Detectors for Particle Physics

Transcription

!!!!!!! !!
Detectors for Particle Physics
Einführung
Introduction
Einführung
Einführung
DESY Summer Student Lectures
2007
Carsten Niebuhr
! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
"#$%&'(')$*+%',-.)$(/
Cosmic
Ray
0!1!2342!5!6!!!01785
Background
=!8>7!
$"!1!9!:!;<Radiation:
T = 2.72 K, n! = 4x108 m-3
C. N i e bu h r
Tei lc he n D etektor e n 1
C. N i e bu h r
Tei lchen Detektor en 1
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1
2
C. N i e bu h r
Topics of
Topics
of the
the Lecture
Lecture
"#$%!&&
!
"#$%!&&&
• &'%$()*+%,('
• A32!(6!B$#+C!D2%2+%($3!
• @+,'%,11#%,('!5(*'%2$3
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- B"5
- :@45G!4-:
• "7(%()2%2+%($3
• 572$2'C(H!5(*'%2$3
Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments
G.F.Knoll:
Wiley, 3rd edition
Radiation Detection and Measurement
W.Blum, L.Rolandi:
Springer, 1994
- @7(92$!D2H21(0/2'%
- 212+%$(/#8'2%,+
- 7#)$(',+
Review articles:
T.Ferbel:
Addison-Wesley 1987
Particle Detection with Driftchambers
Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics
#')!/#';!/($2!LLL
Other sources:
Particle Data Group:
Review of Particle Physics
Eur. Phys. J. C15, 1-878 (2000)
- B$,882$
- DJK
Par t ic le Det ec t or s 1
3
W.R. Leo:
Springer 1994
• 5#1($,/2%2$3
• '(%!+(H2$2)!
5
Detektoren für Teilchenstrahlung
C.Grupen:
Teilchendetektoren
BI Wissenschaftsverlag 1993
- @%$,0!D2%2+%($3
- ",.21!D2%2+%($3
car st en.nie buh r @desy. de
Text books:
K.Kleinknecht:
Teubner, 1992
• B$#'3,%,('!I#),#%,('
• @,1,+('!D2%2+%($3
Common
Lecture
Robert Klanner
Common
lecture
on Fr,by17.8.
Friday, Aug 11th, Sem 4
by Georg Steinbrück
What are the Objects ?
Literatur
"#$%!&!
6($!:(/2'%*/!:2#3*$2E
/2'%!
carsten.niebuhr@desy.de
R.K.Bock, A.Vasilescu: The Particle Detector BriefBook
c ar
s t en. niebuhr@des
y. de
6
Springer,
1998
and //physics.web.cern.ch/Physics/ParticleDetector/BriefBook/
4
Par tic le Detec
What are the Objects?
Fundamental
Interactions
FundamentalWechselwirkungen
Interactions
Fundamentale
and many more ...
0
-.#/012!!!!!!!!!!!! " $ # + # – !!!!!!!!!!! # 0 $ %% !!!!!!!! K 0 $ # + # –
C. N i e bu h r
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+!!!M//N!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!T.OPEOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!T.OPEU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!TP
ca r sten. niebuhr @ desy. de
5
Example for Resonance at HERA
7
Par t ic le Det ec tors 1
6
Detection of Particles
Detection
Particles and
andRadiation
Radiation
!"#$%&'($&)$#*+#,-.#/0'($+',0-1(#$+"23-134$.#'35,#.#/0$&)
Pentaquark candidate:
θc0 → D∗− p → K − π + π − p
minimal quark content: uuddc
so far only „seen“ by H1 ...
•
•
•
is this a real signal ??
or just a statistical fluctuation ?
or a detector effect ?
