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Orchestra
about Orchestra Linus Metzler Limenet Linus Metzler Wattstrasse 3 9306 Freidorf 071 455 19 15 079 528 17 42 29.03.2010 Orchestra 2 subject: st Music 1 Kanti study sheet for the test on the 3/31/2010 author: Linus Metzler e-mail: linus.metzler@limenet.ch version: 1.0b Publish date: 3/29/2010 title: Orchestra pages: 15 ORCHESTRA TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Info .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Study Part ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Seating arrangement of an orchestra ................................................................................................................ 5 The instrumental sections of an orchestra ......................................................................................................... 5 The instruments of the sections: description and sound ................................................................................... 5 woowind ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Piccolo ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Flute .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Oboe ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 3 English Horn ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Clarinet...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Bassoon ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Saxophone ................................................................................................................................................ 7 String.............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Violin ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Viola .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 (Violon-)Cello ............................................................................................................................................ 8 String / Double Bass .................................................................................................................................. 8 Harp .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Brass .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Trumpet .................................................................................................................................................... 8 French Horn .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Trombone ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Euphonium................................................................................................................................................ 9 Tuba .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 percussion.................................................................................................................................................... 10 Rhythmic ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Drum Set ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Bass Drum ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Snare Drum ................................................................................................................................... 10 Cymbals ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Timpani .............................................................................................................................................. 11 Cymbal ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Triangle .............................................................................................................................................. 11 Gong ................................................................................................................................................... 11 3 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 4 Maracas .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Tambourine ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Melodic ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Xylophone .......................................................................................................................................... 12 The score: organization and reading ................................................................................................................ 12 Parts of a string instrument .............................................................................................................................. 13 Parts of a wind winstrument (brass and woodwind) ....................................................................................... 13 Brass ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 Woodwind ................................................................................................................................................... 14 Sound production of the instruments .............................................................................................................. 14 English names of the instruments and their parts ........................................................................................... 14 Conducting an orchestra .................................................................................................................................. 15 Intervals ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 Sources .................................................................................................................................................................. 15 INFO st This is a study sheet by Linus Metzler about Orchestra, which was mentioned in the 1 Kanti at Mr. Nick. There is no claim for completeness. All warranties are disclaimed. ksrstudysheet by Linus Metzler is under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported license. 