Unit 4 - Amazon Web Services

UNIT 4
Between Us
Read the quotes about relationships. Do they
refer to friendship, family or romance? What do
you think each of the quotes means?
Unit Contents:
Vocabulary: Relationships, Describing People
Grammar: Modals, Modal Perfects
Listening: Informal Conversations
Speaking: Describing a Person
Writing: A Description of a Person
When I was a boy of 14, my father was so
1 ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old
man around. But when I got to be 21, I was
astonished at how much the old man had
learned in seven years.
Mark Twain
No guy is worth your tears and the
2 one who is won’t make you cry.
Anonymous
3 A friend is one who knows you
and loves you just the same.
Elbert Hubbard
Lots of people want to ride with you in the limo,
4 but what you want is someone who will take the
bus with you when the limo breaks down.
Oprah Winfrey
41
UNIT 4
www. geneticdatingblog.net
reading
1
word check The following words appear in the text. Make sure you know what they mean.
sparks • sweaty • background • matching
A
Genetic
2Understanding the Author’s Purpose An author writes for different reasons:
➡
to inform (news articles, reports), to entertain (narratives), to persuade (advertisements,
opinion essays) and to describe (descriptions of places and people).
Read the text. What is the author’s purpose?
a. to entertain readers with her dating stories
b.to persuade people to participate in the experiment on DNA matching
c. to inform people about DNA matching
d.to describe how DNA matching sites work
3Answer the questions.
1.According to GenePartner, what are the advantages of
finding a genetically compatible partner?
2.What two things do MHC genes affect?
3.Does the writer want to try DNA matching? Why or why not?
4.Which of the readers will probably try DNA matching in their next
relationship? Explain.
4Choose the correct answer.
Open Questions
When answering open
questions, first find the
keywords in the questions and
identify the type of information
you are looking for. Be sure to
use your own words to answer
the questions.
30
Hi, all you single people out there! If you’re like me and you
haven’t found the love of your life, here’s something that
might help you. It’s GenePartner, a company that uses your
DNA to find you a perfect match!
5
10
15
5Complete the sentences using your own words.
6
20
Find words or expressions in the text that mean:
1.regulate (lines 8-16)
2.probability (lines 20-23)
3.partner (lines 20-23)
4.get married (lines 31-35)
5.attractive (lines 45-47)
When you’re choosing a partner in life, you
should think about personality and interests, values
and life goals, age and social background …
Genetics is only one piece in the puzzle. In my
opinion, DNA matching websites have to consider
these factors as well. I wonder if they do.
Lara B
The science of genetically-matched love began in 1995,
when an experiment was done in Switzerland to test MHC
genes, which control the body’s immune system. Strangely,
these genes are also responsible for the way your body
smells. The Swiss researchers told a group of men to wear
T-shirts for three days without washing them. Then women
were asked to smell those sweaty T-shirts. In almost every
case, they preferred the smell of shirts worn by men with
MHC genes that were different from their own.
Does DNA matching seem just a bit unromantic?
Perhaps, but I’ve tried everything else. This may
increase the chance of finding the perfect
mate, so I think I’ll give it a chance.
Sandy and I have been married for two years,
but now we’re getting divorced. Things just aren’t
working out. I suppose we should have sent our
DNA for testing before we decided to tie the knot.
We must have been incompatible from the start.
Kevin
➡
35
I’ve done research on MHC for more than ten
years. It’s true that in animals, MHC has a big effect
on finding a mate. But scientists don’t know if
genetic compatibility really plays such an important
role in humans, so how can these dating services
know?
Dr Simone Winters,
Professor of Genetics, London
➡
40
45
If I see a nice-looking girl the next time I’m at
a party, will I ask her to take the MHC test to see if
we’re compatible? I doubt it.
Nigel M
➡
Is it really true that opposites attract?
According to a recent study, people look
for partners with similar personality traits,
but claim to want someone who is different.
7Over to You
42
GenePartner claims that if you and your date are
genetically compatible, sparks will fly when you meet. And
even more, they say your relationship will last a long time.
