Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Tordesillas
SouthMUNC III
MEET THE DIAS
Welcome, delegates!
Chair
My name is Seth Fiderer, and I will be your chair for the Treaty of Tordesillas at SouthMUNC III. Last year I was director of UNODC, and I saw an amazing level of growth and competition there, and am excited to see an even better
group of delegates this year.
A little about myself, I am a senior at South, and have been doing MUN
since my sophomore year. I ve taken everything, from typical GA s like DISEC,
to more interesting Specialized Committees like the Democratic National Convention of 2016. Honestly, Specialized committees are my absolute favorite, so
I m thrilled to have to opportunity to see the Treaty of Tordesillas come to life. I
run Cross Country and Track year round, and play violin in the orchestra.
On the committee, the one thing I think all prospective delegates should
understand is that in my mind, the entire point of this committee is collaboration. As it is a very important treaty, the dais (representing the Pope) will only
accept ONE resolution for each topic. This will urge delegates to work together
and carefully consider what is important, and force them to focus on the greater
good of the committee. Delegates will not be representing countries like they
would in a typical GA, but will be assigned characters, and will act as such. If
you have ANY questions at all about anything, feel free to shoot me an email at
fiderer.seth@gmail.com. I look forward to hearing from you guys, and get hype
for this spring!
1
Vice-Chair
Hey Guys!
My name is Sera Saju and I'll be your vice chair for the Treaty of Tordesillas at
SouthMUNC III. I'm very excited to hear all your ideas on this topic.
So a little bit about myself. I'm a junior at South and this is my second year doing
MUN. Outside of MUN, I enjoy reading, playing volleyball, and traveling.
As vice chair, I'm really going to be looking for creative solutions, diplomacy, and
willingness to speak. Because this is the first conference for many delegates, not
everyone will be comfortable with public speaking. However I'm hoping that everyone will take this opportunity to practice. Also, remember that there's more to
MUN than speaking. A big part of MUN is taking initiative during unmod. Everyone should take this chance to share their ideas with other delegates and get their
ideas written down. Lastly, keep in mind that MUN isn't all about awards. SouthMUNC is really about being able to practice your skills in speaking, writing, and
leading and, of course, about having fun.
If you have any questions or concerns, please don't hesitate to contact me at
serasaju@gmail.com. See you at SouthMUNC III!
___________________________________________________________________________
Director
Hello Delegates of Treaty of Tordesillas,
I am Sam Merkovitz and I will be a member of the dais for the Treaty of Tordesillas this SouthMUNC. I have been a member of our club here at South for a little over a
year and I am absolutely in love with MUN. Last year I was unable to participate in our
SouthMUNC because of an unfortunate scheduling conflict with my lacrosse team but I
am more excited than ever to be staffing our conference this year. I am a senior and
have participated in multiple GAs but historical GAs are my favorite by far. It gives you
a chance to be someone and rewrite history and I can t wait to see how we write this
one.
As a chair I will definitely be noting a delegate s intellect, speaking ability and
their ability to react to what other delegates say in their speeches. And even after just
reacting how a delegate can tie what is going on in other solutions into theirs. But apart
from a delegate s individual ability I will also be looking for how they can interact with
others, take in ideas and give blossom to a well written solution. I know SouthMUNC is
way in the distance but I will be more than happy to answer any questions, just email
me at s.merkovitz@gmail.com. Start researching!
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Introduction
able navy but in order to get to India
they had to go all the way around Africa
1,490 years into the Common Era
and then up to India, expensive but not
and still most of the world lays undiscov-
as expensive as transporting these goods
ered but is known to exist. With all this
over land.
land up for grabs, powerful empires will
do whatever means necessary to ensure
As of 1479, the Alcaçovas Treaty
they are promised any newfound lands:
stated that all lands discovered by Chris-
making treaties, sending threats, deploy-
tian powers south of the Canary Islands
ing discoverers and adventurers. Almost
in the Atlantic Ocean belonged to Portu-
all of the world is ruled under Christian-
gal. One effect of this treaty is that it
ity, more specifically the Pope and catho-
gave permission to these imperialistic
lic ideals, therefore any international
empires to colonize and settle on land
diplomatic endeavor must be approved
without gaining permission from an in-
by the Pope himself. The only other so-
digenous people or natives. Still, this
lution to get your way is to use force,
treaty created peace between Portugal
but unless your army is greater than Por-
and the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Eliza-
tugal s than you will have no luck.
