MEDIEVAL PROSOPOGRAPHY

MEDIEVAL PROSOPOGRAPHY
Volume 7
AUTUMN
1986
Published twice yearly by
MEDIEVAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS
Kalamazoo, Michigan
No. 2
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORIGINS OF COUNTESS GERBERGA
OF THE ANGEVINS: AN ESSAY IN THE APPLICATION
OF THE
TELLENBACH-WERNER PROSOPOGRAPHICAL METHOD
BERNARD S. BACHRACH
by good
Despite
amount of research
a substantial
on the
early
genealogies
scholars
of the Angevin
has been made to identify
the family
counts,
no effort
background
Gerberga,
the wife
of Countess
of Fulk the
from
This is especially
Good who ruled
ca. 942-60.1
in light
of
recognized
pattern
of the widely
curious
"
"careful
Richard
Sir
to
quote
marriage,
using
that
Southern,
technique
among several
as one vital
by the Angevin
traditionally
counts
were
employed
in
during
order
centuries
the tenth
eleventh
and early
2
Yet,
improve
even a
to
their
position.
political
the
concerning
evidence
of
examination
cursory
is discouraging.
We are certain
Gerberga
of but a few
facts.
than ca.
Fulk the Good no later
Gerberga
married
he became count,
940, i. e., before
about
and probably
Adelaide
daughter
Gerberga's
Both
five
earlier.
years
born
by
Greymantle
Geoffrey
her
ca.
were
son
and
elder
940.3
Her second
we know of only three
son Guy--and
945 and perhaps
before
born sometime
offspring--was
4
latest,
952,
in
later
930s.
By
the
the
at
even
5
it
few
facts,
dead.
With
these
Gerberga
would
was
into
far
Gerberga's
impossible
to
very
get
seem
However,
techniques
background.
the prosopographical
by Tellenbach
great
and
pursued
with
pioneered
Francia
Occidentalis,
for
by
particularly
success,
Werner have provided
Karl Ferdinand
an approach
where
breakthrough
hope
little
or
of
a
no
may have
earlier
6
existed.
1
2
BACHRACH
Among
the insights
that
the intensive
study of a
from
families
the
large
number
of
aristocratic
Carolingian
the tenth
and
period
as from
as well
has provided
are indications
of
centuries
eleventh
briefly,
To state
the matter
patterns.
marriage
tended
to be contracted
among those
who
marriages
The families
equals.
were
social
are
essentially
to the marriage
prior
either
usually
seen to share,
or
interests.
of the union,
common political
as a result
brides
Finally,
as a corollary
of the last
point,
and
by parents
or guardians,
grooms
were usually
sought,
from
they
were
with
which
among families
already
7
acquainted.
If we follow
the' broad guidelines
that have been
it is likely
Fulk the Red, Fulk
that
the
noted above,
father
Good's
who was Angevin
count when the marriage
was arranged,
sought a spouse for his son from
one of
families
the important
with which the Fulconian
clan
Fulk
his
was involved
the Red, during
politically.
lengthy
was at one time or another
career,
viscount
of
Angers,
before
viscount
of Tours,
and count of Nantes
8
his
Angevins.
regularizing
the
position
as count of
However,
an examination
of the Namengüter
of the
in
comital,
viscomital,
the
and episcopal
clans
Nantais,
Touraine,
and Anjou with which Fulk the Red
had friendly
was allied
or with
which the Fulconians
has
be very
disappointing.
to
relations
proved
Gerberga
is not found
in any of the
as a Leitname
9
families.
eligible
be taken
It
'as basic
that
should
were Gerberga
to the Carolingian
very closely
related
either
rulers
her origins
or to the Capetians
would not have been
ignored
by contemporaries
In
and near contemporaries.
it may be emphasized
this
that
the origins
context
of
Roscilla,
Fulk the Red's wife,
a not-so-distant
cousin
Charles
has been
the Bald's
of Irmentrude,
queen,
10
from
The
the
genealogical
evidence.
recoverable
Hildegarde,
second wife,
of Fulk Nerra's
royal
origins
by contemporaries
did not go unnoticed
who described
de regali
her as "a Lothariensium
progenie
partibus,
"11
ortam.
.
..
the Franks,
The point
to be made here is that
at
the
from
least
they
that
within
the
time
settled
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
3
lineage
their
confines
of the Roman empire,
reckoned
i. e.,
into
they
took
cognatically,
very
careful
descent
from both the matrilineage
consideration
and
12 This is
demonstrated
the patrilineage.
by
clearly
into
the names that were incorporated
the Namengut of
family
by
each newly created
nuclear
and the choice
13
Leitnamen.
these
In addition,
new entities
it
of
that
may be emphasized
as late
as the mid-twelfth
historians
from very
century,
reconstructed,
often
obscure
sources
and with
a sharp
eye for
accuracy,
though
the genealogical
not exclusive
of propaganda,
distant
relationships
of their
subjects'
ancestors
of
14
both the patrilineage
the
and
matrilineage.
As part
of the process
the potential
of assessing
families
from
Fulk the Good's bride
which
might have
it was necessary
been selected,
to take into
considerblood
in earlier
ties
relationships,
marriage
ation
These
and god-parenting
generations,
arrangements.
limiting
factors
because the church
severely
were all
in canon law as
defined
seven degrees
of relationship
for an incestuous
liason.
Indeed,
the basis
creating
by scholars
the "aristoeven in what has been called
the nobility
to have
appears
model, " where
cratic
its
to determine
political
permitted
considerations
degree and
involving
behavior,
the third
marriages
When such marriages
were generally
avoided.
closer
to take
did take place,
one's
enemies did not hesitate
The
had occurred.
that
of the "incest"
advantage
in the chronicles,
"scandal"
about
and
was bruited
by the
to
were
registered
complaints
and
often
This was especially
the
ecclesiastical
authorities.
