of a strategy that goes counter to
the idea of the project and it will be interesting to
compare the experiences of people that stayed on
their farms, and the people that moved to Las
Terrazas: ecotourism is an indirect way of bringing
benefits to people and creates a distance between
people and their ecosystem. Whereas agriculture
brings a very direct benefit, where people manage
and "serve" biodiversity, instead of tourism.
There might be a need to defend a broader definition
of 'wellbeing' with UNEP-GEF (one more in line with
the social-ecological indicators, in which income is not
the most important proxy)
- list of species that depend to a certain degree on
conuco, or on the the interactions between wild
ecosystems and conucos (the species composition of
conucos is very specific, with a much higher density of
fruit species compared to natural forests. A study in
RBCT (Begue!) found more birds in semi-natural
forests than in natural ones. They have feeding nests
in managed forests to cut the distance to food ('home
nests' are in often in natural forests). The same is
likely for pollinators (see study by Hoehn et al. [2010]
in Biodiversity and Conservation)
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Nr.
Comments
3
Which farming practices are most
suitable for soil conservation on
sloping services, and can existing farming
techniques (especially slash and burn) be
improved in such a way to prevent soil
erosion? How can farmers contribute to
the restoration of degraded lands?
Cuchilla' means a very steep hill. These hills in the
RBCT are extremely prone to erosion. Slash and burn
is a common and traditional practice among farmers
to cultivate larger quantitaties of root and tuber crops,
or viandas (quantities grown in conucos are usually
quite small, conucos are traditionally more focused
on the production of fruits, decorational plants, and
animals), and are often important to food security and
provide additional income. The practice is not allowed
in the core areas of the reserve because of its
negative impact on soil runoff, although it can be
observed in some areas. An important question this
project has to address (through collaboration with the
Earth institute and, potentially, with a recently
approved GEF pilot project on soils) is whether s&b
techniques can be improved in such a way as to
conserve soils and not cause any runoff (which then
gets into the rivers and may have impacts further
downstream).
Corridors: Both reserves have fairly large areas of
degraded/deforested lands, landslide areas, etc.
Forestry is planning to replant such areas (in RBCT),
but farmers could probably take care of much of it if
given the proper incentives. Can farms be considered
as corridors and if yes, what are the corridor functions
they contain. This would also contribute to the
country's commitments under the Caribbean Corridor
Convention. It directly addresses the project's aim to
expand 'agricultural biodiversity corridors'
Research design: the choice of approach to tests
these questions is important. Probably a combination
of two approaches will be necessary: 1) experimental
(ask farmers to replant degraded areas and test the
impact of different species/arrangements/techniques
on soil regeneration, water quality, runoff, etc.; 2
comparing existing systems/farming practices (the
impact of systems on ecological variables can be
compared along different gradients (ecological - core,
buffer, transition zone of the reserves; or knowledge
intensiveness)
4
Is there a role of payment for ecosystem
services in enhancing the sustainability
of (communities) living in MAB reserves?
We might not want to get into this, since it is such a
big field and not necessarily in line with our ways of
thinking/small-scale agriculture, but if ways exist to
reward farmers for the ecosystem services they are
helping to maintain through their day-to-day farming
activities, then a construction might be conceivable by
which a reserve is paid by the ecosystem service
bankers and distributes that wealth to its communities
in the form of services, etc.
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Nr.
Comments
5
What is the role of traditional Cuban
foods in maintaining agrobiodiversity.
Can these foods be repopularized?
Many culinary traditions were lost, especially in the
cities, as a result of the 'periodo especial' (the years
after the collapse of the USSR when agricultural
inputs, fuel, etc. were all of a sudden unavailable). Of
course, many of these foods were prepared with local
species, including wild ones.
Sagú is an example. It is a drink made from arrowroot
pulp (Marantha arundinacea). Preparing it requires a
lot of work (to obtain the starch) but Fidel and many
elder Cubans swear by it and credit their old age with
its healthful properties. One pound of arrowroot starch
costs 30 pesos (a lot), but it's use is disappearing, and
so is arrowroot, which is taken from uncultivated/wild
plants. Regenerating wild populations, in
combination with a public awareness campaign, could
be an interesting activity to support in the project.
Possibly involve Slow Food for production of
traditional recipe book/health campaign.
6
Is there a connection between the
social/cultural wellbeing of a community
and the health of the surrounding
ecosystem?
Develop and apply a set of indicators for both
landscape and community resilience and well being.
Review existing set if resilience indicators and
socioeconomic wellbeing indicators (if any). Test, vet,
and apply a specific set of indicators that are useful to
the project focus and sites. Train project teams and
communities in their uses and in the analyses of
information they generate.
F - 18
Nr.
Comments
7
How robust are local seed systems and
how can they be strengthened?
Previous activities have focuses on this to some
degree. It will be easy to do a survey among farmers
we have worked with in the past and compare the
current situation with that of 5-10 years ago. This
would give a good idea of the factors influencing seed
system security and can inform project activities that
aim to strengthen these systems. Farmers in La
Municion, for example, save some of their seeds and
appear to have a very strong informal network of
exchange with neighbours/cooperative to obtain other
seeds. They know which varieties are grown by whom
and go to them for seeds when in need. Nonetheless,
they say that many varieties are being lost. They
mention a number of factors: hurricanes,
unpredictable weather (with loss of entire harvests as
a result), death/emigration (of farmers) and market
forces (i.e. when the government raises the price of
certain crops, farmers start growing them, often at the
cost of other crops. This happened with cucumber, for
example: many people started to produce it, which led
to overproduction, a drop in price, and now the
cucumber is gone from La Municion).
- establishment of Community Biodiversity Registers
(which include best practices on maintaining diversity
on-farm [specific techniques to maintain maize
diversity])
- given the varying climatic conditions (especially
humidity) and taking into account the level of
dispersion of communities, which are the best and
most appropriate methods to conserve seeds. Both in
terms of tools (drying, preserving) and in terms of
mechanisms and level of exchange (community,
ecosystem, MAB, or regional level?). This must be
developed together with communities.
- this theme overlaps with a Trust project led by
INIFAT (Nelson) on bean/maize conservation (cofunding).
F - 19
Nr.
Comments
8
What is the most efficient and beneficial
way to link agriculture in the MAB
reserves to the formal systems of urban
and peri-urban agriculture?
The value of conuco agriculture to the more
institutionalized forms of urban and peri-urban
agriculture is neither recognized nor exploited. I.e. the
value of food production of the latter systems is clear,
but conuco agriculture is characterized more by
diversity and quality than by quantity, and so far this
hasn't generated many benefits for conuco
farmers.The project must explore ways in which these
values can be appreciated and exploited (by the
government), ideally by establishing linkages
between the formal systems and the Biosphere
reserves. One way could be to diversify urban
agriculture on the basis of varieties and species that
exist in the reserves, serving both conservation
purposes (expanding populations) and nutritional
ones. It must be kept in mind that a complicated
trajectory exists for landraces to be taken up in and
distributed through the formal system (varieties must
be stable, distinct, homogenous), and that pursuing
less formal ways may yield more results. More formal
would be seed distribution through urban/peri-urban
agriculture. Less formal would bee between
communities that are not connected to this system
(e.g. in the biosphere reserves) and if distribution is
done as plants (and not as seeds) through
nurseries.Fruit trees would be particularly important
from this perspective (see also question 1)
9
What is the intensity of use/interaction
with 'wild' ecosystems and how does this
affect the health of ecosystems and
human communities (social-ecological
system)
Little knowledge of the use of wild species exists,
previous research having focused mainly on
(cultivated) species on farm. The main species used
are aji, chili, ñame, a number of species used to
prepare a traditional drink pru (Gouania polygama;
Smilax spp.; Pimenta dioica), and medicinal plants.
Some valuation work has been done on pru.
There are many species that can be used, but aren't,
and several species that are left in abandoned
conuco's are becoming wild and adapting to changing
conditions (e.g. shade becaus of forest cover).
Some of the species above are over-exploited and
disappearing and the project should look into
opportunities for increasing their population (see also
question 6)
A final project output related to this theme could be a
register of useful plants, their qualities, where to find
them, and who knows about them.
F - 20
Nr.
Comments
10
Can the idea of geographic
denominations (terroirs) etc. be extended
to the Cuban (socialist) context?
It already exists for the most well-known Cuban export
products: coffee, rum, cigars. For the national market
prices are determined by the state, however, and
differentiation based on quality and origin is not
allowed. All surplus production from farms, including
those in the biosphere reserves, is bought by the state
through cooperatives and is sold centrally. Direct sale
from farmer to others is essentially prohibited,
although it does happen in some places, informally.
The restaurant owner in Las Terrazas (RBSR) told us
he needs to go to Havana to buy yucca and soya,
while the farmers next doors have plenty. Some
government initiatives in Oriente, around Guantanamo
and Santiago, allow for farmers to sell their produce in
stands along the road. Importantly, the Diversity Fairs
organized within the previous agrobiodiversity project
were the first instances where farmers were allowed
to display AND sell their produce, artisanry, etc. to
'consumers'. This took a tremendous amount of
lobbying with officials, but proved successful.The
central problem here is that the terroirs-idea depends
on the existence of market niches, which in Cuba do
not exist (except for the very rich, who get their food
from outside anyway). Internationally, of course, they
do exist, but the farmers that produce, for example,
the coffee that is exported (some farmers from RBCT),
do not see any additional benefits from doing so,
since their wages are determined by the state.
11
How can the role of farmers in research
and protected area management be
strengthened?
Anything to do with institutions and hierarchies is
difficult to change, especially in Cuba. Are there
innovative ways of involving farming communities in
the decision-making of the biosphere reserves that
can be piloted during the project? One way is the
establishment of farmer research committees that
have a real say in the design and implementation of
the research activities. Given the powerful role of the
ANAP (Associacion nacional de agricoltores
pequenas) in Cuba, this would also be very desirable
in order to ensure their support of project findings and
policy implications etc.
12
What channels are most suitable to
facilitate the training/dissemination of best
practices?
These channels are already in place, both through
government, cooperatives, Reserve facilities and
previous project activities
F - 21
Annex G. Indicators for resilience in socio-ecological production landscapes for adaptation and
use in agrobiodiversity landscapes in Cuban MAB reserves1
“Socio-ecological production landscapes” or SEPLs are dynamic mosaics of habitats and land
uses including various landscape components such as villages, farmland and adjacent woods,
grasslands and coastal areas. These landscapes have been shaped over the years by the
interactions between people and nature in ways that maintain biodiversity and provide humans
with goods and services needed for their well-being. They have proven sustainable over
centuries and can be considered living examples of cultural heritage. A number of studies
indicate that the management of these landscapes is compatible with the Ecosystem Approach
and the Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines on the Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity.
The Satoyama Initiative, which aims to maintain and, where necessary, revitalize or rebuild
SEPLs was recognized as a potentially useful tool to better understand and support these
landscapes for the benefit of biodiversity and human well-being by the 10th Meeting of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity.2
Why a resilience approach? In order to maintain, revitalize and rebuild SEPLs in times of
global change, a resilience perspective on landscapes is essential. In SEPLs, communities create
resilience with practices that further their well-being, but also support the landscape and its
biodiversity. With the aim to provide a tool for communities to understand their resilience and
encourage the practices that strengthen it, a set of indicators3 is being developed. These
indicators help measure a community’s capacity to build resilience and harness ecosystem
services through innovation, adaptation, and through institutions that regulate and ensure the
sustainable use of biodiversity. Bioversity International with support from the International
Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (IPSI) developed the indicators to be tested and adapted
to measure resilience of agricultural landscapes in proximity of natural ecosystems and
important biodiversity. The first test and refinement of the indicators will take place in Cuban
social ecological landscapes and protected areas and will be made available globally through
IPSI and other relevant international organisations, frameworks and networks. These indicators
where shared and vetted at the CBD/ SBSTTA 15, November 7-11, 2011, Montreal, Canada.
Who will use the indicators and for what? The indicators are not conceived as a defined set of
measurements but rather as a guide to understanding and strengthening resilience. They are
based on case studies that describe communities’ strategies to cope with and adapt to change
through local innovation and the sustainable use of biodiversity. Further development of the
indicators is planned through discussion among IPSI members, other interested parties and local
communities, and through their practical application in community development projects in
SEPLs. The indicators cover key features of SEPLs that confer resilience. While adapted for
agricultural settings the indicators can be made specific to landscapes in which agriculture is not
1 Derived from Bioversity IPSI indicators – CBD-SBSTTA, Montreal Nov 2011
2 CBD COP10 Decision X/32 Sustainable use of biodiversity
3 Based on work by Van Oudenhoven, F., Mijatovic, D. and Eyzaguirre, P. (2010) Social-ecological indicators of
resilience in agrarian and natural landscapes, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal
22(2), pp.154-173.
G-1
the main livelihood activity. They complement other existing indicator frameworks focused on
community well-being, traditional knowledge and landscape productivity4,5,6.
The main purpose of the indicators is to assist communities in developing resiliencestrengthening strategies that encourage local innovation, ecosystem protection and beneficial
interactions between different landscape components. Unlike many assessment tools, they are
defined and measured in terms easily perceived and used by local communities. The main areas
in which the indicators can prove useful to the collaborative initiatives between communities,
scientists, conservation and development actors are:
•
Understanding the resilience of SEPLs. The indicators provide an analytical framework
with a common set of parameters for the exchange of experience and information across
landscapes and communities.
•
Supporting communities in strengthening SEPLs, biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
The indicators can help to identify social processes, institutions, and land use,
conservation and innovation practices that need to be encouraged to strengthen resilience.
•
Monitoring and evaluation of project interventions that aim to strengthen resilience and
support biodiversity conservation.
What do indicators measure? The indicators measure elements of SEPL resilience that are,
almost by definition, strongly interrelated. The practices and institutions that they describe can
be grouped into four areas:
• Ecosystems protection and the maintenance of biodiversity;
• Agricultural biodiversity;
• Knowledge, learning and innovation;
• Social equity
Ecosystems protection and the maintenance of biodiversity. The health of a landscape and
the ecosystems it supports, reflected in part in the diversity of (interactions between) species,
forms the physical (and, often, spiritual) basis of a community’s wellbeing. Biodiversity
