Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships

Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendaju
http://biblio.etnolinguistica.org
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1985. Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships. In Klein, Harriet E. Manelis & Louisa R. Stark (editoras), South American Indian languages: retrospect and
prospect. Austin: University of Texas Press.
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9. Evidence for Tupi-Carih Relationships
Aryon D. Rodrigues
The purp ose of this paper
d (' n r ('of p r (' h i
fi t· ()
ri r
;1 n
is
hi
cI
to present some evi­
fi t" 0
r i. r
<1
I.
r (' 1. a t ion s b e ­
'"
tween the
languages of the Tu pi stock and those of
the Carib
family"
'" stock as comprising seven
I proposed the Tupi
~
~ M un d uru k'"
faml"1"les--Tupl-Guaranl,
u,
J uruna,
'"
Tupar1, Mond~,
linguistic
late,
and Ramar~ma--and a
Purubor-a (Rodrigues
1970)"
There is thus
lexical evidence
for
195 8a),
1958b,
A r1"k'"
em,
iso­
1964,
far only sparse unelaborated
the affiliation of some of
-:'
these
fam il ies;
ruk~,
and TUrl-Guarani, wt? hav e airpady worked out
more extensive
dences
for
such as Tuparl, Mundu­
l exi.ca l. Clnd phonological correspon­
(Rodrigues
lieve that
others,
1961,
1980)"
At
the moment
I be­
two languages previously included in the
Tup1-Guaran~ family, Aweti and Satar~, should be
reclassified as
member
two additional. isolates
families)
in
(or one-
/
the Tupi stock"
/
The geographical distributi o n of the Tupi stock
has
the
(a)
following main
It
features:
lies essentially south 01 the Amazon Ri­
ver (to the north of this boundary we find only the
--: G uaranlan
-:
T UP1-
d"1a 1 ect
-:'
'" "11 on,
group Wayapl-Emerl
which reached the Oyapock river on the Brazil­
French Guyana border
raux
in post-Colombian times
(M~t­
1927:29-35), and the Amazonian Lingua Geral or
NheengatU',
'"
/
a creolized dialect of Tupi-Guaranian
Aryan D, Rodrigues
372
Tllp 11:llllhil'
III roellll"'"
ii,
AIII;IZ0Ili"
I>y
l'orllll\IIr"11'
('()­
Ionization and missionary activity).
(b)
It
is
found mainly
only exceptioll
which,
sin,
to this
although
the Amazon
Basin;
the
the Tupi-Guarani , family,
the
languages
in that
PnrAn~ Basin
of the
length o f
in
the
Ba­
the
Guapor~
Ramar~ma,
Rivers,
in
and
Purubor6--are
(Jipariln~)
the highest
Basin (in the
Br az ilian
S a tar'
and
subgroup of Carib languages
ua,
III n y
I all f.\
IJ
<l:\
C'
C () 11 5 t
5
s" hili v i e1" Ii
I> ('
subgroups .
the
and a
is spoken on the
i 11 I ()
I: IJ I
C'
()
n I.
() 11 C'
y
I', (~ n" lic ;1 I I Y d
These subgroups have
I
been clearly defined.
lower
However,
the most
f:1 m
i. 1 Y ,
f fer c n ­
not yet
likely
is between languages spoken north and
south of the Ama z on River.
further divided
The
latter group may be
into two subgroups, with
prised o f Ap i ak' o f the Tocantins,
ana)
lower
Xin g G,
one com­
Ar~ra and Parirf
and Txik~o of the upper
/
,
the upp e r XJngu and
RivC'rs
Inllf.',II;)F, C'
(Xillgll
Novo Rivers
XingG.
Nahukw'-Kal a p~lo-Kuik~ru
,­
lIakairi, the southernmost
but
this
is
on
1.111'
I\""ill)
(T a paj6s
£:1115('" ;111(1
IIpp('r
;111(1011
lil e. '
'1'(>1(>5
widespread,
extending
1I;llovi
I'i res
<lnd
Basin) .
in turn,
is more akin
/
the Uraricuera,
such as Wayumara).
and
2
further,
(Yeku­
in Venezuela
to the
languages of
Palmela,
a
Carib language once spoken on the Guapor~ River,
south of the Amazon,
dLsplaced
to thnt
(19th century)
234).
spoken
far
re~i()n
(cf.
in
/
State of Piaui,
had
been
farther
b6",
on the
i1
very late mil',ration
isolate
1899:229­
is Pimenteira,
a
18th and 19th centuries was
from Amazonia,
Piaui Rivers
typical of
Fonseca and Almeida
in the
~
features
languages and was probably
A Carib linguistic
language which
the
exhibits
between the Gurgu~ia and
in the northeastern Brazilian
and by the end of the 17th century
in western Pernambuco,
left bank of the
near Cabro­
3
Sao Francisco River.
,­
Lexical similarities between Tupi and Carib lan­
guages were pointed out
in the past by various
scholars.
AS early as
, veral words,
which are
1909 d(' Goeje said that "se­
not
onomatopoetic,
pertain at once to the primitive (i.e.
from north of the Amazon
to the Orino c o River
to the Makiritare
/
The northern Carib languages are numerous and
mouth
in the
is Hian'koto-Um'­
subgroup on the Ventuari River
(which,
The other would encompass
Ctlrih
Carare)
Another discontinuous
in southern Colombia,
the North Amazonian
C;) r i h
division
on
(Opone,
located on the Caquet~ and Apaporis Rivers
is
linguistically very close
in
part of the Madeira
State of Rond~nia),
(Maw~),
found
Madeira.
of the
we
the westernmost and perhaps most divergent
(Yapur~ Basin)
sixth me mber,
tiated
After a geographical discontinuity,
subgroup, whose best known member
Brazilian
Five of the members of this stock--Tupari,
the area betwe e n the Machado
w II i c II
Antilles.
find
lhe
ill
Madalena Valley of Colombia.
the east.
Arik~m, Mond~,
(>
c(lOsl,
/
(c)
Th
pllRt hllving reached the
Vene7.uelnfl
/
/
is
also sprpad5 0vI'r
in
in
it has lIIany
south and alon g most
coast
373
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
along the
rib
proto-) Ca­
language and to the primitive Tupi or to the
primitive Aruak;
when
appear to
these
would
they be relics
from a
4
families were yet only one?" time,
I
I '
Evidence£or Tupi-Carib Relationships '
Aryon D. Rodrigues
374
Our
stock with
() r
~()II
COIIIPflt'
~
I <l n p, 11:l f', ('
()III (I
languages of the Carib
establishment of regular
wordR
/
of
S
'I'll pi
t II ('
family
led to the
phonological corresponden­
ces between both groups.
These correspondences,
presented
2,
in Tables
and
are based
on over
tural
plant
items
dition
p<lrts,
nature,
qualities
l1on-cu' ILural
<l c ti o ns
100
to some g rammatic a l morphemes,
'[' h (' (' q U :l
perSOl1 markers.
In List
A,
are
often
()
n ~,
and
recurring
that
b e have
specified
for
were
used,
A only sOl11e
selected
17th century sources,
19,)] ,
as
a
p h 0 n ('
m i (.
7. ('
repreSellLai.
(w o rds
not
rI
Rodrigues ms.)
