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ARM Processor Based Multisensor System
Sensors & Transducers Volume 136, Issue 1 January 2012 www.sensorsportal.com ISSN 1726-5479 Editors-in-Chief: Sergey Y. Yurish, tel.: +34 93 413 7941, e-mail: editor@sensorsportal.com Editors for Western Europe Meijer, Gerard C.M., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Ferrari, Vittorio, Universitá di Brescia, Italy Editor for Eastern Europe Sachenko, Anatoly, Ternopil State Economic University, Ukraine Editor South America Costa-Felix, Rodrigo, Inmetro, Brazil Editor for Africa Maki K.Habib, American University in Cairo, Egypt Editor for Asia Ohyama, Shinji, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Editors for North America Datskos, Panos G., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA Fabien, J. Josse, Marquette University, USA Katz, Evgeny, Clarkson University, USA Editor for Asia-Pacific Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Massey University, New Zealand Editorial Advisory Board Abdul Rahim, Ruzairi, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia Ahmad, Mohd Noor, Nothern University of Engineering, Malaysia Annamalai, Karthigeyan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan Arcega, Francisco, University of Zaragoza, Spain Arguel, Philippe, CNRS, France Ahn, Jae-Pyoung, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Arndt, Michael, Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany Ascoli, Giorgio, George Mason University, USA Atalay, Selcuk, Inonu University, Turkey Atghiaee, Ahmad, University of Tehran, Iran Augutis, Vygantas, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania Avachit, Patil Lalchand, North Maharashtra University, India Ayesh, Aladdin, De Montfort University, UK Azamimi, Azian binti Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia Bahreyni, Behraad, University of Manitoba, Canada Baliga, Shankar, B., General Monitors Transnational, USA Baoxian, Ye, Zhengzhou University, China Barford, Lee, Agilent Laboratories, USA Barlingay, Ravindra, RF Arrays Systems, India Basu, Sukumar, Jadavpur University, India Beck, Stephen, University of Sheffield, UK Ben Bouzid, Sihem, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, Tunisia Benachaiba, Chellali, Universitaire de Bechar, Algeria Binnie, T. David, Napier University, UK Bischoff, Gerlinde, Inst. Analytical Chemistry, Germany Bodas, Dhananjay, IMTEK, Germany Borges Carval, Nuno, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Bousbia-Salah, Mounir, University of Annaba, Algeria Bouvet, Marcel, CNRS – UPMC, France Brudzewski, Kazimierz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Cai, Chenxin, Nanjing Normal University, China Cai, Qingyun, Hunan University, China Campanella, Luigi, University La Sapienza, Italy Carvalho, Vitor, Minho University, Portugal Cecelja, Franjo, Brunel University, London, UK Cerda Belmonte, Judith, Imperial College London, UK Chakrabarty, Chandan Kumar, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia Chakravorty, Dipankar, Association for the Cultivation of Science, India Changhai, Ru, Harbin Engineering University, China Chaudhari, Gajanan, Shri Shivaji Science College, India Chavali, Murthy, N.I. Center for Higher Education, (N.I. University), India Chen, Jiming, Zhejiang University, China Chen, Rongshun, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Cheng, Kuo-Sheng, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Chiang, Jeffrey (Cheng-Ta), Industrial Technol. Research Institute, Taiwan Chiriac, Horia, National Institute of Research and Development, Romania Chowdhuri, Arijit, University of Delhi, India Chung, Wen-Yaw, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan Corres, Jesus, Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain Cortes, Camilo A., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia Courtois, Christian, Universite de Valenciennes, France Cusano, Andrea, University of Sannio, Italy D'Amico, Arnaldo, Università di Tor Vergata, Italy De Stefano, Luca, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystem, Italy Deshmukh, Kiran, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Barshi, India Dickert, Franz L., Vienna University, Austria Dieguez, Angel, University of Barcelona, Spain Dighavkar, C. G., M.G. Vidyamandir’s L. V.H. College, India Dimitropoulos, Panos, University of Thessaly, Greece Ko, Sang Choon, Electronics. and Telecom. Research Inst., Korea South Kotulska, Malgorzata, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Ding, Jianning, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, China Djordjevich, Alexandar, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Donato, Nicola, University of Messina, Italy Donato, Patricio, Universidad de Mar del Plata, Argentina Dong, Feng, Tianjin University, China Drljaca, Predrag, Instersema Sensoric SA, Switzerland Dubey, Venketesh, Bournemouth University, UK Enderle, Stefan, Univ.of Ulm and KTB Mechatronics GmbH, Germany Erdem, Gursan K. Arzum, Ege University, Turkey Erkmen, Aydan M., Middle East Technical University, Turkey Estelle, Patrice, Insa Rennes, France Estrada, Horacio, University of North Carolina, USA Faiz, Adil, INSA Lyon, France Fericean, Sorin, Balluff GmbH, Germany Fernandes, Joana M., University of Porto, Portugal Francioso, Luca, CNR-IMM Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Italy Francis, Laurent, University Catholique de Louvain, Belgium Fu, Weiling, South-Western Hospital, Chongqing, China Gaura, Elena, Coventry University, UK Geng, Yanfeng, China University of Petroleum, China Gole, James, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Gong, Hao, National University of Singapore, Singapore Gonzalez de la Rosa, Juan Jose, University of Cadiz, Spain Granel, Annette, Goteborg University, Sweden Graff, Mason, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA Guan, Shan, Eastman Kodak, USA Guillet, Bruno, University of Caen, France Guo, Zhen, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Gupta, Narendra Kumar, Napier University, UK Hadjiloucas, Sillas, The University of Reading, UK Haider, Mohammad R., Sonoma State University, USA Hashsham, Syed, Michigan State University, USA Hasni, Abdelhafid, Bechar University, Algeria Hernandez, Alvaro, University of Alcala, Spain Hernandez, Wilmar, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain Homentcovschi, Dorel, SUNY Binghamton, USA Horstman, Tom, U.S. Automation Group, LLC, USA Hsiai, Tzung (John), University of Southern