4. Enjinier Jun2005 - school of materials and mineral resources

Buletin Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral
Bulletin for the School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering
Universiti Sains Malaysia
ENJINIER
JIL.07 - BIL. 01
No. ISSN: 1511-5275
http://www.usm.my
Jun 2005
Syarahan Umum
Pelantikan Profesor
Hanafi
Y. Bhg. Dato' Koay Kar Huah diiringi oleh En. Yoon Khai Cheow dan Prof. Dato'
Dzulkifli Abdul Razak melawat pameran yang diadakan sempena majlis MoU antara
USM - INTEL, Malaysia
Majlis
Menandatangani
MOU antara USM
dan INTEL, Malaysia
Nibong Tebal, 15 Mac - Universiti
Sains Malaysia telah menandatangani
satu lagi Memorandum Persefahaman
dengan INTEL, Malaysia di Dewan
Seminar, Bangunan Pentadbiran Kampus
Kejuruteraan. Majlis ini adalah sebagai
simbol satu usahasama yang erat di
antara institusi pengajian tinggi
dan
pihak industri di Malaysia. Majlis
menandatangani ini turut dihadiri oleh
Ahli Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri Pulau
Pinang, Y. Bhg. Dato' Koay Kar Huah bagi
pihak Ketua Menteri Pulau Pinang.
Pada Majlis ini Naib Canselor, Prof.
Dato'
Dzulkifli
Abdul
Razak
menandatangani dokumen tersebut bagi
pihak USM manakala INTEL, Malaysia
diwakili oleh pengarah urusan En. Yoon
Khai Cheow. Di majlis yang sama INTEL
Malaysia turut menyerahkan peralatan
Fourier Transformation Infra Red yang
bernilai RM120,000 kepada PPKBSM
untuk digunakan di dalam pengajaran
kursus Pembungkusan Elektronik bagi
Sarjana Kejuruteraan Bahan (mod
campuran) yang diperkenalkan hasil kerjasama USM dan INTEL Malaysia. MoU ini
juga bertujuan untuk menggalakkan
perkongsian penemuan dan penyelidikan
antara
kedua-dua
institusi
selain
pertukaran kepakaran dan latihan staf
serta pelajar. Semoga kerjasama erat ini
akan beterusan. Diharapkan ianya dapat
memberi satu dimensi baru antara pusat
pengajian tinggi dan pihak industri untuk
menjana perkembangan ilmu serta
penyelidikan yang cemerlang di peringkat
kebangsaan dan antarabangsa.
Profesor Hanafi sedang menyampaikan
syarahan umumnya
Nibong Tebal, 2 Februari - Satu
syarahan umum pelantikan profesor
bertajuk "Pengitaran Semula Sisa-sisa
Buangan
Getah:
Kepentingan,
Pendekatan dan Insentif" telah
disampaikan oleh Profesor Hanafi
Ismail
dari
Pusat
Pengajian
Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber
Mineral. Syarahan umum ini merupakan
satu
usaha
penyebaran
dan
pendedahan
ilmu
untuk
memperkenalkan ketokohan Profesor
Hanafi bersempena dengan pelantikan
beliau sabagai Profesor USM.
Profesor Hanafi telah dilantik
menjadi profesor USM pada 19
Disember 2003. Pengiktirafan beliau
sebagai Profesor adalah berdasarkan
penglibatan cemerlang beliau dalam
bidang penyelidikan di dalam dan luar
negara. Gelaran 'rubber man' mu ngkin
agak sinonim dengan Profesor Hanafi
berdasarkan kejayaan cemerlang beliau
dalam bidang penyelidikan getah. Selain
itu, Profesor Hanafi juga seorang yang
aktif dalam bidang sukan serta aktiviti
kemasyarakatan. Beliau juga terkenal
dengan penghasilan buku motivasi, serta
sering dijemput memberikan ceramah
motivasi,
kemahiran
belajar
dan
pembangunan diri kepada mahasiswa/
mahasiswi USM dan pelajar-pelajar
sekolah.
Syabas dan tahniah daripada semua
warga PPKBSM. Diharapkan Profesor
Hanafi akan terus menyumbangkan idea
dan
pembaharuan
disamping
mengharumkan nama PPKBSM pada
masa
akan
datang.
Semoga
kecemerlangan ini akan tetap diteruskan
pada masa-masa akan datang dan dapat
membantu dan membimbing warga
PPKBSM untuk sama-sama mencapai
kecemerlangan.
Sidang Pengarang
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
(Ketua Pengarang)
Delegates of the Sixth AUN/SEED-NET Field Wise Seminar
Ir. Dr. Mior Termizi Mohd Yusof
AUN/Seed-Net Field
Wise Seminar
Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Dr. Azura A. Rashid
Encik Samayamutthirian Palaniandy
Encik Mohd Nazri Idris
Penolong Pengarang
Mohd Al Amin Muhamad Nor
Yeoh Cheow Keat
Penang, 16-17 May - The Sixth
AUN/Seed-Net Field Wise Seminar was
organized by SMMRE under the
AUN/Seed-Net Materials Engineering
program and sponsored by JICA. The
theme
for
this
seminar
was
“Biomaterials,
Nanomaterials,
Advanced Materials & Composites”. The
seminar was held at The Gurney Resort
Hotel & Residences.
The seminar was attended by 50
participants
including
from
UP
(Philiphines), NUL (Laos), HUT (Vietnam),
HCMCUT (Vietnam), BU (Thailand), KKU
(Thailand),
ITB
(Indonesia),
UM
(Malaysia), and NUS (Singapura), USM
and AUN/Seed-Net sponsored students.
Three invited speakers from Japan, Prof.
Dr Tsutomu Takeichi (TUT, Toyohashi),
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suong-Hyu Hyon (IFMS,
Kyoto) and Prof. Dr Kazuyuki Kuroda (WU,
Waseda) were present in this seminar.
The main advisor for AUN/Seed-Net
project, Prof. Dr. Kazuo Tsutsumi and a
few
delegates from AUN/Seed-Net
secretariat at Bangkok were also present
in this seminar. The chairman of this
seminar was Prof. Dr. Zainal Arifin Ahmad.
On the first day of seminar, 3 working
papers were presented by the invited
speakers from Japan. Prof. Dr. Radzali
Othman from SMMRE also presented
about the research and facilities at
SMMRE. The seminar was continued with
the presentation of project proposals and
on going projects that are been
conducted at the Universities involving
the 3 research umbrellas.
The second day of seminar was held
at SMMRE where 10 students under the
AUN/Seed-Net sponsorship presented
their research projects. Later in the
afternoon the participants had a short
tour of the school laboratories.
The 6 th FWS ended with a dialog
between
member
institutions.
A proceeding has been published which
comprises all the papers presented in this
seminar.
3 Perak, 2 Gangsa di
ITEX 2005
Kuala Lumpur, 21 Mei - Sekumpulan
pensyarah PPKBSM sekali lagi mencatat
kejayaan yang membanggakan di
Pertandingan Antarabangsa, Penciptaan,
Inovasi Dan Rekabentuk Industri (ITEX)
2005 yang berlangsung di Pusat
Dagangan Dunia Putra, Kuala Lumpur
pada 19-21 Mei. USM memenangi 27
anugerah pada pertandingan ini sekaligus
memartabatkan USM sebagai pemenang
terbesar dari kalangan semua institusi.
Penyelidik PPKBSM menyumbang 3
pingat perak hasil penyelidikan 'Ceramic
Foam Sandwich for Lightweight Building
Materials' oleh Prof. Dr. Zainal Arifin
Ahmad dan kumpulan
penyelidiknya,
'Super-K CCTO' oleh Dr. Sabar Derita
Hutagalung dan kumpulan penyelidiknya
dan 'Development of Lead Free Solder
Paste for Electronic Applications' oleh En.
Ahmad Badri Ismail dan kumpulan
penyelidiknya.
Manakala 2 pingat Gangsa dimenangi
melalui hasil penyelidikan Jeraglas
(Jerami Waste (paddy stalk) turned to
Glass) oleh Prof. Dr. Radzali Othman dan
kumpulan
penyelidiknya
dan
'Environment Friendly High Density
Fishing Weight Tackles' oleh Prof. Madya
Dr. Luay Bakir Hussain. Jumlah pingat ini
adalah sebahagian daripada keseluruhan
pingat yang dimenangi oleh Kampus
Kejuruteraan USM di pameran tersebut
iaitu 4 pingat emas, 6 pingat perak dan 3
pingat gangsa. Syabas dan tahniah dari
semua
warga
PPKBSM.
Semua
kecemerlangan ini akan menjadi satu
tradisi yang dibanggakan oleh PPKBSM
dalam
mencapai misi pusat pengajian
untuk cemerlang di peringkat global.
Call for Papers ICXRI 2006
INTRODUCTION
The X-Rays techniques have contributed a lot
to research and services especially in quality
control and characterization study. The
advancement of knowledge in
material
science, solid-state physics, catalysis,
medical and other fields have also benefited
much from these techniques. With the recent
inclusion of powerful software,
plotting
facilities to provide quick results and with
high precision analysis, these techniques
have gained much interest and have greatly
widened its application in many new fields.
Submission of Abstract
Interested authors are requested to
Committe members of shortcourse on Nanomaterials
complete the registration form and submit to
the ICXRI 2006 Conference Secretariat. An
abstract of 150-200 words should be sent
Shortcource on
Bengkel OBE
either by post or e-mail attachment files to
Nanomaterials
the Secretariat not later than 31st Dec 2006.
Bukit Merah, 3 - 5 April - USM
Please include the title of presentation,
kejuruteraan
telah authors' name, affiliation, addresses,
Nibong Tebal, 31 January - 4 Kampus
February - SMMRE was honored to menganjurkan Bengkel bagi Mengkaji telephone, fax and e-mail addresses for
“Outcome
Based correspondence. All abstracts will be
organize
a
shortcource
on Perlaksanaan
"Nanomaterials: Theory, Synthesis and Education”
(OBE)
untuk
staf reviewed and if accepted, the authors will
Characterization", which was officiated akademik di Kampus Kejuruteraan. be required to submit a full paper for publication in the conference proceeding. Only
by Deputy Vice Chancellor Research Sehubungan dengan itu PPKBSM
those who register will have their papers
and Development, Honourable Dato' telah menghantar 10 staf akademik published. Selected and refereed papers will
Profesor Muhammad Idiris Salleh on 31 sebagai wakil ke bengkel tersebut. be
published in Journal of Nuclear and
January 2005.