'I Y
il 11
HUll
d
II r II
k;'
('
of
r
Il
(l
d
ri p,
I l('
/
th e Tllpi '- (;uar:llli
~1 0
as
n toy a
il
(c,' () r (s
) 639) ;
membCo'r o f
19
7 '~
"" d
memb e r of thl' MUllduruk~ fomily .
fam i ly,
1962) ,
I
took bAsically Waiwai
Hishkary~na (Derbyshire
Taulipang
(Pemong)
senta t ives of the
f
from
,­
(Caspar
"
the Tupari
For
it S
North Amazoniall
Languages
By taking
the
o(
such
for
,
and Bakai­
(with
possibility of including
I
representa­
a
few
1894 and de
into account
B consists of correspondences
List
between
/
/
the Tupi-Guarani
/
other Tupi
families)
.I
I
languages
in List A
a
particular
family
(Coudreau
1909 and Koch-Gr~nberg
for
1928).
fauna,
lan­
in List A were
1892, de Goeje
as other North Amazonian languages
include words
only
(excluding the
To the Carib languages used
added Way~na
found
and North Amazonian Carib
1946) as well
(after de Goeje
These corresponden­
flora,
and cultural
artifacts which are common to the whole Tupi-Guara­
~
family.
b etween
an ancestor of the
languages
Carib
They probably reflect
a contact either
languages,
or between one
And on('
or
L
h ('
"
;'
of the Tupi-Guarani
North AmAzoniAIl Cilrib
guages with subsequent diffusion within the
tive
~
/.
present day TupI-Guaranl
and an ancestor of the north Amazonian
family.
Bu
t
these strictly
Amazonian Carib correspondences
ll1n­
respec­
"
,­
Tupi-Guarani/North
(which constitute
the bulk of the lexical similarities so far mentio­
ned by previous authors)
I 9 5 2 and
1928) as
languages
mORt
a
1979 and ms.),
(Koch-Gr~nberg
fami­
the Carib
( [{ a w kin s
reduce
longungeR
',1111 i 1 Y
Tup a ri
In.s.)
and
1911 I)
t <lken
as a
sets of correspondences valid only
nl
1952­
:111 d
1 C) S C)
~
for Tupinal11h~ were
Ru "i, z d e
and
rI
we
1946);
1909 and
1892 and Weatley ms.)
1909).
llddcd,
;'
to
( 16th
especially Anonymous
/
ve
attested
Old Guarani,
d
:0
.
b a/
took Tuplnam
I
Goeje
w(~rc
from Nahukw~ after Steinen
examples
ces
lexi­
available
Illngllilgl"s
from de Goeje
(Steinen
guages.
group
for which more
information was
th e Tupl~ stock,
For
Lan­
to one of the
languag e s of each
from those
cal and grammatical
me.
relationship.
languRg('s
List
/
ri
r (' s (' n t e d
family appearing in
similar
~eneral
them taken
t h (' ,.
(I
subgroup of languages.
in List A were specified;
laneuages of the same
in
p
2 only the Carib
the other
list
In ad­
including
wh i (' hill' ('
indi C;.ltive of genetic
In compiling Tables
guages
l.
and cul­
and stat e s
!lomc'
tive of the South Amazonian
lexical equations covering such domains as kinship,
body and
from
375
and
repre­
(but
netic
are
Rurely not due to ge­
relationship and should therefore be clearly
distinguished from the cognate sets represented in
5
List A.
This point is mentioned here only in pas~ing,
but
it deserves
I
I
I
a more thorough examination
I 1
i
I
I
I
I
Aryan D. Rodrigues
376
i nth c
rut
larger
number
be
taken
1I
r 0,
;] S
W ('
;J C
of Carib
into account
included
in List
q 1I
r ('
"("
I. (' r
languages.
that
B are
many
to be
k
I (' d
11 () W
It
should
lexical
found
r. ('
as
t)
f
a
also TAIlLE
Phonologic.,1
I.
(Abbreviations
r.
d II ('
of
i
I.
IImazoni"n
(l
p r (' ~; ('
c:
q ["
r ('
t" (' I I '
several
Geral
or
("
IIrawAk
II " S . ("
(l
Carib
In
r r (' s P ()
II (' r
languages
from some
C. I
vin
Stradelli
other
loanwords
1929)
11
II ('
II
t· ('
Tb p,
S
III () S
I:
pro h
i1
taken
either
from
f: rom
in
/.
Llngua
North
Ceral
languages; C. 2 - loanwords from Wayapi (Coudreau 7
/
/
1892)
or Lingua Geral in Wayana.
I add also a
/
list
C. 3 -
of Carib
/
loanwords in a Tupi-Guarani
/
/ 8
loa n w 0 r d s fro m \~ a y a n a i n Way a pi.
Tb
language: p,
are
those
of List
A)
Gl,
Wn
p,
~)9,
')5,
i,
pe/V
Tr
Tb ~ I
ft II/
pI
3 I,
30,
Tb,6,
i,
70,
p,
71,
Mu m;
Ww,
Hk,
Tr,
Mu pi
1/; Ww,
107. II,
Tr
t,
T r,
s,
Tr
Tp,
\~n
T r,
13,
Mu
t,
3 3,
I 5,
T b,
97,
98, Bk ;tIll Hk,
Ww,
G1,
31,73,77,
Tb
95,
33, Ww,
Wn w:
8,
82,
Hk m I
II:
Hk,
% (w)
2 I,
91,
114. 67,
69, 25,
26, 106. Tb~1
4
29,
47. II;
Tb,
9 11,
93,
Ww p, i,e
20,
7,
p, ;5111
Tp
Mu p I
II,
92,
x:
p,
Ilk
,61
Mu p,
I 17 Tr
29,
(Tate­
/
'J'p,
h,
I 14,
Lingua
Amazonian Carib elll
p,
35,38,1,9,
/
particular Tu p 1-Guaranf
Tr
Hk
h,
b I Y
11("III<I(,lo:lllwords
C'
Numbers
some
languages.
11 , : I (. I S .
lan~uage:
19 10,
(l
and
CorrospolldC'l1c.:cs--Consonallts
items well
6
North
377
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
d;
3 6,
t,
eI
t:
43,
H uk;
Ww,
I () J,
9 5,
i,
Mu
52,
Ww,
Hk,
r;
62,
Hk,
Tp,
Bk
Gl,
Wn,
tl
i,
HU,
Bk
t
I 0 J 11 Ww
t,
Hk
t,
el
e, 63,73,79,100,102,118. T p,
G1,
l~
n
k,
Bk
k,
k x:
5, 19,40,41,45,54,61,68,75,76,83,85, 93,94,98,101,
III,
liS,
14,
116,
117,
18, 121 .,
?
Tb
50,
Tb,
Tb,
80,
Tr,
74,
Mu
108,
Mu
?
Ww,
Hk,
Tp,
G 1,
\~n
,
Bk
k:
24,
49,
35,
65,
67, 9,
14,
42, 110. Ii:
?;
Ww,
Hk,
Tp,
Bk
Mu m;
Ww,
Hk,
Gl,
Wn m,
88,
90,
103a,
17,
22,
109. Tr,
56,
k,
Tr
63,
83,
ilk Jf:
116. 6,
T a h 1. c
I.
P h () n () I
(I
g
j C
;J
I
C () r r
~. S
P () n cI
C0
l' 11 C l' S - -
Tl S ()
n
il
TABLE
n t s
-.-..- ..
. - --
m,
Th,
? ;
Tr
Tr
Mk ,
Ww,
11;
Hk
'l'p,
Il k ,
T b,
1, 6. 01:
1:1,
Ilk
e,
IIi ,
II :
7,
'ill,
77 ,
Tr
T b,
11:
\~ w
f:f;
8 I,
1);
TP
,),
\-1 w,
r,
Tr,
Mu
r,
t
16,
17,
19,
Tb
I
1/
3Z,
64,87,96,99 ,
101
rl
II,
Tr,
tl
Mu
01:
Hk,
\.J\'J,
37,
38,
106,
II ;
Ww,
n2
Z 0,
Tp,
li Z ,
Hk,
,
7 4,
Hk
49,
11 3 ,
114
13k
Z:
8 9,
I I9 .
