prefix

Elective course- medical English
Chapter Ⅰ
introduction
Dr. Ying Zhang（张颖）
Dep. Pathophysiology of Basic
Medical School
March. 2015
Zhang Ying (张颖), PhD,
Associate Professor of
Pathophysiology,
Deputy director of Educational
Administration department
E-mail: binglishengli@126.com;
Office Site: Room 120, 1st floor,
Administration center, KMMU.
Office Tel: 0871-65922760，
13064253527
Introduction
This elective course is one that is
systemically
integrated
by
physiology,
pathophysiology and histology, mainly
concerning the general structure and
function of important organs, as well as
etiology and mechanism of a few common
diseases. It is intended to enable
the medical students to learn some medical
terms and basic knowledge, and basically
understand
how
to
communicate
professionally and give presentation in
English .
„
Intellectual performance
„
„
„
Attendance (20%)
Quiz or homework (20%)
Team Presentation (60%)
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Teaching Aim
After this course, you should be able to :
„ Be Professional
„ Communication and Thinking in English
„ Give a small presentation in English
Objective of chapter 1
After study of this chapter you should be
able to:
„ Define the terms root, suffix, and prefix
of medical term.
„ Label the main parts and of a cell in a
diagram, and describe their basic
functions.
The Formation of Medical
Terminology
Words are formed by roots, prefixes, and suffixes
Example
„
when the suffix -ology, meaning “study of,”
neur + ology = neurology (study of the
nervous system)
anesthesiology
pathology
pathophysiology
urology
cardiology
pharmacology
psychology
psychiatry
plastic surgery
hepatology
-olgist , or ist- expert, professional
Anesthesiologist
Cardiologist
Dermatologist
Oncologist
Pulmonologist
Dentist
pathologist
pharmacologist
psychologist
urologist
orthopedist
Suffix
-cyte(cell) erythrocyte,leukocyte
„ -somes(bodies)
ribosome, chromosomes
„ -tomy (process of cutting)
anatomy, osteotomy
„ -meter(instrument)
thermometer,
erythrocytometer
„ -itis ( inflammation)
hepatitis
……………
„
Prefixes
Mono-(one) monoclonal antibody
Uni-(one)
unique
Bi-, di- (two) carbon dioxide
triangle
Tri-( three )
Quad ( four)
Left lower quadrant of
abdomen
Multi-(many) multiple
Poly-(many) polypeptide
Hypo-(low)
hypoxia
Hyper-(high) hyperglycemia
……….
Cell
tissue
Organ
system
Body
organelles
cell structure
nucleus
The nucleus is the control
region of the cell. It contains the
chromosomes, which carry genetic
information
organelles
cell structure
Mitochondria
(cellular power plants)
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
organelles
cell structure
endoplasmic
reticulum
„
Rough endoplasmic reticula are
involved in the synthesis of proteins
and is also a membrane factory for the
cell, while smooth endoplasmic
reticula is involved in the synthesis of
lipids, including oils, phospholipids and
steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates,
regulation of calcium concentration
and detoxification of drugs and
poisons. Sarcoplasmic reticula solely
regulate calcium levels.
organelles
cell structure
Ribosome
„
Ribosomes read the sequence of
messenger RNAs and assemble
proteins out of amino acids bound
to transfer RNAs.A ribosome is a
component of cells that
synthesizes protein chains.
organelles
cell structure
„
Lysosomes are cellular organelles that
contain acid hydrolase enzymes that
break down waste materials and cellular
debris. They can be described as the
stomach of the cell.
The main categories of organic
compounds in the body are:
„
„
• Proteins, which include the
enzymes, some hormones, and
structural materials.
• Carbohydrates, which include
sugars and starches. The main
carbohydrate is the sugar glucose,
which circulates in the blood to
provide energy for the cells.
„
•Lipids, which include fats. Some
hormones are derived from lipids,
and adipose (fat) tissue is designed
to store lipids.
“learning is not attained by chance, it
must be sought for with ardor and
attended to with diligence.”
Abigail Adams
Discussion
z
z
What are your goals in attending this
elective course?
What kind of problems have you ever
encountered in studying medical English ?
Case Study : Multiple Health
Problems Secondary to Injury
D.S., a 28-year-old woman, was treated for injuries
sustained in a traffic accident. During the course of
her treatment, she was seen by several specialists.
For pain in her knee and hip joints, she was referred
to an orthopedist. For headaches and blurry
vision, she consulted a neurologist. For pain on
urination and occasional bloody urine, she saw a
urologist. Later, for a persistent dry cough and
problems resulting from a fractured nose, she was
referred to an otorhinolaryngologist. During her
initial course of treatment, she had a CT scan of her
abdomen and brain and an MRI of her hip and knee.
Both imaging studies required her to lie motionless
on her back for 45 minutes. Several months after the
accident, D.S. was still experiencing some
discomfort, and she decided to investigate
alternative therapies. She made an appointment with
a traditional Chinese medical practitioner who
specialized in puncture and herbal medicine.
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
1. The -ist in the word neurologist is a:
a. prefix
b. root
c. suffix
d. combining form
e. conjunction
2. MRI stands for magnetic resonance
imaging. This term represents a(n):
a. combining form
b. acronym
c. prefix
d. suffix
e. abbreviation
3. D.S. needed plastic surgery on her
nose to repair the postfracture
deformity. This procedure is called a(n):
a. septoscope
b. rhinoplasty
c. neurectomy
d. cardioplasty
e. rhinitis
Match the following terms and write
the appropriate letter to the left of
each number:
1. pandemic
a. located at the
surface (above other structures)
2. hyposecretion b. less than the normal number
of teeth
3. hypertension
c. underproduction of a
substance
4. oligodontia
d. disease affecting an entire
population
5. Superficial
e. high blood pressure