Archaeological Monitoring Plan for Shoppette Expansion, Bellows

T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813
Archaeological Monitoring Plan for Shoppette
Expansion, Bellows Air Force Station, O‘ahu,
Hawai‘i
Thomas S. Dye, Ph.D.
May 1, 2007
Contents
1
Introduction
1.1 Nature and Location of the Undertaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 The Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Federal Historic Preservation Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3
2
Background
2.1 Physical Environment . . . . . . . .
2.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Historic Properties . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1
Archaeological Sites . . . .
2.3.2 Surface Structural Remains
2.4 Sensitivity Maps . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Archaeological Implications . . . .
2.6 Determinations of Potential Effect .
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Project Design
3.1 Anticipated Archaeological Remains
3.2 Field Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Research Problems . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Project Personnel . . . . . . . . . . .
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Fieldwork
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4.1 Field Recording and Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Inadvertent Discovery of Human Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1
2
1
5
INTRODUCTION
Post-Field Actions
12
5.1 Laboratory Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2 Curation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3 Report Preparation and Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Glossary
13
Bibliography
13
Illustrations
1
2
1
undertaking
project
Location of the AAFES Shoppette on an archaeological sensitivity map .
Architectural site plan for the AAFES Shoppette expansion . . . . . . . .
3
4
Introduction
At the request of BCP Construction of Hawaii, Inc., T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists,
Inc. has prepared an archaeological monitoring plan (AMP) for a proposed undertaking1
at Bellows Air Force Station (BAFS), O‘ahu (fig. 1). The proposed undertaking is an
expansion of the Bellows Air Force Station Shoppette operated by the Army and Air
Force Exchange Service (AAFES). The project proposed by the AMP is designed to
identify historic properties that might be exposed during the undertaking and to treat
them appropriately.
The AMP is revised and updated from Dye [9]. It is written within the framework of
The Treatment of Archaeological Properties [1] and the Cultural Resources Management
Plan for BAFS [12]. It conforms to the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) Rules
Governing Standards for Archaeological Monitoring Studies and Reports, §13–279–4. The
AMP reflects the research design developed for BAFS by Dye [7] based on the settlement
pattern model of Tuggle [23] and implemented by Desilets and Dye [6] and McElroy
et al. [18].
1.1
Nature and Location of the Undertaking
The proposed undertaking is located at Building 313, on the northern end of Tinker Road.
Additions will be constructed on the north and south sides of the building, a leach field
will be installed at the south end of the parking lot, various utility lines will be added,
and a fence surrounding the property will be erected (fig. 2).
1.2
The Project
T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. will conduct archaeological monitoring of all
ground disturbing activities of the undertaking. The primary focus of the monitoring is
on the discovery and appropriate treatment of historic properties during the undertaking.
1 Words
that appear in the glossary are added to the margin where they first appear.
1.3
Federal Historic Preservation Law
3
Figure 1.
Location of the AAFES Shoppette on an archaeological sensitivity map.
Source: Farrell and Spear [12].
1.3
Federal Historic Preservation Law
The undertaking is located adjacent to an area of high probability for containing archaeological resources, as it is adjacent to site 50–80–15–4855, an ancient occupational
horizon [23]. The site consists of two locales. Locale 2 is adjacent to the project area and is
comprised of a buried A-horizon that was found at a depth of approximately 1.8 m below
surface. Previous projects found an intact hearth in association with this A-horizon [15]
and eight human burials [18:94 ff.]. The current project is thus carried out pursuant to
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as well as other applicable laws
and U.S. Air Force regulations [12].
Architectural site plan for the AAFES Shoppette expansion, courtesy of BCP Construction of Hawaii, Inc.
1
Figure 2.
4
INTRODUCTION
5
2
Background
The physical environment, historic properties, and history of BAFS and Marine Corps
Training Area Bellows2 have been described in detail by several authors [10; 12; 23].
Recent intensive studies include Dye [7], Desilets and Dye [6], and McElroy et al. [18].
The following information, taken primarily from Tuggle [23], is a brief review that
provides context for the project.
2.1
Physical Environment
Bellows Air Force Station, about 635 ha (1,570 ac.) in area (fig. 1), is located on the
windward coast of the island of O‘ahu. It is bounded by Waimānalo Bay on the east,
Keolu Hills on the north and northwest, and Waimānalo Town and Waimānalo Bay State
Recreation Area on the southwest and south.
