Calderbank – Green Infrastructure Report

Transcription

Calderbank Main Street
Green Infrastructure Proposals
June 2014
Contents
Introduction
What is a Street?
Street Design
What is Green Infrastructure?
Types of Green Infrastructure
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Main Street, Calderbank
Footpaths and Access
Existing Green Assets
Consultation
Constraints
Climate Change
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A Vision for Calderbank
Funding Opportunities
Design Principles
Green Infrastructure Audit
Quick-Win and Priority Projects
Potential Interventions
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Summary
References
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
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Introduction
Towards Airdrie
no longer provides the range of services it once did. The lifeblood of these places was
once based on local shops where people met and socialised, exchanging news and
views on local issues.
Far from being at the heart of the community, main streets have become a conduit for
and other road users.
The aim of this study of Calderbank is to discover a new rationale for the main street
forms. To achieve this will require a consensus from local businesses, local people,
their political representatives, local authority staff from a range of departments and
third sector organisations that can support a future implementation phase.
Main Street
Mike Batley
Central Scotland Green Network Trust
Calderbank
North Calder Water
Towards M8
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Calderbank Main Street Green Infrastructure Proposals
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What is a street?
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as places in which to live, to work and to move around. Their design requires a
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objectives.
Designing Streets, The Scottish Government, 2010
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Manual for Streets, Department for Transport and Communities and Local Government, 2007
Streets and roads make up around three-quarters of all public space - their design,
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lives.
Manual for Streets 2, Chartered Institute of Highways and Transportation, 2010
Above Integrated highway, drainage, public realm and green infrastructure in Ashford, Kent
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Street Design
Pedestrians First
No roadmarkings or signage.
increasingly cooperative
increasingly shared
Informal crossing.
decreasingly segregated
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(at least one in 13) have been attributed to overweight and obesity, a major cause of
which is inactivity . Encouraging people to walk is not only good for personal health
and wellbeing but also “improves the vitality and security” of town centres and other
streetscapes. Increasing the number of people who chose to walk also cuts down on
the number of cars on the roads. This in turn reduces congestion and improves local
air quality.
Naked Street
Streets as Places
Designed Street
More dominant pedestrian area.
Low kerbs. Common material for footway and
carriageway. Reduction in vehicle parking impact.
Equal Street
Reduced carriageway width. More informal
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character or atmosphere of a place and the connection felt by people with that place”.
Commonly, streets are used and seen as a necessary route between two destinations.
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stop, enjoy or use their surroundings. By creating attractive green environments that
offer a range of amenities and services, streets can become places that are enjoyed by
people. They can offer safe spaces for social interaction, commuting and recreation.
street composition. Sensitive soft landscaping.
Pedestrian Street
Level surface - no deliniation between street
user zones. User hierachy favours pedestrians.
Above Extract from Designing Streets © The Scottish Government
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Maximising Use of Space
Green infrastructure can be implemented to existing street layouts, maximising both
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hanging baskets, green walls and green roofs can be incorporated into existing grey
infrastructure without utilising additional space. Excess areas of road can also be used
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calming measures.
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into green, public spaces. Not only does this maximise the use of local, unused
space, but the implementation of GI to such areas can enhance local biodiversity,
create safe spaces for social interaction and improve the aesthetic appearance of local
communities.
Responding to Surroundings
Streets and public spaces play an important role in expressing and representing local
character and culture. The character of a place is determined both by materials and
physical appearance as well as the “patterns of movement and social interaction
that it produces”. A street or road passing through the heart of a settlement should
encourage pedestrians, cyclists, social interaction and the sense of a community
centre. As such, streets should foster a place for people to enjoy rather than simply a
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Above An integrated street design in Ashford, Kent that responds to the adjacent green area including highway, drainage, benches, lighting,
trees and footway
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What is Green
Infrastructure?
Green infrastructure (GI) is a network of environmental resources connecting urban
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water in strategic land use planning to deliver environmental and quality of life
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allotments and private gardens. GI can contribute to climate change mitigation and
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relation to urban areas, the most common types of GI are parks, open spaces, street
trees, woodland, green (living) roofs, green (living) walls, rain gardens and swales
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private gardens and squares, and allotments.
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provides seasonal variation, interest and identity. This often works on a subconscious
level but can become very prominent in spring and autumn. By contrast, buildings,
roads and pavements look the same all year round.
Above A swale along a residential street in High Point, Seattle, providing both amenity and drainage functions.
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Infrastructure
A breadth of research has shown that green infrastructure can deliver a diverse range
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Reduction in air pollution
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Improved aesthetics and perception
Amelioration of high temperatures
Climate change mitigation / adaptation
Enhanced well-being for people
A more sustainable economic environment
Increased walking and cycling
Facilitation of social interaction, inclusion and community cohesion.
GI is also demonstrably good for business. Increasing GI such as trees, parks, gardens
and living roofs not only make areas more attractive to visit and work in, but also
helps urban areas to be more resilient to extreme weather events – thus helping to
preserve economic sustainability.
Turning grey areas to green ones increases storage of rainfall, reducing the risk of
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It also helps cool urban areas by increasing shade and evapotransporative cooling,
increasingly important in light of projected increases in the severity and frequency of
downpours and heatwaves.
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Types of Green
Infrastructure
Trees
Street Trees
The implementation of trees to streetscapes not only improves overall aesthetic
appearance but can have a number of positives effect on local climates and social
wellbeing. Firstly, trees can cause a cooling effect to local temperatures. This is
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evaporation (i.e. change water to water vapour) rather than creating “sensible
heat that we feel”. When the water is found within the plant, the process is termed
evapotranspiration and has similar effects on local air temperatures.
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local environments. A higher level of albedo results in more solar energy being
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the implementation of trees can increase the albedo of local areas, resulting in less
absorption of solar energy and thus an overall cooling effect to the area.
Trees also contribute to shading which reduces the level of surface energy storage and
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by reducing the levels of sunlight entering buildings and homes in the summer,
reducing the need for air conditioning and creating more pleasant environments.