It seems that when it comes to genes, opposites attract. So
if you’re with someone nice but there’s no spark, it might
be because your date has got the wrong DNA.
1.Lara B feels that other factors are as important ... .
2.Kevin is sorry that he and his wife didn’t ... .
3.According to Dr Winters, scientists know that MHC plays ... .
Which of the factors in Lara B’s letter do you
think are important when choosing a boyfriend / girlfriend?
Are there any other factors that are important to you?
Comments
➡
25
1.In the experiment, the women … .
a. wore the same shirt for three days
b.decided which shirts smelt better
c. smelt the shirts every day
d.decided which man had worn each shirt
2.The women chose men who … .
a. had genes that were not like theirs
b.were less sweaty than others
c. were nice
d.had strong immune systems
Attraction
Extra Listening, page 124
claims (line 5) means afirma not clama
professor (line 44) means catedrático, profesor de universidad not profesor de instituto
43
UNIT 4
Vocabulary
Words from the Text
1
2
1.If something lasts, it continues to exist.
2.If you are single, you haven’t got a husband or wife.
3.Studying hard will increase your chances of failing.
4.Scientists never do research.
5.Friends play a very important role in most
teenagers’ lives.
Complete the sentences with the words and
expressions below.
doubt • claims • perfect match • values • work out
tie the knot • date • relationship • give it a chance
1.I’m meeting my ..... at a restaurant.
2.We learn many of our ..... from our parents.
3.Doreen and Bob are very happy together.
They’re a ..... .
4.There are no clouds, so I ..... that it will rain.
5.My girlfriend and I have a wonderful ..... .
6.He offered me a job and I decided to ..... .
7.Their business didn’t ..... , so they lost all their
money.
8.The boy ..... that he didn’t break the window.
9.After going out for two years, they have decided
to ..... .
We can form nouns by adding suffixes to certain verbs,
adjectives and other nouns. Some common noun
suffixes are: -ness, -ship, -ment, -tion, -sion and-ity.
relationship, personality, attraction
Are the following statements true or false?
Pay attention to the words in colour. Correct the
false statements without changing the words in colour.
Noun Suffixes
Note that there are sometimes changes in spelling.
compatible – compatibility
Grammar Appendix, page 135
3
4
Add a noun suffix to each of the words below.
Use a dictionary to help you. Pay attention to
changes in spelling.
argue • friend • possible • dark
arrange • happy • describe • decide
Complete the sentences with the nouns you formed
in Exercise 3.
1.I’ve made an ..... for Bob to walk my dog while
I’m on holiday.
2.Do you think there’s a ..... of meeting next week?
3.My boyfriend and I had a terrible ..... last night.
4.We’ve finally made a ..... – we’re getting married!
5.We wish you a future of health and ..... .
6.Could you please send us a ..... of your personality?
7.My ..... with Jane ended when I saw her with
my boyfriend.
8.When we arrived, the hotel was in complete ..... .
relationship = a connection
relative = a family member
Complete the sentences with relationship and
relative.
1. Is that man a ..... of yours?
2. My sister and I have got an excellent
..... with one another.
Topic Vocabulary
5
Relationships
Choose the answer that best reflects the meaning of
the first sentence. Pay attention to the expressions in
colour.
1.I’m going out with Paul tomorrow.
a. We’ll study for the exam.
b.We’ll have dinner in a restaurant.
2.I have made friends with Carl.
a. I haven’t met him yet.
b.He is very nice.
3.I want to get to know you.
a. Let’s go out for coffee.
b.Please don’t call me.
4.My sister and I get along.
a. We almost never fight.
b.We’re both good at sport.
5.I’m falling in love with Anna.
a. I think she’s fantastic.
b.I’d like to meet her.
6.Let’s keep in touch.
a. I don’t want to speak to you again.
b.We can be friends on Facebook.
7.We’ve grown apart since you moved away.
a. We don’t e-mail much any more.
b.We talk on the phone every day.
8.Denise takes after her mother.
a. They’re both very clever.
b.They like being together.
6The following sentences do not make sense. Correct them
by replacing each word in colour with a word in colour
from a different sentence.
1.If you are engaged, you have got a husband or wife.