Bengkel ini bertujuan untuk memberi Related Technologies.
Originally shortcourse was designed
for only 30 participants. However, due
to the overhelming response 75
participants were accepted for this
shortcourse. The participants were
mainly academicians and postgraduate
students
from
higher
learning
institutions such as USM, UTM, UKM,
KUiTTO and UiTM. The speakers were
Professor P. Pramanik, a visiting
professor from India at SMMRE,
Professor Amarnath Maitra from
University of Delhi and Professor
Vladimir Piven, the visiting profesor at
AMDI, USM Penang who are experts in
nano technology field. Associate Professor
Dr. Azizan Aziz from SMMRE was also one
of the speakers at this shortcourse.
This shortcourse was aimed to create
awareness about the importance of nano
technology. In developed countries, nano
technology is already being used in the
areas of medical, sciences, industries,
agriculture etc. It is high time to activate
the Malaysian scientists for more effective
involvement. This shortcourse provided a
platform to researchers in nanomaterials
to interact and exchange information for
the present and future collaboration. It's
worth mentioning that this shortcourse
was an initial step by SMMRE to promote
Malaysia towards
nano technology
development for the 21st century.
maklumat dan panduan awal kepada
staf akademik tentang OBE yang
bakal digunakan dalam mengakreditasi
sesuatu
program
pengajian
kejuruteraan.
Antara objektif bengkel ini diadakan
adalah untuk:
i. memberi pendedahan dan
kesedaran kepada semua staf akademik
tentang kepentingan pendekatan OBE
tersebut selari dengan kehendak dan
keperluan Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia
dan Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi;
ii. memberikan latihan untuk
menetapkan objektif sesuatu program
atau kursus itu diadakan dan hasil yang
diharapkan daripada graduan;
iii. memantap dan memperkasakan
program pengajian dan mengkaji
semula kurikulum dan kandungan
kursus yang sesuai dengan pendekatan
OBE. Ini bagi meningkatkan kualiti
program secara berterusan dan lebih
relevan dengan industri;
iv. meletakkan tanda-aras bagi
program kejuruteraan di peringkat
antarabangsa kerana pendekatan yang
sama juga digunakan oleh semua ahli
Washington Accord yang lain.
31st December 2005
abstract submission
31st January 2006
abstract acceptance
31st June 2006
mission
: Deadline for
: Notification of
: Full paper sub -
XAPP/MNS, MSNDT, EM Members: RM450,
Non Member : RM 550, Student : RM300,
Exhibition (Space only) : RM1200,
Pre-Conference Workshop : RM400
Further Information
Conference Executives Secretary ICXRI
2006.
c/o Malaysian Institute for Nuclear
Technology Research (MINT),
Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia.
Website:
http://www.mint.gov.my/mns/Seminars/ICXR
I2006/fistannouncement.htm
Contact Person:
Dr. Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman
e-mail: Meor@mint.gov.my
Tel: (603)-89250510 Ext: 1156
Fax: (603)-89250907
Miss Nadira Kamarudin
e-mail: nadira@mint.gov.my
Tel: (603)-89250510 Ext: 1706
Mobile: (012)-3381522
Fax: (603)-89250907
CALL FOR PAPERS
2nd Post Graduate Research Paper
2005/2006
School of Materials & Minerals
Resources Engineering
Gotong-royong menyiapkan mercu tanda Taman Seri Ilham
Perasmian Taman Seri
Ilham
Nibong Tebal, 29 Januari - Jawatankuasa
Kampus Sejahtera PPKBSM telah berjaya
mengadakan Majlis Hari Perasmian
Taman Seri Ilham dan acara gotongroyong menceriakan pusat pengajian.
Perasmian Taman Seri Ilham ini telah
disempurnakan oleh Dekan, Prof. Madya
Dr. Khairun Azizi Mohd Azizli. Bersempena
dengan itu beberapa aktiviti gotongroyong telah dijalankan berdasarkan
pembahagian
kumpulan-kumpulan
tertentu yang diwakili oleh setiap lapisan
warga PPKBSM. Antara aktiviti yang
dijalankan termasuklah pembinaan mercu
tanda Taman Seri Ilham, pemuliharaan
taman,
mengecat,
penyediaan
makanan/BBQ dan kitar semula kertas
terpakai. Aktiviti ini secara tidak langsung
dapat mengeratkan tali silaturrahim dan
hubungan yang lebih akrab antara setiap
warga pusat pengajian. Dekan sebagai
wakil pusat pengajian turut merakamkan
ucapan terima kasih kepada Dr. Mariatti
Jaafar selaku pengerusi kampus sejahtera
peringkat pusat pengajian serta jawatan
kuasanya dan semua staf yang terlibat.
Jamuan Perpisahan dan
Meraikan Kakitangan Baru
Pusat Pengajian
Nibong Tebal, 15 Jun - Kelab Sukan
dan
Reakreasi
PPKBSM
telah
menganjurkan satu jamuan makan
tengahari bagi menghargai jasa dan
sumbangan kakitangan yang akan
meninggalkan pusat pengajian dan
mengalu-alukan kehadiran kakitangan
baru ke pusat pengajian ini. Dalam majlis
ini pihak pusat pengajian turut
merakamkan terima kasih kepada
En. Mokhtar Alfakari Anurbek dan
Dr. Sutapa Roy Ramanan atas jasa dan
pengajian mengalu-alukan kehadiran
kakitangan baru dan berharap dapat
bekerjasama erat bagi meningkatkan
nama pusat pengajian. Jamuan ini
dihadiri oleh semua warga PPKBSM.
Ucapan Tahniah Staf
Anugerah Perkhidmatan
Cemerlang 2004
Prof. Madya. Dr. Azizan Aziz
Dr. Azhar Abu Bakar
En. Samayamutthirian Palaniandy
En. Mohamad Hasnor Husin
En. Kemuridan Md. Desa
Pn. Intan Rahayu Md Ramli
Perlantikan Dekan,
Timbalan-Timbalan Dekan
dan Pengerusi-Pengerusi
Rancangan
Prof. Madya Dr. Khairun Azizi Mohd Azizli
Prof. Madya Dr.Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor
Prof. Madya Dr. Azizan Aziz
Prof. Dr. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Ir. Dr. Mior Termizi Mohd Yusof
Dr. Azhar Abu Bakar
Kakitangan Pentadbiran
Yang Baru
This compilation of postgraduate research
papers is the second in the series of Post
Graduate Research Papers Proceedings. The
sole purpose is to
nurture the writing
skills of the Master and PhD students as well
as being informed of their progress. Papers
published cover a wide range of research
interest including ceramics, metals,
polymers, alloys, intermetallic composites,
nanostructured materials, environment,
construction materials and extraction of
metals from natural resources.
All the research mode students are
required to submit a paper on their research
while the mix-mode students are allowed to
submit a literature review paper. It is the
responsibility of the
students to ensure
proper usage of grammar.
Submission of papers
Electronic copies of the final paper should
be submitted in CD-ROM format or can
send via e-mail to
ibnuazlan2005@yahoo.com. The deadline
of final paper is on December 30, 2005.
Payment:
Post-graduate student:
RM 10.00 per student
Format of the paper:
1. The font type to use for the whole paper
is Times New Roman, single spacing with
font size 11 unless stated. Should be in two
columns (justified) except for title, authors
and affiliations.
2. Title - Caps Lock, Font size 12, Bold,
Centered. Leave 1 line blank after title and
continue with authors' / author's name(s).
3. Authors' name(s) - Centered.
4. Affiliations - Centered. Leave 1 line blank.
5. Abstract Body - Italic, Bold.
6. Section headings - Word "Abstract" and
other headings such as "Introduction" and
"Materials and Methods" - Caps Lock, Bold,
Centered.
7 .Margins - Left 1.3" others 1.0". Paper size
A4.
8. Tables, Charts, Figures - Title of table on
top of the table, font size 10. Title of charts
or figures is below each chart or figure, font
size 10.
9. Full paper should not exceed 3 pages
while abstracts are recommended to be not
more than 120 words.
Aktiviti MIMATES
Malam Kebudayaan
Festival MIMATES
Nibong Tebal, 17 Februari - Satu
jamuan makan malam bagi meraikan
pelajar tahun akhir dan warga PPKBSM
sempena Malam Kebudayaan Festival
MIMATES telah dianjurkan oleh MIMATES
bertempat di Dataran Kompleks Dewan
Kuliah. Festival ini telah
dimeriahkan
dengan kehadiran semua lapisan warga
pusat pengajian dan
diserikan lagi
dengan kehadiran Dekan, TimbalanTimbalan Dekan dan semua Pengerusi
Rancangan. Jamuan makan malam
berkenaan juga turut diceriakan dengan
persembahan daripada pelajar-pelajar.
Majlis perasmian penutupan Festival
MIMATES sidang akademik 04/05 ini telah
disempurnakan oleh Dekan dan dalam
masa
yang
sama
beliau
turut
menyampaikan amanatnya kepada semua
pelajar agar lebih tekun dan gigih dalam
usaha mencapai ilmu dan cita-cita yang
dihajati. Sehubungan dengan itu bagi
menghargai semua pelajar tahun akhir,
pihak MIMATES telah menyediakan
cenderamata sebagai tanda kenangkenangan kepada semua pelajar tahun
akhir sidang akademik 04/05.
Mahasiswa Turun
Ke Sekolah
Daerah Kerian, 19-20 Februari Pelajar-pelajar tahun satu dengan
kerjasama MIMATES telah mengadakan
satu Khemah Kerja Mahasiswa Turun
Sekolah, (MTS) bagi mempromosikan
PPKBSM kepada pelajar-pelajar sekolah di
sekitar USM Kampus Kejuruteraan. Dalam
aktiviti ini tiga buah sekolah telah dipilih
iaitu Sek. Men. Keb. Agama Nibong Tebal,
Sek. Men. Keb. Panglima Bukit Gantang
dan Sek. Men. Keb. Seri Perak. Program
ini keseluruhannya berkonsepkan bahawa
setiap pelajar perlu tahu minat dan
kursus-kursus yang ditawarkan oleh pihak
universiti sebelum menjejakkan kaki ke
menara gading.