beth I and King Ferdinand II of Spain,
and the rest of the world for a little over
Travel and land discovery was
a decade, until the Catholic Monarchs
never an adventure for these European
decided to send a man named Christo-
countries. Travel and land discovery
pher Columbus westward to find a new
was a means of proving your worth and
path to India and the spice islands, con-
becoming more powerful. Controlling
trolled by Portugal, so that they could
Trade could make or break an empire,
become involved in the spice trade
as Rome was going through economic
through the seas. Columbus first landed
troubles, vandals came in and disrupted
in the Bahamas, lands to the south of
the entire trade system of the empire
the Canary Islands, the West Indies. Co-
and catalyzed its fall. Finding new lands
lumbus stopped in Lisbon, Portugal and
that would help your country grow in
asked for a meeting with King John II
wealth and power. Portugal controlled
before returning to Castile.
the spice trade because of its undefeat
3
Columbus had believed that he had discovered a new path to India. Portugal at
this time was the Greatest Empire in the
known world and had the strongest
navy. King John II had recognized this
fault in Columbus discovery and
quickly notified the Catholic Monarchs
that the land discovered by their fleet
belongs to Portugal and that Portugal
was already sending a fleet to further explore these discover lands.
Topic Outline -
On his voyage back from the New
World, Christopher Columbus made a
stop at Lisbon, Portugal for an audience
with the King of Portugal, King John II.
There, he told the king about his discovery of his new trade route to India
(which was actually the Americas).
Upon hearing this, the King of Portugal
wrote a letter to the King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella of Spain, saying that by
the Alcacovas Treaty signed in 1479, all
of the Atlantic Ocean, with the exception of the Canary Islands, belonged to
Portugal. Therefore, according to the Alcacovas treaty, the land discovered by
Columbus on his voyage was the property of John II - not of Spain.
Knowing their army stood no
chance against the likes of Portugal, the
Catholic Monarchs elected to make a
diplomatic attack. They reached out to
Pope Alexander VI and he decreed to
papal bulls. Inter caetera granted all
lands west and south of two of Portugal s main trading posts, Azores and the
Cape Verde islands, to Spain. The second, Dudum siquidem, granted India to
Spain. It gave Portugal a tiny chunk of
modern day Brazil and promised all
newly discovered lands to the east of
the line to Portugal. All to the west of
the line were now granted to Spain.
causing King John II to open negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs himself. This papal bull cheated Portugal
out of land.
On the other hand, this land was
discovered by Spain. Because it was discovered by Spain, it would make sense
that whoever discovered the land first
would have complete rights to it. Not to
mention, on May 4th 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a decree which established an imaginary line running north
and south through the mid-Atlantic.
Spain would have possession of any unclaimed lands west of this imaginary
line while Portugal would have possession of unclaimed lands east of the line.
However through this decree, Spain was
given much more land than Portugal
and the King of Portugal wasn t pleased
with it. This contradiction creates a
pressing dilemma. Both Spain and Portugal have a claim to the land discovered
by Christopher Colombus.
After the success of the voyage by
Christopher Columbus, many European
sent out fleets looking for a path to the
new indies because of its great promise
of success in new wealth. Unfortunately,
many explorers did not make it to the
West Indies but discovered brand new
lands and trade routes that highly increase their country s ability to spread
influence and increase their wealth.
4
The only answer to this problem is a
compromise between the two parties.
This compromise is known as the Treaty
of Tordesillas. The imaginary line,
which was previously 100 leagues west
of the Cape Verde Islands, was now reestablished to 370 leagues west of the
Cape Verde Islands. This compromise
gave Portugal more of a claim to South
America. Without this compromise, it
would be the Papal Cabinet s worst
nightmare. A war would brew where a
catholic kingdom would be spilling the
blood of another catholic kingdom.
had made some advance in their exploration of going around the tip of Africa
but this papal bull meant that even if
they made it to India on a shorter route,
they could not lay claim to the land.
Briefly speaking, the Line of Demarcation is a line that travels along a longitude line and separates the world into
two halves. These halves do not half to
be equal and their sizes are dictated
based off a flat view of the world.