2.When a husband and wife don’t want to stay
together, they get married.
3.When two people have got a romantic relationship,
they are a relative.
4.A couple is someone you can talk to about anything.
5.Your fiancé could be your uncle or brother.
6.If you are divorced, you are probably planning
your wedding.
7.Your acquaintance is the person you are going to
marry.
8.Your close friend is someone you don’t know very
well.
Putting It Together
7Complete the passage with the words and expressions
below. Then listen and check your answers.
c ouple • doubted • grew apart • last • married
fell in love • relationship • single
A Happy Ending
Carmen Ruiz Pérez of Spain and Steve Smith
of England got 1. ..... at the age of 42, after a
separation of 15 years. They first met in 1993,
when Carmen was a student in England, and they
soon became a 2. ..... . However, their 3. ..... didn’t
4. ..... very long. Carmen had to leave England,
and eventually they 5. ..... and broke up. After five
years, Steve wrote Carmen a letter and sent it
to her mother’s house. The letter fell behind the
fireplace and her mother forgot about it. It wasn’t
found until 10 years later, when she installed a
new fireplace. Carmen was still 6. ..... and she had
never forgotten Steve. She 7. ..... that he would
still agree to see her after so many years, but
when she called him, he wanted to meet. As soon
as they saw each other, they 8. ..... all over again.
Now they intend to stay together forever!
Vocabulary Builder, page 84
44
45
UNIT 4
GRAMMAR
Modals modal + verb
Modal Perfects
Read the poster and answer the questions.
Read the dialogue and answer the questions.
How to Communicate with Your Teenager
I can’t talk to
my daughter without
an argument!
When I want my
son to listen to me,
I have to shout.
Does this sound like you?
Then you must be the parent of a teenager!
Our course may make a big difference in your life.
You should try it now –
for yourself and for your child.
You may register online or
ask for a form at 333-87625.
Registration forms must arrive by 5th January.
1 Which modals in colour are used
to talk about...?
1.necessity
2.(lack of) ability
3.advice
4.possibility
5.certainty
6.permission
7.obligation
2 Which modals in the poster can be
substituted by the following?
1.(not) be able to
2.might
3.ought to
Grammar Appendix, page 133
1.Maybe you’ll like Internet dating. You might / can / ought to give it a chance.
2.That story mustn’t / can’t / shouldn’t be true. It never happened.
3.My shoes are too small. I have to / could / can buy new ones.
4.Trevor looks happy. He should / must / can have a new girlfriend.
5.I already know Martin. You don’t have to / mustn’t / may not introduce him to me.
6.When my father was younger, he ought to / had to / could run faster than me.
may • must not • can • were able to • should • might not
1.You ..... try to get along with your brother.
2.I ..... tell my best friend everything. She’s a good listener.
3.We’ve invited Aunt Peggy, but she ..... come. She isn’t sure yet.
4...... I have some of your chocolate?
5.When we worked together, we ..... get to know each other.
6.Parents ..... leave small children alone at home.
3Write what you would say in each situation. Use a suitable
modal and the verb in brackets.
46
1.Your friend rides his bike without a helmet. (wear)
2.It’s cold, and someone else is near the open window. (close)
3.Someone takes out a cigarette in a shop with a no smoking sign. (smoke)
4.Your friend eats too much junk food. (eat)
5.There’s a chance that your team will do well. (win)
John: Why didn’t you tell your parents you were going out? They must have been so worried!
Tara: Well, they could have called earlier.
John: They might have just realised that you weren’t at home. I think you should have told them.
Justin no debe de tener una buena
relación con sus padres, están
siempre discutiendo.
Justin can’t have a good
relationship with his parents.
They’re always arguing. 3
NOT: Justin mustn’t have a good
relationship with his parents.
They’re always arguing. 7
Which modal perfects in colour do we use ... ?
1.when we are sure that something was true
2.when it is possible that something was true
3.to criticise or express regret
4.when someone had the ability to do something,
but didn’t do it
Grammar Appendix, page 134
4Complete the sentences with the modal perfects below.
c ould have • should have • shouldn’t have • might not have • must have
1.I’m so tired! I ..... gone to bed earlier last night.