contributes to community and landscape resilience by providing ecosystem services, which are
sustained (or degraded) by the practices and institutions that regulate the use of natural
resources. In the context of climate change, for example, the protection and restoration of
watersheds and forest and coastal ecosystems in SEPLs helps regulate hydrology and
microclimate, thereby providing a buffer against extreme weather events, sea level rise, floods
and droughts.
Agricultural biodiversity forms the nexus between the health of an ecosystem and that of a
community. It includes species used for food, fodder, fibre, fuel, and the large number of nonharvested species in the wider landscape directly used by or benefiting communities through the
services they provide (pollinators, soil biota, regulators of pests and diseases). Agricultural
4 UNEP (2009) Learning from the Practitioners: Benefit Sharing Perspectives from Enterprising Communities.
United Nations Environment Programme.
5 TEBTEBBA (2008) Indicators relevant for Indigenous Peoples: a Resource Book. Indigenous Peoples
International Centre for Policy Research and Education.
6 Buck, L., Shames, S. and Scherr. S. (2007) Understanding Ecoagriculture: A Framework for Measuring
Landscape Performance. Ecoagriculture Partners.
G-2
biodiversity provides material for experimentation, innovation and adaptation. The genetic
diversity found in local crop varieties and animal breeds, expressed in important traits such as
drought and saline tolerance, and resistance to pests and diseases, helps them adapt to different
soil and climate conditions. The loss in diversity of these traits decreases options for risk
management and adaptation to changing land use and climate conditions. Revival of local food
systems and landscape diversification, on the other hand, encourages the maintenance of
agricultural biodiversity, and contributes to food security and self-sufficiency.
Knowledge, learning and innovation are the means of building resilience. Communities
strengthen resilience by experimenting, innovating, and learning within and between different
knowledge systems, cultures, and age groups. Adaptation strategies may be novel or old, but
generally build on traditional knowledge. This knowledge is specific to the locations and
cultures of given social-ecological interactions and embodied in (resource use and agricultural)
customs and traditions, local languages, cultural values, and social institutions. As many
communities are losing their knowledge of local resources, biodiversity and historical events that
have contributed to the shaping of the landscape, the maintenance of this knowledge increasingly
depends on the ability of elders, parents and the younger generations in a community to
document and share it. The role of young community members in the assimilation of traditional
knowledge and in valuing and combining it with the new knowledge to which they are exposed
in urban centres and learning institutions is important, but often underestimated.
Social equity is a key feature of SEPL resilience. Gender inequality, social exclusion and
marginalization can hinder the ability of women, indigenous and other groups to strengthen
resilience. Women hold specific knowledge and skills related to biodiversity, and thus their role
in adaptation is essential. For indigenous communities, resilience is intrinsically linked with their
efforts to protect traditional ways of subsistence and cultural heritage. The ability to access
ancestral lands, engage in traditional land use and agricultural practices are some of the
conditions for communities to maintain biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge.
How to use the indicators? The indicators, presented in the table, are developed to guide the
assessment of resilience in a community. The assessment entails assigning a score and a trend to
each indicator by answering the questions listed in the table’s first column. A qualitative or
quantitative score can be assigned to all indicators using a 5-point scale given in the table’s
second column. To collect information about changes in trends, the following categories can be
used for each indicator separately:
↑ steep upward trend
↗ slow/some increase
→ No change
slow/some decrease
↓steep downward
The way the indicators are used will differ depending on the user. Communities may seek to
monitor the impact of external development, agricultural or conservation interventions on
traditional livelihoods; for practitioners and scientists they can help elucidate whether and how
G-3
the day-to-day interactions between people and landscape contribute to landscape resilience.
Most importantly, however, they are intended as a common language between ‘traditional’ and
‘scientific’ communities that values, rather than obscures the complexity of human-environment
interactions.
G-4
Indicators for resilience in socio-ecological production landscapes
What to assess?
Scores
Ecosystems protection and the maintenance of biodiversity
Heterogeneity and multi-functionality
in the landscape
• Do biodiversity management and
land-use practices maintain a landscape
mosaic of cultivated, semi-managed and
wild areas, e.g. forest patches, riparian
forests, fishing grounds, pasturelands,
water-harvesting areas, home gardens,
cultivated fields and orchards?
(5) Heterogeneous landscape consists of managed, cultivated
areas and several types of ecosystems or wild areas wellconnected with ecological corridors.
(4) Landscape mosaic consists of several land-use types and some
wild areas.
(3) Landscape consists of several land-use types and fragmented
wild areas.
(2) Landscape consists of two or three land-use types and very
few wild areas.
(1) No heterogeneity, i.e. one type of land-use predominates in
the landscape.
Areas protected for their cultural and
ecological importance
• How many landscape components are
protected for ensuring a continuous flow
of ecosystem services? Protection may
be formal or informal and include
traditional forms of protection such as
sacred groves.
(5) Protected and low-use areas cover key resources in the
landscape and they are connected to ensure a continuous flow
of ecosystem services.
(4) Protected and low-use areas cover key resources in the
landscape.
(3) Protected and low-use areas small.
(2) Protected and low-use areas very small.
(1) Landscape intensively used, leading to resource depletion and
accelerating loss of biodiversity.
Sustainable use of resources
(5) Resources used in a sustainable manner.
• Are the resources (water, soil, forest,
fisheries and others) sustainably used?
(4) Most resources used in a sustainable manner.
(3) Not all resources used in a sustainable manner.
(2) Unsustainable use of resources.
(1) Unsustainable use of resources, accompanied by severe or
irreversible resource degradation.
Environmental security and safety
(5) Very low risk.
• Is there a risk of environmental
pollution and disasters, e.g. soil, air and
water pollution, climate change related
threats?
(4) Low risk.
(3) Medium risk.
(2) High risks.
(1) Very high risks.
Agricultural biodiversity
Maintenance, documentation and
conservation of agricultural
biodiversity in a community
• Are local crops, varieties and animal
breeds used in a community?
• Is agricultural biodiversity
(5) Local crops, varieties and breeds (#) widely used, documented
and conserved.
(4) Local crops, varieties and breeds are used by some community
members; documentation and conservation practices are
weak.
(3) Local crops, varieties and breeds are used by few community
G-5
documented and conserved in
community classification systems and
community seed banks?
members, documentation and conservation practices do not
exist.
(2) Local crops, varieties and breeds are rare and used only by
very few community members, documentation and
conservation practices do not exist.
(1) Local crops, varieties and breeds no longer found.
Diversity of local food system
(5) Locally-sourced foods abundant and widely used.
• Do communities use a diversity of
traditional and locally-produced foods,
e.g. cereals, vegetables, fruits, nuts, wild
plants, mushrooms, berries, fish and
animals?
(4) Locally-sourced foods available and used by some community
members.
(3) Locally-sourced foods available and occasionally used.
(2) Variable availability and use of locally-sourced foods.
(1) Scarcity of locally-sourced foods.
Knowledge, learning and innovation
Innovation in agricultural biodiversity
management for improved resilience
and sustainability
• Do community members improve,
develop and adopt agricultural and
biodiversity management techniques to
adapt to changing conditions and
contexts, e.g. climate change, population
pressure, resource degradation?
(5) Community members are receptive to change and adjust their
practices through local innovation.
(4) Community members are receptive to change, local
innovation takes place but can be strengthened.
(3) Community members are receptive to change but the rate of
innovation is low.
(2) Community members are moderately receptive to change, no
innovation.
(1) Community members are not receptive to change, no
innovation.
Access and exchange of agricultural
biodiversity
• Are individuals within and between
communities connected through
institutions and networks for the
exchange of agricultural biodiversity
(e.g. seed exchange networks, local
markets and animal and seed fairs)?
(5) Multiple systems of exchange regularly operating within and
between communities across different cultures and
landscapes.
(4) Exchange within and across communities takes places but can
be strengthened.
(3) Exchange takes place occasionally.
(2) Exchange takes place rarely.
(1) Systems of exchange do not exist.
Transmission of traditional
knowledge from elders, parents and
peers to the young people in a
community
• Is the knowledge of key concepts and
practices about land, water, biological
resources and cosmology transmitted
between different age groups?
(5) Key concepts and practices known to all community members,
including children.
(4) Key concepts and practices known to community members,
but not to those considered children.
(3) Key concepts and practices known only to adults and elders.
(2) Key concepts and practices known only to elders.
(1) Traditional knowledge lost.
Cultural traditions related to
biodiversity
(5) Cultural traditions practiced by all community members
including children.
• Are cultural traditions related to
biodiversity maintenance and use
continued by young people, e.g.
festivals, rituals, songs, etc?
(4) Cultural traditions practiced by community members, but not
by those considered children.
(3) Cultural traditions practiced only by adults and elders.
(2) Cultural traditions practiced only by elders.
(1) Not practiced.
Number of generations interacting
(5) Three or more generations interact with the landscape.
G-6
with the landscape
(4) Two or three generations interact with the landscape.
• How many generations interact with
the landscape for subsistence and
income?
(3) Two generations interact with the landscape.
Practices of documentation and
exchange of local knowledge
(5) Institutions and systems for knowledge documentation and
exchange are present and involve all community members.
• Are community-based institutions and
systems for documentation, exchange
and acquisition of externally-sourced
knowledge in place? E.g. existence of
traditional knowledge registers, resource
classification systems, community
biodiversity registers, farmer field
schools.
(4) Institutions and systems for knowledge documentation and
exchange present but can be strengthened.
Use of local terminology or indigenous
languages
(5) Local terminology (and local dialect or language) widely used
in the community.
• Do community members use local
terminology related to land and (the use
of) biodiversity, and, if applicable, do
they speak the local dialect or language?
(4) Local terminology used by the majority of community
members.
(2) One or two generations interact with the landscape.
(1) One generation interacts with the landscape.
(3) Some knowledge documentations and exchange taking place
but need to be strengthened.
(2) Only a small fraction of knowledge documented.
(1) Documentation of knowledge does not take place.
(3) Local terminology used by a part of the community.
(2) Local terminology used by a small part of the community.
(1) Local terminology not used.
Women’s knowledge about
biodiversity and its use
(5) Women’s knowledge, experiences and skills recognized,
respected and used.
• Are women’s knowledge, experiences
and skills recognized as central to
practices that strengthen resilience?
(4) Women’s knowledge, experiences and skills mostly
recognized and respected and used.
(3) Women’s knowledge, experiences and skills partially
recognized, respected and used.
(2) Women’s knowledge, experiences and skills receive little
recognition.
(1) Women’s knowledge, experiences and skills not recognized.
Social equity
Local resource governance
(5) Institutions in place and resources effectively managed.
• Are land, water and other resources
effectively managed by communitybased institutions? I.e. existence of
traditional institutions (village councils,
customary laws and other property
sharing regimes) and non-traditional
local initiatives for the sustainable use of
resources.
(4) Institutions in place and some resources effectively managed.
(3) Institutions in place but need to be strengthened.
(2) Institutions not effective.
(1) Institutions not present.
Autonomy in relation to land and
resource management
(5) Community has access to its traditional lands and resources
and autonomy in their management.
• Does the community have
autonomous access to indigenous lands,
territories, natural resources, and sacred
and ceremonial sites?
• Is that autonomy recognized by
(4) Community has access to its traditional lands and resources
and partial autonomy in their management, but its autonomy
needs to be strengthened and recognized by outside groups.
(3) Community has limited access to its traditional lands and
G-7
outside groups and institutions, e.g.
governments and development agencies?
resources and limited decision power over their management.
(2) Community has limited access to its traditional lands and
resources and no decision power over their management.
(1) Community has neither access to nor decision power over
traditional lands and resources.
Gender
• Are women involved in decisionmaking and communication with
outsiders?
• Do women have access to resources,
education, information and opportunities
for innovation?
(5) Women are involved in decision-making and communication
with outsiders, and have the same access to resources and
opportunities as men.
(4) Women are involved in decision-making and communication
with outsiders, and have access to resources and
opportunities, but less so than men.
(3) Women are partially or occasionally involved in decisionmaking and have limited access to resources and
opportunities.
(2) Women are rarely involved in decision-making and have
limited access to resources and opportunities.
(1) Women are not involved in decision-making, and have no
access to resources and opportunities.
Social infrastructure
(5) Social infrastructure exists and meets all community needs.
• Is social infrastructure, including
roads, schools, telecommunications,
energy, and electricity in place?
(3) Not all necessary infrastructure exists or functions
satisfactory.
(4) Basic social infrastructure exists.
(2) Some major social infrastructure is missing and opportunities
for its improvement are limited.
(1) No infrastructure in place.
Health care
• Do community members have access
to health care?
• Are traditional healing methods and
modern medicine present?
(5) Health care accessible for all community members and
functions to the satisfaction of the community.
(4) Basic health care accessible.
(3) Health care facilities exist but do not function satisfactory or
not easily accessible.
(2) Health care facilities not satisfactory and not easily accessible.
(1) Health care not accessible.
Health risk
(5) Low risk.
• Is there a health risk from epidemics,
water contamination, air pollution or
other threats?
(4) Average risk.
(3) Moderate risk.
(2) High risk.
(1) Very high risk.
G-8
G-9
Annex H. Policy and Institutional Framework
PLAN DE ACCIÓN NACIONAL 2006/2010
SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
PLAN DE ACCIÓN NACIONAL 2006/2010 SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
Acción
I.- Conservación y uso sostenible de la Diversidad Biológica
1.
2.
Poner en funcionamiento la Red Nacional de
Información de Diversidad Biológica.
Conservación in situ de la Diversidad Biológica.
Responsable
Participantes
CITMA (CENBIO)
Nodos de la Red
CITMA (CNAP)
Actores del SNAP
Tiempo
2006
Coordinación
− Contar con mecanismos de coordinación a nivel
nacional y provincial de los principales actores
del SNAP.
− Contar con asesoría científico - técnica para la
toma de decisiones en el SNAP.
− Lograr la integración de los planes, programas y
proyectos del SNAP y las AP con los planes
económicos y físicos y otros programas
nacionales.
− Disponer de un Sistema Nacional de Información
para la Gestión de las Áreas Protegidas que
pueda ser utilizado como herramienta de trabajo
por los tomadores de decisión y las
administraciones de las AP.
2006
2008
2010
2008
Legislación
− Revisar la correspondencia entre el marco legal
vigente y las necesidades de implementación del
SNAP.
− Completar y armonizar el marco legal que
garantice el funcionamiento del SNAP.
− Elaborar las normas complementarias que
permitan la implementación de todo el
instrumento legal.
2006
2008
2010
Planificación
1
H-1
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
Acción
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
2006
− Completar los análisis de vacíos
correspondientes, que permitan la identificación
de especies y/o ecosistemas no representados o
mal representados en el SNAP, y otras
necesidades identificadas en el Plan del SNAP y
