A Golden Jubilee Celebration 50th Anniversary
Transcription
A Golden Jubilee Celebration 50th Anniversary
The Republic of 50th Anniversary A Golden Jubilee Celebration . Foreword by A & OREWORD(IS%XCELLENCY 0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI+OROMA 3TATEMENT0ROFESSOR-&YLE #HAIRMANTH!NNIVERSARY#OMMISSION -ESSAGE4HE2T(ON4ONY"LAIR &RIENDOF3IERRA,EONE -ESSAGE&RANK4IMIS #%/!FRICAN-INERALS #HAPTER&ROMTHE%ARLIEST4IMES¯ !RRIVALOFTHE0ORTUGUESE #HAPTER$ISCOVERYAND-IXED &ORTUNE¯THE0ORTUGUESE0ERIOD #HAPTER4OWARDS0ROGRESSAND %QUILIBRIUM¯THE"RITISH0ERIOD #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ 0OLITICAL)NFRASTRUCTURE #HAPTER%CONOMYAND.ATURAL 2ESOURCES¯!BUNDANT2ESOURCES #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ &OREIGN0OLICY#ENTRE #HAPTER!2ICH4APESTRY¯ 3IERRA,EONEAN#ULTURE #HAPTER!&REE0RESS¯ 3IERRA,EONEAN-EDIA #HAPTER!"EAUTIFUL$ESTINATION¯ 4OURISMAND,EISURE #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ ,EADINGTHE7ORLD #HAPTER,OOKING!HEAD¯ !"RIGHT&UTURE !PPENDICES #HRONOLOGY ¯ ,EADUPTO)NDEPENDENCE 3TATISTICS ¯ &ACTSAND&IGURES 3IERRA,EONE ¯ .ATIONAL!NTHEM 3IERRA,EONE ¯ 'OVERNOR#LARKSON´S0RAYER 4 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% )THASBEENAGREATPRIVILEGETOEDITTHIS ANNIVERSARYPUBLICATIONCELEBRATING YEARSOF3IERRA,EONE´SINDEPENDENCE I ½RSTVISITEDWEST!FRICAASAYOUNGOF½CER CADETONLEAVEFROMTHE2-!3ANDHURSTINTHE 3UMMEROF)CANREMEMBERNOWSOVIVIDLY THESIGHTSSMELLSANDSOUNDSOFTHATFASCINATINGBUSTLING ANDBEAUTIFULCOASTLINE4HEPEOPLEMUSTBEAMONGSTTHE MOSTWELCOMINGANDTHEMOSTFRIENDLYANYWHEREINTHE WORLD#ERTAINLYTHE3IERRA,EONEANS)HAVEWORKEDWITH HEREIN,ONDONINPARTICULAR!DE$ARAMYHAVEBEEN UTTERLYCHARMING)THASBEENAGREATPLEASURETOWORK WITHTHEM3IERRA,EONEHASAWEALTHOFNATURALRESOURCES ANDATALENTEDPEOPLE)THASTHEPOTENTIALTOPROSPER 4HECHAPTERSINTHISPUBLICATIONTAKEABROADLOOKATTHAT BRIGHTFUTURE 3IERRA,EONEHASHADATOUGHTIMEINTHEPAST YEARSINPARTICULAR)TSPEOPLEDESERVEBETTER¯ITISA COUNTRYWITHENORMOUSPOTENTIAL)DOFERVENTLYWISH THENATIONOF3IERRA,EONEANDITSPEOPLEWELLONTHE OCCASIONOFTHEIRTH!NNIVERSARYOF)NDEPENDENCE) HOPEWEHAVECONTRIBUTEDTOTHISCELEBRATIONWITHTHIS PUBLICATIONINSOMESMALLWAY #OLONEL-ICHAEL$EWAR%DITOR !BOVE4HENATIONALCOAT OFARMSSUPERIMPOSEDONTHE NATIONAL¾AG )T½LLSMEWITHIMMENSEPRIDETOBETHE 0RESIDENTOF3IERRA,EONEATSUCHAN AUSPICIOUSTIMEINOURCOUNTRY´SHISTORY !NDITGIVESMEGREATPLEASURETOWELCOME YOUTOTHISBOOKLETINCOMMEMORATIONAND CELEBRATIONOF3IERRA,EONE´S'OLDEN*UBILEE OFINDEPENDENCE A SAYOUNGBOYATTHETIMEOFOUR INDEPENDENCE)WASVAGUELYAWAREOF SOMETHINGMOMENTOUSGOINGONINTHE COUNTRYBUTWASOBVIOUSLYTOOYOUNGTOAPPRECIATETHE SIGNI½CANCEOFTHEOCCASION)TWASATIMEOFGREATJOY ANDOPTIMISMANDONECOULDNOTHELPBUTBEINFECTED BYIT!TTHATTIMENONEOFUSCOULDHAVEFORESEENTHE CHANGESTHATWOULDTAKEPLACEINOURBELOVEDCOUNTRY )CONSIDERTHEDAY)ASSUMEDTHE0RESIDENCYTOBE ONEOFTHEPROUDESTDAYSOFMYLIFE)WASBOTHDELIGHTED ANDHUMBLEDBYTHEFACTTHATMYFELLOW3IERRA,EONEANS HADENTRUSTEDMEWITHTHETASKOFMOVINGTHECOUNTRY ONWARDSANDUPWARDSATACRITICALTIMEINOURHISTORY AMAWARETHATTHEJOBOF0RESIDENTMEANSHAVINGTO BETHELEADEROFTHEWHOLECOUNTRY4HATHASALWAYS BEENATTHEFOREFRONTOFMYTHOUGHTSANDACTIONSSINCE BECOMING0RESIDENTAND)REMINDMYSELFOFTHATFACT EVERYDAY-YNATURALOPTIMISMHASNEVERBLINDEDMETO THEFACTTHATWEHAVEALOTOFWORKTODOTOGETTOWHERE WEWOULDLIKETOBEASACOUNTRY)NFACTITHASSERVEDTO SPURMEONTOBEUNSTINTINGINMYEFFORTSTOBRINGABOUT THECHANGESTHATWEWOULDALLLIKETOSEEANDWHICHWILL BENE½TUSALL 4HISBOOKLETISNOTINTENDEDTODELIVERAHISTORY LESSONNONETHELESS)HOPETHATBYTHETIMEYOUGETTO THEENDOFITYOUWILLHAVELEARNTSOMEMOREABOUTOUR WONDERFULCOUNTRY)NFACTTHEAUTHORSDELIBERATELY STEEREDCLEAROFOVERLOADINGTHEBOOKLETWITHFACTS AND½GURESBECAUSEABOVEALLELSETHISISVERYMUCHA CELEBRATIONOF3IERRA,EONEAND3IERRA,EONEANS )TWASNOTBYACCIDENTTHATDECIDEDTHATTHE THEMEFORTHISYEAR´S'OLDEN*UBILEECELEBRATIONS SHOULDBE±9EARS&ORWARD#ELEBRATINGA.EW3IERRA ,EONE²)NMOVINGFORWARDWEWILLOFCOURSELOOKBACKAT THOSEDREAMSOFOURNATION´SFOUNDERSANDATTHESAME TIMEUSETHISANNIVERSARYASANOPPORTUNITYFORTHE REGENERATIONOFOURNATION 4OTHECASUALREADERITMIGHTSEEMTHAT3IERRA ,EONEHASHADLITTLETOCELEBRATEINRECENTTIMESBUT THEYCOULDNOTBEMOREWRONG7EAREDETERMINEDNOT TOBEACOUNTRYTHATISDE½NEDBYWARANDITSAFTERMATH BECAUSEWEKNOWTHATWEAREMUCHMORETHANTHAT !SANATIONWEAREGROWINGEVERMORECON½DENT OFOURPLACEINTHEWORLDANDAREDETERMINEDTOBETHE AUTHORSOFHOWOTHERSPERCEIVEUS&ORTOOLONGWEHAVE BEENDE½NEDBYOTHERS´PERCEPTIONOFWHOWEARE7E BELIEVETHATNOONEISBETTERPLACEDTHANOURSELVESTO TELLOUROWNSTORY )TISSOMETIMESEASYTOFORGETTHATWEAREAYOUNG NATIONANDTHATLIKEANYYOUNGNATIONTHEREARE GROWINGPAINS4HESEHAVEBEENPARTICULARLYPAINFUL ATTIMESANDWECANONLYHOPETHATWEHAVELEARNT LESSONSTHATWILLMAKEUSSTRONGERINTHEFUTURE7EAREA RESILIENTANDRESOURCEFULNATIONWITHANINDOMITABLE SPIRITANDONETHATHASITSOWNSPECIALBRANDOF HUMOURWHICHHASHELPEDTOLIFTOURSPIRITSINOUR DARKESTMOMENTS7EAREANATIONWELLKNOWNFOROUR TRADITIONOFRELIGIOUSTOLERANCE4HESETOOARETHINGS WORTHCELEBRATING )NSPITEOFALLTHETRAVAILSTHATWEHAVEGONE THROUGHWEHAVEREASONTOFEELBLESSEDTHATWEHAVE FRIENDSBOTHCLOSEANDFARAWAY7ETHANKTHEMANDWE HOPETHEYWILLCONTINUETOBE³&RIENDSOF3IERRA,EONE´ )WOULDLIKETOUSETHISOPPORTUNITYTOCALLONALL 3IERRA,EONEANSANDFRIENDSOF3IERRA,EONETOCOME TOGETHERDURINGTHESECELEBRATIONSANDTOUSETHIS ³'OLDEN/PPORTUNITY´AFFORDEDBYTHIS'OLDEN*UBILEE TOREDOUBLEOUREFFORTSTOMAKETHISTHECOUNTYWEWANT ITTOBESOTHATWECANCOMETOEMBODYTHEWORDS ONOURNATIONALCREST±5NITY&REEDOMAND*USTICE² (ERE´STOTHENEXTYEARSANDBEYOND2EAD ANDENJOY %RNEST"AI+OROMA 0RESIDENTOF4HE2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONE 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 5 Statement by 0UBLISHER !'(USSAIN -ANAGING%DITOR -ICHAEL$EWAR (EADOF%XTERNAL#OMMUNICATIONS 3IMON7ATSON(UGHES %XTERNAL#OMMUNICATIONS -ICHAEL4HOMPSON 3AM3TEPHENSON -ICHALE7ILDS !RT$IRECTOR *AMES$EWAR $ESIGNER 4OM'OOD 0HOTO%DITOR !DE$ARAMY #ONTRIBUTING0HOTOGRAPHERS 0ETER!NDERSEN 'ARY3CHULZE +ATRINA-ANSON &RANCES.GABOH3MART !DE$ARAMY !DONIS!BBOUD +IM"RUNHUBER *ENNIFER(OLLETT +RYSTLE,AI -ICHELLE$ELANEY 4HE#OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT 4HE3MITHSONIAN-USEUMOF!FRICAN!RT !GENCE&RANCE0RESSE!&0 4HE'RIMALDI&ORUM-ONACO #ONTRIBUTING!UTHORS !NSU-OMOH¯-0HILRESEARCHSTUDENT3CHOOL OF'OVERNMENTAND3OCIETY)NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT$EPT5NIVERSITYOF"IRMINGHAM &RANKLYN*OHNSON !DE$ARAMY -ICHAEL$EWAR 0UBLISHEDBY ,OWNDES'ROUP,TD 6 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% Message by )TWASWITHASENSEOFGREATPRIDEAND HONOURTHAT)ACCEPTEDTHEINVITATIONFROM (IS%XCELLENCYTHE0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI +OROMATOBECOME#HAIRMANOFTHE.ATIONAL 0LANNING#OMMITTEETOOVERSEEOURCOUNTRY´S 'OLDEN*UBILEE)NDEPENDENCE!NNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIONS M YINITIALTHOUGHTSWEREABOUTTHEENORMITY OFTHETASKTHATLAYAHEADINTHESHORTSPACE OFTIME!FTERALLITWASN´TASIFTHEREWASA TEMPLATETHAT)COULDDRAWONFORTHEJOBALTHOUGHTHEREHAD BEENBODIESCONSTITUTEDANDINDIVIDUALSTASKEDTOOVERSEE VARIOUSINDEPENDENCECELEBRATIONSINTHEPASTTHISISA SIGNI½CANTMILESTONETHATISBEINGCOMMEMORATED-YCAREER ANDSENSEOFPATRIOTICDUTYMEANTHAT)HAVEBEENABLETO BRINGALLOFTHESETOBEARINTHESERVICEOFMYCOUNTRYATA MOMENTOUSTIMEINOURHISTORY )HAVEBEENHEARTENEDBYTHEWAY3IERRA,EONEANS FROMALLWALKSOFLIFEHAVEEMBRACEDTHEIDEAOFMARKING THISSIGNI½CANTMILESTONEINAWAYTHATWILLBEMEMORABLE UNIFYINGANDREJUVENATINGASWEEMBARKONTHENEXT YEARSOFOURJOURNEYASANINDEPENDENTNATION7EAREALL CONSCIOUSOFTHEFACTTHATWEHAVEANOPPORTUNITYTONOTONLY MAKEAMARKINTHIS*UBILEEYEARBUTALSOTOBEINVOLVEDIN ENSURINGTHATTHENATIONISBEQUEATHEDANENDURINGLEGACY 4OTHISENDTHEMEMBERSOFTHECURRENT.ATIONAL #OMMITTEEHAVESERVEDTHEIRCOUNTRYWILLINGLYGUIDEDBYTHE SPIRITOFNATIONALPRIDEANDASTRONGSENSEOFDUTY)HOPETHAT THISSENSEOFPRIDETHAT)ANDMYFELLOWCOMMITTEEMEMBERS FEELAS3IERRA,EONEANSCOMESTHROUGHTHEPAGESOFTHIS PUBLICATION !S)LEAFTHROUGHTHISBOOKLET)½NDMYSELFRE¾ECTING ONHOWFARWEHAVECOMEASAPEOPLE4HOUGHWEHAVEFACED MANYCHALLENGESWEHAVERISENTOTHEOCCASIONEACHTIME UNITEDINTHELOVEWESHAREFOROURCOUNTRY 7ESEEOURSELVESASHAVINGAGREATRESPONSIBILITYFOR ENSURINGTHATWEADEQUATELYSHOWCASETHEDIVERSECULTURES ANDUNIQUETRADITIONSTHATCANBEFOUNDWITHIN3IERRA,EONE 7EWOULDSUBMITHUMBLYTHATWEHOPEWEHAVEMANAGEDTO ACHIEVETHATWITHINTHEPAGESOFTHISBOOKLET )HOPETHAT)HAVEBEENABLETOREPAY(IS%XCELLENCY4HE 0RESIDENT´STRUSTINMEBYWHATMYCOMMITTEEAND)HAVEBEEN ABLETODELIVER)TISAPLEASUREANDANHONOURTOHAVEBEEN CALLEDTOTHISTASKAND)WILLCLOSEBYASKINGTHATYOUENJOY THISPUBLICATIONANDENJOY3IERRA,EONE*OINUSASWEWORK TOWARDSTHENEXTYEARSOFPROSPERITYFOR3IERRA,EONE 0ROFESSOR%MERITUS#ECIL-AGBAILY&YLE #HAIRMANOFTHETH!NNIVERSARY#ELEBRATIONS.ATIONAL 0LANNING#OMMITTEE 3IERRA,EONEHASHADANIMPORTANTPLACE INMYLIFEFROMAVERYYOUNGAGEWHENMY FATHER½RSTTAUGHTAT&OURAH"AY#OLLEGE MANYYEARSAGO!NDMYPASSIONFOR3IERRA ,EONEANDMYCOMMITMENTTOITSCONTINUED DEVELOPMENTHASREMAINEDUNDIMMED SINCESTEPPINGDOWNAS5+0RIME-INISTER )TISTHEREFOREMYPLEASURETOTAKETHIS OPPORTUNITYTOCONGRATULATETHISCOUNTRYON ITSTHANNIVERSARYOFINDEPENDENCE A S3IERRA,EONELOOKSBACKATTHEPAST YEARSITISANOPPORTUNITYFORRE¾ECTION 4HISCOUNTRYHASCOMETHROUGHSOME INCREDIBLYDIF½CULTTIMESINTHEPASTYEARS)AM PROUDOF"RITAIN´SPARTINHELPINGTHE3IERRA,EONE GOVERNMENTTOENDTHEDEVASTATINGCIVILWARTHROUGH THEINTERVENTIONMADEBYOURARMEDFORCESDURINGMY TIMEAS0RIME-INISTER "UTTHISISALSOANOPPORTUNITYTORE¾ECTON HOWFAR3IERRA,EONEHASCOMEINASHORTSPACEOF TIME4ODAY3IERRA,EONEISAPLACEOFPEACEAND STABILITYANDINTHE3IERRA,EONEANPEOPLE VOTEDINFREEANDFAIRELECTIONS)TISACREDITTOBOTH PARTIESTHATAPEACEFULTRANSITIONOFPOWERENSUED ANDTHATDEMOCRACYBECAME½RMLYEMBEDDED)N THEAFTERMATHOFTHECIVILWARPUBLICSERVICESAND INFRASTRUCTUREWEREINDIRESTRAITS0RESIDENT+OROMA ANDHISGOVERNMENTFACEDAMAMMOTHTASKTOBEGIN REBUILDINGTHEBASICSERVICESTHAT3IERRA,EONE´S CITIZENSNEEDED¯ANDHAVEARIGHTTOEXPECT&OUR YEARSONTHEREISSTILLALONGWAYTOGOBUT)AM STRUCKEACHTIME)VISIT&REETOWNWITHHOWQUICKLY CHANGEISHAPPENING¯3IERRA,EONE´SCAPITAL WASONCETHEDARKESTINTHEWORLDNOWMAINS ELECTRICITY¾OWSTHROUGHTHECITY 4HECHARITY)FOUNDEDONLEAVINGOF½CETHE !FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVE!')HASBEEN WORKINGIN3IERRA,EONEFORTHREEYEARSNOW SUPPORTINGTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEGOVERNMENT´S PRIORITIESOFAGRICULTUREPRIVATESECTORDEVELOPMENT ANDHEALTH4HISMONTHSEESANOTHERIMPORTANT ANNIVERSARY¯THATOFTHE&REE(EALTHCARE)NITIATIVE THATWASLAUNCHEDAYEARAGO7ITHTHESUPPORTOF !')ANDTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITY3IERRA,EONE HASTAKENABOLDANDAMBITIOUSSTEPBYABOLISHING USERFEESFORMOTHERSANDBABIESWHONOWHAVE BETTERACCESSTOHEALTHCARETHANEVERBEFORE)AM PROUDTHATTHE!FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVEHAS BEENABLETOSUPPORTTHEGOVERNMENTTOMAKETHIS PROGRAMMEWORKONTHEGROUND4HERESULTSARE STARTLING¯ALREADYTHEREHASBEENAREDUCTION INCHILDDEATHSFROMMALARIA )BELIEVETHATTHEOPPORTUNITIESFOR3IERRA ,EONEANDFOR!FRICATODAYAREGREATERTHANAT ANYTIMESINCETHEWINDSOFCHANGEBLEWTHROUGH THECONTINENTONTHEEVEOF3IERRA,EONE´S INDEPENDENCEYEARSAGO4HEREISANEW GENERATIONOF!FRICANLEADERSINBUSINESSANDIN POLITICSTHATARELEADINGTHEWAYFOR!FRICATOSHAKE OFFTHEWORLD´SMISCONCEPTIONS4HEIRSUCCESSIS ALREADYBEGINNINGTOREAPREWARDSANDTHEGLOBAL COMMUNITYISBEGINNINGTOTAKENOTICEOFTHEARRAY OFOPPORTUNITYTHATISAVAILABLEIN!FRICA 4HEKEYWILLBETOMAKESURETHEECONOMIC BENE½TSOF!FRICA´SINCREDIBLEWEALTHOFRESOURCES REACHITSPEOPLE3IERRA,EONEISARICHCOUNTRY ¯BUTITSPEOPLEARENOTRICH)BELIEVETHEKEY TOREALISINGTHISCOUNTRY´SVASTPOTENTIALIS½RSTLY EFFECTIVEGOVERNANCEANDSECONDLYDEVELOPMENT OFTHEPRIVATESECTORTHATWILLENDAIDDEPENDENCY 'OODGOVERNANCESTRONGLEADERSHIPANDPRIVATE SECTORINVESTMENTARETHETOOLSTHATPUT3IERRA ,EONE´SFUTURE½RMLYINTHEHANDSOFITSCITIZENS 4HESEAREEXCITINGTIMESFOR3IERRA,EONE¯ ANDFOR!FRICA4ODAYISNOTJUSTABOUTHOPEFOR