Wn
r
1,6,
45,
12, 120. Tb
r,
y ,
Tb
Tr h;
II :3 ,
Th
y III
Tb
V;
Mu
Tr,
Hk,
Ww,
y;
MIl
w;
Tp
y :
y:
22 ,
1 9,
Tp,
1:1,
\-111
Hk
w ,
32,
33,
34 ,
4"
Tr,
Mu
4"
Tb
Mu
w ill
Hk Vm:
22 ,
39,
Ww,
H k,
T
are
those of List
A)
T p,
i,
Bk
Hk
e:
8 I ,
3,
57,
58,
Ilk
i;
.. :
Hk,
Ww,
43,
.J ,
I,
52,
5 1, . Tp,
59,
i;
Hk,
Tp,
Ww,
Hk,
Tp
Ap,
Bk :i::
18,
22,
23, 66,
76,
80,
82,
99. Bk a:
16,
19,
45,
76,
103a, i;
13k i:
e,
17,
23,
24,
59,
60, 95. u:
Tr
Mu
0 ,
0,
i;
Hk:t,
Ww,
Bk u:
Tp,
21,7.7, 90. Ilk
Tb
1(\.; :
('S,
12 I . Tr,
Tr
79 ,
55 , 7 2 , 7 5 , 107 . Ww,
Numbers
I 15. 56 . 97,
Ww,
Ww,
Mu
Tb
Tr,
Th,
i;
Tr,
Tb
54, SO,
87.
I,
and
Correspondences--Vowels
19.
i;
Tr
Tb 4"
Bk
Mu
8 3,
HI" 88 .
II k ,
3 0,
Tb
T r,
Th,
Tr
n,
Phon o logical
--~--- .
II () .
Tb
2.
(Abbreviations
(Cont inued)
Th
379
Evidence for Tupi-Carih Relationships
Aryan D . Rodrigues
378
p;(:
I 0,
I
Tb,
6(" °
5,
I
u,
°
6 .
57. Tr,
0;
Ww,
Hk,
Tp
0:
39,
110,
113,
i21 C;
Ww,
Hk,
Tp,
Hk e:
59,
75,
76,
77,
78,
79,
e;
Ww,
Tp,
Bk
Mu e;
\~w,
Hk,
Tp,
Bk a:
2,13,20,94,106, Mu a;
Ww,
Hk,
Tp,
13k a:
14,
Tr,
58,
Mu
Tb,
Tr
Tb,
Tr,
Mu
II:
il
10,
106,
28,
16,24,30,31, 108,
55,
115. 65,87. 108. Mp t
<I
th e s C s:
H7,
':II,
()I"
9,
:3 2 ,
9'),
:J'3,
<j("
I,
2,
()7 ,
5 (J,
()
2,
I, R ,
B (),
I () . - - -- --_._--_.
8 1,
85 ,
Tb,
Tr,
15,
25,
27,
33, 35,37,38,41,42,43,44,50,52,56,60,63, 65,67,68,70,71,72,74,75,83,84,85,86,
112,
III
88,91,92,93,94,95,
114,
116,
117, 120. Tb,
Mu
T b,
Tr
15,
Tb,
Ww,
0 ,
N u 4.;
e:
45,
62,
\~w,
Hk,
o.
73,
u,
105. T p,
29,58,69,71,82,89,97,
Tr
0;
Hw ,
Hk,
Hk a:
\-Iw,
H k,
T p,
N
T b,
Hk
a;
Tr
8 0,
V;
82. Bk
13 k
0:
100,
I,
8,
109,
26 ,
47,
68,
96,
101 V:
I 4,
I 5,
3 2,
35,
9, 118. 5 I,
65, .j
380
Aryan D. Rodrigues
I. 1ST
1\:
/
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
r:()I',II;]t'('~l
Tupi-C:lr h
('-.
/
Abbreviations:
Makushf, Mu MundurukC,
Tu pinam h',
Wn Way(na
/
ilk Bakairi,
Hk Hishkary~na,
Karina),
(Ka li~ a , Gl Galihi
Island Carib ~,
Ie
Nk Nahukw!,
Tp Taulipang
(Oyana),
(Pemong)
I I.
Mk
Tb r-,
Mu d-,
~
Tupar1, TR
Ww Waiwai. Grammatical particles and words
12.
2. Ww w.;,-
Iy-,
i - ,
Tp
Tb,
Tr,
a-,
aw-,
J. Tb,
Tb
W-,
11-,
Hk
Mu we-,
0-,
oy - ,
u Y-- ,
y-. Hk a-,
1st singula r;
0-
Ilk w- ,.j,-
Tb ri
'for,
flk W-,
Mil
ay-,
r ('
r I <' )(
t-,
Bk
t~-
5. Tr ki-,
i
k-
Hk ki-,
ow-,
0- ,
Ww,
V"
rpfl('xiv(',
TP
.; "
t -
Ww,
Tr
Bk,
t' (' - ,
.t-
II k
Tp
15.
ku-,
k-
Bk ki-,
ku-,
of,
(e.g.
lit.
1n
ompata-ka
some'
Wn,
G1 ,
I C a mu .
Tb amoy
'grandfather'
t
r.
II -
Ww
k~-,
,
k- ,
k-. tamoy
'grandfather of
Tp amo-ko
'grandfather' , u-tamo
'my grandfather', Wn, Gl tamu, Hk tam-,
tnmu- 'grillidfalhcr'. t ­
16.
inclusive
'in front
'to'
Kinship terms
3rd reflexive. 1st plural
Hk rye
face of' 'another,
somebody'
3rd non
Hk ka
the
'through'
Tp oy-
reflexive;
Tb amo
'"
Ww re
on~'
(in o~a-ke
'towards
u-.
t -
'3 r d
u-,
Bk a-,
Tb -ke
on'
ill
fa ce of');
14 .
Mu i- 3rd non
1:0- ,
t - ,
0-,
Mu e- 2nd singular ; Ww a-,
Tr,
1- ,
4 .
1 J.
Tr
Hk, Tp
Tb
Personal affixes
Tb wi-
1'r h- r elationa l; Ww,
y-.
'thr ough,
I. 381
Tb en4r
'male's sister
-enau-tik
17.
Tb
i?ir
Bk -enaru-to, Gl
'sister'. 'male's cross cousin'
B k i· r
1
'fem ale's cousin '.
Case ;)ffixps
18.
-mo, '-
(-,.
I'll
7. Tb -pe punctual
:tmo
Mu -pe, -he
III
lh" s
I :1 t.
('
() r
Ww
-111(' ,
lo cative, Tr -pe
locative;
Hk -ho,
Hk -me .
inessive,
Tp,
~pir+,
19.
Wn -po
-,0
f f
d
II S ('
IOCilllv e
Ilk -wt)
il
~
Tb mo-,
on-,
10.
20.
Tr
m-,
,..,
0-,
Mu mi- causative;
Ir
Tb pel}
pamu
Hk om-,
em-,
Tb ye-,
Mil
v
J('-w e -
refl.exive;
Tr ike
Tp,
Ilk
2I .
Tb u~,
akon-U' 'br ot her'
'female's cross nephew'
Bk pama
Tr op
'male's older
'female's older sister';
'brother-in-law' , Hk hamo
cousin
we-,
ike-it
Apala1 -akoro-ne, Tp ako!),
Wn akon ' older brother'.
t .
-:'
Apalal
'female's older sister', +ke-?-~r
brother',
Other affixes
9. Tb 4ker
'male's younger brother'
/'
Gl pi' ['i
Ie ihiri.
'male's older brother',
l ocative
8. Tb
Tb .j,~+r
Ww pamo, Gl
cross
'male's brother-in-law'
/
'father' ; Ww Hk -im, Apala i
urn
382
Aryon D . Rodrigues
GI
uml1,
Tp
'"(J
Bk
u~,
(~
•
Nk
~~.~J_~ !_~_ _~~_~.._~a~~~_. ~L~~.~~~.
a-?~y
22.
Tb
23.
Tb ipi
Hk
e II
2/, .
r " . b.
25.
Tb
'grain,
' t r ee
+,
0
kaS,
Tr
26.
Tb
oe,
27.
Tb
o~a,
Tr
tak e
away',
30.
Tb
32_
33.