California, USA Huang, Jeng-Sheng, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan Huang, Star, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Huang, Wei, PSG Design Center, USA Hui, David, University of New Orleans, USA Jaffrezic-Renault, Nicole, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France Jaime Calvo-Galleg, Jaime, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain James, Daniel, Griffith University, Australia Janting, Jakob, DELTA Danish Electronics, Denmark Jiang, Liudi, University of Southampton, UK Jiang, Wei, University of Virginia, USA Jiao, Zheng, Shanghai University, China John, Joachim, IMEC, Belgium Kalach, Andrew, Voronezh Institute of Ministry of Interior, Russia Kang, Moonho, Sunmoon University, Korea South Kaniusas, Eugenijus, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Katake, Anup, Texas A&M University, USA Kausel, Wilfried, University of Music, Vienna, Austria Kavasoglu, Nese, Mugla University, Turkey Ke, Cathy, Tyndall National Institute, Ireland Khelfaoui, Rachid, Université de Bechar, Algeria Khan, Asif, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Kim, Min Young, Kyungpook National University, Korea South Sandacci, Serghei, Sensor Technology Ltd., UK Saxena, Vibha, Bhbha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India Kockar, Hakan, Balikesir University, Turkey Kong, Ing, RMIT University, Australia Kratz, Henrik, Uppsala University, Sweden Krishnamoorthy, Ganesh, University of Texas at Austin, USA Kumar, Arun, University of South Florida, USA Kumar, Subodh, National Physical Laboratory, India Kung, Chih-Hsien, Chang-Jung Christian University, Taiwan Lacnjevac, Caslav, University of Belgrade, Serbia Lay-Ekuakille, Aime, University of Lecce, Italy Lee, Jang Myung, Pusan National University, Korea South Lee, Jun Su, Amkor Technology, Inc. South Korea Lei, Hua, National Starch and Chemical Company, USA Li, Fengyuan (Thomas), Purdue University, USA Li, Genxi, Nanjing University, China Li, Hui, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China Li, Xian-Fang, Central South University, China Li, Yuefa, Wayne State University, USA Liang, Yuanchang, University of Washington, USA Liawruangrath, Saisunee, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Liew, Kim Meow, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Lin, Hermann, National Kaohsiung University, Taiwan Lin, Paul, Cleveland State University, USA Linderholm, Pontus, EPFL - Microsystems Laboratory, Switzerland Liu, Aihua, University of Oklahoma, USA Liu Changgeng, Louisiana State University, USA Liu, Cheng-Hsien, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Liu, Songqin, Southeast University, China Lodeiro, Carlos, University of Vigo, Spain Lorenzo, Maria Encarnacio, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain Lukaszewicz, Jerzy Pawel, Nicholas Copernicus University, Poland Ma, Zhanfang, Northeast Normal University, China Majstorovic, Vidosav, University of Belgrade, Serbia Malyshev, V.V., National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Russia Marquez, Alfredo, Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados, Mexico Matay, Ladislav, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia Mathur, Prafull, National Physical Laboratory, India Maurya, D.K., Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore Mekid, Samir, University of Manchester, UK Melnyk, Ivan, Photon Control Inc., Canada Mendes, Paulo, University of Minho, Portugal Mennell, Julie, Northumbria University, UK Mi, Bin, Boston Scientific Corporation, USA Minas, Graca, University of Minho, Portugal Moghavvemi, Mahmoud, University of Malaya, Malaysia Mohammadi, Mohammad-Reza, University of Cambridge, UK Molina Flores, Esteban, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico Moradi, Majid, University of Kerman, Iran Morello, Rosario, University "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Italy Mounir, Ben Ali, University of Sousse, Tunisia Mrad, Nezih, Defence R&D, Canada Mulla, Imtiaz Sirajuddin, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India Nabok, Aleksey, Sheffield Hallam University, UK Neelamegam, Periasamy, Sastra Deemed University, India Neshkova, Milka, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Oberhammer, Joachim, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Ould Lahoucine, Cherif, University of Guelma, Algeria Pamidighanta, Sayanu, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), India Pan, Jisheng, Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Singapore Park, Joon-Shik, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Korea South Penza, Michele, ENEA C.R., Italy Pereira, Jose Miguel, Instituto Politecnico de Setebal, Portugal Petsev, Dimiter, University of New Mexico, USA Pogacnik, Lea, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Post, Michael, National Research Council, Canada Prance, Robert, University of Sussex, UK Prasad, Ambika, Gulbarga University, India Prateepasen, Asa, Kingmoungut's University of Technology, Thailand Pullini, Daniele, Centro Ricerche FIAT, Italy Pumera, Martin, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan Radhakrishnan, S. National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India Rajanna, K., Indian Institute of Science, India Ramadan, Qasem, Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore Rao, Basuthkar, Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research, India Raoof, Kosai, Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble, France Rastogi Shiva, K. University of Idaho, USA Reig, Candid, University of Valencia, Spain Restivo, Maria Teresa, University of Porto, Portugal Robert, Michel, University Henri Poincare, France Rezazadeh, Ghader, Urmia University, Iran Royo, Santiago, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain Rodriguez, Angel, Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna, Spain Rothberg, Steve, Loughborough University, UK Sadana, Ajit, University of Mississippi, USA Sadeghian Marnani, Hamed, TU Delft, The Netherlands Sapozhnikova, Ksenia, D.I.Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology, Russia Schneider, John K., Ultra-Scan Corporation, USA Sengupta, Deepak, Advance Bio-Photonics, India Seif, Selemani, Alabama A & M University, USA Seifter, Achim, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA Shah, Kriyang, La Trobe University, Australia Sankarraj, Anand, Detector Electronics Corp., USA Silva Girao, Pedro, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Singh, V. R., National Physical Laboratory, India Slomovitz, Daniel, UTE, Uruguay Smith, Martin, Open University, UK Soleymanpour, Ahmad, Damghan Basic Science University, Iran Somani, Prakash R., Centre for Materials for Electronics Technol., India Sridharan, M., Sastra University, India Srinivas, Talabattula, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Srivastava, Arvind K., NanoSonix Inc., USA Stefan-van Staden, Raluca-Ioana, University of Pretoria, South Africa Stefanescu, Dan Mihai, Romanian Measurement Society, Romania Sumriddetchka, Sarun, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Thailand Sun, Chengliang, Polytechnic University, Hong-Kong Sun, Dongming, Jilin University, China Sun, Junhua, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China Sun, Zhiqiang, Central South University, China Suri, C. Raman, Institute of Microbial Technology, India Sysoev, Victor, Saratov State Technical University, Russia Szewczyk, Roman, Industrial Research Inst. for Automation and Measurement, Poland Tan, Ooi Kiang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Tang, Dianping, Southwest University, China Tang, Jaw-Luen, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan Teker, Kasif, Frostburg State University, USA Thirunavukkarasu, I., Manipal University Karnataka, India Thumbavanam Pad, Kartik, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Tian, Gui Yun, University of Newcastle, UK Tsiantos, Vassilios, Technological Educational Institute of Kaval, Greece Tsigara, Anna, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Greece Twomey, Karen, University College Cork, Ireland Valente, Antonio, University, Vila Real, - U.T.A.D., Portugal Vanga, Raghav Rao, Summit Technology Services, Inc., USA Vaseashta, Ashok, Marshall University, USA Vazquez, Carmen, Carlos III University in Madrid, Spain Vieira, Manuela, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Portugal Vigna, Benedetto, STMicroelectronics, Italy Vrba, Radimir, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Wandelt, Barbara, Technical University of Lodz, Poland Wang, Jiangping, Xi'an Shiyou University, China Wang, Kedong, Beihang University, China Wang, Liang, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA Wang, Mi, University of Leeds, UK Wang, Shinn-Fwu, Ching Yun University, Taiwan Wang, Wei-Chih, University of Washington, USA Wang, Wensheng, University of Pennsylvania, USA Watson, Steven, Center for NanoSpace Technologies Inc., USA Weiping, Yan, Dalian University of Technology, China Wells, Stephen, Southern Company Services, USA Wolkenberg, Andrzej, Institute of Electron Technology, Poland Woods, R. Clive, Louisiana State University, USA Wu, DerHo, National Pingtung Univ. of Science and Technology, Taiwan Wu, Zhaoyang, Hunan University, China Xiu Tao, Ge, Chuzhou University, China Xu, Lisheng, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Xu, Sen, Drexel University, USA Xu, Tao, University of California, Irvine, USA Yang, Dongfang, National Research Council, Canada Yang, Shuang-Hua, Loughborough University, UK Yang, Wuqiang, The University of Manchester, UK Yang, Xiaoling, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Yaping Dan, Harvard University, USA Ymeti, Aurel, University of Twente, Netherland Yong Zhao, Northeastern University, China Yu, Haihu, Wuhan University of Technology, China Yuan, Yong, Massey University, New Zealand Yufera Garcia, Alberto, Seville University, Spain Zakaria, Zulkarnay, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia Zagnoni, Michele, University of Southampton, UK Zamani, Cyrus, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain Zeni, Luigi, Second University of Naples, Italy Zhang, Minglong, Shanghai University, China Zhang, Qintao, University of California at Berkeley, USA Zhang, Weiping, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Zhang, Wenming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Zhang, Xueji, World Precision Instruments, Inc., USA Zhong, Haoxiang, Henan Normal University, China Zhu, Qing, Fujifilm Dimatix, Inc., USA Zorzano, Luis, Universidad de La Rioja, Spain Zourob, Mohammed, University of Cambridge, UK Sensors & Transducers Journal (ISSN 1726-5479) is a peer review international journal published monthly online by International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA). Available in electronic and on CD. Copyright © 2012 by International Frequency Sensor Association. All rights reserved. Sensors & Transducers Journal Contents Volume 136 Issue 1 January 2012 www.sensorsportal.com ISSN 1726-5479 Research Articles Digital Sensors and Sensor Systems: Practical Design Book Review………………………………………………………………………………………………….. I Fast and Simple Measurement of Position Changes White Paper, iC-Haus GmbH……………………………………………………………………………….. IV A Novel Method of Linearizing Thermistor Characteristic Using Voltage Controlled Oscillator Narayana K. V. L and Bhujanga Rao A.............................................................................................. 1 A Data Acquisition System Based on DSP for Mechanical Nanoscale Displacement Sensor Yong Yu, Qian Wu, Hanyu Sun, Zhengwei Li and Yunjian Ge .......................................................... 12 Modified AC Wheatstone Bridge Network for Accurate Measurement of Pressure Using Strain Gauge Type Pressure Sensor Subrata Chattopadhyay, Mahuya Banerjee and Sagarika Pal........................................................... 25 Fingerprint Sensors: Liveness Detection Issue and Hardware based Solutions Shahzad Memon, Nadarajah Manivannan, Azad Noor, Wamadeva Balachadran, Nikolaos V. Boulgouris ....................................................................................................................... 35 Fiber Optic Vibration Sensor Using Pmma Fiber for Real Time Monitoring P. Kishore, D. Dinakar , D. Sen Gupta, P. Saidi Reddy, M. Sai Shankar, K. Srimannarayana ......... 50 ARM Processor Based Multisensor System Design for the Measurement of Environmental Parameters NarasimhaMurthy Yayavaram, Soundara Rajan, Vishnu Vardhan .................................................... 59 A Decoupling Algorithm Based on Homotopy Theory for 3-D Tactile Sensor Arrays Junxiang Ding, Yunjian Ge, Yuan Wang, Zhaohui Wang .................................................................. 72 Digital Imaging and Piezo-dispenser Actuator in Automatic Flocculation Control Jani Tomperi, Markus Honkanen, Pasi Kallio, Kauko Leiviskä, Pentti Saarenrinne, Iiris Joensuu, Marjatta Piironen ................................................................................................................................ 