THECONTINENTBUTEVIDENCETHATCHANGEISALREADY TAKINGPLACE)AMPERSONALLYCONVINCEDTHATTHIS CANBE!FRICA´SCENTURY!SITLOOKSFORWARDTOTHE NEXTYEARS3IERRA,EONECANANDSHOULDBEONE OFITSMOSTSTRIKINGSUCCESSSTORIES 4HE2T(ON4ONY"LAIR 0ATRONOFTHE!FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVE 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 7 Frank Timis Message by )TISAPRIVILEGEANDAPLEASUREFOR!FRICAN-INERALS TOSPONSORBOTHTHEPUBLICATIONANDFORTHCOMING CELEBRATIONTOMARKTHETHANNIVERSARYOF )NDEPENDENCEIN3IERRA,EONE S INCE!FRICAN-INERALSHASBEEN ACTIVELYINVESTINGIN3IERRA,EONE ACOUNTRYRICHINMINERALDEPOSITS FORMERLYUNDISCOVEREDANDFOLLOWINGAPERIODOF POLITICALINSTABILITYNOWEXPERIENCINGFAVOURABLE REGENERATION %LECTIONSHELDINLEDTOTHESUCCESSFUL TRANSITIONOFPOWERANDESTABLISHMENTOFTHE DEMOCRATICPROCESS )THASBEENAREMARKABLEJOURNEYSINCE !FRICAN-INERALSCOMPLETEDTHECOUNTRY´S½RST AEROMAGNETICSURVEYDURINGSUBSEQUENT EXPLORATIONPROGRAMMESANDMULTIELEMENT SAMPLINGANALYSISHAVERESULTEDINTHE#OMPANY DEVELOPINGAMAJORMINERALEXPLORATIONPORTFOLIO UNRIVALLEDINSCALEIN3IERRA,EONE !SA#OMPANYWEHAVESOUGHTTOMEETTHE CHALLENGESCONFRONTINGTHECOUNTRYCONSISTENTLY UPGRADINGOURINFRASTRUCTUREINITIATIVESHEALTH EDUCATIONANDEMPLOYMENTPROGRAMMESAND GENERALLYSEEKINGNEWOPPORTUNITIESTOIMPROVETHE LIVESOF3IERRA,EONE´SPEOPLE!LLOFTHESEEFFORTS AREMADEINSUPPORTOFTHEGOVERNMENT´SLONGTERM PLANTOHELPPOVERTYSTRICKENCOMMUNITIESAND IMPROVELIVINGSTANDARDSFORALL 8 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% )MPORTANTLYOURENVIRONMENTALANDSOCIAL IMPACTPOLICIESARESTRUCTUREDTOCOMPLYWITHTHE %QUATOR0RINCIPLESINTERNATIONALLYRECOGNISED ASASETOFBENCHMARKSFORMANAGINGTHEIMPACT OFLARGEPROJECTSONLOCALCOMMUNITIESANDTHE ENVIRONMENT !FRICAN-INERALSISJUSTLYPROUDTOHAVE RECEIVEDTHEPRESTIGIOUS)NTERNATIONAL9EAROF 0LANET%ARTH!WARDIN!FRICAN-INERALS´ 4ONKOLILI)RON/REAND)NFRASTRUCTURE0ROJECT WASAWARDED±-OST%FFECTIVE#ORPORATE3OCIAL 2ESPONSIBILITY0ROJECT²4HE5.RECOGNIZED AWARDISATESTAMENTTOTHEONGOINGSOCIALAND ENVIRONMENTALRESPONSIBILITYENDEAVOURSTHAT DE½NETHE4ONKOLILIPROJECT4HERECIPIENTOF THEAWARDISDETERMINEDBYAPANELOFSOCIAL ANDENVIRONMENTAUTHORITIESAND±INNOVATION BENE½CIALEXCELLENCEANDSIGNI½CANTACHIEVEMENT INTHEAREASOFENVIRONMENTALENHANCEMENTAND SUSTAINABILITYOFTHE%ARTH´SRESOURCES²FORMTHE CRITERIAFORTHEPRIZE !FRICAN-INERALSONEOFTHELARGESTEMPLOYERS IN3IERRA,EONEANDLOOKINGTOSETTHESTANDARDFOR FUTUREFOREIGNINVESTMENTPROJECTSINTHECOUNTRY HASRECEIVEDTHEHIGHESTLEVELOFSUPPORTFROMLOCAL COMMUNITIESREGIONALGOVERNMENTAGENCIESAND THEOF½CESOFTHE0RESIDENTOF3IERRA,EONE )TAKETHISOPPORTUNITYTOWISH(IS%XCELLENCY 0RESIDENT+OROMAANDTHEPEOPLEOF3IERRA,EONE CONGRATULATIONSONTHETHANNIVERSARYOF )NDEPENDENCEOFTHE2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONE &RANK4IMIS #%/ /PPOSITE4OP-ANGROVE SWAMPSTYPICALOFTHOSE FOUNDACROSSTHECOUNTRY /PPOSITE"OTTOM !TRADITIONALOLDVILLAGE SETTLEMENTDEEPINTHE FORESTSOFTHE3OUTHERN 0ROVINCE . Chapter 1. From the Earliest Times – 2IGHT!YOUNG³"ONDO´ INITIATE¯ONEOFTHEOLDEST TRADITIONALWOMEN´S´SECRET SOCIETIES´ )NCOMMONWITHMOSTCOUNTRIESSOUTH OFTHE3AHARA3IERRA,EONEHASHADTO RELYINLARGEPARTON%UROPEANOR!RAB TRAVELLERSTOTELLAMAJORPARTOFITSEARLY HISTORY7HAT3IERRA,EONESHARESWITHALL THESEOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHESURROUNDING SUBREGIONISALACKOFWRITTENHISTORY)TIS NOTTRUETOSAYHOWEVERTHATTHECOUNTRY ORTHEREGIONDOESNOTHAVEARECORDED HISTORYITVERYMUCHDOESANDASTILL VIBRANTONEATTHAT A FTERALLTHISWESTERNCORNEROF!FRICA ISHOMETOTHETRADITIONOFTHEGRIOTS THOSEKEEPERSOFTHEORALHISTORY OFTHEIRPEOPLEPARTICULARLYTHE-ANDINKAOR -ADINGAPEOPLEWHOCANSTILLBEFOUNDACROSS VASTSWATHESOF7EST!FRICA!LOTOFORALHISTORY HASBEENHANDEDDOWNBUTFOREITHERTHECASUALOR SERIOUSHISTORIANTHISISNEVERDEEMEDSUF½CIENTOR ASPERSUASIVEASTHATWHICHISWRITTENDOWN 7HATHASBEENPASSEDDOWNTOUSRELATING TOTHEEARLIESTTIMESHASTHEREFORECONSISTED OFAMIXTUREOFTHEWRITTENANDTHEORAL-UCH OFWHATWASWRITTENBYTHEEARLIEST³OUTSIDERS´ PRINCIPALLYTHE0ORTUGUESEWASITSELFAMIXTURE OFTHEIROWNOBSERVATIONSANDTHEACCOUNTS GIVENTOTHEMBYTHEINHABITANTSOFTHEREGION WHOMTHEYCAMEACROSS 4HATLITTLEISKNOWNISPERHAPSSOMETHINGFOR WHICHWESHOULDBEGRATEFUL'RATEFULBECAUSETHE EVENTUALCONTACTWITH³OUTSIDERS´WASNOTALWAYS BENE½CIALTOTHEPEOPLEOFTHEREGION-OSTOF THEEARLIEST%UROPEANTRAVELLERSWHOPASSEDTHE COASTOFWHATBECAMEKNOWNAS3IERRA,EONEDID SOONTHEIRWAYTOSOMEWHEREELSESOMEWHERE WHICHHELDTHEPROMISEOFSUCHUNTOLDRICHES THATTHEREWASNONEEDTOSTOPOFFANDEXPLORE THEHINTERLANDBEYONDTHESHORESOFTHISPARTOF !FRICA0ARTICULARLYASSOMEWHODIDOBSERVEITAS THEYPASSEDTHOUGHTTHETERRAINHADAFORBIDDING ASPECTTOIT*OURNEY´SENDFORTHESE%UROPEAN ADVENTURERSWASTHESEDUCTIVEPULLOFTHESPICESOF THE%ASTINANAGEWHEREWETAKESUCHSPICESFOR GRANTEDITISHARDTOCONJUREUPTODAYTHELUREAND FASCINATIONTHATTHOSE%ASTERNSPICESHADONTHE %UROPEANS -ANYOFTHEACCOUNTSLOOKINGBACKOVER THEREASONSFORTHELACKOFEARLYEXPLORATIONAND 12 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% SETTLEMENTINTHISREGIONTENDTONARROWTHEM DOWNTOFOURMAINONES)FONELOOKSATTHEEARLIEST MAPSTHATACCURATELYTRACETHESHAPEOFTHEWHOLE OFTHE!FRICANCONTINENTITISCLEARTHATTHESEEARLY MAPSDRAWNBYTHE0ORTUGUESEWHOWERETHE½RST ANDMOSTADVENTUROUSOFTHE%UROPEANSEAFARING NATIONSUSEDTHECOASTASPOINTERSORLANDMARKS TOGUIDETHEMASTHEYSAILEDTOWARDSTHEIRMAIN DESTINATION !SECONDREASONWASTHATTHEBUSINESSOF BUILDINGSETTLEMENTSINAPLACETHEYHADNO INTENTIONOFSETTLINGINDIDNOTMAKEANYSENSE ANDMOSTIMPORTANTLYWOULDHAVEBEENACOSTLY BUSINESSPARTICULARLYASITWASTHEPURSUITOF PRO½TABLETRADETHATWASTHEIRMAINCONCERN 4HETHIRDBARRIERWASTHATTHEREWERETIMES ,EFT!³"ALANJI´PLAYER¯ONE OFTHEOLDESTTRADITIONAL INSTRUMENTS¯VERYSIMILARTO THEXYLOPHONE !BOVEONEOFTHE TRADITIONALMASQUERADERS 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 13 . WHENOUTOFNECESSITYTHEYHADTOCOMEASHORE /NSUCHOCCASIONSTHEYWOULDENCOUNTERKINGS ORCHIEFSWHOWEREREADYTOBARTERORTRADEWITH ANYWHOCAMEINTOTHEIRDOMAIN!GAINTHISCOULD PROVETOBEACOSTLYBUSINESS4HEREASONINGTHUS WASTHATIFTHISWASWHATTHEYENCOUNTEREDONTHE COASTHOWMUCHMOREEXPENSIVEWOULDITBEIFTHEY VENTUREDINTOTHEINTERIOR 4HEFOURTHANDONEOFTHEMOSTCRUCIALIN TERMSOF3IERRA,EONE´SHISTORYANDDEVELOPMENT WASTHEINHOSPITABLENATUREOFTHETERRAINAND THEINCLEMENTWEATHER7HENTHEHEATWASNOT UNBEARABLETHEFEVERMOSTLYFROMMOSQUITOES WASAKILLER9ETAGAINTHEREASONINGWASTHAT THISAREAWASNOTKNOWNATTHETIMEFORHAVING PRECIOUSMINERALSASWASTHECASEWITHTHEGOLDOF -EXICOWHICHMADETHEPRIVATIONSOFSTAYINGAND EVENTUALLYSUBDUINGTHOSEPEOPLEINCLUDINGTHEIR RULERSANATTRACTIVEPROPOSITION 4HELARGEBELTOFFORESTTHATACTEDASABARRIER FROMTHE3AHARAWASANOTHERFACTORTHATPREVENTED EXPLORATIONFROMTHATPARTOFTHECONTINENT)TIS THOUGHTTHATTHEREASONTHECARAVANSFROM!RAB LANDSSTOPPEDSHORTOFPENETRATINGTHISFORESTBELT WASTHATEARLYENCOUNTERSHADEXPOSEDTHEMTOWILD ANIMALSTHATROAMEDTHESEFORESTS 3OMEONEWHODIDRECORDSOMEOFWHATCAME TOBEKNOWNABOUTTHISPARTOF!FRICAISOFTEN MISTAKENLYASSUMEDTOBEA2OMAN,EO!FRICANUS )NFACTTHISWASMERELYADESCRIPTIONOFWHOHE WAS,EO4HE!FRICAN(EWASFROMTHE#ITYOF&EZ )N-OROCCOANDHISFULLANDRATHERIMPRESSIVE NAMEWAS%L(ASSANBEN-OHAMMEDEL7AZZAN EZ7AZAYYATITHEREAREOTHERVARIATIONSONTHE SPELLINGOFTHENAME "ETWEENAND!FRICANUSWROTE WHATHECALLED³!$ESCRIPTIONOF!FRICA´(ISTORY HASTAUGHTUSTHATHEGOTALOTWRONGBUTWEARE ,EFT!YOUNG³0ORROH´ INITIATE¯THISBEINGONE OFTHEOLDESTMEN´S³SECRET SOCIETIES´IN3IERRA,EONE "OTTOM&ISHINGHASBEEN ANIMPORTANTSOUCEOF INCOMEFORCOASTALDEWELLERS FORCENTURIES People and vessels In a nutshell, that is the driving force behind Jan De Nul Group. Thanks to the 5,000 employees worldwide and its ultramodern fleet, today the group ranks at the top . of the international dredging and marine related industry. Also with regard to civil engineering and environmental works, the group is one of the largest contractors. Jan De Nul congratulates the people from Sierra Leone for the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Sierra Leone. Our company is grateful to contribute to the future growth and development of the country by dredging Sierra Leone’s freeways to the world and contributing in the opening of the iron ore export programs. OFFICE JAN DE NUL NV 14 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% Tragel 60 I 9308 Hofstade-Aalst I Belgium T +32 53 731 711 I F +32 53 781 760 info@jandenul.com I www.jandenul.com . . GRATEFULTOHIMFORCAPTURINGSOMEOFWHATHE OBSERVEDORWASTOLDABOUT!SHEWRITESABOUTTHE AREANOWCALLED3IERRA,EONEHETELLSUSTHATNO GREATCONQUERINGARMIESCAMEFROMTHATREGION)N FACTTHISAREACLOSETOTHECOASTHEIDENTI½ESASA PLACEWHERETHOSEESCAPINGWARWENTTOSEEKREFUGE ORATLEASTAPLACEWHERETHEYHOPEDTO½NDPEACE )TISWORTHQUOTINGFROMHISACCOUNTOFTHISAREA ±4HEYMAKEWARONNOONEANDNONESETS FOOTOUTSIDEHISOWNCOUNTRY3OMEWORSHIP THESUNOTHERSWORSHIP½RE´(EGOESON TOSAY±THEREARE½FTEENKINGDOMSKNOWNTO USTOSTRETCHALONGTHETWOBRANCHESOFTHE .IGERANDHERTRIBUTARIES² (EGOESONTOSAYTHATSOMESOCIALINTERCOURSE OCCURSBETWEENTHOSEFARTHERNORTHANDTHOSE CLOSETOTHECOAST(OWEVERTHEMANYBELIEFS ANDLANGUAGESTOBEFOUNDTHEREANDTHE TREACHEROUSNESSOFANYJOURNEYTHEREMADEIT DIF½CULTTOACCESSTHEAREA /FTHOSEWHOWROTEATLENGTHABOUT!FRICA TWOSTANDOUT6ALENTIN&ERNANDESCOMMONLY MISTAKENLYREFERREDTOAS0ORTUGUESEBUTACTUALLYA 'ERMANFROM-ORAVIAWHOMOVEDTO,ISBONAND $UARTE0ACHECO0EREIRAWHOWAS0ORTUGUESEAND WHOWASTHEGOVERNOROF%LMINA#ASTLEINMODERN DAY'HANADURINGTHETIMEWHENITWASHELDBY THE0ORTUGUESEARETHEMOSTNOTABLE 4HUSITISTHATTHEACCOUNTSBY&ERNANDESAND 0EREIRATENDTOCONCENTRATEONINTERACTIONSWITH THOSEINHABITINGTHECOASTALAREAS7ETHEREFOREGET MENTIONSOF4HE"ULLOMSWHOWERESAIDTOINHABIT FROMTHECOASTTOASFARASONECOULDPADDLEWITH ACANOEINLAND4HE4EMNESWERESAIDTOINHABIT THEAREAOF+ASSEHONTHERIVER3CARCIES4HE3USUS WERETOBEFOUNDATWASWASDESCRIBEDAS³½FTEEN LEAGUESFROMTHECOAST)NTHE.ORTH&ERNANDES DESCRIBED½NDINGTHE³#APEOS´3OMEHAVETAKEN THISTOBESPELLED³3APIOS´AND³3APIS´AMONGST NUMEROUSVARIATIONS !LTHOUGHWEAREGRATEFULFORTHEEARLY RECORDERSOFHISTORYITISCLEARTHATTHEYHAD TROUBLEGETTINGTHEIRTONGUESAROUNDSOMEOFTHE PLACENAMESLEAVINGUSWITHPOSSIBLYCORRUPTED VERSIONSOFWHATWEKNOWTOBEVARIOUSTOWNSTODAY %ARLYREPORTSTELLOFPLACESSUCHAS !BOVE!CARVEDMALE½GURE INTHE.OMOLI3TYLEFROMTHE THTHCENTURY)MAGE 4HE3MITHSONIAN /PPOSITE"OTTOM2IGHT 4RADITIONALLYATTIRED DRUMMERSWITHSOMEOFTHE OLDESTTYPEOFTRADITIONALLY MADEDRUMS -ANGUYDESCRIBEDASAVILLAGEOFSOME THOUSANDINHABITANTSINPOSSIBLY -ANGEWHICHISACOMMONNAMEFORAVILLAGE AMONGTHE4EMNE 0INTOOR0YMTOA6ILLAGEINTHEHILLS POSSIBLY'BINTI 3TUDIESSHOWTHATTHE½RSTPEOPLETOENTERWHATIS MODERNDAY3IERRA,EONEWEREPROBABLYTHE,IMBA COMINGFROMTHEWESTANDPUSHINGTHEPEOPLE KNOWNASTHE'BANDEINTOWHATISNOW,IBERIA 3OMEOFTHISISRECORDEDIN,IMBALEGENDWHICH SAYSTHATTHE½RSTMANFROMTHEIRNATIONWHOCAME TO3IERRA,EONEATTHEHEADOFANARMYWASCALLED -ANSONFUNDU4HELEGENDSAYSTHATTHE'BANDE HADTERRITORYASFARWESTASTHEPRESENTDAY7ARA 7ARA#HIEFDOMS4HE'BANDE4HE,OKOAND4HE 16 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% "OTTOM,EFT-ODERN EXAMPLEOFTHEOLDESTFORM OFTRADITIONALMASQUERADE /PPOSITE4OP2IGHT %XAMPLESOFTHEOLDESTFORM OFTRADITIONALHUTSFOUND ACROSS3IERRA,EONE -ENDESHAVEHISTORICALLINKS7HATGIVESCREDENCE TOTHELEGENDISTHATPARTOFITSAYSTHATSOMEWERE LEFTBEHINDTO½GHTWHILSTTHEOTHERS¾EDTOWHERE THEYARENOWANDTHATTHISEXPLAINSWHYTHEREIS EVIDENCEOFTHE,OKOAND4EMNETRADINGTOGETHER FROMMUCHEARLIERTHANTHE-ENDEAND4EMNE 4HISWOULDINDICATETHATTHOSELEFTBEHINDWERENOT WIPEDOUTBUTFOUGHTSURVIVEDANDSTAYED 3USUORALHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHATWHENTHEY CAMETOTHEAREACLOSETOTHECOAST4HE,IMBAS WEREALREADYTHERE4HATHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHAT THEYWERESTRONGANDLEDBYONE+ING+ANFORI $OMIN+ONTEHOR#ONTEH9ALUNKATRADITIONHAS ITTHATTHEYARRIVEDINTHESOUTHTOESCAPEATTEMPTS TOCONVERTTHEMTO)SLAMBY-ANSA-USATHE LEGENDARY+INGOF-ALI 4HATHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHATTHISWASAN AREAWELLPOPULATEDBYELEPHANTHERDS!NDTHAT ELEPHANTSWEREHUNTEDBYTHEEARLY4EMNEARRIVALS TOWARDSTHEAREAWHERETHESUNSETS,EGENDHASIT THATTHEYHUNTEDTHEMANDWHENTHEYREACHEDTHE COASTASTHEAREAWASUNINHABITEDTHEYCHOSETO MAKEITTHEIRHOME5PONHISDEATH+ING+ANFORI +ONTEHWASSUCCEEDEDBYHISSON-ANGA+OMBEH "ALLA)TWASDURINGTHELETTER´SREIGNTHATTHE½RST 0ORTUGUESEWERESAIDTOHAVELANDEDONTHECOASTOF 3IERRA,EONE)TISSAIDTHAT-ANGA+OMBEH"ALLASO GREATLYENJOYEDHISTRADEWITHTHE0ORTUGUESETHAT HEWASTHEONEWHOASKEDTHEMTOSETTLEINTHEAREA 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 17 Chapter 2. Early European Contact – Mixed Fortune !LTHOUGHTHENAME3IERRA,EONEIS COMMONLYACKNOWLEDGEDTOHAVEBEEN COINEDBY0EDRO$A#INTRATHEREHAD ALREADYBEEN0ORTUGUESEINTERACTIONWITH THEPEOPLEOFTHEAREALONGBEFOREHISTIME )TISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHAT3IERRA,EONE´S ³0ORTUGUESE0ERIOD´INFACTDATESBACKTO AROUNDSOMEYEARSBEFORE0EDRO DA#INTRACAMEUPONTHECOAST!NDTHAT WASSOMEYEARSAFTER0ORTUGUESEEXPLORERS MAKINGTHEIRWAYTOTHESPICEROUTESOFTHE %AST½RSTCAMEUPONTHECOASTANDMAPPED IT)TMUSTBEREMEMBEREDTHATTHISWASA TIMEWHENTHEREWASAGREATRACEAMONGST THENATIONSOF%UROPETODISCOVERNEWLANDS ANDTERRITORIESTOTRADEWITHORTOSUBDUE P EDRODA#INTRAHADONCEBEENAPAGE TO0RINCE(ENRYTHE.AVIGATOROR $OM(ENRIQUETHESONOF+ING*OAO OF0ORTUGAL)TWASSAIDTHAT(ENRYHAD ANOBSESSIONWITHSENDINGSHIPSOUTTO½NDNEW LANDSANDTOCLAIMTHEMINTHENAMEOF0ORTUGAL)T WASTHEREFOREAPTTHATWHENHEDIEDIN.OVEMBER THEKINGAPPOINTED0EDROTOCARRYON(ENRY´S NAUTICALWORK )NTERESTINGLYFORALL THATWEKNOWABOUT0EDRODA#INTRAANDHISLIFEFOR 3IERRA,EONEANSTHEDETAILSABOUTTHENAMINGOFTHE COUNTRYARENOTTOBEFOUNDINACCOUNTSGIVENBYDA #INTRABUTBYAN)TALIANOUTOF6ENICEWHOASWAS THEFASHIONINTHOSEDAYSHADSOUGHTANDBEENGIVEN THE³PERMISSION´OFTHE+INGOF0ORTUGALTOSAILASFAR INTO!FRICAASTHERIVER#ASAMANCEIN(EWAS !LVISE#ADAMOSTO#ADAMOSTOWASLIVINGIN,AGOS IN0ORTUGALWHENDA#INTRA´SEXPEDITIONRETURNED TO#ABO3AO6ICENTE#APE3T6INCENTIN (OWEVERITWASNOTUNTILWHENHEPUBLISHED ANACCOUNTOFHISOWNTRAVELSONTHEWESTCOASTOF !FRICATHATHEINCLUDEDWHATHESAYSISTHEREASONING BEHINDDA#INTRA´SNAMINGOFTHISPLACE 4HISACCOUNTLAYSTORESTSOMEOFTHEMYTHS SURROUNDINGTHENAMINGOF3IERRA,EONE#ADAMOSTO RECCOUNTS ±4HISISWHAT)HAVELEARNTDURINGTHETIMEWHEN)WASIN THESEPARTSBUTTHEREHAVEBEENOTHERSAFTERME/FMOST IMPORTANCEWERETHETWOARMEDCARAVELSWHICHTHE+ING OF0ORTUGALHADSENTTHITHERAFTERTHEDEATHOFTHE)NFANTE $ON(ENRY4HEIRCOMMANDERWASONE0IERODE3INZIAA 20 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% SQUIREOFTHISLORD´SWHOHECOMMISSIONEDTOSAILFARTHER ALONGTHISCOASTOFTHE"LACKSANDTODISCOVERNEWLANDS 7ITHTHISCAPTAINWENTA0ORTUGUESEYOUTHAFRIENDOF MINEWHOHADBEENTHEREWITHMEASANOTARY/NTHE RETURNOFTHECARAVELS!LVISE#ADAMASTOWASIN,ACHUSA PLACENEAR#APEDE3AN6INCENZOWITHERTHESAIDCAPTAIN RETURNED-YFRIENDCAMEASHORETOMYHOUSEANDGAVE MEHISOBSERVATIONSPOINTBYPOINTONTHELANDTHEYHAD DISCOVEREDTHENAMESTHEYHADGIVENTHEPLACESATWHICH THEYHADSTAYEDALLINDUEORDERASSETFORTHBELOW² (ECONTINUES ±ABOUTMILESBEYONDTHE2IO6ERDETHEREISANOTHERCAPE TOWHICHTHEYGAVETHENAME#APE,IEDOTHATISINOUR TONGUE!LIEGROBECAUSEITSEEMEDTOTHEMTHATTHISCAPE !BOVE)VORYSALTCELLAR #ARVEDBYA3APIARTIST DUBBED³4HE-ASTEROF 3YMBOLISM²)TFEATURESAN ENTANGLEMENTOFSNAKES AROUNDTHELOWERPARTFOUR BIRDSONTHEUPPERPART )TWAS7ILLIAM&AGGIN HOMAGETOTHESKILLOFTHIS ARTISTWHOCOINEDTHENAME ³-ASTEROF3YMBOLISM´ . WITHTHESURROUNDINGCOUNTRYWASEXCEEDINGLYPLEASANT "EYONDTHIS#APE!LIEGROBEGINSAMOUNTAINOUSCOAST WHICHEXTENDSFORABOUTSIXLEAGUESFORITISVERYHIGH COVEREDWITHTALLANDPERENNIALLYGREENTREESATTHEENDOF ITABOUTEIGHTMILESOUTTOSEATHEREARETHREEISLETSTHE LARGESTOFWHICHISABOUTTOMILESINCIRCUMFERENCE 4HEYNAMEDTHISTHE)SOLA3ALVAZAANDTHEMOUNTAIN -ONTAGNA,IONA"EYONDTHECOASTOF-ONTAGNA,IONAALL ISLOWLANDANDFRINGEDWITHMANYSANDBANKSWHICHRUNOUT TOSEA² (ETHENGOESONTODESCRIBEOTHERAREASALONGTHE COASTTAKINGINTHE0LANTAIN)SLANDS4HE3HERBRO 2IVERAND#APE3T!NNE /NE$UARTE0ACHECO0EREIRAANOTHER0ORTUGUESE EXPLORERADDS ±-ANYPEOPLETHINKTHATTHENAME3ERRA,YOAWASGIVEN BECAUSEMANYLIONSWERETOBEFOUNDINTHATPARTBUTTHAT ISWRONGITISBECAUSE0EDRODE#INTRAWHENHESAWALAND SOROUGHANDWILDCALLEDIT,YOA4HATISTHEONLYREASON ANDNOOTHEREXPLANATIONISTRUEBECAUSEHETOLDMETHIS HIMSELF² 0EREIRA%SMERALDODE3ITU/RBIS 0EREIRAWOULDPROVETOBEAMOSTVALUABLEEARLY EXPLORERIN3IERRA,EONEASHEWOULDBEONEOFTHE ½RSTTOHANDDOWNALEXICONOFWORDSFORHISFELLOW COUNTRYMENTOUSETODOBUSINESSINTHEAREA3OME MAYHAVEBEENLOSTINTRANSLATIONBUTMANYARE RECOGNISABLEASWORDSINUSETODAY4HENAMEOF THECOUNTRYASWEKNOWITTODAYISAMIXTUREOFTHE 0ORTUGUESEAND)TALIANSPELLINGS)TALIANMAPMAKERS WHOWEREDEEMEDTHEPREEMINENTPRACTITIONERSOF THEIRTRADEATTHETIMEMOSTLIKELYTOOKTHEIRSPELLING FROMTHE6ENETIAN#ADAMOSTO !LTHOUGH6ALENTIN&ERNANDESOBTAINEDALL HISINFORMATIONSECOND¡HANDHISSOURCEWASAN IMPECCABLEONE!LVARO6ELHOA0ORTUGUESETRADER WHOTRADEDALONGTHECOASTANDHADHISHEADQUARTERS IN3IERRA,EONEFOREIGHTYEARS)TISFROMHISACCOUNTS ASRECORDEDBY&ERNANDESTHATWELEARNTHATTHE INHABITANTSCALLEDTHEIRCOUNTRY0YMTOWHICHWAS ALSOTHENAMEOFAVILLAGEINTHEMOUNTAINS(AVING HIDDENTHEREGIONBYPRODUCINGDECEPTIVEMAPSAS WASCOMMONATTHISTIMETOPROTECT³POSSESSIONS´ THE0ORTUGUESEWEREKEENTORECOMMENDTHEAREA TOTHEIRKINGANDFELLOWCOUNTRYMEN!FTER0EDRODA #INTRAOTHER0ORTUGUESESAILEDALONGTHECOASTAND INLANDGIVINGPLACENAMESASTHEYWENT&OREXAMPLE WEKNOWTHATDUETOTHEFACTTHATONEOFTHE"ANANA )SLANDSHADAROCKYSHORETHEYCALLEDTHEM)SLAS "RAVASOR"RAVE)SLANDS!NDTHELARGEST)SOLA3ALVAZA OR(EALTHY)SLANDPROBABLYBECAUSETHEASPECTWAS SOFAIR 4HE0ORTUGUESEWERESOSUCCESSFULINKEEPING THEIR³SECRET´OF3IERRA,EONETHAT-ARTIN&ROBISHER´S ³$ECLARATIONFORTHETRA½QUETO'UINEA´ASTHE AREAINCLUDING3IERRA,EONEWASTHENKNOWNWAS TOSAYERRONEOUSLYTHATTHE+INGOF0ORTUGALHADNO ±#ASTELLFORTOR(OUSEOF4RA½QUEUPONTHECOASTS BETWEEN#APE6ERDEANDTHE+INGDOMOF"INNY ;"ENIN=BUTONLIEONESMALLFORTAT#APE4REPONTES CALLED!SHIENANDTHEOTHERLEAGUESBEYOND CALLED#ASTEL$EL-INA%LMINA#ASTLE²7HATHEWAS NOTAWAREOFWERETHEEXTENSIVEVISITSALREADYMADEBY THE0ORTUGUESEANDRECORDEDONTHEIRSECRETMAPS "YTHETIME!LVARESD´!LMADAWROTEABOUT3IERRA ,EONEINHEDIDNOTFEELTHENEEDTOEXPLAIN MUCHABOUTTHETERRAINANDTHELANGUAGESOWELL ENTRENCHEDWAS0ORTUGUESETRADEINTHEREGIONBY THISTIME$´!LMADAANATIVEOF#ABO6ERDE#APE 6ERDEINSTEADWROTEABOUTTHECUSTOMSOFTHEPEOPLE INCLUDINGTHEIRMETHODSOFDISPENSINGJUSTICEEVEN DESCRIBINGHOWCASESWEREPRESENTEDINTHECOURTS ,EFT/LIPHANTCMIN LENGTH)VORYCARVEDBYA 3APIARTISTIN3IERRA,EONE TH¯TH#ENTURY!$ .EARTHEOPENINGOF THEITEMARECARVEDTHE BLAZONSOFTHEROYALHOUSE OF0ORTUGALTHE/RDEROF #HRISTTHEARMILLARYSPHERE ANDTHEROYALCOATOFARMS )TISBELIEVEDTHATITENDED UPIN4URINASPARTOFTHE $UKE´SCOLLECTIONINTHEEARLY DECADESOFTHETHCENTURY ASPARTOFTHEDOWRYOF $UCHESS"EATRICEOF!ZIZ DAUGHTEROF%MANUEL) +INGOF0ORTUGAL)N "EATRICEMARRIED#HARLES )))OF3AVOY.OWIN4URIN !RMERIA2EALE ADDAX BIOENERGY Directing Energy – Growing Solutions "ELOWLEFT3POON CMINLENGTH)VORYCARVED BYA3APIARTISTIN3IERRA ,EONETH¯THCENTURY !$2ECORDEDINTHE2OYAL #OLLECTIONOF$ENMARKAS FARBACKAS/NTHE STEMASNAKEANDANOTHER ANIMALCONFRONTEACHOTHER .OWIN#OPENHAGENAT 4HE.ATIONAL-USEUMOF $ENMARK "ELOW!N)VORYCARVED SALTCELLARBYA3APIARTIST TH¯THCENTURY!$ Addax Bioenergy congratulates the Republic of Sierra Leone and its people on the occasion of its 50th Anniversary of Independence. 22 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% We are proud to develop sustainable agriculture and bioenergy solutions and to be part of Sierra Leone’s long-term success. We wish you a great celebration and a very bright future ahead. www.addaxbioenergy.com . HOWTHEINHABITANTSCHOSETHEIRRULERSANDHOWTHEY PERFORMEDTHEIRRULERS´BURIALRITESTHEBURYINGOF THEDEADWITHINTHEIROWNHOUSESLADENWITHGOLDIN THEIREARSAROUNDTHEIRARMSANDTHROUGHTHENOSE (EALSODESCRIBESTHEYEARLONGSECLUSIONOFYOUNG MAIDENSANDTHECHOOSINGOFBRIDESBYYOUNGMEN #APE6ERDEHADAMOSTIMPORTANTROLETOPLAYINTHE 0ORTUGUESEINTERACTIONWITH3IERRA,EONE)THADBEEN WELLSETTLEDBYTHE0ORTUGUESESINCEAROUND ANDTHEYUSEDTHEPORTOF3ANTIAGOIN#APE6ERDEAS THEIRBASEFROMWHICHTOTRADEWITH3IERRA,EONE!S TIMEWENTONENVIOUSEYESWERECASTTOWARDSWHAT WASBECOMINGALUCRATIVETRADINGAREA/NE:ACHARY 2OGERSAN%NGLISHMANREPRESENTINGTHE%NGLISH 2OYAL!FRICAN#OMPANYFELTCOMPELLEDTOWRITETO HISDIRECTORSIN±9E#ACHEO;ON#APE6ERDE= TRADETO3IERRA,IONAWILLBELOSTIFTHE0ORTUGEEZES #OMPANYCONTINUES²4HE0ORTUGUESEHELDSUCHSWAY OVERTHEREGIONTHATTHEYISSUED³LEASES´TOCONTRACTORS WHOHADTOPAYAFEETOTHE0ORTUGUESEGOVERNMENT )TISINTERESTINGTONOTETHATTHOSEGRANTEDSUCHLEASES INCLUDEDNON0ORTUGUESEINCLUDING*EWS3PANISH AND)TALIANTRADERS 4HESLAVETRADEBENE½TEDTHE3PANISHAND 0ORTUGUESEAFTERBYWHICHTIME0ORTUGALHAD BECOMEPARTOFTHE3PANISH%MPIRE4HEYCOULDTRADE FORSLAVESBYBUYINGFROM³UNOF½CIALTRADERS´ANDSO ESCAPETHETAXESTHEYHADTOPAYWHENTHEYBOUGHT FROM3PANISHLICENSEDSLAVETRADERS "ARTHOLOMEW!NDREWASABLETOTHREATENTHE +INGOF0ORTUGALINTHATIFHEALLOWEDTHE$UTCH TOBUILDAFORTIN3IERRA,EONEHEWOULDABANDON THETERRITORY4HE$UTCHWEREDULYDISCOURAGEDFROM 24 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% DOINGSOAND0ORTUGUESEIN¾UENCECONTINUED 4HESECRETCOULDNOTSTAYHIDDENFORLONGAND GRADUALLYTHEOTHER%UROPEANSLAVETRADINGNATIONS DISCOVEREDTHEREGIONANDTHEIRINCURSIONSLEDTO THEWANINGOF0ORTUGUESEIN¾UENCE)TISPERHAPS SIGNI½CANTTHATTHE4EMNEWORDFORWHITEMANIS /POTOBELIEVEDTOBEAVARIANTOF/PORTOWHICHISIN 0ORTUGAL #ONTRARYTOSOMEACCOUNTSITISBELIEVEDTHATIT WASTHE0ORTUGUESEANDNOTTHE"RITISHWHOBROUGHT #HRISTIANITYTOTHEREGIONINTHETHCENTURY&ATHER "ARREIRAA*ESUITPRIESTWHOARRIVEDINAND WHOLIVEDALONGTIMEINTHEREGIONRECALLSTHATFOR YEARSTHE0ORTUGUESEINTHEAREAWEREUNABLETO ATTENDMASS(ECLAIMSTHATHEBUILTACHURCHINONE OFTHEBAYSPOSSIBLY+ROO"AYANDSAIDTHE½RSTMASS THEREON3T-ICHAEL´S$AY3EPTEMBER 4HE)SLAMICINVASIONWHICHSWEPTDOWNTOWARDS THECOASTFROMTHENORTHMADETHECOUNTRYA HAZARDOUSPLACE(OWEVERTHATWASNOTTHEGREATEST THREATTO0ORTUGUESEIN¾UENCE4HATCAMEFROMTHEIR TRADITIONAL%UROPEANRIVALSTHE%NGLISHANDTHE $UTCH!STHE0ORTUGUESEHADCONCENTRATEDTHEIR TRADEALONGTHECOASTANDTHERIVERSTHE%NGLISH PUSHEDFURTHERINLANDANDESTABLISHEDSETTLERSTO MAKEMOREPERMANENTSETTLEMENTSANDSTRUCTURES 3MUGGLINGOFCONTRABANDMAINLYRUMWASCOMMON ALONGTHECOASTANDTHE%UROPEANNATIONSWAGED WARONEACHOTHERIN%UROPEASWELLASELSEWHERE INCLUDING3IERRA,EONE9ORK)SLANDAND"UNCE)SLAND WHERETHE%NGLISHHADNOWSETUPWEREATTACKED NUMEROUSTIMESWITHONEPARTICULARLYDEADLYATTACK ON"UNCEIN$ESPITETHESESETBACKSTHE %NGLISHWEREDETERMINEDTOHOLDONANDDIDSO7HEN INTHE"RITISHLANDEDFORMERSLAVESFROM !MERICAANDWHITEWOMENTOFOUNDASETTLEMENT ³4HE0ROVINCEOF&REEDOM´THE0ORTUGUESEIN¾UENCE INTHEAREAWASTRULYOVER4HISMARKEDTHEREALSTART OF"RITISHENTRENCHMENTINTHECOUNTRY ,EFT!SALTCELLARCM INHEIGHTANDCMIN DIAMETER)VORYCARVED BYA3APIARTISTIN3IERRA ,EONE!PRINTEDINVENTORY OF-ARCHESE&ERDINANDO #OSPIFROMLISTSTHIS ITEMAS±ANANCIENTIVORY CHALICEWITHALID²4HEREARE SNAKESCONFRONTINGDOGS THEREISANAKEDWOMAN ONTHEBACKOFAANIMALOF SOMESORTPLUSTWOOTHER FEMALE½GURES4HEREIS ATHEORYTHATTHETHEME MAYHAVEBEENSUGGESTED WITHTHEAIDOFDRAWINGS BYTHE%UROPEANCLIENTAS THESEMOTIFSARESORAREIN THISTYPEOFCARVING.OW IN"OLOGNA)TALY¯-USEI #IVICID´!RTE!NTICA "ELOW!NOTHER/LIPHANT CMINLENGTH)VORY CARVEDBYA3APIARTISTFROM 3IERRA,EONETH¯TH #ENTURY!$DEPICTING HUNTINGSCENESINCLUDING MYTHOLOGICALMONSTERSAND ACENTAURSTRIKINGARROWSAN ELEPHANTWITHASMALLTOWER ONITBACK!LONGTHEBODY OFTHESPIRALISAPRAYER ±$!0!#%-$/-).