There are three distinct landforms at BAFS, including unconsolidated Holocene
sands, lithified Pleistocene dunes, and volcanic hills. The coastal portion of BAFS is a
low plain formed by a series of unconsolidated calcareous sand beach ridges and swales.
Calcareous sands on the plain were deposited as the sea fell to its present level from a
high-stand of approximately +1.8 m in the mid-Holocene [14]. Immediately inland of the
plain is a series of lithified Pleistocene dunes that rise several meters above the coastal
plain. The volcanic Keolu Hills form the northern and northwestern boundaries of BAFS.
Puhā Stream (now called Waimānalo Stream), which drains the traditional land
division of Waimānalo ahupua‘a, cuts through the Pleistocene dunes near the middle
of BAFS. Before it was channelized in the twentieth century, the stream meandered
across the plain depositing nutrient-rich terrestrial sediments on the relatively infertile
sands, creating environments suitable for traditional Hawaiian aquaculture and irrigated
agriculture.
Much of BAFS has been modified by military construction activities. This is especially
true of the undulating topography of the coastal plain, which was mostly flattened during
World War II for development of airfield runways and support facilities.
Rainfall at BAFS averages 890 mm a year at the coast and 1,130 mm inland. The
dominant vegetation is a complex of introduced taxa, including ironwood (Casuarina equisitifolia), koa haole (Leucaena glauca), lantana (Lantana camara), and kiawe (Prosopis
pallida).
2.2
History
Archaeological and archival data from BAFS indicate a long-term Hawaiian occupation,
with development of pondfield irrigation along the inland sections of Waimānalo Stream
and habitation sites along the stream and the coast. Archaeological information indicates
use of the interior beach ridges and swales with activities that included fire-making,
cooking, lithic working, and burials. Most of this activity took place on a stable land
2 In what follows these two facilities are referred to as BAFS, reflecting the situation before creation of
the Marine Corps training facility. This anachronism avoids the clumsy locution “BAFS and MCTAB” and
recognizes the regional prehistory that has been developed through intensive archaeological research here
over the last thirty years.
6
paleosol
māhele
ahupua‘a
2
BACKGROUND
surface with little stratigraphic development except along the stream and near the coast,
where cultural deposits are relatively thick.
Archaeological work indicates that there are remnants of a paleosol scattered across
the entire plain. This surface existed on undulating beach ridges and swales that can
be identified on pre-WWII topographic maps, and is probably the main occupational
surface associated with Hawaiian use of the area. The paleosol is found today in a variety
of situations determined primarily by the nature and extent of modern land alterations. It
can be found wholly or partially exposed and deflated with traditional Hawaiian cultural
materials on the surface; near the surface beneath graded material, roads, or runways;
and deeply buried by fill materials in former swales.
The Waimānalo coastal dunes were reported to contain many burials [13]. These
probably reflect a large settlement inland and south of BAFS, rather than dense settlement
along the coast of BAFS.
At the time of the māhele, the land on which BAFS was later established was in the
ahupua‘a of Waimānalo. Waimānalo was part of the Crown Lands of Kamehameha III
during the mid-nineteenth century. Records indicate that the focus of early historicera settlement in Waimānalo was inland of what is now BAFS in areas associated with
intensive development of irrigated agriculture along Waimānalo Stream inland of the
plain [22]. Land Commission Awards and claims for lands now part of BAFS are located
along either side of the stream [23].
Land use changed in 1850 when most of the region was leased to Thomas Cummins
for ranching [22]. Cummins raised high-quality breed cattle, race horses, and sheep.
Ranching activities gave way to sugarcane cultivation in the late 1870s when Waimanalo
Sugar Company was chartered. Sugarcane was cultivated on volcanic soils and on the
mixed volcanic and calcareous sands near Keolu Hills and did not extend onto the sandy
soils of the coastal plain.
Waimanalo Military Reservation was established in 1917, with boundaries nearly the
same as those of BAFS. Little military use was made of the reservation until 1933 when
the name of the reservation was changed to Waimanalo Military Reservation, Bellows
Field, and a short runway at the south end of the reservation and a target range were
constructed. New runways were under construction when the Japanese attacked on
December 7, 1941. Extensive construction took place during World War II, during which
time it was used as an airfield.