Furthermore, trees provide shading from “direct exposure to the sun”.
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of trees to townscapes. Trees contribute to the removal of air pollutants, creating a
more pleasant environment and reducing the prevalence of respiratory problems and
illnesses. They also create streets that are more attractive to pedestrians and cyclists,
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“thus facilitating the wider adoption of more active lifestyles”. Furthermore, trees
have been proven to “reduce stress, alleviate mental health problems and improve
interpersonal dynamics”. As overall global climate temperatures are anticipated to
increase into the future, trees and vegetation could help to provide cost effective
solutions.
Sustainable Drainage
There are a number of potential sustainable drainage techniques that can reduce
surface water run-off, improve cleanliness and contribute to the overall greening of
the local environment.
In its most basic form, the addition of trees and other vegetation in place of hard
standing will contribute to sustainable drainage. By reducing the overall area of
hard standing, surface water run-off will be reduced. Furthermore, as water passes
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and green roofs) there is a reduced need for water improvement schemes that can be
costly and include the use of harmful chemicals.
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) are becoming increasingly popular
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controlling the water at the source through trees and vegetation”. By reducing or
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improving the quality of surface water runoff, returning cleaner water to the urban
system and creating a more attractive environment to live in.
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Above Planting beds capturing surface runoff from the carriageway and providing visual interest
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associated dangers, health risks and damage costs. If climate change results in more
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Green Roofs and Walls
Vegetation absorbs rain water thus slowing and reducing run-off and the risk of
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introducing a range of plants that support birds, insects and other wildlife. Using
air and wider environment. Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) via
photosynthesis thus helping to reduce atmospheric pollution in city areas whilst
reducing the impacts of the urban heat island effect through evapotranspiration.
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area. Furthermore, a number of “protected and rare species make use of green
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creates pathways between different vegetation types and habitats, thus improving the
movement of species within and between different areas.
The predicted increase in global temperatures will also impact a range of species,
causing them to move or migrate to maintain their “climate space”. Even short, local
movements of species will become important, allowing them “to move to a new
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vegetation types to townscapes will create more diverse environments that improve
the resilience of habitats and species.
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Main Street,
Calderbank
The village of Calderbank lies 1.5 miles south of Airdrie town centre. Like many
communities peripheral to a larger town, it has a depleting range of services though

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side parking and a couple of local businesses.
Car Dominated
At present, the Main Street of Calderbank is used predominately as a thoroughfare
for cars and does not present an attractive community centre or space. Any existing
green infrastructure is limited to areas of species poor amenity grassland on one
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for pedestrians or cyclists to use the street which is dominated by cars that
regularly speed through the town centre, creating not only an unpleasant but unsafe
environment.
Thoroughfare
As a result of the layout of Calderbank, Main Street is the only entrance and exit
point in both directions. It is therefore experienced by everybody everyday as they
go about their business. As it is also the only road through, it also experiences a lot of
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needs of the pedestrian and local residents.
Whilst some of the other streets in Calderbank, such as Crowwood Road, contain
street trees and green verges, Main Street contains tarmac, parking and a range of
painted road markings.
A Place for Cars...
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A Place to Pass Through...
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Footpaths and
Access
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A previous study done by Royal Haskoning DHV on behalf of North Lanarkshire
Council explored the potential to improve cycle paths in the Calderbank area and how
to better connect Calderbank to Airdrie and other surrounding villages for pedestrians
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other users through a village-wide scheme” and made recommendations for signage
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speed limit along the Main Street to 20mph, amongst other initiatives. Furthermore,
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is more attractive to pedestrians and cyclists.
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Calderbank lies between an extensive network of foot and cycle paths which connect
it to the Monklands Canal, North Calder Water, other surrounding villages and the
wider countryside.
Left North Lanarkshire Core Paths around Calderbank
The recommendations from the report by Royal Haskoning DHV regarding
Calderbank Main Street is a hindrance to the implementation of improved pedestrian
and cyclist infrastructure. Whilst there are currently good footpaths surrounding
Calderbank, there is still potential to further improve the network and to better
integrate this with the village centre.
Currently, the connections from the south side of the village are accessed from a
dirt track with no signage. This could be improved, encouraging greater usage, by
improved signage from Main Street that shows clear directions to the North Calder
Water and Monklands Canal.
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Existing Green
Assets
North Calder Water runs east to west past the area. The Environment Scotland
website states that this section of the river (between Shotts Burn and Luggie Burn)
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by its steep banks and the village of Calderbank is located beyond any mapped areas
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A number of amenity grassland areas are found along Main Street and other roads in
Calderbank. However, these are predominately found on street corners and behind
fenced areas. One larger opening of amenity grassland is found to the south east
of the village, adjacent to an area of derelict land. Amenity grassland is typically
composed of intensively managed and regularly mown grasslands with a low number
of species. As such, these green areas currently do little to enhance the aesthetic
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Above An area of mown grass and trees alongside parking and residential properties
Above Existing green open space used primarily by dog walkers.
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Consultation
A public consultation session was held in Calderbank Village Hall on Thursday
20th March 2014 to allow the village residents an opportunity to express their
opinions about the project. The purpose of the consultation was to establish the
sentiment amongst the residents towards Calderbank at present. This guidance
helped the project team to understand the positive and negative aspects of the village
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the priorities for investment and change through green infrastructure lie. The results
from the consultation feedback have informed the proposed design improvements in
Calderbank.
The public consultation session had over 50 attendees and resulted in 21 completed
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positive feeling towards the condition and layout of Main Street at present.
Attendees were asked to rate Main Street on a number of aspects. The table on the
previous page shows that a large majority of residents rate Main Street as poor for
pedestrians, drivers, parking and appearance.
A series of seven open-ended questions were then put to the residents to enable
them to express their views on Main Street. Many of the participants responded with
various issues for each question.