Topic A: The Line of Demarcation
The Line of Demarcation is the
most important factor of this treaty. Its
existence is the reason that Spain and
Portugal are arguing over this new land
and why you will be gathering. An original papal bull granted all lands discovered south of the Canary Islands to Portugal so all lands discovered by Christopher Columbus belonged in fact to Portugal not Spain.
This battle between who s right and
who s wrong led to a lot of controversy.
Having this debate with the Pope in the
room basically stated that even though
people may have laid claim to lands already by being the indigenous population on the physical land that it doesn t
matter because the Pope is the supreme
leader of the world and Spain and Portugal the two largest empires. Having a
line of demarcation would cement a
statement that says that Spain, Portugal
and the Pope have God s hand on their
side and can control any discovered
land they find. On the other hand, not
having a line of demarcation could require these to countries to have the ability to only claim land in which they
truly discover, land without an owner or
indigenous population. The Line of Demarcation is not a border that will only
affect the immediate future of these nations and the affected lands.
To fix this problem, Pope Alexander VI decreed a papal bull, Inter
caetera, that created a line of demarcation but unfortunately this papal bull
did not mention Portugal or its lands
meaning that if Portugal were to discover any new lands, no matter if they
were east of the line, they could not
claim these lands. To fix this, another
bull was made, Dudum siquidem, that
granted any lands that ever belonged to
India to Spain even if they were east of
the line as well. Portugal felt cheated
out of land and were upset that they
would now be unable to claim any lands
of India due to their short term goal of
taking over the spice trade. Portugal
5
The Treaty of Tordesillas ended up
awarding a third of Modern day Brazil
to Portugal and the rest of South America to Spain, thus resulting in why Brazil
is the only Portuguese speaking country
in South America and the rest Spanish.
Questions to Consider:
When discussing this topic, delegates must weigh both sides of the equation. One side being fighting for more
land and proving themselves as the
more powerful, imperialistic, and and
most logically improving the needs of
their nation that said new land can provide. The other side is a more sentimental side. Allowing a line of demarcation
to be created is an open statement that
you and your country do not care for
the land of others and will not spend
any time exploring the little known land
that could be promised yours. Ethically
a line of demarcation is wrong but delegates during this time period would
most likely lack this empathetic sense of
thinking and would look to any solution
that would benefit themselves the most
regardless of the effects on others.
2. How will the sects of the world
be split up between Portugal and Spain?
1. Should a line of demarcation be
put in place and if so, where should this
l i n e l a y ?
3. Should discovered land belong
to the discoverer or to the country that
the side of the line of demarcation bel o n g s t o ?
4. How should the land by Columbus be handled and should the laws
of the previous lines and deals be adh e r e d i n t h i s d e b a t e ?
It is important to remember that much
of the world lay undiscovered at this
time leaving powerful leaders to guess
about what is left. At this time there is
really no line of demarcation in use, just
a papal bull stating that all lands South
of the Canary Islands belong to Portugal.
6
Topic B: Role of Natives
differences between the groups? These
questions must be answered by delegates in order to really cover integration
of the natives into european society.
Although thought of as newly discovered lands by the Europeans, the continent of South America had been inhabited thirty to forty thousand years before Christopher Columbus stumbled
upon it. Although the Portuguese and
Spanish may have their own differences
when it comes to division of land, dealing with the natives on the land is an issue that they both face together.
Enslavement of Natives
To go along with the idea of freedom
and rights for natives, delegates need to
prevent the enslavement of natives.
Europeans will see the natives as cheap
sources of labor and will take advantage
of them. Because Portugal has been
granted permission by the Pope to engage in the African slave trade, it is unlikely that the Pope will oppose slavery
in South America.
Integration of the Natives into European Society
The first aspect of the role of the natives
is how the natives will be integrated
into European society. The roughly 4050 million people on the island and the
Europeans that will settle on the land
will need to live together in peace. As
subjects of the king, the rights and privileges of the natives need to be protected
just as those of any other subject would
be. Respect for all human rights and
freedom for all citizens are essential for
an inclusive society. Therefore, delegates must consider how to make sure
the rights and freedoms of the native
people are protected.