=> very good understanding of detector
response is required
• significance: signal/background
• resolution
• efficiency / acceptance
- +',0-1(#$+,&+#,0-#3
- ,#'10-&/$+,&6'6-(-0-#3$7!$1,&33$3#10-&/38
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- +',0-1(#$02+#$7.'33;$1"',%#;$3+-/$#018
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c ar s te n. ni ebuhr@d es y.de
7
9
8
Par t i cle D etect or s 1
Criteria for Ideal Detector
A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0
Criteria for an ideal Detector
Modern Collider Detectors
,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13$76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8
Criteria for Ideal Detector
Moderne Collider-Detektoren
C&30$-.+&,0'/04
A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0
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,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13$76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8
• "-%"$,#3&(50-&/
• "-%"$'11#+0'/1#$!$0,2$0&$1&>#,$)5(($3&(-:$'/%(#$7D!8
C&30$-.+&,0'/04
under construction:
LHC
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"-%"$#))-1-#/12
•• "-%"$,#3&(50-&/
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)'30$,#3+&/3#
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design phase: ILC
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in operation: HERA/Tevatron
Par ticle Dete ctors 1
C. N i e bu h r
c ars t en.ni e buh r@ desy. de
10
9
Par ticle Dete ctors 1
Example
Particle
Physics
Experiments
Some of
Particle
Physics
Experiments
A#3-:#3$0"#$(',%#$1&((-:#,$:#0#10&,3$0"#,#$',#$.'/2$&0"#,$#*+034$ www.hep.net/experiments/all_sites.html
OPERA , PAMELA , PS185 , PS205/HELIUMTRAP ,
PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 ,
RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/
Beijing IHEP
MOOSE , RD42 , RD44/Geant 4 , RD45 , RD46 , RD48/
ARGO-YBJ , BES , Tibet ASgamma
ROSE , RD49/RADTOL , TOSCA , TOTEM , WA85 ,
WA92 (Beatrice)
, WA94 , WA97 , WA98 , WA102
A#3-:#3$0"#$(',%#$1&((-:#,$:#0#10&,3$0"#,#$',#$.'/2$&0"#,$#*+034$
www.hep.net/experiments/all_sites.html
Brookhaven
BRAHMS , Crystal Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon DESY
, PAMELA
,
Bates
Linear
Accelerator
(MIT) , E864 , E865 , E869 , H1OPERA
g-2 , E850
, E852
, E863/ EMU01
, HERA-B
, Hermes, PS185
, TESLA, PS205/HELIUMTRAP
, ZEUS
E877 , E881
, E885
, E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 ,
PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 ,
BLAST
, OOPS
, SAMPLE
Fermilab
E907 , E909 , E910 , E913/914 (Crystal Ball) , E917 ,
RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/
Beijing
APEX/E868 , 4Auger
Project
, , RD48/
E923 , IHEP
E926 , E927 , E949, E953 , EIC , EMU01/E863 , Antihydrogen/E862
MOOSE , RD42 ,, RD44/Geant
, RD45
, RD46
ARGO-YBJ
, BES , Tibet
ASgamma
, BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830
CDMS/E981
, ,
High Gain Harmonic
Generation
FEL , ICAE , IFEL , IMB BooNE/E898
ROSE , RD49/RADTOL
, TOSCA , TOTEM
, WA85
, Charmonium/E835
, CMS
(US Server)
,
, LEGS , MECO , Microundulator FEL , NuMass/E952 , CEX/E853
WA92 (Beatrice)
, WA94 , WA97
, WA98
, WA102
Brookhaven
COSMOS/E803 , D0 (DZero)/E823 , Donut/E872 , E665
PHENIX , PHOBOS , pp2pp , Smith-Purcell , STAR ,