When asked to identify “the best thing about Main Street”, seven responses failed
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services and facilities which it hosts, including “chemist and doctors” and “shop
and pub”. One of the responses failed to identify anything positive about the present
appearance, but noted that “the best thing about Main Street is the potential for
improvement”, demonstrating the willingness for improvements to be made along the
street.
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Above Attendees at the consultation event
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Above Attendees ratings of Main Street now
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about Main Street, naming the volume and speed of vehicles as a particular concern.
A further nine subjects also cited the aesthetic appeal of the route as a problem, with
responses pointing to the derelict buildings and “very little greenery”.
A map of Calderbank was used to invite participants to comment on the positives and
negatives of the village. The positives of Calderbank relate to its location, involving
the scenery, canal and cycle paths, and the opportunities that the outdoor location
provides.
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both a pedestrian and driving perspective. Aesthetic issues which have been
highlighted relate to maintenance along the course of Main Street. These include
the preponderance of litter on Main Street, with a dumping ground to the east of
the street, poorly kept verges, derelict buildings and padlocked green space on
Crowwood Road, preventing access for the community.
Main Street Priorities
The above themes are continued when asking what the residents would change
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measures, “more green[ery]” and using “mature trees … to screen off the dumping
area”. Additionally, requests to improve pedestrian facilities along Main Street
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pedestrian facilities” and installing a “pedestrian crossing at [the] Doctors surgery”.
The above feedback further illustrates the negative perception the residents have of
the appearance and function of Main Street, and the desire for improvements to centre
on these themes.
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Above Feedback provided by consultation attendees
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Participants were also asked to single out a favourite street in Calderbank. Whilst
answers varied, the general trend was to choose streets which were not main
thoroughfares, with greenery prevalent (e.g. trees and grass verges) and open space
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and more prevalent green features along Main Street.
An almost unanimous response towards more green features along Main Street
was received from participants, with a similar desire for improvements to increase
the amount of greenery in Calderbank. These include incorporating more trees and
planting beds, pocket parks / gardens on disused land and the use of hedges to replace
metal railings, thus making the village more appealing to residents and visitors.
Further suggestions included the strategic siting of trees and shrubs (street furniture)
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Main Street in the Future
Furthermore, residents were given an opportunity to identify locations and schemes
for the improvement of Main Street and the surrounding area. Many of these issues
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improving the general aesthetics of the village through maintenance and greenery.
However, additional ideas include the cleaning up of the Monkland Canal and its
entrance to enable this to become an attraction from the village, and highlighting the
cycle paths around the area also. The introduction of signage as a gateway feature to
Calderbank would provide a more welcoming feel whilst also demolishing derelict
building, replacing them with new housing and green spaces.
Participants were invited to generate spider diagrams and rate Main Street (with
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climate change adaptation, biodiversity, making use of assets, noise and footfall) as it
is at present and the perceived priorities for improvement.
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Above Feedback provided by consultation attendees
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Main Street
Currently
Main Street
Priorities
For Main Street at present, residents tended to have a very low view of the qualities
that it contributes. Whilst the feedback from this analysis varied, there were several
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that the noise levels were high, which could also linked to the low air quality along
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to community development or generating business, and has a low appearance rating
coupled with a low biodiversity. The comparative results demonstrate that the biggest
gap to bridge between current score and priorities is aesthetics. Whilst this is the
case for residents, it may not be what is required to unlock funding to make aesthetic
improvements.
Local Business Feedback
Arup contacted all local businesses on the Main Street of Calderbank via a written
letter which summarised the work that Arup had undertaken with regards to the
potential implementation of GI in Calderbank. The aim of these letters was to engage
with the local businesses; to encourage any feedback or opinions regarding GI that
they might have; and to determine if they would be willing to implement GI to their
business frontages if funding was available.
Comparative Results
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Letters were hand delivered on Tuesday 8th April 2014. It was not possible to deliver
all of the letters on this date as some businesses were not open and had no post box.
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Store; The Post; J. McEwan Motorbody Repair; Kebabish; Airdrie Motorist Centre;
and First Choice Upholstery. All local businesses were asked to respond to the letters,
if they chose to do so, by Thursday 17th April to allow their responses to the included
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on the 18th March 2014 via email.
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Two responses were obtained as a result of the letters sent to local businesses. These
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Consultation Summary
Supportive of anything that would improve the look of the village. Hopes that the
With regards to the priorities for improvement along Main Street, there were several
themes which were deemed to be most important. A general willingness to see
footfall increased was noted by many, as was a priority to improve the aesthetics of
the area. Furthermore, desires to reduce the noise levels and increase the biodiversity
along the road are seen as an importance by the community. By improving the
aesthetics and reducing the issues of noise, it would be expected that Main Street
would become a more attractive space for pedestrians and wildlife alike, and by doing
so the area would contribute further towards the sense of community and help to
promote business in Calderbank.
The Railway Inn would gladly make improvements to the external appearance of their
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already.
The residents of Calderbank have highlighted many obstructive qualities of Main
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participant noted, there is huge potential for improvement along the Main Street and
the surrounding area. The feedback received from two businesses on the street seem
to suggest that there would be support for this work from the business community.
Through strategic and targeted improvement of Main Street, the area will become a
more pleasant and appealing space. By doing so, the road and surroundings will once
more become an important part of the community, attracting businesses and visitors
alike whilst making Calderbank more resilient to the changing pressures that climate
change may bring.
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waiting to happen. He thinks it is a great idea and is all for any measures that would
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Constraints
Physical
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• The location of utilities
• Access and parking requirements
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interventions that can be proposed. For example, the photograph on the opposite page
illustrates the range of utilities that are present underneath the pavement.
Financial
Whilst many physical constraints can be overcome, to move a physical constraint
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improving Main Street and so any interventions that can be implemented without
or allocate funding towards.
The cost of each type of green infrastructure intervention varies, both in
implementation and maintenance costs. However, some interventions could reduce
long-term maintenance costs. For example, managing surface run-off through swales
or other SuDS features is less costly to maintain than underground piped systems.