2.George isn’t home. He ..... gone out.
3.Amy still loves Carl. She ..... broken up with him.
4.Lily didn’t seem interested in me. I ..... made a very good impression.
5.Why didn’t you say you were coming? We ..... waited for you.
T h e Name G ame
2Complete the sentences. Use the modals below.
Choose
the correct answers to complete the passage.
5
Then listen and check your answers.
1Choose the correct answer.
modal + have + past participle
In the past, when women got married, they usually had to
change their surnames. Today, however, there are other
options women 1. can / could consider. A couple
2.
mustn’t / may each choose to each keep their original
names, or to use both names together. These solutions
mean that women 3. are able to / have to keep an important
part of their identity. However, things 4. might have got /
might get confusing in the future, when the couple has
children. We asked some women what they thought:
language to speaking Complete the sentences so they are true for
you. Then ask your partner questions to find
out what he / she wrote.
1.I should try to get along better with … .
2.One of my goals in life is … .
3.The perfect mate for me is someone
who … .
4.When I’m older, I might … .
5.Last weekend, I should have … .
6.I usually have arguments with my
parents about … .
“I 5. shouldn’t have / must not have changed my name.
I don’t have any brothers, and now there’s no one left
with our family name.”
“It 6. must be / must have been much
easier in the past, when people
7.
mustn’t / didn’t have to make
all these decisions! In my family,
children and parents will all
have the same surname – his.”
“I 8. could change / could have
changed my name, but I’m glad
I didn’t. Now my old friends can
still find me on Facebook!”
47
UNIT 4
SKILLS
Topic Vocabulary
Describing People
1Which of the words and phrases below would you use to
describe yourself? Which would you use to describe your
best friend?
Personality
adventurous • outgoing • moody • energetic • generous
great sense of humour • stubborn • shy • cheerful • selfish
Appearance
s lim • average height • good-looking • petite • muscular
2Match a word or phrase from Exercise 1 to each of
the people below.
1.Matt isn’t especially tall or short.
2.Peter won’t change his opinion about anything.
3.His arms and legs are very strong.
4.Ella never seems to get tired.
5.Ruby has no problem talking to people
she doesn’t know.
6.Tom is an attractive boy.
7.Fran sees the funny side of everything.
8.If you ask Bill for something, he’ll never refuse.
3Choose the correct answer.
1.A selfish person likes to keep things / give things away.
2.A shy person would probably have lots of friends /
only a few good friends.
3.A slim person probably doesn’t eat a lot of / eats lots of sweets.
4.An adventurous person would enjoy watching TV /
extreme sports.
5.A cheerful person sees the positive / negative side
of life.
6.A moody person stays the same / may change from
one day to the next.
7.A petite person wears large-sized / small-sized
clothes.
5You are going to hear three conversations. Listen to
each one and choose the correct answers.
Conversation 1:
1.Who is Nina talking to?
a. a friend
b. Ricky
c. Wendy
2.Who is Nina complaining about?
a. a girlfriend
b.Ricky
c. Wendy
Conversation 2:
3.Oliver is very worried about … .
a. his schoolwork
b. his health
c. his piano playing
4.Who are the people in this conversation?
a. cousins
b. friends
c. brother and sister
Speaking
Describing a Person
7Match each question in A to an answer in B. One of the questions
has got two answers. Then practise the dialogue with a partner.
When you want to add more information
or another point to emphasise what you’ve
just said, use the following expressions:
A
1.What does he look like?
2.What’s he like?
3.What’s he interested in?
And another thing ...
What’s more...
And besides ... .
B
a. He’s very helpful and generous, but he can be a bit stubborn.
b.He’s really into sport and he also enjoys playing the guitar.
c. He’s quite short and muscular, and he’s got curly, dark hair.
d.He’s good at computers, but he’s not mad about maths.
8 Pronunciation Listen and repeat.
1.it • hit /k/
2.air • hair /k/
Pronunciation Practice, page 142
9The people in the pictures want to join a dating service. Copy the client profile.