15
were well-known
personages.
case when the offenders
Good's
his
Fulk
Since
the
sobriquet
nor
neither
for "incest"
by the family's
was attacked
reputation
detractors,
it is likely
that he did not marry
within
degree
the
not within
the forbidden
and certainly
16
degree.
third
Since
the
exhausted
possibilities
we have
by families
the Angevin
which
with
counts
presented
in the middle
and which dwelt
were friendly
and lower
of the Loire
stretches
valley,
only one area of known
interest
in
Fulconian
this
to be
period
remains
Cluny
i.
the
to which
general
region
of
e.,
explored,
4
BACHRACH
by his
Red was connected
personal
Fulk
close
the
Fulk
Abbot
Odo.
patron
was Odo's
with
relationship
Tours,
Martin
latter
Saint
where
of
the
was at
while
Guy,
Fulk
his
and
sons,
the count was treasurer
and
17
informed
We are not very
about
well
were canons.
in the Burgundian
Angevin
and
region
activity
early
956
later
by
but
than
its
a
and probably
no
environs,
for
Fulk
the Good had arranged
year or two earlier,
Stephen,
Adelaide,
his
daughter,
to marry
who was
18
975,
AdelForez.
In
both
Gevaudan
and
of
count
le
bishop
Guy,
brother,
the
of
see
of
was
made
aide's
19
he
Puy, 'where
powers.
comital
also exercised
however,
long
A rather
would
period
of time,
between the death of Abbot Odo
to have elapsed
appear
in the
contact
of Cluny in 942, the only known Angevin
by Fulk
during
this
period,
region
and the arrangement
Stephen
to Count
the Good of his daughter's
marriage
later.
How did
the Fulconians
a decade
at least
Burgundy
their
with
and its
maintain
connections
during
between
942 and ca. 955?
the period
environs
(Refer
to
to map at end of
essay. ) If
one were
hypothesize
an as-yet-undiscovered
with
connection
this
so far to the south and east
region
a
of Anjou,
likely
Angevin
interest
method for pursuing
would have
been for Fulk the Red to have arranged
for
Fulk
the
Good to have married
a woman from some aristocratic
family
in the area.
however,
We can,
rule
out the
family
of the count
of Gevaudan and Forez because of
Adelaide's
to Count Stephen in the very
marriage
next
generation.
Although
Gerberga
is an important
Leitname
in the
during
Burgundian
the later
tenth
region
and eleventh
far
it
is
in
tenth
the
rarer
earlier
centuries
26
In fact,
family
only
one regional
century.
of
that
social
standing,
of the viscounts
of
sufficient
Vienne,
to have been a viable
candidate
would
appear
bride.
Ratburnus
I,
for providing
Fulk
the Good's
945,
from
912
Vienne
to
until
was married
of
viscount
Gerberga,
this
and thus
name was
a woman named
21
Namengut.
family's
In light
into
introduced
the
of
distinI's
what would seem to have been Ratburnus
(see
below)
it would appear
lineage
guished
maternal
important
to have attracted
that he was sufficiently
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6
BACHRACH
Gerberga
that
of
who was the granddaughter
as a bride
22 the
in
Childebrand
Count
Autun;
of
name Childebrand
from
descent
Carolingian
the
this
signal
region
may
in
Martel,
brother
who was established
of Charles
23
in
Burgundy
the eighth
century.
in
following
Unfortunately,
the usual
pattern
during
the names of female
this
this
era,
region
in the documents,
and
offspring
often
are not recorded
I's
two,
and Gerberga's
we learn
only
of Ratburnus
who became bishop
of le Puy and Ratburnus
sons, Hector
father
his
II who,
succeeded
some delay,
as
after
24
If
Vienne.
Ratburnus
I and his wife
of
viscount
is no way to prove
had a daughter-and
Gerberga
there
that
they did,
the present
given
state
of the survivdaughter
ing documentation--this
putative
would have
been of the correct
to have been chosen
age cohort
as
for
Fulk
the Good and to have been the mother
a wife
Greymantle,
Guy, and Adelaide.
of Geoffrey
far
Thus
introduction
the
the
of
potential
Leitname--the
name of a viscountess
of distinguished
descent
likely
in the
to have been ignored
was not
daughter--into
the Namengut
naming
of her
of the
viscounts
of Vienne at the appropriate
time to name a
daughter
have
Fulk
Good,
who could
the
married
the need to provide
link
combined with
a geographical
in
to
the
order
explain
subsequent
marriage
of
Adelaide
and Stephen,
and the
correlation
of the
justifies
required
age cohort
no more than speculaHowever,
tion.
from
pieces
of circumstantial
evidence
the Namengüter
families
of the Angevin
and Viennois
impetus
some additional
to such
would seem to give
For example,
the mother
speculation.
of Viscount
25
I was
Hermengarde.
Ratburnus
Geoffrey
named
Greymantle,
the son of the Angevin
Gerberga
countess
daughter
the Good,
two names and
gave his
and Fulk
26 Thus, if
Hermengarde-Gerberga.
her
line
this
called
is correct,
Geoffrey
have
may perhaps
of research
in honor
daughter
of his
maternal
great
named his
Of some
and
grandmother,,
grandmother,
mother.
here
is the fact
importance
that,
so far
as can be
the name Hermengarde
was not a part
of
ascertained,
Namengut,
the Angevin
and it
certainly
was not
a
Leitname
before
the Good to
the marriage
of Fulk
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
27
7
Gerberga.
Greymantle
For Geoffrey
back all
to have reached
to find
grandmother
the way to his great
a name for
his daughter
seem at first
to have been a
glance
might
however,
This Hermengarde,
bit odd.
probably
was no
but may have been the daughter
person
of
ordinary
Boso, count of Vienne
and king
of Provence,
and his
Hermengarde,
Louis
II of
the daughter
of King
wife
28
Charlemagne.
Thus, in
Italy,
grandson
of
a great
Hermengarde-Gerberga,
Geoffrey
naming his daughter
may
his
be seen not
to have been honoring
only
great
but to have been
grandmother,
and mother
grandmother,
Carolingian
to the family's
attention
royal
calling
distant
blood--however
that
connection
may have
II and Count Childebrand.