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Above Services within the footway of Main Street providing a constraint to the implementation of green infrastructure
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Climate Change
The climate projections opposite are taken from environment.scotland.gov.uk and
show the potential changes in temperature and precipitation that western Scotland
may experience between 2020 and 2080 (under a medium emission scenario).
Summer Temperature
Summer Precipitation
Winter Temperature
Winter Precipitation
The graphs show that summer temperatures may rise by between around 1.8 and 5.5
degrees with winter temperatures increasing by between 1.5 and 4 degrees. The result
of this may be a changing of local plant and animal species and a requirement to
increase shading and look for ways of reducing the effect of increased temperatures
in urban areas.
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in winter. This means that streets will need to cope with increased rainfall intensity
and vegetation will need to survive for longer periods without water.
Therefore, to futureproof or adapt Main Street to the changing climate the following
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• Implement street trees to reduce air temperatures in summer months and decrease
risks to the elderly from higher temperatures.
• Use green infrastructure such as green roofs, walls and trees to reduce costs of
cooling shops and homes in hotter summer months.
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A Vision for
Calderbank
Main Street to
Green Street
The vision is to transform Main Street for the people and businesses of Calderbank
through implementation green infrastructure approach that responds to the
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Through the enhancement of existing (and creation of new) green spaces within
and around Main Street, the street can be transformed to a green street that puts
pedestrians at the centre. This will improve the sense of place, assist with climate
change adaptation and create an environment for residents and passers-by to enjoy.
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A Place in Balance...
A Place to Feel Good...
A Place to Belong...
A Place for Nature...
A Place for Growth...
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Funding
Opportunities
The Climate Challenge Fund
The Climate Challenge Fund (CCF) is an initiative lead by the Scottish Government
and administered by Keep Scotland Beautiful which provides funding support for
community lead projects, aimed at tackling climate change. Fundamentally, the aim
of the CCF is to assist communities to reduce their carbon emissions, improve their
local environment and subsequently improve the global environment.
Up to £150,000 per year, per project until 31st March 2016 is available to eligible
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• Scotland based.
• Led by the community.
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• Legally constituted (by the time of receiving funding, if not by the time of
application).
Furthermore, funding is only given to projects that will provide a measureable
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• Community led.
• Measurable/reportable carbon reductions.
• Sustainable legacy.
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for. Support is given to projects that include climate change resilience initiatives
alongside carbon reductions. Ideas include green infrastructure, community growing
schemes, drainage systems and permeable surfaces.
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Cycle Friendly and Sustainable Communities Fund
The Cycle Friendly and Sustainable Communities Fund (CFSCF) encourages a
shift away from single occupancy car use, a reduction in carbon emissions and
an improvement in well-being of communities across Scotland by enabling more
people to have more opportunities to cycle. The CFSCF aims to assist local groups
to achieve these outcomes in their own communities through innovative new ways of
utilising and increasing cycling.
All 32 local authorities are eligible to apply for funding under the RCGF.
Approximately £14.5million was available for the second round of RCGF. Funding
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subject to future budget review.
In order to be eligible for CFSCF, community groups must meet the following criteria
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National Planning Framework 3 (NPF3) sets out three key priority action areas
for the Central Scotland Green Network (CSGN). One of these, Active Travel, is
particularly relevant to this report and there are two strands of potential delivery.
• Promotes modal shift behavior.
• Reduces emissions.
• Delivers a sustainable community which encourages social inclusion and
promotes health and the environment.
Firstly, GI represents a means to improve Calderbank Main Street in such a way
that substantially delivers the opportunities for cyclists highlighted in the report
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Access Study”.
Regeneration Capital Grant Fund
Secondly, GI will also facilitate journeys on foot from the larger part of the residents
of Calderbank that live west of Main Street, to the local services such as the primary
school, doctors, pharmacy and shops on the east side of Main Street. The current
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The Regeneration Capital Grant Fund (RCGF) is a government initiative developed
in partnership with the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) and
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Regeneration Strategy (2011).
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large-scale improvements to deprived areas. There is a focus to engage and involve
local communities whilst aiming to deliver sustainable regeneration outcomes.
Funding is primarily aimed at providing new and/or improved infrastructure to
improve the economic, social, and physical environment of communities.
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Linking potential interventions to these priority action areas may help to direct
investment towards Calderbank and Main Street, particularly in the case of future
funding streams directed specially at CSGN delivery.
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Design Principles
Following feedback from the consultation event, the objective is to improve Main
Street though green infrastructure interventions, with the primary aims of improving
the appearance of the street and creating a more pedestrian-friendly environment
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functions does not preclude any proposed interventions from also achieving other
functions such as reduction in air pollution, climate change adaptation and reduce
water run-off.
To achieve this, there are a number of measures that could be undertaken. They are
of varying costs, ease of delivery and impact. The opportunity to improve the Main
Street corridor through green infrastructure exists on both public and private property,
and by improving existing green assets as well as creating new green assets. These
four categories are broadly described below.
Above Existing Green Asset - Public
Existing Green Assets – Public: This category contains mown amenity grass verges
(some with trees), an enclosed garden behind the community centre, planters outside
Calderbank Primary School, woodland on the banks of North Calder Water and
some residential gardens under ownership by the local authority as part of the social
housing stock. All of these assets have the potential for increased GI functionality that
could be relatively easy to deliver due to their public ownership and minimal costs
for implementation. Improvements to these assets would achieve the aim of improved
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Existing Green Assets – Private: This category consists primarily of residential
gardens with some amenity grass verges and derelict land. These assets have the
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improvements due to their private ownership. Features such as trees may be able to
be delivered if funded publicly, but more specialized features such as sustainable
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Above Existing Green Asset - Private
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Improvements to these assets would achieve the aim of improved appearance but
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Potential Green Assets – Public: Within this category the assets are generally
located within the public highway or pavement but also include some social
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implementation would be higher than for existing green assets and approval would
need to be sought from the highway authority, they would however have a greater
impact on the street environment. Any provision of GI within these areas would be
an addition to Main Street and would work towards both primary aims of improved
appearance and creating a more pedestrian environment through minimizing road
%V
%
Above Potential Green Asset - Public
Potential Green Assets – Private: There are a limited number of these assets within
the Main Street corridor and they include derelict land, some space between other
features and a building. For these potential assets, the implementation costs are
unlikely to be high, however the ease of delivery will be limited by the landowner.