el Programa de Trabajo de CBD, con vistas a la
declaración de AP que sean ecológicamente
representativas de los vacíos identificados en
2010 en la parte terrestre y 2012 para la parte
marina.
− Identificar y establecer metas e indicadores de
áreas protegidas, que se correspondan con las
metas y objetivos del programa de trabajo de
CBD para AP.
− Identificar y ejecutar pasos prácticos, que
permitan integrar en el 2015, las AP en paisajes
marinos y terrestres más amplios mediante la
creación de corredores biológicos o la
restauración de ecosistemas degradados, que
garanticen la continuidad ecológica del SNAP
(declaración de Sitios Ramsar, Reservas de la
Biosfera, APRM, etc).
− Adoptar medidas que permitan establecer o
ampliar AP dentro de toda área natural grande,
íntegra o relativamente poco fragmentada o
altamente irreemplazable o áreas bajo gran
amenaza o que alberguen a las especies
gravemente amenazadas en el contexto de la
prioridades nacionales y tomando en
consideración las necesidades de conservación
de las especies migratorias.
2006
2008
2006
2
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
Acción
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
Permanente
− Gestionar el SNAP a través de Planes
Estratégicos Quinquenales, elaborados mediante
procesos altamente participativos, que se
implementan mediante planes de acción
anuales, ambos aprobados por el CITMA.
− Aprobar según el procedimiento establecido por
la legislación vigente, el 80 % de las AP de
significación Nacional y el 60 % de las AP de
significación Local, garantizando una cobertura
del 85 % de los paisajes y especies del país con
énfasis en paisajes singulares, especies
endémicas o amenazadas y áreas que garanticen
la conectividad del sistema.
− El 80 % de las áreas protegidas aprobadas se
gestionan mediante Planes de Manejo que se
implementan a través de Planes Operativos
Anuales, ambos aprobados por CITMA.
− Gestionar el 100% de las AP que cuentan con
estructura administrativa, mediante planes
operativos anuales aprobados por el CITMA.
− Identificar metas de conservación mensurables
para sitios, tales como, genomas, especies,
comunidades naturales, ecosistemas y procesos
ecológicos, utilizando los criterios establecidos
en el Anexo I del Convenio sobre la Diversidad
Biológica y otros criterios pertinentes.
− Integrar los sistemas regionales, nacionales y
subnacionales de áreas protegidas en los
paisajes terrestres y marinos más amplios,
estableciendo, entre otras cosas, y administrando
redes ecológicas, corredores ecológicos y/o
zonas intermedias, cuando proceda, para
mantener los procesos ecológicos y teniendo
además en cuenta las necesidades de las especies
migratorias.
2008
Permanente
Permanente
2006
2008
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Acción
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
2008
− Perfeccionar la integración e interacción del
SNAP con otros sistemas, planes y programas e
incorporar en su planeamiento estrategias de
manejos biorregionales.
Fortalecimiento Institucional y Control
2006
− Tener en funcionamiento un sistema de control y
revisión a los Planes, programas y proyectos que
se ejecuten en las Áreas Protegidas, que
garantice 2 visitas anuales de control a cada AP
aprobada por el CECM o con administración
establecida, así como una visita a las áreas
propuestas.
− Las decisiones para la implementación de los
programas del Plan del SNAP, son tomadas por
una Junta Coordinadora Nacional, que se
replica en cada una de las provincias.
2006
Capacitación
2006
− Identificar las necesidades nacionales de
capacidad para el SNAP, y diseñar Plan de
Capacitación del SNAP en base a las
necesidades identificadas, incluida la creación
de programas de estudio, recursos y programas
para la entrega sostenible de capacitación en
materia de gestión de AP.
− Implementar el plan de capacitación del SNAP.
− Realización de Cursos, Seminarios y Talleres.
2008
Permanente
Administración de Áreas Protegidas
2008
− Contar con infraestructura básica para la
administración en cada una de las áreas
protegidas con administración actual o prevista
a iniciar en el período del Plan.
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Acción
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
2008
− Desarrollar capacidades que permitan que las
AP cuenten con personal suficientemente
calificado, para garantizar la gestión eficaz del
área.
− Señalizar los límites de las áreas.
− Diseñar e implementar un Sistema de
comunicaciones por voz y datos que garantice
las comunicaciones en 60 AP vinculadas en una
red Nacional/Provincial.
− Identificar y establecer mecanismos que
permitan utilizar los beneficios sociales y
económicos generados por las áreas protegidas
para el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida
de las comunidades locales vinculadas a las
áreas, en concordancia con los objetivos de la
administración de áreas protegidas.
2008
2006
2010
Manejo de Recursos
− Definir áreas priorizadas para la conservación,
con vistas al enfoque biorregional y
conectividad de las AP (Áreas Protegidas con
títulos internacionales, áreas del Plan Turquino
Manatí y REDS).
− Adoptar e implementar medidas para la
restauración de los ecosistemas degradados y
seminaturales en las AP como medio de hacer
viable el sistema de corredores ecológicos.
− Desarrollar, para 2010 enfoques nacionales
sobre responsabilidad jurídica y medidas de
reparación, incorporando el principio de quién
contamina paga u otros mecanismos apropiados
en relación con los daños a las áreas protegidas.
2008
2008
2010
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Acción
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
2008
− Perfeccionar el Sistema de Inspección Estatal
Ambiental, E.I.A y evaluación de riesgos a los
Esquemas y Planes de Ordenamiento, para
garantizar la conservación y uso sostenible de la
diversidad biológica en las AP.
− Aplicar, según proceda, evaluaciones oportunas
de impacto ambiental a todo plan o proyecto con
el potencial de producir efectos sobre las áreas
protegidas y garantizar un flujo de información
oportuno entre todas las partes interesadas con
esa finalidad, teniendo en cuenta la Decisión
VI/7 A de la Conferencia de las Partes sobre
directrices para incorporar las cuestiones
relacionadas con la diversidad biológica en la
legislación y/o procesos de E.I.A y de evaluación
ambiental estratégica.
2006
Especies Invasoras
− Adoptar medidas para controlar los riesgos
asociados a las especies exóticas invasoras en
las áreas protegidas.
− Identificar principales especies invasoras que
afectan a las AP.
2008
− Preparar estrategias detalladas y planes
operativos para el control de especies invasoras
seleccionadas, siguiendo técnicas evaluativas y
consultas a los actores implicados.
− Establecer un sistema de investigación,
monitoreo y manejo adaptativo.
2006
2006
2008
Divulgación y Educación Ambiental
− Elaborar la imagen Corporativa del SNAP.
− Diseñar e implementar estrategia de educación
ambiental para las AP.
2006
2006
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Acción
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
2008
− Incorporar el tema de las áreas protegidas como
un componente integral del programa regular de
estudios escolares, así como en la educación no
oficial.
Investigación y Monitoreo
2006
− Identificar y definir prioridades y necesidades de
investigación en las Áreas Protegidas, para ser
tomados en cuenta al momento de proponer y/o
aprobar proyectos de investigación en AP
(creación del comité asesor, definir marco
metodológico).
− Creación de un Programa Ramal en la temática
de áreas protegidas para garantizar
investigaciones nacionales integradas, que
contribuyan a la creación y al manejo eficaz de
las áreas protegidas.
− Garantizar capacidad nacional y local para
desarrollar temas de investigación para el
manejo de las AP.
− Establecer mecanismos que garanticen la
divulgación de los resultados de los proyectos y
el intercambio fluido entre los actores
implicados.
− Establecer mecanismos que faciliten el acceso a
la información científico técnica sobre áreas
protegidas, en particular sobre los resultados de
los proyectos ejecutados en AP.
2008
2008
2010
2010
Sostenibilidad Financiera
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Responsable
Acción
Participantes
Tiempo
2006
− Realizar un estudio a nivel nacional de la
eficacia de los recursos financieros existentes y
de las necesidades financieras relacionadas con
el SNAP e identificar opciones para satisfacer
esas necesidades mediante una combinación de
recursos nacionales e internacionales y teniendo
en cuenta toda la gama de posibles instrumentos
de financiamiento, tales como, financiamiento
público, conversión de la deuda en programas de
protección de la naturaleza, eliminación de
incentivos y subvenciones nocivos, financiación
privada, impuestos y derechos por el uso de
servicios ecológicos.
− Perfeccionar el uso de fondos del SEF y otros
fondos para la gestión de Actividad de las AP.
− Identificar e Implementar fuentes y mecanismos
alternativos de financiamiento para las acciones
de los Programas del Plan del SNAP.
− Crear cartera de proyectos de financiamiento.
− Crear fondo especial para las AP.
− Para 2010, establecer y comenzar a aplicar
planes de financiación sostenible a nivel de país
que presten apoyo al SNAP, incluidas las
medidas reglamentarias, legislativas, de política,
institucionales y otras necesarias.
− Desarrollar los mecanismos financieros que
permitan la utilización de los ingresos obtenidos
por concepto de uso público en la gestión de las
AP.
− Desarrollar técnicas para la valoración
económica de los recursos naturales y servicios
ambientales de las AP.
2006
2010
2006
2010
2010
2010
2008
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Responsable
3.
Garantizar la conservación, manejo y protección
de los arrecifes coralinos.
CITMA y MIP
4.
Controlar la aplicación del programa para el
estudio de la biodiversidad en las cuencas
hidrográficas de interés nacional y validar la
metodología propuesta.
Garantizar la conservación de germoplasma
natural de especies de interés económico y
científico.
Organizar y regular la actividad de la pesca
recreativa y deportiva mediante el control de su
explotación y comercialización.
Perfeccionar y controlar los planes de reducción
de desastres ante la pérdida de la Diversidad
Biológica para zonas de prospección y explotación
de recursos minerales.
Instrumentar mecanismos que permitan la
validación, uso y divulgación del material genético
que conforman las colecciones “ex situ” de plantas
económicas.
Consejo de Cuencas
Hidrográficas y Grupo
Nacional de Trabajo de
Biodiversidad
CNRG
Fortalecer el control de la contaminación del aire,
las aguas, incluidas marinas y costeras y el suelo
para favorecer la conservación de la Diversidad
Biológica.
Identificación de instituciones o centros que
pueden funcionar como centros de rescate y
rehabilitación de flora y fauna silvestre.
- Organizar estas instituciones en una red.
Establecer un programa nacional de
documentación, recategorización y recuperación
de especies amenazadas.
CITMA (CICA)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Participantes
CITMA (CIEC, MNHN,
IDO, CIGEA, CNAP); MIP
(ORP, ONIP, CIP); MES
(CIM)
Entidades participantes en
los Consejos de Cuencas
Territoriales
Tiempo
Permanente
2006
Entidades con bancos de
germoplasma
2006
MIP (ONIP y ORP)
MIP, INDER, MINTUR y
CGB
2008
CITMA (coordina), MINBAS,
MICONS y EMNDC
CITMA (CIGEA, IES, IDO
UMAs y Delegaciones
territoriales), y otros
organismos e instituciones
Entidades nacionales y
territoriales de MINAGRI,
CITMA, ANAP, MINAZ,
Jardines Botánicos, Parques
Zoológicos
CITMA (UMAs, CIGEA,
ORASEN); CGB,
MINAGRI, MINAZ, INRH,
MINSAP, MITRANS, OLPP
Zoológicos, Acuarios,
BIOECO, IES, CNAP,
MINAGRI (ENPFF)
BIOECO, IES, CNAP,
MINAGRI (ENPFF)
2008
CNRG
CITMA (AMA)
CITMA (IES)
2008
2008
2008
2008
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Responsable
Acción
12.
Organizar la actividad cinegética mediante el
ordenamiento de sus recursos para el control,
explotación y comercialización de la caza, a partir
de su fundamentación científica, asegurando la
internalización de sus costos ambientales.
MINAGRI
13.
Elaborar y ejecutar programas para la
restauración de ecosistemas priorizados (teniendo
en cuenta enfoque biorregional y conectividad).
CITMA, MINBAS (Oficina
Nacional de Recursos
Minerales) y MINAGRI
14.
CITMA
Implementar medidas de mitigación de los
impactos negativos producto de la introducción de
especies y su diseminación.
- Realizar un inventario de especies exóticas.
- Identificar y seleccionar un grupo de
especies para trabajar, de acuerdo a
prioridad y posibilidad de acción sobre
ellas
- Implementar medidas para la mitigación
de los impactos de las especies
identificadas
CITMA y MINCULT
Coordinar un programa único de conservación de
sitios de patrimonio natural y tradiciones
culturales que promuevan prácticas de uso
sostenible y conservación de la Diversidad
Biológica.
15.
16.
Establecer un plan de acción para diversificar los
recursos genéticos de uso comercial.
CNRG
Participantes
Tiempo
CITMA (IES, MNHN,
2008
CIGEA, CNAP), Comisión
Nacional de Caza,
MINTUR, MIP, MES (UH),
MINAGRI (ENPFF), IPF y
CGB
CITMA (CIGEA, CNAP,
2008
IES, IDO, IGT, Delegaciones
territoriales), Red de Jardines
Botánicos, OLPP, MINAZ,
CGB, MINBAS, MIP, MES
(UH, CIM), MICONS,
MINTUR, Instituto de
Suelos, IPF
CNAP, MINAGRI
2008
(ENPFF), MIP, CGB e
instituciones y/o centros de
investigación
CNAP, Consejo Nacional de
Patrimonio, Comisión
Nacional y provinciales de
Patrimonio, IES, MNHN y
Museos Municipales, Centro
Nacional de Cultura
Comunitaria y MES
Entidades participantes en la
Comisión, MINAGRI y MIP
2008
2006
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Acción
Responsable
17.
Establecer el monitoreo de la variabilidad de
especies, razas y variedades domesticadas en
huertos familiares
CNRG y MINAGRI
18.
Promover, de manera ordenada, el incremento de
los viveros especializados con el objetivo de
diversificar e intensificar el uso de especies nativas
en el diseño paisajístico
Poder Popular y CITMA
19.
Poner en funcionamiento las redes de colecciones
conservadas zoológicas y botánicas
- Establecer mecanismos de capacitación de
recursos humanos especializados para
atender la conservación, catalogación e
investigación de las colecciones existentes
- Establecer mecanismos de intercambio de
información entre los integrantes de la red.
- Elaborar un catálogo nacional de las
colecciones biológicas existentes en el país.
Elaborar un Programa de Trabajo específico para
los microorganismos.
− Crear por parte de cada institución, las
condiciones materiales para el mantenimiento e
incremento de las colecciones microbianas.
Garantizar la elaboración y ejecución de los
manejos recomendados en los Proyectos de
Ordenación Forestal por los propietarios o
tenentes del patrimonio forestal.
CITMA (AMA)
20.
21.
Participantes
INIFAT, IES, BIOECO y
otras entidades nacionales y
territoriales de CITMA,
MINAZ y otros Organismos
OLPP, ANAP, Red de
Jardines Botánicos,
MINAGRI, MINTUR
Museos con colecciones
permanentes de Historia
Natural, Jardines Botánicos,
Acuarios, Centros de
Visitantes en AP con
colecciones permanentes de
Historia Natural
Tiempo
2008
2008
2010
CITMA (DMA y AMA)
Entidades con colecciones
microbianas
2010
MINAGRI (SEF), CGB y
CNAP
Delegaciones Territoriales
del CITMA, CGB, tenentes
y/o administradores del
patrimonio forestal
Permanente
CITMA, MEP (DPPF)
2006
II.- Desarrollo económico, social y ordenamiento territorial
22.
Incluir en el Instrumental Metodológico de la
Planificación Física los aspectos relacionados con
la economía y el uso sostenible de la diversidad
biológica.
MEP (IPF)
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24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Responsable
Acción
Realizar ordenación sostenible de los bosques,
como parte del esfuerzo para hacer avanzar el
enfoque por ecosistemas hacia un planteamiento
cada vez más orientado al cumplimiento de los
objetivos de la Estrategia Nacional de Diversidad
Biológica.
- Desarrollar criterios, indicadores y
programas de certificación de la
Ordenación Forestal, con vistas a
garantizar la interacción de los bosques y
otros tipos de biomas y hábitats dentro del
paisaje.
Evaluar la diversificación del uso de los recursos
genéticos que generen el desarrollo de
producciones alternativas y elaborar los
instructivos técnicos correspondientes.
Promover y perfeccionar el desarrollo del
ecoturismo como vía para incentivar económica y
socialmente la conservación y uso sostenible de la
Diversidad Biológica.
Elaborar las bases sobre las que se desarrollará la
actividad de ecoturismo para incentivar la
conservación y el uso sostenible de los recursos de
la diversidad biológica.
Identificar y promover el rescate, la divulgación de
los valores de la diversidad biológica y las prácticas
tradicionales asociadas a estos en los programas
económicos y sociales.
Promover y perfeccionar la introducción de
sistemas agrosilvopastoriles, como una forma de
manejo agroproductivo de probada eficacia
ecológica.
Promover la introducción y aplicación de técnicas
específicas de introducción y explotación que
permitan el uso sostenible y garanticen un mejor
aprovechamiento de la Diversidad Biológica.
Participantes
Tiempo
MINAGRI (SEF)
MINAGRI (SEF, Entidades
Territoriales), CITMA, CGB,
tenentes de las áreas
MINAGRI y MINSAP
2006
territoriales de MINAGRI,
MINSAP, CITMA, ANAP y
CENSA
IPF, CITMA (AMA, CNAP), 2008
MINAGRI, MINFAR y otros
MINTUR y CITMA
2006
CITMA
MINTUR, MINAGRI,
CITMA (AMA, CNAP),
MINFAR y otros
2006
MEP
MINAGRI, MIP, MINAZ,
ANAP, MEP, MES,
MINED, OCPI, CENDA,
otros OACEs y ONGs
MINAGRI y ANAP
2008
MINAGRI
CITMA (coordinador),
MINAG, MINAZ, MIP
Entidades Nacionales y
ANAP, MES, otros órganos,
organismos y entidades
2008
2008
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30.
31.
32.
Acción
Implementar la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental
de Esquemas y Planes de Ordenamiento
Territorial.