Then choose a picture and make up a profile for that person. Use your imagination.
Conversation 3:
5.We know that Beverly and Emma Flanders
are both … .
a. pretty
b.energetic
c. new in town
Client Profile
3
1
2
6.The man is Steve’s … .
a. father
b.teacher
c. boss
6Listen to each conversation again. Decide if
5
the following statements are true or false.
Conversation 1:
1. Ricky is usually outgoing.
2. Nina went to the party.
below in the correct list. Then add as many words as you can
think of to each list.
Conversation 2:
3. Oliver has got a maths test on Thursday.
4. Oliver gets home from school at 3 o’clock.
c urly • confident • dark • attractive
helpful • fair • straight • serious
Conversation 3:
5. Beverly Flanders mentioned having a daughter.
6. Steve wants his father to help him with geography.
Vocabulary Builder, page 84
3Make two lists: appearance and personality. Write the words
48
Listening
6
Name: ..... Age: .....
Appearance: Personality:
Positive:
Hair: .....
.....
Skin: .....
.....
Height: .....
.....
Build: .....
Negative:
Other: .....
.....
.....
Interests and
Activities:
Enjoys .....
Really into .....
Not mad
about .....
4
TA S K Copy another client profile into your notebook. Ask and answer
questions to complete the profile about the person your partner chose. Use the
vocabulary on page 48 and the questions and expressions in Exercise 7 to help you.
Burlington Speech Trainer, Unit 4
49
UNIT 4
WRITING
A Description of a Person
1
Connectors of Addition
Connectors of addition introduce similar or additional ideas.
Examples of connectors of addition are: also, moreover, furthermore,
besides, in addition, in addition to and as well as.
A description of a person usually gives information about the person’s appearance, personality and interests.
It also gives our opinion of that person. Read the model description below. What information does it include
about Abigail’s appearance, personality and interests? How does the writer feel about Abigail?
Writing Guide, page 163
Opening:
introduces the person. May
say how you know the person /
give an opinion
Body:
describes the person’s
appearance, personality,
interests and activities and /
or your relationship
Closing:
gives a summary or
conclusion; often includes
an opinion
2
Abigail
My friend and classmate Abigail must be one of the most interesting people at
school. In fact, I’ve never met anyone quite like her!
3Find three connectors of addition in the model in Exercise 1.
Abigail is average height, with an athletic build and long, wavy brown hair.
She’s cheerful, has got a great sense of humour and can always make people
laugh. However, she’s also a very serious person. She’s really into science and
biology. Moreover, she knows a lot about nature and the environment.
4Choose the correct answer.
Abigail is absolutely mad about animals. First of all, she’s got many dogs, cats,
hamsters and rabbits. She also rides and looks after horses on a farm outside
town. In addition, she volunteers at the local zoo during school holidays. She’s
always got interesting stories to tell me about her experiences.
In short, Abigail is quite different from most teenagers. She’s fun to be with and
entertaining to listen to. I’m glad that she’s my friend.
In which section of the model could the writer have written the following sentences?
1.She’s an excellent student.
2.She takes home any lost animals she finds in the street.
3.I’ve known her since we were six years old.
4.She’s got fair hair and a cute face.
5.I hope our friendship lasts for a long time.
6.She’s very generous, but she can be quite
stubborn sometimes.
1.… having many brothers and sisters, Jane has got many cousins.
a. In addition to
b. Also
2.Many parents and teenagers have difficulty communicating. … ,
teenagers often feel that their parents don’t understand them.
a. In addition to
b.Furthermore
3.After getting married, many women use their husband’s
surname … their own.
a. also
b. as well as
4.Older siblings sometimes look after younger ones until
their parents get home. They … help them with their schoolwork.
a. furthermore
b. also
Moreover, furthermore and
in addition occur at the beginning
of a sentence and are followed
by a comma.
In addition to, besides and
as well as are followed by a noun
or a gerund.
Also is usually followed by a verb
or comes after the verb to be. It
can also come at the beginning of
a clause.
Getting Organised
1. Write down the various details
about appearance, personality
and interests that you want to
include about the person you are
describing.