Improvements to these assets would achieve the aim of improved appearance but
#
%
%
These areas are mapped and labelled on the following pages. Green outlines indicate
existing green assets, blue outlines indicate potential green assets, pink shading
indicates private ownership and blue shading indicates public ownership.
Above Potential Green Asset - Private
50
51
Legend
Legend
The full audit of each area can be found in Appendix 1
using the numeric references shown below
Potential Green Assets
22
Potential Green Assets
53
Ownership
23
54
Ownership
55
Private
24
Private
56
Public
Public
Ownership
1
Ownership
25
57 58
2
26
40
6
3
28
59
4
7
41
29
5
60
62
61
9
30
8
42 10
63
27
43
44
11
46
45
31
12
47
13
32
48
14
64
15
49
34
33
16
65
50
17
35
51
18
19
38
52
37
21
39
36
20
22
52
53
23
53
Green
Infrastructure Audit
A green infrastructure audit has been undertaken for all of the areas of Main

Infrastructure Audit Best Practice Guide. The full audit table is included in Appendix
Y
[
Site category: Current use of the area (garden, grass verge, derelict land etc)
Condition: How the existing use is being maintained
Management: What management activities are currently being undertaken
Habitat: Current vegetation type
Functions: A primary and secondary (where applicable) function is noted (private,
visual, amenity, wildlife etc)
Enhancement Opportunities: The types of GI enhancement could potentially be
undertaken (tree planting, food growing, shrubs, green wall etc)
Ease of delivery: Judged depending on the type of enhancement opportunity and
known constraints
Barriers to delivery: What needs to be overcome to implement the enhancement
Impact of enhancement: Scale of impact in relation to the vision and objectives
The number of enhancement opportunities, ease of delivery and the impact of
%
Above Cover of the Victoria BID Green Infrastructure Audit Best Practice Guide
54
55
Legend
ase of eli er
Dark green shaded areas have the highest
number of potential green infrastructure
opportunities that could be implemented (6),
whilst dark red areas have the lowest (1).
I pact
Easy
High
Moderate
Medium
Challenging
Low
Legend
22
23
ase of eli er
53
54
24
55
56
Enhancement Opportunities
5
2
4
1
High
Moderate
Medium
Challenging
Low
nhance ent Opportunities
3
m
I pact
Easy
1
25
3
57 58
m
2
5
2
4
1
26
40
6
3
28
59
4
7
41
29
5
60
62
61
9
30
8
42 10
63
27
43
44
11
46
45
31
12
47
13
32
48
14
64
15
49
34
33
16
65
50
17
35
51
18
19
38
52
37
21
39
36
20
22
56
53
23
57
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Many of these enhancements could be developed individually, or as part of a series of
interventions as and when funding of the opportunity for intervention arises. They are
increased footfall, improved aesthetics and potential increase to the income of local
businesses.
If all of these projects were taken forward the environment of Main Street would be
[
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!
• Improved aesthetics and seasonal variation
• Improved biodiversity
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These 22 areas are described and mapped on the following pages along with a
description of the potential enhancement options and indicative costs for each (a
breakdown of the cost calculations is provided in Appendix 2).
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άϭϵ͕ϳϲϲ͘ϭϲ ,ŝŐŚ
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άϳ͕ϳϵϬ͘ϭϲ DĞĚŝƵŵ
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άϭ͕ϵϬϯ͘ϵϮ DĞĚŝƵŵ
άϮϬ͕ϯϮϭ͘ϰϮ ,ŝŐŚ
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άϳ͕ϱϬϬ͘ϬϬ ,ŝŐŚ
άϳ͕ϭϰϰ͘ϱϳ ,ŝŐŚ
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άϱ͕ϴϭϮ͘ϱϭ ,ŝŐŚ
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A variety of different GI features
GI interventions with a high impact
Ease of delivery / lack of potential barriers
A combination of the above
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+
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other. In order to focus on the inplementation of relevant and high quality green
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Quick-Win and
Priority Projects
59
22
23
53
54
24
55
1
Enhancement of space around
church to provide more visual
interest and informal recreation
56
Removal of pallisade fence
to soften appearance and
create open space alongside
footway with new tree, shrub or
#
25
2
40
57 58
Gateway central reservation
with trees, vegetation and SuDS
feature including pedestrian /
vehicle crossing points
26
6
3
28
4
7
41
Central reservation with
vegetation and SuDS feature
including pedestrian / vehicle
crossing points
59
Window boxes, shrub planting,
food growing
Tree, shrub or hedge planting
within garden
29
Open space alongside footway,
appearance around church and
school
5
9
60
62
Reduced entrance width to
additional GI / SuDS
61
30
#&
planting in open space with
green wall on building facade
8
42 10
43
44
11
46
Reduced entrance width to
additional GI / SuDS
45
12
47
13
48
14
63
Temporary / permanent use of site
&#
a gateway feature, integrated with
future development
32
49
Tree, shrub or hedge planting
within garden
Increase visual and biodiversity
interst through tree, shrub,
#
31
Tree planting, shrubs and
#
15
27
64
34
33
16
65
50
17
35
51
18
19
Central reservation with trees,
vegetation and SuDS feature
including pedestrian / vehicle
crossing points
52
21
38
37
#
/ creation of SuDS feature
39
36
20
22
60
53
23
61
Potential
Interventions
Potential Green Infrastructure Asset - Area 65
Potential to improve
appearance and biodiversity
of this gateway site through
#
meadow and addition of
gateway signage.