Perfeccionar los sistemas de manejo y
conservación de los recursos pesqueros y su
compatibilización o integración con el desarrollo
del turismo marítimo, para garantizar el uso y
conservación más eficiente de la Diversidad
Biológica de la plataforma cubana.
Promover las diferentes manifestaciones artísticas
en defensa de la Diversidad Biológica.
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
CITMA (ORASEN)
IPF y DPPF
2008
MIP y CITMA (DMA, CNAP)
CIGEA, CIM, CIP,
MINTUR, IDO
2008
MINCULT
CITMA, MINED y MES
2010
CITMA (DMA)
CNRG, MINAG (INIFAT) y
MINJUS
2006
OACEs
CITMA
2006
CITMA (DMA, OCPI) y
MINJUS
MINAGRI, organismos e
instituciones nacionales
2006
CITMA
2006
Organismos e instituciones
nacionales
CITMA (DMA, CIGEA,
CNAP), CGB, INDER
2006
III.- Ordenamiento Jurídico
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Concluir la elaboración de un instrumento jurídico
para regular sobre el Acceso a los recursos
Genéticos y la Distribución de los Beneficios
derivados de éste.
Adoptar por los Órganos, Organismos e
instituciones que directamente usan la diversidad
biológica los instrumentos jurídicos para la
conservación de ésta.
Garantizar que los instrumentos jurídicos en
materia de propiedad intelectual contemplen, si así
precisa su objeto , la protección expresa de los
recursos genéticos de manera que garantice que su
explotación proporcione beneficios a las
comunidades y la sociedad
Llevar a cabo la revisión de la legislación de:
- suelos,
- aguas,
- pesca
Reglamentar el uso y manejo de información sobre
Dictar las disposiciones pertinentes en materia de
caza.
MINAGRI
INRH
MIP
CITMA
MINAGRI
2006
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39.
40.
41.
Responsable
Acción
Participantes
Tiempo
CITMA
CITMA (DMA, AMA,
CIGEA, CNAP, ORASEN)
Permanente
CITMA (ORASEN)
CITMA
2006
CITMA (DMA)
nacionales
2008
Incorporar en los planes de desarrollo y en las
estrategias y planes sectoriales y territoriales los
lineamientos contenidos en el Estrategia Nacional
de Diversidad Biológica.
Perfeccionar la estructura y funciones del Grupo
Nacional de Diversidad Biológica.
CITMA, MEP
UMAs, IPF y los OACEs
2008
CITMA
2006
Incorporar los lineamientos de conservación y uso
sostenible de la Diversidad Biológica en los planes
nacionales contra desastres y situaciones
excepcionales.
Dar cumplimiento al proceso de compatibilización
del entorno geográfico, donde se desarrollen
planes o proyectos sobre la Diversidad Biológica,
con los intereses de la Defensa.
Elaborar proyectos, convenios de trabajo y planes
de acción que propicien lograr la integración y
colaboración de todas las instituciones con
funciones de rectoría y/o control de los recursos de
la biodiversidad.
EMNDC, CITMA
Miembros del Grupo
Nacional de Diversidad
Biológica
AMA, OACEs e
instituciones nacionales y
territoriales
CITMA, MINFAR, IPF
Organismos y entidades
implicadas
Permanente
CITMA
DMA, CNAP, SEF, CGB,
ORP, instancias territoriales,
UMAs, ONIA
2006
Revisión e implementación sistemática de los
acuerdos emanados de los instrumentos
internacionales legalmente vinculantes o no, sobre
los aspectos de diversidad biológica y seguridad de
la biotecnología.
Perfeccionar el Sistema de Inspección Ambiental
Estatal, E.I.A y evaluación de riesgos, para
garantizar la conservación y uso sostenible de la
diversidad biológica.
Armonizar los regímenes de responsabilidad civil,
administrativo y penal en materia ambiental con
las disposiciones pertinentes referidas a la
conservación y uso sostenible de la Diversidad
Biológica.
IV- Integración y Coordinación de Estrategias
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
2006
V- Instrumentos económicos e incentivos sociales
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47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Acción
Responsable
Los OACEs que administran áreas protegidas
incluirán en su presupuesto los gastos
correspondientes al manejo de dichas áreas y a la
elaboración de los planes de manejo.
En el proceso de elaboración y aprobación del
presupuesto de los OACEs que administran áreas
protegidas, el MFP tomará en cuenta las
necesidades para la elaboración y ejecución de los
planes de manejos de las áreas protegidas.
Presentar propuestas de proyectos para su
financiamiento, al Fondo Nacional de Medio
Ambiente, partiendo de las acciones específicas
recogidas en esta Estrategia.
Promover el diseño de mecanismos que propicien
el autofinanciamiento para las actividades de
conservación de la diversidad biológica, con
particular énfasis en las áreas protegidas.
Establecer las bases para intensificar el uso de los
incentivos económicos y sociales que motiven y
fortalezcan la conservación y uso sostenible de la
CITMA, MINAGRI, MINFAR
y MIP
nacionales
Participantes
Permanente
Tiempo
MFP y CITMA
CNAP, OACEs que
administran AP
Permanente
Delegaciones Territoriales del
CITMA
Organismos o entidades
territoriales
Permanente
MEP, CITMA (DMA, CNAP)
nacionales
2006
CITMA, MEP y MFP
nacionales
2008
ICRT, Red de Instituciones
Científico – Educativas,
UMAs, Medios de difusión
masiva, organizaciones de
masas (CDR, CTC, FMC,
etc.)
MINAG, ICRT, MES,
MINED, OACEs implicados,
ONGs
Permanente
VI.- Educación ambiental, concientización y participación ciudadana
52.
Continuar divulgando los elementos de la
Estrategia Nacional sobre Diversidad Biológica, a
todos los sectores de la sociedad a través de los
medios masivos de comunicación y otras vías.
CITMA
53.
Elaboración de materiales didáctico - divulgativos
y científicos - técnicos relacionados con el uso
sostenible y la conservación de la diversidad
biológica hacia prioridades identificadas en la
Estrategia Nacional y por el Grupo Nacional,
propiciando el tratamiento del tema en el Portal de
Medio Ambiente Cubano, los Portales Provinciales
e Institucionales y publicaciones electrónicas.
CITMA (AMA, CNAP)
2006
15
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Responsable
Acción
Especies amenazadas y en peligro de
extinción.
- Grupos carismáticos.
- Especies de interés económico y su
manejo.
- Ecosistemas frágiles (Arrecifes,
humedales, bosques).
Garantizar que los proyectos y programas dirigidos
al estudio de los recursos biológicos incluyan entre
sus salidas la preparación y elaboración de
materiales educativos, tanto para el sistema
educacional como para la población en general.
Promover la inclusión del tema de la conservación
y uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica en los
planes de capacitación de los OACEs, así como
colaborar en la instrumentación de programas
elaborados en relación con el uso de los recursos
biológicos, protección de especies, comercio ilegal
y otros.
Promover la participación, coordinada o a través
de proyectos o planes, de las organizaciones de
base, sociedades científicas, aficionados y ONGs
tanto en el estudio como en la protección y uso
sostenible de la Diversidad Biológica.
Continuar la capacitación a decisores,
funcionarios del gobierno, educadores y
comunicadores sobre el tema de la diversidad
biológica.
Elaborar e instrumentar programas de
capacitación en relación a la seguridad biológica
según grupos meta de la sociedad cubana.
Instruir a la población en materia de legislación
sobre uso y conservación de la Diversidad
Biológica.
Participantes
Tiempo
-
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
CITMA
OACEs, Instituciones y
ONGs que desarrollen
proyectos
Permanente
CITMA
OACEs y OLPP
Permanente
CITMA
AMA, ACC, Organizaciones
de base, Sociedades
científicas y ONGs
Permanente
AMA
AMA, UMAs, OACEs
2006
CITMA
MINSAP, MINAGRI, MES,
OACEs implicados.
2006
CITMA
CITMA (DMA, AMA,
CIGEA), MINJUS, ONGs,
OACEs rectores de recursos
naturales, ICRT
2006
16
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Acción
Destacar en los programas de educación el papel
de la familia, y en particular el de la mujer, en la
conservación y uso sostenible de la diversidad
biológica
Continuar incrementando el apoyo a los
programas educativos de instituciones científico
educativas como museos, zoológicos, acuarios,
jardines botánicos y centros relacionados con la
divulgación del patrimonio natural y cultural, así
como promover y estimular su extensión a todo el
país a través de los ya existentes programas
comunitarios de esas instalaciones.
Fortalecer los aspectos relativos a la conservación
y uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica en los
planes y programas de estudios de las diferentes
especialidades de los centros de enseñanza
general.
Coordinar con los organismos jurídicos, de
control, de gobiernos locales y de
responsabilidades regulatorias, la capacitación de
sus funcionarios en temas relacionados con el uso
de los recursos biológicos, protección de especies,
comercio ilegal y otros temas afines.
Continuar la promoción de proyectos comunitarios
de desarrollo sostenible y programas de
divulgación y educación ambiental en áreas de
interés para la conservación.
Divulgar a las entidades involucradas sobre
decisiones de las COPs y la marcha de la
implementación de los planes de acción y de
trabajo.
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
FMC
CITMA (CIGEA, AMA,
UMAs), FMC
Permanente
CITMA
Redes Institucionales,
MINCULT, OLPP
Permanente
MINED, MES
CITMA, MINFAR, INDER,
MINSAP, MINCULT
2006
CITMA
CITMA (CICA, IES, IDO,
CIGEA), MINAG, MININT
(CGB), ADUANA, MIP
(ONIP), Unión de Juristas de
Cuba, MINJUS, MINFAR
2006
CITMA (AMA, CIGEA,
CNAP)
CITMA (UMAs, Órganos de
Montaña, CIGEA, CENBIO,
BIOECO), MINCULT,
MINAGRI, MIP, MINAZ
Entidades involucradas en el
manejo, conservación y/o
aprovechamiento de recursos
de la diversidad biológica
Permanente
Entidades
Permanente
CIGEA, DMA
Permanente
VII- Uso y desarrollo ambientalmente seguro de la biotecnología
66.
Velar por el cumplimiento del Reglamento de Ética
para el uso de la biotecnología
ACC
17
H-9
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
67.
Responsable
Acción
Participantes
Tiempo
Establecer, implementar y desarrollar el Sistema
Nacional de Seguridad Biológica para fortalecer
la actividad reguladora de la seguridad biológica
en todo el territorio nacional.
Marco legislativo y de política
− Elaborar y revisar los documentos jurídicos que
completan las disposiciones vigentes.
− Identificar y elaborar normas técnicas cubanas.
− Tipificar dentro del Decreto Ley de
Contravenciones aquellos referidos a la
seguridad biológica e incorporarlos al marco
legal establecido.
− Incorporar la actividad de seguridad biológica
dentro del reconocimiento ambiental nacional.
− Elaborar guías metodológicas que
complementan las regulaciones vigentes.
− Desarrollar acciones para incluir la seguridad
biológica en los planes contra desastres de la
defensa Civil.
CSB
CTN-94
ORASEN
CITMA (Dirección Jurídica),
actores identificados
Miembros del Comité
CITMA (CSB, Dirección
Jurídica, DMA)
CITMA (CSB, DMA, CIGEA)
CSB
2010
2010
2006
2006
CSB, EMNDC
EMNDC, CTN94, Dirección
Jurídica y designados
Actores involucrados
2010
− Implementar el Sistema Nacional de
Contabilidad y Control de Agentes Biológicos,
Equipos y Tecnologías Asociadas.
CSB, OACEs, Consejo Estado
CSB, OACEs, Instalaciones
2010
− Aprobar el procedimiento administrativo del
acuerdo fundamentado previo a los OVMs
destinados a la liberación intencional.
CITMA (CSB)
MINCEX, Importadores,
Exportadores
2010
− Incorporar la dimensión de la seguridad
biológica en el ordenamiento territorial.
− Establecer las coordinaciones necesarias para
implementar los requerimientos del Protocolo de
Cartagena en relación con el transito de OVMs.
CSB
ORASEN (CICA), IPF,
Territorios, CAPs, OACEs
IACC, MITRANS, AGR,
EMNDC
2010
CSB
2008
2008
18
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
Acción
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
CSB y CTN91
MINSAP, MINCIN, ONN,
EMNDC, Consejo de Estado,
Importadores
2008
OACEs, Consejo Estado
OACEs, Consejo de Estado,
ANAP, Instalaciones,
Territorios
2008
CITMA (CSB, DMA)
2008
CITMA (CSB, CICA, AMA)
2010
CITMA
OACEs, Territorios, SNAP,
áreas de liberación e
instalaciones designadas
− Desarrollar e implementar un sistema para las
autorizaciones de seguridad biológica.
− Implementar el sistema de inspecciones.
CSB
CSB
2008
CSB
2008
− Desarrollar e implementar el sistema de
verificación de las barreras de contención.
− Diseñar, desarrollar e implementar el monitoreo
para la evaluación y seguimiento de los impactos
por liberaciones intencionales o escapes al
medio ambiente.
CSB
Instalaciones, Territorios
ORASEN, DSA, Territorios
− Definir, adoptar e implementar los
requerimientos para el transporte, envasado e
identificación de los OVMs destinados al uso
como alimento humano o animal. (Articulo 18
2a).
− Incorporar, en los Programas de Desarrollo y
Estrategias Ramales y Territoriales, el tema de
la seguridad biológica y adecuar el Plan de
Acción Nacional de Seguridad Biológica a un
Plan de Acción Sectorial y Territorial.
Marco administrativo e infraestructura
− Concluir la definición e implementar el Sistema
Nacional de Seguridad Biológica.
− Determinar las acciones a desarrollar en el país
con relación a los procesos internacionales en
curso sobre las especies exóticas.
− Desarrollar las capacidades para la detección e
identificación de OVMs.
2010
Control de la Seguridad Biológica
CSB, CICA, AMA
Instalaciones, Territorios,
CAPs
2010
2010
Financiamiento
19
H - 10
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
68.
− Incluir la dimensión de la seguridad biológica en
los proyectos de investigación.
− Desarrollar procesos para la obtención de
grados científicos y académicos en materia de
seguridad biológica.
− Elaborar y publicar un Boletín sobre seguridad
biológica.
− Desarrollar programas específicos de
capacitación sobre seguridad biológica.
69.
Responsable
Acción
− Incluir la seguridad biológica como actividad
financiada por el Fondo Nacional de Medio
Ambiente existente.
− Crear en los Ministerios e Instituciones un
acápite en el presupuesto destinado a la
seguridad biológica.
Desarrollar la capacitación especializada, la
investigación científica e innovación tecnológica y
elevar el nivel científico de los recursos humanos
del sistema.
− Incluir la seguridad biológica en los planes de
estudio de los niveles medio y superior.
− Desarrollar programas de educación al público
sobre seguridad biológica.
− Organizar talleres, seminarios y otros eventos
científicos que viabilicen el intercambio de
experiencias.
Desarrollar y fomentar la cooperación nacional,
regional, subregional e internacional.
− Identificar debilidades y fortalezas para
establecer proyectos de colaboración.
Participantes
Tiempo
CITMA
CSB, Miembros de la Junta
Multisectorial del FNMA
2008
MEP
OACEs, Consejo Estado
2006
MES, MINED, CSB
2010
CSB
Territorios, OLPPs, Medios
de Difusión Masiva,
Organizaciones de Masas
Territorios, Instalaciones
ORASEN, CSB, OACEs,
Consejo de Estado,
Permanente
CSB, OACEs, Consejo de
Estado, Territorios,
Instalaciones
Territorios, Instalaciones,
DCI, ORASEN
Permanente
ORASEN, CSB, DCI,
2010
CITMA (Dirección de
Ciencias, AMA)
InSTEC
CSB
ORASEN, CSB
CSB, MES
CSB, INSTEC, DCI,
ORASEN
Permanente
2010
Permanente
Permanente
20
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
Acción
70.
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
DCI, MINREX, MINVEC
ORASEN, CSB, DCI,
Territorios, Instalaciones,
MINREX, MINVEC
2010
− Diseñar e implementar un Sistema de Gestión de
la Información. (Bases de Datos, desarrollo del
Sistema de Información Geográfica, entre otros).
CSB
2010
− Desarrollar y fortalecer el centro de
documentación.
− Desarrollar y fortalecer el Centro de
Intercambio de Información de Seguridad
Biológica (BCH).
CSB, ORASEN
ORASEN, IDICT,
CITMATEL, OACEs,
Consejo de Estado,
− Incluir la seguridad biológica en los temas de
colaboración con otros países.
Desarrollar y fomentar el intercambio de
información en el campo de la seguridad biológica.
2008
CSB, ORASEN
CSB, ORASEN,
CITMATEL
2008
AMA (CENBIO)
Entidades
2006
CITMA (DMA)
Actores identificados
2006
VIII- Investigación Científica e Innovación Tecnológica
71.
72.
Elaborar una base de datos sobre resultados
obtenidos en los PNCT, PRCT (de la AMA, otros
OACEs - MINAG, MINAZ, MIP, MINSAP,
MINED, MES – y ONGs) y PTCT sobre la
Diversidad Biológica y también de los proyectos en
ejecución.
− Crear un mecanismo para su actualización y
uso.
− Elaborar reportes anuales que tributen al CHM
del CDB y a la situación ambiental nacional.
Crear un Grupo de Expertos que revise los
Programas Temáticos y Multisectoriales de la CDB
e identifique posibles vacíos de investigación antes
evaluados para nutrir los mismos.
21
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REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
Responsable
Acción
Participantes
Tiempo
− Conservación e incremento de los especimenes
de carácter patrimonial presente en las
colecciones biológicas y los bancos de recursos
genéticos, realizar estudios taxonómicos y
sistemáticos.
− Conservación y manejo de las poblaciones
silvestres y domesticadas.
− Ordenamiento ecológico de ecosistemas frágiles
y zonas ecológicamente sensibles.
− Estudios de funcionamiento y manejo de
ecosistemas, paisajes y distribución espaciotemporal de la Diversidad Biológica.
− Rehabilitación de la Diversidad Biológica
autóctona en áreas degradadas de las regiones
serpentiníticas.
− Evaluación del impacto de la actividad
socioecómica sobre la Diversidad Biológica.
− Evaluación del impacto de los fenómenos
naturales y/o eventos extremos.
− Desarrollar estudios de economía ambiental
para la conservación y uso sostenible de la
− Realizar inventarios y evaluación ecológica
rápida de la Diversidad Biológica.
− Investigaciones relativas a seguridad biológica.
− Estudios de la Diversidad Biológica para
fundamentar e implementar los planes de manejo
de las Areas Protegidas.
− Identificación de componentes de la DB para su
uso como indicador ecológico.
22
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
Acción
Responsable
Participantes
Tiempo
− Estudios acerca de la Biología de la
Conservación para las especies endémicas y/o en
peligro.
73.
74.
− Inventario, evaluación ecológica, impacto
ambiental y medidas para su control de las