%). $9%"53./342)3².OW INAPRIVATECOLLECTION CONGRATULATIONS ON 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE! Chapter 3. Towards Progress and Equilibrium – . !STHEPOWEROF0ORTUGALWANEDTHE MOSTSIGNI½CANT%UROPEANIN¾UENCEON 3IERRA,EONEWASEXERTEDBYTHE"RITISH !SEARLYASTHEREWASA"RITISH TRADINGPOSTINTHEVICINITYOF3HERBRO )SLANDABOUTMILESFROMWHERE &REETOWNISSITUATEDTODAY T HE"RITISH&RENCH$UTCHAND OCCASIONAL0ORTUGUESEMISSIONARIES CONTINUEDTOTRADEANDPROSELETYZE INTHEAREAFORTHENEXTYEARS!LSODURING THATPERIODTHE½RSTSLAVESWEREBROUGHTFROM 7EST!FRICAINCLUDING3IERRA,EONETO.ORTH !MERICA"RITAINAND"RITISHSEAFARERSPLAYED AMAJORROLEINTHISTRADE!LTHOUGH"RITAIN DIDNOTOUTLAWTHESLAVETRADEUNTILAS EARLYASAPLANWASIMPLEMENTEDBYTHE 3T'EORGE´S"AY#OMPANYCOMPOSEDOF"RITISH PHILANTHROPISTSTOSETTLEENSLAVED!FRICANSWHO HADBEENPROMISEDTHEIRFREEDOMFORJOININGTHE "RITISH!RMYDURINGTHE!MERICAN2EVOLUTION 2ATHERTHANHAVINGTO½NANCIALLYSUPPORTTHEM IN,ONDONAMOREPRAGMATICSOLUTIONWASTO SETTLETHEMIN3IERRA,EONEINWHATTHEYCALLED ±4HE0ROVINCEOF&REEDOM²-ORE"LACK,OYALISTS FOLLOWEDOVERTHENEXTYEARSANDBYTHEY HADESTABLISHEDASETTLEMENTAT&REETOWN4HIS SETTLEMENTWASJOINEDBYOTHERGROUPSOFFREE SLAVESANDBECAMEONEOF"RITAIN´S½RSTCOLONIES IN7EST!FRICA )N3IERRA,EONEWASSTILLLITTLEMORE THANATRADINGPOSTEXTENDINGONLYAFEW MILESUPTHEPENINSULAFROM&REETOWN4HE VASTMAJORITYOFTHELANDAREATHATCONSTITUTES PRESENTDAY3IERRA,EONEWASSTILLPEOPLED ANDCONTROLLEDBYTHEINDIGENOUSTRIBESSUCH ASTHE-ENDEANDTHE4EMME!SHAPPENED ELSEWHEREIN!FRICATHEPROCESSOFCOLONIZATION WASLARGELYDRIVENBYTRADE4REATIESWEREMADE WITHTHELOCALCHIEFSTOSECURETHELOCALPEACESO THATCOMMERCECOULDCONTINUEUNINTERRUPTED !SIN)NDIATHE"RITISH'OVERNMENTSECURED THEPEACENOTSOMUCHBYTHEUSEOFMILITARY FORCEASBYAGREEINGTOPAYACHIEFASTIPENDIN RETURNFORACOMMITMENTFROMHIMTOKEEPTHE PEACEWITHHISNEIGHBOURS4HE"RITISHQUICKLY REALISEDTHATNOTONLYWASTHEREINSUF½CIENT MILITARYFORCEAVAILABLETOTAKEANDCONTROLAN 26 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% !BOVE"RITISHARMYOF½CERS STATIONEDIN3IERRA,EONE SHORTLYAFTER77))ATTHE ENGINEERINGWORKSNEAR 4OWER(ILLNEXTTOWHATIS NOW4HE0RESIDENT´SOF½CE EMPIREBUTTHATEVENIFAMILITARYFORCECOULD BEASSEMBLEDITSUSEMIGHTWELLBECOUNTER PRODUCTIVEINTHELONGERTERM4HUSAN%MPIRE WASACQUIREDBYSTEALTHANDMOSTLYTHROUGHTHE MEDIUMOFTRADE!CHIEFMIGHTALSOBEBRIBED TOKEEPROADSOPENTHUSALLOWINGTHECOLONIAL ADMINISTRATIONTOCOLLECTCUSTOMDUTIESANDTO SETTLEDISPUTESBETWEENTRIBES!FTERTHESE TREATIESREQUIREDCHIEFSTODESISTFROMSLAVE TRADING 4HISISNOTTOSAYTHATWHENTHESEMETHODS FAILEDTHE"RITISHDIDNOTUSEMILITARYMEANS )NFORINSTANCE'OVERNOR4URNERLEDA MILITARYEXPEDITIONTOPUNISHACHIEFFORREFUSING TOCEDETERRITORYTOTHE"RITISHANDFORENGAGING INTHESLAVETRADE,ATERTHESAMEYEARANOTHER EXPEDITIONWENTUPTHE*ONG2IVERANDSACKED !BOVE3IERRA,EONE´S½RST 0RIME-INISTER3IR-ILTON -ARGAIDANCESWITH(ER -AJESTY4HE1UEENONHER VISITTO3IERRA,EONEIN #OMMENDAATOWNBELONGINGTOANOTHER RECALCITRANTCHIEF4HISPOLICYOFDIVIDEANDRULE CONTINUEDTHROUGHOUTTHEBESTPARTOFTHETH #ENTURY 4HENINTHESTHESOCALLED±3CRAMBLE FOR!FRICA²WHEN"RITAIN&RANCE'ERMANY 0ORTUGAL)TALYAND3PAINALLTRIPPEDOVEREACH OTHERTOGRABASMUCHLANDONTHE!FRICAN CONTINENTASPOSSIBLESPURRED"RITAINTO FORMALISEITSINTERESTIN3IERRA,EONE4HETHREAT INTHISINSTANCECAMEFROM&RANCE4OFORESTALLA &RENCHINCURSIONINTOWHATTHE"RITISHHADCOME TOCONSIDERASTHEIROWNSPHEREOFIN¾UENCE EFFORTSWEREREVIVEDTO½NALISEABOUNDARY AGREEMENTWITH&RANCEBETWEEN3IERRA,EONE AND&RENCH'UINEA)N*ANUARYABOUNDARY AGREEMENTWASSIGNEDIN0ARIS!SINOTHERPARTS OFTHE"RITISH%MPIRETHISBOUNDARYWASIMPOSED ANDDIDNOTNECESSARILYCONFORMTOTRIBAL BOUNDARIES4OTHISDAYMANYOFTHETENSIONS WITHINMODERNNATIONSTATESDERIVEATLEASTIN PARTFROMTHEARTI½CIALBOUNDARIESIMPOSED DURINGTHECOLONIALPERIOD4HISISNOTTOSAY THECOLONIALADMINISTRATORSWERENOTDOINGTHE BESTJOBTHEYCOULDWITHINTHECONTEXTOFTHE TIME.EVERTHELESSTHELEGACYOFMANYOFTHESE BOUNDARIESHASBEENTOXIC )N!UGUSTAN/RDERIN#OUNCILWAS ISSUEDIN7ESTMINSTERTOAUTHORISETHESMALL COLONYCENTREDON&REETOWNTOMAKELAWSFOR THETERRITORYAROUNDITEXTENDINGOUTTOTHE BOUNDARYAGREEDWITH&RANCEANDWHICHTO ALLINTENTSANDPURPOSESISTHESAMEASTHE PRESENTDAYBOUNDARY/N!UGUSTA 0ROCLAMATIONHADBEENISSUEDINTHECOLONY DECLARINGTHETERRITORYAROUND&REETOWNTOBE A"RITISH0ROTECTORATE&REETOWNREMAINEDA COLONYTHE0ROTECTORATEWASGOVERNEDFROMIT !LMOSTEVERYCHIEFTAINCYWITHINTHENEWLY ACQUIREDTERRITORIESRESPONDEDWITHARMED RESISTANCE4HEYOBJECTEDTOTHEFACTTHATMOST OFTHEPOWERSOFTHECHIEFSWEREREMOVEDAND GIVENTOCOURTSPRESIDEDOVERBY"RITISH$ISTRICT #OMMISSIONERS!NEWTAXWASLEVIEDBYTHE "RITISHANDWHENINATTEMPTSWEREMADETO COLLECTTHISTAXANARMEDINSURRECTIONENSUED 3EPARATERISINGSINTHE.ORTHAND3OUTHARE COLLECTIVELYREFERREDTOASTHE(UT4AX7AROF 4HEYWERE½RMLYPUTDOWNBYTHE"RITISH ANDITSLEADERSWEREEITHEREXILEDTOTHE'OLD #OASTOREXECUTED!FTERTHE(UT4AX7ARTHERE WASNOFURTHERSIGNI½CANTARMEDRESISTANCETO COLONIALISMTHOUGHDISSENTTOOKOTHERFORMS &ORINSTANCE3IERRA,EONEDEVELOPEDANACTIVE TRADEUNIONMOVEMENTWHOSESTRIKESWEREOFTEN SUPPORTEDBYWIDESPREADRIOTSAMONGTHEWIDER POPULATION 4HE"RITISHCONTINUEDTORULEIN3IERRA ,EONEPARTLYBYPROXY)NRETURNFORMAINTAINING THECHIEFSINTHEIRPRIVILEGEDPOSITIONSTHEY WEREEXPECTEDTOPROVIDEPOLICINGANDLABOUR ANDCOLLECTTAXES#HIEFSWHOWERENOTWILLINGTO PLAYTHISROLEWEREREPLACEDBYMORECOMPLIANT ONES.OTSURPRISINGLYTHEATTITUDEOF!FRICANS TOWARDSTHEIRCHIEFSWASANAMBIVALENTONE #ONSEQUENTLYTHROUGHOUTTHECOLONIALPERIOD 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 27 . 4OP2UINSOFTHESLAVE MERCHANT´SHOUSEON"UNCE )SLAND !BOVE!NOLD"RITISHMADE CANNONONCEUSEDTODEFEND "UNCE)SLANDONTHESHORES OFTHEISLAND 28 50 INTHETH#ENTURYTHEREWERENUMEROUSRIOTS DIRECTEDATTHETRIBALCHIEFS4HESECULMINATED INTHERIOTSWHICHTOOKPLACERIGHT ACROSSTHE0ROTECTORATEANDWHICHHADTOBE SUPPRESSEDCAUSINGCONSIDERABLELOSSOFLIFEBY THE!RMY (OWEVERMUCHOFTHE"RITISHLEGACYIN 3IERRA,EONEHASBEENPOSITIVE)NTHEEARLY TH#ENTURY&REETOWNSERVEDASTHERESIDENCE OFTHE"RITISH'OVERNORWHOALSORULEDTHE'OLD #OASTAND'AMBIASETTLEMENTS#ONSEQUENTLY &REETOWNBECAMETHEEDUCATIONALCENTREOF "RITISH7EST!FRICAASWELL!SEARLYAS 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% &OURAH"AY#OLLEGEWASESTABLISHEDWHICH BECAMEAGREATCENTREOFLEARNINGFORALL%NGLISH SPEAKING!FRICANSONTHE7EST#OAST&OR MORETHANACENTURYITWASTHEONLY%UROPEAN EDUCATIONALESTABLISHMENTOFUNIVERSITYSTATUSIN 7ESTERN3UB3AHARAN!FRICA)TEXISTSTOTHISDAY 4HE#ONSTITUTIONPROVIDEDAFRAMEWORK FORCOLONIZATION3IR-ILTON-ARGAIWAS APPOINTEDTHE½RST#HIEF-INISTERIN &INALLYIN!PRIL3IERRA,EONEGAINEDITS INDEPENDENCE)TRETAINEDAPARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMOF'OVERNMENTANDWASWELCOMEDINTO THE"RITISH#OMMONWEALTHOF.ATIONS4HE 3IERRA,EONE0EOPLE´S0ARTY3,00LEDBY3IR -ILTON-ARGAIWONTHE½RSTGENERALELECTIONIN -AY 4HE"RITISHPERIODOFRULEIN3IERRA,EONE WASFORTHEMOSTPARTWITHINTHECONTEXTOFITS TIMEARELATIVELYBENIGNADMINISTRATION.OR DIDTHE"RITISHATTEMPTTOHANGONTOPOWER FORANYLONGERTHANWASNECESSARYTOENSURE ANEF½CIENTHANDOVER)NDEED3IERRA,EONE WASONEOFTHE½RSTOF"RITAIN´SCOLONIESTOGAIN INDEPENDENCEAFTERTHE3ECOND7ORLD7AR 4HEREARESOMETHATWOULDARGUEGIVENWHATHAS HAPPENEDIN3IERRA,EONESINCEINDEPENDENCE THATPERHAPSINDEPENDENCECAMETOOEARLY9ET ITISDIF½CULTTOSEEHOW"RITAINCOULDHAVEDONE OTHERWISE4HEAPPETITEFORINDEPENDENCEIN THEEARLY´SWASINTENSEAND3IERRA,EONE SEEMEDIDEALLYQUALI½EDTOMAKEITSOWNWAYIN THEWORLD Chapter 4. Sierra Leone – 3IERRA,EONEANSLIKETOSEETHEMSELVESAS PEACELOVINGPEOPLEANDYETTHEROADSINCE INDEPENDENCEHASOCCASIONALLYBEENA VERYBLOODYONE4HISISASTARKCONTRASTTO THEDAY3IERRA,EONEANS½RSTAWOKETOTHE REALISATIONTHATTHEYWEREABOUTTOJOINTHE GROWINGLISTOFINDEPENDENTNATIONS . ,EFT3IGNATAROUNDABOUT WITHTHENATIONALCRESTAND MOTTO O NTH-AYONTHESTEPSOFTHE FAMOUS,ANCASTER(OUSEIN,ONDON)AIN -C,EOD4HE3ECRETARYOF3TATEFORTHE #OLONIESADDRESSEDDELEGATESANDTHEPRESSWITH THESEWORDS ±"YSIGNINGTHIS2EPORT)AMSOTOSPEAKREGISTERING THEBIRTHOFINDEPENDENT3IERRA,EONEONTH!PRIL 4HISISTHEGREATRESULTOFOURTALKS4HEYHAVEBEEN MARKEDBYFRIENDSHIPANDCORDIALITYWHILENOTLACKINGIN FRANKNESSANDPLAINSPEAKING3IERRA,EONEAND"RITAIN HAVEBEENFRIENDSFORYEARS!LLOFUSWHOHAVETAKEN PARTINTHETALKSSEENOREASONWHYASINDEPENDENTSTATES WESHOULDNOTREMAINCLOSEFRIENDSFORMANYYEARSTO COME¨² !BOVE%LECTIONPOSTERFOR ONEOFTHEPARTIES0-$# THATCONTESTEDTHE ELECTIONS )NHISCLOSINGREMARKSATTHEENDOFTHOSEHISTORIC TALKS3IR-ILTON-ARGAIRESPONDED ±4HISISAMEMORABLEDAY)REMEMBERHOWWESTARTEDWITH FRIENDSHIPANDTHECORDIALITYWITHWHICHWEHAVEBEEN ABLETODISCUSSTHINGS"EFORE)LEFT3IERRA,EONE)TOLDMY PEOPLEWEWEREGOINGTOMEETOURFRIENDSANDWESHOULD HAVENODOUBTSABOUTTHEM4HATISWHATHASHAPPENED TODAY¨WEWILLNEVERBEINAPOSITIONTOLETYOUREGRET WHATYOUHAVEDONEAND3IERRA,EONEWILLFOREVERBE FRIENDSOF"RITAIN¨² 4HOSEREMARKSATTHEENDOFTHE,ANCASTER(OUSE TALKSPERFECTLYENCAPSULATEDTHENATUREOFTHE DISCUSSIONS4HEREHADBEENNONEOFTHERANCOUR REPORTEDINDISCUSSIONSBETWEENOTHERASPIRING COLONIALTERRITORIESANDTHEIRERSTWHILERULERS 7HEN3IERRA,EONEATTAINEDINDEPENDENT STATUSONTH!PRILMANYSAWITASTHEEND OFAJOURNEYMANYMORESAWITASTHEBEGINNINGOF ONE)NAWAYBOTHSIDESWERECORRECT&ORTHOSEIN THEFORMERCAMPINDEPENDENCEWASTHENATURAL CONCLUSIONTOWHERETHECOUNTRYHADBEENHEADING INEXORABLYALMOSTSINCETHE½RSTSTIRRINGSOFPOLITICAL ENFRANCHISEMENTHADBEENAWAKENED4HOSEWHO 30 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% HELDTHELATTERBUTNOTDIAMETRICALLYOPPOSITEVIEW SAWINDEPENDENCEASTHETIMEWHENTHE³REALWORK WOULDBEGIN´ 4HESEVIEWSWERECERTAINLYRE¾ECTEDANDECHOED ATTHE,ANCASTER(OUSE,ONDONCONFERENCEHELDTHE YEARBEFORE3IERRABECAMEANINDEPENDENTNATION 3PEAKINGATTHEOPENINGCEREMONYAT,ANCASTER (OUSEINATTHOSETALKSTHE3ECRETARYOF3TATE FORTHE#OLONIESHADTHISTOSAYTOTHE3IERRA,EONE DELEGATION ±,ETMESAYHEREANDNOWTHAT)RECOGNISETHESTRENGTHOF YOURASPIRATIONSONTHEATTAINMENTOFINDEPENDENCEATAN EARLYDATE)TWASINTHATSPIRITTHAT)ISSUEDANINVITATION TOYOUR'OVERNMENTTOSENDANALLPARTYDELEGATIONTO THESETALKS¨² 2IGHT"RIGADIER*ULIUS -AADA"IOOFTHE.ATIONAL 0ROVISIONAL2ULING#OUNCIL .02#WITH#ORPORAL &ODAY3ANKOHOFTHE 2EVOLUTIONARY5NITED&RONT 25&AFTERPEACETALKSIN ,OME 4HE3ECRETARYOF3TATEWENTONTOSAY ±)NMYCOMMUNICATIONTOTHE'OVERNOR)REFERREDTO ANUMBEROFIMPORTANTISSUESWHICHWOULDHAVETOBE CAREFULLYEXAMINED)EMPHASISEDTHATTHEATTAINMENT OFNATIONALSOVEREIGNTYWOULDBRINGWITHITINCREASED RESPONSIBILITIESINBOTHTHEINTERNATIONALANDDOMESTIC SPHEREANDTHATTHECONFERENCEWOULDPROVIDEAFORUM FORDISCUSSINGALLTHEPROBLEMSTHATWOULDREQUIRESOLUTION IFTHEWELFAREANDPROGRESSOFTHEPEOPLEOF3IERRA,EONE WERETOBEPROPERLYSAFEGUARDED¨² 3OITWASTHATTHEGAUNTLETWASTHROWNDOWNTOALLOF THOSEATTENDINGTHECONFERENCEREMINDINGTHEMOF THERESPONSIBILITYTHATWOULDFALLONTHEIRSHOULDERS ONCETHEGOALOFINDEPENDENCEHADBEENACHIEVED 4HEMENREPRESENTING3IERRA,EONEATTHAT CONFERENCEHADNODOUBTSTHATGIVENTHETENACITY THATTHEYHADSHOWNINGETTINGTOTHISPOINTTHEY HADNOOPTIONOTHERTHANTOSUCCEED 4OANOUTSIDERSTUDYING!FRICANPOLITICSIN 3IERRA,EONEMAYHAVEAPPEAREDTOBE±JUST ANOTHEROFTHOSE!FRICANNATIONSSEEKINGTOBECOME INDEPENDENT²(OWEVERTOTHECONFERENCEDELEGATE ANDALL3IERRA,EONEANSTHEYHADNEVERSEEN THEMSELVESASBELONGINGTO±JUSTANOTHERCOUNTRY² FARFROMITTHEYHAVEALWAYSSEENTHEMSELVESASA COUNTRYTHATALREADYHADANAMAZINGHISTORYAND WASLIKELYTOBERULEDBYPEOPLEDETERMINEDTOKEEP ONMAKINGHISTORY 3IR-ILTON-ARGAISOONTOBECOMETHE INDEPENDENTNATION´S½RST0RIME-INISTERHADTHE HONOUROFRESPONDINGATTHEOPENINGSESSIONOF THATCONFERENCE(EUSEDTHEOPPORTUNITYTO REMARKONTHECORDIALNATUREOFRELATIONSBETWEEN THETWOCOUNTRIESANDTHATTHECONFERENCEWOULD ENDWITHANAGREEDDATEFORINDEPENDENCE)N CONCLUDINGHISOPENINGRESPONSEHESAID ±¨WEHOPETHATATTHEENDWESHALLHAVEREACHED AGREEMENTONOURDATEFORINDEPENDENCEANDTHAT WESHALLHAVERECEIVEDTHEPROMISEOF(ER-AJESTY´S 'OVERNMENTTOSPONSOROURFULLMEMBERSHIPINTHE #OMMONWEALTH¨² 4HEPOPULARLAST"RITISH'OVERNOR3IR-AURICE $ORMANHADALSOBEENREADYTOLENDHISSUPPORT ALBEITSPRINKLEDWITHSOMEREMARKABLYPRESCIENT 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 31 . WORDSATTHE,ANCASTER(OUSEOPENINGSESSION ,EFT-EMBERSOFTHE0OLICE FORCEMARCHPAST ±¨)NPRESENTTIMES3IERRA,EONEHASACQUIREDWHAT)CAN ONLYDESCRIBEASACERTAINNOTORIETYBOTHFORITSCLIMATE WHICHISADMIRABLEANDFORITSDIAMONDSWHICHAREA MIXEDBLESSING)NTHEFUTUREWEALLRECOGNISETHATHARD TIMESECONOMICALLYAND½NANCIALLYMAYLIEAHEADOF US¨² 4HE½RSTTASKTOBEADDRESSEDBYTHEDELEGATESWAS TOAGREEWHATINTERIMCHANGESWERENEEDEDWITH ALMOSTIMMEDIATEEFFECT4HE½RSTTOBEAGREEDWAS THATTHE'OVERNORWOULDHANDOVERTHE0RESIDENCY OFTHE%XECUTIVE#OUNCILWHICHWOULDHENCEFORTH BECALLED4HE#ABINETTOTHE0REMIERWHOSETITLE WOULDALSOBECHANGEDTO³0RIME-INISTER´)TWAS