83 An Embedded Web based Real Time Application for Remote Monitoring & Controlling of MST RADAR Transmitters Nagabhushan Raju Konduru, Lakshmi Narayana Roshanna, Rajendra Prasad Thommundru, Chandrasekhar Reddy Devanna ........................................................................................................ 96 Advanced Oscilloscope Triggering Based on Signal Frequency Shakeb A. Khan, Alka Nigam, A. K. Agarwala, Mini S. Thomas, T. Islam 105 Pyramidal Traceability Hierarchy for Pressure Measurements and Calibrations at NIS- Egypt A. A. Eltawil......................................................................................................................................... 118 Fuzzy Logic Based Autonomous Traffic Control System Muhammad Abbas, M. Saleem Khan, Nasir Ali and Syed Fazil ........................................................ 132 Potential of Piezoelectric Sensors in Bio-signal Acquisition Dipali Bansal....................................................................................................................................... 147 Measurement and Analysis of Sodium in Vegetables Using ATmega16 Microcontroller Based Spectrophotometer K. Murugananthan and P. Neelamegam.. .......................................................................................... 158 Authors are encouraged to submit article in MS Word (doc) and Acrobat (pdf) formats by e-mail: editor@sensorsportal.com Please visit journal’s webpage with preparation instructions: http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/Submition.htm International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA). Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 Sensors & Transducers ISSN 1726-5479 © 2012 by IFSA http://www.sensorsportal.com ARM Processor Based Multisensor System Design for the Measurement of Environmental Parameters 1 Narasimha Murthy Yayavaram, 2 Soundara Rajan, 3 Vishnu Vardhan 1 Department of Physics & Electronics, SSBN P. G College, Anantapur, A. P, India 2 Department of ECE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur, A. P, India 3 Department of ECE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula, India E-mail: yayvaram@yahoo.com Received: 11 October 2011 /Accepted: 24 January 2012 /Published: 30 January 2012 Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of an embedded system for the measurement of environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and the gas pollutants like CO, CO2, NH3, SO2, and NO2 present in air. The system is developed around an advanced ARM processor (LPC2378) by interfacing the relevant sensors. The data sensed by the sensors is displayed on a 2 16 LCD and also sent to a PC by using a wireless module. A graphical user interface is developed using the Visual basic software for the analysis of data. The results are discussed in detail. Copyright © 2012 IFSA. Keywords: ARM processor, Temperature sensor, Humidity sensor, Gas sensors, IAR workbench, Visual Basic. 1. Introduction The unprecedented growth in modern technologies and the continued development of industrialization has made the issue of environmental pollution increasingly serious and alarming. This environmental pollution can be classified in to three categories: atmospheric pollution, soil pollution and water pollution. So the environmental monitoring is the essential step to resolve this problem. The purpose of the environmental monitoring is to reflect the quality of the environment statuesque and its development trend accurately, timely and comprehensively for providing the scientific basis for the environmental management, pollution control and environmental planning, etc [1]. The measurement 59 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind velocity etc. is important not only in environmental or weather monitoring but also crucial for many industrial processes. Another equally alarming situation in recent times is the increase in the concentration of gas pollutants like CO, CO2, SO2, NO2 & NH3 in the atmosphere. This is due to the domestic, vehicular traffic and industries which constantly emit these gas pollutants in to the atmosphere. The atmospheric pollution poses three severe effects such as global warming, ozone-layer depletion and air pollution. Among these three, global warming is the most critical in terms of environmental conservation and can cause serious damage to the human lives. So, the need for monitoring and controlling environmental parameters has become a very important task. In view of this, many researchers tried to develop data loggers [2-4]. Earlier development of data logger was done through manual measurements using analog instruments such as thermometers and manometers. Unfortunately, this type of data logger systems can not fulfill the current needs in terms of time and accuracy. From 1990, a further development in data logging took place as people began to create PC based data logging systems. As PC based loggers are found to be more expensive and complex, the designers started showing interest in single chip based systems i.e., the microcontroller based data logging systems. The use of microcontrollers in embedded design is not only increased but brought revolutionary changes in the entire field of embedded design. Monitoring and controlling environmental parameters by embedded systems using microcontrollers is very much effective in meteorological and industrial requirements. Due to the ever increasing need for such measurement and monitoring of these parameters, many workers tried to design suitable data logging systems using different microcontrollers [5-7]. Today a number of microcontrollers are available in the market from different vendors. Each device has its own advantages and limitations. With the growing importance of the embedded systems, the need to design embedded applications with microcontrollers having advanced features is gaining prominence. Few years back most of these systems designed based on PIC microcontrollers. But in recent times designers are inclining towards the ARM processors due to the availability of tremendous features which are more suitable for embedded system design, especially low-power designs. ARM is the leader in microprocessor Intellectual Property. ARM designs and licenses fast, low-cost, power-efficient RISC processors, peripherals and "system-chip" solutions for embedded control, consumer/educational multimedia, DSP and portable applications. ARM supports its processor offerings with Development Hardware and Software and contract Design Services. ARM is emerging as the de facto standard for embedded RISC processing across communication, networking, consumer, portable, automotive and multimedia application markets. ARM offers an array of cores, architectural extensions, microprocessors and system-on-chip (SoC) solutions, all using common software architecture. 