King Louis
been--through
Clearly,
the type
ties
these were not
of close
in the jejune
find
that
a place
would
genealogies
of
29 Indeed,
by this
late
the
century.
eleventh
period,
had ceased
Burgundy
Angevin
to be
with
connection
30
for
half-century.
least
important
For purposes
at
a
it may-be pointed
toward
the
out that
of comparison,
when Thomas of Loches
century,
of the twelfth
middle
Aquitanian
families
with
examined Angevin marriages
before
he
that had taken place a century
and a quarter
in
difficulty
he had
the
reconstructing
wrote,
This despite
the fact
that
accurately.
relationships
had much closer
his
in
ties
and interests
patrons
Aquitaine
than
the Angevin
patrons
of the eleventh31
had
Burgundy.
with
genealogies
century
ties
However,
these putative
the
established
with
by Fulk's
Carolingians
to Gerberga
should
marriage
not
have
been
be considered
to
negligible
within
a
when the Angevins
or two of the marriage
generation
32 For
interests
in
Burgundy.
had very
vital
example,
Greymantle's
Geoffrey
Adelaide
that
the fact
sister,
Good and Gerberga,
daughter
the
of Fulk
the
was
have
to
sufficiently
satisfactory
anteconsidered
(this
King
Louis
V
to
was Adelaide's
marry
cedents
in
982 and be crowned
marriage)
queen
second
of
Aquitaine
in
at Brioude
may have been based,
at least
Carolingian
blood
upon her mother's
which
part,
our
33
her
has
lineage
Indeed,
of
suggested.
reconstruction
Adelaide's
father's
lineage
the closest
could
come to
8
BACHRACH
blood
her grandmother,
Roscilla,
royal
was through
was, only
who, as we have seen earlier,
a not-so-disIrmentrude.
To
the Bald's
tant cousin
of Charles
wife,
is likely
further,
it
that
this
point
a bit
carry
from
her third
Adelaide's
daughter
Constance,
marII
King
Robert
to marry
was thought
worthy
riage,
blood inherited,
because
if we are
of her Carolingian
34
from
her
Gerberga.
The
correct,
grandmother,
Capetians,
King Robert,
to have
and especially
appear
to marry only women with
a matter
made it
of policy
35
blood
in
their
royal
veins.
A second
body of circumstantial
that
evidence
Angevins
the
house
to the
connects
viscomital
of
by marriage
is highlighted
Vienne
by the selection
of
Hector,
Ratburnus
I's
one of Viscount
and Gerberga's
brother
hypothesized
sons
and a putative
the
of
36
Gerberga
to be bishop
le
of Vienne,
Puy.
One of
of
Hector's
successors
as bishop
of le Puy,
as noted
the
Angevin
was Guy,
above,
the
son of
countess
Gerberga and Fulk the Good.
The custom of this
period
by which
tended
a bishopric
to be controlled
either
by a particular
family
outright
aristocratic
or by
which one family
in the
was more likely
than any other
to have its
region
in a particular
sons as bishops
see
the tentative
suggests
that
the viscomital
conclusion
family
of Vienne,
than
the generation
no later
of
Ratburnus
I and Gerber a, had some special
connection
the see of le Puy. 37
with
During
this
by which
era a conspicuous
pattern
bishoprics
from
were passed along
to
one generation
developed;
within
a family
the
another
prelate's
son would
to
his
the
sister's
succeed
that
see
had held.
Of course,
uncle
the line
maternal
of
direct,
due to age discrepwas not always
succession
deaths,
premature
and volatile
ancies,
political
it is of some importance
However,
in the
conditions.
family
the extended
that within
present
context
of the
Angevin
the custom of matrilineal
counts,
succession
to episcopal
For example,
Fulk
was entrenched.
office
brother,
Guy, was bishop
the Good's
of Soissons,
and
in that
by his
he was succeeded
Adeloffice
sister
38
Guy.
Bishop Guy of
was named
aide's
son,
who also
his
le Puy,
Fulk
the Good's
son,
was succeeded-by
0
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
9
Adelaide's
i. e.,
his
grandson,
sister
grandnephew,
39 Within
Stephen.
the mouvance of the Angevin
counts,
Greymantle,
Fulk Nerra, - and Geoffrey
Geoffrey
Martel
the matrilineal
for succession
supported
all
pattern
to the bishopric
of le Mans over which they exercised40
for
control
about a century.
considerable
Matrilineal
in
the
connections
selection
of
bishops
is seen to be especially
important
with
regard
Guy, despite
his strong
to the see of le Puy where
41
to
in a flareligious
reform,
commitment
acted
his
to consecrate
grantly
uncanonical
manner
grandThis
successor.
nephew Stephen
as his
not only was
.
formal
done without
by the clergy
election
and people
of le Puy but also
without
papal
approval
and while
42
living.
Guy himself
If we project
was still
the
importance
to the see of le
succession
of matrilineal
in time,
Puy backward
Hector,
the fact
that
Guy's
the bishopric
putative
maternal
uncle,
also held
may
be seen to be of significance.
In this
well
context,
it may be of some importance
therefore,
Adalard,
that
Hector's
as bishop
predecessor
of le Puy, had close
to Autun during
Childebrand,
the reign
of Count
-ties
Gerberga
who was the grandfather
of that
whom we have
Ratburnus
I of
suggested
was the wife
of Viscount
Vienne
Hector,
bishop
and the mother
of both
of le
Puy, and Fulk
Gerberga.
Indeed,
the Good's
wife,
is no reason
there
to believe,
that. Bishop Adalard
of
le Puy was not a son-in-law
Childebrand
of Count
of
Autun. 43
Finally,
from
the political
perspective,
we may
add that in the, year 1033 when Odo II,
count of Blois,
Chartres,
to succeed his maternal
and Champagne, tried
king
Rudolphas
Viennois
uncle
the
of' Burgundy,.
44
him
is of some signifiopposed
vigorously.
-This
Nerra,
cance because of all. the enemies
of Fulk
the
from
987-1040,.
Angevin
Odo-II,
count
was the most
45
If
the hypothesis
and persistent.
powerful
put
forward
Countess
the
concerning
above
origins
of
is
Viscount
Gerberga
Berillo
then
III
correct,
of
her putative
Vienne,
grandnephew,
"may be seen to be
her grandson,
Fulk
Nerra,,
with
siding
against-the
latter!