FURTHERAGREEDTOSETUP%XECUTIVE0UBLIC3ERVICE AND*UDICIAL3ERVICE#OMMISSIONSANDAGREETHE -INISTERSWHOWOULDHAVERESPONSIBILITYFOR$EFENCE THE0OLICEAND%XTERNAL!FFAIRS !CRUCIALELEMENTOFTHECONFERENCEWASTHE AGREEMENTTHATONINDEPENDENCETHECONSTITUTION WOULDINCLUDECLAUSESABOUTFUNDAMENTALHUMAN RIGHTSASWELLASCLAUSESRELATINGTOPROCEDURES PERCENTAGEOFPARLIAMENTARIANSNEEDEDETCFORANY CHANGESTOTHECONSTITUTIONANDFORENTRENCHINGTHE BASICTENETSOFTHECONSTITUTIONALPROVISIONS 4HEPARALLELTALKSHELDWHILETHECONFERENCEWAS ONGOINGHADAGREEDTHATTHEREWOULDBEAMUTUAL DEFENCEAGREEMENTTOBESIGNEDIMMEDIATELYAFTER INDEPENDENCE!SAFURTHERSIGNOFGOODWILLTHE 5NITED+INGDOM'OVERNMENTOFFEREDASSISTANCE TOTALLINGMINTHEFORMOFLOANSGRANTS ANDTECHNICALASSISTANCEFORWHATWEREDEEMED ³TRANSITIONAL´ARRANGEMENTS !TTHETIMETHEREWEREALARGENUMBEROF 3IERRA,EONEANSTUDENTSSTUDYINGINTHE5+AND 32 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% "ELOW$ETAILFROMTHEFRONT OFTHEMAIN,AW#OURTS BUILDINGINTHECENTREOF &REETOWN THEDELEGATESENSUREDTHATTHEYKEPTTHEMABREAST OFDEVELOPMENTS4HISWASVITALINANAGEWHERE MASSCOMMUNICATIONWASNOTEASY3IERRA,EONE´S #OMMISSIONERTOTHE5NITED+INGDOMATTHE TIME$R2%+ELFA#AULKERMADESURETOACTAS BRIDGEBETWEENTHEDELEGATESAND3IERRA,EONEAN EXPATRIATES !SMENTIONEDEARLIERTHEATTAINMENTOF INDEPENDENTSELFGOVERNINGSTATUSHADBEENCOMING SINCETHEFOUNDATIONOF&REETOWNASA³0ROVINCEOF &REEDOM´IN *USTTHREEYEARSAFTERTHATIN³GOVERNMENT´ OFTHETERRITORYHADBEENBYA"OARDOF$IRECTORS OF4HE3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYFORMERLY4HE3T 'EORGE´S"AY#OMPANY"YNOTONLYWASTHE 3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYGIVENA2OYAL#HARTERBUT . THE'OVERNORIN#OUNCILWASALSOGIVENLEGISLATIVE POWERS4HE"RITISH0ARLIAMENTABOLISHEDSLAVERYIN ANDWASTOUSE3IERRA,EONEASTHEPOINTFROM WHICHITENFORCEDABOLITIONSEIZINGANDDESTROYING SLAVETRADINGSHIPSANDFREEINGTHOSECAPTUREDIN 3IERRA,EONE"Y3IERRA,EONEWASMADEA "RITISH#ROWN#OLONY!SFARBACKASITWAS DECIDEDTHATANUNOF½CIALMEMBERSHOULDBE APPOINTEDTOTHE!DVISORY#OUNCIL3OITWASTHAT THE'OVERNORHADBEENINSTRUCTEDTOCHOOSETHE MEMBER±FROMAMONGSTTHEMOSTCONSIDERABLEOF THE0ROTESTANTINHABITANTSRESIDINGINTHE#OLONY² !NDSOCHANGESCAMEGRADUALLYUNTILWHEN THEPRINCIPLEOFREPRESENTATIVEGOVERNMENTWAS ESTABLISHEDINTHECOUNTRY4HEFOLLOWINGYEARSAW THEDECISIONTOACCORDONEOFTHESIXELECTED3IERRA ,EONEANSONTHE%XECUTIVE#OUNCILTHETITLEOF#HIEF -INISTER 7ITHTHENATIONWIDEEXTENSIONOFTHEELECTORAL FRANCHISECAMETHE½RST'ENERAL%LECTIONSIN-AY 4HISWASAMAJORSTEPFORWARDINTHECOUNTRY´S POLITICALGROWTH4HESEELECTIONSINEVITABLYLED TOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHE½RSTALL3IERRA ,EONEAN%XECUTIVE#OUNCIL4HISYEARALSOSAWTHE REPLACEMENTOFALLOF½CIALMEMBERSOFTHE%XECUTIVE #OUNCILWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHE'OVERNOR 4HENEWLYELECTED#HAMBER4HE(OUSEOF 2EPRESENTATIVESNOWCONSISTEDOFELECTEDMEMBERS WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHE0ARAMOUNT#HIEFSWHO WEREELECTEDBYTHE$ISTRICT#OUNCILS 4(%%!2,9-!*/2 #/.34)454)/.!,$%6%,/0-%.43 "ETWEENANDTHEREHADBEEN%XECUTIVE AND,EGISLATIVE#OUNCILS4HEESTABLISHMENTOFTHE LATTERLEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFREPRESENTATIVE ELECTEDCABINETGOVERNMENT4HE½RSTELECTIONSIN THECOUNTRYUNITINGTHE#OLONYANDTHE0ROTECTORATE WEREHELDIN 4HE#ONSTITUTIONISOFTENCITEDASONEOF THEMAJORLANDMARKSINTHECOUNTRY´SHISTORYAND AMAJORONEONTHEROADTOSELFGOVERNMENT4HIS WASBECAUSEITCREATEDALARGEUNOF½CIALMAJORITYIN WHATWASSTILLTHE,EGISLATIVE#OUNCILBYINCREASING THENUMBEROFUNOF½CIALMEMBERSTOUPFROM ATTHESAMETIMEASREDUCINGTHEOF½CIALSDOWN FROMTOSEVEN)TWASTHIS#ONSTITUTIONTHATPAVED THEWAYFORTHEAPPOINTMENTOF-INISTERSFROMTHE RANKSOFTHEUNOF½CIALMEMBERSIN)N 3IR-ILTON-ARGAIWASACCORDEDTHETITLE³#HIEF -INISTER´ 4HE#ONSTITUTIONWASTHEONETHAT WIDENEDTHEFRANCHISEFORELECTIONTOTHELEGISLATURE ANDUSHEREDINANEWELECTORALSYSTEMINTHE 0ROTECTORATE4HISWASTHE#ONSTITUTIONTHAT BROUGHTTHECOUNTRYCLOSESTTOFULLREPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT-OSTCRUCIALLYITBROUGHTWITHIT UNIVERSALADULTSUFFRAGE . !BOVE0RESIDENT!HMAD 4EJAN+ABBAH,RECEIVES THE3TAFFOF/F½CEFROM "RIGADIER*ULIUS-AADA "IO2IN ANDTHE.ATIONAL#OUNCILOF3IERRA,EONE.#3, )NTHATELECTIONTHE3,00EMERGEDASTHECLEAR WINNERANDFORMEDTHEGOVERNMENT4HE500WITH SIXSEATSFORMEDTHEOF½CIALOPPOSITION4HEOTHER TWOPARTIESDIDNOTWINANYSEATS!YEARLATERSAW ANEWPARTYFORMEDBY!LBERT-ARGAI3IR-ILTON´S BROTHER"YINDEPENDENCETHISPARTYTHE0EOPLE´S .ATIONAL0ARTY0.0HADFOURSEATSINTHE(OUSE OF2EPRESENTATIVES"YTHETIMEOFINDEPENDENCE OTHERPARTIESHADJOINEDTHEPOLITICALFRAYWITHTHE FORMATIONOFTHE)NDEPENDENT0ROGRESSIVE0ARTY )00THE2ADICAL$EMOCRATIC0ARTY2$0ANDTHE 3IERRA,EONE)NDEPENDENT0ROGRESSIVE-OVEMENT 3,)0-4HE!LL0EOPLE´S#ONGRESS!0#WHICH WOULDCOMETOSHAREDOMINATIONOFTHEPARTY POLITICALLANDSCAPEWITHTHE3,00WASONLYFORMED ON3EPTEMBERLESSTHANONEYEARBEFORE INDEPENDENCE 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THEGOVERNMENTLISTEDPUBLICENTERPRISES THATFELLINTOTHISCATEGORY"Y.OVEMBERTHE CONCESSIONTOMANAGETHECOUNTRY´SMAINPORTHAD BEENSIGNEDWITHA&RENCHCOMPANY"OLLORE 4HISISTHEFULLLISTOFTHEPUBLICENTERPRISES SCHEDULEDTOBEPRIVATISED 3IERRA,EONE(OUSING#ORPORATION 3IERRA,EONE0RODUCE-ARKETING"OARD -ININGAND'ENERAL3ERVICES,IMITED 3IERRA,EONE2OAD4RANSPORT#ORPORATION 3IERRA,EONE4ELECOMMUNICATIONS#OMPANY ,IMITED 3IERRA,EONE!IRPORT!UTHORITY#ONTRACT SIGNEDWITH&RENCHCOMPANY"OLLORE.OV .ATIONAL0OWER!UTHORITY 3IERRA,EONE0ORTS!UTHORITY !BOVE!N³/KADA´ MOTORCYCLETAXIRIDERWITH PASSENGERS 'UMA6ALLEY7ATER#OMPANY 3IERRA.ATIONAL3HIPPING#OMPANY,IMITED .ATIONAL)NSURANCE#OMPANY 3IERRA,EONE3TATE,OTTERY#OMPANY,IMITED 3IERRA,EONE#OMMERCIAL"ANK,IMITED .ATIONAL$EVELOPMENT"ANK,IMITED 3IERRA,EONE2OADS!UTHORITY 2OKEL#OMMERCIAL"ANK,IMITED -ARINE2ESOURCESASWITHTHECOUNTRY´STOURISM SECTORSOTOOTHEMARINEINDUSTRYHAS³BENE½TED´ FROMALACKOFCAPACITY4HISLACKOFCAPACITYHAS ENSUREDTHATTHECOUNTRY´SABUNDANT½SHSTOCKS HAVENOTBEENDEPLETED)NFACTONEOFTHEMAJOR CHALLENGESFACINGTHEAUTHORITIESISHAVINGASTRONG ENOUGHMARINEDEFENCECAPABILITYTOKEEPATBAY ILLEGAL½SHERSFROMLARGERSTRONGERNATIONSTHAT STRAYINTOTHEIRTERRITORIALWATERS7ITH½SHING EXPECTEDTOGENERATEMMSUSTAINABLE REVENUEONANANNUALBASISITISANOTHEROBVIOUS SIGNI½CANTAREARIPEFORINVESTMENT -!.5&!#452).' 4HECOUNTRYALREADYHASSOMELARGEMANUFACTURERS WHOHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDFORANUMBEROFYEARS 4HESEINCLUDE 4HE3IERRA,EONE"REWERY¯AJOINTVENTURE BETWEEN(EINEKENWHICHOWNS 'UINNESSAND0:#USSONSANDLOCAL INVESTORS)NCIDENTALLYTHE³0:´IN³0: #USSONS´STANDSFOR0ATERSON:OCHONISWHICH WASSTARTEDON"ONTHE)SLAND3IERRA,EONE INBY'EORGE0ATERSONAND'EORGE :OCHONISWHENTHEYOPENEDATRADINGPOST )NTHECOMPANYACQUIREDTHEWORLD FAMOUS#USSONS'ROUP,TD4HECOMPANY HASGONEONTOMAKEMANYOTHERACQUISITIONS SINCE ,EOCEM¯OWNEDBY(EIDELBERG #EMENTWHICHHASAGRINDINGPLANTIN &REETOWNEMPLOYINGEMPLOYEES 3IERRA"OTTLING#O¯OWNEDBYTHE%QUATORIAL #OCA#OLA"OTTLING#OMPANYPRODUCINGFOUR MILLIONCASESPERANNUM 3EABOARD7EST!FRICA¯PRODUCESOF¾OUR %STABLISHEDINWITHOWNEDBYTHE 'OVERNMENTOF3IERRA,EONE 4HE3IERRA,EONE)NVESTMENTAND%XPORT0ROMOTION !GENCY3,)%0!ISTHE½RSTPORTOFCALLFORINVESTORS WANTINGTO½NDOUTINFORMATIONABOUTINVESTINGIN 3IERRA,EONEANDCANBEFOUNDATWWWSLIEPAORG )NVESTORSAREENCOURAGEDTOENSUREALLTHEIR TRANSACTIONSAREDONETHROUGHOF½CIALCHANNELSTO AVOIDTHERISKOFBEINGSWINDLED 7ITHTHESEVASTUNTAPPEDRESOURCESAND POTENTIALYOUWONDERHOWLONGTHECOUNTRY CANCONTINUETOBEANUNDISCOVEREDINVESTMENT DESTINATION!FTERALL'EORGE3OROSMUSTKNOWA THINGORTWOABOUTINVESTING 4HECOUNTRYREALLYIS³READYANDOPEN FORBUSINESS´ 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 45 . A Fantastic Journey A Fant ast ic Journey African Minerals 0RO½LEOF&RANK4IMISCHARISMATICCHIEFOF!FRICAN -INERALSAND!FRICAN0ETROLEUM 2IGHT&RANKAMONGHIS WORKFORCEONTHE0EPELTO 4ONKOLILIRAILCONSTRUCTION ,EFT$SEISMICBOATUSEDBY !FRICAN0ETROLEUM "ELOWRIGHT&RANK RECEIVESTHE5.DESIGNATED )90%AWARDFOR³-OST 3IGNI½CANT%NVIRONMENTAL AND3USTAINABILITY!CTION 0ROGRAMME´FOR!FRICAN -INERALSTHE½RSTTIMEEVERA MININGCOMPANYHASRECEIVED THISAWARD &EWBUSINESSLEADERSHAVEALIFESTORYTOMATCH &RANK4IMISWRITES2UPERT0RIOR/F2OMANIAN DESCENTHESTARTEDHISWORKINGLIFEAGEDYEARS ASALABOURERIN7ESTERN!USTRALIAPROSPECTINGFOR GOLDANDDIAMONDS!DECADELATERHEESTABLISHED HIS½RSTMININGOPERATIONANDEVIDENCEOFHIS DETERMINATIONANDDRIVEEXPANDEDHISBUSINESSINTO AGROUPOFRICHNATURALRESOURCEASSETSWORLDWIDE ±7ORKINGFROMTHEBOTTOMUPFROMZERO²SAID&RANK 4IMISCALLINGTOMINDHISMODESTBEGINNINGSAND EARLYWORKINGYEARS±ISTHEGREATESTEXPERIENCEAS YOUSEEITALLATTHATLEVEL)T´SAREALADVANTAGEWHEN THETIMECOMESTOMAKESTRATEGICDECISIONS² /NEOFTHETOPENTREPRENEURSINTHE5+HIS ADOPTEDHOMEHISCONTINUINGINVESTMENTIN3IERRA ,EONEINTERMSOFBOTH½NANCIALINVOLVEMENTAND INFRASTRUCTUREINITIATIVESISCRUCIALINACOUNTRY UNDERGOINGINTENSECHANGEANDREDRESSINGTHE IMBALANCEAFTERAPERIODOFPOLITICALINSTABILITY #HAIRMANOF4IMIS#ORPORATIONAMULTIBILLION DOLLARHOLDINGOFCOMPANIESINTHEMININGOIL ANDGASLIFESCIENCESANDAGRICULTURALSECTORSHIS AF½NITYWITH3IERRA,EONETHELOCATIONOF!FRICAN -INERALS,IMITED4IMIS#ORPORATION´S¾AGSHIP ENTERPRISEISPIVOTALTOTHESUCCESSOFTHECOUNTRY ±"OTH!FRICAN-INERALSAND!FRICAN0ETROLEUMWANT TOSHARETHEIRRESOURCESTOCREATEABETTERWORLD IN3IERRA,EONE2EMEMBERWEAREGUESTSINTHEIR COUNTRY² !IMLISTED!FRICAN-INERALSDISCOVERYIN OF4ONKOLILIIRONOREDEPOSITLEDTOFORMAL AGREEMENTSINCLUDINGANEXCLUSIVEYEARPORT ANDRAILLEASEANDANAPPROVED-INING,ICENCEWITH THE3IERRA,EONE'OVERNMENT4HEBILLION TONNE*/2##OMPLIANTRESOURCEISTHEWORLD´S LARGESTAND!FRICAN-INERALSSHAREINTHEGLOBAL IRONORESECTORISSETTOMARKEDLYINCREASEWHEN HEMATITEIRONOREPRODUCTIONSTARTSLATERTHISYEAR TOBEFOLLOWEDBYMAGNETITEPRODUCTION 4URNINGTOTHE½ELDOFOILEXPLORATION!FRICAN 0ETROLEUM#ORPORATION,IMITEDFOUNDEDBY4IMIS #ORPORATIONINISA7EST!FRICANFOCUSEDOIL ANDGASEXPLORATIONANDDEVELOPMENTCOMPANY 46 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% WITHAMARKETCAPITALIZATIONOFAPPROXIMATELY !BILLIONCURRENTLYHOLDINGBLOCKSOFFSHORE IN4HE'AMBIA,IBERIAAND3IERRA,EONE&URTHER APPLICATIONSHAVEBEENMADETOEXPLOREAND DEVELOPBLOCKSINTHEREGION4HESEBLOCKSARE SITUATEDALONGTHESAMECOASTLINEASTHEBILLION BARRELDISCOVERIESOF!NADARKOAND4ULLOW´S*UBILEE OIL½ELDTOTHEEASTOFFTHECOASTOF'HANAAND !NADARKO´S6ENUS-ERCURYOIL½ELDTOTHEWESTOFF THECOASTOF3IERRA,EONE ±"YDEVELOPINGSUCCESSFULCOMPANIES)CAN HELPCOMMUNITIESRELEASETHEWEALTHOFTHEIRASSETS INTOTHELOCALSOCIETY)NTHECASEOF3IERRA,EONE THISISESPECIALLYIMPORTANT²SAYS&RANK4IMISWHO ISWIDELYCREDITEDWITHINTRODUCINGANETHICAL DIMENSIONTOHISENDEAVOURS7ORKINGINCOMPANY WITHGOVERNMENTAUTHORITIESHISEFFORTSTOIMPROVE INFRASTRUCTUREFUNDSCHOOLANDSCHOLARSHIP INITIATIVESHOSPITALSANDEMERGENCYMEDICALCARE ANDTODEVELOPEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESATLOCAL LEVELHAVEPROVEDINVALUABLETOTHECOMMUNITY #ULTURALENVIRONMENTALANDCHARITABLEPROJECTS ALSORECEIVESIGNI½CANTDONATIONSWITHPARTICULAR EMPHASISONMEDICALRESEARCHFORCHILDRENAND THESPONSORSHIPOFYOUTHFOCUSEDPROGRAMMES ±)´MPUTTINGALOTOFHEARTINTO3IERRA,EONE4HE CHILDRENAREBRIGHTANDBEAUTIFULANDTHEYDESERVE BETTER)WANTTHEMTOHAVETHESAMEOPPORTUNITIES ANDLIFESTYLEASMYOWNCHILDREN&RANKAND0ATRICIA (ELPINGINTHISWAYISAREWARDINITSELF² 4OFOCUSONWORKINPROGRESS!FRICAN-INERALS ONEOFTHELARGESTPRIVATESECTOREMPLOYERSISTHE LEADINGSPONSOROFTHE,EONE3TARSTHENATIONAL SOCCERSIDEFOOTBALLISUNRIVALLEDASTHECOUNTRY´S FAVOURITESPORTAND&RANK4IMISISTHEOF½CIAL PATRONOFTHE3TREET#HILDOF3IERRA,EONECHARITY 4HECHARITY´SAIMISTHEREDUCTIONINNUMBERSOF VULNERABLECHILDRENLIVINGONTHESTREETSOFONE OFTHEWORLD´SMOSTDISADVANTAGEDCOUNTRIES$ON "OSCOA#ATHOLICCHARITYBASEDIN&REETOWNIS ANOTHERCHARITABLEORGANIZATIONTOBENE½TFROM THEENCOURAGEMENTOF&RANK4IMISWHOFUNDED THE"ASIC-OBILABUSTRAVELLINGDAILYTOSLUMS ACROSSTHECAPITALTOCOLLECTISOLATEDCHILDRENAND BRINGTHEMDAILYTOTHECHARITY´S$ON"OSCO&AMBUL CENTREIN&REETOWN !SINGLEMINDEDCOMMITMENTTO3IERRA,EONE HASLED&RANK4IMISTODIRECTLYWITNESSTHEDEADLY