2. Hardware Details The hardware details are shown in the Fig. 1. Here the various sensors used in the present design are interfaced to the ARM core using the necessary signal conditioning circuits. The specifications of the sensors used in the present work are shown in Table 1. The details of various blocks of the embedded system developed in the present work are explained below. In the present work the sensors available locally at a very low cost are chosen. All these sensors have the output either as current or voltage. Suitable signal conditioning circuits are designed. In fact for more efficient and improved performance one can use the universal integrated frequency to digital converter (UFDC) developed by Yurish et. al [8]. Additionally the use of the UFDC ICs will also make the design simpler. But, unfortunately, the authors failed to use these ICs as they are not available locally and also a tedious task for such a low budget project. Any how, as we have mentioned 60 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 at the end of this paper, we are developing a more sophisticated wireless sensor system for metrological applications, for which we are planning to procure the frequency output sensors and the UFDC ICs, which make the design simpler. Fig. 1. The block diagram of the embedded design. Table 1. Specifications of Sensors used in the present work. S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Name of the sensor LM35 Temperature sensor Humidity Sensor SY-HS-220 Pressure Sensor NPC1220 CO Sensor MQ7 CO2 Sensor MG811 NO2 Sensor SO2 Sensor NH3 Sensor MQ135 Manufacturer National Semiconductor, USA -40 to1100 C 10 mV/oC SY HITECH (China) 30~90 % RH DC 1,980 mV (at25oC 60RH GE Sensing 0 psi to 5 psi 50 mV 10 to 10,000 ppm ~ 50 mA Henan Hanwei Electronics Co., Ltd. China Henan Hanwei Electronics Co., Ltd., China Operational Range 0-10,000 ppm Alphasense, UK 0 to 20 ppm Alphasense, UK 0 to 100 ppm Henan Hanwei Electronics Co., Ltd., China. 10 -300 ppm Sensitivity 3050 mV -400 to -750 nA/ppm 300 to 440 nA/ppm ~25 nA/ppm 2.1. ARM Processor The LPC2378 (Philips) ARM processor is based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation that combines the Microcontroller with 512 kB of embedded high-speed Flash memory. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. The LPC2378 is ideal for multi-purpose serial communication applications. It 61 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 incorporates a 10/100 Ethernet Media Access Controller (MAC), USB full speed device with 4 kB of end point RAM, four UARTs two CAN channels, an SPI Interface two Synchronous Serial Ports (SSP), three I2C Interfaces an I2S Interface and an External Memory controller (EMC). This blend of serial Communications Interfaces combined with an on-chip 4 MHz internal oscillator SRAM of 32 kB, 16 kB SRAM for Ethernet, 8 kB SRAM for USB and general purpose use, together with 2 kB battery powered SRAM make this device very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters. Various 32-bit timers an improved 10-bit ADC, 10-bit DAC PWM unit, a CAN control unit, and up to 104 fast GPIO lines with up to 50 edges and up to four level sensitive external interrupt pins make these Microcontrollers particularly suitable for Industrial Control and medical systems. A very important feature of this processor is its low power consumption which made it a most soughtafter device for scientific and industrial designs [9]. 2.2. Temperature Measurement Measurement and monitoring of temperature is always a vital task in environmental studies. Also it is essential in all industrial and chemical processes. Temperature is measured using temperature sensors. Four technologies are currently in use: thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature detectors, and integrated circuit (IC) sensors. Most temperature sensors produce an analog output voltage which is proportional to the temperature. Analog sensors require analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, so that the output voltage can be converted into digital form, suitable for interfacing to a microcontroller. Temperature is sensed using a LM35 type analog sensor. LM35 is a simple but accurate 3-pin temperature sensor IC. Pin 1 of the device is connected to the power supply (+5 V), pin 3 is connected to the ground. Pin 2 is the output and this output provides a voltage which is directly proportional to the ambient temperature. The device can measure temperature from 2 ºC up to 100 ºC (some types can measure a wider range) and the output voltage to temperature relationship is 10 mV/ºC. [10]. For example, at 20 ºC the output voltage is 200 mV. The output of the temperature sensor IC is connected to the on chip ADC of the ARM microcontroller. 2.3. Measurement of Humidity The measurement of Humidity in the atmosphere has many domestic as well as industrial applications. But the accurate measurement of humidity is always a difficult task as it is affected by other factors like atmospheric pressure and temperature etc. So, the compensation of temperature is very important. The capacitive sensors are in wide use due to their special features like fast response, superior linearity, sensitivity and stability [10-11]. Keeping in view the SY-HS-220 series Humidity sensor is used in the present work. This module converts relative humidity to output voltage [12]. Its operating voltage is 5 V DC and its operating temperature is 0 - 60˚ C and its operating humidity is 30- 90 % RH. Its standard out put at 25 ˚C and 60 % RH is 1980 mV DC. The linear behavior of this sensor is shown in Fig. 2. 2.4. Measurement of Pressure The measurement of the atmospheric pressure is done using the NPC-1220 series solid state pressure sensor. This sensor is based on piezo-resistive sensitive technology. [13]. the output of this pressure sensor is in millivolts. The NPC-1220 offers the added advantage of superior temperature performance over the temperature compensated range of 0°C to +60°C and the NPC-1220 series is available in pressure ranges from 0 to 5 through 0 to 100 psi. The signal conditioning of the pressure sensor is shown in the Fig. 3. 