It-may
be; of some
s most difficult
adversary.
importance
that, the counts
additional,
of Gevaudan and
10
BACHRACH
the
Forez,
the
grandsons
of
grandsons
and great
Gerberga,
Angevin
to make
seen
also
countess
are
in
the
their
with
putative
cousins
common cause
46
Viennois.
bits
The prosopographical
of collecting
method
(HermenLeitnamen
dealing
with
of evidence
and pieces
in this
ties
ecclesiastical
study),
garde and Gerberga
(the
held by
to the bishopric
succession
previously
[Adalard,
Hector,
the maternal
uncle
uncle or grand
Guy, and Stephen
at le Puy]),
geographical
connecfit
here
together
tions,
all
and political
cooperation
the possibility
that
the Angevin
to suggest
countess
daughter
Gerberga
was the otherwise
unattested
of
I of Vienne and his wife Gerberga,
Ratburnus
Viscount
Viscountess
Hermengarde
the-granddaughter
of
of
Vienne,
Of
of Bishop'Hector
and the sister
of le Puy.
is compelling,
course,
no single
piece of evidence
and
is only suggestive.
However circumstanthe ensemble
it
tial
the evidence
may be, nevertheless
would
seem
to amount
to more than
a'meaningless
scattering
of
coincidences.
If
hypothesis
is
our
the
correct
concerning
Gerberga,
it
origins
of Countess
goes
a long
way
how the Angevins
toward
explaining
maintained
viable
the distant
contact
with
region
of Burgundy
and its
during
between the death of Abbot
the period
environs
Odo of
Cluny
in
942 and the
the
arrangement
of
to Stephen of Forez and Gevaudan
of Adelaide
marriage950s by Fulk the Good.
in the early
In addition,
the
establishment
of Guy as bishop
than
of le Puy rather
of some see more
as bishop
the
obviously
within
is adequately
mouvance of the Angevin
counts
explained
the framework
of the contemporary
within
that
custom
brother
-their
succeeded
mother's
nephews
when posFurther,
yet one more example of the appreciasible.
by the Angevin
counts
of the value
tion
of long range
lengthy
list
to
the
that
can be added
planning
Finally,
have compiled.
historians
and probably
most
Gerberga
had Carolinthat
importantly,
the suggestion
her
in
blood
veins
explains
why her
royal
gian
Adelaide,
to be a suitable
daughter,
was thought
wife
Lothair.
It
for
the
of King
also
son and heir
Constance,
Gerberga's
was
granddaughter,
why
explains
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
for
wife
an acceptable
considered
King
Robert
II.
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INTERESTS
ANGEVIN
c. 920 - c. 1000
11
BACHRACH
12
NOTES
*My
possible
Learned
sity
of
Program
Angevins
has been made
research
on the
by grants
from
American
Council
the
of
Societies,
School of the Univerthe Graduate
and the Bush Sabbatical
Minnesota,
Fellowship
at the University
of Minnesota.
1 The. basic
is that
Le
Halphen,
work
of Louis
(Paris,
comtb d'Anjou
1906), pp. 1-12;
au Xfe siýcte
Andegavensium
in Chroniques
comitum
and Genealogiae
des comtes
d'Anjou
d'Amboise,
et des seigneurs
ed.
(Paris,
Louis
Halphen
1913),
and Rene Poupardin
pp.
247-50,254-55,
xciii,
the
xcv,
which
supercedes
by Rene Poupardin,
"Genealogies
earlier
study
ange" M6ianges
d'arch6ologie
du XIe
vines
siecle,
et
d'histoire
de t'Ecole
frangaise
de Rome, 20 (1900),
199-208.
However,
now the pathbreaking
research
of
Karl
Ferdinand
"Untersuchungen
Werner,
zur Frühzeit
des französischen
(9. -10.
Fürstentums
"
Jahrhundert),
Die Wett als Geschichte,
18 (1958),
264-86,
has vastly
history
expanded knowledge
of the, early
of the f amily
Constance
"The
C. Bouchard,
of the Angevin
counts.
Origins
Nobility:
A Reassessment,
" The
of the French
'515,
American
Historical
Review,
86 (1983),
writes
"Fulk
the Good married
"
a woman of unknown origins.
Richard
Sir
Southern,
The Making of the Middle
-2
Ages (New Haven,
1953),
p. ý88;
Bernard
S.
see also
Bachrach,
"Geoffrey
Greymantle,
Count of the Angevins
960-987:
A Study
in French
in
Politics,
" Studies
Medieval
History,
17 -(1985),
and Renaissance
34-35.
3 For Adelaide
S. Bachrach,
"Henry II
see Bernard
Angevin
Tradition
Family
"
Hostility,
and the
of
Albion,
16 (1984),
p. 115 n. 24; see also Bachrach,
"Geoffrey
" p. 58 n. 90 and p. 47 n. 36,
Greymantle,
for Adelaide
and Geoffrey,
respectively.
4
"La situation
des
Dom Guy Oury,
juridique
de Cormery et de Villeloin'sous
l'abbatiat
monasteres
(v.
de la Soci6t6
" Bulletin
954-975),
de Guy d'Anjou
de Touraine,
551-63,
9 (1975),
archeotogique
supposes
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
13
date
is,
a much earlier
of birth
which
of course,
"Le
Oury,
frere
de Geoffroy
see
possible;
also
Grisgonelle:
Guy II d'Anjou.
Moine et 6v6que de Puy
(t av. 998), " M6moires de is soci6t6
de
archeotogique
Touraine,
61-68,
9 (1975),
for his later
career.
5 Halphen,
6
For
Le comt6,
pp.
4-5.
discussion
excellent
of the method
demonstration
its
combined
a compelling
of
Ferdinand
"Important
Werner,
effectiveness,
see Karl
Families
in
Noble
Kingdom
Charlemagne--a
the
of
Prosopographical
Study
between
of the Relationship
King and Nobility
in the Early
Middle
Ages, " in The
Nobility,
Medieval
Timothy
Reuter
ed.
and trans.
