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ENERGY UPGRADE
TO PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD
FOR HISTORIC PUBLIC HOUSING IN NEW ZEALAND
Dr. PAOLA LEARDINI
Dr. MANFREDO MANFREDINI
School of Architecture and Planning
The University of Auckland-New Zealand
BUILDING A BETTER NEW ZEALAND [Auckland, 3-5/09/2014]
LEARDINI - MANFREDINI I Energy Upgrade to PH Standard for Historic Public Housing in New Zealand BBNZ Auckland, 3-5 September 2014
GARDEN CITY Suburbs
NZ DREAM
distributed antipodean post-colonial city
SOCIO-ECONOMIC sustainability
The Auckland Plan - Housing
continuity and sense of place
Robert Pemberton , The happy colony, 1854
Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of
Tomorrow, 1902
Hurst Seager, Village, 1910
Tamaki Heights Garden Suburb, 1920s
SOCIO-ECONOMIC sustainability
The Auckland Plan - Housing
Tomorrow, 1902
CULTURAL HERITAGE conservation
the modern ‘garden suburb’
Tomorrow, 1902
CULTURAL HERITAGE conservation
3 levels
The Auckland Unitary Plan
 Historic Heritage
areas/places
[Cultural Heritage
inventory: Scheduled
Historic places and items]
 Special Character
areas
[business or residential]
 pre-1944
demolition control
overlay
2013 last notified version of PRE-1944
DEMOLITION CONTROL OVERLAY
housing
issues
THERMAL performance
Mean Indoor Air Temperature (°C) in NZ Houses
BRANZ-HEEP Study. Sample: 397 randomly selected houses
Type of
Room
Living
room
Bedroom
Ambient
Day
Evening
Night
Average over entire
day *
7am - 9am
9am - 5 pm
5pm - 11pm
12am - 7am
13.5
15.8
17.8
14.8
15.8
12.6
14.2
15.0
13.6
14.1
7.8
12.0
9.4
7.6
* The hour from 11pm to 12pm is not included due to software limitations
L.J. French et.al.(2006), Winter Temperatures in New Zealand Houses
BRANZ (2011), House Condition survey
Sample: 573 houses throughout New Zealand
VENTILATION airtightness
Classification of airtightness
NZ residential building
TYPE
AIRTIGHTNESS
AC/H 50 PA
BUILDING DESCRIPTION
AIRTIGHT
5 ac/h*
post 1960 houses with a simple
rectangular single story floor plan of
less than 120 m2 and airtight joinery
(windows with airtight seals)
AVERAGE
10 ac/h
post 1960 houses of larger simple
designs with airtight joinery
LEAKY
15 ac/h
post 1960 houses of more complex
building shapes and with unsealed
windows
DRAUGHTY
20 ac/h
All pre 1960’s houses with strip
flooring and timber windows
*air-leakage for natural pressure difference around 0.5 ac/h
(Bassett, 2001)
openings + infiltration [NZBC-G4]
INDOOR AIR QUALITY health
Performance
New Zealand has the second highest
http://adsoftheworld.com/media/ambient/asthma_foundation_suffocation?size=_original
prevalence of asthma in the world
(after the UK)
the asthma foundation
Asthma is more prevalent among Maori
(22%) and Pacific Island adults (20%) than
other adults
Asthma is the most common cause of
admission to hospital for children
Hospitalisation rates for asthma have
more than doubled in the past 30 years
Asthma is the highest-ranking specific
disease in terms of Years Lost to Disability
in males, and third highest for females
In 2006, according to Ministry of Health,
132 New Zealanders died from asthma
http://adsoftheworld.com/media/ambient/asthma_foundation_suffocation?size=_original
OPERATIONAL COSTS fuel poverty
State
house density and
Performance
socioeconomic deprivation
Map of State houses in the
Auckland Isthmus
[Source: Housing New Zealand Corporation]
State housing density and areas’
deprivation status
[Source: Motu, 2010; DHB, 2006]
ENERGY UPGRADE programmes
Energy Efficiency and
Conservation Strategy 2011–16
RETROFITTING current
practice
common renovation strategies
for pre-1978 State housing
[source: Cumberpatch, 2011]
[source: Gronert, 2011]
RETROFITTING current practice
RH = 100%
condensation
[source: de Groot, 2009]
retrofit
standard
ECO-RETROFITTING Passive House
Standard
A Passive House is a building, for which thermal comfort
(ISO 7730) can be achieved solely by post-heating or postcooling of the fresh air mass that is required to achieve
healthy indoor air quality conditions
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
THERMAL COMFORT
1991: First Passivhaus
Darmstadt Kranichstein
Bott/Ridder/Westermeyer
Standard
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