BRAHMS
, Crystal
Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon , E771
, E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 ,
Zero Degree
Calorimeter
DESY
g-2 , E850 , E852 , E863/ EMU01 , E864 , E865 , E869 , HyperCP/E871
,
H1 , HERA-B, ,KTEV/E799/E832
Hermes , TESLA, ,MINOS/E875
ZEUS
CERN, E881 , E885 , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/
E877
ALEPH
, ALICE
, AMS
, ANTARES
, ASACUSA
,
Fermilab
E907
, E909
, E910
, E913/914
(Crystal
Ball) , E917
, E781
, Zero Degrees/C0
ATHENA
, Atlas
(European)
ATRAP
, CDHS
neutrino , Antihydrogen/E862 , APEX/E868 , Auger Project ,
E923
, E926
, E927
, E949, ,E953
, EIC
, EMU01/E863
Sasso
experiment/WA1
, CERES/NA45
CHORUS
BooNE/E898
, BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830 , CDMS/E981 ,
High
Gain Harmonic
Generation ,FEL
, ICAE,,CMS
IFEL ,, IMB Gran
, CRESST
, CUORICINO, CMS
, DAMA
, EASTOP,
, CPLEAR/PS195
, Crystal
197 , , BOREXino
CEX/E853
, Charmonium/E835
(US
Server) ,
, CosmoLEP
LEGS , MECO
, Microundulator
FEL ,Barrel/PS
NuMass/E952
, GNO , Heidelberg
Dark, E665
Crystal Clear/RD18
EMU01 , FELIX, STAR
, HARP, , GALLEX(finished)
COSMOS/E803,, GENIUS
D0 (DZero)/E823
, Donut/E872
PHENIX
, PHOBOS, ,DELPHI
pp2pp ,, Smith-Purcell
Matter
Search
(HDMS)
,
Heidelberg-Moscow
ICANOE
,
ISOLDE
,
L3
,
LHC-B
,
MISTRAL
,
NTOF1,
, E771 , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 ,
Zero Degree Calorimeter
Experiment
,
ICARUS
,
LUNA
,
LVD
,
MACRO
,
NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC ,
HyperCP/E871 , KTEV/E799/E832 , MINOS/E875 ,
MONOLITH
, NOE , OPERA
, USA
NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/
CERN
NuMI , NUSEA/E866
, NuTeV/E815
, SDSS , SELEX/
Newmass
, NA56/SPY
, NA58/COMPASS
ALEPH
, ALICE
, AMS ,, NA57
ANTARES
, ASACUSA ,,
E781 , Zero Degrees/C0
NA59
,
NA60
,
NOMAD
,
OBELIX/PS201
,
OPAL
,
ATHENA , Atlas (European) , ATRAP , CDHS neutrino
Gran Sasso
experiment/WA1 , CERES/NA45 , CHORUS , CMS ,
, DAMA , EASTOP,
CosmoLEP
, CPLEAR/PS195 , Crystal Barrel/PS 197 ,12 BOREXino , CRESST , CUORICINO
c ars t en. ni e buh r@ desy.de
Pa r t i cl e D e t ec t o r s 1
Crystal Clear/RD18 , DELPHI , EMU01 , FELIX , HARP , GALLEX(finished) , GENIUS , GNO , Heidelberg Dark
Detectors
for
Particle
Physics:
1
ICANOE , ISOLDE , L3 , LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, 11 Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscow
Experiment , ICARUS , LUNA , LVD , MACRO ,
NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC ,
MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA
NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/
Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS ,
Bates Linear Accelerator (MIT)
BLAST , OOPS , SAMPLE
Some Particle Physics Experiments
10
Search
for Rare/Forbidden Decays
Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays
!"#$%&'$()*&(*#%$#+%+)&,(*+)*-+./*012$%%$%*3(4)&).)*5-036*07&)8$%/+(9:;*
• 4$+%12*<,%*/$#),(=(.'>$%*?&,/+)&(@*#%,1$44;*µ !*$*" 4$(4&)&?&)A*@,+/;*BC=BD*E*
• ($$94*$"1$//$()*$($%@A*%$4,/.)&,(6*2&@2*$?$()*%+)$6*>.)*4'+//*)%+1F*'./)&#/&1&)A*#$%*$?$()
• 4)+%)*<.//*9+)+*)+F&(@*&(*GCCH
Liq. Xe Scintillation
Detector
Liq. Xe Scintillation
Detector
Thin Superconducting Coil
Muon Beam
γ?