However, it is important to keep in
mind that there will not be peace or a
fully inclusive society if the natives are
enslaved or used for cheap labor and
therefore, the Papal Cabinet must consider this when deciding on how to handle the issue of enslavement. Delegates
must decide on how best to make certain that Indians are not taken advantage of while still integrating them into
the economy of the society.
Next, this integration includes the cultural integration into European society.
Will the natives maintain their own culture or will it be mixed with that of European culture? Will there need to be
European education systems available
to the native children? Are there any
problems that may arise from cultural
Once the area is colonized by Portugal
and Spain, interaction with the natives
be essential. South america will be a big
market for trade, especially because of
the food such as corn and yams which
are not available in Europe. Interaction
with the natives will be important in
keeping good trade relations.
Interaction with Natives
7
Interaction with natives is also important in integrating them into European
society. Europe leaders and Native leaders must work together to decide how
best to keep peace in one big society.
Topic C: The Role of Christianity
Friday, Oct. 12th. . . . As I saw that
they were very friendly to us, and perceived that they could be much more
easily converted to our holy faith by gentle means than by force, I presented
them with some red caps, and strings of
beads to wear upon the neck, and many
other trifles of small value, wherewith
they were much delighted, and became
wonderfully attached to us. . . . I am of
opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have
no religion.
Questions to Consider:
1. How will the rights and freedoms of the natives be protected?
2. Will cultural differences between the natives and Europeans create
i s s u e s a n d i f s o , w h a t i s s u e s ?
[From the journal of Christopher Columbus]
3. How can enslavement of nat i v e s b e p r e v e n t e d ?
4. How must the Europeans and
natives interact in order to peacefully
l i v e t o g e t h e r ?
Introduction to Christianity
When Columbus sailed the ocean blue,
economy and adventure were not the
only motives for the expedition. Religion was an essential motive behind Columbus exploration as the Catholic nations are sincerely committed to converting the heathen peoples of the world.
However, religious conversions are not
a simple process. With this mission
comes many questions such as How will
Christianity be introduced? and How
can natives be converted without the
use of force?. Delegates must consider
such questions when discussing the role
of Christianity in the treaty.
8
Treatment of Non-believers/Use of
Force
Archbishop of Valencia (a city in Spain).
Furthermore, the Spanish did receive
more land that the Portuguese in the Inter Caetera and Dudum Siquidem bulls.
The Pope s background and history may
or may not have an effect on this issue.
Use of force in conversion and mistreatment of non-believers are not new
concepts to neither Spain nor Portugal.
Portugal has had such experiences with
Muslims in Africa and Asia. With the papal bull Dum Diversas that was granted
by Pope Nicholas V in 1492, the Portuguese did not hesitate to enslave Africans and Asians who did not believe or
refused to believe in Jesus Christ. Unfortunately, this previous experience could
set a precedent for the treatment of
non-believers in the newly discovered
lands.
Do not forget that the Pope is an essential piece of this puzzle. Catholic monarchs are unlikely to disobey the orders
of the Pope and the Pope s permission
is needed by Catholic countries for
many actions. Therefore, when discussing this treaty and aspects such as use
of force and introduction of Christianity,
keep in mind that the Pope has a significant role.
Questions to consider:
Spain has had a similar experience
with mistreatment of non-believers. As
Spain is completely Christian, all Muslims have now been converted and all
Jews expelled. As in the previous case,
Spain has not hesitated in mistreating
non-believers.
1.
duced?
How will Christianity be intro-
2. How can the use of force in
conversions be avoided?
3. How can it be ensured that
there is no mistreatment of nonb e l i e v e r s ?
As members of the Papal Cabinet,
delegates must ensure that such mistakes are not repeated. How can it be
ensured that there is no mistreatment of
non-believers? How can the use of force
in conversions be avoided? Mistreatment of non-believers and use of force
in conversions are important issues to
be discussed during the creation of this
treaty as this will be the foundation for
relations between Europeans and the indigenous people.
Role of the Pope
As the Pope is only human, there is no
insurance that favoritism will not be at
play during this issue. Keep in mind that
the Pope is Spanish and did serve as the
9
CHARACTERS
Gaspar Mendez- The High Commander
of Portuguese Navy. Mendez is a religious man, but will never put God above
his family and his country.
