Outdoor Lighting to

CAZEO Meeting
June 3, 2015
Developments
in Recommended
Practices for
Outdoor Lighting
Developments in Outdoor Lighting
Recommended Practices
Documents from the Illuminating
Engineering Society (IES.ORG)
IES Website $60
IES – No Charge
IES Website $60
(Coming Soon)
Outdoor Lighting Issues and Solutions
Shielding/Glare
Controlling Light Trespass and Sky Glow
Brightness
Controlling Light (Lumen) Levels
Correlated Color Temperature - (LED)
Limiting CCT to 2,700K (warm white)
Energy Efficiency
Mandating the Use of Dimmers and Timing
devices for new LED Lighting systems
Streetlights
System Controls – Warranting Standards
Outdoor Lighting Problems – an Overview
Sky Glow
Direct and reflected rays diagram
Air molecules
Reflected
Aerosols
Radiated.
Skyglow is caused by the downward scattering of upward light by air molecules and also
aerosols, mostly water droplets and dust. The longer the path length through the lowest part of
the atmosphere, the more the scattering. Light that goes straight up is mostly reflected, and has
shorter paths through the lower scattering layers. The low angle light is mostly directly radiated,
and it is this that causes most of the sky glow well away from the source.
Sky Glow Effects
Light Trespass
The use of unshielded light fixtures
which cause light and glare to
cross the property line.
Poor Light Trespass Controls
cause glare, trespass and wasted light
Well Designed Light Controls
Direct light to where its needed.
Notice the darkness near the edge of the lighted area
The more light, the better? How much light is really needed?
Well designed shielded lighting – much less light
trespass & glare – more visually attractive
Unshielded, poorly
aimed lighting
causes light
pollution and
trespass
Fully shielded (full cutoff)
lighting system with
quality optics produces
less glare and light
trespass with more
attractive appearance
Sports Field Lighting
Unshielded and shielded lighting in the Same Park
Sports Field Lighting Levels
IESNA Field classification for lighting is based
exclusively on the number of PAID spectators
Recreational fields with seating for less than 500
spectators are CLASS IV fields
Class III fields require 40% to 50% more light
ALL light in excess of Class IV is there to help
PAID spectators better see action from a
distance.
Almost all recreational municipal fields should be
CLASS IV if lighting is installed.
CLASS III versus CLASS IV Lighting Levels
Electric Lighting at Night and
Risk of Breast Cancer
Nature, October 31,
2002, NEWS item
by Susan Brink
October 16, 2000
February, 2003
“Blinded by the Light”
(Canadian Edition)
by Janet Raloff
October 17, 1998
May, 2001, page 86:
“People should get a dark
night’s sleep”
Breast Cancer Incidence Per
100,000 women/year (age-adjusted)
U.S. &
W. Europe
{
Eastern Europe
Japan (Today)
Africa
Japan, 1950s
China
0
50
From the IARC, Lyon: Parkin, DM, et al. CA Cancer J Clin, 49:33-64, 1999
100
AMA Policy Adopted 2009
• RESOLVED That our AMA advocate that all future
outdoor lighting be of energy efficient designs to
reduce waste of energy and production of
greenhouse gasses that result from this wasted
energy use, and be it further
• RESOLVED That our AMA develop and enact a
policy that supports light pollution reduction
efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the
national and state levels; and be it further
• RESOLVED That our AMA support that all future
streetlights will be of a fully shielded design or
similar non-glare design to improve the safety of
our roadways for all, but especially vision
impaired and older drivers.
$2 Billion
In Wasted Energy!
Energy Consumed by End User
Outdoor Lighting = 6%
Energy Waste
Generation of one KWh of electricity creates 1.34
pounds of carbon dioxide waste (CO2).
Lighting the sky with wasted uplight creates 14.7
million tons of CO2 annually.
Coal needed to generate the wasted light would
be about 3.6 million tons of per year.
Adverse Environmental Effects
from Light at Night
Light Pollution and Wildlife
Wildlife concerns due to obtrusive light include:
Habitat Disturbance
Wildlife Behavior
Wildlife Survival
A Few Examples:
• Artificial Light Contributes to an
Estimated 100,000,000 Bird Deaths
Annually in USA
• Artificial Light Contributes to Thousands
of Sea Turtle Deaths Annually
Turn Out The Lights
Chicago Lights Out
Before 11PM
After 11PM
A voluntary Audubon program that saves
over 10,000 birds each year
New York state to dim lights to
save migrating birds
April 28, 2015
Migratory birds are thought to be confused by constellations
of city lights, causing them to fatally crash
Attraction/Repulsion
For frogs, a quick
increase in illumination
causes a reduction in
visual capability from
which the recovery time
may be minutes to hours
After becoming adjusted
to a light, frogs may be
attracted to it as well
Communication
• Female glow-worms attract males up to
45 m away with bioluminescent flashes;
the presence of artificial lighting reduces
the visibility of these communications.