Stopping Target
+
e
γ?
Timing Counter
e+
Drift Chamber
Drift Chamber
1m
ca rs ten.ni ebuhr @des y.d e
13
Par t ic le D et e ct o rs 1
12
ALICE at LHC
I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+*
)A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(*
%$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$K
ALICE at LHC
ALICE @ LHC
Real Event in STAR at RHIC
I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+*
)A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(*
%$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$K
14
14
! 2000 tracks per event
13
Super
Kamiokande (Japan)
(Japan)
Super-Kamiokande
14
Satellite
Satellite based
based Detectors
Detectors
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,*
,41&//+)&,(4
• MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$%
Super-Kamiokande (Japan)
• BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4*
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,*
,41&//+)&,(4
D>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/)
,-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)
'")IJBB)D&H
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBC
• MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$%
• BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4*
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
N$+1)&,(4*;
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
• # µ N ! µN
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
*******O2$%$(F,?
N$+1)&,(4*;
• # e N ! eN
• # N ! µN
µ
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
*****42,7$%
*******O2$%$(F,?
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15
16
• # e N ! eN
*****42,7$%
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
Pa r t i c le D e t e ct or s 1
c ar s te n. n iebu hr@d e sy.de
17
16
Par ticle Det ect or s 1
Applications
ininMedicine
Applications
in Medicine
Applications
Medicine
Applications
in Medicine
Applications
in Medicine
Applications
in Medicine
Medicine
Applications in
Interplay
Technology
Interplaybetween
between Physics
Physics and
and Technology
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
P)##
9A)(
P9O
P)##
9A
9O 9A)(9O
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB
)##
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB
)(
P)##9A)(9O
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
K:QR8
K:QR8
K:QR8
K:QR8 K:QR8
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
K:QR8
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
18
Pa r t i cl e D ePa
tecto
r s 1D e t e c t o r s 1
i cl
Pa r t i cl e D ertte
c te
ors 1
18
18
18
18
Pa r t i cl e D e t ePa
cto
r triscl1
e Detectors 1
17
K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
RadiationK&='/10)N1/'-60&(
with K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
%&='/"%(
%&='/"%(
%&='/"%(
K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
%&='/"%(
%&='/"%(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
&0&6'/"%(
&0&6'/"%(
&0&6'/"%(&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
%&='/-%"(
%&='/-%"(
%&='/-%"(%&='/-%"(
&0&6'/"%(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
20
20
20
20
19
20
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')
&0&6'/"%-6(
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
(3('&#(
19
Par t icle De tec t ors 1
18
Cross Section of a typical Collider Detector
Particle type:
neutrinos (missing energy)
muons µ
absorber (mostly Fe)
flux return yoke
heavy medium
(Fe, Cu, U) + active
material
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ca r sten. niebuhr @ desy. de
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c ar s t en. niebuhr@des y. de
Par t icle Det ect or s
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car st en. ni ebuhr @desy.de
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29
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74
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0.40250
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0.39575
0.38651
82.8
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88.3
100.2
102.8
110.3
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116.2
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134.9
140.5
163
169
185
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1.403
1.371
1.264
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1.145
1.129
1.123
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13.84
12.86
12.25
8.82
8.48
6.76
6.54
6.37
6.00
0.49919
0.55509
0.49989
62.0
60.1
62.4
90.0
83.6
89.7
(1.815)
1.991
(1.819)
36.66
36.08
36.2
Par t ic le D et e ct o rs 1
31
If dE/dx is plotted
versus momentum of
• !"#$%&$'#()#*+,--.$#/.0)1)#
particle the curves
2,2.3-12#,"#*40-(5+.#-6.#
are shifted horizon510/.)#40.#)6("-.$#6,0(7,38
tally for different
-4++9#",0#$("".0.3-#24)).)