Tb
Tb
Wn
cp u
trpe
(>
stem'
' fa t
p e r c~
h
(> ,
36.
Tb +tu
37.
Mu -tp
(noun)';
ka-t
' l e af'
'face'
I'r
Hn
'fat
pe
f1k,
'w i
p (' P '()
the
Tl
g
109)
'milt'
\J w,
Wn,
'wound,
ulcer'
Gl
39.
Ww
Trio
Bk
t ~u .
Tb
kwar
Mu
'sun'
Ie
itu-ru,
ka-'1ii
ub'o.
Gl
Hk
'sun'
ito-ti,
a-kwar+
l
par;]
Til
Large
I
river';
Apala1 paru
paru
Tp
'river',
'water,
Bk paru
Tb
yu
'field'
Hk
o-yomo.
Tp
40.
Tb aki,m
Wn
te-ukuma-i,
'wet'
t-ekupa-i,
Gl
skin',
pi-p+
r (' ;1 I II co
Bk
Mu
i-be
'skin,
r '
(ko
4 J.
bark'
42.
pcpo-ko
Tp
Hk
e rye,
Ww ere,
Ilk
erew
0
u n d,
no.
83)
43.
Tb
44.
Tb
Tp
aku!"
'c
R
asi"
ati,h
'to
Tr akop,
Th aman
, r
'to pull
ere,
Tb
(>
Tr
r
Ilk
'to be
rotten,
'sour';
Hk ak.
Tr amon-?a
amno-
sick,
'round'
to ache'
(see
Hk
bad'.
Ww ai
'to be hot
'hot';
surround'
i. caL '
aci
'to be
ay
ayih
rcle,
P II
Mu a'1iip
'to be hot
like
(pepper)',
Hk
pepper'.
•
. '"
p~ru
pi,ta
45 .
'to
tread'
Hk ihro
Hk
ihta
'sale'
ihta -k marunu
Ww ht;],
Tp
p+ta
'foot'
Wn
Nk
Llta-pt
'fo ot ' ,
pta
Mu
Tb
kira
'[at
(adjective)';
Hk kare
'to make
:
f at ' .
'heel'
'IICC[',
cito
, fa at' .
Tr
pta-pu
ida
46.
'heel'
Tb mir~,
Tr
?iri
Bk
'small'
i-meri,
Mk
miri-ki,.
'sale'
47.
'.~ole'
Tb
par,
t-ar-ke
48.
34.
pau,
Gl
Qualities
emba-ta,
'heel',
Elements
Wn,
ekup-i.
f ea thers'
no.
Ie
Ilk a.
'eye'
epa
'bark,
Tp
'island';
w~bo.
wi· pi:,
'water'
(noun)'
'face'.
Tr
Gl
'waterfall'
river',
'fat
Ww,
ompa-ta,
ipi:i,
'sunlight'
k a-t. i
(;1
Wn
Tb 4:pa?u
e ' .
'liver
Tb
;]l:
Hk,
pi-' h ark '
off
see
pere
e r.
3 1.
Mu 'liep
empe-ta
Tr
'nut'.
(ildjective)',
e p,
\~ tv
t r.
tym e
uu,
35.
38.
?a p,
'bark',
P"po
'LO
rl i n g
Hk empa-ta
'bark'
Til
Ww,
Ilk
I
Mu opa
emp o- ta,
pe
;1 n
Ww ka,
ep a -ta,
1-9.
's t
'fat
(noun) ,
Tb
t
secd'
stpm'
10 i " sill 1',
kap- ha k
28.
II
383
Evidence for Tupi -Carib Relationships
Tr
at
'full'
'full'
Tr
Tb
pos-i:y,
Gl
awo·sil).
49.
Tb
puru?a
50.
Tb
?ar
Hk
Ww ari:
poci,
Mu
ar-i-hto
'to
fill',
'contents'
poS'i
'heavy'
Tp
pi-si,
of natur e
Tb .t~+
'earth,
Mu
'earth'
i pi
ground',
Hk
Ht-,
i~i-t.tr
'mountain',
Apilla1 ipi,
Ilk
~w+,
l~ C d.:C£.S CC,~-,
'pregnant';
'upper
part,
Ww puruki
top';
'to swell'
Hk kare
'high',
, ,
384
Aryon D, Rodrigues
nkre
lifl',
'to
385
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
'vegetnl
medicil1e
ehremo
'to give
medic ine'.
Non cultural
5 I.
items
Tb apwa'
'poi nt' ;
'extremity of
52.
Tb
as-ik
t wo
53.
Tb
ipi,
k
.s 5
.
tJ
'piece'
r~
to
Ww asik-wo
'P ('
(l
'to break
Tb
into
4p~-ru9
'to begin'
Tp
k-i-r+ ,
k tlr:J Y
'm :JI1 ' ,
Ilk
-- p e t
'won! ;JI1'
Ww pi
Ilk
I,e-'Ce
'b r a v e r y "
t"
b0
mar a n ' war ';
wi Jd "
11 k
rna Y" n
\" w maya
't
Actions
r
1j fJ .
0
inim o
'I' h
I'
P oj.,
'I'r
epe-pic,
Wn
'to
60.
Th
pa y,
pol es
(, I .
«
inY
Hk - w - ('
't o
i'l
Th okar,
pay
'''e
'b
a
pol. C'
;1
hy
I'
ep+
s I
i_
Tb
po sa l)
medic ine'
y.t,
Hk
Tp wai
Tr wi
'thick rope'
(possessed)'.
uru-to
'small
Tr wa?'e
basket
'pot',
'calabash
'ax';
for
Gl
Mu wa7e
bottle'.
w.j,.·-wi,
Wi·-ri,
Wn
Bk p.t. TP
'v ilLage
a-o/\
ehtem-
'to
Ww eh~e
trea t ' ,
w-omu
'wrapper'
Gl w-oomo
to burn'
Tr
'to sit
apok
'seat
in
Th
ynr
(l
72.
jat
epi-wa
'cure,
Hk eh~e
Tb
'l
Bk a
asa~
t
75.
Tb ekar
'to look
try';
to gather',
Tr
aki
l"w aki,
'to set
Ww apo.
apo!)
on
fire'
,
aho-n~,
Hk
'seat,
t
1" (' C
(l
bench',
e ivc
Hk a,
Gl
Tr
at,
Tp a-Ii,
Mu
Gl
to carry'.
to cross';
by,
'to
ek+y,
k (',
'to pass ,
Tb a7al)
stretch'
II
Wn y-om
canoe'
'to take,
'to pass
api
Ww a-ri"
74 •
Tb
Tp
place'
'European clothes'
down'
a
the
Hk e-taka
Ww w-omi
'clothes',
Tp apo-no,
'to take';
w~·to
76.
ohce
r,
a-ro,
lilt e r ;l I.
Ww e ken
11
place';
'to change
flk
7I .
far
'to cut Wood'.
cl othes';
'wrapper',
for,
'm edicine'
oh-taka
Tb a pi,
Hk ama
to a
'to wrap,
70.
73.
pl ,1 za'
Tb
Ww,
'to mov e
apo-ni
hOllsc"
Tr «k e r
'to c ut';
'to move'
Hk eh e -ma
's "' a I I
?a~
aho-nano,
'to cost',
(,?:J"
States
'hammock
gif t ' .
'
and
Tb akaso
' place' .
62,
rope
pot'
ng ,
'1'"
I" ' ,
'p ayment ' ,
Bk
po
+
Ww k-e'Xepu
n(' Ii u
',,;j Y"'" 11' '; WW
t o make
' " () II S ('
'to sew',
'hammock'
rope'
Hk ehe-th-i-ri
epe-illa
.j. t ,1
,. l' (' i
eneme
'"
Hk
'thread,
w - (-, il c-' P 1I,
pe "
Tb
Tb
69..
inl" 'hamm ock '
'fiber')
'e1ish,
68.
_
Tb enimo
ya7~
67.