Dalam aktiviti MTS ini, pelajar-pelajar
sekolah berkenaan telah diperkenalkan
dengan kursus-kursus yang terdapat di
PPKBSM dan bidang kerjaya yang boleh
diceburi apabila berijazah kelak di
samping memberikan program-program
motivasi pembelajaran kepada pelajar
pelajar yang terlibat. Program ini juga
turut mendapat kerjasama padu daripada
Prof. Madya Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor,
Prof. Madya Dr. Azizan Aziz, Prof. Hanafi
Ismail, Dr. Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Dr.
Zulkifli Mohamad Ariff dan pihak sekolah
yang terbabit.
Aktiviti Kelab Ijazah
Tinggi
Sambutan Perayaan 3
dalam 1 meriah
Nibong Tebal, 28 Januari - Kelab
ijazah tinggi telah menganjurkan
aktiviti sambutan perayaan 3 dalam 1
yang bertempat di bilik kakitangan
PPKBSM.
Majlis
ini
bertujuan
mengeratkan lagi perpaduan kaum
yang sedia terjalin antara ahli-ahli
kelab, sejajar dengan seruan kerajaan
untuk bersatu hati sebagai warganegara
Malaysia. Pelbagai jenis makanan
disediakan mengikut perayaan masingmasing. Aktiviti yang julung-julung kali
diadakan ini memberikan kesempatan
kepada ahli-ahli kelab untuk meraikan
dan merasai juadah yang berbeza dari
kebiasaan.
Majlis Sambutan
Hari Assyura
Nibong Tebal, 26 Februari
Sempena Hari Assyura pada 10
Muharram 1426 hijrah, Kelab Ijazah
Tinggi telah mengambil inisiatif untuk
menyediakan bubur assyura dan
diagihkan kepada warga PPKBSM. Ahli
kelab dan beberapa orang staf PPKBSM
telah bekerjasama dalam menyediakan
juadah tersebut. Kemeriahan aktiviti ini
turut dirasai oleh para pelajar bukan
Islam dan pelajar luar negara. Secara
tidak langsung, aktiviti bukan akademik
ini berjaya mengeratkan kemesraan
antara ahli kelab berbilang kaum di
samping memperkenalkan makanan
Malaysia kepada pelajar luar negara.
Lawatan ke SIRIM
Berhad, Kulim
Kulim, 16 Januari - Satu lawatan ke
SIRIM Berhad, Kulim (AMREC) telah
dianjurkan oleh pihak MIMATES kepada
semua pelajar yang berminat terutama
pelajar yang akan menjalani latihan
industri pada tahun ini. Seramai 30
peserta telah menyertai lawatan
tersebut. Lawatan tersebut bertujuan
mengenali dengan lebih dekat tugas
dan fungsi AMREC terutama dalam
bidang bahan termaju. Di samping itu,
pelajar-pelajar turut mendapat gambaran yang lebih jelas secara teori dan
praktikal
berkenaan bidang penyelidikan yang dilakukan dan peluangpeluang kerjaya yang boleh diceburi di
AMREC.
Mesyuarat Agung
Tahunan Kelab Ijazah
Tinggi PPKBSM 2004/2005
Nibong Tebal, 12 Mei - Kelab Ijazah
Tinggi PPKBSM yang dianggotai oleh
barisan sekretariat lama sesi 2004/2005
telah mengadakan suatu mesyuarat
agung tahunan bertempat di Bilik
Multimedia. Kehadiran Prof. Madya Dr.
Azizan Aziz selaku Timbalan Dekan
(Pengajian Siswazah & Penyelidikan)
dan juga penasihat utama Kelab Ijazah
Tinggi telah menyerikan lagi suasana
majlis. Majlis yang bermula jam 2.30
petang telah dipengerusikan oleh
saudari Ainur Sharida. Ucapan Presiden
Kelab Ijazah Tinggi 2004/2005 iaitu
saudara
Huzaimi
Ghazali
telah
membawa banyak pengertian kepada
semua ahli-ahli kelab yang terdiri
daripada para pelajar Ijazah Tinggi
PPKBSM
sepanjang
pimpinan
beliau.
Selain itu, pembentangan laporan
aktiviti kelab oleh saudara Presiden dan
laporan akaun kelab oleh Puan Nadras
Othman
sesi
2004/2005
telah
dipersetujui oleh semua ahli. Majlis
juga telah dihiasi dengan agendaagenda pembubaran barisan lama sesi
2004/2005 dan perlantikan barisan
baru sesi 2005/2006 secara undian.
Berdasarkan
keputusan
undian
tersebut, saudara Umar Al-Amani telah
dilantik sebagai presiden Kelab Ijazah
Tinggi manakala saudara Mahadir Amir
telah dipilih sebagai Naib Presiden bagi
sesi 2005/2006. Majlis juga memberi
peluang kepada saudara Umar
Al-Amani untuk memberi sedikit ucapan
tentang harapan beliau bersama
sekretariat yang baru dipilih terhadap
kelab dan pusat pengajian. Majlis
berakhir
dengan
penyampaian
beberapa hamper kepada ahli yang
berjaya dalam cabutan bertuah pada
kali ini.
Berikut merupakan keseluruhan
barisan sekretariat kelab baru untuk sesi
2005/2006 yang telah dilantik.
Presiden:Umar Al-Amani
Naib Presiden: Mahadhir Amir
Setiausaha: Arjulizan
Bendahari: Ong Hui Lin
Wakil setiap bahagian yang dilantik
oleh barisan sekretariat yang baru
adalah:
Wakil pelajar luar: Hosta
Wakil pelajar Bahan: Khairul Anuar
Wakil pelajar Sumber Mineral:
Saravana
SIJIL DEKAN
PUSAT PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN BAHAN DAN SUMBER MINERAL
SEMESTER 2, SIDANG 2004/2005
KEJURUTERAAN BAHAN
Tahun 1
Khor Gaik Hooi
Lee Chen Wen
Leong Wei Cheng
Lim Shu Lee
Quah Hock Jin
Woon Wu Siang
Tahun 4
Amalina binti Amir
Cho Cheong Chang
Chua Boon Kwean
Diana Farahdilla Fadli Daniel Paul
Eng Kok Mooi
Farrah Noor binti Ahmad
Foong Yuan Mei
Hoong Chee Hoe
Kong Chia Wei
Lee Boon Yeow
Lee Hong Guan
Lee Jian Huei
Leong Chee Kit
Lee Jian Huei
Mohd. Faisall bin Saad
Mok Boon Yong
Ong Chiew Siang
Pathmavathy a/p Loganathan
Puah Lee San
Rohaida Salleh @ Ramlee
Sangeet Kaur a/p Bhajnik Singh
Soo Siew Suan
Tay Poh Leong
Tee Dee In
Vegneswary a/p Ramalingam
Vemal a/l Raja Manikam
Wong Yoke Pei
Tahun 2
Chang Poh Ling
Eng Siew Tze
Ho Jung Kit
John Paul Wang Sing Siew
Khoor Siang Tian
Lai Kin Theng
Liew Kein Fee
Lim Chin Seng
Loh Poh Lin
Ng Chi Siang
Ong Chooi Cheow
Ong Yee Wei
Tan Kean Beng
Wong Gar Shen
Siew Sok Fun
Tan Choon Shih
Nik Nadiah Nik Khamsani
Tahun 3
Gan Sin Seng
Ho Kar Fei
Lim Ling Ching
Lim Shwu Choo
Lim Soo Wah
Loo Siaw Choon
Lum Sek Yew
Mohana Pria a/p Rainoo Raj
Ng Mei Chan
Ng Soo Bee
Ong Ghee Mei
Ooi Li Ying
Peter Chin Ting Soon
Soon Li Lian
Tan Ruo Yee
Wong Pei Pei
Wong Yoong Yoong
KEJURUTERAAN POLIMER
Tahun 1
Ho Chee Fung @ Jonathan
Lim Wei Chin
Phua Yi Jing
Tahun 2
Ho Kar Wei
Ho Hui Ling
Lim Cheng See
Lim Ee May
Lim Kong Fei
Tay Hong Kang
Tay Min Min
Tahun 3
Foo Pei Ming
Lam Seow Fong
Lee See Yin
Liew Chee Foo
Ng Lay Ping
Ong Soo Shin
Tay Lee Hwa
Tahun Akhir
TIADA
KEJURUTERAAN SUMBER MINERAL
Tahun 1
TIADA
Tahun 2
Ong Gaik Pheng
Yap Yu Heng
Tahun 3
Elvina Cassandra Yumbod
Hariyanto bin Salleh
Tahun Akhir
Ee Xun Hong
Heng Chooi Long
Herneyta binti Mahmud
Khoo Wei Wei
Lau Hong Chee
Lee Siew Wee
Lim Chek Hai
Nor Azila Sarmin
Nurhafiza Kamaruddin
Oh May Ling
Rusya Azrina Yahaya
Siti Hajar Mohd. Noor
Sow Hon Swen
Tan Choon Thai
Ng Heng Hooi
Teoh Cheng See
Terence Michael
Tung Wai Chee
Wan Adura Yantie Wan Yeit
Wan Suriati Zulkhefli
Visitors to the SMMRE during the period January to June 2005
Date
Visitors
Address
Purposes
28 Jan.- 3 Feb.
Prof. Ariga Tadashi
Tokai University, Japan
24 -27 Feb.