<
entrance to Calderbank
from the south, enhance
perceptions of visitors
and increase awareness of
motorists that are entering a
residential area.
<
(moving along the street from south to north) could look like if the potential green
infastructure enhancements were implmented.
The aim of this is to communicate how, both individually and together, these
&
priorities.
+
&
development and consultation with stakeholders before being implemented. This
would consider issues such as road widths, positions in relation to bus stops, crossing
points for cars and pedestrians, parking, planting selection, maintenance and any
required permissions.
Area 65
Potential Green Infrastructure Intervention - Area 65
62
63
Potential Green Infrastructure Assets
Potential Green Infrastructure Asset
Potential to improve
appearance and reduce
#
narrowing the carriageway.
The creation of a central
median would improve
crossing facilities for
pedestrians and may reduce
the narrowing of the
carriageway. The provision
of narrow trees will provide
height interest and seasonal
variation.
Space gained can be used to
implement multi-functional
green infrastructure using
water runoff.
The narrowed entrance to
side streets would encourage
approach and entrance.
Area 59
Area 60
Area 61
Area 62
Potential Green Infrastructure Interventions
64
This intervention may
prohibit ad-hoc parking and
the bus stop may need to be
moved.
Area 51
Potential Green Infrastructure Intervention
65
Potential Green Infrastructure Assets
Potential Green Infrastructure Asset
Potential for a green wall
on a trellis system to be
installed against this visually
prominent wall.
There is the potential to
narrow the carriageway here
&
for a short one lane section.
The mown grass area could
be enhanced to include
&#
trees.
This will allow the creation
of a multi-functional green
space that can be accessed
from the footway and could
also include benches.
Painted road markings
could be replaced with
multi-functional green
infrastructure using water
%
The narrowing of the
carriageway would make
the road easier to cross for
pedesrtians.
Area 42
Area 41
Area 10
Area 43
Potential Green Infrastructure Interventions
66
Potential Green Infrastructure Intervention
67
Summary
References
<
Calderbank Main Street, taking various forms throughout the area. Not only could
these interventions aesthetically improve the appearance of Calderbank, but green
&&
run-off and create a town centre that encourages walking and cycling and improves
local business success.
Publications
The implementation of green infrastructure creates carbon sinks that allow the
storage of carbon in biomass whilst increasing the release of oxygen. The installation
&
reducing the need for conventional heating and cooling systems.
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Whilst it has not been possible to quantify the potential carbon savings or offsetting
values for this study, it is widely acknowledged that green infrastructure achieves
%
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!
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it is clear to see that implementing green infrastructure to Calderbank could have
!
|}
carbon agenda.
The next step in creating a green street for Calderbank is to explore funding
opportunities for the further design, implementation and maintenance of the quickwin and priority projects. The implementation of these projects will help to acheive
local aspiration for the area and act as a catalyst for further investment into Main
Street and Calderbank.
68
The Scottish Government (2014) – Proposed National Planning Framework 3
Victoria BID (2013) – Green Infrastructure Audit Best Practice Guide