masses
2,2.3-12#,"#-6.#*40-(5+.#
Application: if also
()#<3,=3#-6.#2.4)10.2.3-#
the momentum of the
,"#-6.#)*.5("(5#(,3()4-(,3#
particle is known the
543#>.#1).$#",0#*40-(5+.#
measurement of the
($.3-("(54-(,3 specific ionisation can
be used for particle
identification
• !3#-6()#.'42*+.#.456#$,-#
0.*0.).3-)#?@A#)(3B+.#
2.4)10.2.3-)#(3#4#CDE
In this example each
dot represents !185
single measurements
in a drift chamber
37
30
Properties
ofofsome
(PDG)
Properties
someMaterials
Materials (PDG)
Measurements in PEP4/9-TPC (Ar-CH
F.4)10.2.3-)#(3#D%DG&H8CDE#I:08EJ
4 = 80:20 @ 8.5atm)
G#K#@L;ML#N#@OA4-2P
ca rs ten.ni ebuhr @des y.d e
36
A
55.845
63.546
72.61
118.710
131.29
183.84
195.08
207.2
238.0289
Air, (20◦ C, 1 atm.), [STP]
H2 O
CO2 gas
!Z/A"
38
32
Density
{g/cm3 }
({g/"}
for gas)
61.28 d (731000) (0.0838)[0.0899]
61.28 d
866
0.0708
122.4
724
0.169[0.179]
94.32
756
0.1249[0.1786]
82.76
155
0.534
65.19
35.28
1.848
18.8
47.1
30.0
21.85
24.0
8.9
9.36
14.0
3.56
1.76
1.43
2.30
1.21
2.87
0.35
0.305
0.56
≈0.32
2.265 e
0.8073[1.250]
1.141[1.428]
1.507[1.696]
1.204[0.9005]
2.70
2.33
1.396[1.782]
4.54
7.87
8.96
5.323
7.31
2.953[5.858]
19.3
21.45
11.35
≈18.95
Liquid
Refractive
boiling
index n
point at ((n − 1)×106
1 atm(K)
for gas)
20.39
23.65
4.224
77.36
90.18
85.24
27.09
87.28
[139.2]
1.112
1.128 [138]
1.024 [34.9]
—
—
—
1.205 [298]
1.22 [296]
[195]
1.092 [67.1]
—
3.95
1.233 [283]
—
165.1
—
—
—
—
[701]
—
—
—
—
[30420] (1.205)[1.2931] 78.8
36.1
1.00
373.15
[18310]
[1.977]
(273) [293]
1.33
[410]
@#4)#'?1'4$/#)$9#,,01A*X,1'4$/0)$RG"-%(1'4YZ;D1*,S
7,#
Tei l c hen De te kt or en 2
Q54--.0(3B#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.)#,""#-6.#4-,2)#
Vielfachstreuung
(3#-6.#2.$(12#541).)#4#5643B.#,"#$(0.5-(,3;
Scattering of charged particles off the atoms
!"#$<()#11'4$/#)$4#*0/#'#'$6#"*-%#'$0'$/#'$
in the medium causes a change of direction:
3(&;#'$5#)1),0-%($#"'#$['/#)1'4$/#)$G"-%(1'4>
• -6.#)-4-()-(54+#)12#,"#2439#)156#)24++#43B+.#
)54--.0(3B)#0.)1+-)#(3#4#B41))(43#43B1+40#
the statistical sum of many such small angle
• !"#$<1;;#$5"#*#)$<()#11'4#'$;"($+*#"'#'$
$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#4#=($-6#B(/.3#>9;#######
scatterings results in a gaussian angular
\"'+#*'$#)4"2($#"'#$M01]^7#)(#"*1'4$;"($/#)$
distribution
with a width
given by:
13.6MeV
x
x
@)#"(#$$R."($0'$#"'#$9&*"#)#$7#)(#"*1'4SN
" 0 = ----------------------- z ------ 1 + 0.038 ln & ------'
$ X 0%
#pc
X0
z,!