4 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 5 STUDY PART SEATING ARRANGEMENT OF AN ORCHESTRA THE INSTRUMENTAL SECTIONS OF AN ORCHESTRA In total, they’re four main sections in an orchestra Strings Woodwinds Brass Percussion THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE SECTIONS: DESCRIPTION AND SOUND WOOWIND PICCOLO Transverse flute Pitched an octave higher than a standard flute Range of three octaves Used for special effects Originally made out of wood 5 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 6 FLUTE Soprano voice Most made of metal Oval-shaped mouthpiece with a long tube Horizontally held Different notes made with the keys (levers) Range of three octaves OBOE Smallest and highest double reed Cylindrical body Range of three octaves Extremely difficult to play ENGLISH HORN A fifth lower than the oboe “alto oboe” CLARINET Long tube with a mouthpiece and a bell-shaped opening Tone holes covered by small metal levers The musicians blows on a flat cane reed, which is attached to the mouthpiece Manufactured in four different keys Range of three and a half octaves BASSOON Double reed Eight feet of cylindrical wood tubing Four joints Ten key controlled holes on the body Eight finger holes 6 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 7 SAXOPHONE Mixture out of the single reed and the mouthpiece of the clarinet, a metal body and widened version of the conical bore of the oboe Most of them are curved at the bottom (not all) Twenty openings covered by keys Range of two and a half octaves STRING VIOLIN Played with a bow Highest string Wuning pegs attached to the peg box to alter the pitch of a string Ways of playing o Pizzicato o Trmolo o Sul ponticello o Col legno o Glissando VIOLA Second highest string Written in alto clef 7 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 8 (VIOLON-)CELLO Larger than a violin but the same shape Four feet long Played sitting down Range of four octaves STRING / DOUBLE BASS Largest and lowest pitched string Sex feet high HARP No bow used Forty-six strings Range of six and a half octaves BRASS TRUMPET Sound produced by vibrating the lips and blowing into a cup-shaped mouthpiece Notes changed by the three valves Different pitches Tube is as long as four and a half feet 8 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 9 FRENCH HORN Twelve feet long tube Sound produced by vibrating the lips and blowing into a funnel-shaped mouthpiece Notes changed by the three valves Often, the hand is used as a mute in the bell TROMBONE Tenor voice Cup-shaped mouthpiece Slide Nine feet long tube EUPHONIUM Member of tuba family Tenor tuba Three valves TUBA Big family Largest brass Lowest pitched brass Sound produced by vibrating the lips and blowing into a cup-shaped mouthpiece Notes changed by lip tension or fingering the valves Three to five valves 9 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 10 PERCUSSION RHYTHMIC DRUM SET First drum sets around 1800 Possible for one person to play several instruments at the same time Usually consists of the following instruments o Bass drum o Snare drum o Cymbals o Tom toms o (cowbells) o (woodblocks) BASS DRUM Largest part of the kit Played with a foot pedal Low, deep sound SNARE DRUM Higher pitch than the bass drum Buzzing or snapping sound CYMBALS Made out of various metals Diameter range is from six to 22 inches Different “main forms” o Hi-hat In a pair Stick foot pedal played o Crash- and ride cymbal Stick played o Tom-tom Normally three in a kit 10 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 11 TIMPANI Often called kettledrum Large copper or fiberglass shell Single drumhead Pedal Different notes possible (only drum) CYMBAL Used since the Middle Ages Often used in religious ceremonies See also “drum set” TRIANGLE Made out of steel th Used in Europe since the 14 century GONG Bronze disk Struck with a beater th From Middle East or South East Asia in the 9 century to Indonesia and finally to Europe in the th 18 century 11 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 12 MARACAS Rattles From South America First made with beans in shells TAMBOURINE Jingling metal disks Drum Many different ways to play MELODIC XYLOPHONE Mallet instrument Graduated wooden bars Southeast Asia in the 1300s THE SCORE: ORGANIZATION AND READING woodwind brass A score for symphony orchestra normally uses the order of instruments as you see on the left. It’s organized like a timeline; every note which is under another is played at the same time. And of course they’re also bars and time signatures. percussion string 12 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 13 PARTS OF A STRING INSTRUMENT And a bow/stick with horse hair PARTS OF A WIND WINSTRUMENT (BRASS AND WOODWIND) Basically, the woodwind and the brass instruments have a mouthpiece, a tube and a bell. Some of them got a slide, valves or keys. BRASS 13 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Orchestra 14 WOODWIND •they've got differences in pitch and size •you can bow or pluck them •they're only heard 'cause of the bridge, which transports it to the body and amplifiys it ENGLISH NAMES OF THE INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR PARTS 14 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler percussion •all use wind to make a sound •longer tube deeper note •they've three differetn ways to create sound •o-shaped mouthpiece •single reed mouthpiece •double reed motupiece string •the air has to vibrate •lips tighter higher note •tube longer lower note •to change the sound, you can use a mute and put in the bell woodwind brass SOUND PRODUCTION OF THE INSTRUMENTS •you can shake or hit them •they're to subfamilies •tuned •different notes •untuned •no melody possible •used for pure rhythm and to make noise Orchestra 15 The whole sheet is in English, so…just read it through and you’ll learn them automatically CONDUCTING AN ORCHESTRA The conductor is the one, who controls the orchestra, gives the speed and tells everyone when he/she hast to play. She/he uses her/his hands to give the dynamics with the left hand and the beats and tempo with the right hand. INTERVALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. SOURCES Wikipedia And many others for the images 15 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler Unison nd 2 rd 3 th 4 th 5 th 6 th 7 Octave