especies introducidas y/o invasoras sobre la
− Estudios etnobiológicos y sociales sobre el
conocimiento comunitario de la Diversidad
Biológica.
− Estudios de la percepción ambiental de la
población con relación a la conservación y uso
Inclusión en los programas de investigación los
componentes de la Diversidad Biológica que
permitan reforzar el cumplimiento de los
compromisos internacionales de Cuba como parte
de las Convenciones Internacionales.
Efectuar la Evaluación del riego y de los efectos
adversos de la liberación al medio ambiente de los
OVM.
AMA
Institutos de Investigaciones
del CITMA, MINAGRI,
MIP, MES y Universidades
2006
CSB
Delegaciones Territoriales de
CITMA y Centros de
Biotecnología
Permanente
CITMA
2006
IX- Monitoreo y evaluación de la Diversidad Biológica
75.
Elaborar y ejecutar programas de monitoreo que
permitan evaluar el estado de la diversidad
biológica e identificar los factores que inciden en
la misma y en su conservación y uso sostenible,
particularmente ecosistemas costeros y marinos,
bosques, humedales y ecosistemas de montaña.
− Establecer las áreas priorizadas a monitorear,
teniendo en cuenta las zonas críticas
identificadas por el Estudio Nacional sobre la
Diversidad Biológica y otras que por su
connotación lo requieran definiendo la red de
estaciones de monitoreo.
DMA
23
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No.
76.
77.
78.
Responsable
Acción
− Establecer las metodologías por las que se rijan
las instituciones implicadas en el monitoreo.
− Definir y crear un sistema de indicadores de
sostenibilidad para evaluar la diversidad
biológica a nivel de poblaciones, comunidad y
ecosistemas.
− Diseñar y construir bases de datos y redes para
el acceso, distribución e intercambio de la
información.
− Definir las necesidades de equipamiento,
tecnología e insumos en general para la
obtención, análisis, procesamiento e
intercambio de la información.
− Propiciar la capacitación del personal en las
áreas establecidas para la obtención, análisis y
procesamiento de los datos, así como de los
responsables de coordinar esta actividad dentro
de cada zona y elaborar un programa de
adiestramiento dirigido a cubrir dichas
necesidades de formación.
Elaborar proyectos y convenios de trabajo que
propicien lograr la integración y colaboración de
todas las instituciones nacionales vinculadas al
trabajo de monitoreo de la biodiversidad tanto ex
situ como in situ y el apoyo financiero de
organismos y organizaciones internacionales.
Establecer sistemas de alerta temprana, para la
elaboración de diagnósticos, pronósticos sobre el
estado de la biodiversidad y recomendaciones para
planes de conservación, de contingencia y de
manejo a corto, mediano y largo plazo.
Potenciar el uso de sensores remotos y SIG, así
como otras técnicas de avanzada en la evaluación y
monitoreo de la Diversidad Biológica.
Participantes
Tiempo
AMA
DMA
AMA
AMA
AMA
CITMA (AMA, CNAP)
Actores identificados
Permanente
AMA
CICA, CENBIO, IDO,
CNAP, INSMET, BIOECO,
CIEC, MINAG, MIP, MES,
MINED, estaciones y centros
territoriales de CITMA
2008
AMA
2006
X- Fortalecimiento Institucional
24
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
No.
Acción
Responsable
79.
Desarrollar las capacidades materiales y humanas,
para la implementación y seguimiento de esta
estrategia.
CITMA
80.
Fortalecer la infraestructura para la coordinación
e integración requerida entre las organizaciones e
institucionales nacionales e internacionales en el
uso de tecnologías ambientalmente seguras y su
transferencia, para lograr la conservación y el uso
Apoyar a las autoridades aduaneras y otras que
realizan trabajo de fronteras, en la identificación
del material biológico, trabajo de asesoramiento,
facilitación de material informativo y otras vías.
Fortalecer la capacidad institucional para la
administración y conservación de la diversidad
biológica en áreas protegidas.
Fortalecer la capacidad de los bancos de
germoplasma, Jardines Botánicos, Zoológicos y
Acuarios para continuar desarrollando la
conservación ex – situ.
CITMA (ORASEN)
Garantizar el funcionamiento eficaz de los
mecanismos de cuarentena.
− Garantizar que las instalaciones existentes
cumplan con los requisitos de bioseguridad.
Fortalecer la actividad de certificación, control de
la producción y conservación de semillas en
cultivos de interés económico.
Fortalecer las capacidades institucionales y
técnicas requeridas para la investigación y
monitoreo de la Diversidad Biológica, conforme a
las prioridades que se establezcan.
Fortalecer la coordinación e integración en los
cuerpos de vigilancia, protección y control de la
MINAGRI, CITMA, MIP y
MINAZ
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
Participantes
Organismos Nacionales,
Gobiernos Locales y
Delegaciones Territoriales de
CITMA
CSB, AMA, OACEs e
instituciones nacionales
Tiempo
Permanente
2008
CITMA (ORASEN)
CICA, CSB, AMA e
institutos, Organismos e
instituciones
Permanente
CITMA (CNAP)
Miembros de la Junta
Coordinadora del SNAP
2008
CITMA, MINAGRI, MINAZ,
MES y OLPP
CENSA, CNRG,
nacionales
IMV, INISAV, CSB, IIFT,
INICA
Permanente
2006
MINAGRI y MINAZ
ANAP e institutos
nacionales.
2006
CITMA
nacionales
2008
CITMA (ORASEN, DMA)
CGB, Cuerpo de
Guardafronteras, ONIP,
ONIA y otros
2008
25
H - 13
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
CITMA (DCI)
MINVEC e instituciones
nacionales
2006
CITMA, MINREX
Organismos nacionales.
Permanente
CITMA (DCI)
AMA, CIGEA, IES, IDO,
CNAP, ONGs
2008
CITMA, MINREX
MIP y MINAGRI
2006
89.
90.
91.
Potenciar la presentación de proyectos de
colaboración internacional en la esfera de la
diversidad biológica ante fuentes financieras bi,
multilaterales y otras identificadas. Lograr la
inclusión de Cuba en los proyectos regionales y
globales en esta esfera, financiados por
organismos internacionales.
Identificación de los compromisos, oportunidades y
otras opciones en relación con los Acuerdos y
Metas Internacionales, en materia de
Biodiversidad.
Lograr la integración del país a las redes
regionales y globales existentes, en materia de
diversidad biológica.
Promover la incorporación de Cuba a la
Convención sobre la conservación de las especies
migratorias de animales silvestres (Convención de
Bonn).
88.
Academia de Ciencias de Cuba
Aduana General de la República
Agencia de Medio Ambiente
Asociación Nacional de Agricultores Pequeños
Áreas Protegidas
Área Protegida de Recursos Manejados
Centro Oriental de Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas
Consejo de la Administración Provincial
Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica
Comités de Defensa de la Revolución
Comité Ejecutivo del Consejo de Ministros
Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad
Centro Nacional de Derecho de Autor
Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria
Cuerpo de Guardabosques
Centro de Inspección y Control Ambiental
Centro de Investigación de Ecosistemas Costeros
Centro de Información, Gestión y Educación Ambiental
Centro de Investigaciones Marinas
Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente
Centro de Tecnologías de la Información y Servicios Telemáticos
Centro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas
Comisión Nacional de Recursos Genéticos
Centro Nacional de Seguridad Biológica
Central de Trabajadores de Cuba
Comité Técnico de Normas
Dirección de Colaboración Internacional
Dirección de Medio Ambiente
Dirección Provincial de Planificación Física
Dirección de Supervisión y Auditoría
Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental
Estado Mayor de la Defensa Civil
Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna
Federación de Mujeres de Cuba
Fondo Nacional de Medio Ambiente
Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil
Instituto Cubano de Radio y Televisión
Instituto de Información Científica y Tecnológica
Instituto de Oceanología
Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática
Instituto de Geografía Tropical
Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales
Instituto de Investigaciones en Fruticultura Tropical
Instituto de Medicina Veterinaria
Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Educación Física y Recreación
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de la Caña de Azúcar
Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en la Agricultura Tropical
Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
Acrónimos
ACCAGRAMAANAPAPAPRMBIOECOCAPCBDCDRCECMCENBIOCENDACENSACGBCICACIECCIGEACIMCIPCITMACITMATELCNAPCNRGCSBCTCCTNDCIDMADPPFDSAE.I.AEMNDCENPFFFMCFNMAIACCICRTIDICTIDOIESIGTIIFIIFTIMVINDERINICAINIFATINISAV-
27
H - 14
Tiempo
Participantes
Responsable
No.
Acción
XI- Cooperación Internacional
26
Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos
Instituto de Meteorología
Instituto Superior de Tecnología y Ciencias Aplicadas
Instituto de Planificación Física
Ministerio de Economía y Planificación
Ministerio de Educación Superior
Ministerio de Finanzas y Precios
Ministerio de la Construcción
Ministerio de la Agricultura
Ministerio del Azúcar
Ministerio de Industria Básica
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior
Ministerio de Comercio Interior
Ministerio de Cultura
Ministerio de Educación
Ministerio de las Fuerzas Armadas
Ministerio del Interior
Ministerio de Justicia
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores
Ministerio de Salud Pública
Ministerio de Turismo
Ministerio de la Inversión Extranjera y la Colaboración
Ministerio de la Pesca
Ministerio del Transporte
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural
Organismos de la Administración Central del Estado
Oficina Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial
Órganos Locales del Poder Popular
Organizaciones no Gubernamentales
Oficina Nacional de Inspección Agropecuaria
Oficina Nacional de Inspección Pesquera
Oficina Nacional de Normalización
Oficina de Regulación Ambiental y Seguridad Nuclear
Oficina Nacional de Regulaciones Pesqueras
Organismos Vivos Modificados
Programa Nacional de Ciencia y Técnica
Programa Ramal de Ciencia y Técnica
Programa Territorial de Ciencia y Técnica
Regiones Especiales de Desarrollo Sostenible
Servicio Estatal Forestal
Sistema de Información Geográfico
Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas
Universidad de la Habana
Unidades de Medio Ambiente
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA
INRHINSMETINSTECIPFMEPMESMFPMICONSMINAGRIMINAZMINBASMINCEXMINCINMINCULTMINEDMINFARMININTMINJUSMINREXMINSAPMINTURMINVECMIPMITRANSMNHNOACEsOCPIOLPPONGsONIAONIPONNORASENORPOVMPNCTPRCTPTCTREDSSEFSIGSNAPUHUMAs-
28
H - 15
Annex 1. Project Document
ANNEX I. Draft Project Communication Strategy and Action Plan
1. Project Background and Objective Draft
The nature of the proposed project raises several challenges when it comes to addressing the neglect
and attitudes to biodiversity for food and nutrition. As the proposed project makes clear there are
many reasons for this and which the proposed project must address if it is to be successful. This will
include adding to the limited evidence base and employing this knowledge to influence policy and
decision makers. The role of communications and a solid Communications Strategy will be
central this to effort and must be formulated early in the project’s implementation. Such a
Communications Strategy should employ effective tools and approaches to ensure that the Project
takes advantages of all opportunities at the national, regional and global levels to highlight, promote
and mainstream Project results and outputs. Taking advantage of the Project’s international partners
and implementing agencies global networks is critical to the latter and it is vital that the Project
establish links to inform these networks such as relevant programmes of work but especially UNEP
and FAO’s role in helping facilitate UNDAF mechanisms.
Part of the reason for the neglect of biodiversity as a tool for food and nutrition has been that efforts
to promote the conservation and use of relevant biodiversity fall between different sectors with a
poor history of working together. It has been difficult got biodiversity interventions to challenge
traditional and conventional approaches to tackling malnutrition. This proposed project requires a
cross-sectoral and multidisciplinary approach which will require the identification and selection of
strategic partners (see end of this document for a partnership checklist) to reverse this situation.
Effective communication between these partners will be essential and must be embedded in the
proposed project’s Communications Strategy.
Further, the proposed project will undertake significant work aimed at enhancing the evidence and
knowledge base for the dietary and nutritional benefits of biodiversity. This will require that the
project targets quality peer-reviewed journals and publications which demonstrate the effectiveness
(technical and cost) of mobilizing such biodiversity and that it can be a sustainable and viable
compliment to the current interventions which address malnutrition. To do this effectively the
proposed project must include a formal Publications Plan as a prominent component of the
Communications Strategy.
Finally, the proposed project places considerable emphasis on activities and outputs to increase
Awareness and Scaling-up of the promotion and mainstreaming of biodiversity for food and
nutrition. This too must be an important element of the Communications Strategy demonstrating
effective links to the new process for revising NBSAPs and the above mentioned UNDAF
mechanism.
2. Objectives of the communications strategy
The proposed project during the early stages of implementation should finalise a Communications
Strategy which seeks to:
1. Raise awareness among scientists, educators, policy makers and practitioners of the role
and potential of biodiversity for food and nutrition in national policies and programmes for
agricultural research and development, poverty alleviation, and health and nutrition.
2. Facilitate communication within and between project staff, partners and key stakeholders.
I-1
3. Influence decision making on biodiversity for food and nutrition research at national,
regional
and
global
level.
4. Build linkages with relevant organizations and websites to share and exchange
information, so contributing to a broader biodiversity for food and nutrition knowledge
base. Section 2.7 of the Project document elaborates in detail the types of national and
global linkages which the Project should be seeking to inform.
5. Regularly inform and influence those individuals and organizations tasked with revising
NBSAPs and other relevant food security and agriculture strategies and other relevant
processes such as the UNDAF mechanism both nationally and globally (see Box 1).
6. Strengthen biodiversity for food and nutrition research and publishing capacity by
producing quality peer-reviewed scientific publications, developing websites and portals as
a knowledge base which links best practices, tools, guidelines and other relevant resources.
Box 1. Communicating beyond the Project
Communicating beyond the Project boundaries cannot be emphasized enough. Sections 2.4 and 2.7
of the Project Document describe in detail the complex institutional and policy environment and
associated initiatives in which this Project will operate. While challenging this environment also
offers great opportunities for any Project willing to give attention to developing an effective
communications strategy. For example, at the national level, each of the four participating
countries has an active United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) in place.
A UNDAF elaborates an agreed programme between the country and a United Nations country
team and describes the collective actions and strategies of the United Nations towards the
achievement of national development priorities. By mainstreaming the Project into national
UNDAF mechanisms the opportunity to increase impacts and promote out scaling are greatly
enhanced. Further, the UNDAF mechanism provides greater opportunities for improved crosssector uptake of Project outcomes and results as well as contributing to enhanced Project
sustainability. At the global level, the Project has considerable potential to influence global
stakeholders through the CBD’s Cross-cutting initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition, the
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), the
relevant Millennium Development Goals 1, 4, 5 and 7 (MDGs), the global Agriculture and Health
Research Platform (AHRP), the United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN) and
many others
3. Principles of a communications strategy
The Communications Strategy and interventions are founded on four ‘i’ principles.
Communications should:
Inform – information provided and exchanged should be relevant and able to be used or
applied. For biodiversity for food and nutrition information to be informative, it must be
available, accessible and applicable.
Inspire – sharing information should be inspirational. By exchanging ideas, we generate new
knowledge and drive innovation.
Include – effective communications should facilitate a sense of community and engagement,
particularly amongst active project partners.
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Interact – communication should never be one-way. We will work towards building in
feedback mechanisms and tools for multi-way exchanges so that knowledge remains relevant
and
demand-driven.
4. The importance of communication
Taking action to change the abovementioned attitudes is probably the most reliable way to
influence a change in behaviour over the long term. If the goal is the promotion of biodiversity for
food and nutrition, the behaviour we wish to change is anything that prevents that goal from being
met. It might be that policies are in place that prevent—or at least do not support—this goal in a
given country or locality. Assuming that attitude change does in fact influence behavioural change,
at least two things need to happen before these constraints can be removed:


Policymakers and the people and institutions that influence policy (the so-called ‘agents of
change’) must be convinced of the need to put into place policies, strategies and incentives
to support the conservation and utilization of biodiversity for food and nutrition;
Scientific institutions need to be convinced of the value of putting measures into place to
conserve and utilize biodiversity for food and nutrition.
Changing attitudes is not a quick or easy business. It is not likely to be accomplished with a single
conversation, let alone a fact sheet, poster or media mention. Changing attitudes on the scale
necessary to achieve the impact necessary to ensure the promotion and mainstreaming of
biodiversity for food and nutrition will require capacity, resources and a long-term institutional
commitment. It will also require a comprehensive profile of the people who hold the key to
ensuring that we can meet our strategic goals, the best way to approach them, and the means and
messages that are most likely to compel them to change their attitudes. It may make sense to focus
efforts on reaching this small audience rather than undertaking a broad-based campaign targeting
the general public, whose support would be hard won, expensive and, in the end, probably not all
that helpful.
At the global level, communicating about benefits of biodiversity for food and nutrition could help
get them the recognition they merit in the global policy arena and also the financial support
required from donors and relevant agencies. Organizations such as Bioversity International and
FAO routinely work in global fora and with international agreements such as the International
Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD): international policy instruments that address biodiversity for food and
nutrition. A visible presence in global fora where relevant issues are addressed will help to ensure
that biodiversity for food and nutrition gets due attention in their deliberations, but interventions
must be strategic and innovative if they are to successfully compete for attention with a long list of
other conservation needs and priorities. The Global linkages part of Section 2.7 articulates some
other initiatives the Project should think strategically about trying to influence.
5. Developing a communications strategy
In a world where more and more people are experiencing information overload, it is especially
important to understand how to communicate effectively. Policymakers and other influential people
receive a constant stream of information on many different subjects and from many different
sources. Spending a lot of money on a flashy brochure makes no sense if the brochure goes
immediately into the bin or sits unread on a shelf. More information products do not necessarily
translate into more action, outcomes or results. A better strategy might be to engineer a face-to-face
encounter with a key individual. The key word is strategy. No communications intervention should
ever be undertaken without serious consideration of objectives, targets and audiences. It is good
I-3
practice to seek professional advice from a communications professional when planning your
intervention.
An effective Communications Strategy should be based on two major assumptions:


public awareness can be used to change behaviour by influencing changes in attitude
influencing profound changes in attitudes will require sustained, long-term effort.
The objective of a Communications Strategy is to provide a roadmap for convincing individuals
and institutions whose actions—or inactions—are impeding the promotion and mainstreaming of
biodiversity conservation and use for food and nutrition that they should remove any constraints to
such activities.
A well developed Communications Strategy must start by describing the communications
objective, the target audience, the audience’s current attitude towards the issue, the messages that
need to be communicated to change that attitude, and the best ways to reach the target audience.
The more you engage and consult with your target audiences about their information and
communication needs, the communications tools that they prefer to receive, and the messages and
arguments they find convincing (and those they do not), the more likely it is that your
communication activities will have a positive impact. Therefore, a Communications Strategy
should be developed at the beginning of the project and refined based on feedback during its
lifetime. To re-emphasize a previous point: it is strongly recommended to include a
communications specialist in the development of the strategy.
Box. 1 provides a checklist of things to consider when developing a Communications
Strategy.
Box 1: Developing a communications strategy
There is plenty of information and help available on developing a communications strategy, most
for free over the Internet. There may be a communications specialist in your organization or at a
partner agency. Ensure you make use of such expertise when developing a strategy. As a general
rule a communications strategy should determine the following and in the following order:
Objectives
The very first step is to determine the objective of the communications intervention. What do you
hope to accomplish? Is the objective to bring about policy change? To raise funds? To inspire a
change in priorities among research institutions? The strategy must be driven by the overall
objectives of the project or organisation.
Target audience
Identify the audience that you must influence in order to meet your objectives. Define all relevant
audiences and target groups clearly. Some of your target audience will be broad and will need to be
addressed using far-reaching tools (e.g. the Internet) whereas some will be highly defined and may
be best addressed through face-to-face contact.
Key messages
These should be strategic, targeted and consistent. Different audiences will respond to different
messages. Whichever audience you are addressing, the case should be summarized in no more than
three key points that can be constantly repeated in different ways.
Communication tools and activities
Different audiences will warrant different tools. Be aware of what they find useful and what they
do not. For example, using the Internet to reach a target audience in a county with low bandwidth
will not get you very far. The examples in this chapter illustrate the variety of available tools.
I-4
Budgets and resources
The budget will have to be sufficient to support plans and activities or else the strategy should
include a well articulated case for more resources.
Timeline
This will include a phasing of activities and actions that might start with a needs assessment of
target audiences, capacity building and so forth
Evaluation and refinement of the strategy
Making adjustments where necessary. This will be important for monitoring and evaluating
success. Such an evaluation can gather information from both internal and external audiences.
Adapted from: Media Trust
A communication strategy must also consider that not all communications are a one-way affair that
consists of bombarding others with messages aimed at changing their attitudes and prompting them
to action. Communications as dialogue and communications for building and maintaining good
relations with partners must be part of your strategy. While many communication interventions are
clearly aimed at fairly broad audiences (whose influence may be limited) in many instances your
most effective communications approach or strategy will consist largely of targeted face –to-face
contacts with a few key individuals in strategic organizations, agencies and communities.
Partnerships have to be cultivated and this can take a very long time. All of the partners need to
understand exactly what is expected of them and what they will gain from the relationship. But
they are worth the effort because they give greater weight to your message (IF they are reputable
partners) and may be able to open doors for you and get you into places that you cannot get into on
your own, i.e. the offices of those few key individuals in strategic organizations, agencies and
communities.
6. Communication and public awareness tools
There are many communication and public awareness tools to select from. The list that follows (see
Box 2) is extensive but by no means exhaustive, and will serve to guide you in the selection of
tools.
Box 2: Communication and public awareness tools
External Communications Tools
 Print/Radio
 Media press release
 Radio programmes
 Feature articles