(Amsterdam,
1979),
137-202.
This
translation
pp.
however,
be used
in
should,
the
conjunction
with
"Bedeutende
Adelsfamilien
im Reich Karls
des
original:
Grossen.
Ein personengeschichtlicher
Beitrag
sum
Verhältnis
im frühen
Mittelvon Königtum
und Adel
de Grosse,
" in Karl
Lebenswerk
alter,
und Nachleben,
1, ed. H. Beumann (Dusseldorf,
1965),
83-142,
pp.
because
(pp. 137-42)
from
the appendices
were omitted
The translation,
however,
the translation.
benefits
from bibliographical
to the notes.
additions
an
with
7 See, for
by
the information
example,
collected
"Untersuchungen
Werner,
des französischen
zur Frühzeit
(9. -10.
" Die
Fürstentums
Jahrhundert),
Welt
als
Geschichte,
256-89;
19 (1959),
18 (1958),
146-93;
20
(1960),
87-119;
"Bedeutende
Adelsas well
as his
familien,
" pp. 83-142.
8 Werner,
265-73.
9 Ibid.,
families
"Untersuchungen
274-89,
zur
Frühzeit,
" pp.
provides
a fine
survey
of
the Fulconians
the
which
were allied
importantly,
both politically
by marno less
and,
in the two generathe latter
since
riage,
connections
tions
to Fulk the Good's marriage
prior
would severely
limit
from which his wife
the potential
sources
might
because
be drawn
On
of ecclesiastical
prohibitions.
pp.
with
14
BACHRACH
families
For a guide to additional
this,
see below.
dealt
in a
with
whom the Fulconians
of importance
by Jacques
friendly
see the following
studies
manner,
dans
"L'origine
des families
Boussard:
seigneuriales
de civilisade la Loire
la region
moyenne, " Cahiers
"Les destines
303-22;
de la
5 (1962),
tion
m6di6vale,
de civilisa" Cahiers
du IXe au XIe siecle,
Neustrie
15-28;
tion
11 (1968),
m6di6vale,
and "Les 6vdques en
(950-1050
la
Neustrie
gr6gorienne
avant
r6forme
des Savants
(1970),
" Journal
161-96.
Of
environ),
prove a negative,
no one can quite
and given
course,
the state
the reader
of the sources
may well want to
believe
in an
that
a Gerberga
may one day be found
family
in this
appropriate
region.
10 Werner,
"Untersuchungen
zur
Frühzeit,
" p.
277.
11 For
a discussion
of the sources
see Halphen,
Le comtb,
11 n.
1.
by L. de
The suggestion
p.
Grandmaison,
in his
Ercole des Chartes
unpublished
(1887)
(I have
thesis
Martel
on the reign
of Geoffrey
not seen this
work),
according
made without
evidence
(loc.
to Halphen
cit. ), that Hildegarde
was descended
perhaps from the counts
of Nordgau would make her the
half-sister
older
sister
or perhaps
of the future
See the genealogies
by Eduard
pope, Leo IX.
published
Hlawitschka,
Die Anfänge des Hauses Habsburg--Lothrin1969),
gen (Saarbruken,
opposite
pp. 138 and 148,
he concludes
respectively,
and p. 104 n. 110, where
Hildegarde
is
that
Louis
this
the
mother
of
of
Mousson-Mompelgard.
In this
Hlawitschka
conclusion
follow
Franz
Vollmer,
"Die
to
"
Etichonen,
seems
des grossfränkStudien
and Vorarbeiten
zur Geschichte
ischen
Adels,
and frühdeutschen
ed. Gerd Tellenbach
(Freiburg
im Breisgau,
1957),
181-83.
Unfortunately,
Hlawitschka
the Angevin
nor Vollmer
addresses
neither
formation
however,
La
du
See,
Michel
Bur,
connection.
1150 (Nancy,
1977),
v. 950-v.
comt6 de Champagne,
p.
de la
Les origines
R. Parisot,
163,
who follows
(Paris,
Haute-Lorraine
maison ducale
et sa premiere
1909),
some
who seems to suggest
pp. 371 and 405,
Haute
Lorraine
Theobald
Duke
of
with
and
connection
form
intended
to
this
an alliance
was
whether
wonders
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
15
The exact origin
Odo II.
Hildeagainst
of Countess
that
to be solved.
a problem
remains
gard is still
However,
Martel,
the ability
of her son, Geoffrey
to
Agnes of
the marriage
of his
stepdaughter,
arrange
Henry
III
Poitou,
to the Emperor
strongly
suggests
the lineage
that
of the dowager Angevin
countess,
who
took place,
alive
when the marriage
was still
was of
Agnes of Poitou
Concerning
see Marie
some importance.
"Kaiserin
Agnes, " Beiträge
Bulst-Thiele,
Luise
zur
des Mittelalters
Kulturgeschichte
and der Renaissance,
1-11.
1933),
Of course,
52 (Leipzig,
Agnes- of
Agnes of Burgundy,
Poitou's
mother,
and her natural
from
father,
William
the Great,
were not
unimportant
insight
into
Additional
lineages.
Hildegarde's
from a detailed
study
origins
might be forthcoming
of
between Geoffrey
Martel
and Pope Leo IX who
relations
have been the Angevin
count's
uncle.
may, in fact,
"Die
Romreise
der Kaiserin
Tilman
Struve,
Agnes, "
Jahrbuch,
105 (1985),
1-29, adds nothing
Historisches
here.
new to the matter
under discussion
12
Callander
Murray,
Germanic
See Alexander
in Law and Society
in
Studies
Kinship
Structure:
Middle
Ages (Toronto,
Antiquity
1983);
and the Early
S. Bachrach
by Bernard
in Speculum,
and the review
1003-04.
60/4 (1985),
13 See Werner
[n.
6 above].
14 Werner,
"Untersuchungen
" pp.
zur Frühzeit,
hints
by
264-79,
twelfth-century
provided
where
dealing
the genealogy
with
sources
narrative
of the
key
for further
Angevin
provided
clues
counts
research
in inadequate
On this
or unpublished
charters.
see
by George Beech,
"Prosopography,
discussion
"
the brief
An Introduction,
Studies:
in Medieval
ed. James M.