Following the war, use of BAFS changed gradually from an airfield to other military
functions, including training, recreation, and communications. During the Cold War, a
Nike/Hercules missile site was constructed at the south end of BAFS. Interior areas were
leased for cattle ranching.
2.3
Historic Properties
Information on the known historic properties of BAFS was compiled in the 1990s. Tuggle [23] inventoried archaeological sites dating to the traditional Hawaiian and early
historic periods. Surface structural remains from the historic period prior to 1950 were
inventoried by Yoklavich and Leineweber [24].
2.4
2.3.1
Sensitivity Maps
7
Archaeological Sites
Eleven archaeological sites at BAFS are currently recognized as historic properties [23].
The eleven sites do not include site 50–80–15–511, a property on the National Register
of Historic Places. The boundaries of this site were drawn when the distribution of
archaeological remains at BAFS was poorly known. Over the years, as information on
historic sites has accumulated, it became apparent that the boundaries of site 50–80–
15–511 bore little relation to the distribution of archaeological remains. Consequently,
site boundaries were redefined and the significance of the sites were evaluated without
reference to site 50–80–15–511. For these reasons, site 50–80–15–511 is no longer included
in the inventory of archaeological sites recognized as historic properties.
The undertaking is located adjacent to site 50–80–15–4855. This site contains discontinuous cultural deposits, a paleosol, and human burials [18; 23]. The human burials
recovered at site 50–80–15–4855 were located immediately northeast of the Shoppette,
between it and a restroom, Building 314, and appear to have been interred in beach
sand not associated with a cultural deposit. The circumstances of burial and the lack
of historic-era artifacts associated with the human remains indicate that they belong
to native Hawaiians who were buried in traditional Hawaiian times. After consultation
with native Hawaiian claimants, pursuant to the Native American Graves Protection
and Repatriation Act, the human remains were disinterred. The human remains were
subsequently re-buried by the native Hawaiian claimants in the burial vault at Bellows
Air Force Station.
2.3.2
Surface Structural Remains
Yoklavich and Leineweber [24] provide an initial listing and evaluation of the known
military resources at BAFS that pre-date 1950. Their list contains a total of 160 facilities
or resources. Cold war (post-1950) resources at BAFS are not significant [5]. There are
no significant surface structural remains in the vicinity of the undertaking.
2.4
Sensitivity Maps
The first sensitivity map that portrays the probability of encountering unrecorded traditional Hawaiian cultural remains at BAFS was produced by Eidsness [10]. This map
was modified by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and later by Farrell and Spear [12]
to incorporate new information on the distribution of cultural resources at BAFS. The
AMP uses the most recent of these sensitivity maps (fig. 1, pg. 3). The undertaking is
located in an area designated low probability. However, this designation ignores the fact
that site 50–80–15–4855 is located adjacent to the Shoppette.
2.5
Archaeological Implications
Historical and archaeological data have several implications for the potential archaeological remains in the undertaking’s area of potential effect:
1. The project area has been modified extensively but there is evidence of traditional
Hawaiian cultural deposits at site 50–80–15–4855.
8
3
PROJECT DESIGN
2. Because of modern activity in the project area some secondarily deposited traditional Hawaiian cultural material can be anticipated.
3. Evidence of a paleosol, even in the apparent absence of cultural materials, should
be considered a likely cultural feature. A productive goal for archaeological investigation at BAFS is documentation of variability in traditional Hawaiian use of
the region [6:56 ff.]. This goal requires documentation of low intensity use areas
as well as the high intensity use areas traditionally identified by archaeologists as
“sites.”
4. Intact cultural deposits found elsewhere at BAFS are commonly characterized by
some combination of midden, shallow hearths, postholes, charcoal concentrations,
lithics, and/or human burial remains. Some or all of these types of cultural remains
might be expected in the general area of the undertaking.
5. There appear to be two types of basalt deposited in traditional Hawaiian times
at BAFS. A relatively fine-grained dike stone, often with one or more patinated
surfaces, was used as raw material for the production of stone tools by flaking
and grinding. The debitage from these activities is found in small concentrations
widely scattered across BAFS. A coarser-grained stone was imported to the sandy
plain in large quantities, apparently for use as oven stones [6:78 ff.]. Discovery of
lithic deposits needs to take this variability into account to distinguish debitage
associated with stone tool production from thermally altered rock used in fire
features.