15 Feb.
Prof. Ariga Tadashi
Mr. Stacy Goldsworthy
Tokai University, Japan
Metso Minerals, New
Zealand
3-4 March
Assoc. Prof. Toda Hiroyuki
Toyohashi University, Japan
15-19 March
Prof. Toshio Maruyama
18-20 April
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esah Hamzah
Tokyo Institute of
Technology, Japan
UTM, Skudai, Johor
Collaboration in the area of “joining of
materials in the application of lead free
solders, properties and reliability”
Collaboration in the are of “High
Technology Aggregates and Manufactured
Sand Technology”
Collaboration in the area of ‘Mechanical
and Microstructure response on thermal
behaviour of TiAl alloy system’
Collaboration in the area of “High
Temperature Oxidation”
VIVA Mix-Mode
20 April
Secretariat JICA , Bangkok
AUN/Seed-Net Project
18 May
Mr. Ishihara Shinichi
Ms. Kalayaporn Tengfung
Dr. Bob Knecht
Dr. David R. Munoz
Prof. Tsutomu Takeichi
Design (EPICS) Division
Colorado School of Mines
Toyohashi University of
Technology, Japan
16-17 June
Prof. Dr. Ir. Arief S. Sudarsono
Department of Mining
Engineering, Institute of
Technology Bandung,
Indonesia
Discussion on collaboration with Mineral
Resources Engineering Programme
Project ‘Mechanical and Microstructure
response on thermal behaviour of TiAl
alloy system’
Discussion for future collaboration
between Department of Mining ITB,
Indonesia with Mineral Resources
Engineering Programme, USM.
28 April
Prof. Dr. Ir. Irwandy Arif
Dr. Eddy A Basuku
Dr. Ir. Budi Sulistianto
Dr. Ir. Totok Darijono
Characterization of
Chemically Modified
Steam-exploded Acacia
Mangium Fiber
R. Mat Taib, Z. A. Mohd Ishak, H. D.
Rozman, and W. G. Glasser
ABSTRACT
In this work, steam-exploded Acacia
mangium fiber (AEF) was chemically
grafted with maleated polypropylene
(MAPP) either Epolene E-43 or Epolene
G-3003. The treated fibers were
characterized with scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), fourier transmission
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron
spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)
and wetting analysis. SEM and ESCA
investigations showed the presence of
MAPP on the fiber surfaces. FTIR
investigation, however, was unable to
detect ester link to confirm a chemical
reaction between MAPP and AEF. Wetting
analysis confirmed the change of surface
property of AEF from hydrophilic to
hydrophobic as a result of the treatment.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that wood fillers/fibers are not
compatible with thermoplastic polyolefins.
Blending them together often leads to
composites with inferior mechanical
properties particularly tensile strength,
impact strength, and elongation at break
due to poor interfacial adhesion as well as
filler/fiber dispersion in the polymer
matrix (Kazayawoko & Balatinecz, 1997).
Wood fillers/fibers are hydrophilic while
most of polyolefins are hydrophobic. This
difference gives rise to above mentioned
problems concerning wood plastic
composites (WPCs). Hydrophilic nature of
wood fillers/fibers can be minimized by
fiber surface modification using chemicals
such as MAPP.
This work is concerned with surface
modification of AEF with maleated
polypropylenes (MAPPs) which in the
future will be used as filler for
polypropylene. The effect of such
modification on the surface properties of
AEF is reported.
EXPERIMENTAL
Fiber preparation
AEF was generated by steam explosion of
Acacia mangium wood chips using a
severity of log Ro 4.3. This was followed
by water and alkali extractions at 700 oC
for 30 minutes.
Esterification
with maleated
polypropylene (MAPP)
The treatment of AEF with MAPP was
conducted in a solvent system without a
catalyst. MAPP at a concentration of 5
wt% of fiber dry weight was mixed with
1.5 L of toluene in a glass reaction flask.
The mixture was heated under reflux for
1 hour to ensure complete dissolution of
MAPP. 200g of AEF were immersed in the
solution mixture. After 5 minutes of
reaction, the mixture was cooled to room
temperature and filtered to isolate the
reacted fiber. The fiber then was
subjected to soxhlet-extraction with
toluene for 24 hours to remove all
components not covalently bonded to the
fiber. After the extraction, the fiber was
oven-dried at 70o C until a constant
weight was achieved.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Qualitative observations of untreated and
treated AEF surface morphology were
carried out with a scanning electron
microscopy model Leica Cambridge S-360
at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV. Filler
samples were mounted on aluminum
stubs and then gold-coated with a Polaron
SEM coating unit SC515 to minimize
electron
charging
effects
during
examination.
Fourier
transmission
infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR)
FTIR spectra of untreated and treated
AEF were obtained with the KBr
technique, using a Nicolet FTIR
spectrophotometer (Avatar system 360).
All the FTIR spectra were recorded in
absorbance units within the wavenumber
range of 4000-400 cm-1, with a resolution
of 4 cm-1 . There were 32 scans for each
spectrum.
were immersed in test tubes containing
water/ether two-phase mixture. The
mixtures were shaken briefly and then
allowed to stand overnight at room
temperature. Subsequently, the mixtures
were examined to determine whether the
fillers had fallen to the bottom of the
water layer or remained at the waterether interphase.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Morphological changes of AEF following
the treatment with MAPP are presented in
Figure 1. The treated fibers evidently
show different surface morphology from
that of untreated AEF. Deposits are visible
on the fiber surfaces which can be
attributed to MAPP. Deposits associated
with Epolene G-3003 grafted AEF sample,
however, are more noticeable. This is
probably due to the higher molecular
weight of Epolene G-3003 as compared to
Epolene E-43. The presence of these
deposits suggests some kind of
interaction by means of physical and/or
chemical between AEF and MAPP
(Kazayawoko & Balatinecz, 1997).
Epolene E-43 has higher acid number
than Epolene G-3003. One therefore
would expect to observe more deposits
on the fiber surface grafted with Epolene
E-43 than Epolene G-3003. This, however,
is not significantly obvious in the SEM
micrographs. Possible explanations are:
1) self-entanglement or overlapping of
MAPP molecules on the fiber surface
(Rana et al., 1998) and/or 2) mechanical
interlocking of MAPP on AEF surface.
Electron spectroscopy for chemical
analysis (ESCA)
The surface chemistry of wood fillers was
also investigated with ESCA. An ESCA-850
spectrometer (Shimadzu) with Mg-Ka
X-ray source, at 6 kV and 30 mA, was
used. Spectra of C1s and O1s for each
sample were obtained and the peak area
of each spectrum was determined. The
changes in the relative atomic ratios of
oxygen-to-carbon on AEF surface as
results of the treatments with MAPPs
were monitored. The atomic ratio,
was calculated from:
where Io (IS) and I are peak areas for
oxygen and carbon, respectively.
'Wetting' analysis
Both untreated and treated AEF samples
were tested for their qualitative relative
ability to be wetted by water and diethyl
ether following the method proposed by
Takase and Shiraishi (1989). The fillers
Figure 1 SEM micrographs of (A) AEF
(B) Epolene E-43 grafted AEF and (C)
Epolene G-3003 grafted AEF at
magnification of 5000 X.
Electron spectroscopy for chemical
analysis (ESCA)
Samples of untreated and treated AEF
were examined using ESCA. The changes
in the O/C atomic ratios on the surface of
AEF before and after the treatment with
MAPP were determined. As can be seen in
Table 1, the treatment of AEF with MAPP
caused a decrease in the O/C atomic
ratio. Treatment of AEF with Epolene E-43
decreased the atomic ratio from 54.7% to
42.8% while Epolene G-3003 decreased it
to 29.1%. The results suggest an increase
in the concentration of carbon atoms on
the surface of AEF as a result of the
treatment with MAPP. This is not
surprising given the fact that MAPP is rich
in aliphatic carbon atoms originated from
PP chains. Therefore, it can be concluded
that MAPP is concentrated on the treated
AEF surface. The O/C atomic ratio of
Epolene G-3003 grafted AEF was
distinctly lower than that of Epolene E-43
grafted AEF. This is probably due to the
higher molecular weight or the greater
length of PP chains of Epolene G-3003 as
compared to Epolene E-43 (Kazayawoko
et al., 1997a).
Table 1. Results of atomic oxygen-carbon
ratio (O/C) of untreated and treated AEF
by ESCA.
Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR)
Successful reaction of AEF with MAPP
leads to the formation of ester bonds. To
confirm the formation ester bonds, FTIR
study was performed on the treated AEF
samples. Since the ester functional
groups absorb in the 1750 1720 cm-1
up by the long PP chains of MAPP, which
makes them difficult to detect
(Kazayawoko et al., 1997a). Both digital
substraction spectra, however, show weak
absorption bands at 1709 and 1714 cm-1 ,
respectively, for Epolene E-43 grafted AEF
and Epolene G-3003 grafted AEF.
According to Kazayawoko et al. (1997b),
these absorption bands may be attributed
to carbonyl stretching vibrations of
carboxyl groups present in MAPP. The
results, therefore, marginally suggest the
possible presence of Epolene E-43 and
Epolene G-3003 on AEF surface.
Figure 2. FTIR spectrum of untreated and
MAPP grafted AEF. (A) untreated AEF, (B)
Epolene E-43 grafted AEF, (C) Epolene G3003 grafted AEF, (D) digital subtraction
of [(B)-(A)], and (E) digital substraction of
[(C)-(A)].
'Wetting' analysis
In this experiment, the wettability of
untreated and MAPP grafted AEF samples
was examined. The samples were
separately shaken in ethyl ether-water
mixture with a shaker and then allowed to
stand at room temperature overnight.
Figure 3 showed the results of this
experiment. As shown in the photograph,
untreated AEF precipitated completely at
the bottom of the lower layer (water
layer), while both the MAPP grafted AEF
samples gathered together around the
interface between water and ethyl ether.
These observations imply that AEF is
hydrophilic, while the MAPP grafted AEF
samples
are
hydrophobic.
Wood
fillers/fibers with hydrophobic surfaces
are beneficial because they would result
in: 1) greater compatibility with
thermoplastic polymers (Hill & Abdul
khalil, 2000a), 2) better fiber dispersion in
thermoplastic matrices (Matuana et al.,
1999),
3)
enhanced
fiber/matrix
interfacial adhesion (Matuana et al.,
1999), and 4) a reduce moisture uptake
(Hill & Abdul Khalil, 2000a). Incorporation
of MAPP grafted AEF in thermoplastic
polyolefins such as PP therefore, would
probably lead to composites with
satisfactory mechanical performance.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn
from above results:
1. Both SEM and ESCA investigations
revealed that the treatment with MAPP
has modified the AEF fiber surface
properties.