EFFECTSOFMALARIAINAHIGHTRANSMISSIONAREA"Y PROVIDINGESSENTIALFUNDINGTO,ONDON0HARMA ,IMITEDAKA0ROTO0HARMAA5+MEDICALRESEARCH COMPANYANANTIMALARIALSPRAYISUNDERGOING TRIALTOHELPELIMINATEADISEASEFROMWHICHAN !FRICANCHILDDIESEVERYSECONDS±)NTHE½GHT TOREDUCETHISTERRIBLETOLL²SAIDTHELATE#ALVIN *2OSS$IRECTOROF$EVELOPMENTATTHECOMPANY ±THEDEVELOPMENTOFANEWMETHODOFTREATMENTFOR INFANTSANDCHILDRENSUFFERINGFROMCOMPLICATED MALARIAWOULDNOTHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUT -R4IMISWHOWASPROMPTEDBYHIS½RSTHAND EXPERIENCEOFINFANTSANDCHILDRENDYINGIN3IERRA ,EONE² -ANYINSTITUTIONALSHAREHOLDERSWHOHAVE INVESTEDIN4IMIS#ORPORATIONSINCETHEIREARLIEST VENTURESADDTHEIRSUPPORTTOONGOINGCHARITABLE EFFORTSIN3IERRA,EONE %QUALLYDESERVINGOFMENTIONIS4HE4ONKOLILI 0ROJECTWHICHCURRENTLYEMPLOYSOVER PEOPLEBETWEENOPERATIONSANDCONSTRUCTION OFWHICHARELOCAL3IERRA,EONEANS!FRICAN -INERALSHOPETHATDEVELOPMENTSOF0HASE4WO AND4HREEWILLINCREASETHETOTALNUMBEROFPEOPLE INVOLVEDWITHTHEPROJECT!PROJECTVERYPROPERLY GIVENITSDUEWITHTHEPRESENTATIONINOF THEPRESTIGIOUS)90%)NTERNATIONAL9EAROF0LANET %ARTH!WARD !PRIZEACKNOWLEDGEDBYTHE5NITED.ATIONS ANDAWARDEDINRECOGNITIONOFTHECONTRIBUTION OF4IMIS#ORPORATIONTOTHESUSTAINABILITYOFTHE EARTH´SPRICELESSRESOURCES ,OOKINGTOTHEFUTURE&RANK4IMISSAIDTHAT ±HISTORICALLYINCOLONIALTIMES3IERRA,EONEWAS KNOWNASTHE³3WITZERLANDOF7EST!FRICA´ANDMY HOPEFORTHECOUNTRYISTHATSUCHADISTINCTIONWILL COMEAGAINFORALLTHEDESERVINGPEOPLEOF3IERRA ,EONE² 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 47 Chapter 6. Sierra Leone – !S3IERRA,EONEPREPARESTOCELEBRATE YEARSOFINDEPENDENCETHECOUNTRY½NDS ITSELFTHRUSTINTOAMAJORFOREIGNPOLICY CONTROVERSYTHATHASBEENBROUGHTABOUT BYTHESTANDOFFIN#OTED´)VOIREBETWEEN THECOUNTRY´STWO±PRESIDENTS²,AURENT 'BAGBOAND!LASSANE/UATTARA P RESIDENT%RNEST"AI+OROMAANDTHE PRESIDENTSOF"ENINAND#APE6ERDEHAVE BEENASKEDBYTHE%CONOMIC#OMMUNITY OF7EST!FRICAN3TATES%#/7!3TOCONVINCE 'BAGBOTHEINCUMBENTDEEMEDBYMOSTOFTHE INTERNATIONALCOMMUNITYTOHAVELOSTTHEPRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONIN.OVEMBERTOSTEPDOWNINFAVOUROF /UATTARAWIDELYBELIEVEDTOHAVEBEENTHEVICTOR 4HAT0RESIDENT+OROMAHASBEENASKEDTOTAKE PARTINTHISMISSIONISELOQUENTTESTAMENTTOTHE HIGHREGARDINWHICHITS!FRICANNEIGHBOURSANDTHE INTERNATIONALCOMMUNITYHOLD3IERRA,EONE &OREIGNPOLICYCONSTITUTESACRITICALCOMPONENT OFACOUNTRY´SCONDUCTOFPUBLICPOLICYASITRELATESTO OTHERACTORSBOTHSTATEANDNONSTATEINTHELARGER INTERNATIONALSYSTEMORTHEEXTERNALENVIRONMENT !LTOGETHERFOREIGNPOLICYISAMULTIFACETEDAND DYNAMICPROCESSTHATENTAILSCONSTANT¾OWOF 48 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% INFORMATIONABOUTTHESECURITYMILITARYPOLITICAL ECONOMICCULTURALANDINSTITUTIONALINTEGRITYOFA STATE 0RESIDENT+OROMA´SFORAYINTOTHE#OTED´LVOIRE QUAGMIRESHOULDNOTREALLYBETAXINGIFHETAKESINTO CONSIDERATIONTHEEXPERIENCESOF3IERRA,EONEIN THENOTTOODISTANTPAST!FTERALLTHESTANDOFFAND THREATENEDMILITARYINTERVENTIONIN#OTED´LVOIRE AREISSUESTHATECHO3IERRA,EONE´SSITUATIONWHERE %#/7!3DECIDEDONMILITARYINTERVENTION 4HE.IGERIANLED%#/7!3INTERVENTIONIN TOOUSTTHE!RMED&ORCES2EVOLUTIONARY#OUNCIL CREATEDALOTOFFOREIGNPOLICYPROBLEMS#HIEFAMONG THESEWASTHECIRCUMVENTIONOFANINTERNATIONALARMS EMBARGOAGAINSTTHEREGIMEOF'ENERAL3ANI!BACHA IN.IGERIATOPROVIDEWEAPONSFORTHEFORCESTHAT REMOVEDTHE!&2#4HISWASADELICATEPROBLEMFOR THENEWLYELECTED"RITISH,ABOURGOVERNMENTOF4ONY "LAIRWHICHWASESPOUSINGAN±ETHICALFOREIGNPOLICY² !FTERLESSTHANYEARINGOVERNMENT,ABOUR REALISEDTHATSAYINGONETHINGANDDOINGSOMETHING DIFFERENTWASTHENORMRATHERTHANTHEEXCEPTION INFOREIGNAFFAIRS3IERRA,EONEHADTESTED,ABOUR´S RESOLVEONTHEISSUEOFAN±ETHICALFOREIGNPOLICY² ANDITINVITEDCRITICISM"UTTHE"LAIRGOVERNMENT WEATHEREDTHESTORM . "ELOW0RESIDENT3IAKA 3TEVENSWELCOMES#UBA´S &IDEL#ASTROAT,UNGI !IRPORTONHISVISITTO3IERRA ,EONEIN /VERTHEYEARS3IERRA,EONEITSELFHASBEENIN THETHICKOFFOREIGNPOLICYCONTROVERSIESIN!FRICA THETHORNYQUESTIONOF!NGOLA´SMEMBERSHIPOFTHE THEN/RGANISATIONOF!FRICAN5NITY/!5IN BEINGACASEINPOINT!STHEPENDULUMSWUNGSLOWLY INFAVOUROFMEMBERSHIPAS!FRICANCOUNTRIES ONEBYONERECOGNISEDTHE-0,!ASTHELEGITIMATE GOVERNMENTOFTHEFORMER0ORTUGUESECOLONY3IERRA ,EONESATONTHEFENCETHEREWASSTALEMATE "RIGADIERASHEWASTHEN/LUSEGUN/BASANJO DEPUTYTO.IGERIA´SMILITARYRULER'ENERAL-URTALA -OHAMMED¾EWINTO&REETOWNTOHOLDTALKSWITH 0RESIDENT3IAKA3TEVENS!FTERTHEMEETINGITWAS ANNOUNCEDTHAT3IERRA,EONEWASNOLONGERSITTING ONTHEFENCEITHADRECOGNISEDTHE-0,!ASTHE LEGITIMATEGOVERNMENTOF!NGOLAANDTHATCOUNTRY WASADMITTEDINTOTHE/!5MEMBERSHIPFOLD !TTHETIMEITWASVIEWEDASSTRANGETHAT3IERRA ,EONEWHICHHADALWAYSBEENATTHECENTREOF THELIBERATIONSTRUGGLEATLEASTINTERMSOFPUBLIC PRONOUNCEMENTSBYTHEGOVERNMENTWOULDBE SORELUCTANTTORECOGNISETHEMOVEMENTTHATHAD SPEARHEADEDTHE½GHTAGAINST0ORTUGUESECOLONIALISM IN!NGOLA!FTERALLTHEALTERNATIVE5.)4!LEDBY *ONAS3AVIMBIWASBACKEDBYTHE3OUTH!FRICAN APARTHEIDREGIMETHATWASWREAKINGHAVOCIN NEIGHBOURINGCOUNTRIES "UT3IERRA,EONEWASNOTACOUNTRYTHATHAD EVERSHIRKEDITSRESPONSIBILITIESORFAILEDTOGIVE½LIAL SUPPORTWHENITCAMETOTHELIBERATIONOF!FRICAN COUNTRIESFROMTHE½NALVESTIGESOFCOLONIALISM ANDWHITEMINORITYRULE3CORESOF#ONGOLESE :IMBABWEANSAND3OUTH!FRICANSRECEIVEDFREE SECONDARYANDTERTIARYEDUCATIONIN3IERRA,EONE 4HECOUNTRYHADALSOBEENAHAVENFORLARGENUMBERS OF"IAFRANSESCAPINGTHEWARIN.IGERIA,IBERATION MOVEMENTLEADERSBREEZEDINANDOUTOF&REETOWN 3IERRA,EONEMADEREGULARCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHE ,IBERATION#OMMITTEEIN$ARES3ALAAM!STHETH MEMBEROFTHE5NITED.ATIONS3IERRA,EONEBACKED THEMANYRESOLUTIONSTHATCONDEMNEDAPARTHEIDAND OTHERFORMSOFDISCRIMINATIONANDNEOCOLONIALISM 4HEBASISOF3IERRA,EONE´SFOREIGNPOLICYWITH REGARDTO!FRICAHASBEENCONTINENTALINTEGRATION)T WASINTHISVEINTHAT0RESIDENTS3IAKA3TEVENS7ILLIAM 4OLBERTOF,IBERIAAND3EKOU4OUREOF'UINEACAME TOGETHERINTOCREATETHE-ANO2IVER5NIONTO FOSTERBETTERECONOMICRELATIONSAMONGTHETHREE COUNTRIESTHATSHAREDBORDERS4HEYWEREAHEADOF THEIRTIMEBECAUSETHISWASTWOYEARSBEFORE7EST !FRICANLEADERSINCLUDINGTHOSEOF3IERRA,EONE ,IBERIAAND'UINEAESTABLISHEDTHE%CONOMIC #OMMUNITY/F7EST!FRICAN3TATES%#/7!3 PRIMARILYASANECONOMICUNIONTHATWOULDEVENTUALLY LEADTOASINGLEMARKETANDCURRENCYCONVERGENCE (OWEVERTHEREWASSOMEONEWHOWASAHEADOFEVEN ALLOFTHESEVISIONARIES3IERRA,EONE´S½RST0RIME -INISTER3IR-ILTON-ARGAIWHODIEDINHAD PROPOSEDTHESETTINGUPOFAFREETRADEZONELINKING 3IERRA,EONE'UINEA,IBERIAAND4HE)VORY#OAST (OWEVERYEARSAFTERTHEFORMATIONOF %#/7!3THEHOPESLEADINGTOITSFORMATIONWERE DASHEDWHEN3IERRA,EONEBECAMETHECENTREOFA NEWDEVELOPMENTININTERNATIONALRELATIONSTHATOFA REGIONALGROUPINGINTERVENINGMILITARILYINAMEMBER STATETORESTOREORDER,IBERIAHADGONEUPIN¾AMES ATTHEENDOFWHEN#HARLES4AYLORBACKEDBY FORCESOPPOSEDTO3AMUEL$OELAUNCHEDANATTACK FROM#OTED´LVOIREAGAINSTTHE,IBERIANGOVERNMENT )NTHEMILITARYRULERSOF'HANAAND.IGERIA FEARINGITWASSAIDSIMILARATTACKSAGAINSTTHEIR REGIMESDECIDEDTOINTERVENEMILITARILY&ROMTHAT MOMENT%#/7!3´ECONOMICINTEGRATIONREMITWAS PLACEDONTHEBARKBURNERASTHEORGANISATIONBEGAN ASUSTAINEDPERIODOF½RE½GHTINGNOTONLYIN,IBERIA BUTALSOIN3IERRA,EONEAND'UINEA"ISSAU3IERRA ,EONEBECAMETHELAUNCHPADFORTHE%#/7!3 ONSLAUGHTAGAINST4AYLOR´SFORCESBYALLOWING,UNGI )NTERNATIONAL!IRPORTTOBEUSEDBYJETSCARRYINGOUT BOMBINGRAIDSIN,IBERIA 4HERESTISHISTORY4HE%#/7!3INTERVENTIONIN ,IBERIACREATEDAPRECEDENTININTERNATIONALLAWTHE !BOVE#APT6ALENTINE 3TRASSERHEADOFTHE.02# JUNTARELAXESONTHEREST DAYATTHE#OMMONWEALTH (EADSOF'OVERNMENT -EETINGIN,IMASSOL #YPRUS#OURTESY #OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 49 . . 2IGHT(ER-AJESTY4HE 1UEENINSPECTSTROOPSON HERVISITTO3IERRA,EONEIN "ELOW3IERRA,EONE´S SECOND0RIME-INISTER 3IR!LBERT-ARGAILEFTIS GREETEDBY"RITAIN´S0RIME -INISTER3IR(AROLD7ILSON ATTHE#OMMONWEALTH (EADS/F'OVERNMENT -EETING-ARLBOROUGH (OUSE,ONDONIN #OURTESY#OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT RIGHTOFAREGIONALGROUPINGTOINTERVENEMILITARILYIN AMEMBERSTATETORESTOREORDER#ERTAINLYTHISWASA ½RSTFOR!FRICA %#/7!3SYMBOLISESTHEINTERRELATIONSHIPBETWEEN ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPEACEANDSECURITY4HISIS MADEEXPLICITINTHEPREAMBLEOFITSPROTOCOLRELATING TO-UTUAL!SSISTANCEIN$EFENCESIGNEDIN&REETOWN IN)TSTATES !BOVE-INISTEROF&INANCE -R#!+AMARA4AYLORAT A#OMMONWEALTH&INANCE -INISTER´SCONFERENCEIN ,ONDON#OURTESY #OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT ,EFT3IR!BUBAKARR4AFAWA "ALEWA.IGERIA´S0RIME -INISTERSITSNEXTTO3IERRA ,EONE´S½RST0RIME-INISTER 3IR-ILTON-ARGAIATA #OMMONWEALTH(EADSOF 'OVERNMENTMEETINGIN ±%CONOMICPROGRESSCANNOTBEACHIEVEDUNLESSTHE NECESSARYCONDITIONSFORSECURITYAREENSUREDINALL-EMBER STATESOFTHE#OMMUNITY² 4HELINKAGEISALSOENUNCIATEDIN!RTICLEOFTHE %#/7!3REVISEDTREATYWHICHSTATESFOREXAMPLE THAT ±MEMBERSAF½RMANDDECLAREADHERENCETOTHE MAINTENANCEOFREGIONALPEACESTABILITYANDSECURITY THROUGHTHEPROMOTIONOFGOODNEIGHBOURNESSANDTHATTHE PROMOTIONOFAPEACEFULENVIRONMENTISAPREREQUISITEFOR ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT² 4HEESTABLISHMENTOF%#/-/'THEMILITARY INTERVENTIONISTFORCESANCTIONEDBY%#/7!3AND ITSINTERVENTIONIN3IERRA,EONEMUSTBESEENINTHE CONTEXTOFTHISSAMEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLE4HE MANDATETHAT%#/7!3RECEIVEDFROMTHE5NITED .ATIONS3ECURITY#OUNCILINRESOLUTION UNDERCHAPTER6)OFTHECHARTEROFTHE5NITED 50 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% .ATIONSTOENFORCEANDMONITORIMPLEMENTATION OFTHEARMSANDOILEMBARGOAGAINSTTHEREBEL MILITARYJUNTAWASALANDMARKDECISION)TWASAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOFTHECAPACITYOF%#/7!3ASAN INSTRUMENTOFCON¾ICTRESOLUTIONINTHEINTERNATIONAL SYSTEM)TTURNEDOUTTOBEONEOFTHESTEPPINGSTONES TOWARDSTHEPEACEPROCESSIN3IERRA,EONE4WENTY YEARSAFTERTHEINTERVENTIONIN,IBERIA%#/7!3IS STILLGRAPPLINGWITHTHEISSUEOFMILITARYINTERVENTION AND3IERRA,EONEHASBEENCALLEDAGAINTOPLAYA CENTRALROLE7HETHER%#/7!3WILLACHIEVETHE DESIREDRESULTIN#OTED´LVOIREISANOTHERMATTER BUT3IERRA,EONEHASACTEDTRUETOFORMINMATTERS RELATINGTOITSFOREIGNPOLICYPEACEANDSTABILITYIN !FRICA 4HEFORMATIONANDEXECUTIONOF3IERRA,EONE´S FOREIGNPOLICYFROMINDEPENDENCETODATEHASBEEN 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CREATINGANENVIRONMENT±TOPROVIDEINVESTMENTANDTHE DEVELOPMENTOFADYNAMICANDCOMPETITIVEPRIVATESECTOR² 'IVENTHESIGNI½CANTROLE%#/7!3PLAYEDIN PEACEENFORCEMENTPEACEKEEPINGANDPEACEFUL NEGOTIATIONOFTHECON¾ICTIN3IERRA,EONEWHICH HASLEDTOCURRENTPEACEBUILDINGACTIVITIESINTHE COUNTRYITISIMPORTANTANDPROBABLYINEVITABLETHAT 3IERRA,EONEPLACESGREATERFOCUSON%#/7!3AND THEOPPORTUNITIESITPRESENTSFORREGIONALINTEGRATION ANDTHEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOF7EST!FRICA 52 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% )TISALSOIMPERATIVETHAT3IERRA,EONEENHANCES ANDMAXIMISESITSRELATIONSWITHTHE!FRICAN5NION !5BYCREATINGMUCHSTRONGERECONOMICINTEGRATION ACROSSTHECONTINENTANDBUILDECONOMIESOFSCALE TOENABLE!FRICATOBETTERCOMPETEINTHEGLOBAL ECONOMY!FRICANECONOMIESNEEDTOBEREVITALISED TOMEETTHECHALLENGESOFTHEGLOBALECONOMY !FRICACANNOLONGERBESIMPLYANEXPORTEROFRAW MATERIALSBUTNEEDSTOPRODUCEHIGHVALUEGOODS FORITSOWNUSEANDFOREXPORT3INCEINDEPENDENCE 3IERRA,EONEHASSOUGHTTOPLAYAFULLANDACTIVEROLE INTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITY3IERRA,EONE´STIES WITHTHE#OMMONWEALTHTHE5NITED.ATIONSTHE !5AND%#/7!3AREAMONGITSOLDESTMOSTDIVERSE ANDMOSTENDURING2ELATIONSWITHTHESELATTERTWO ORGANISATIONSHAVEBEENLARGELYDETERMINEDBY THREECONSIDERATIONS½RSTTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHE PROGRAMMESANDOBJECTIVESOFTHESEORGANISATIONS HAVEMETTHESPECI½COBJECTIVESANDPURPOSES OF3IERRA,EONE´SOWNFOREIGNPOLICYSECONDTHE PREVAILINGDOMESTICSITUATIONIN3IERRA,EONEGIVEN THEINHERENTASYMMETRYBETWEENTHEDOMESTIC SITUATIONANDFOREIGNPOLICYPROJECTIONAND PERFORMANCEANDTHIRDTHEPREVAILINGGLOBALPOLITICAL ENVIRONMENT$ESPITETHEOCCASIONALUPHEAVALS WITHINMULTILATERALRELATIONSTHETIESBETWEEN3IERRA ,EONEANDTHESETWOORGANISATIONSCANBESAIDTO HAVEBEENMUTUALLYBENE½CIALOVERTHELAST½VE DECADES3IERRA,EONE´SLONGTERMINTERESTSAREAND HAVEBEENBESTSERVEDBYSUSTAININGANDREINFORCING THESETIES )TISALSOIMPORTANTTHAT3IERRA,EONEENHANCES ANDLEVERAGEITSRELATIONSWITHTHE5.ANDTHE #OMMONWEALTHBY½RSTLYWHEREVERPOSSIBLEWORKING INCOLLABORATIONANDCOOPERATIONWITHOTHER COUNTRIESWILLINGTOSHAREEXPERIENCESANDSECONDLY BYSTRENGTHENINGTHECOUNTRY´SECONOMICBASETO INCREASEITSCAPACITYFORANENHANCEDSTRATEGIC RELATIONSHIPWITHKEYMULTILATERALINSTITUTIONS !SHASBEENEARLIERPOINTEDOUTTHEENDOF THE#OLD7ARPLUSGLOBALISATIONHAVECHANGED INTERNATIONALRELATIONSINEXORABLYRESULTINGIN INCREASINGCOMPLEXITYOFINTERNATIONALECONOMIC RELATIONSANDINTHEWORLDOFDIPLOMACY 4HEQUESTIONOFDE½NINGTHENEWDIPLOMACYOR POSTMODERNDIPLOMACYISONETHATMOSTCOUNTRIES OFTHEWORLDAREENGAGEDWITH!FTERYEARSASA SOVEREIGNCOUNTRY3IERRA,EONENEEDSTOREDE½NE ITSSTRATEGICNATIONALINTERESTWITHGREATERFOCUS ONECONOMICDIPLOMACY4HECENTREOFGRAVITYFOR DEMANDINTHEGLOBALECONOMYHASBEENSHIFTING FROMTHE7ESTTOTHE%ASTFORSOMETIMENOW4HAT TRENDISACCELERATINGANDWEHAVETOSHIFTTOO)N THISINCREASINGLYCOMPLEXINTERDEPENDENCEOFGLOBAL POLITICS3IERRA,EONENEEDSTOLOOKFURTHERA½ELD RESPONDTOCHANGESINECONOMICPOWERANDMUST FORGENEWANDSTRATEGICRELATIONSHIPSWITHCOUNTRIES 4OP,EFT3IERRA,EONE´S (IGH#OMMISSIONERTO THE5+-R&ITZJOHN ACCOMPANIES3IR-ILTON -ARGAITOAMEETINGAT ,ANCASTERHOUSEIN "ELOW,EFT-INISTEROF %DUCATION!HMAD7URIE SHARESACIGARANDASMILE WITH3OVIETCOSMONAUT 'ERMAN4ITOV /PPOSITE4OP3IERRA ,EONE´S!MBASSADOR TO%THIOPIA$R3HIRLEY 'BUJAMAPRESENTSHER CREDITIALSTO%MPEROR(AILE 3ELASSIE /PPOSITE"OTTOM3IR 3IAKA3TEVENSSECOND LEFTSECONDROWATA #OMMONWEALTH(EADS/F 'OVERNMENT-EETINGIN %DINBURGHIN 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 53 . LIKE"RAZIL2USSIA)NDIAAND#HINA"2)#3 )NTHISTRANSFORMEDINTERNATIONALCONTEXT3IERRA ,EONESHOULDINMULTILATERALFORUMSANDTHROUGH BILATERALNEGOTIATIONSASPIRETOAMENDTHERULES FORMULATEDINTHEPASTBYSPECI½CINTERESTGROUPS WHETHERPOLITICALORINSTITUTIONAL4HISAPPROACH DOESNOTIMPLYACONFRONTATIONALSTANCETOWARDS THEMAJORECONOMICPOWERSOFTHEWORLDORTOWARD INTERNATIONALORGANISATIONSSUCHASTHE7ORLD4RADE /RGANISATION74/THE)NTERNATIONAL-ONETARY &UND)-&ANDTHE5NITED.ATIONS)NSTEADIT IMPLIESENGAGINGTHEMWITHTHEACTIVEPARTICIPATION OFOTHERINTERESTEDNATIONSINATHOROUGHANALYSIS OFTHESYSTEMSANDTHERULESCREATEDOVERTIME 4HISAPPROACHMUSTNOTTAKETHEDIMENSIONSOFAN IDEOLOGICALSTRUGGLEBETWEENTHE.ORTHAND3OUTH BUTSHOULDBEANHONESTSEARCHFOREQUITABLESOLUTION TOTHEPROBLEMSOFTHEPRESENTGLOBALSITUATIONS4O SUMUP3IERRA,EONENEEDSTODEVELOPAPROACTIVE FOREIGNPOLICYAPPROACHWITHINITSMEANSTOACHIEVE STRATEGICOBJECTIVESWHICHBENE½TTHEPEOPLEAND THECOUNTRYINGENERALASMUCHASPOSSIBLE'IVEN THEMULTIDIMENSIONALNATUREOFFOREIGNPOLICYTHERE NEEDSTOBEGREATERRECOGNITIONOFTHEIMPORTANCE OFINCREASINGTHESTOCKOFUSEFULKNOWLEDGEIN FORMULATINGANEWSTRATEGICCONCEPTOF3IERRA,EONE´S PLACEINTHEWORLD7HATISMISSINGISATHINKTANK ORA#OUNCILOF&OREIGNRELATIONSCOMPOSEDOF AMBASSADORSANDHIGHCOMMISSIONERSPERMANENT SECRETARIESJUDGESMEMBERSOFPARLIAMENT ACADEMICSANDOTHEREMINENTPERSONSWITHRELEVANT EXPERTISEANDEXPERIENCEWHOCANDETERMINE3IERRA ,EONEOBJECTIVESCLEARLYANDDESIGNIMPLEMENTATION MEASURESWHICHARECOSTEFFECTIVEANDBENE½CIAL )NAPOSTMODEMRULESBASEDMULTILATERAL SYSTEMOFGLOBALGOVERNANCEAMORESOPHISTICATED PROACTIVEAPPROACHISANESSENTIALINGREDIENTIN 54 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% ENHANCING3IERRA,EONE´SDIPLOMATICANDECONOMIC ENGAGEMENTRECOGNISINGTHATTHISISALONGTERM PROJECTBUTTHATTHEREWARDSSHOULDBEMUTUALLY BENE½CIALANDREINFORCING 4HEONLYTHINGTHATCANBECERTAINISTHAT3IERRA ,EONEASEVERWILLPLAYITSHANDPRAGMATICALLYAND ALWAYSWITHTHEAIMOFACHIEVINGTHEMAXIMUM BENE½TFORTHECOUNTRYANDITSCITIZENS%XPERIENCE ANDHISTORYHAVESHOWNUSTHATTHISISLIKELYTOBESO !BOVE0RESIDENTIAL CANDIDATESOONTOBE 0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI +OROMARELAXESDURINGTHE ELECTIONCAMPAIGN "ELOW3IERRA,EONEAN POLICEOF½CERSONAN EXCHANGEVISITTO"URUNDI Chapter 7. A Rich Tapestry – . 2IGHT7OMENATA#REOLE WEDDINGWEARINGASHOBIIN THEFORMOFPRINTS !VARIEDANDBEAUTIFULLANDSCAPEFEATURING VERDANTHILLSANDVALLEYSSURGINGRIVERS SPECTACULARBEACHESINTIMATECOVESAND ONEOFTHEWORLD´S½NESTNATURALHARBOURS STRATEGICALLYPLACEDONTHETRADEROUTES BETWEENFOURCONTINENTS!NETHNICMELTING POTNINECENTURIESANDMOREINTHEMAKING MIGRANTSFROMTHCENTURY7EST!FRICAN EMPIRES&ULANINOMADSFROMTHE3AHEL EMANCIPATED!FRICANSFROM.ORTH!MERICA´S REVOLUTIONARYWARSREBELLING-AROONS FROMTHE#ARIBBEAN±RECAPTURED²SLAVES ENROUTETOTHE.EW7ORLD0ORTUGUESE TRADERSETHNIC,EBANESE¾EEING3YRIAN POGROMSANDOFCOURSETHEOF½CERS ADVENTURERSANDSERVANTSOFTHE"RITISH %MPIRE!LLWITHTHEIROWNRICHHERITAGEIN FOODMUSICANDDANCEDRESSANDBELIEFS A UNIQUELYSTRONGTRADITIONOFRELIGIOUS TOLERANCEANDETHNICINTERMARRIAGE !NEDUCATIONSYSTEMWITHAHERITAGE UNRIVALLEDINSUB3AHARAN!FRICALEADINGTOTHEONCE OFTUSEDSOBRIQUETTHE!THENSOF7EST!FRICA )SITANYWONDERTHATTHERESULTOFALLTHESE INGREDIENTSISAVIBRANTOPENANDBEGUILINGCULTURE 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,EONEANMASKSISTHATMANYOFTHEMOSTEXPRESSIVE ANDBEAUTIFULLYCARVEDAREFORWOMENESPECIALLY WOMENLEADERSINTHEFEMALESECRETSOCIETIES"UNDU OR3ANDEASITISKNOWNINTHE3OUTH4HEDELICATELY CARVEDFEATURESEMPHASISEHUMILITYMODESTYAND WISDOMANDALSOHELPTHEWEARERSCELEBRATETHROUGH DANCINGTHESTRUCTURESTHEYHAVEBEENINITIATEDINTO /PPOSITE2UINSOFTHE OLDCITYOF$IRIYAHTHESE LAYONEITHERSIDEOFTHE NARROWVALLEYKNOWNAS7ADI (ANIFAWHICHCONTINUES SOUTHWARDSTHROUGH2IYADH ANDBEYOND 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 63 Chapter 8. A Free Press – . 3IERRA,EONECOULDBESAIDTOBE ANATIONTHATHASALWAYSHADA FASCINATIONWITHTHEMEDIA,ONG BEFORENEWSPAPERSCAMETOTHE COUNTRYTHEGOVERNMENTPUBLICATION 4HE'AZETTEWHICHINITSTIMEWENT THROUGHSEVERALNAMECHANGES CONTAINEDNEWSOFOF½CIALGOVERNMENT BUSINESSBUTWASNEVERTHELESSVERY POPULARPARTICULARLYINTHEWESTERN AREAWHERETHEEMERGINGEDUCATED ELITEWANTEDTOBEUPTODATEWITHTHE INNERWORKINGSOFGOVERNMENT T HECOUNTRYHADANEARLYSTARTINTHIS REGARDWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFA PRINTINGPRESSINTHEEARLYPARTOF THETHCENTURY"YTHESJUSTAS3IERRA ,EONEWASBECOMINGTHEEDUCATIONHUBOF "RITISH7EST!FRICASOTOOWEREJOURNALISTS DRAWNTOTHECOUNTRY 4HE3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYESTABLISHED BYMERCHANTSBROUGHTTHE½RSTPRINTINGPRESS FROM%NGLANDTO3IERRA,EONEIN4HISWAS ATATIMEOFGREATCOMPETITIONAMONG%UROPE´S TRADINGANDSEAFARINGNATIONS4HIS½RSTPRESS ALONGWITHVARIOUSBUILDINGSWASDESTROYED INONEOFMANYRAIDSBYTHE&RENCH3IXYEARS LATERTHE3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYBROUGHT ANOTHERPRESSWHICHWASUSEDTOPUBLISH WHATBECAMETHE3IERRA,EONE'AZETTEAND !DVERTISER !S3IERRA,EONE´SREPUTATIONASAPLACEOF SOPHISTICATIONGREWITATTRACTEDJOURNALISTS FROMACROSS!FRICAANDTHEWORLD)NPARTICULAR THEFOUNDINGOF&REETOWNANDTHEREASONSFOR ITSEXISTENCEASTHE³0ROVINCEOF&REEDOM´ ATTRACTEDWRITERSFROMTHEWORLDWIDE !FRICAN$IASPORA3OITWASTHAT7ILLIAM $RAKEA7EST)NDIANFOUNDEDTHE.EW%RA NEWSPAPER&!"ELGRAVEWASPUBLISHING THE!FRICAN)NTERPRETERAND!DVOCATEAND #HARLES"ANNERMAN4HE3IERRA,EONE7EEKLY "ANNERMANWASA3COTTISH'HANAIANHIS FATHER3COTTISHHISMOTHER&ANTI!TTHISTIME NEWSPAPERPUBLISHERSFELTEMBOLDENEDTO BEPOLITICALLYOUTSPOKENANDCOVEREDTOPICS SUCHASRACISMCOLONIALISMANDTHERIGHTSOF 64 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% "ELOW!TYPICALLOCALRADIO STATIONSETUP THATHADHEBEENAWHITEMANTHECASEWOULD NEVERHAVECOMETOCOURT/NEOFTHEGREATEST OF3IERRA,EONEANPATRIOTS)SAAC4HEOPHILUS !KUNA7ALLACE*OHNSON)4!7ALLACE *OHNSONWHOHADSTARTEDTHE7EST!FRICAN 9OUTH,EAGUEJOINEDTHEFRAYBYSTARTING4HE !FRICAN3TANDARDINTHESAMEYEARTHE GOVERNMENTRUN$AILY-AILWASSTARTED4HE LATTERPAPERCERTAINLYOUTLASTED4HE3TANDARD THOUGHITTOOHADTOBOWOUTAROUND 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GENERATINGEXPORTEARNINGSFOR3IERRA,EONEAND FOSTERINGREGIONALINTEGRATION 4HE-ASIAKA"O0ROJECT 4HE-ASIAKA"O0ROJECTWASFUNDEDBYTHE %UROPEAN5NIONANDTHE'OVERNMENTOF3IERRA ,EONE)TCONSISTEDINTHEREHABILITATIONOF +MOF2OADCONNECTING&REETOWNTO"OTHROUGH -ASIAKAANDWASCOMPLETEDIN-ARCH 4HE-ASIAKA¯"O(IGHWAYISA#LASS2OAD PARTOFTHE4RANS7EST!FRICAN(IGHWAYWHICH WILLLINKALL7EST!FRICAN3TATESALLOWINGFREE ANDEASYMOVEMENTOFGOODSANDPEOPLE4HIS INFRASTRUCTUREWILLBOOSTMANYACTIVITIESLOCATED ALONGTHEROADCORRIDORESPECIALLYINTHE½ELD OFAGRICULTURECARPENTRYFURNITUREMAKINGSETC OPENINGSALESANDMARKETINGOPPORTUNITIESASWELL ASFACILITATINGIMPORTSBYMAKINGITPOSSIBLETO SWIFTLYREACHTHEPORTANDTHEAIRPORT 'AP9EAR6OLUNTEER4OURISM 4HISISANINCREASINGLYPOPULARSECTOROFTHE INDUSTRY-ANYGAPYEARSTUDENTSANDFULLTIME WORKERSWANTINGTODOSOMETHINGDIFFERENTARE NOWLOOKINGTOCOMBINETRAVELWITHUSINGTHEIR SKILLSINDEVELOPMENTORECOTOURISMPROJECTS!SA DEVELOPINGNATION3IERRA,EONEHASPLENTYOFTHESE SORTSOFPROJECTSANDWOULDBENE½TIMMENSELYFROM WHATCANBEMOREACCURATELYDESCRIBEDAS³WINWIN TOURISM´ !DVENTURE!CTIVE4OURISM 4HEAPPEALOFTHISFORMOFTOURISMISTHATITCAN HAPPENDURINGTHE2AINY3EASONANDINPARTSOF THECOUNTRYTHATHAVELITTLEORNOINFRASTRUCTURE )NADDITION3IERRA,EONE´STERRAINISSUITABLEFOR TOURISMPRODUCTSDESIGNEDAROUNDMOUNTAIN BIKINGCANOEINGSCUBADIVINGMOUNTAINCLIMBING ANDSPORTS½SHING"YDESIGNINGCREATIVEPRODUCTS TOURISTSWHOWANTTO±DOSOMETHINGDIFFERENT² ORVENTUREOFFTHEBEATENPATHWILLBEMORE DELIBERATELYCATEREDFOR #ONFERENCE4OURISM 4HISWILLREQUIRESUSTAINEDINVESTMENTINIMPROVED CONFERENCINGFACILITIES'IVENTHEASSETSBOASTED BY3IERRA,EONE´STOURISMTHEREISANINCREDIBLE OPPORTUNITYFOROVERSEASINVESTORS 74 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 3USTAINABLETOURISM 4HISISNOTJUSTABOUTATTRACTINGVISITORSFROM OVERSEAS4HEKEYISTOENCOURAGETHEMILLION RESIDENT3IERRA,EONEANSTOTRAVELAROUNDAND DISCOVERMOREOFTHEIROWNCOUNTRY-ANY3IERRA ,EONEANSHAVENOTEVENHEARDOFPLACESLIKE4URTLE )SLANDSLETALONEVISITTHERE!SDOMESTICTOURISM DEVELOPSTHECOUNTRYWOULDBELESSRELIANTONTHE EBBAND¾OWSOFTHEGLOBALTOURISMECONOMY 4(%#(!,,%.'%&/24(%.%84 9%!23#/.3%26!4)/. 02%3%26!4)/.!.$3534!).!",% $%6%,/0-%.4 #ONSERVATIONGOESHANDINHANDWITHECOTOURISM AND0RESERVATIONGOESHANDINHANDWITH2OOTS TOURISM#ONSERVATIONAND0RESERVATIONARE THEREFORETWOPRIORITIESFOR3IERRA,EONESOCIETY AND'OVERNMENTTHATHAVEBEENATTRACTINGALOT OFFOCUSESPECIALLYWITHTHEREMEDIALACTIONTHAT WASNECESSARYAFTERTHEWIDESPREADDAMAGEAND DESTRUCTIONCAUSEDBYTHE#IVIL7AR #ONSERVATIONISARELATIVELYNEWCONCEPTSINCE THECOUNTRY´SPRIMARYCONSERVATIONORGANISATION THE#ONSERVATION3OCIETYOF3IERRA,EONEWAS ONLYFORMEDIN(OWEVERTHE3OCIETYWITH ITSPARTNERSANDFRIENDSHAVEDONEASUPERBJOB !BOVE4HEREPLICAOFTHE SHIP³,A!MISATD´ONITSVISIT TO3IERRA,EONEIN !BOVE"UMBUNA&ALLS (YDROELECTRIC0OWER0LANT ¯,ARGEST(YDRO$AMIN THEWORLD#OMMISSIONEDBY 0RESIDENT+OROMAON.OV TH 2IGHT-ASIAKA"O(IGHWAY 0ROJECT¯#OMMISSIONEDBY 0RESIDENT+OROMATOIMPROVE ACCESSBETWEEN&REETOWNAND THE3OUTHEASTERNPARTOF 3IERRA,EONE 4HE"UMBUNA&ALLS(YDROELECTRIC0OWER0LANT 4HE"UMBUNA&ALLS(YDROELECTRIC0OWER0LANTIS LOCATEDONTHE3ELI2IVERSOME+MNORTHEAST OFTHECAPITALCITY&REETOWN)TISTHE½RSTMAJOR HYDROPOWERDEVELOPMENTINTHECOUNTRY´SHISTORY 4HEDAMINTAKEMULTIPURPOSETUNNELSSPILLWAYS ANDPOWERHOUSEARETHEMAINPROJECTCOMPONENTS OFTHISHYDROELECTRICGENERATIONSCHEMEAT "UMBUNA&ALLSWITHA½RSTPHASEINSTALLEDCAPACITY OF-7ANDAK6TRANSMISSIONLINE+M LONGCONNECTING"UMBUNATO&REETOWN 4HANKSTOTHEDEDICATIONOF(%THE0RESIDENT THECOMPLETIONOFTHE"UMBUNA(YDROELECTRIC 0OWER0LANTIN/CTOBERWASANIMPORTANT MOMENTFOR3IERRA,EONEWHEREONLY½VEPERCENT OFTHEPOPULATIONAREONTHEGRID4HELACK OFPOWERHASINTHEPASTREPRESENTEDAMAJOR IMPEDIMENTTO3IERRA,EONE´SECONOMICGROWTH PARTICULARLYINTHEINDUSTRIALANDSERVICESECTORS 4HECOMPLETIONOFTHE½RSTPHASEOFTHEPROJECT BROUGHTARELIABLESUPPLYOFMOREAFFORDABLE POWERTO3IERRA,EONEINANENVIRONMENTALLYAND SOCIALLYSUSTAINABLEMANNERREDUCINGRELIANCE ONAMULTITUDEOFEXPENSIVEANDPOLLUTINGPRIVATE GENERATORS&UTUREHYDROPOWERGENERATIONON ALARGESCALEUNDER"UMBUNACOULDSEE