TV
 News
 Biodiversity, health, agriculture, science programmes
 Videos/CDs/DVDs of interesting activities and outcomes

Advertising and feature stories
 Print
 Radio
I-5

Television

Publishing
 Brochures
 Posters
 Bill boards
 Letters
 Leaflets/flyers
 Technical reports
 Websites
 Blogging, listserves, wikis

Public Relations
 Biodiversity, Health, Science and Agriculture Shows
 T-shirts, bags, stickers
 Telephone calls
 Side events
 Conferences
 Networking

Other Tools
 Policy papers
 Lobbying
 Role plays and drama
 Developing educational materials for schools and universities
 Making use of special occasions such as International Day for Biological Diversity (22
May)
 Special exhibits in botanic gardens
 School painting, poetry, essay and quiz contests to target young generations
Internal Communications Tools
 Phone calls
 Country visits
 Face-to-face meetings with partners/stakeholders
 Email
 Progress reports
 Project newsletters
 Training workshops
 International and national meetings
 Short-term attachments for information officers and research staff
 Study tours for project staff and other stakeholders
 Intranets
 Traveling seminar to bring together multidisciplinary group and policy makers
The project’s Communications Strategy will be effective only if the target audience is clearly
defined. For each audience there are appropriate communication channels, time scales and content
types. This list of key audiences and communication channels may include something like the
following:
Target audience
Appropriate communication channels
I-6
Universities and Faculties
Face-to-face (F2F) meetings and personal outreach
One to one email communication
University alumni
University exhibitions
NARS
Email updates/subscriptions/newsletters
One to one email
Website
Policy briefings
Ministries
of
Health, Newsletters sent by post or email
Departments of Nutrition
National and regional and international meetings (brochures,
information sheetsF2F contact
Symposia
Policy briefings
Ministries of Education
Newsletters sent by post or email
information sheetsF2F contact
Symposia
Policy briefings
NGOs
and
relevant Newsletters sent by post or email
NUS/nutrition working groups
information sheets (possibly in local languages), F2F contact
Symposia
Policy briefings
Field fairs (F2F and brochures, fact sheets)
University Exhibitions
Private Sector
Website
F2F though personal networks
Meetings and Symposia
Internal project partners and Email (email group)
actors
F2F
Meetings and workshops
Global for a side events
Website (tools and resources in particular)
Partner websites and blogs
General Public
Website (browsing, blogs and RSS updates)
Email subscriptions
7. Evaluating success
This aspect of communication is often neglected. Communication is often looked upon as a oneway process of teaching or telling others. But communication is also a process whereby the
‘communicator’ can learn a lot from the needs and interests of the target groups. Such an
evaluation can only help to increase the impact of your Communications Strategy.
Communication is a long-term undertaking, so we need to continually reflect and ask
questions such as:





Have we achieved our objectives?
Did we reach the right audience?
Did they understand what the message was - did they do what had to be done?
Did we reach the right people within the organization?
Did we use the right tools?
I-7
 Were decisions taken as a result?
 Did this result in concrete actions?
 Did we meet our budget? If we didn't, why not?
In this regard it is worth considering focus group discussions with your target audience to clarify:





What do they read/see/hear?
What works/doesn’t work?
What do they want to see more of?
What information do they need that you do not currently have?
How often do they want us to communicate with them?
Measuring impact is relatively easy if your audience is small and your objectives are measurable.
If your objective is to influence policy and your target is influential parliamentarians, if you target
them consistently with the sorts of information they need and policies do change, you can be sure
you’ve had some impact. With a larger audience such as the general public, it’s less easy to judge
even with an unlimited budget. But baseline attitude surveys are always a good way to start.
8. Communications sustainability
Active communication interventions will only be made during the life-cycle of the proposed
project. By establishing linkages with relevant organizations and biodiversity knowledge providers
(for example the international partners involved in the proposed project such as Crops for the
Future) project knowledge and outputs can be widely shared, repackaged and re-disseminated,
resulting in an enduring project memory. Further, ensuring that the Project outputs are embedded
and mainstreamed through UNEP and FAO programmes of work and also the UNDAF mechanism
will ensure sustainability.
9. Communication responsibilities and management
During the project inception meetings it should be emphasized that all project partners and
stakeholders are communicators and play a role in sharing news, results and other project
information. However, it is also clear that there needs to be one individual (or unit) charged with
core communication activities for the project, including website development. These roles and
responsibilities must be identified and defined early.
10. Sources of further information
The Communication Initiative Network is an excellent general website on communication with
extensive resources, tools, examples, funding sources etc. In many cases searchable by
country/region, issue and communication tool. It also has a site maintained in Spanish.
http://www.comminit.com/
Hovland, I (2005) Successful Communication: A Toolkit for Researchers and Civil Society
Organisations. Overseas Development Institute.
http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/155.pdf
The Media Trust has a wealth of communications and publicity related information on how to
improve outreach including training resources and online guides for public relations,
communications and dealing with the media.
http://www.mediatrust.org/about-us
I-8
Hesselink et al (2007) Communication, Education and Public Awareness: A Toolkit for
NSBAP Coordinators. CBD/IUCN
http://www.cepatoolkit.org/
I-9
Partnership planning checklist
1.
Focus of the partnership

Define the objective(s) of the partnership (project, activity, products);

Define the time period and place involved;

If necessary, make clear what is NOT the objective of the partnership; define the limits of
the partnership (a partnership does not mean complete involvement in each other’s activities).
2.
Organisation of the partnership
Many of the challenges involved in partnerships can be managed through planning, but to
complement this, formal or informal collaborative agreements can be established to avoid
misunderstandings and conflicts. These may include:

Informal agreements, verbal agreement, guiding principles

Formal agreements (e.g. Memorandum of Understanding)

Contracts (formal and legal)
3.
Rights and obligations of each partner
Administrative, financial and legal issues involved will have to be openly discussed and agreement
reached on such issues as:

Financial inputs, material inputs;

Access to resources,

Sharing of information and benefits;

Sharing of unexpected costs;

Publicity and communication strategy;

Financial accounting and liability aspects

Workplans, milestones, roles and responsibilities; and

Monitoring and reporting requirements
I-10

1 Annex A. Baseline status of agrobiodiversity in Sierra del Rosario

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