2. Both investigations also confirmed the
presence of MAPP on the surface of the
treated fiber.
3. FTIR studies were unable to provide
any evidence that esterification between
AEF and MAPP had occurred.
4. 'Wetting' analysis qualitatively revealed
the change of fiber surface characteristic
from hydrophilic to hydrophobic.
REFERENCES
Kazayawoko, M. and Balatinecz, J. J.
(1997). Adhesion mechanisms in woodfiber-polypropylene composites. In: Proc.
Woodfiber-Plastic Composites Conf.
Forest Prod. Soc., Madison, Wis., p. 8193.
Takase, S. and Shiraishi, N. (1989).
Studies on composites from wood and
polypropylenes. II. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 37,
645-659.
Rana, A. K., Mandal, A., Mitra, B. C.,
Jacobson, R., Rowell, R., and Banerjee, A.
(1998). Short jute fiber
reinforced
polypropylene composites: Effect of
compatibilizer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 69, 329338.
Kazayawoko, M., Balatinecz, J. J.,
Woodhams, R. T., and Law, S. (1997a).
Effect of ester linkages on the mechanical
properties of wood fiber-polypropylene
composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Comp., 16(15),
1383-1406.
Kazayawoko, M., Balatinecz, J. J., and
Woodhams, R. T. (1997b). Diffuse
reflectance fourier transform infrared
spectra of wood fibers treated with
maleated polypropylenes. J. Appl. Polym.
Sci., 66, 1163-1173.
Hill, C. A. S. and Abdul Khalil, H. P. S.
(2000a). Effect of fiber treatments on
mechanical properties of coir or oil palm
fiber reinforced polyester
composites.
J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 78, 1685-1697.
Matuana, L. M., Balatinecz, J. J., Park, C.
B., and Woodhams, R. T. (1999). Surface
characteristics of chemically
modified
newsprint fibers determined by inverse gas
chromatography. Wood Fiber Sci., 31(2),
116-127.
region (Kazayawoko et al., 1997a), the
discussion will be focused on this region.
The FTIR spectra of AEF treated with
MAPP are shown in Figure 2. The FTIR
spectrum of untreated AEF was also
presented for comparison. The general
features of the spectra are almost similar
to that of untreated AEF. No visible
changes in the absorption band intensities
are observed particularly in the 17501720 cm-1 region where the ester bonds
absorb. The digital subtraction spectra
obtained also do not indicate the
presence of any distinct absorption bands
within the region. The absence of such
bands may be attributed to: (i) the low
amount of MAPP added with respect to
the amount of AEF, (ii) the fact that AEF
also has some ester functional groups Figure 3. A photograph from the 'wettability' test. The existence of (A) AEF, (B)
that absorb within the same region, and Epolene E-43 treated AEF, and (C) Epolene G-3003 treated AEF within the ethyl
A glimpse on the career
prospect of the mineral
resources engineering
graduates
Mior Termizi Mohd Yusof
Introduction
Many first year students for the mineral
resources engineering at USM are a bit
unsure of what they should be doing
after finishing the course. There are
various reasons for their uncertainties.
Some took up the course by choice and
some by chance.
The word mineral is synonymous to
mining and that led to the term "sunset
industry" of tin mining. So the bad
image about tin mining give mixed
feelings amongst some of the students.
Some students are a bit apprehensive
and those with positive thinking will see
that the mineral resources may lead
them to a challenging and rewarding
career.
The mixed feelings are due to the
misunderstanding
and
negative
attitudes of the students and the public
at large. In actual fact it is not as bad
as it seems.
Purpose of the course
The main purpose of the Bachelor in
Engineering course in mineral resources
engineering is to provide manpower for
the nation for the mineral and
quarrying industry. Maybe there are not
many mines as compared to the times
prior to 1985, but quarries must stay
because the nation always needs
quarries for development, construction
and raw materials for manufacturing
purposes
The requirement of mineral is still
important. For example Malaysia used
to produce a lot of tin ore and Malaysia
was number one producer. Tin mining
is no more number one revenue for the
nation, but we still need tin for our
manufacturing and we are now a net tin
importer. The irony is that we still have
some remaining deposits in the Kinta
Valley and another huge tin deposit in
Selangor which is almost equivalent to
Kinta Valley. The deposit was mined for
a short period by a prestigious mining
company but gave up due to the very
low price of tin in 1985 and due to a
change of visions of the top
management of the company. However
the deposit is still there to be mined.
So that is one of the examples, there
are many other potential mineral
prospect as already identified by the
Department of Mineral and Geosciences
as stated by Chen (2000).
Malaysia has many other mineral
resources that can be exploited but due
to hiccups in the state policies, mining
cannot be done in the most economic
way. There are interests from foreign
mining companies and they realised the
potential but the current policies do not
really up to the mark that makes any
operation becomes time consuming and
expensive.
However the federal government
realised that we must developed our
earth resources. The only way to do is
through research. Research will not
happen if the people is lacking in
knowledge
about
the
mineral
resources. So the university is the best
place. For example mineral resources
engineering graduates produced from
the university, may work in the quarries
and this may enhance the knowledge
within the quarrying fraternity. This
knowledge may give inputs to the
university through joint research
between the university and the
quarrying companies.
The curriculum
If we look at the curriculum itself, the
course is made up of core subjects and
elective subjects. The core subjects are
made up of basic science and
engineering subjects and followed by
the disciplinary subjects. The basic
science subjects are to reinforce the
student's capability in mathematics and
science. The basic engineering subjects
such
as
engineering
drawing,
engineering mechanics, strength of
materials, fluid mechanics, electrical
technology, workshop practice and
others will form a basis in
understanding the concept of general
engineering. Generally an engineer
who understands these subjects
thoroughly will appreciates more of any
engineering project or gadget,
regardless from what discipline he is in.
For the mineral resources engineering
courses, there is a fair bit of all
disciplines lumped into one, that
include geology, surveying, civil
engineering, mechanical engineering,
electrical engineering and chemistry.
These combinations of disciplines are
required to run a mine or a quarry.
Logically the quarry or mines would
prefer to hire mineral resources
engineering graduates for its operation
rather than other graduates unless
when they have no other choice.
The current outlook of a career in
mineral related industry.
USM produced about 40 mineral
resources engineering graduates per
year. The number is not that big if we
compare to the number of quarries,
mines or mineral related plants.
Currently the demand for the mineral
resources engineering graduates is
from the quarrying sector, but USM do
not have enough graduates to fulfill
their requirement.
This is mainly
because most of the quarries prefer
male candidates. The graduates from
USM are more than 50% ladies.
Penjom Gold Mine will accept ladies but
the number is limited. Some petroleum
companies or petroleum service
companies may also accept ladies but
the competition with other engineering
disciplines is very stiff. There are also
openings in the tin smelting plant and
steel plants.
Conclusion
The job prospects for the mineral
resources graduates is actually just as
good (or just as bad in bad times) as
any other engineering graduates. The
openings are from the quarries, mines,
mineral
related
industries
and
government service.
Even some
manufacturing companies will also
accept mineral resources engineering
graduates. However the trend now
there are more ladies than men in all
universities, so there is a gender
limitation in some jobs. Big companies
may accept ladies but small companies
cannot afford to hire lady engineers. As
for now, that is a fact in Malaysia.
When anybody is called for a job
interview, there is a prospect of getting
a job. Before going for the interview,
the graduates are advised to do some
research about the company and about
the applied post. With the world wide
web from the internet, this is not really
a problem.
Reference:
Chen Shick Pei (2000). Malaysia's
Mineral Resources: Opportunities for
Development. In Proceedings of
national Seminar on the Malysian
Minerals Industry held at Kota Kinabalu
in June 22 - 24, 2000. Kuala Lumpur:
Malaysian Chamber of Mines.
Formation of Crystal
Steps, Domain and Twin
Lamella In Barium Titanate
Based Materials
Srimala Sreekantan, Ahmad Fauzi
Mohd Noor, Zainal Arifin Ahmad
& Radzali Othman
Abstract
Barium Titanate (BT) and Barium
Strontium Titanate (BST) powder was
processed at temperature 80 o C by
reacting TiO 2 sol in aqueous solutions
that contained BaCl2 and NaOH at
atmospheric pressure. The powders were
then compacted and sintered at 1300 oC
and 1400 oC. The micostructure
characteristic of the sintered pellet were
studied
using
Scanning
Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM). Interesting
features such as crystal steps, domains
structure such as wedge shape lamellar
domains and {111} twins formation were
observed in the sintered sample. The
elaboration of this observation is
described in detail in this paper.
Introduction
Barium titanate based materials, a good
ferroelectric material having a perovskite
structure, is widely used as the electronic
component materials for multilayer
capacitors,
positive
temperature
coefficient resistors, high-density optical
data storage, ultrasonic transducer,
piezoelectric devices and semiconductors
(Hertling, 1999). Since the electrical
properties of BT based materials vary
widely with its microstructure, a number
of investigations (Hu, et al., 1986; Lee et.
al., 2003; Lee and Kang, 1987) have been
conducted
to
understand
its
microstructural development during
sintering
and
control
its
final
microstructure. The purpose of this paper
is to show the presence of the
conventional domain, fringes and few
other interesting features which was
observed in BT and BST prepared by low
temperature chloride aqueous method.
Experimental Procedure
Titanium butoxide [Ti(OBu)4 ] (99 %
Fluka Chemical Co.) was used as a
precursor and butanol [BuOH] (99.9%
J.T.Baker) was used as a solvent. Nitric
acid (HNO3) (Merck) were used as the
peptizing agent.TiO 2 precipitation was
obtained by adding 0.4 M of the Ti(OBu) 4
into distilled water. The details regarding
the titania sol preparation have been
reported elsewhere (Srimala et. al.,
2004). BT (Ba1.0 Sr 0.0TiO3 ) and BST
(Ba 0.9Sr 0.1 TiO3 ) was synthesized by
adding the titania sol to solution that
consist of BaCl2 .2H2 O (Merck, 99%),
SrCl2 .6H2 O (Merck, 99%) and 1 M NaOH
(Merck, 99.9%). After mixing, the bottle
was back-filled with argon, sealed and
placed in an oven for reaction. After
reaction, the bottle was removed from the
oven and excess solution was decanted.