ELECTRICITYSUPPLIEDTONEIGHBORINGCOUNTRIES 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 75 . INREPAIRINGMUCHOFTHEDAMAGEDONETOMANY OF3IERRA,EONE´SMOSTSENSITIVEECOSYSTEMS4HE ORGANISATIONRIGHTLYPRIORITISESWORKWITHLOCAL COMMUNITIESANDSCHOOLSTORE¡INFORCEVALUES NECESSARYFOR3IERRA,EONEANSTOBEARESPONSIBLE CUSTODIANSOFFRAGILEECOSYSTEMSOFSUCHGLOBAL SIGNI½CANCE(OWEVERTHECOSTOFCONSERVATIONHAS 76 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% TOBEDEMONSTRABLYLINKEDWITHTHEBENE½TSOFECO TOURISMTOENABLEBUYINFROMLOCALCOMMUNITIES &OREXAMPLEATREEFELLEDMAYHAVEIMMEDIATE TRANSIENTMATERIALBENE½TSINTERMSOFCHARCOAL ORCOMMERCIALLOGSBUTMAINTAININGTHEFOREST COVERATTRACTSVISITORSWITHFOREIGNCURRENCYON ANONGOINGBASISANDPRESERVESREALTREASURETHAT CANBEPASSEDONTOTHENEXTGENERATION)NSOME PARTSOF3IERRA,EONE4IWAIBEINGAGOODEXAMPLE THELOCALCOMMUNITIESTOOKTHELEADINLOBBYING 'OVERNMENTTOPROTECTTHEIRFORESTS &ORARATHERSMALLCOUNTRY3IERRA,EONEIS BLESSEDWITHRICHBIOLOGICALTREASURESANDAMIXOF DIVERSEECOSYSTEMSINCLOSEPROXIMITYTOEACHOTHER 3IERRA,EONEPRESENTSTHEDISCERNINGTRAVELLERWITH THEABILITYSHOULDTHEYWISHTOCOMBINEDIFFERENT HOLIDAYEXPERIENCESNOTNORMALLYASSOCIATEDWITH EACHOTHERINTOUNIQUELYMEMORABLETRIPS4HIS WILLMEANFOREXAMPLETHATTRIPSTOSITESASSOCIATED WITHPIRATESANDSHIPWRECKSCANBECOMBINEDWITH !FRICANCULTUREORSAFARIS !CQUIRINGTHEFUNDINGANDINVESTMENTINTHE CURRENTGLOBALECONOMICCLIMATEISACHALLENGE HOWEVERTHEASPIRATIONISFORINVESTMENTINTO SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSTOBECHANNELLED INNOWSOTHATWHENTHEOUTLOOKFORTHEGLOBAL TOURISMMARKETIMPROVES3IERRA,EONEWILLBEIN APRIMEPOSITIONTOFUL½LITSPOTENTIALASATOP GLOBALHOLIDAYDESTINATION !BOVE!YOUNGBOYPLAYS ONA½SHINGBOATIN+ENT 6ILLAGE ,EFT!WOMAN½SHSELLER CARRIESWARESON HERHEAD Chapter 10. Sierra Leone – 3IERRA,EONEANSANDTHEWORLDHAVELONG BECOMEUSEDTODECADESOFREADINGTHAT 3IERRA,EONEONLYCOMES½RSTATBEING LASTEGMOSTINTERNATIONALLYPUBLISHED STANDARDOFLIVINGSTATISTICS4HESECLAIM THATTHECOUNTRYISRIVENWITHCORRUPTION FROMTOPTOBOTTOMTHATCHEATINGIN SCHOOLSANDUNIVERSITIESISTHENORMOR THATTHECOUNTRY´SCIVILWARWASPROBABLY THEMOSTBRUTALONTHE!FRICANCONTINENTIN THELATTERPARTOFTHELASTCENTURY7ITHALL OFTHATITISALMOSTIMPOSSIBLETOIMAGINE THATTHEREWASTIMEINTHENOTTOODISTANT PASTWHEN3IERRA,EONELEDTHEWORLDIN SOMETHINGTHATWASGOODANDPOSITIVE I NSPITEOFALLTHECLAIMSANDTHEGROANING SHELVESFULLOFBOOKSTHATHAVEBEENWRITTEN CLAIMINGTHATWASTHEMOSTIMPORTANT YEAROFTHESAMUCHMOREVALIDCLAIMCOULDBE MADEFORBEINGAPIVOTALYEARINTHATDECADEOR EVENINTHATCENTURY &ORANYONEWHOCONSIDERSHIMORHERSELFTOBE ASERIOUSHISTORIANOFTHELASTCENTURYRANKS ASAPRETTYSPECIALYEARINPOLITICSINSPORTMUSIC ANDPOPULARCULTUREGENERALLYFOREXAMPLE7ELL)N +WAME.KRUMAHDECLARED'HANAAONEPARTY STATE2EMEMBERTHISWASTHEMANANDTHENATION TOWHICHALMOSTTHEWHOLEOF"LACK!FRICALOOKEDFOR INSPIRATIONANDGUIDANCEINTHENEWPOSTCOLONIAL WORLD(EWASTOSETAMOSTUNWELCOMEPRECEDENT THATCONTINUESTOPLAGUETHECONTINENTTOTHIS DAY)NTHATSAMEYEARTHE0ALESTINIAN,IBERATION /RGANISATION0,/WASFORMED&ORSTUDENTSOF POPULARCULTUREASIFTHEYEARWASNOTSPECIAL ENOUGHONEPARTICULARMONTHWASTOSEEEVENTS THATDE½NEDTHESAGAINSOMEWOULDSAYTHAT DE½NEDTHECENTURY )TWASONTH&EBRUARYTHAT4HE"EATLES APPEAREDON!MERICA´S%D3ULLIVANSHOWADATEAND ANAPPEARANCETHATBYCOMMONCONSENTMARKEDTHE REALBEGINNINGOFTHE³"RITISH)NVASION´OF!MERICA ANDTHEDATEONWHICH4HE"EATLESWENTFROM BEINGSTARSTOSUPERSTARS/NTHETH&EBRUARY -UHAMMAD!LITHENSTILLCALLED#ASSIUS #LAYDEFEATED3ONNY,ISTONTOCAPTURETHE7ORLD (EAVYWEIGHTCROWNFORTHE½RSTTIME)STHEREA PERSONALIVEWHOSTILLNEEDSCONVINCINGORWHOWOULD ARGUEWITHTHESIGNI½CANCEOFTHESEEPOCHDE½NING 78 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% . EVENTS!NDYETTHEREISONEANNIVERSARYFROMTHAT SAME&EBRUARYBURIEDINTHEMISTSOFTIMETHATIN THEHUMBLEOPINIONOFTHISWRITERDESERVESTOSTAND ALONGSIDETHOSEALREADYMENTIONED !LMOSTYEARSAGOANEVENTHAPPENEDTHAT SENTRIPPLESOFPLEASURETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDOF 0HILATELYESPECIALLYFORITWASIN&EBRUARYTHAT 3IERRA,EONEISSUED4(%7/2,$´3&)234%6%2 3%,&!$(%3)6%34!-03.OTHISISNOTA³TYPO´ ANDYOUMAYREADTHATLASTSENTENCEAGAINJUSTTO MAKESURE)DELIBERATELYTYPEDTHATSENTENCEIN CAPITALLETTERSBECAUSETHEACHIEVEMENTISONEWORTH SHOUTINGABOUT )NKEEPINGWITHALLTHINGS3IERRA,EONEANTHE STAMPSWERENOTISSUEDTOMARKANYEVENTOFNATIONAL SIGNI½CANCEBUTTOCOMMEMORATESOMETHING HAPPENINGSOMEWHEREELSESPECI½CALLYTHATYEAR´S .EW9ORK7ORLD´S&AIR4HESTAMPSWEREAWORLDWIDE HITWITHSTAMPCOLLECTOR´SCLAMOURINGTOGETTHEIR HANDSONTHESEBEAUTIFULANDOHSOPRACTICALSTAMPS 3OMEBODYSOMEWHEREMUSTHAVEDECIDEDTHATSURELY LICKINGSTAMPSWASBECOMINGPASSmINTHETH CENTURY 7HERE3IERRA,EONELEDITSEEMEDTHEWORLD WOULDFOLLOWIT´SJUSTTHATNOONETHOUGHTITWOULD TAKESOLONGFORTHATTOHAPPEN 4OPUTTHEACHIEVEMENTINTOSHARPERCONTEXT !BOVE0OSTCARDANNOUNCING 3IERRA,EONE´SPLACEIN HISTORYASTHE½RSTCOUNTRY TOPRODUCESELFADHESIVE STAMPS ,EFT%ARLY3IERRA,EONEAN STAMPSWITHTHEHEADOF +ING'EORGE6) THE3IERRA,EONEANSTAMPSWEREISSUEDAFULL YEARSBEFORETHE!MERICANSMADEA½RSTATTEMPTAT DOINGTHESAME4HEISSUEBYTHE53POSTAL AUTHORITIESWASSOPLAGUEDWITHPROBLEMSAND COMPLAINTSESPECIALLYBYCOLLECTORSTHEADHESIVE USEDCAUSEDDISCOLORATIONOFTHESTAMPDESIGN THATTHEYWERESOONDISCONTINUED4HE53THEN SHIEDAWAYFROMISSUINGTHESEAGAINUNTILWHEN THEY½NALLYGOTTHEFORMULARIGHTIFONLYTHEYHAD ASKEDTHE3IERRA,EONEANS4HE"RITISHONLYBEGAN TOISSUESELFADHESIVESTAMPSINTHESSOME YEARSAFTERTHE3IERRA,EONEANEDITIONS)TSEEMS INCONCEIVABLETHATINTHEST#ENTURYANYONEWOULD STILLWANTTOLICKTHEIRSTAMPS!LLONEHADTODOWITH THESEWASPEELOFFANDSTICKONNONEOFTHATLICKING ANDSTICKINGANDYOURTONGUEHAVINGTOGETUSEDTO ANUNWELCOMETASTE )NWE3IERRA,EONEANSCOULDWALKWITH CHESTSPUFFEDOUTANDHEADSHELDHIGH7EHAD ACHIEVEDSOMETHINGONTHEWORLDSTAGETHATCOULD NEVERBETAKENAWAYFROMUS2ATHERLIKEBEING BORNITCANONLYHAPPENONCE/FCOURSETHISDID NOTHAPPENINAVACUUMATTHETIMETHECOUNTRY WASNEWLYINDEPENDENTANDFULLOFBOLDMENAND WOMENWITHBOLDIDEAS-ANYHADSTUDIEDABROAD ANDHADRETURNEDWITHVISIONSOFPUTTINGTHISSMALL BUTIMPORTANTCOUNTRYONTHEMAP4HISWASANAGE WHENCYNICISMDIDNOTRULETHELANDWHENA0H$DID NOTSTANDFOR0ULL(IM(ER$OWN4HISAFTERALLWAS THECOUNTRYTHATHADGIVEN!FRICAOTHERTHINGSTOBE PROUDOFINCLUDING4HE#-3'RAMMAR3CHOOLAND &OURAH"AY#OLLEGE)TWASTIMEBEFORECOUPD´ETATS ANDCIVILWARSNOTJUSTIN3IERRA,EONETHEYWERE RAREEVENTSACROSSTHE!FRICANCONTINENT)NSHORT ITWASTHEPERIODOFOURCOUNTRY´SANDCONTINENT´S GREATESTOPTIMISM)NTRUTHTHEWHOLEOF!FRICA CELEBRATEDWITHUSANDSUDDENLYWESCHOOLCHILDREN WEREGETTINGPENPALSFROMACROSSTHECONTINENTAND FROMACROSSTHEGLOBEEAGERTOGETTHEIRHANDSON THESEEXTRAORDINARILYHISTORICSTAMPS4HEYEARBEFORE THEINTRODUCTIONOFTHESESTAMPSHADSEENTHE GOVERNMENTLAUNCHTHECOUNTRY´STELEVISIONSERVICE 5NFORTUNATELYFOR3IERRA,EONEANSTHEREWAS ASADDERBUTEQUALLYNOTABLEEVENTTHEDEATHOF THECOUNTRY´SVISIONARY½RST0RIME-INISTER3IR -ILTON-ARGAITHEMANWHOHADSPEARHEADEDTHE MOVEMENTFORINDEPENDENCEFROMTHE"RITISH /NEREMARKABLEFACTREGARDINGTHESTAMPS ESPECIALLYINTHELIGHTOFTHERATHERLATE"RITISH CONVERSIONTOTHEIDEAOFSELFADHESIVESISTHAT THECOMPANYCOMMISSIONEDBYTHE3IERRA,EONE GOVERNMENTTODELIVERTHEDESIGNS3AMUEL*ONESAND #O,TDHAPPENEDTOBEA"RITISH#OMPANY %VENTODAYASWEAPPROACHTHATMOMENTOUS THANNIVERSARYOFTHEIRLAUNCHINGTHESESTAMPS ARESTUNNINGANDBEAUTIFULTOBEHOLD4HEDESIGNS AREASEXTRAORDINARYANDEYECATCHINGNOWASTHEY WERETHEN4HEDESIGNCOMPANYHADTAKENTHE OPPORTUNITYNOTONLYTODESIGNSELFADHESIVESTAMPS BUTHADALSOSEIZEDTHEOPPORTUNITYTOOPENUPA 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 79 . ,EFT2EVERSEOFPOSTCARD FROMTHE#%/OFTHE COMPANYRESPONSIBLEFOR PRODUCINGTHEWORLD´S½RST SELFADHESIVESTAMPSON BEHALFOFTHE'OVERNMENTOF 3IERRA,EONE & Regimanuel Gray (SL) Limited SIERRABLOCK CONCRETE PRODUCTS LTD wishes the government and the people of sierra Leone a glorious 50th Anniversary of Independence BOLDNEWCHAPTERINSTAMPDESIGN4HESEWERENOT JUSTPLAINLOOKINGSTAMPSTHATYOUDIDNOTHAVETO LICK4HEYWEREOFDIFFERENTSHAPESANDSIZESAND EMPLOYEDBOLDUSESOFCOLOURSNEVERPREVIOUSLYSEEN ONSTAMPS.OTJUSTVIVIDREDSBLUESGREENSAND YELLOWSBUTEMBOSSEDGOLDANDSILVERTOO4HERE WERESTAMPSINTHESHAPEOFAMAPOFTHECOUNTRYOF ANEAGLEWITHOUTSPREADWINGSALION´SHEADSTAMPS SHAPEDLIKEDIAMONDS7HENYOUBOUGHTYOUR½RST ONEYOUSPENTANAGEJUSTSTARINGATTHISRADICAL NEWCONCEPTINSTAMPDESIGN)TSEEMEDALMOSTA WASTETOAPPENDITTOALETTERORPOSTCARD!STHE QUALITYOFTHESTAMPSGREWSOTOOOTHERINNOVATIONS WEREADDED%VENTUALLYSOMEOFTHESTANDALONE STAMPSWEREDESIGNEDTOCARRYADVERTISEMENTSFOR LOCALBUSINESSESONTHEREVERSEOFTHEBASEFROM WHICHONEPEELEDTHESTAMPS /FCOURSETHEDROPFROMTHOSEHEADYHEIGHTSIS MIRROREDINTHEDECLINEINALMOSTEVERYSPHEREOFLIFE IN3IERRA,EONE3OMUCHSOTHATTHEEVENTSOFTHAT TIMESEEMTOHAVEHAPPENEDONANOTHERGALAXYLET ALONETHESAMECOUNTRYINANOTHERAGE)TPROBABLY DOESNOTNEEDTOBESPELLEDOUTTHATASTHERESTOF THEWORLDCATCHESUPTOWHERE3IERRA,EONEWAS NEARLYYEARSAGOTHATCOUNTRYHASGONEBACKTO LICKINGITSSTAMPS )MENTIONTHISNOTASANIMPLIEDCRITICISMOF ANYOFTHEPASTORPRESENTGOVERNMENTSALOTHAS HAPPENEDTOTHECOUNTRYINTHATTIME4HECHANGES WROUGHTBYTIMECORRUPTIONANDCIVILWARAREWELL DOCUMENTEDANDCOULDNEVERHAVEBEENFORESEENIN THOSEHALCYONDAYS 5NFORTUNATELYTHECOMPANYTHATWASSO INNOVATIVEINDESIGNINGANDPRODUCINGTHOSESTAMPS HASALSOFAREDLESSWELL!FTERBEINGINBUSINESSFOR 80 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% OVERYEARS3AMUEL*ONES#O,TDWENTINTO ADMINISTRATIONANDTHENLIQUIDATIONIN$ECEMBER JUSTMONTHSSHORTOFWHATWOULDHAVEBEEN THETHANNIVERSARYOFTHATMOMENTOUSEVENT!S WITHVISIONARIESINMANY½ELDSTHEIRIDEASWEREMET WITHOPPOSITIONESPECIALLYINTHEIROWNCOUNTRY !MAZINGLYTHESTRONGPHILATELISTLOBBYIN"RITAINAT THETIMEOPPOSEDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFSELFADHESIVE STAMPSONTHEGROUNDSTHATONCESTUCKONTHEY WOULDBEDIF½CULTTOREMOVEFORCOLLECTORS!S ONEWHOHASCOMETOREALISETHATANYTHINGTHATIS ABOUTTOBEBUILTIN"RITAINISJUSTASLIKELYTOHAVE ACOMMITTEEORASSOCIATIONOPPOSEDTOIT)WASNOT SURPRISEDTOLEARNOFTHIS4HISISACOUNTRYWHERE SEEMINGLYSOMEONEWILLPROBABLYFORMANACTION GROUPAGAINSTYOUIFYOUTRIEDTOBUILDANYTHING 7HENSCANNINGOFTHEPOSTWASINTRODUCEDITWAS ALSODECIDEDTHATTHEOPTICALBRIGHTNESSOFMANY OFTHEEARLYSELFADHESIVESWERENOTSUITEDTOTHIS TECHNOLOGY !FTER!MERICA´SFAILEDEXPERIMENTWITHSELF ADHESIVESTAMPSANDTHEIRSUCCESSFULADOPTIONIN THERESTOF%UROPEAND"RITAINHASNOWSEEN THELIGHTANDSELFADHESIVESTAMPSARETHEORDEROF THEDAY!NDAREVERYMUCHHERETOSTAY !STHETHANNIVERSARYAPPROACHESPERHAPSITS ARRIVALCANACTASASPURTOTHEWHOLECOUNTRYTONOT ONLYCELEBRATEATIMEWHENITLEDTHEWORLDBUTALSO TOACTASANINSPIRATIONTOTHEPRESENTANDFUTURE GENERATIONSTOBEDARINGANDTOINNOVATE-OSTOF ALLCELEBRATECELEBRATETHATBRIEFSTANDATOPONE POSITIVE%VEREST REALLYWASASPECIALTIMETOBEALIVEIN3IERRA ,EONEASWITHELSEWHEREINTHEWORLD Regimanuel Gray: Devoted to the development of Sierra Leone REGIMANUEL GRAY 38 Freetown Road, Wilberforce Freetown Tel: (+232 22) 236046, 235109, 076 541541 Chapter 11. Looking Ahead – 4ODAY3IERRA,EONEISACONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLICWITHADIRECTLYELECTED PRESIDENTANDMEMBERSOFPARLIAMENT ,EGISLATIVEPOWERSAREVESTEDINTHAT PARLIAMENTANDJUDICIALPOWERRESIDES WITHINTHEJUDICIARYOFWHICHTHE#HIEF *USTICEISHEAD S UPREMEEXECUTIVEAUTHORITYRESTSINTHE 0RESIDENTANDMEMBERSOFHISCABINET 4HISCONSTITUTIONALSTRUCTUREHAS PROVIDEDASTABLEBASEFROMWHICHTHECOUNTRY HASBEENABLETODEVELOPANDTOBEGINTOTAKEITS PLACEONTHEINTERNATIONALSTAGE&OREXAMPLE 3IERRA,EONEISNOWAMEMBEROFTHE%CONOMIC #OMMUNITYOF7EST!FRICAN3TATES%#/7!3 HASJOINEDTHE7ORLD4RADE/RGANISATIONAND TOGETHERWITH,IBERIAAND'UINEAFORMEDTHE -ANO2IVER5NION-253IERRA,EONEISALSO STRENGTHENINGITSHISTORICTIESWITH#YPRUS $ENMARK'REECE.ORWAY0ORTUGAL3PAINAND 3WEDENINORDERTOPROMOTETRADETOURISMAND INVESTMENT -!+).'4(%-/34/&.!452!, -).%2!,2%3/52#%3 2ICHMINERALRESOURCESMOSTNOTABLYGEM QUALITYDIAMONDSCONTINUETOSUPPORT3IERRA ,EONE´SECONOMYANDFORMTHECOUNTRY´SMAIN FOREIGNEXPORT)NDEED3IERRA,EONEREMAINS AMONGTHEWORLD´STOPDIAMONDPRODUCING 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