Forestry Commission (2013) – Air temperature and regulation by urban trees and green
infrastructure
Islington Council (2013) – SuDS Design Guidance
\$@VXYZ||}%~[\$
Chartered Institute of Highways and Transportation (2010) – Manual for Streets 2
=\@VXYXZ
Mitchell et al. (2008) – Linking urban water balance and energy balance models to analyse urban
design options. Hydrological Processes, 2891-2900
Colin Buchanan (2007) – Measuring Pedestrian Activity
Department for Transport and Communities and Local Government (2007) – Manual for Streets
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+%$[\
Websites (accessed May 2014):
www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/sustainability-climate-change/climate-challenge-fund/
www.cyclingscotland.org/our-projects/award-schemes/cycle-friendly-community-project
www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment/regeneration/investment/capitalgrants/rcgf
www.environment.scotland.gov.uk
www.noo.org.uk
69
Appendix 1
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tŝůĚĨůŽǁĞƌ͕&ŽŽĚŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ
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DŽĚĞƌĂƚĞ
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>Žǁ
ϰϴϯϱ͘ϭϲ DĞĚŝƵŵ
ϰϰϱϬ͘ϰϰ DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
ϱϭϬϵ͘ϵϲ >Žǁ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
ϭϵϳϲϲ͘ϭϲ ,ŝŐŚ
>Žǁ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
ϳϳϯϱ͘ϮϬ DĞĚŝƵŵ
ϳϳϵϬ͘ϭϲ DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
ϯϰϰϰϱ͘ϴϭ DĞĚŝƵŵ
ϮϬϰϴϵ͘Ϭϰ ,ŝŐŚ
>Žǁ
ϰϵϴϭ͘ϲϴ DĞĚŝƵŵ
ϭϵϬϯ͘ϵϮ DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
ϮϬϯϮϭ͘ϰϮ ,ŝŐŚ
ϮϮϯϰϯ͘ϲϰ ,ŝŐŚ
ϳϱϬϬ͘ϬϬ ,ŝŐŚ
ϳϭϰϰ͘ϱϳ ,ŝŐŚ
ϰϱϬϯ͘ϱϯ ,ŝŐŚ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
ϭϴϲϰϭ͘ϰϮ ,ŝŐŚ
>Žǁ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
>Žǁ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
Ϯϵϰϯϱ͘Ϯϭ ,ŝŐŚ
ϱϵϬϰ͘ϲϲ ,ŝŐŚ
ϱϴϭϮ͘ϱϭ ,ŝŐŚ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
DĞĚŝƵŵ
>Žǁ
ϰϴϭϲϮ͘ϭϮ ,ŝŐŚ
ZĞĂƐŽŶ
ϱŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ĞĂƐǇƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌ͕ŵĞĚŝƵŵŝŵƉĂĐƚ
ϲŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŶŽďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ͕ĞĂƐǇƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌ
ϰŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŚŝŐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚ͕ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƚŝŽŶŝŶŵŝĚĚůĞŽĨDĂŝŶ^ƚƌĞĞƚ
ϱŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŚŝŐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚ͕ůŝŶŬĞĚǁŝƚŚϯϯĂŶĚϲϱ
ϲŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŚŝŐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚ
hŶŝƋƵĞĨĞĂƚƵƌĞǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚǀŝƐƵĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚĚƵĞƚŽƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƚǇƉĞ
ϱŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŚŝŐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚ͕ǁŽƌŬƐǁŝƚŚϲϬĂŶĚϲϭ
ϱŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŚŝŐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚ͕ůŝŶŬĞĚǁŝƚŚϲϭ
ϱŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŚŝŐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚ͕ůŝŶŬĞĚǁŝƚŚϲϬ
ϰŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŚŝŐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚ͕ůŝŶŬĞĚǁŝƚŚϯϯĂŶĚϯϱ͘
71
Appendix 2
WůŽƚŶŽ͘
ƌĞĂŵϮ
ZĂƚĞ
/ƚĞŵ͗
ƌĞĂŬŽƵƚĞǆŝƐƚŝŶŐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐĂŝƚĞĚϭϱϬŵŵƚŚŝĐŬŐƌĂŶƵůĂƌďĂƐĞůŽĂĚƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞŽĨĨƐŝƚĞďǇŐƌĂď;ŵĂĐĂĚĂŵͿ
hŶŝƚ