62 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 Fig. 2. The linear behavior of Humidity sensor. Fig. 3. Signal conditioning Circuit for Pressure sensor. The circuit consists of LM324 operational amplifiers, which are high gain, internally frequency compensated amplifiers designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide voltage range. The analog output voltage of the sensor is given to ARM controller. The pressure sensor generates 0 to 50 mV of output voltage for a 0- to 15-psi pressure range. 2.5. Measurement of CO Measurement of gas pollutants in atmosphere is always a challenging job due to the accuracy required in its measurement. Among the various gas sensors available in the market semiconductor sensors are considered to have fast response, high stability, low cost, long life, low dependency on humidity, low power consumption, and compact size etc. The semiconductor sensor consists of one or more metal oxides such as tin oxide, aluminum oxide etc. When heated to a high temperature an N-type semiconducting material decreases its resistance while P-type increases its resistance in the presence of 63 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 a reducing gas. So, a semiconductor sensor produces a strong signal at high gas concentrations. The basic disadvantage of a gas sensor is its poor selectivity [14-16]. Carbon monoxide, produced by burning petroleum in automobiles, as well as by the combustion of wood, coal, and other carbon-containing fuels, is extremely hazardous to human health. It bonds with iron in hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body, and in effect fools the body into thinking that it is receiving oxygenated hemoglobin, or oxyhemoglobin. Upon reaching the cells, carbon monoxide has much less tendency than oxygen to break down, and therefore it continues to circulate throughout the body. Low concentrations can cause nausea, vomiting, and other effects, while prolonged exposure to high concentrations can result in death. Carbon monoxide is also known as silent killer [17]. In the present work to detect the carbon monoxide gas molecules present in the atmosphere MQ-7 sensor is employed. This sensor consists of micro Al2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. This Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas sensor detects the concentrations of CO in the air, and outputs its reading as an analog voltage. The sensor can measure concentrations of 10 to 10,000 ppm. The MQ-7 sensor has 6 pins, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current [18]. The operating circuit is shown in Fig. 4. When its internal heating element is activated at 1.4 V the MQ-7 gas sensor responds to CO gas by reducing its resistance in proportion to the amount of CO present in the air exposed to the internal element Fig. 4. Test circuit for CO sensor. The correlation between the sensor resistance and the concentration of the CO gas in ppm (C) is expressed by the following equation [19]: RS =R0 (1+K√C), (1) where Rs is the electrical resistance of the sensor; R0 is the electrical resistance of the sensor at zero ppm; K is the constant for the particular sensor; C is the gas concentration in ppm. In the presence of reducing gas, due to the decrease in the height of the potential barrier, the resistivity of the sensor decreases logarithmically as shown below Fig. 5. 64 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 Fig. 5. Variation of Sensor resistance with CO concentration. 2.6. Measurement of CO2 Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse effect gas, but at the same time it is associated with respiration of bio organisms and the photosynthesis of plants. Thus CO2 sensors are important not only for monitoring the CO2 levels in the atmospheric environments but also for measuring or controlling bio-activities. Carbon dioxide is generated as a byproduct of the combustion process of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide content in fresh air varies between 300 ppm and 600 ppm, depending on the location. It is dangerous when inhaled in high concentrations (50,000 ppm). Carbon dioxide ppm levels are a surrogate for measuring indoor pollutants that may cause occupants to grow drowsy, get headaches, or function at lower activity levels [20]. In the present work MG 811 CO2 Sensor is used to detect the CO2 present in the atmosphere. This sensor features good sensitivity and selectivity to CO2.It has low humidity and temperature dependency and long stability and reproducibility. When the internal heating element is activated, this gas sensor responds to CO2 gas by generating a small voltage in proportion to the amount of CO2 gas present in the air exposed to the internal element. The sensor is a high impedance device and requires a buffer/amplifier to measure the output. The calibration circuit is shown in Fig. 6 and it is employed as described in the data sheet [21]. The CO2 sensor adopts solid electrolyte cell principle. When the sensor is exposed to CO2 gas the following anodic and cathodic reactions takes place [22]. Cathodic reaction is 2Li+ + CO2 + ½ O2 +2e = Li2CO3 (2) 2Na+ + ½ O2 +2e = Na2 O (3) Anodic reaction is 65 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 Fig. 6.Calibration circuit of CO2 Sensor. The overall chemical reaction is Li2CO3 + 2Na + = Na2O + 2Li + + CO2 . (4) So, the EMF is developed when this sensor is exposed to the reducing gas. The developed voltage is in accordance with the concentration of the gas present in the medium. The relation between the output voltage and gas concentration in ppm is given by 2 C= (VC RL / VO ) RL 1 1 , R0 K (5) here VC is the input voltage; V0 is the output voltage; RL is the load resistance; RS is the sensor resistance normally between 5 k Ω -15kΩ. 2.7. Measurement of NH3 Ammonia is a colorless and poisonous gas with a pungent smell and fairly low odour threshold. Therefore, the monitoring and detection of NH3 are of interest in many technological fields such as industrial processes, clinical diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. Ammonia is commonly used in many industries, including petrochemical, pulp and paper, fertilizer and the oil industry. Anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is also very widely used as a coolant in large industrial refrigeration systems. The most widely recognized exposure limits for ammonia are an eight-hour TWA (Time Weighted Average) of 25 ppm, with a 15-minute STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) of 35 ppm. Ammonia is also corrosive to the skin, eyes, and lungs. Exposure to 300 ppm is immediately dangerous to life and health. Fortunately, ammonia has a low odour threshold (20 ppm) with good warning properties, so most people seek relief at much lower concentrations. Besides its toxic properties, ammonia is also an explosively flammable gas, with a lower explosive limit (LEL) concentration of approximately 15 % volume. Although ammonia vapour is not flammable at concentrations of less than 15 %, it can easily explode or catch fire throughout its flammability range of 15 % to 28 % [23]. 