Cultural
-- .. .._ - --items
- ­
58,
Tb
Apala1 wi-w.t,
w.i 1. d
b ('
(I
(a nirn<1I )'
Tb
a-tame
I' I e , h r a v e r y,
57.
'thick
'basket'
'calabasb';
flk
66.
Ilk
uru
Hk
cassava bread'
bcg.in'
Tr
T b mar a -
64.
sam' rop e '
e-tam-~e
'wife'
56.
Tb
epo-te
65.
'pc''' pl ('
per,
Til
Tp
arrow head'.
'beginning'
k i r('
Tr
the
'p oin t '
piece's',
+h-C;c
54 ,
Ww epa
63.
Hk w-eto,
Gl
to cross'
Hk arne.
for';
Bk eka-heni
eka-una
'to
look
'to gather'.
'to pull',
Tr eki
'to bring',
'to
Tp w-aka
'to
,
386
Aryan D. Rodrigues
p u 1. 1 ' .
77 .
7R.
7 () .
pa?-nese
Tb
enue
to h ear '
Gl
e'ne
to
see
To C' P-l-y
to
s pr i nkl("
I
r
, to we
Th
(. s
~
en~,
Ww
1-1 11
enw-,
('
Hk,
P ~ k (' - i,
Wn
II k
e ne,
j w j k
Tb
pa~
'all';
93. Tb
pak
'to wake',
Tr
e-pak
C'
haka
(1
(1: 1 ,' ,
I
'"
Ilk
I
r' t.
( ' ( ' f'
I
I
h ('
(J
91, .
('()okC'd' .
Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendaju
http://biblio.etnolinguistica.org
80.
Tb
WI.'
k -i-,
Il k
Ilk
';'k e ,
95. ike
s cr ilpC'
' to
8 I.
' t o scral c h'
e?Jy
To i. n
s it
'to
sitling
Tr
plil ce )'
- all
' co nl.1i. l1pr
- ri­
WI.'
't.o
sC't.
( i.e.
on
96,
Tb -i:~
Gl
83.
to
ar row'
't o trend'
1\ I, .
Th
k;\
?~
85.
Tb
k ay
I
't o
(tr.)',
Ilk
I
a ke
T0
k a ? (.
'r () r
S7 .
Tb
knr,
Tr
8B.
l ()
To
111;)
ro l l
., (>
(l
d () W i l l ,
n
l'
(I
up'
g ()
L
I( "I 1\
Mil
'(
C' r
r () lIll
:1
a
fi r e ' ,
0
tread'
I ()
d,
!'\
f
t. ()
t o
d a n cC'
( s C'E'
n o ,)
'I. ()
Pill'
II k
Hk
r
(I
~; I
'Lo
I
Tr
urn,
9I .
Tb
d ie
k ' .
Tb
pita
Tr
Tb
'to
par
pC'C'k:l
pita
Ww
'to ca use
paka,
om-palea
Tp
to
'to
jump
t o p I. u c k '
Ww eh~o
pia-a
Tr
pot-?eki
Ww
ahro,
Mu
p~y-bit
Hk to wake' Wwahka
stop ';
stay',
to wake', paka-,
'to cause
'to open'
'to stay,
Tp
'to have many',
mo-pak
'to wake';
stay',
t·l u
Bk
u.
Tr
(m any
""
.j, OJ
't a
'to 'to 'harbour' .
to
,
Jump, Tp -puru-
'to 't o
to
puk
nkri
mam
u
'l 0
Trlll.1 ­
Hk m<ln-ho
TP
100. to
""all'
't. ()
g i" e
WI" ,
Ilk
irn,
' t o en d,
peopl e) ';
Hk
to die',
so,
Mu
to,
I.Ik
101. Tb
sorok
't o
102. Tb
su?u,
Tr
o-tuku
Tp
Tb
/
w,l h
' t o diE",
apam
Tp
Ci:,
e-puka,
pierce
pok<l-ki
Wn,
Trio Ipurukot& kill.
'to
Iolith
an Hk
r-i:r.in
tim
Tb
'trembling'. ,­
Sata r e, Awetf to
'to
'to go'
Ww,
t ea r'
taka
1C t - at
f r a k a,
'to bite'
Wn
Bk
s a r o't e .
e-tuku,
'to eat'
t i 'to
plant,
'to
Gl
food' dfl.
tie';
i-tena-ma-,
I (. t
I\palai
Nu
'to
Hk
tremble'
-I .
flk
103. II () ') "
to
Tb
I ('('1)'
I,
i - xoki
'to have
Hk tremble', riri,ni:-
kan-ho.
Ww
y ho-ta
pierced';
- "\1k:l,
99. Tb rir.iy
Hk
get
Bk
I.e
fe ed'
'meal'
arrow '
burn
L r . ) ,
feed',
yho-hto
pok}!,
104. pap
to
Tb
103a. Tb
am,
p a e,
('k;1 •
il
97. Tb pay
•
s t;] Y , .
90.
,<;
98. J 8) , .
flO
n () ,",
I ('
<lkn
(1/1 (' (I
f e nce'
't o
I
s I (. (. p ,
'to d a nce'
ma m- ko
't
r r () r m '
, t· ()
ik
Bk
in
p I
iI
:I
WI.'
burn
man- urn
Tb
!l
bre
i-puka,
n s ton
Ww rn a
wa
kill'
II k
I
't o
;f
Hk
squeeze,
(inLr.)'
t
j (.
da nce' ,
89.
r (' d
burn
Ro.
t o
'to
a kmeke
1
I" w 4: wo,
'to wound,
Guaran1 kamik
II (.
To
e-ham
jump' . 0'
iwo
Hk
'to wake',
<S- pot
lilt'
ground'
82.
'd ead '.
92. t '
r
387
Evidence for Tupi·Carib Relationships
'to
tirti,
Hiana'koto-Umaua
Hk ¥eena.
plant
to bury',
we B ' t o
Trio
to
bury'
Bk e-ta
extinguish
epu-ka
t .he
go out
(fire)',
fire',
Kumanagoto ep-ka.
Hk
'to
e-nam
'to
plant'.
fire';
Wn epu
'to extinguish
"to
the
388
lOS.
Aryan D. Rodrigu es
TI)
yay
'll)
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
lIlo ck '
\v :oy
Mu
t ()
Ww
I ; III 1\ 10 '
t'
ilflkl,
'to scold'
106.
107.
t o return'
eramo, Wn
irama
c.
108.
0:11
Tb
s
?e
Hk yo
109.
Tb ?ok,
cut
110 .
Mu ?e
to do'
Bu
'to turn,
Tr a-yip
'to say
? ~k
Mu
Tb ti?, Tr ni9 'timb~ vine, a fish poison'
....
Hk ceme 'to poison the f i sh'
Tp i-teg
.
,
poisonolls VIne,
GI e-tim-ui
Mk i-teme,
Trio ti'Xe 'to inebriate'.
120.
Tb urua,
to drink'
(bread)'
Tp eku
Hk
121.
Apala1,
Tri o ,
Tr arime
Nk
"kill"
C l,
Wit,
Apalaf, Hin~koto-Um~ua alim-ime
Tb ayuru , Tr aorn,
'parrot',
MlJ nr o
Ww,
'parrot';
Ilk kworo
(ime
Tp 'SPC ClC S of
kapiwala,
I IS.
I 16.
I I7.
Trio woko, Wn wok,
'big'
Hian~koto-
Crax sp., Cracidae.
B:
;-:
/. an d
Loa nwo rd s c ommo n to TupI-Guaranl
North
Amazonian Cnrib Abbreviations:
Ap Apalai,
Ar Arek~na,
GI Galibi
(Kalina, Karina), Hk Hishkary~na, HU Hian~koto9
UmO;:;ua, IC Island Carib
In Ingarik~, Ip IpurukotC;, Mk Makushi, Tb Tupinamb~, Tp
Taul i pang, Wn Wa y 'nn (and Upurui), Ww Waiwai,
Yb Yabar~na. Tb kapi?i8ar Hydorchoerus capybara;
kapia,
'shell used
Mu wak~ Penelope sp.,
Tr wako,
Cracidae; GI,
macaw'.