Please keep in mind that your character
is who you are, but they are not your
motivations. Your goal, as members of
this cabinet, should be to secure a
treaty to avoid war at all costs. We give
you a history of each character, but
leave deciding the character s goals and
motivations all up to you!
Amerique Gil- King John s most reliable diplomat, he wants more land for
Portugal but knows that there must be a
compromise, and his goal is to avoid
war. Gil believes that all must uphold
some religion, but believes that is for
them to decide.
Portuguese -
Alvaro de Barros- de Barros is a very
rich businessman who is close to the
King, has no title and so will not do anything that the King would not agree
with. Very religious, devoting himself to
God.
Bernaldo Alvarez- The Cousin of King
John II, Alvarez believes that war with
Spain is not an option. His wife has
close relation to Spanish royalty. Bernaldo has been religious since birth, but
believes in natural superiority and inferiority.
Andre Ferreira- Portuguese Lord, related to Spanish royalty by marriage.
Fairly religious, but believes in reason
above all. Ferreira loves to use logic to
solve his problems.
Jorge Giraldo- A Portuguese Duke,
Jorge Giraldo believes that King John
may grant him some land from the
newly discovered lands. Giraldo believes the newly discovered land is a gift
from god.
Rodrigo de Castro- de Castro is the
brother in law of King John II, however
he believes that the country (and he)
will benefit from the land s resources. A
devout Catholic.
Antonio Martinez- After gaining an immense fortune from the international
spice trade, Antonio Martinez became a
minor lord in Portugal. He owns spice
houses in both Kingdoms.
Baltasar de Mota- de Mota is a Portuguese Baron who has acquired wealth
from plantations, but could always use
more farmland. A churchgoing man, de
Mota is a Catholic.
Francisco Suarez- Suarez is a major
general in the Portuguese Army. While
he is a warmonger, he is surprisingly diplomatic and willing to compromise.
Suarez abandoned his faith in God long
ago.
Rodolfo Cardenas - A minor lord of Portuguese king, Cardenas is trying to elevate his position as a member of the portuguese royalty. Will do anything for
power, and is trying to play committee
to his interests. He feels no piety to
God, only to power.
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Cardinal Antonio da Silva - Antonio da
Silva is a cardinal, a highly religious
man of the cloth. He has devoted his entire life to God.
Doesn t really care about religion, he
sees it as a waste of time.
Sofronio
Geraldo
Blanco - Commander of the Spanish Navy, Blanco
commands the second greatest navy in
the world but understands his inferiority
to Portugal s navy. The logical one out
of the two leaders of the armies. Has to
talk the general out of irrational decisions and usually clashes opinions with
him as well. Blanco is fairly religious,
but doesn t believe in the afterlife.
Captain Pio de Gama - Pio de Gama is
a smuggler, plain and simple. No one is
true where his true loyalties lies, has no
love for God, but what is for sure is he
loves gold.
General Rodrigo Velasquez - Velasquez
is loyal to the core. Willing to die for
the king, Velasquez has already offered
to lead conquests against natives. He is
a Catholic, and is highly religious.
Toribio Reyes Bello - Bello is a competitive explorer against Columbus, was
sent out to find another route to india
apart from Columbus, would do anything to be the one to discover the route
and take the fame. Fairly non-religious.
Mauricio Estavez - A rugged explorer,
Estavez has already seen the new world.
He knows the shores, but is eager to
find out what lies just beyond. He is not
very religious.
Vicente Rodolfo Flores - In charge of
import of spices from india, He leads
the way, he deals with the merchants
and is in charge of heading to india,
choosing the spices and negotiating the
prices with indian merchants. Couldn t
care less, but at the same time would
like a shorter trip to get there.
Spanish Bernardino Heliodoro Mingo - A General of Spanish Army, Mingo has been
head of the Army for 15 years, General
of Army and Navy but sometimes lets
his hotheaded ego get in the way of
making the right decision for his Country. Not a very religious man.
Luis Mario Santillian - Spanish Diplomat and correspondent to the Pope, As
a correspondent to the catholic monarchs and the pope, he is looking for
the most peaceful and diplomatic solution, and is quite obviously highly pious.
Claudio Félix Olguin - Head of Spanish
Trade, Olguin is the pseudo-king of the
merchants and loves money more than
anything else, including God.