6. Human burials are found in the vicinity of the Shoppette in circumstances suggesting the individuals were interred outside of areas with habitation deposits.
debitage
2.6
Determinations of Potential Effect
The potential for an adverse effect on significant historic sites of all ground disturbing
activities of the undertaking will be determined in consultation with the SHPO.
The undertaking is situated in coastal beach sand, an environment favored for human
burial in traditional Hawai‘i. Eight sets of human remains were found in excavations
adjacent to the Shoppette. Thus, it is possible that human remains will be inadvertently
discovered during the undertaking.
3
Project Design
Archaeological monitoring will be conducted for all undertaking activities. Identified
archaeological remains will be recorded and appropriate archaeological samples collected.
If cultural materials indicating the presence of undisturbed deposits are discovered, then
archaeological sub-surface test excavations may be conducted as an optional task.
3.1
Anticipated Archaeological Remains
Archaeological remains are anticipated in the vicinity of the undertaking, as it lies near
site 50–80–15–4855. Human remains have been discovered in the area, and it is possible
that traditional Hawaiian burials will be inadvertently discovered.
3.2
3.2
Field Problems
9
Field Problems
The field problem is defined as a phase of sub-surface inventory survey for traditional
Hawaiian archaeological sites and human burial remains on the sandy coastal plain.
Given the extensive modern disturbance to this portion of BAFS, traditional Hawaiian
deposits are likely to exist as discontinuous remnants. The primary field problem of the
monitoring is identification of paleosols and cultural remains appropriate or suitable
for data collection through a program of limited test excavation and sampling. The field
problem is explicitly constrained to the undertaking’s area of potential effect.
Cultural remains that might be found during undertaking activities include paleosols
with little apparent cultural material, mixed secondary deposits containing traditional
Hawaiian material laid down during military construction, and primary traditional
Hawaiian cultural deposits including vertebrate and invertebrate faunal remains, thermally altered rock, debitage from the manufacture of stone tools, and charcoal concentrations. Primary traditional Hawaiian cultural deposits might be intact or truncated
to varying degrees. In some instances these deposits might be truncated so that all
that remains are features, such as fire pits and postholes, excavated into the otherwise
culturally-sterile basal sand.
3.3
Research Problems
The problems of archaeological monitoring can be separated into two general categories:
cultural deposit identification and cultural deposit characterization. Cultural deposit
identification refers to the location of intact cultural deposits, and the estimation of their
extent and depth. Cultural deposit characterization problems refer to the determination
of the nature and significance of the deposits, and their potential to address questions
of Hawaiian cultural history and settlement. This set of research problems concerns
elements of stratigraphic interpretation, the historical sequence, and the larger problems
of Hawaiian archaeology. In general, archaeological remains at BAFS are important for
their potential contribution to the knowledge of early Hawaiian settlement [8; 18; 19; 21]
and to agricultural expansion, pondfield development, and landscape change [3; 4; 16].
The archaeological monitoring will be carried out to determine the potential of the
cultural remains to address these problems.
1. The nature of stratification and the depositional history.
(a) Modern development of BAFS has left discontinuous remnants of the traditional Hawaiian land surface and associated archaeological sites. Some of
these are found today near the surface and others are deeply buried beneath
fill material. The first problem of the field investigation is recognition and
preliminary identification of these deposits.
(b) There is evidence that the coastal plain at BAFS had a long-term stable surface. This means that cultural activities, particularly short-term occupations,
could have taken place several times in one locale with little evident stratigraphic development. Identification of possible re-occupation sequences is a
critical concern in the stratigraphic interpretation of deposits. A comparable
problem is occupations of widely separated time periods occurring on the
same general occupational surface.
10
4
FIELDWORK
2. Episodes of occupational history.
Archaeological and archival evidence indicates that the region has a long sequence
of occupation. Investigation of the deposits seeks to establish the occupational
history. This involves a clear recognition of the possible presence of nineteenth
century habitation, as well as pre-contact Hawaiian habitation.