I 14.
for smoothing
Bk uru-¥i
Hian~koto-Um~ua akuli 'species of monkey'; Wn,
Trio alimi
, big' ) .
worD-we
Mk,
Hk warwa,
'shell'
Tb yaku,
'to
List
Tp,
'snail'
IC 6ra
Um~ua oko-ime (ime
An i maJ~_ _~ .."..? .. p'._~a n t s.
I I I.
'I' h n ku t
'''f',outi'
I 13.
/
Guarani uruwa
infuscata.
bows' .
eat
I 12.
'a heron'; Wn toko Ibis
Hian~koto-Um~ua alGua 'snail'
'to
'to pull away'.
? o 'to e a t
'to eat
Hk oko
'wild pig'.
Tb soko
to speak'.
to pull aw ay '
ko
'to
Tp ka
'pig',
I 19.
ka
s ay ' ,
Ilk Itak-rn
Se'('
I 18.
't o roast on
'Lo
Ww Hk,
'to say,
Tp k a ,
Tb ?u, Tr ko,
ok, Ww ok4:
Gl
t o r e turn'
t o do' , Tr ke
13k ke
(meat)',
Trio e rama,
to ('ook'.
't o say,
'to do',
say,
Ilk,
to be cooked',
f
'nr,ollLi'
Tp pak-ila
Tb yeree,
Tb y4:B
aki
389
Wn ;'
Ap a lai kapiara,
Akawai kapiwa,
GI Bk pakia. '(i> n rnbo o ) knife',
Tp kate
'bamboo' . 'beans'
t
i
Tb ara~e
Tb k';'s('
Tb komana
Tb a ~a
Tr k.ite
'bamboo' kum~·ta,
Wayumar& kuma-sa,
Bk kuata.
T b P a k C0
~} 01:\ e
P a k C.
n y s_-.P_~~ ; G I
pac a,
Ap,
/
'cockroach'; Tp ar?ut,
Tbar a k wa 'a b i r d,
Tb isipo
GI kumata, Arekuna 'corn'; GI awasi
'vine';
Tb karawata
£~~ .~.~ .
v.
IC awaSl GI alawi
IC el~we. Wn aragua. GI sima. 'Bromelia sp.
Wn kulaiwata, Tamanaco
karuata. Bk Tb kupi?i
'termite'
GI
kupisa.
I
I
I
j I
1.1
, '
Tb
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
Aryan O. l~adrjglles
390
k u rem a 'a
r: ish,
Tb k uri mat a
'a
f ish,
'honey-bear
Gl kuasi,
T h m ;J
[ ;"]
k
P r 0 chi 10 d u ~..2. E..,
s pp('
P S
j
TTl
ulaba, Wayumar' uraha,
Ch a r a c ida e '
Tb urukure?a
Nasua socialis
Jp ko a d~i.
o r
Tri o , HU ma iukanu,
P'l[[ol"'
\.J
Tp
Mk marakan
Tl
111;)
r ;"] k
TTl :1
:J
r a kal),
n ., ,
'wild cat'
Wn marakaya,
G1 ,
C; lJ
mareku y a,
a r .,
11 {
Tn ~. [. ~J_~.~I
Ap,
Gl
Ap,
Gl
In urapa,
Hk kuraha,
Ww krapa.
Gl ulukuleya.
Gl
'Ibis
egretta' .
Gl Y1l1 a wa.
'alligator'
Gl walimi.
/
/
Tp ~awaira
'black
In yakale, . Ar yakalr, Ap
Gl akare.
Tp ~akare,
Uk awar-ko,
Tb yurara
'a turtle' Gl walala,
Yb uaraara, Hu
alala.
paku, HU
haku.
'I'll
p
:1 [ :J
n;{
C1,
S (' : 1
Tp palana
Tb parawa
WIl
P;)
1 C b:l 1 ~ 1111
[:1 n;) ,
, !=)C:1 ,
;"]
,
wavp s
'a pa r rot
Gl,
Wn,
Trio p a lawa,
'piranha
~Xf,~ ~n_':..r=.:-.:s. __ ~~.E ·
and ~~:.~2'_a.L.mu s
s..P..' '; G 1 P ira j '~}_~_o_C::_~!l_~.~._~__ s!l ':) nrC' ., t (' ['; "I, T [ ; 0 r;"] III a no .,
'hut,
'house,
Til l
:1 y ;]
hut'
'X;j n
in the night'
LG akayur~na
Mk l
shelter';
t apu iuka
h u s () m a
sp .
t a piuka
'night bird with
'bee'. Tp tapiy
·
,/
LG k ~seapara
/
Gl akayula
Curatella americana'.
LG apukuit( 'oar'; Ap
Ap tapi y 'house'
,.
slcke
l'
apak~ita,
T rio
1:., y:.J ,
Ie
t
/.
1 1
a ,
Gl abokuitya.
v
; Ww kaclpara,
Gl supara
LG pa~iiwa
'a palm,
Itiartea exorrhiza'; Gl
LG yakamT 'Psophia crepitans'; Tp yakami,
/.
Gl raler.
Tb tokay' (hunt e r's) hut'
G1
t
'wild
'knife'.
'hut'
Wn,
Tp wakawa
'false cashew tree'
cashew tree,
'a was p'; Gl
Tb tapiukaB
cries
a hawk that
screaming cry
tamanua. ta pi y
from Lingua Geral in North
10
Amazonian Carib languages
LG wakawa 'Herpetotheres cachinnans,
T hr., man u ? a
Tb
,/
Borrowings
Ap paraua. Tb p i ray
LIST C.I:
ok a i
'shaman's
small LG yan[d]i~
pasiu.
Gl akami. 'a catfish'; Tp Jandia.
house'
Tb tuyuyu
lU YUY U.
'big stork,
~1z_c..t_e r i a. _~_~~~~~_~
Gl
Borrowings fr o m Waya p1 (Oyampi) or
.
,/ a
Gera 1 1n
Wayan
LIST C.2:
L /.lngua
!
l
!
uala
, Ibi s
Trio wara
Yb ualini,
'jaguar'
Gl
jaguar
Gl, Wn , Trio nana.
fish , ~rl~~~.·
'a
fJowC'r'
P:1SS;OIl
Wn muruku ya. IC merek oya
Tb nan~ 'pineappl e '
y.::
Tb yawar
Tp,
Gl ulupi.
'manatee'
Tb yakare
Tp
'bow'
Ibis rubra';
rubra' , HU uala,
zakare,
m" [ a k u y a,
Tb paku
'a her o n,
Tb warini 'war';
m ar aka~ a
Tb
'an owl';
'mushroom';
Tb weraWA
Jp
marakona. Tb maraka ya
Tb urupe
Tb wara
"I
Gunranf w~rapa
Tb urapar,
a? .
Ch a r a c ida e ' .
(coatimundi)
Tp koazi
n '?l
:1
k we r
GI
'5 aJ:~_o_~~i:.~a..t:_~,
G1 k u 1 i mat a
Tb kwati
M u g~. ~~J2_ .
391
from
392
Wn a p u k u i. t
' 0;]
;j
Wn a rar a wa
Hn a rua
Wp
r '
1909 (by de Goeje),
LG karan~.
sp e cies of p a lm t r ee'
Wn panamem 'butterfly'; Wp panama .