The powder was washed and then placed
in petri dishes and dried in an oven at a
temperature of 80 o C for 24h. After
drying, the powder was uniaxially pressed
into pellet at about 100MPa and sintered
at 1300 oC and 1400 oC for 2h. The
microstructure was observed using SEM
and TEM. Bright-field (BF) images of TEM
were obtained using an objective aperture
that selects only the transmitted beam.
Result and Discussion
Figure 1(a) and (b) shows SEM
micrograph of as-sintered surfaces for BT
and BST sample sintered at 1300 oC. As
can be observed, there are bimodal
distribution in the grain size, the fine ones
is in the range of 0.3 m to 0.5 m where
else the large ones approximately 1.5 m
to 2.0 m. EDAX analysis shows the large
grain is Ti-rich or Ba-rich but it is difficult
to confirm which element due to the
overlapping of Ba and Ti energy line.
However based on XRD analysis which
shows the presence of secondary phase
B6 T17, implies that the grain growth is
due to the Ti-rich phase ((Srimala et. al.,
2004). However, at 1400 o C, the grains of
the BT and BST samples have grown
exceptionally large (80 m to 90 m).
There is a crystal growth step on the
surface of the grain as shown in Figure 2.
The abrupt grain growth is closely related
to the formation of liquid phase, which
might have originated from Ti- rich phase
(Lee et. al., 2002; Henning et. al., 1987;
Rios et. al., 1998). It should be recalled
that there exists a eutectic reaction at
1332 o C for the BT-TiO 2 system (Lee et.
al., 2000) which have caused the abrupt
grain growth at 1400 o C for these
respective systems.
Figure 1: SEM micrographs of sample
sintered at 1300 oC (a) BT and (b) BST
The sintered samples were also examined
using TEM and the micrograph in Fig. 3(a)
Figure 2: SEM micrographs of sample
sintered at 1400oC (a) BT and (b) BST
and (b) show a bright field and dark field
TEM image of BST. Ferroelectric domains
are clearly visible when viewed from
Z=[100]. Domains of widths between
100nm to 150nm appear in alternate
bands of dark (indicated by A) and bright
(B) contrast representing the changing of
polarization direction from one domain to
its immediate neighbour. Furthermore,
asymmetric dark-bright and bright-dark
fringes ( -fringes) on both sides of each
ferroelectric domain is shown in the bright
field image of Figure 3(a), indicated as
(C-D). Fringes contrast is observed
because the boundary is inclined 45 o to
the plane of the thin foil. The presence of
-fringes shows these domains are the
conventional 90 o type. And it is believed
that the 90o ones reduce the elastic strain
energy incurred by tetragonal symmetry
upon cubic to tetragonal phase transition.
-fringes are actually produced from the
overlapped
ferroelectric
domain
boundaries of the thin domains. When a
pair of the domain boundaries inclining to
the foil plane at an angle become too close
to each other and produce overlapped fringes, two initially
asymmetric fringes
patterns develop to become effectively
symmetric ones along the centre line of the
domain. The
overlapped fringes within
the thin domains appear fainter in contrast
as
indicated by the arrow in Figure
3(a).The fact of the extreme (first and last)
fringes exhibiting the same contrast in
bright and dark field (Figure 3(b)) suggest
that they are d-fringes. Similar fringes
patterns of the symmetric dark-bright
contrast have often been found in sintered
BaTiO 3 ceramic before [Chou et. al., 2000].
Figure 3: The 90o type ferroelectric domains
(a) bright field image of asymmetrical fringes
from two adjacent domain walls. (b) dark field
image of the same grain shows the extreme
fringes exhibiting the same contrast as in
bright field.
The micrograph in Figure 4(a) shows a
bright-field image of BT where wedgeshaped lamellar domains are clearly
visible. The wedge-shaped domains are a
common microstructural feature in most
ferroelectric phase transition. It is well
known that this type of domains appears
when the 90o walls terminate within the
grain (Forsbergh, 1949; Park and Chung,
1994) and the TEM image shown in
Figure 4(a) is in agreement with the
reported observations. Its cause is not yet
clear, although redistributing excess
polarisation charges had been proposed
(Chou, et. al., 2000). A closer look at the
other grains also reveals that the wedgeshaped domains appear to have stopped
not only by grain boundaries but also by
the other domains, as indicated by two
different domains X and Y in Figure 4(b)
and {111} twin boundary as shown in
Figure 4(c).
Figure 4: TEM micrograph of the (a)
wedge-shaped lamellar domains in BT (b)
wedge-shaped lamellar domains stopped by
another domain and (c) stopped by twin
Another interesting feature which was
observed in this study is the formation of
{111} twin lamella in the presence of the
faceted secondary phase B6T17. According
to an investigation by Lee et. al., (2003),
{111} twins form when BT grains grow
around faceted B6T17 particles. The same
study also proved that B6 T17 interface acts
as the nucleation site of {111} twins in BT.
The TEM micrograph in Figure 5 indeed
shows that the interface between BST and
B6T17 is well-faceted and the twin lamella
are attached to B6T 17.
Figure 5: TEM micrograph shows {111} twin
lamella and faceted B6T17 in BST
Conclusion
The possibility of obtaining submicronsized BT and BST at 1300oC using
chloride
aqueous
method
was
demonstrated. Sintering at 1400o C, have
leads to grain growth with crystal steps.
Domains formation and the presence of
-fringes show the existence of 90o
conventional domain in this material.
Evidence was obtained for the existence
of the wedge shaped domains and it
appeared to have stopped not only by
grain boundaries but also by the other
domains and {111} twin. This study also
reveals B6T17 encourage {111} twin
lamella formation.
Growth Kinetics of BaTiO3 with an Excess
TiO2. Acta Materialia. vol. 46, p. 16171623.
Srimala, S., Ahmad Fauzi, M.N., Zainal
Arifin, A. and Radzali Othman. (2004)
Microstructure Characterisation of BST
prepared by low temperature chloride
aqueous
method.
13th
Scientific
Conference of Electron Microscopy
Society of Malaysia. 13-15 December
2004. Putrajaya, Malaysia. p. 252-258
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the
contribution from the Department of
Material Engineering, University of
Sheffield, UK for the Transsmission
Electron Microscopy.
Cheong, Kuan Yew
e-mail: cheong@eng.usm.my
References
Chou, J. F., Lin, M. H. and Lu, H. Y.
(2000).
Ferroelectric
Domains
in
Presureless-Sintered Barium Titanate.
Acta Materialia. vol. 48, p. 3569-3579.
Henning, D. F. K., Janssen, R. and
Reynen, P. J. L. (1987). Control of LiquidPhase- Enhanced Discontinuous Grain
Growth in Barium Titanate. Journal of the
American Ceramic Society. vol. 70, p. 2327.
Hertling, G. H. (1999). Ferroelectric
Ceramics: History and Technology.
Journal of the American Ceramic
Society.vol 82, p. 797
Hu, Y. H., Chan, H. M., Wen, Z. X. and
Hammer, M. P. (1986). Scanning Electron
Microscpy and Transmission Electron
Micrscopy Study of Ferroelectric Domains
in Doped BaTiO3. Journal of the American
Ceramic Society. vol. 69, p. 594-602.
Lee, B. K. and. Kang, S. J. L. (2001).
Second-Phase Assisted Formation of
{111} Twins in Barium Titanate. Acta
Materialia. vol. 49 p. 1373-1381.
Lee, B. K., Chung, S. Y. and Kang, S. J.
L. (2000). Necessary Condition for the
formation of {111}Twin in Barium
Titanate. Journal of the American Ceramic
Society. vol. 83, p. 2858-2860.
Lee, B. K., Yang, I. J., Kang, S. J. L and
Nowotny, J. (2003). {111}Twin Formation
and Abnormal Grain Growth in Barium
Strontium Titanate. Journal of the
American Ceramic Society. vol. 86,
p. 155-160.
Lee, S. B., Sigle, W. and Ruhle, M.
(2002). Investigation of Grain Boundaries
in Abnormal Grain Growth Structure of
TiO2-Excess BaTiO3 by TEM and EELS.
Acta Materialia. vol. 50, p. 2151-2162.
Rios, P. R., Yamamoto, T., Kondo, T. and
Sakuma, T. (1998). Abnormal Grain
Silicon Carbide (SiC) as an
Electronic Material
Abstract
The superb electrical, chemical, and
physical properties of silicon carbide (SiC)
as an electronic material have been
introduced in this paper. However, this
material has yet been fully developed for
main-stream electronic-device applications;
since it was first discovered in the early
19th century. The reasons for these have
been briefly mentioned in this paper.
Introduction
Silicon carbide (SiC) was initially
discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a
Swedish scientist, in 1824 when he
synthesized diamond (http: //www. ele. kth.
se/SiCEP/english/highlights.html). Eighty
years later (1907), its electroluminescene
property was demonstrated by a British
engineer named Henry Joseph Round. At
that time, it is extremely difficult to
produce a high-quality single crystal SiC
(http://www.ele.kth.se/SiCEP/english/hig
hlights.html). Without this, it is impossible
for this material to be use as a substrate
for electronic-device applications. Until
1955, J. A. Lely has developed a new
technique, which uses sublimation
principle to grow a single crystal SiC at
extremely high temperature but still the
quality is not as good as its silicon (Si)
counterpart http: //www. ele.kth. se/SiCEP/
english/highlights.html). Since then, with
the available of relatively good quality SiC
crystal, it has influence future SiC
research and development. Numerous
electronic devices, such as gas sensors,
high power and high frequency devices,
optoelectronic devices, and non-volatile
memory, have been fabricated based on
this material (Choyke et. al ,2004). Even
Shockley, convinced by its unmet
electrical and physical properties
compared to Si, predicted in 1950s that
SiC would replace Si in the near future
(Feng,2003). Recently, Zolper and
Shanabrook, 2002 reported that SiC has
been considered as the third generation
semiconductor material, after germanium
(Ge) and Si, (which is the 1st generation)
and gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium
phosphide (InP) (which is the second
generation). The questions arises here
are: why SiC is used as an electronic
substrate in the above-mentioned
applications
and
what
are
the
advantages of using this material
compared with other semiconductor
materials? Therefore, it is the main
objectives of this paper to address the
questions and propose some technological hinders in the development of SiC as
the main-stream electronic material.