3. Larger problems of Hawaiian archaeology.
(a) Long-term environmental change is an issue of Hawaiian archaeology that
can be addressed with information from the identification of wood taxa from
charcoal recovered at BAFS. These identifications provide a record of the
local flora, which is now almost completely changed from the flora that was
present during traditional Hawaiian times [6; 7; 18].
(b) The question of early occupation in the Waimānalo region is one of the most
important issues in the larger picture of Hawaiian archaeology. Early 14 C
dates have been obtained from charcoal recovered from stream banks and
coastal deposits [19; 21], but most of these dates have an associated set of
problems regarding stratigraphic position, context, and interpretation. At
the same time, materials collected from well-documented archaeological
contexts indicate that most activity in the region took place in the sixteenth
century and later [8; 18]. Consequently, particular attention needs to be
placed on this issue during the recording, sampling, and analysis phases of
the project. Materials submitted for dating will meet the definitional criteria
for “suitable dating material” [7:22].
pre-contact
suitable dating material
3.4
Project Personnel
A senior archaeologist will have overall responsibility for project organization and management, and for final analysis and recommendations.
An archaeological monitor will be present at all undertaking activities with a potential for adverse effect on historic sites. The archaeological monitor will be a B.A.
level archaeologist with experience in Hawai‘i and shall be certified for hazardous waste
operations. The archaeological monitor shall have the authority to halt any undertaking
activities in any area where cultural materials have been tentatively identified and are
threatened by continuation of the activities.
4
Fieldwork
Archaeological monitoring takes place within the context of a construction project. Each
day prior to fieldwork, the archaeological monitor will attend a safety and work plan
meeting with the engineers involved with the undertaking. At the first of these meetings
and subsequent meetings as necessary, the archaeological monitor shall explain the
purpose of the archaeological monitoring, the authority of the archaeological monitor
to halt remediation activities, and the conditions under which such a decision would
be made. The field procedures and organization will be discussed at these meetings so
agreement can be reached on coordination, communication, and scheduling.
4.1
4.1
Field Recording and Sampling
11
Field Recording and Sampling
Field recording and sampling will be directed toward the research problems. They are
intended to mitigate any potentially adverse effects to historic properties. Standards
of documentation, recording, and analysis of features, soil and sediment profiles, and
artifacts shall accord with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for
Archaeological Documentation. Accurate map locations of test units, stratigraphic profiles,
and archaeological features, deposits, and artifacts shall be maintained.
The first three items in the following list are intended to provide basic stratigraphic
data relevant to the reconstruction of land surfaces in the project area in sufficient detail to
make possible correlation of land surfaces with information from early topographic maps
and with information from past or future archaeological projects. Items four through
ten are intended to address the problem of long-term use of a stable surface and the
associated difficulties of inferring use and occupational history.
1. The archaeological monitor or the staff archaeologist will be responsible for recording all stratigraphic profiles with cultural remains or features; stratigraphic profiles
where samples have been taken; and profiles where there is a sedimentary change
or unconformity that, in the professional judgment of the archaeological monitor
or staff archaeologist, contains information important for the research problems
itemized above (see pg. 9).
2. The archaeological monitor or staff archaeologist will make notes on exposures
whose stratigraphic profiles are not drawn.
3. Locations of all stratigraphic profile drawings and photographs will be recorded,
and an elevation above sea level will be established by an appropriate means.
4. All cultural deposits will be examined in the field for
(a) evidence of micro-stratification and other data relevant to evaluation of
depositional history, and
(b) evidence of disturbance, irregularity, or boundary conditions that might
indicate cultural activities;
such evidence will be recorded in the profile description.
5. All deposits will be examined for cultural items and the stratigraphic positions of
these items will be noted. Notation shall include reference to the age of the artifact
and how this age might indicate either disturbance to a deposit of different age, or
the age of the deposit. In particular, evidence for nineteenth century traditional
Hawaiian occupation will be noted, as well as evidence for early twentieth century
military or other uses of the land.
6. Features will be recorded with attention to stratigraphic positioning, particularly
their position of origin.
7. Profile descriptions will include appropriate technical information, in conformance
with standards established by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, as well as fieldbased interpretation of depositional history.
8. The stratigraphic positions of samples collected from profiles, including artifacts,
feature contents, soil samples, and dating materials will be recorded.