Manolo Bartolomé Araya - Araya is a
Spanish Settler who was with Columbus
on the voyage and would like to start a
colony for Spain on those new lands,
however, those lands need to be Spanish first. He is not very religious, and believes it has no place in government.
Heriberto Gonzalo Obando -A Trade
King with a history of working for both
Spain and Portugal. Obando is a freelance trader who has equal control of
trade in Spain as Olguin but also works
and deals with trades with Portugal.
Nicolás
Ciríaco
Huerta - Spanish
Spice Maker, has been profiting well
11
since his prices are lower than the imports
from India but his quality is similar to the
spice quality of manure. He will do whatever to see that Portugal continues to control the spice trade. Huerta is a fairly religious man.
Geraldo Amancio Fonseca - Fonseca is
fairly unpopular within Spanish circles
and is, quite simply, an anarchist who
wants to see a reformation of the Monarchy. Hates religion, sees God as a weak
man s escape.
Queen Esmeralda Perez of Mallorca The Queen of Mallorca, Esmeralda Perez
wants to see expansion of Spanish power
in terms of land and expansion of Roman
Catholicism, hates low classes and natives. A racist and hateful woman, Perez
tries to justify her bigotry with faith.
King Hernando of Galicia - a minor king
of a small territory in spain. Wants to do
right by the king in hopes of being appointed to a higher position, follows position of king EXACTLY.
Sir Cristobal Lopez - Lopez is a very non
religious man who only wants to see the
expansion of his beloved Spanish army.
He has tried to argue that all non Spaniards must serve, and that all non Catholics must also serve.
Emilio Montoya - Emilio Montoya is a
scholarly man, researching in Economics
and Trade. Montoya believes firmly in a
separation of church and state and sees
12
COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS
& PROCEDURES
Committee Structure
The Treaty of Tordesillas is, quite obviously, not a
body of the United Nations. Therefore, this committee
will likely be highly dissimilar to any committee delegates may previously have been a part of.
Characters
Prior to committee, instead of a country or non state actor, delegates will be assigned an individual character,
similar to a crisis committee. Each character will be
given a backstory and a history. It will be the job of the
delegates to adhere to the motivations of their characters. However, delegates will not have portfolio. The
characters will be either Portuguese or Spanish, which
should dictate their actions in such a way that should
create debate within the room. For example, a Spaniard
may want a more generous line of demarcation than the
Portuguese delegates. Because of this, we are looking
for collaboration and cooperation between both sides. A
delegate must be willing to compromise, share their
ideas, all while representing their kingdom as best they
can.
13
Committee Procedures:
Delegates must address three key top-
Due to the pressing nature of the mate-
ics within the time restraints: the line of de-
rial we are covering, delegates may expect
marcation, the role of the natives in new
crisis updates depending on the nature of
lands, and the role of Christianity in new
their actions. These crisis updates will not
lands. Because of the harsh time con-
require action, but will instead provide dele-
straints, delegates must be able to work
gates with a way to gauge the success of
quickly and effectively. However, there are
their endeavors in the eyes of the people.
a few procedural discussions that must be
For example, say the delegates say that the
held.
line of demarcation is more favorable to the
Spanish. They may expect updates that the
Each topic should take about two and a
half to three hours each. Delegates cannot
afford to waste time, thus stressing the importance of collaboration for each delegate.
At the beginning of each topic, the
Portuguese have begun rioting or attacking
the Spanish. These updates should influence the actions of the cabinet but should
not dictate them.
This committee will be exhilarating as
chair will initiate a round robin discussion
we make an attempt to redefine the course
with a short speaking time so that dele-
of history.
gates can understand where their fellow
members stand on the issue. This will ensure everyone is able to speak at least
once and shall enable both the chair and
the delegates to get a pulse on committee.
After this, delegates will be able to raise
moderated and unmoderated caucus. However, due to the very discussion-oriented
basis of this committee, we will allow delegates to write and discuss writing during
moderated caucus.
14
Works Cited
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<http://providencefoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Columbus-faith-and-miss
ion3.pdf>.
“Dividing the Spoils: Portugal and Spain in South America.” Yale. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1992/2/92.02.06.x.html>.
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<http://education.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jun7/treaty-tordesillas/>.
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<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm>.
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Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.history.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/courses/lectures/%5Brealname%5D/2b_tord
esillas_0.pdf>.
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