Wn tukllr<lWa 'p,r ,1 s s hopp",,'; I.e tUkhr<1.
o ar'
South American
Schmidt
1959,
LG yakuma. ./
Wp pari
'club';
Wp kasuru
'beads'
Wp ktto
'a
Wp kur u para
i r i
Wp
ku
Hp
kll a k~
<l
\~n
' s
,1
a
11
111
p;1
p;]ri.-p s ik (psik
powder';
() ( '
'" ()
mar a pi
\-Ip sa uru
Wn
Wp
s aW :1I1:r
k
(1
~;
j " 1 •
Wp s i r ik e
, S
'p 1 (' i a d ('
S
'coco a '
just pre­
both recent
(as bet ween Wayam­
/'
./
(as between the whole Tupi­
and old
family and North Amazonian Carib).
a sizable number of lexical
although not so obviously similar,
can
be shown to be cognates linked by regular phonolo­
iguan a
Wn ma rapi
Wn paira 'd is h of
th e
gical correspondences.
Most of these belong to se­
mantic domains
the
is
less
in which
likely to occur.
It
intrusion of loanwords
is probable that not
every set in List A will stand as truly cognate af­
\~ n
ter tighter scrutiny is made on the basis of more
pirot o. complete knowledge of the internal relations of
./
both Tupi and Carib.
s auto . Carib linguistics,
S: l w aT1~ .
WIl
C () 11 S
of borrowing,
items that,
t
C'
I. I. a
t
i () n
Wn s iri k a
Wn wa r ap u ru
the
Given the present state of
it is not possible to estimate
likelihood of the reconstruction of a
lexical
item in a given language as a component of the
t a r'
Wp wa rapuru
In the data
rather the most obvious lexical simi­
There are, however,
Wn sa p a . ' .Q :1 V ;IIl11 : i1,'
relationship .
and Carib languages should be ascribed to a genetic
./
k (" 1 1«.'
\-111
'di s h'
' sa 1 t '; Wn
long
Guarani
white man' . 'mach e t e '
not even for a
pi and Wayana)
Wn kurup a r <1 . f or makin g b o ws '
Wp p iro t o ' l ea d shot'
Wp saa
this possibility into account,
~ 'bow ' .
Wp pa r api,
taken
result
n I,, · y ' ;
f' 1 {) " r •
'bo w , wood
Swadesh
1968) have not
(phylum)
I
larities between such languages appear to be the
Wn k a1i'u r u. i () ( 1 -
1952,
1960, Loukotka
relationship;
Wn marla. Wp ma ria 'k n ife'
Wn o ror i
Hp orori ' a li z ard'
Wp paira
' s m<11.I.').
Wn k u t o . ' g un
1926, Rivet and Loukotka
1924,
~
./
Wn k a paru. t oa d'
Rivet
(e. g.
,!
sented, not every set of similarities between Tupi
'g, ;] nci c: hild';
Wp k a p a ru
the general classifications of
Indi a n languages
Greenberg
range
in Wa ya pi
[r o m wa y.3'n;]
Bo rrowin g s
L I ST C.3:
!
TUp~ and Carib was c onjectured at least as early as
Wn LG waru£.
'pil o t
I
Although a possible genetic relationship between
LG a d j'ra
Wn k a rana
\oIn yakuman-a
I
I
COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS
:lpukuil ~
1.(;
';p~kllit<l,
Wp,
'macaw '
'mi r r a , '
393
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
Aryon D. Rodrigues
'coc o a-tr ee '.
Proto-Carib lexicon.
(Pemong)
pepoko
For instance,
'to take off the
analyzed as containing ko
in Taulipang
feathers'
'to pull away'
may be
and a mor-
i
1
394
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
Aryan D. Rodrigues
/
P 11(" me
pep 0,
at
t
0s
t (' d
t 0
()
n I yin
t his w 0 r d n n d
which we may provide
the meaning' feather'
though
for
the
free
form
(yap~ri).
ther word
giee and grammars of the Tupi and Carib
for
such as:
even
with
the same meaning is ano­
The abstract morpheme pepo is
~
(a)
three high vowels and three non-high vowels
u e a 0);
(b) postpositions,
ses,
both meaning
person markers
well as
feather'
to Mawe' pepo
(no.
'wing
Juru'na
Kariti~na pap~
'arrow feather',
.
reconstructlon
o.f
I ac k
29 of List II) as
peo-
all
0
£_~P.~~.~
f
h a v in g
and
leading to the
', o.
Proto-Tupl/*pep
any e v ide nee
'wing'
However,
in the noun and
flections being suffixal;
object markers are
cog nat e sin
nantlyergative.
Thus until we
have increased knowledge of a greater number of Ca­
loanword cannot he discarded.
a common
A will
This
When
several
group the case
3,
4
2 I
91.93,96,
these
/
in the Tupi and
is of course stronger,
25,
100,
26,
108,
33,
34,
119.
46,
It
instances could be due
single l"nguag0s,
than one
langua­
fami.ly
for
n
subgroup in the Carib
59,
in the Carih
as
72,
in sets
88,
I,
90,
is unlikely that
to borrowing between
e ., c:h of them involves more
/
the Tupi
stock and more
family.
than one
Additionally,
only
119 is culture/environment-bound.
To these lexical correspondences we could add
some
the same;
(e) clear
should be noted that
1st per­
some of the words
(or
J~ languages,
giing
J~,
(J~)
Taking Kain­
besides Tupi and Carib.
and Bor&ro as
representatives of Macro-
we can exemplify this with,
could be derived
for
from a common
among others the
set no.
w
form *u9
21, which
'father',
Kaing~ng has y09 and Bororo has ogwa, both with the
the compared words are attested to in
languages both
It
following correspondences:
should of course also hold
for our growing knowledge of the Tupi
ges.
set
a good part of List
/
true
2,
for
hypothesis of
t. h!'
be strengthened by greater knowledge of the
Carib languages.
in general
wider net of relations which encompasses the Macro-
likely th.1t
d es~ent
possessor markers and
morphemes) appearing in List A seem to belong to a
the possibility of pepoko being a
/. ,
. b
Tupi-Carl
in­
(f) verb morphology and syntax are predomi­
is conveyed
i.s
(d)
other
as well as of inclusive and exclusive
its meaning
Neverthel ess
the verb,
prefixal
son,
son;
languages,
(c)
distinction of reflexive and non-reflexive 3rd per­
we
langu .1 g('s ., nd we do not ('ven know how
rib
(i
genitive-noun phra­
and basically verb-final clauses;
ot.her Carih
in them.
languages,
a typical six-vowel vocalic system
very similar to Tupinamb' pepo and Tuparf pep'o,
'wing,
395
identical structural features of the phonolo-
same meaning;
and
for
set no.
w
ly could stem from "'Ol}
(homonymous with
69, which analogous-
'to wrap',
,/
Bororo has ogwa
the preceding word)
'to conceal'.
w
after a back vo­
These two reconstructions have *9
w
could be reconstruc­
aft e r a front vowel *1)
wel
ted on the same basis of Tb -f;= Catib -m in
w
'to (re)turn' ( set no.
106)
This is c om-
"'were?
parable to Bor6ro kirimi
a 1 so
'to return'
.;"
" ' ' ' ' ' to
to Kalngang
Wlrln
turn ,
reflex of *w note also *woro
113 and Bor&ro korao
'parrot'
( for
'parrot'
and,
and perhaps
,/
Bororo
k as a
for set no.
in cases where
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
Aryan D. Rodrigues
396
Ca rib
is not
Proto-Tup{ "'wor
involved,
, b~rd
. neck , :
Bor&ro ko 'neck' korora
*wab
/
'to split'
se t
a nd Bororo kwa,
no.
and
/.
'split').
ka
108 a pos s ible proto-form is *k'e
to do',
g 0 us 1 y po stu 1 ;1
f or
'to say,
the
pr o I.
t (' d
110. wi l' h thC' :1nl1­
no.
1'<1"1'
0-
f or m * k ' u
" l ()
have both Kaing'ng an d Bor~ro with ko
e';] t "
also question other aspects of it.