9. Sediment and feature content samples will be collected as total units without
screening for laboratory processing.
10. Samples for dating and paleoenvironmental analysis shall be collected from the
smallest stratigraphic units practicable.
12
4.2
5
POST-FIELD ACTIONS
Inadvertent Discovery of Human Remains
The project area was inhabited and used by native Hawaiians and more recently by diverse
ethnic groups primarily associated with sugar plantations. Inadvertently discovered
human remains might belong to one of several ethnic groups. If human remains are
discovered, the archaeological monitor will notify the appropriate on-site official, all
excavation work in the vicinity will stop, and the Base Historic Preservation Officer,
15th Air Base Wing will be notified. It is understood that undertaking activities can be
performed in other areas. The archaeological monitor will protect any exposed bones in
an appropriate fashion, such as covering them with a shallow layer of sediment, and will
secure the area.
The archaeological monitor will provide the senior archaeologist and the Base Historic
Preservation Officer, 15th Air Base Wing with any observed data relevant to the cultural
affiliation of the human remains. The observation will be made only on the exposed
and/or disturbed deposits and will not involve additional excavation. The Base Historic
Preservation Officer, 15th Air Base Wing will make decisions regarding notification
and consultation under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
(NAGPRA), as appropriate.
The AMP does not propose any additional treatment of human remains, other than
documentation of archaeological context. Upon consultation with native Hawaiian
parties in accordance with NAGPRA, or with another ethnic group as appropriate, the
Base Historic Preservation Officer, 15th Air Base Wing shall specify the archaeological
procedures, if any, required to treat the remains.
5
Post-Field Actions
The nature and scope of post-field actions will vary depending upon the results of field
investigations. At a minimum, if no cultural remains are discovered, a report will be
produced to document the negative findings of the field investigations. If cultural remains
are discovered, analyses appropriate to the research questions (see pg. 9) will be carried
out and reported.
5.1
Laboratory Procedures
Laboratory procedures will minimally follow the standard procedures set out by the Secretary of Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological Documentation. Artifacts
will be photographed, sketched, and identified as appropriate; relevant metric attributes
will be measured and recorded. Faunal remains will be minimally identified to phylum,
with detailed identification to genus or species as appropriate. Mathematical manipulations of laboratory data will be carried out for summary descriptions and comparisons
with other collections, as appropriate.
Laboratory processing will be carried out on all collected samples. Samples that
have been collected as total units will be processed in the laboratory under controlled
conditions. As appropriate, a concentration index will be calculated for each relevant
archaeological contexts related to occupational history and will not be calculated in an
interpretive vacuum.
concentratio
5.2
Curation
13
Carbonized plant material submitted for 14 C analyses will be identified to the lowest
possible taxonomic category and selected to minimize in-built age. Wood charcoal
identification also provides useful information on the occupational history of a region
and on changes to the environment [6; 7].
5.2
Curation
Curation of research documents and archaeological samples shall be undertaken on a
temporary basis at facilities provided by T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. until
the State of Hawai‘i or an appropriate federal agency establishes permanent facilities.
5.3
Report Preparation and Scheduling
Preparation of a final technical report shall conform to the Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological Documentation. A draft technical report
shall be prepared and submitted in a timely manner, within four months following end
of fieldwork. The revised and corrected final report will be submitted within one month
following receipt of review comments on the draft report.
Glossary
Entries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from the
Hawaiian Dictionary [20], or from Lucas [17].
ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to the
sea.
concentration index A measure, such as weight or count, of cultural material per unit
excavated sediment.
debitage Waste by-products of stone tool manufacture.
in-built age The age of a material when it was incorporated into the archaeological
record. In-built age has the potential to skew 14 C dating results.
māhele Land division of 1848.
paleosol A soil of the past, often buried.
pre-contact Prior to a.d. 1778 and the first written records of the Hawaiian Islands made
by Captain James Cook and his crew.
project The archaeological monitoring and related actions, including laboratory analyses
and report preparation. See also undertaking.
suitable dating material An identified sample of wood charcoal, selected to include
short-lived species, twigs, or sapwood collected from a context that is in a clearly
defined association with a confidently identified traditional Hawaiian cultural
feature.
undertaking Construction activities associated with the AAFES Shopette expansion.
in-built age
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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