?$#
13.6MeV
x
x
$$$$$$$ ( 0 = ----------------------- z ------ 1 + 0.038 ln & ------'
$ X 0%
#pc
X0
+,B#)54+.X
• !"#$D)&_"?"#)(#$<()#18"'+#*5#)(#"*1'4$",($#(80$$
• .'42*+.;#*#K#?#R.S&5T#$#K#ULLµ2#Q(T#V
LKHOG52
log scale!
*&4a
"
401]AX);"4N$
example: p = 1 GeV/c, d = 300µm Si, X0=9.4cm
! "0 !#LO@#204$O#W,0#?L52#$()-435.#-6()#
! "0 ! 0.8 mrad. For 10cm distance
this
5,00.)*,3$)#-,#@Lµ2T#=6(56#()#)(B3("(543-+9#
/ ( 2plane 0
1
to 80µm,
which
P "corresponds
( plane #d( plane
= ---------------– --------------- .d( plane
expis- significantly
+40B.0#-643#-9*(54+#0.),+1-(,3#,"#4#Q(8)-0(*#
2( 02 ,
2*( 0
larger than typical resolution
+of Si-strip
$.-.5-,0O
detector
• !#)$;"((*#)#$/)#"/";#',"&'0*#$<()#18"'+#*$",($
• -6.#+.))#+(<.+9#)54--.0(3B#,""#-6.#4-,2(5#315+.(#
the less likely scattering
theplane
atomic
( space =off 2(
= nuclei
2( 0
4#4#2#'$/1)-%N$
541).)#+40B.#)54--.0(3B#43B+.)#0.)1+-(3B#(3#4#
causes large scattering angles resulting in a
$./(4-(,3#"0,2#4#B41))(43#$()-0(>1-(,3#4-#+40B.#
• @#"$+*#"'#'$Z;D1*,#':$41(#)$`)(,01A*X,1'4$1'/$
deviation from a gaussian distribution at large
43B+.)
5"#*#'$9#,,D1'+(#'$R?>@>$F;1*,"&'#'S$+0''$#D$
angles
2#,(";;($8#)/#'>$\#''$Z;D1*,$2#+0''($",($
Par t i c le Det e ct o rs 1
)$6#"*-%#';0,,#$R;!:$;*S
"
c ar s te n. n iebu hr@d e sy.de
39
•33 M)X]#)#$\"'+#*'$()#(#'$01A$0*,$.&*4#$5&'$
Part II
#"'?#*'#'$<()#1D)&?#,,#'$0;$3(&;+#)'>
Part II
C. Nie bu hr
Tei l c hen De te kt or en 2
Summary
Summary ofPart
Part II
C. N ie buhr
Teilchen Detektoren 2
• *0,*.0-(.)#,"#$("".0.3-#*40-(5+.)#0.Y1(0.)#2439#$("".0.3-#-9*.)#,"#$.-.5-,0)
Reichweite schwerer geladener Teilchen
• 0,1B6#5+4))("(54-(,3
- -045<&*,)(-(,3#$.-.5-,0)#I3,3#$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!
50000
!"#$G#"-%8#"(#$#"'#,$4#*0/#'#'$6#"*-%#',$"'$
- 54+,0(2.-.0)#I$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!!
