Building Lighting Automation through the Integration of DALI

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES
Volume II/Issue 1/JAN2014
Building Lighting Automation through the
Integration of DALI
With Wireless Sensor Networks
1
V.Sivaparvathi 1, P.Sudhakar Rao 2
M.Tech Student, Dept of ECE, Nova College of Engineering & Technology for Women, Jupudi
villaga, Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna Dist, A.P, India
2
Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE, Nova College of Engineering & Technology for Women,
Jupudi villaga, Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna Dist, A.P, India
Abstract: A building automation system deals
with monitoring and control of building services,
such as light, Fan, LED, alarms, etc. Wireless
communication is the transfer of information over
a distance without the use of electrical conductors
or wires. The distances involved may be short (a
few meters as in television remote control) or long
(thousands or millions of kilometers for radio
communications).It encompasses various types of
fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios,
cellular telephones, personal digital assistants
(PDAs), and wireless networking. We tested
Zigbee networks in various environmental
conditions by using four node star networks for
industrial applications like speed and direction
control of D.C motor, Illumination control of
incandescent lamp and closed loop water path
temperature control. It was seen that error free
proper communication was established between
the processing unit and monitoring unit. In future
we can also test other Zigbee Networks for proper
wireless data communication.
Key words: ZIGBEE wireless technology, GSM
Modem, Sensors, Control devices.
its beginning, BA’s purpose was the comfort of end
consumers and afterwards (early 1970s), energy
efficiency criteria were also considered. Even though
other home systems like lighting should also use
automation, they are usually installed in a different
system than HVAC. This division of the two
subsystems increases the end consumer cost due to
additional investment in communication hardware
and software for integrating and lighting in a single
control point. As it was previously stated, building
services are usually controlled separately, making BA
the set of control and communication technologies
which link those different subsystems and make them
work from a centralized monitoring and control
center. The main purpose of having a single control
point which provides access to all building services is
the costs reduction. A remote monitoring allows the
quick detection of failing devices without needing
long searches and wasting personal time. This
continuous monitoring enables a preventive, or
predictive as well, maintenance, which results in a
reduction of operational and maintenance costs. Since
it is estimated that the operational cost of a building
is about seven times the initial investment, taking into
consideration the global life-cycle an additional
initial cost is worth the effort.
I. Introduction
II. The Hardware System
A building automation (BA) system (BAS) deals with
monitoring and control of building services, such as
heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC),
lighting, alarms, etc. Not only is it the system bound
to operate in HVAC appliances and lamps, but
HVAC and lighting control can also be obtained by
more natural and efficient ways, e.g. starting a motor
to open blinds. BAS were initially developed to
control HVAC systems. Through time we have gone
through several kinds of controllers, e.g. pneumatics,
analog circuits, microprocessors, etc. At the time of
Micro controller: This section forms the control unit
of the whole project. This section basically consists
of a Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like
Crystal with capacitors, Reset circuitry, Pull up
resistors (if needed) and so on. The Microcontroller
forms the heart of the project because it controls the
devices being interfaced and communicates with the
devices according to the program being written.
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ARM7TDMI: ARM is the abbreviation of Advanced
RISC Machines, it is the name of a class of
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processors, and is the name of a kind technology too.
The RISC instruction set, and related decode
mechanism are much simpler than those of Complex
Instruction Set Computer (CISC) designs.
GSM Modem: GSM/GPRS RS232 Modem from
rhydo LABZ is built with sim com Make SIM900
Quad-band GSM/GPRS engine, works on
frequencies 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and
1900 MHz It is very compact in size and easy to use
as plug in GSM Modem.
ZIGBEE: ZIGBEE is a new wireless technology
guided by the IEEE 802.15.4 Personal Area
Networks standard. It is primarily designed for the
wide ranging automation applications and to replace
the existing non-standard technologies. It currently
operates in the 868MHz band at a data rate of
20Kbps in Europe, 914MHz band at 40Kbps in the
USA, and the 2.4GHz ISM bands Worldwide at a
maximum data-rate of 250Kbps.
Volume II/Issue 1/JAN2014
data communication.
Fig.1.Transmitter section
Temperature sensor: Temperature sensors are
devices used to measure the temperature of a
medium. Examples of this include maintaining the
temperature of a chemical reactor at the ideal setpoint, monitoring the temperature of a possible
runaway reaction to ensure the safety of employees,
and maintaining the temperature of streams released
to the environment to minimize harmful
environmental impact.