PHs require less than 15
kWh/(m²yr) for heating or
cooling (relating to the living
space)

The heating/cooling load is limited
to a maximum of
10 W/m2

Primary energy use may not
exceed 120 kWh/(m²a)

Passive Houses must be airtight
with air change rates being limited
to n50 = 0.6/h

In warmer climates and/or during
summer months, excessive
temperatures may not occur more
than 10 % of the time
Standard
in Europe
1998 Germany
Prima casa singola PH,
Bretten (Baden-Württemberg)
Oehler Faigle Archkom solar
architektur
2008 Austria
Residenza Reinhold Hammerer
(doppia),
Sistrans (A), Maaars
2010 Francia
Prima casa passiva, Bessancourt (F),
Karawitz
2010 Passivhaus
Architecture Award
Edificio per appartamenti, Berna
(CH) Peter Schurch
Standard
worldwide
Canada 2010
Austria House , Olympic and
Paralympic Games 2010, Whistler
USA 2003
First PH in Nord America, Urbana,
Illinois, Katrin Klingenberg
China 2010
Expo Land/UBPA (Shanghai), Arge
Hamburg Haus Spengler
Wiescholek, Dittert&Reumschüssel
Japan 2009
First PH in Kamakura,
Key Architects
Standard
Specific Heating Load kWh/(m²a)
NEW BUILDING HEATING LOAD
90%
exiting stock
low energy
CEPHEUS = Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standard
CEPHEUS
Passive Houses
ECO-RETROFITTING EnerPHit
Standard
EXISTING BUILDINGS
 Guideline and incentive for an
optimal efficiency standard
 Quality assurance for building
owners
 Market transparency
Energy Retrofit
with Passive House
Components
criteria
Derived from criteria for
Certified Passive House Components
Component
Limit value
Opaque exterior
components to
outdoor air
U ≤ 0.150 W/(m²K)
Opaque exterior
components to soil
and unheated
basement
f * U ≤ 0.150 W/(m²K)
where f: “reduction factor soil”
from PHPP “Ground” worksheet
Windows
Uw,installed ≤ 0.85 W/(m²K)
Ventilation system
hheat recovery,eff ≥ 75 % (incl. duct
losses)
Airtightness
limit value: n50 ≤ 1.0 h-1; target
value: n50 ≤ 0.6 h-1
Alternatively:
Heating demand below 25 kWh/m²a
1st step:
International requirements for
Passive House components
2nd step:
International EnerPHit criteria