66 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 In the present work Ammonia sensor MQ135 is employed. The sensitive material of MQ135 sensor is SnO2, which has lower conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity increases drastically as the gas concentration rising. MQ135 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Ammonia. The NH3 sensor is composed of Al2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-135 has 6 pins, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current as shown in the Fig. 4.The operating circuit is same as that of CO sensor shown in Fig. 4 [24]. 2.8. Measurement of NO2 and SO2 Sulfur dioxide SO2 and Nitrogen dioxide NO2 are the important air pollutants. While the SO2 is the primary air pollutant the NO2 is both a primary and secondary air pollutant. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. It is a dangerous air pollutant because it is corrosive to organic materials and it irritates the eyes, nose and lungs. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a gas of reddishbrown color with a distinct sharp, biting odor. Both these pollutants are dangerous to the human lives. In the present work sensors from Alphasense (UK) SO2 -BF and NO2 –A1 are used. The operating circuit given in the data sheet [25] is directly implemented and the output of the sensors is fed to the ADC terminals of the ARM processor. To avoid the redundancy the circuits are not shown here. 2.9. Interfacing of LCD Module In the present work a HD44780 a 2 16 Hitachi LCD module is used to display the measured data. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all letters of alphabet, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols made up by the user. Other useful features include automatic message shift (left and right), cursor appearance, LED backlight etc Display contrast depends on power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, varying voltage 0-Vdd is applied on the pin marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some LCD displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operation, a current limiting resistor should be serially connected to one of the pins for backlight (similar to LED diodes). If there are no characters displayed or if all of them are dimmed upon the display is switched on, the first thing that should be done is to check the potentiometer for contrast adjustment. 2.10. RF Transmitter Receiver Module This module consists of both receiver and transmitter sections which work at 433.92 MHz. This allows the transmission of data between microcontroller and the PC in a wireless mode. The TWS-434 transmitter accepts both linear and digital inputs, and can operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts-DC. The transmitter output is up to 8 mW at 433.92 MHz with a range of approximately 400 feet in outdoors. In indoors, the range is approximately 200 feet. The radio frequency (RF) receiver module is used to receive the data. The receiver also operates at 433.92 MHz, and has a sensitivity of 3 μV. The RWS-434 receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC, and has both linear and digital outputs. RF receiver module RWS-434 is a highly sensitive passive design that is easy to implement. For maximum range, antenna should be approximately 35 cm long. The RF receiver is connected to the PC using the MAX 232 IC, which takes care of TTL signal 67 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 problems. The transmitter and receiver blocks of the wireless modules are shown in Fig. 7. The data from the RF receiver is fed to the PC via RS232 cable when suitable baud rate and other features are selected [26]. The necessary interface diagram is shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 7. Transmitter and Receiver blocks of Wireless module. Fig. 8. RF Module interface diagram. 3. Software Details The present system is implemented by developing a suitable embedded C program based on IAR IDE. IAR Embedded Workbench for ARM is an integrated development environment for building and debugging embedded applications. This is an integrated development environment with optimizing C/C++ compiler for ARM. It provides extensive support for a wide range of ARM devices, hardware debug systems and RTOSs and generates very compact and efficient code. Ready-made device configuration files, flash loaders. To display the data a graphical User Interface is developed using the Visual basic software. This GUI helps to study the variation of the parameters with time. 4. Results and Discussion The embedded system is developed to measure and monitor the various parameters like atmospheric temperature, relative Humidity, atmospheric pressure and common air pollutants like CO, CO2, NO2, SO2 and NH3 etc. Suitable signal conditioning circuits are designed, as the output of the sensors may not match with the ADC specifications of ARM7 processor. The signals from the sensors are fed to the on chip ADC of the ARM processor after performing the signal conditioning. This data is processed by the ARM processor and it is displayed on the LCD module. The RF module TWS 434 connected to the ARM will transmit the data to the receiver module which is connected to the PC through the MAX IC. This MAX IC will take care of compatibility of TTL signal levels. Serial communication is established 68 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 between the Processor and PC using a RS232 cable. The data received by the PC is displayed on the monitor using the GUI developed based on Visual basic software. All the measurements were carried out during the June 3rd - 18th, 2011 at the laboratory environment. The results