2. O
rganise your ideas into
paragraphs. Use the model in
Exercise 1 to help you.
3. U
se connectors of addition to
connect similar ideas.
5.Nowadays, people often wait until they are in their thirties to
get married. … , they are not in a hurry to have children.
a. As well as
b. Moreover
4. I nclude your opinion of the person
in your closing paragraph.
5Complete the sentences in a logical way.
1.Marianne loves surfing. She also ... .
2.Jason has enjoyed drawing since he was a child. In addition, … .
3.My mother is one of the most intelligent people I know. Moreover, … .
4.I admire Alex for his musical talent as well as … .
5.In addition to playing the piano, Lily ... .
TA S K A Description of a Person
Write a description of an interesting person. Use 80-120 words.
The model in Exercise 1, the steps in Getting Organised and the
Useful Expressions will help you.
5. Check your work for mistakes.
Checklist
3 spelling
3 punctuation
3 grammar
3 word order
3 use of connectors
Useful Expressions
One of the most …. people I know
She’s got …
She’s into …
She’s quite …
She can be a bit …
In short,
In conclusion,
Writing Guide, page 168
50
51
LOOKING BACK
1
2
3
4
Vocabulary
1Match A to B to form expressions.
A
1.deal with
2.clean up
3.set off
4.come up with
5.watch out
B
a. for danger
b.on a trip
c. an idea
d.a problem
e. the house
2Complete the passage with the words and phrases below.
u rban • research • warn • play a role • solve • relatives
couple • hire • get to know • safe • date
5
6
8
9
Grammar
3Choose the correct answer.
1.Lisa walked / was walking her dog when I met her.
2.That can’t be / mustn’t be Tom. He’s in London.
3.The Spanish football team has won / won the World
Cup in 2010.
4.This time next week, Sophie will ski / will be skiing
in the French Alps.
5.I knew that I have met / had met the woman before.
6.What do you do / are you doing this evening?
7.I haven’t heard / didn’t hear from Andy for weeks.
What’s he doing now?
8.Your clothes are wet. You should have taken /
must have taken an umbrella with you today.
EXCUSE ME – DO I KNOW YOU?
Times are changing in India. In the past, 1. ..... used to
2.
..... in deciding who a young person would marry. The
3.
..... often hardly knew each other, but they felt 4. .....
because their families had done a lot of 5. ..... before the
wedding. Nowadays, many young people have moved from
villages and small towns to 6. ..... areas where they don’t
really know anyone. As a result, they often use Internet
sites to find a 7. ..... . However, many feel that it is difficult
to really 8. ..... a person on the Internet. In order to 9. .....
this problem, many young people have begun to 10. .....
detectives to do the job that their families once did. These
detectives collect information about the other person, and
can 11. ..... their client if they think there is a problem.
Functional Language
Writing
5
6Complete the sentences with the words and
Match A to B to form sentences.
4Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Do not
1.In both pictures,
2.I know what he looks like, but
3.We were enjoying the concert, but
4.He’s very outgoing so
B
a. he’s good at making friends.
b.he’s wearing the same jacket.
c. what’s he like?
d.suddenly the music stopped.
change the original meaning of the sentences.
1.We are going to study from 7.00 to 10.00 tomorrow.
(At 8.00 tomorrow)
2.I’m sure that Julia got my message. (must)
3.First, Katie had breakfast and then she went to
school. (After)
4.Josh stopped smoking in 2006. (since)
5.We are finishing exams in June. (by the end of June)
6.Can Scott work now? (able)
7.It wasn’t a good idea to tell her about the accident.
(shouldn’t)
expressions below.
A
52
7
luckily • moreover • eventually • before • in addition to
1.My friend Eve plays the guitar very well. ..... , she has
got a beautiful voice.
2...... Ellie bought a second-hand car, she had asked a
friend to check it for her.
3...... helping her husband with his business, Mrs
Green is also a volunteer at the local hospital.
4.Chris arrived at the airport late. ..... , his flight didn’t
leave on time.
5.Lucy didn’t know where her purse was. ..... she found
it under her bed.
Culture Extra, page 117