(Syracuse,
1976),
Powell
p. 164.
15
Duby,
Medieval
See Georges
Marriage:
Two
from Twelfth-Century
France,
Models
E. Forster
trans.
(Baltimore,
1978);
B. Bouchard,
"Consanand Constance
in the Tenth
and Noble Marriages
guinity
and Eleventh
" Speculum,
56/2 (1981),
271.
Centuries,
16
BACHRACH
16 Geoffrey
Martel
and the
so lucky,
was not
his
for
"incest"
him
marrying
of
accuse
chronicles
This
degree.
in
by
was the
third
the
marriage
cousin
the same great
grandwho shared
widow of a cousin
By Roman law this
father.
would have been a relation
See the discussion
degree.
in the sixth
by marriage
by Halphen,
Le comtb,
It
pp. 56-57.
marriage
of this
Geoffrey's
be
that
those
who
surmised
attacked
may
have,
had
1030
that
took
such
would
place
ca.
marriage
better
been the case, liked
than to have been
nothing
he himself
to point
that
was the great
out
able
liaison.
of an incestuous
grandson
17 Jacques
"Le Tr6sorier
de Saint-MarBoussard,
de France,
de Z'Eglise
tin de Tours, " Revue d'histoire
47 (1961),
75, demonstrates
Berno was treasurer
that
from
from
891-95
held
Robert
the office
and that
908--15.
However,
John Salerno,
Vita Odonis (Bk. I,
.
11,18,21,
Patrologia,
vol.
chs.
ed. J. P. Migne,
133), makes clear
Fulk
the
that
the Red controlled
economic
at
and financial
resources
of Saint Martin
Tours and, in addition,
had direct
to
access
personal
indicates
the treasure
John further
there.
stored
Fulk the Red was active
that
of Tours,
at Saint Martin
during
the later
teenage
especially
years
of Odo,
i. e., between ca. 896 and 898.
With
in mind it
this
Fulk
Berno as
to suggest
that
seems fair
succeeded
he may have held
Treasurer
that
and that
position
915 when Robert
is first
For more on
attested.
until
"Geoffrey
" p.
Greymantle,
the background
see Bachrach,
54 n. 71.
18 Bernard
Empire, " Aibion,,
"The
S. Bachrach,
295-96.
10 (1978),
Idea
of
the
Angevin
19 See the literature
in Bernard
S.
on this
cited
II
Claims
"King
Henry
to the
Bachrach,
and Angevin
6/1 (1985),
Prosopography,
41 n.
" Medieval
Saintonge,
23.
20 See, for example, Ferdinand Lot, Les derniers
de
Lorraine:
V,
Charles
Louis
Lothaire,
carolingiens
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
954-991,
daughter
Gerberga
daughter
Provence
Bourgogne,
17
(Paris,
1891),
283
for
Gerberga
the
p.
of King Conrad of Burgundy,
and p. 328 for
For her
the wife
of Duke Henry of Burgundy.
Count
William
who married
named Gerberga
of
(992-1018),
Le royaume de
see Rene Poupardin,
(Paris,
888-1038
1907),
p. 234.
21 Rena Poupardin,
Le royaume de Provence
Zes carolingiens,
855-933 (Paris,
1901), p. 354.
sous
22 For the family
of Count Childebrand
of Autun
Gerberga
granddaughter
see Histoire
gbn6mie
and his
du Languedoc,
DeVic
Vaissete
ed. Claude
and Joseph
2: 277-79,
1875),
(2nd ed. Toulouse,
the genealogy
with
For
there.
another
possible
connection
printed
house of Autun and the viscomital
between the comital
house of Vienne see note 42 below.
23
Childebrand
Concerning
the
clan
"Les Nibelungen
by Leon Levillain,
studies
" Annaies
de famille,
alliances
ques et leurs
5-66.
49 (1937),
337-408;
For
and 50 (1938),
`see p. 5.
in the Namengut of Childebrand
the
see
historidu Midi,
Gerberga
24 See Poupardin,
Le royaume de-Provence,
p. 356,
immediate
Gerberga's
lineage,
paternal
who identifies
Hector.
This
Greek
her father
i. e.,
name was very
regna and may well
go back to the
rare in the Frankish
during
Hector
the later
of Marseilles
who was governor
Concerning
the latter
century.
see Histoire
seventh
du
(1872),
Languedoc
1: 730.
g6nbraie
25 Poupardin,
26 Bachrach,
of Family Hostility,
there.
27 See the
Le royaume de Provence,
p. 356.
"Henry II and the Angevin
" p. 117, with
the texts
works
cited
above
in
note
Tradition
discussed
1.
28 As
Ratburnus
I's
we have seen above,
wife was
Boso's
wife was also named Hermennamed Hermengarde.
two daughters.
In
and this
couple had at least
garde,
18
BACHRACH"
le Justicier
882,
the year
the
when Richard
captured
him by the
of Vienne
which
was held
against
city
Hermengarde,
he took the
and the Countess
viscount
latter
who also
prisoner
was
along with her daughter,
That one of Countess Hermenin Vienne
at the time.
daughters
is likely
to have been named for her
garde's
is hardly
a controversial
assumption,
mother
and in
light
between
ties
of the close
of a political
nature
Count Boso and the viscomital
family
it is
of Vienne,
to see the latter
also reasonable
giving
one of his
daughters
These speculations
to Ratburnus
as a wife.
by the
fact
Countess
some support
that
are given
Hermengarde
and her daughter
were both at Vienne in
882. " The latter's
in this
is easily
presence
city
if
in fact,
the viscountess.
explained
she were,
Concerning
the origins
Hermengarde
of Countess
see
Poupardin,
Le royaume de provence,
pp. 73-78;
see pp.
46-47 regarding
Boso, whose maternal
lineage
was also
Annales de Saint-Bertin,
to royalty.
close
ed. Felix
(Paris,
Grat,
1964),
882,
et al.
an.
the
provides
information
on Richard's
capture
of Vienne.