Light sensor: we use the light sensor to measure the
light intensity in the environment.
III. Design of Proposed Hardware System
A building automation system deals with monitoring
and control of building services, such as light, Fan,
LED, alarms, etc. Wireless communication is the
transfer of information over a distance without the
use of electrical conductors or wires. The distances
involved may be short (a few meters as in television
remote control) or long (thousands or millions of
kilometers for radio communications).It encompasses
various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way
radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants
(PDAs), and wireless networking.
We tested
ZIGBEE networks in various environmental
conditions by using four node star networks for
industrial applications like speed and direction
control of D.C motor, Illumination control of
incandescent lamp and closed loop water path
temperature control. It was seen that error free proper
communication was established between the
processing unit and monitoring unit. In future we can
also test other ZIGBEE Networks for proper wireless
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Fig.2.Receiver section
Here we are going to develop a wireless
technology for data acquisition of parameters like
lighting control, temperature control etc in a building.
In this system we are monitoring the data for
temperature and light present in a Building, here a
GSM modem is also used to control the parameters
through mobile, the data regarding temperature, light
is displayed in a LCD. The transmit ion of data is
done using a ZIGBEE transceiver through micro
controller. This data is received by ZIGBEE receiver
and displays it in LCD in the monitoring section
which will be with a person in that building. Using
this data the operator can control the devices by
giving the necessary commands, this commands are
received by control devices in the processing unit and
performs the operations. If any fault occurs the
sensors detects the error and makes the buzzer to
buzz. Simultaneously it also sends a message to
mobile and we can also control with our mobile by
sending a message. This message is received by the
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GSM modem through micro controller and performs
the operations in emergency conditions like any fault
occurs or in normal conditions, like to switch on the
fan (or) a bulb.
IV. Board Hardware Resources Features ZIGBEE
Technology
The ZIGBEE specification is a combination
of Home RF Late and the 802.15.4 specification. The
specification operates in the 2.4GHz (ISM) radio
band - the same band as 802.11b standard, Bluetooth,
microwaves and some other devices. It is capable of
connecting 255 devices per network. The
specification supports data transmission rates of up to
250 Kbps at a range of up to 30 meters. ZIGBEE's
technology is slower than 802.11b (11 Mbps) and
Bluetooth (1 Mbps) but it consumes significantly less
power.
802.15.4 (ZIGBEE) is a new standard
uniquely designed for low rate wireless personal area
networks. It targets low data rate, low power
consumption and low cost wireless networking, and
its goal is to provide a physical-layer and MAC-layer
standard for such networks.
Wireless networks provide advantages in
deployment, cost, size and distributed intelligence
when compared with wired networks. This
technology allows users to set up a network quickly,
and allows them to set up networks where it is
impossible or inconvenient to wire cables. Wireless
networks are more cost-efficient than wired networks
in general.
Bluetooth (802.15.1) was the first wellknown wireless standard facing low data rate
applications. The effort of Bluetooth to cover more
applications and provide quality of service has led to
its deviation from the design goal of simplicity,
which makes it expensive and inappropriate for some
simple applications requiring low cost and low power
consumption. These are the kind of applications this
new standard is focused on. It's relevant to compare
here Bluetooth and ZIGBEE, as they are sometimes
seen as competitors, to show their differences and to
clarify for which applications suits each of them.
The data transfer capabilities are much
higher in Bluetooth, which is capable of transmitting
audio, graphics and pictures over small networks, and
also appropriate for file transfers. ZIGBEE, on the
other hand, is better suited for transmitting smaller
packets over large networks; mostly static networks
with many, infrequently used devices, like home
automation, toys, remote controls, etc. While the
performance of a Bluetooth network drops when
more than 8 devices are present, ZIGBEE networks
can handle 65000+ devices.
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GSM Module
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is
a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used
in many parts of the world.
The mobile
communications has become one of the driving
forces of the digital revolution. Every day, millions
of people are making phone calls by pressing a few
buttons. Little is known about how one person's voice
reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of
miles away. Even less is known about the security
measures and protection behind the system. The
complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people
begin sending text messages and digital pictures to
their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly
turning into a handheld computer. All the features
and advancements in cell phone technology require a
backbone to support it. The system has to provide
security and the capability for growth to
accommodate future enhancements. General System
for Mobile Communications, GSM, is one of the
many solutions out there. GSM has been dubbed the
"Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to
realize why GSM provides a secure and confidential
method of communication.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is
a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used
in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the
most widely used of the three digital wireless
telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA).