Advantages of SiC as an electronic
material.
SiC is a IVB-IVB semiconductor, which has
been identified as one of the emerging
wide bandgap semiconductors that can
revolutionize electronic devices. The basic
structural unit of a SiC consists of a
tetrahedrally bonded Si-C. It forms over
170 polytypes (Fisher and Barnes, 1990),
which means the chemical contents of the
polytypes are the same and only the
stacking sequence of the tetrahedrally
bonded Si-C bilayers changes along the
c-axis of the lattice. Generally they can
either be classified into zinc-blend [or
cubic (C)], wurtzite [or hexagonal (H)]
(Fig. 1), or combination of those
structures. The greater the wurtzite
(hexagonal) component is, the larger the
bandgap. A more common and
convenient way to differentiate these
polytypes is by Ramsdell notation (Harris,
1995), which consists of a number
followed by a letter. The number
represents the number of bilayers in
stacking sequence, whereas the letter
represents crystal structure. About 95%
of all publications on SiC research are
about the three main polytypes: 3C, 4H,
and 6H (Goldberg, 2001).
SiC with its large bandgap, high breakdown
field,
comparable
thermal
conductivity to copper, high saturation
electron velocity, tremendously low
intrinsic carrier concentration, just to
name a few properties, has provided
much attention to researchers and
manufacturers. These superb properties
have been reviewed and edited by
Goldberg et al., 2001, Harris et al., 2001,
Neudeck, 2000, and Choyke and Pensl,
1997. These impressive properties are
able to fill the needs unmet by other
semiconductors, such as Si, in hightemperature, high-frequency, high-power,
and nonvolatile-memory applications
(Choyke et al., 2004; Feng, 2003; Cheong
and Dimitrijev, 2002; Li et al., 2003). The
revolution in SiC stems primarily from the
exploitation of the unique properties
offered by SiC compared to Si, GaN, and
GaAs and these properties have been
summarized in Table 1.
The melting point, bandgap, critical
breakdown field, thermal conductivity,
peak electron mobility, and intrinsic
carrier concentration of SiC are,
respectively, 2 , 3 , 10 , 3 , 2 , and 10-17
of Si (Choyke et al., 2004; Feng, 2003).
Consequently, SiC-based devices are
predicted to operate at temperature 3
higher compared with Si-based devices.
While the expected breakdown voltage
and switching speed of SiC metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET) power devices would be 10
higher than its Si-based counterparts.
Since it has been recognized in late 1980s
that power switching MOSFET in Si were
approaching their theoretical limits and
the usage of this material in high
temperature is only limited to operation
below 200 oC, the impressive properties in
SiC are able to fill the needs unmet by Si
in high temperature and high power
applications. These ranges from improved
high-voltage switching for energy savings,
in public electric power distribution and
electric vehicles, to sensors and controls
for cleaner-burning ore fuel-efficient jet
aircraft and automobile engines. Besides,
low intrinsic carrier concentration and low
thermal generation rate of SiC enables
nonvolatile memory, such as Flash
memory and random-access memory to
be built on various polytype of SiC
(Cheong and Dimitrijev, 2002; Li et al.,
2003). These are some of the interesting
intrinsic properties demonstrated by SiC,
compared with other semiconductor
materials.
Similarly, SiC also reported some
fascinating technological properties. SiC is
the only wide bandgap semiconductor
material that enables native oxide (SiO2)
to grow using thermal oxidation and
nitridation techniques ( Li et al., 2003).
With this, it is possible for this material to
be used as the substrate for MOSFET,
which is the the technology driver for
contemporary electronic gadgets.
Issues in SiC as an electronic
material.
There are six technological and
economical issues in SiC that can prevent
it to become the main-stream electronic
materials
(http://www.ele.kth.se
/SiCEP/english/highlights.html; Choyke et
al., 2004; Feng 2003; Cheong and
Dimitrijev, 2002, and Li et al., 2003),
there are (1) quality of
substrate, (2)
semiconductor-oxide
interface quality
(3) Ohmic contact on p-type substrate,
(4) selective doping, (5) device packaging,
and
(6)
substrate
cost.
(1) Quality of substrate: One of the most
serious defects that can significantly
affect the quality of the SiC substrate is
micropipe, a hollow core caused by
dislocation. Currently, the density of
micropipe is 1 cm-2, which is considerably
high for device application.
(2)
Semiconductor-oxide
interface
quality: Without a good SiC-SiO2
interface, a functional and reliable
MOSFET could not be built. The interface
issue is due to accumulation of carbon
clusters during oxidation process, which
directly affect the density of interface
trap, near interface trap and the quality of
the bulk oxide. By using nitridation
process to grow the oxide, those densities
could be reduced significantly.
(3) Ohmic contact on p-type substrate: It
is very difficult to form a low resistivity
contact on p-type substrate. There are no
exact
theories
to
explain
this
phenomenon. Most researchers believe
that the intrinsic wide bandgap properties
may contribute to this issue.
(4) Selective doping: The diffusitivity of
any elements in SiC is extremely slow.
This is the main reason why doping
process cannot be done by diffusion
technique. The only solution to this is by
high temperature ion-implantation and
annealing process.
(5) Device packaging: For high
temperature and high power applications,
special
packaging materials need to be
developed.
(6) Substrate cost: Currently, the SiC
substrate cost is extremely high;
approximately 50
higher than Si
substrate. There are two reasons attribute to high cost: (a) small substrate size maximum size of commercial available
substrates is 3 inches and (b) slow crystal
growth process.
Conclusions
In this paper, the advantages of SiC as an
electronic material have been highlighted.
A total of six issues have been identified
to hinder this material to be widely used
as the main-stream electronic material.
References:
Highlights in SiC research. [Online]
http://www.ele.kth.se/SiCEP/english/
highlights.html
W.J. Choyke, H. Matsunami, and G. Pensl,
Silicon carbide, recent major advances,
Springer, 2004.
Z.C. Feng, SiC power materials and devices.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003.
J.C. Zolper and B.V. Shanabrook, Proc.
IEEE, vol. 90, 2002, pp. 1-3.
G.R. Fisher and P. Barnes, Phil. Mag. B, vol.
61, pp. 217-236, 1990.
G.L. Harris, Properties of silicon carbide.
Exter: IEE & Inspec, 1995.
Y. Goldberg, M. Levinshtein, and S.L.
Rumyantsev, Properties of advanced semiconductor materials - GaN, AlN, InN , BN,
SiC, SiGe, M. Levinshtein, S.L. Rumyantsev,
and M.S. Shur Eds., New York: Wiley, 2001,
pp. 93-148.
C.I. Harris et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 184,
pp. 393-398, 2001.
P.G. Neudeck, The VLSI Handbook, W.K.
Chen Ed., New York: CRC & IEEE Press,
2000, pp. 6-1 - 6-32.
W.J. Choyke and G. Pensl, MRS Bull., pp.
25-29, March 1997.
K.Y. Cheong and S. Dimitrijev, IEEE
Electron Dev. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 404-406,
2002.
C. Li, J.S. Duster, and K.T. Kornegay, IEEE
Electron Dev. Lett., vol. 24, pp. 72-74, 2003.
K.Y. Cheong, S. Dimitrijev, and J. Han, J.
Appl. Phys., vol. 93, pp. 5682-5686, 2003.
Surface Activation of
Fumed Silica Prior to Filler
Application in Polymer
Ong Hui Lin,Hazizan Md Akil and
Zainal Afifin Mohd Ishak
S ilica has been used widely as filler in
polymer composites but due to the
differences in terms of their surface
chemistry, the adhesion between
silica and the non-polar PP matrix is
relatively poor. It has also been
reported that using the coupling
agent alone will not considerably
improve the adhesion especially when
the coupling process is performed in
air atmosphere. The aim of this work
is to activate the silica surface using
different concentration of NaOH in
order to promote more hydroxyl
group to interact with the reactive
site of the coupling agent and thus
increase the level of adhesion and to
establish the optimum concentration
of NaOH for the activation process.
the interaction between coupling
agents or compatibilizer and the
matrix. It is expected that by
increasing the number of hydroxyl
group on the fumed silica surface via
activation process will enhance the
adhesion between inorganic filler and
organic polymer matrix. In order to
evaluate the effectiveness of the
activation process, the amount of OHgroup was calculated using Equation
(1). The amount of calculated OHgroup after activation process at
various concentrations of NaOH
solution is summarized in Figure 1.
From the Figure1, it can be observed
that fumed silica activated with 1
mol% and 10 mol% of NaOH give the
highest amount of -OH groups which
are 1.09 mM/g and 1.11 mM/g
respectively (about 150% higher than
the un-activated fumed silica). The
increased of the -OH groups indicated
that silica surface has been activated,
and the 1 mol% of NaOH is clearly
effective to play its role in the
activation process.
Fumed silica is commonly synthesized
via high-temperature hydrolysis
(about 1400 K) of SiCl4 in the O 2/H2
TABLE 1: Comparison of the properties for selected important semiconductors at 300 K
(Goldberg et al., 2001;Harris et al., 2001 and Neudeck, 2001)
Where:
X: is the amount of the surface -OH
groups per unit weight of the silica
particles (mM/g).
B: Volume of HCl for neutratization
(ml)
A: Volume of HCl in control solution
(ml)
1.2
1.11
1.09
1
0.87
0.8
-OHGroups(mM/g)
flame (V.M. Gun'ko et. al., 1998) and
usually low in concentration of
Fig. 1: Side and top view along the stacking
direction of a cubic and a hexagonal type of hydroxyl groups on the surface which
SiC.
is the key parameter that influence
0.6
0.44
0.4
0.2
0
0mol%
1mol%
5mol%
10mol%
NaOHConcentration
Figure 1: Concentration of -OH group on
the modified fumed silica surface with
different concentration (mol %) of NaOH
solution
Research Grants Received
No.