No evidence has
so far been found of regular phonological corres­
For
which corresponds to Kaing{ng k e with
:'1:1ml" mprlning; :1nd
1. 0
'neck'
Proto-Tup~
397
pondences between Pano or Pano-Tak'na and eitherJ~
If an y genetic relationship would in the
or Carib.
future be discovered between them,
ly be more rem o te thiln the possible relationship
between J~ and Carib,
we
as we ll as the possible rela­
tionship between Carib (a nd J~)
't o eat'
it would probab­
/
and Tupi.
In other
/
Se t
·JS
47,
no.
f or which * p'or
f:Jr
'fu!.l'
ill th E'
proto-form *por
pond to Tb pe
Tb pir
sa me way :1S Se't no.
p~
'b ark '
'bark'
28),
( set no.
both meanin g 'hark,
relations.
Comp are
(J~
fami ly) a - ,
e -,
Ka raj' a ,
xive
K
Pano-Carib as such.
but
corres­
rather to
Karaj~ taku-
for no .
P (>;;"
., n cI
4
K .1 r
:I
i :-;
'j
Kail1r,~llg l i
Shavante ti-,
no .
'3rd p ers on reflexive'
'1st p e r so n plur,l
A possible gl"netic
the Macro-J~
placed within another of the three major divisions
conceived of for South America--Macro-Chibchan,
and J~-Pano -C arib.
As a SUPP?­
torial, Tu p
3 Shava nte 1'-,
Kipe~
ref 1 e ­
for n o .
d-,
1
would be related more closely to Ara­
wak than to either Carib or J~.
Just the opposite
relationship is emerging from comparative work.
di-,
5 Kipe~
inclusive'.
Greenberg has himself remarked that "the greatest
uncerta i nty exists in the Cil s e of the two new vast
groupings in South Ameri ca , Andean-Equatorial and
Ge-Pano-Carib"
( 1960:791) , and emphasizes that his
doubt pertains "to the correctness of these two
as se mblages of languages as valid genetic grou­
rc!.ationship of Carib with
languages s hould n o t
because Tupl then would be
to this net of 'Jr d person n o n re­
/
Greenberg's h y pothesis,
fit well within
sed member of the Equa to rial branch of Andean-Equa­
r cI p C' r son non
Bororo tu-,
the grouping of Tu p1 with
Carib (and Macro-J~) does not
Andean-Equatorial,
Bor~ro a-, Kipe~ (Karir1 family)
for
But
(especially .
/
'"
a,
Shavante
2 Kalngang
'2nd p erso n'
for no.
fl e xive',
k-,
96 with a
'to
for
a valid g enetic grouping than J~­
ly candidates
ski n'. 2-5 in List A) : a lso belon g s
words, Tupi and Carib (and Macro-Je) are more like­
to Katngang
does no t
The' whol e set o f p e r so n marker s
II " r ~) r 0
/
'skin', whi c h is matched by Kaing'ng i ' r and
Bor6ro biri,
nos.
.
't o jump' evokes Ka ing~n g ~or
Perhaps W
be thrown' .
is po st ulated to co rre s p o n d
a ppears
a proto-form,
'full'
appear surprising
ping s "
(1960: 792).
Indeed,
the evidence being ga­
thered, where phonologically controlled comparative
since Greenberg ( 1960) has a lread y pr o posed a h y p o ­
work ma y be attempted,
thetical J~-P a n o-Car ib p hy lum .
genetic group encompassing Ca rib and Macro-J~ as
But a lth o u g h th e
data above seem to substantiate some aspects of
Greenberg's h y pothesis
(ev id e nce of Carib-J~),
s uggests the likelihood of a
well as Tupf.
they
,. :
398
Aryan D. Rodrigues
i
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
NOTES
I.
After writing
this paper I
read Marshall Dur­
bin's "A Survey of the Carib Language Family"
(Durbin
which
1977,
repr i nted in
this v o lume),
the Carib languages are divided
t h f' r n Car i h
<l
n d S'0
IJ
the r n en rib,
hilt wit h
0
note:
flees)
or Nahukw~,
see also
this paper,
,/
J) :)"
W" Y " '" " r (,
weichung des
h
I cl
(>
I
f4
(l
g "r
"'
n (' r
which
fernen Osten:
3. Although
1961:112, Durbin 1977:27,31),
"Nous
fixol1s
nish),
and C--6
With one
'coconut', which Tatevin's
from Spa­
the other more than 40 correspondences
found by Hoff should fall
I b e lieve
fait,
categories of Lists A,
qu'il y a
,
in some of the three
B, and C, as well as
in a
not excluding a further possibility of words
from a third Amazonian language entering Carib
fois
et au Tupi ou ~
l'Arroua g ue primitif et qui cependant ne sont
/
B,
2 in List C.
ceived it, directly or indirectly,
(e.g.
plu s ieur s mots qui s e mblent appartenir a 1 a
pas des onomatopees.
17 in List B,
25 items of
fourth one of Carib loanwords in Lingua Geral,
l'nttcnti o n sur ce
a la lan gu e cara~b~ primitive,
1968),
LG surely took from Portuguese, while Carib re­
thi s lan g lJage is Ca rib .
LI •
list appear in our Lists A,
exception (koko/koxko
im
Trio, Galibi und anderen."
in doubt by some authors
Hoff's
Nijhoff,
a <linleet of Llngua Gersl.
in List A,
the Carib affiliation of Pimenteira
has been cast
Tovar
ihren nahen Verwandten
fR
Hoff's
Bindeglied zwischen dem [si c ]
Yapur~-Kariben und
I received a copy of B.J.
lexical cnrre~[lnndences hR~ed on Tatevin's Tupf,
Er ­
inlautenden und meistens auch an­
fehlende
indicative of its belonging to
(pp.
13-14) on borrowings
,­
between Ca rib and Tupi and gives a list of 69
lautenden p in h mit anderen Mer~malen das bis
jet ~ t
Bakairi
in which he comments
rcchnen
!i ('
as
The Carib Language (The Hague:
gehort zu der Karibengruppe Nord- und
7.U
In this
List A (for instance, the word for 'beans', no.
116 of List A).
After I wrote the last draft of
Nordostguayanas, wozu auch die Hian~koto und
!'lind.
to decide for
South Amazonian Carib languages, e.g.
I can
Koch-Grunber g (1928:258) on Wayumara:
Verwandtf' Ol',s oh"r"n Y.1[lllrh-l,.1qllcth
is difficult
given set hetween List A and List B.
study we took the presence of a word also in the
volume].
Cf .
1909:1-2).
In some instances it
a
dis c ussion hy Migliazza and Davis in this
2. Nous nous contentons pour Ie
5.
Durbin's classifi­
include here [editors'
core qu'un e seule?
nIy
cation deserves greater consideration than
possibly
familIes n'en faisaient en­
(de Goeje
partial coincidenc e with my guess on North and
South Amazonian languages.
d'une ~poque o ...u c es
moment de mettre en ~vidence ces concordances"
in
into Nor­
399
Seraient-ce des restes
and LG independently (see note
6.
10).
Theories about prehistoric migrations of Tupf­
/
Guarani speaking peoples as well as about Carib
speaking ones must take
into consideration lo.n­
'.
Aryan D. Rodrigues
100
Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships
words such as those
in List B as
important
dicators of possible moments of contact.
significant that most words
/
/
regularly mono- and disyllabic)
rlS
.-;
Other LG words which are
Amazonian Carib
It
the loan:
for having
field
to conclude that Coud­
in both seman­
some words
it
"
ges within thC'Lr more
"
/.
Kamayura and Awetl.
immediate
from
Some
i.e., LG > Carib or Carib> LG.
=
Gl mokaya Acrocomia /
LG murumuru ~ Gl murumuru Astrocaryum muru­
,­
muru, LG wasai = Gl, Wn uasei Euterpe oleracea,
.... /
LG k US1U
=
rapana
Gl kal~pana
'mosquito').
re<Jch,
The Bakairi word
8
1952-1953.
Vocabuliirio na lingua bra-
langua­
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~,
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I
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/,'
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Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendaju
http://biblio.etnolinguistica.org
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