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
down a channel with two other streams of user data,
each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the
900MHz, 1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands.
GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal
success in mobile telecoms over the last decade.
Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband
services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new
demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its
international roaming capability, giving consumers a
seamless service. This has been a vital driver in
growth, with around 300 million. In the Americas,
today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly,
with market potential of 500 million in population,
due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows
operators using the 800 MHz band to have access to
GSM technology too.
GSM together with other technologies is part of an
evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that
includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD),
General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced
Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS). GSM
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security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and
legal interception continue to raise significant interest
in the GSM community. The purpose of this portal is
to raise awareness of these issues with GSM security.
The mobile communications has become one of the
driving forces of the digital revolution. Every day,
millions of people are making phone calls by
pressing a few buttons. Little is known about how
one person's voice reaches the other person's phone
that is thousands of miles away. Even less is known
about the security measures and protection behind the
system. The complexity of the cell phone is
increasing as people begin sending text messages and
digital pictures to their friends and family. The cell
phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer.
All the features and advancements in cell phone
technology require a backbone to support it. The
system has to provide security and the capability for
growth to accommodate future enhancements.
General System for Mobile Communications, GSM,
is one of the many solutions out there. GSM has been
dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take
much to realize why GSM provides a secure and
confidential method of communication.
Volume II/Issue 1/JAN2014
Fig.4. Temperature sensor
Working of LM35:
1.
It has an output voltage that is proportional
to the Celsius temperature.
2. The scale factor is .01V/oC
3. The LM35 does not require any external
calibration or trimming and maintains an
accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature
and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100
o
C.
4. Another important characteristic of the
LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro
amps from its supply and possesses a low
self-heating capability. The sensor selfheating causes less than 0.1 oC temperature
rise in still air.
The LM35 comes in many different packages,
including the following.
 TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,
 T0-46 metal can transistor-like package
 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline
package
 TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture
above)
Fig.3. General architecture of a GSM network
Temperature Sensor - The LM35
The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be
used to measure temperature with an electrical output
proportional to the temperature (in oC)
The LM35 - An Integrated Circuit Temperature
Sensor
 You can measure temperature more
accurately than a using a thermistor.
 The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject
to oxidation, etc.
 The LM35 generates a higher output voltage
than thermocouples and may not require that
the output voltage be amplified.
LDR: LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very
useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.
Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high,
sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they
are illuminated with light resistance drops
dramatically.
Fig.5. LDR sensor
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The animation opposite shows that when the torch is
turned on, the resistance of the LDR falls, allowing
current to pass through.
V. Conclusion
A new remote management system for buildings
lighting automation has been presented. With the use
of wireless sensor networks we could be able to
extend DALI initial capacity of 64 devices to a
number big enough to be used in real scenarios such
as residential areas and large buildings without
additional investments in different DALI loop. The
control through the PAN coordinator of the wireless
sensor network also enables a centralized control
system. The use of DALI devices with wireless
sensor network allows a half-duplex communication
which can provide many parameters about the
lighting and lamp status, this is very useful for saving
energy and maintenance purposes, as it can detect
any single lamp fault allowing a predictive
maintenance and group replacement or schedule
power consumptions rules enabling the integration of
the lighting system in home and buildings into Smart
Grid approaches, since we can monitor and act over
them. Future work will include a comparative study
between the proposed system and other wired system,
focusing on energy efficiency, Smart Grid
capabilities and installation and maintenance costs.
We will take also into consideration the higher
flexibility of wireless systems against wired systems.
Further implementations will be done in order to
extend the proposed system to other standards or
technologies of lamps, luminaries or lightning
communication and control protocols. Finally, the
application or User Interface may be developed in
deep in order to support functionality for Smart Grid
at home and buildings, for energy saving and for its
integration into a broad Home Automation or
Building Automation scenario, pursuing also the
improvement of the user experience.
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Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 3577-3584,
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V.SIVAPARVATHI, pursuing her M.tech in
Embedded Systems from Nova College of
Engineering & Technology for Women, Jupudi
villaga, Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna Dist, A.P,
India. Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Kakinada, and is approved by AICTE
Delhi.
P.SUDHAKAR RAO, his Qualification is M.tech,
currently working as an Associate Professor, in the
Department of Electronics and communication
Engineering, Nova College of Engineering &
Technology
for
Women,
Jupudi
village,
Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna Dist, A.P, India.
Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Kakinada, and is approved by AICTE
Delhi.
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