29 For
to the Angevin
references
genealogies
see
Concerning
above note 1.
the more general
characteristics
text-genre,
of this
by Leopold
the volume
Genicot,
Les g6n6aiogies
(Turnhout,
1975), ' is a very
Georges
Duby,
"Remarques
useful
guide,
while
sur la
litt6rature
g6n¬alogique
en France
aux XIe et XIIe
" Comptes
siecles,
1967
rendus des seances de l'ann6e
(April-June
des
1967),
Acad6mie
Inscriptions
et
(Paris,
Beiles-Lettres
1987),
in
and republished
English
by Cynthia
translation
Postan in The ChivalSociety
(Berkeley,
1980) as "French
rous
Genealogical
" pp. 149-157,
is an interesting
Literature,
though not
to adumbrate
successful
attempt
the signifiwholly
Ideas
"legitimacy"
genre.
cance of this
concerning
to the
and then tied
specifically
need to be refined
interests
actors
times
at particular
of the historical
in their
careers.
30 For the
Halphen,
of Fulk le R¬chin'see
reign
Guillot,
Le comte
176-205;
Le'comtb,
and Olivier
pp.
d'Anjou
(Paris,
1972),
au XIe siýcie
et son entourage
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
A full
1: 111-26.
Fulk le R6chin is
31
Angevin
Bernard
Claims to
book-length
an important
S. Bachrach,
the Saintonge,
the
study
of
desideratum.
"King
Henry
"pp.
23-45.
19
reign
of
II
and
32 In this
Schmid
the research
of Karl
context
linkages
in the male
three
that
generation
showing
(father-son-grandson)
became
important
line
once
is of significance.
See his
became hereditary
offices
Sippe and Geschlecht,
"Zur
Problematik
von Familie,
Adel, "
beim
Haus
mittelalterlichen
and Dynastie
des Oberrheins,
die
für
Geschichte
105
Zeitschrift
"Heirat,
(1957),
15-16 and 30-31;
and more recently
di
" Settimane
Geschlectenbewusstein,
Familienfolge,
italiano
di
del
Centro
sull'alto
studi
medioestudio
however,
120-30.
This,
1977),
should
vo, 24 (Spoleto,
the matrilineage
to
that
ceased
not lead us to infer
became
in general
Rather,
lineage
be of importance.
As early
as the mid-tenth
century
we
more important.
for the counts
have a surviving
of Flanders,
genealogy
kind
I
that
this
some
was
of
not
convinced
and
am
before
other
and a half
a century
unique
exercise
began
importance
families
to have
regional
of great
Rather,
drawn up.
the fortunes
of historisuch texts
for
likely
the
the
than
reason
survival
are
cal
more
"French
Genealogical
LiteraDuby,
Cf.
case.
unique
"genealogists"
Indeed,
ture, " p. 50.
when the
and
"historians"
the patronage
under
who worked
of the
during
Angevin
the later
eleventh
and early
counts
their
twelfth
were constructing
genealogies
centuries
had written
is likely
it
that
they
and histories,
they knew much
to rely
and thus
sources
upon which
Fulk le R¬chin,
who based his work upon his
more than
told
to him by his
uncle,
own memory and stories
Fulk le Rechin knew far less about
Geoffrey
Martel.
than did the "scholars"
the history
of his own family
lands
in his
Cf.
who did
and lordships
research.
his asser152-54,
loc.
Duby,
pp.
particularly
cit.
the
Gesta
the
construction
tions
of
concerning
Consulum.
33 Bernard
S. Bachrach,
"The
Idea
of
the
Angevin
20
BACHRACH '
'296-97-,
further
"pp.
Empire,
with
"Geoffrey
" pp.
Greymantle,
Bachrach,
elaboration
21-25.
by
34 Concerning
family
Lot,
Les
Constance's
see
derniers
In dealing'with
carolingiens,
pp. 358-69.
i. e.,
the duration
second
of King Robert's
marriage,
Etudes
I tend
F. Lot,
to Bertha,
to follow
sur le
de Hugues Capet et Za fin
du Xe siecle
(Paris,
rýgne
1903), pp. 127-28
he accepts
the
n. 2, up to where
bull
Concerning
the
of Pope John XVIII
as authentic.
and date of the forgery
circumstances
of Pope John's
bull
"Robert
S. Bachrach,
Abbot
see Bernard
of Blois,
de Saumur and Saint-Mesmin
de Micy
of Saint-Florent
(985-1011),
" Revue Benedictine,
88 (1978),
141-43.
In
light
Nerra's
of the above
and of the date
of Fulk
to the Holy Land in the autumn of 1003, it
pilgrimage
is likely
Constance
that Robert married
late
in 1003
in 1004. However,
the negotiations
or very
early
were
before
Fulk left
Anjou in September
certainly
complete
1003.
Concerning
latter
date
S.
the
see Bernard
'The Pilgrimages
Bachrach,
Count of the
of Fulk Nerra,
Angevins,
987-1040, " in Religion,
Culture
and Society
in the Early
in Honor of Richard
Middle
Ages: Studies
E. Sullivan,
J.
Contreni
F. X. Noble
ed.
and T.
(Kalamazoo,
1987),
forthcoming.
35
Cf.
Bouchard,
"Consanguinity
Noble
and
" pp.
Marriages,
276-77.
If
Queen Constance
had not
inherited
blood she would not have been, acceptroyal
Countess
Gerberga,
her grandable to King Robert.
was the only
possible
mother,
source
of that royal
blood.
Bouchard
imply
Adelaide's
seems to
that
fruitless
V played
to King Louis
earlier
marriage
some
in making
Constance,
her
sort
of legitimizing
role
from another
husband,
daughter
and subsequent
a viable
bed.
for the king's
However,
Bouchard
does
candidate
be the case.
why this
should
not suggest
36 Poupardin,
Le royaume
de Provence,
p.
354 n.
12.