ƌĞĂŬŽƵƚĞǆŝƐƚŝŶŐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐĂŝƚĞĚϭϱϬŵŵƚŚŝĐŬŐƌĂŶƵůĂƌďĂƐĞůŽĂĚƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞŽĨĨƐŝƚĞďǇŐƌĂď;ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞͿ
'ĞŶĞƌĂůƐŝƚĞĐůĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ
ǆĐĂǀĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚĨŝůůŝŶŐ͕ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů;ϯϬϬŵŵĚĞĞƉͿ͕ĨŝůůǁŝƚŚƚŽƉƐŽŝů;ƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞůǇͿƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨĞǆĐĂǀĂƚĞĚ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůďǇƐŬŝƉ
/ŵƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽƉƐŽŝů͕Ϭ͘ϯŵĚĞƉƚŚ
ǆĐĂǀĂƚĞƚƌĞŶĐŚ͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶ;ϭϱϬǆϭϱϬͿ͕ůĂǇƉƌĞĐĂƐƚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŬĞƌďƵŶŝƚƐ͕ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨĂƌŝƐŝŶŐƐ
EĂƚƵƌĂůƐƚŽŶĞƉĂǀŝŶŐ
ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĞǆŝƐƚŝŶŐŐƌŽƵŶĚ
'ƌĂƐƐƐĞĞĚǁŝƚŚŽŶĞǇĞĂƌŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ
dƌĞĞƉůĂŶƚŝŶŐ͕ĞǆĐĂǀĂƚĞƉŝƚďǇŚĂŶĚ͕ďĂĐŬĨŝůůŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽƐƚ͕ŽŶĞƐƚĂŬĞ͕ĞǆƚƌĂŚĞĂǀǇƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͕ϭ͘ϱŵǆϬ͘ϳϱŵ
Ɖŝƚ
^ŚƌƵďƉůĂŶƚŝŶŐ͕ĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĂŶĚŐƌĂĚĞƐŚƌƵďďĞĚ͕ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĂŶĚĨĞƌƚŝůŝƐĞƌ͕ƌĞŵŽǀĞхϱϬŵŵƐƚŽŶĞƐ͕
ϯϬϬǆϯϬϬǆϯϬϬƉŝƚƐ͕ϱϬŵŵďĂƌŬĐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐ͕ǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚĨĞĞĚĨŽƌϭϮŵŽŶƚŚƐ͕ϮůƐŚƌƵďƐ͕ϯϬϬŵŵĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ
:ĂŬŽďŐƌĞĞŶǁĂůůƚƌĞůůŝƐ͕ƐƵƉƉůǇĂŶĚŝŶƐƚĂůůŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ŶŽƚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝƌƌŝŐĂƚŝŽŶ
ŵϮ
άϭϭ͘ϵϬ
ŵϮ
άϭϯ͘ϬϬ
ŶŽ
άϯϱϬ͘ϬϬ
ŵϮ
άϮϮ͘ϬϬ
ŵϮ
άϯϭ͘ϬϬ
ůŵ
άϯϬ͘ϱϬ
ŵϮ
άϭϱϬ͘ϬϬ
ŵϮ
άϲ͘ϴϬ
ϰ
ϵϬϱ
ϳ
ϭϯϳ
ϭϬ
ϭϭϳ
ϭϭ
ϭϬϯ
ϭϯ
ϭϮϳ
Ϯϱ
ϰϰϮ
Ϯϵ
ϮϰϬ
ϯϬ
ϮϰϮ
ϯϰ
ϯϬϱϰ͘ϴ
ϯϱ
ϭϳϳϰ
ϰϭ
ϭϯϬ
ϰϮ
ϯϵ
ϰϯ
ϰϵ
ϰϰ
Ϯϲ
ϱϭ
ϭϬϴ
ϱϵ
ϴϲ
ϲϬ
ϰϱ
ϲϭ
ϰϰ
ϲϱ
ϴϬϳ
ϭϰϱϰ͘ϳ
ϱϰϴ͘ϯϭ
ϮϵϬ͘ϵϰ
ϭϮϬϴ͘ϱϮ
ϵϲϮ͘ϯϰ
ϱϬϯ͘ϱϱ
ϰϵϮ͘ϯϲ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϬϭϰ
Ϯϯϳϲ
ϮϴϲϬ
ϭϬϳϴ
ϱϳϮ
Ϯϯϳϲ
ϭϴϵϮ
ϵϵϬ
ϵϲϴ
ϴϴϳϳ
ϰϮϰϳ
ϯϯϰϴ
ϰϬϯϬ
ϭϱϭϵ
ϴϬϲ
ϯϯϰϴ
Ϯϲϲϲ
ϭϯϵϱ
ϭϯϲϰ
ϭϮϱϬϴ͘ϱ
ϯϬϱϬ
ϭϴϯϬ
ϵϭϱ
ϵϭϱ
ϯϬϱϬ
ϯϬϱϬ
ϵϭϱ
ϵϭϱ
ϭϴϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬ
ϭϮϬϬ
ϭϮϵϬϬ
ϭϰϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϲϬϬ
ϮϬϬ
ϮϬϬ
ϯϰϬϮ
ϰϬϵϱ
ϭϬϰϵϭ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϵϬϱ
ϳϵϱ͘ϲ
ϳϬϬ͘ϰ
ϴϲϯ͘ϲ
ϯϬϬϱ͘ϲ
ϭϲϯϮ
ϭϲϰϱ͘ϲ
ϭϬϯϴϲ͘ϯϮ
ϲϬϯϭ͘ϲ
ϭϭϮϴ͘ϴ
ϯϲϳ͘Ϯ
ϱϴϭ
ϭϴϵ
άϯ͘ϱϬ
ϵϬϱ
ϰϬϵ͘ϱ
ϯϲϬ͘ϱ
ϰϰϰ͘ϱ
ϭϱϰϳ
ϴϰϬ
ϴϰϳ
ϱϯϰϱ͘ϵ
ϯϭϬϰ͘ϱ
άϮϬϬ͘ϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϲϬϬ
ϲϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬ
ŵϮ
άϲϯ͘ϬϬ
ϭϴϭ
ϭϰϳϰ͘Ϯ
ϭϮϵϳ͘ϴ
ϭϲϬϬ͘Ϯ
ϱϱϲϵ͘Ϯ
ϯϬϮϰ
ϯϬϰϵ͘Ϯ
ϵϲϮϮ͘ϲϮ
ϱϱϴϴ͘ϭ
ŵϮ
άϮϱϬ͘ϬϬ
ϮϬй
ϰϬ
ϭϬϴ
ϭϮϬϴ͘ϱϮ
ŶŽ
dŽƚĂů
ϯϴ
ϱϰ
ϭϱϯϯ͘Ϭϯ
ŵϮ
ŽŶƚŝŶŐĞŶĐǇ
ϯϳ
ϭϲϲ
ϰϯϭϱ͘ϱ
ϮϬϵϭ͘ϲ
ϲϴϬ͘ϰ
ϮϴϮϰ͘ϱ
ϱϬϬϬ
ϭϱϰϯ͘ϱ
ϴϭϵ
ϯϰϬϮ
ϮϳϬϵ
ϱϲϳ
ϱϱϰ͘ϰ
ϱϬϴϰ͘ϭ
ϲϮϱϬ
άϯ͕ϯϰϭ͘ϬϬ
άϭϯ͕ϰϱϵ͘ϱϯ
άϰ͕ϬϮϵ͘ϯϬ
άϯ͕ϳϬϴ͘ϳϬ
άϰ͕Ϯϱϴ͘ϯϬ
άϭϲ͕ϰϳϭ͘ϴϬ
άϲ͕ϰϰϲ͘ϬϬ
άϲ͕ϰϵϭ͘ϴϬ
άϮϴ͕ϳϬϰ͘ϴϰ
άϭϳ͕Ϭϳϰ͘ϮϬ
άϰ͕ϭϱϭ͘ϰϬ
άϭ͕ϱϴϲ͘ϲϬ
άϭϲ͕ϵϯϰ͘ϱϮ
άϭϴ͕ϲϭϵ͘ϳϬ
άϲ͕ϮϱϬ͘ϬϬ
άϱ͕ϵϱϯ͘ϴϭ
άϯ͕ϳϱϮ͘ϵϰ
άϭϱ͕ϱϯϰ͘ϱϮ
άϮϰ͕ϱϮϵ͘ϯϰ
άϰ͕ϵϮϬ͘ϱϱ
άϰ͕ϴϰϯ͘ϳϲ
άϰϬ͕ϭϯϱ͘ϭϬ
άϰ͕ϬϬϵ͘ϮϬ
άϭϲ͕ϭϱϭ͘ϰϰ
άϰ͕ϴϯϱ͘ϭϲ
άϰ͕ϰϱϬ͘ϰϰ
άϱ͕ϭϬϵ͘ϵϲ
άϭϵ͕ϳϲϲ͘ϭϲ
άϳ͕ϳϯϱ͘ϮϬ
άϳ͕ϳϵϬ͘ϭϲ
άϯϰ͕ϰϰϱ͘ϴϭ
άϮϬ͕ϰϴϵ͘Ϭϰ
άϰ͕ϵϴϭ͘ϲϴ
άϭ͕ϵϬϯ͘ϵϮ
άϮϬ͕ϯϮϭ͘ϰϮ
άϮϮ͕ϯϰϯ͘ϲϰ
άϳ͕ϱϬϬ͘ϬϬ
άϳ͕ϭϰϰ͘ϱϳ
άϰ͕ϱϬϯ͘ϱϯ
άϭϴ͕ϲϰϭ͘ϰϮ
άϮϵ͕ϰϯϱ͘Ϯϭ
άϱ͕ϵϬϰ͘ϲϲ
άϱ͕ϴϭϮ͘ϱϭ
άϰϴ͕ϭϲϮ͘ϭϮ
<
(
required for the preparation and implementation of the enhancement opportunities
%<((
area and does not consider the costs of any potential knock-on effects (for example,
relocating a bus stop).
As designs develop for each area, the cost of potential interventions may increase or
decrease as the level of uncertainty decreases.
The prices have been taken from "@VXYZ+!(~(%
Thirty-Second Edition.
72
73
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