are displayed on 216 LCD module and also on the computer monitor as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. The semiconductor sensors are highly vulnerable to silicon based chemicals and hence care is taken not to expose them to such conditions. All the gas sensors are calibrated using the standard static chamber method described in the literature [2, 27] so that the system can be used in real environment for the measurement of air pollutant gases. As the gas sensors have minor fluctuations to relative humidity and ambient temperatures, the availability of the temperature and relative humidity sensors to the system is very useful to monitor the performance of the gas sensors. The normal humidity and temperature levels maintained for the measurement of the various gas pollutants are between 45 % - 55 % and 25 0C - 26 0 C respectively. The atmospheric pressure is found to be 101.5 kPa. With respect to small variation in temperature and humidity at the laboratory environment the atmospheric pressure is not found to vary much. Over the entire duration of measurements the pressure observed to vary between 101.3 kPa and 101.5 kPa only. Fig. 9. GUI Display of results at Electronics laboratory. Fig. 10. GUI Display of results at chemistry laboratory. 69 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 From the graphical user interface (GUI) observations, it is clear that at the electronics laboratory environment, the CO, CO2 levels are very low of the order of 2.4 ppm, 398 ppm respectively. Where as the NO2 and SO2 levels are of the order of 0.07 ppm and 0.03 ppm respectively. To observe the maximum variation we arranged the system in our chemistry laboratory and conducted some carbonate experiments. Interestingly the CO levels have increased to 3.9 ppm. Similarly when the system is kept near the exhaust pipe of our four wheeler the CO levels have increased as high as 5 ppm. Similarly to study the performance of CO2 sensor a simple test tube experiment is performed with calcium carbonate. The reading of the CO2 sensor increased as high as 2500 ppm. Similar observations were made for NO2 and SO2 gas sensors in our chemistry laboratory. They are found to be 0.13 ppm and 0.09 ppm respectively. The readings of the NH3 sensor are found vary between 0.19 ppm and 0.58 ppm at the laboratory environment and between 0.36 ppm and 0.79 ppm in the chemistry laboratory. To get the advantage of this embedded system, the system is tested in the industrial plant area for about six hours for two days. The levels of ammonia are found to increase as high as 1.35 ppm and the levels of CO2, NO2 and SO2 are found to vary according to the reported values in the literature. As the system also contains the temperature and humidity sensors, it is found that the drift in the sensor performance with Humidity and temperature is not more than 4 % in all the sensors. Some of these results are also cross-checked with those of the standard data logger Davis Vantage Vue weather station [ 28]. Our results are found to be well within 4 % variation. The observation of the results also indicates that no gas sensor is 100 % selective to a single gas, but produces a strong signal to the corresponding gas. The usage of the semiconductor sensors adds several advantages to the system such as low cost, quick response, low maintenance, ability to produce continuous measurements, etc. But they also suffer from lack of selectivity and sensitivity as well as higher temperatures required for use (300–500 0C). Of course to overcome such problems and to improve the stability and selectivity, and to lower fabrication costs, conducting polymers in the form of thin films, blends, or nanocomposites have been developed. 5. Conclusion Though many workers developed this type of data loggers for the measurement and monitoring of environmental parameters, using various types of microcontrollers, this ARM based system has certain special advantages. Because of their power saving features, ARM CPUs are dominant in the embedded designs where battery operated systems play major role. For example mobile electronics market, where low power consumption is a critical design goal. Today, the ARM family accounts for approximately 75 % of all embedded 32-bit RISC CPUs making it one of the most widely used 32-bit architectures. 6. Future Scope The efficiency and the use of the data loggers can be improved by using the wireless sensor technology by which the system will become a universally accepted one. The basic advantage of such system is, it avoids human intervention and it becomes easy to monitor the remote data logging systems for environmental studies. Also, the use of the voltage to frequency converter ICs and the single digital multiplexer with ARM controller will greatly reduce the circuit complexity. Based on the IEEE 1451.5 wireless communication protocol such wireless system is proposed and the work is under progress in our lab. Acknowledgement One of the authors (Narasimha Murthy Yayavaram) greatly acknowledges the financial support provided by the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, under Major research Project scheme. [F.NO.38-223/2009(SR)]. 70 Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, January 2012, pp. 59-71 References [1]. Global Environmental Change, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. [2]. Kularatna N, Sudantha B. H, An environmental air pollution monitoring system based on the IEEE 1451 standard for low cost requirements, IEEE Sensors Journal, 8, 4, 2008, pp. 415 – 422. [3]. Kumar A, Singh I. P., Sud S. 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B, Potential effects on human health of an ammonia rich atmospheric Environment, Occup Environ Med, Vol. 60, 2003, pp. 986-988. [24].Data sheet, http://www.futurlec.com/Datasheet/Sensor/MQ-135 [25].http://www.alphasense.com [26].http://www.futuretechniks.com/Wireless-Transmitter-and-Receiver.html [27].Fraden. J, Handbook of Modern Sensors, 3rd edition, Springer, 2004. [28].Weather Station, http://www.vantagevue.com/products ___________________ 2012 Copyright ©, International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA). All rights reserved. (http://www.sensorsportal.com) 71 Sensors & Transducers Journal Guide for Contributors Aims and Scope Sensors & Transducers Journal (ISSN 1726-5479) provides an advanced forum for the science and technology of physical, chemical sensors and biosensors. 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