90(#)"#$#)4"2($,"-%$";$I)"'?"D$/1)-%$
20000
• >4)(54++9#4++#$.-.5-,0)#>4).$#,3#.+.5-0,24B3.-(5#(3-.045-(,3
10000
Z'(#4)0("&'$/#)$@#(%#^@*&-%$.&);#*N$
Reichweite / Teilchenmasse
Multiple
Scattering
Multiple
Scattering
C. Nie bu hr
C
Fe
Pb
5000
• $.-.5-,0)#4+),#2,0.#43$#2,0.#1).$#",0#,-6.0#4**+(54-(,3)#I.OBO#2.$(54+#4**+OP
T
0
S"T 0# =
•
–1
2000
' dE >$
H 2 liquid
1 &$ dE
1000
.3.0B9#+,))#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.);#Z.-6.8Z+,56#$.)50(>.)#+,))#$1.#-,#(,3()4-(,3
dx%
0
- z 2 ⁄ # 2 ( ln E #(#W.02(*+4-.41
F"'#$4#'01#)#$@#,-%)#"21'4$",($;X4*"-%$
/1)-%$@#)B-+,"-%("41'4$/#,$H"#/#)#'#)4"#^
- 2(3(212#4-# #) * 3 ;#?8M#F.S#*.0#B528M#
7#)%0*(#',$/#,$F'#)4"#5#)*1,(#,N
R/M (g cm32 GeV31)
$$$
• .#);"*02N$TLL$M#7$I)&(&'#'$$;"($FAA"?"#'?#'$5&'$-0>$ULV
500
200
100
50
He gas
- 6,=./.0#+(B6-#*40-(5+.)#I.+.5-0,3)T#21,3)P#4-#6(B6#.3.0B(.)#+,).#.3.0B9#*0.$,2(343-+9#>9#
T0
20
–1
' 2 + E ⁄ m2
,Z
– dE ⁄ dx& dE
$$$$$$$$$ R " T>0.2))-046+13B;#
0 # = R 0 " T min # + 1 $ d x % dE
10
5
T min
• 21+-(*+.#)54--.0(3B
2
1
H"-%($2#)B-+,"-%("4($,"'/$%"#)2#"
0.1
5 10.0
2
5
12 x 5 1.0 2
- B41))(43#5,0.#,"#$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#43B1+40#)*0.4$;### " 0 - --- -----#2 = p/Mc
p X0
• 328#"-%1'4#'$/#)$6#"*-%#'20%'$5&'$#"'#)$
$ $ $ 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0
4#)0/#'$b"'"#$/1)-%$7"#*A0-%^E&1*&;2^$
- $./(4-(,3#"0,2#B41))(,3#$()-0(>1-(13#4-#+40B.#43B+.)#$1.#-,#[1-6.0",0$#)54--.0(3B#I315+.(P
Muon momentum (GeV/ c)
<()#11'4$2#"$+*#"'#'$F'#)4"#'
• @)#;,,()0%*1'4$AB)$F*#+()&'#'$1'/$
91&'#'$2#"$%&%#'$F'#)4"#'
0.02
40
34
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
5.0
100.0
10.0
10.0
Pion momentum (GeV/ c)
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
5.0
20.0
50.0
10.0
Momentum Measure
Proton momentum (GeV/ c)
C. N ie buhr
Teilchen Detektoren 2
.%/#0-1/$5"$>#-#(/50#>$9C$/#)"1(#/#0-$%&$-()
• !"#$%&$'()*+$,#-#*-%("$&%($.%/#0-1/$.#)"1(#/#0-$
.#)"1(#$")H5--)$ s $%&$-8#$-()*+@$B%($-8#$/%/#0$$$$$$$$$$
!05-"G
• 2)"$,#-#*-%("
- 3(%4%(-5%0)6$78)/9#(
- ,(5&-$78)/9#(
- '37
?L
?M
- .:27;$<37;$2=.
?K
• :%65>$:-)-#$,#-#*-%("
<@$A6)00#(
Common
lecture on Fr, 10.8.
by
Georg Steinbrück
B(5>)C;$:#/$D
- :-(54$,#-#*-%("
- 35?#6$,#-#*-%("
L⁄2
---------- =
#
35
s = #
$
B%($-8
s = x2
J5-8$ +
/#)"1
$$$$$$$ +

Detectors for Particle Physics

Transcription

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