37 Concerning
Pierre
example,
the
Imbart
control
of bishoprics
Les
de la Tour,
see, for
6leetions
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
21
de France
t'6giise
du IX au XII
dkcadence
etude
la
de principe
blectif,
sur
siecle:
(Paris,
1891);
"Les, 6v8ques
Boussard,
814-1150
en
" pp.
161-96;
Bernard
Guillemain,
"Les
Neustrie,
des 6v&ques
en France
aux XIe
et XIIIe,
origines
istituzioni
delta
"socie"
Le
ecclesiastiche
siecles,
dei secoli
XI-XII:
Papato., Cardinalato
tas christiana"
del Centro
di Studi
Miscellanea
Medioeed Episcopato,
1974),
7 (Milan,
vali,
pp. 374-407;
and Guy Devailly,
families
dans 1'ouest
"Les grands
de
et 1'episcopat
de civilisaFrance
et les Pays de la Loire, " Cahiers
49-55.
27 (1984),
See below,
tion
mediovale,
note 43.
episcopates
dans
38 Ph. Grierson,
"L'Origine
des Comtes d'Amiens, 105-06;
Valois
et Vexin, " Le moyen age, 49 (1939),
and
"Henry
by Bachrach,
II and the Angevin
the discussion
" pp. 114-15.
Family Hostility,
Tradition
of
39
"Guy
II
Oury,
discussion
of the family
Tradition
the Angevin
115-16 n. 26.
40
" p.
d'Anjou,
68;
for
"Henry
II
see Bachrach,
"
Family
Hostility,
of
the
and
pp.
"Geoffrey
" pp.
Greymantle,
See Bachrach,
Bishop
Seginfredus.
Fulk
25-26,
Nerra's
concerning
(Bernard
"The Angevin
S. Bachrach,
in the region
role
in the Reign
Building
Castle
Strategy
of"Fulk
of
" The American
Historical
987-1040,
Review,
88
Nerra,
[1983],
555-56)
as overlord
of the count
of Maine,
house of le Mans, and
friend
of the viscomital
close
of Chateau-du-Loir
strongly
of the castellans
overlord
in the
that
the Angevin
count played
suggests
a role
to the
of Chateau-du-Loir
of Gervasius
accession
bishopric
by
traditionally
of le Mans that
was held
family.
Gervasius'
of his
mother's
conflict
members
during
Martel
he held
the period
that
with Geoffrey
his father,
Fulk Nerra,
the comitatus
while
was on a
Land does not
to the Holy
the
undermine
pilgrimage
Fulk
had played
in seeing
likelihood
that
a role
"Henry
On this
Gervasius
see Bachrach,
made bishop.
" pp.
Tradition
Hostility,
II and the Angevin
of Family
124-25,
Fulk opposed Geoffrey's
where it is shown that
For Geoffrey
Martel's
with Gervasius.
role
conflict
22
BACHRACH
'' successor,
Vulgrinus,
Gervasius
whose
in-choosing
Steven
Mans
le
see
to
also
was
matrilineal,
connection
de Vulgrin,
familiales
"Les origines
abb¬ de
Fanning,
1ve"que
du Mans
(1046-1056)
d'Angers
Saint-Serge
et
de VenFulcrade
du vicomte
(1056-1065)
petit-fils
du Maine,
82 (1980),
246-54.
d6me, " La Province
pp.
41 Oury,
551-63.
42 Oury,
"La
"Guy
situation
II
d'Anjou,
juridique
" pp.
des monastdres,
"
67-68.
43 Histoire
du Languedoc,
1: 4 and 402,
g6n6rzle
is discussed
the testament
as -attesting
where Adalard
This
highlights
the
of Autun.
act
of the bishop
whose
at Autun
prominence
of Adalard
among those
for
testament
the bishop's
as'
was regarded
support
is
it
In this
worthwhile
on the local
scene.
context
Adalard,
that
worth
noting
who was seneschal
under
is likely
Louis the Pious,
of
also to have been count
in
Autun.
He certainly
important
resources
controlled
Symphorien
the area
to Saint
of
and was generous
Autun.
On this
"Les
Nibelungen
see Levillain,
historiques,
" p. 66.
This
same Adalard,
as Werner has
("Untersuchung
" pp., 277-78),
was
argued
zur Frühzeit,
Fulk the Red.
the grandfather
of Roscilla,
who married
has
Adalard
had a son also named Adalard,
whose career
not thus far been traceable,
and as a result
of some
incapacity
of that son, Fulk the Red gained
possession
(Werner,
and La Haye "non bona ratione"
of Villentrois
If
Adalard
270).
in his
born
late
this
were
p.
lifetime
his
father's
and were
associated
with
in Burgundy,
he could have married
father's
activities
Childebrand
of Count
of Autun
and could
a daughter
have been the Adalard
who held the bishopric
of le Puy
Hector
before
who was the son of Gerberga
of Vienne,
Count
Childebrand
grandson
the
great
of
putative
and
Although
these speculations
the
concerning
of Autun.
be
Adalard's
Count
son
cannot
viewed
as
of
career
for
further
than
suggestions
research,
more
anything
fact
the
the
lose
that
name
of
sight
not
should
we
is to be found among the ruling
elite
of the
Adalard
during
in the period
which Bishop Adalard
Autun region
COUNTESS GERBERGA OF THE ANGEVINS
of
to
le Puy,
the predecessor
have also been a person
23
Hector,
is known
of'Bishop
of importance
at Autun.
44 This
is developed
by Poupardin,
Le royaume de
by Jean-Pierre
158-61,
Bourgogne,
pp.
and accepted
feodaie,
879-1166
La Provence
Poly,
et la soci6t6
(Paris,
1976),
p. 179.
45 See, for
Bachrach,
example,
" pp. 533-60.
Building,
Castle
46
"The
Strategy
of
war of 1033 for the kingdom of BurgunOdo
dy, the
sided
and the Viennois
against
II.
The count
time was none
at this
of Lyonnais-Forez
Gerard,
than
great
who was the
grandson
of
other
Concerning
Count
Gerbarga
Countess
and Fulk the Good.
Le royaume de Bourgogne,
Gerard see Poupardin,
p. 244.
In the
Lyonnais