Thermal comfort
No moisture/mould problems
reduction of CO2 emissions
minimal life cycle costs
COMPONENT METHOD
HEATING DEMAND METHOD
 Draft version of the criteria to be published in 2014
 Certification of pilot projects by PHI
 New EnerPHit classes for higher efficiency of technical systems and renewable energy generation
 Official start of international certification criteria end 2014/2015
applied
research
ECO-RETROFITTING 1940-60s SH
research phases
Collection, systematization and analysis of pre1978 low density
State housing types in Auckland
Selection, documentation and evaluation
of case study house types
Comparative evaluation and adaptation to the
NZ context of internationally recognized
diagnostic and measurement protocols, and
building performance standards [EnerPHit]
Measurement campaign of selected case studies
Development of retrofit packages
for a pilot-project in Auckland
[up to EnerPHit standard]
01
02
03
04
05
RESEARCH existing stock
1. early colonial timber cottage
2. developed colonial cottage
3. victorian villa
4. victorian cottage
5. californian bungalow
6. english cottage style house
7. art deco
8. labour party state house
9. star flat block
cohort selection
G. Wilson, State flats, 1945-47
Sir George Grey Special Collections
Auckland Libraries, 435-B5-185
Māori Affairs state house
Archives New Zealand
Ref: AAQT 6539 A95,413
Phase 1. 1940-60s AUCKLAND STATE HOUSING ANALYSIS [Housing New Zealand Corporation
typological classification ]
MAIN HOUSING TYPE VARIABLES
BUILDING TYPE [single/double storey, partial/expanding
houses, single/semidetached/collective, flat/sloping grounds]
-Single storey
-Detached
-Flat ground
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY [traditional,
experimental, semi-industrialized, prefabricated]
-timber framed house [traditional and pre-cut, incl.
imported houses]
-Wood panel house [prefabricated]
DWELLING SIZE [bedroom number]
-Three bedroom house
SPATIAL LAYOUT [traditional/open plan, compact/linear,
zoned/distributed]
- No prevailing spatial layout
Phase 2. SELECTION, MAPPING AND DOCUMENTATION OF [10 representative samples]
REPRESENTATIVE HOUSE TYPES
Source: Housing New Zealand Corporation Archive
pilot project
ECO-RETROFITTING pilot project
Apirana Avenue
Glenn Innes
Auckland, NZ
Pilot Project
Type 6/37/1165 (1947)
Building type
Construction technology
single storey detached house
traditional timber frame houses
ext. wall cladding: timber weatherboards
Dwelling size
Spatial layout
Insulation upgrades
Occupancy
three bedroom house, 93 m2
traditional (hall/corridor), zoned
HNZC enhanced retrofit package
owner occupied (2+2 DEWKS)
ECO-RETROFITTING pilot project
data collection
 Measured drawings,
stratigraphyc and 3D models,
photographs, occupants’ survey
 Diagnostic survey and analysis
of building pathologies
[airtightness measurement (Blower Door test),
heat loss measurement (thermography),
stratigraphic inspection and analysis of structural
and functional inadequacies]
 Measurement campaign
1. indoor and outdoor environmental parameters
(ibutton and HOBO): air temperature, RH, CO2
2. energy metering systems (smart meters)3.
NIWA climate data (air temperature, RH, wind
speed and direction, and global solar radiation)
Upgrade
Base
Case
PH S1
PH S2
PH S3
PH S4
Ex SH
NZBC
ECO-RETROFITTING thermal model
Insulation
Ceiling
Floor
Walls
Window
House as built (no insulation)
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.19
Airtightness
(n50)
Poor (20 h-1)
Ceiling insulation
As PH S1 + Floor insulation
As PH S2 + Wall insulation
As PH S2 + Windows upgrade
and improved airtightness
SH insulated with basic
package
House to comply with NZBC
5.80
5.8
5.8
5.8
0.5
2.40
2.40
2.40
0.7
0.7
2.80
2.80
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.71
Poor (20 h-1)
Poor (20 h-1)
Improved (10 h-1)
Best (1 h-1)
3.5
1.3
0.7
0.19
Poor (20 h-1)
2.9
1.3
1.9
0.26
Improved
R values (m²K/W) of upgrade levels for thermal modeling
ECO-RETROFITTING PHPP calculation
R values (m²K/W) of upgrade levels
for PHPP calculation
Ceiling
Floor
Walls
m²K/W
m²K/W
m²K/W
m²K/W
(n50) h-1
Base Case House as built (no insulation)
0.27
0.74
0.60
0.22
20
PH C
Ceiling insulation
4.80
0.74
0.60
0.22
15
PH C+F
As PH C + Floor insulation
4.80
4.15
0.60
0.22
15
PH C+F+W As PH CF + Wall insulation
4.80
4.15
3.21
0.22
8
PH
4.80
4.15
3.21
0.60
1
SH BP
As PH CFW + Windows upgrade and
airtightness
SH insulated with basic package (As-it-is)
2.42
1.73
0.60
0.22
15
SH NZBC
House to comply with NZBC
2.90
1.30
1.90
0.26
8
Upgrade
Insulation
Window Airtightness
results
HEATING DEMAND
OVERHEATING
10%
25 kWh/(m2a)
Heating energy balance - monthly method results
n50 = 1 h-1
-1 -1
nn50
50 ==88h h
Heating energy balance - monthly method results
ECO-RETROFITTING construction [?]
 Thermal insulation
 Thermal bridge free construction
 Airtightness
[continuous internal layer]
deep retrofitting
light intervention
detail 1: wall to ceiling
[source: Ong 2011]
 Mechanical ventilation with heat
recovery [balanced system]
winter + summer MVHR
winter MVHR + summer natural ventilation
winter MVHR + summer mechanical ventilation
detail 2: wall to floor
CONCLUSIONS
 Conservation, upgrade and reuse of existing
housing stock are fundamental to address both
heritage and sustainability concerns
 Pre-1978 State housing is repository of
‘authenticity’ that needs to be respected, studied,
protected and re-vitalised
 The performance-based retrofitting is a key factor
for the enactment of adequate policies to address
dwelling issues that particularly hit the
disadvantaged people the houses of the ‘happy
dream’ were built to cater for
 The Passive House standard, already applied in
New Zealand for new construction, represents a
suitable solution for retrofitting (EnerPHit)
 Only a holistic approach to retrofitting, including
insulation, ventilation and airtightness can
guarantee the survival of this mass housing types
and their legacy
ECO-RETROFITTING phinz.org.nz
ECO-RETROFITTING education
passivehouseacademy.ac.nz
Alexander Turnbull Library
Reference: DCDL-0002620
Cartoon by Allan Charles Hawkey
Paola Leardini
p.leardini@auckland.ac.nz
Manfredo Manfredini
m.manfredini@auckland.ac.nz
44

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