Project
Researcher
Amount
1.
Development of Woven Fabrics
Composites for Engineering Application
Dr. Mariatti Jaafar @ Mustapha
Dr. Azhar Abu Bakar
Dr. Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif
Ms. Khatijah Aisha Yaacob
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalil Shawkat Ali
RM 138,000.00
2.
Development of Localized-SelectiveStress Etch-Stop Layer (ESL) for a New
CMOS Integration Scheme
Dr. Cheong Kuan Yew
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luay Bakir Hussain
RM 18,278.00
3.
An Investigation on the Long Term
Properties of various commodity
thermoplastic / organomontmorillonite
nanocomposites
Dr. Chow Wen Shyang
Prof. Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak
RM 19,110.20
4.
Development of nanocrystallite CaTiO 3 via
high intensity grinding using value added
local raw materials (CaO from limestone
and TiO 2 from illmenite)
Mr. Samayamutthirian Palaniandy
RM 14,896.00
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairun Azizi Mohd Azizli
Dr. Hashim Hussin
Dr. Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim
5.
Development of Zn-MnO2 Battery Using
Chitosan-ZnCl2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes
Dr. Ahmad Azmin Mohamad
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azizan Aziz
RM 17,654.00
6.
Designing high water resistance wood
plastic composite from steam-exploded
fibre and high density polyethylene
Dr. Razaina Mat Taib
Prof. Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak
Prof. Rozman Hj. Din
RM 17,542.00
7.
Study of the clinker characteristics and
grindability during cement production.
Dr. Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairun Azizi Mohd Azizli
Dr. Hashim Hussin
Mr. Samayamutthirian Palaniandy
RM 17,880.00
8.
Study on Production and optimization of
rubber foam from natural rubber
Dr. Zulkifli Mohamad Ariff
RM 16,842.00
Empat Pensyarah
PPKBSM Terima
Anugerah Sanggar
Sanjung
Pulau Pinang, 12 Februari Berlangsung di Hotel Equitorial, Pulau
Pinang seramai empat pensyarah
Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan
dan Sumber Mineral (PPKBSM) telah
menerima
Anugerah
Sanggar
Sanjung 2004.
Antara penerima Anugerah Sanggar
Sanjung ialah Profesor Hanafi Ismail,
Profesor Zainal Arifin Ahmad,
Profesor Radzali Othman dan Prof.
Madya Dr. Luay Bakir Hussain.
Mereka menerima
anugerah bagi
kategori Produk Penyelidikan. Antara
tetamu kehormat Majlis Sanggar
Sanjung ialah Seri Paduka Baginda
Yang DiPertuan Agong, Tuanku Syed
Sirajuddin Ibni Al-Marhum Tunku
Syed Putra Jamalullail dan Seri
Paduka Baginda Permaisuri Agong,
Tuanku Fauziah Binti Al-Marhum
Tengku Abdul Rashid, Pemangku Raja
Perlis, Y. Bhg. Dato’ Dr. Shafie Salleh
Menteri Pengajian Tinggi, Y. Bhg.
Prof. Dato’ Dzulkifli Abdul Razak dan
beberapa pegawai-pegawai utama
USM.
Malam Anugerah Sanggar Sanjung
merupakan satu malam keraian bagi
menghargai jasa budi staf yang telah
mengharumkan nama Universiti Sains
Malaysia di peringkat nasional dan
antarabangsa sepanjang tahun 2004.
Sidang Pengarang Enjinier menjemput
semua staf, pelajar-pelajar dan
graduan PPKBSM memberi
sumbangan rencana dan pandangan
mereka kepada:
Sidang Pengarang Enjinier,
Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan
Sumber Mineral,
Kampus Kejuruteraan,
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal.
The Enjinier Editorial Board invites all
staff, students and graduates of the
School of Materials and Mineral
Resources Engineering to contribute articles and views to: (Articles must be not
more than 3 A4 pages font 12
single spacing)
Enjinier Editorial Board,
School of Materials and Mineral
Resources Engineering, Engineering
Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
PUISI
Aduh Mawi.... Aduh Perdana Menteri
NEW PRODUCTS FROM SMMRE
1. Ceramic Foam Sandwich
for Lightweight Building
Materials
(Won Silver Awards at
ITEX 2005)
Team Members
Siapakah Mawi, Siapakah Perdana Menteri Prof. Dr. Hj. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Dua nama yang ternama,
Dr. Hazizan Md. Akil
dalam dunia berbeza
Mohd Al Amin Muhamad Nor
Shahrul Ami Zainal Abidin
Jika di tanya si anak kecil
Siapakah Perdana Menteri kita?
Jawapannya entah, tak tahu,
mengangkat bahu
Walaupun di depan mata,
di dada akhbar, di mana-mana
Sebaliknya berlaku pada Mawi
Mendengar sahaja muziknya,
anak kecil terus ikut berlagu
Melihat sahaja gambarnya,
akan terjerit namanya
Yang pasti melariskan… kain Mawi,
tudung Mawi, biskut Mawi, rambut Mawi
Jayanya Mawi, 3 bulan bergelar jutawan
Generasi muda menjadi sawan,
sekeluarga tidak keruan
Jayanya Perdana Menteri
kurang sambutan
Siapa peduli dia bukan kawan atau taulan
Pandai-pandailah mentadbir kerajaan
Hakikatnya Mawi hanyalah penyanyi
Berbakat semulajadi mencari rezeki
Tetapi kenapa Mawi menjadi idola
generasi muda?
Asas pengetahuan dan kebijaksanaan
diabaikan
Traditional ceramic materials suffer from
problem such as low in stiffness to weight
ratio, heavier than other materials (typically polymers), which is undesirable for
modern engineering application. To minimise this problem, making ceramic into
porous body (ceramic foam) may help to
increase the stiffness to weight ratio and
hence, become more competitive to other
materials such as polymeric and metallic
foams. To further enhance the stiffness,
the ceramic foam structure can be engineered to obtain greater stiffness without
significant increase in weight, such as
adopting the sandwich structures configuration. As a result of these combinations,
the overall bending stiffness increase considerably without increasing the weight of
the total structure. Besides of high stiffness-to-weight ratio, sandwich structures
also provide other additional advantages;
good thermal/acoustic insulation, energy
absorption and buoyancy. Sandwich
structures are frequently used where high
strength and stiffness coupled with low
weight are of importance typically in various industries such as transportation,
aerospace, aircrafts, automobiles, railway,
construction and marine.
On the other hand the project is also
expected to benefit the construction
industries as well as the country in general through many ways such as follows:
Kejayaan Perdana Menteri harus
1. Utilizing cheap raw materials which are
direnung
abundantly available locally i.e. clay and
Menerajui Negara,
other minerals
penentu masa depan kita
Lighter
than
existing
Seharusnya dijadikan idola generasi muda 2.
construction materials (e.g. clay
pelapis Negara
and sand bricks)
3. High resistance to heat as
compared to polymeric foamSayangnya kita terleka
Asyik terbuai dek nyanyian merdu Mawi core sandwich structure
Aduh Saleha.. aduh bangsaku.. sedarlah… 4. Easy to install in the form of
ready-made panel
5. Cheaper to produce as
compared to other foam-core
sandwich systems
-Dr. Zed Zed-
2. SUPER-K CCTO
(Won Silver Awards at
ITEX 2005)
Team members:
Dr. Sabar Derita Hutagalung,
Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad,
Dr. Mohd. Fadzil Ain,
Khatijah Aisha Yaacob,
Julie Juliewatty Mohamed
Super-K
CCTO is the newest
electroceramic material with unusual
dielectric properties ever found. CCTO
means
a
ceramic
compound,
CaCu 3Ti4 O12 and Super-K was named
after its shows a colossal dielectric
constant with relative permittivity or value up to 12,000 (-value of dry air is 1
and glass ~ 5). This permittivity value is
much higher if compared to the conventional electroceramic materials such as
BaTiO) ~ 1,000, TiO 2 ~ 100, SiO2 ~ 40
and remains relatively stable over a wide
range temperature of 100 to 600 K
(-173 to 327 o C).
High-K
materials are useful for
capacitor (component which can store
energy) and memory device (DRAM). The
higher -value, the more charge/energy
can store, and we can make the smaller
electronic devices by using Super-K
CCTO. In microwave applications, SuperK CCTO is very promising as a dielectric
resonator to produce a smaller size of
oscillator
system for low microwave
frequency ranges.
3. DEVELOPMENT OF LEAD
FREE SOLDER PASTE FOR
ELECTRONIC
APPLICATIONS
(Won Silver Awards at
ITEX 2005)
Team members:
Ahmad Badri Ismail,
Assoc. Prof. Dr Luay Bakir Hussain
Ramani Mayappan
Mohd Helmi Khir
Lead and lead compounds have been
cited by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) as one of the top 17
chemicals posing the greatest threat to
human life and the environment. In order
to produce an acceptable quality and
shape of lead free solder ball materials,
gas atomization was used. The most
common of the solder alloys proposed for
Lead
free
solders
are
ternary
combinations of tin, with other elements.
Electronic packages must be able to
survive the temperatures during reflow
assembly
processing
(soldering).
Candidate materials in lead free solder
material development are ternary
combination of tin, bismuth, zinc, indium,
silver, and copper.
The main processes are:
- Mixing lead free solder (LFS) materials
that can be operate at low temperatures.
- Gas Atomization of LFS powder/ ball.
- Mixing LFS powders with selected flux to
improves wettability at
low temperature.
Characteristics
&
Properties of product.
- Application to electronic boards.
Advantages of Lead free
solder that produced
can operate at low
temperature 65 - 85 oC
nearly round powder
shape, controlled size;
have good wettability
with selected flux. There
is no waste and out size
powder as well as the
powder can be recycled.
The ease of application
normally
can
be
achieved by the use of
automated
syringe
dispenser system which
is widely used in
electronic industry.