• The complex visual communication
system of fireflies could be impaired by
stray light
Community Ecology
• Competition for times for foraging
• Increased Predatory Risk
• Ecosystem effects – long term changes
in the balance
Partial Fix for Reducing Light
Pollution: Require Shielded Fixtures
Shielded “Porch Lights”:
bulbs do not extend below shield
Connecticut Regulation of
Outdoor Lighting
• Public Act 01-134 Shields New Streetlights
• Public Act 03-210 Shields Utility Floodlights
• Public Act 06-86 Shields State-Owned Lighting
• 2004 Amendment to IECC added to the State
Building Code requires shielded fixtures
• 2008 DPUC Requirement for CL&P to Establish
Rates for Streetlights with Midnight Shutoff
Connecticut Building
Code Amendment
805.6.1 Light pollution controls.
When the power for exterior lighting
is supplied through the energy
service to the building, luminaires
used for exterior lighting shall be
full cutoff luminaires.
New IES RP-33-14
June, 2011
MLO Identifies the Types of
• Outdoor Lighting to
• Regulate
• Exempt
• Allow for Exception
• Which Lighting Applications To Cover
•
•
•
•
•
Single Family Dwellings?
MultiFamily Dwellings?
Commercial – Private Property?
Municipal – Public Property
Lighting within the Public Right-of-Way?
Both MLO and RP-33 Use
5 Lighting Zones
(zone has
determined
by the amount
• LZ-0
no ambient
lightof Ambient Light)
• Nature preserves,
• 2 acre single family residential
• LZ-1 has low ambient light
• All other single family residential
• Single stand alone small business
• LZ-2 has moderate (some) ambient light
• Concentrated commercial downtown strip
• Parking lot for malls or large apartment complex
Lighting Zones Continued
• LZ-3 has moderately high ambient light
• Concentrated commercial district
• Major City urban core business district
• Applies mostly to street front settings
• LZ-4 has extremely high ambient light
• Rare – Times Square, Las Vegas Strip
Moderately High and Extremely High
Ambient Light are usually limited to
areas tangent to the street and
sidewalk – where ambient light
exists.
Lighting Zones now widely used
•
•
•
•
•
•
by National Code Developers
Illuminating Engineering Society
California Title 24 Energy Code
National League of Cities – Sustainable Cities
US Green Building Council
US Dept of Energy Programs
International Energy Conservation Code
• IECC Lighting Zone specifications are part of
Connecticut’s State Building Code
Example of Lighting Zones, taken from RP-33
Lighting For The Exterior Environments
Lighting’s Off-Site Impacts Use of Shielding/Glare Control
Set Requirements for Fully Shielded Lighting Fixtures
for all new commercial applications
• By Special Permit, exception for decorative post
top parking lot and street lighting fixtures
Adopt BUG Rating Limits from the MLO
* Backlight, Uplight and Glare
* BUG Allowances vary by Lighting Zone
Set Lighting Curfews in Business districts
* 1 hour after closing, exterior lights are turned
off (or programmed to dim to 30%) – Motion
activation if necessary.
Uplight =
above
90°
Glare
BVH and
BH Above
60º
Back Light
Forward Light
Glare
FVH &
FH Above
60º
Model Lighting Ordinance BUG Rating
TABLE C-1
Lighting Zone
Allowed Backlight Rating
0
1
2
3
4
Greater than 2 mounting
Heights from the property line
B4 B4 B4 B4 B4
1 to less than 2 mounting
heights from the property line
and properly oriented
B1 B2 B3 B4 B4
0.5 to less than 1 mounting
heights from the property line
and properly oriented
B0 B1 B2 B3 B3
Less than 0.5 mounting
heights from the property line
and properly oriented
B0 B0 B0 B1 B2
TABLE C-2
Lighting Zone
Allowed Uplight Rating
0
1
2
3
4
Allowed Uplight Rating
For street or area lighting
U0 U0 U0 U0 U0
Allowed Uplight Rating for
ornamental parking lighting
and luminaires not used
for street or area lighting
U0 U1 U2 U3 U4
TABLE C-3
Lighting Zone
Allowed Glare Rating
0
1
2
3
4
Any Luminaire not ideally
oriented with 1 to less than 2
mounting heights to any
property line of concern
G0 G0 G1 G1 G2
Any Luminaire not ideally
oriented with 0.5 to less than
1 mounting height to any
property line of concern
G0 G0 G0 G1 G1
Any Luminaire not ideally
oriented with less than 0.5
mounting height to any
property line of concern
G0 G0 G0 G0 G1
¹ If the luminaire is not optically symmetric and the nearest property line is
less than 2 mounting heights from the front hemisphere of the luminaire
distribution, the reduced glare rating must be met.
BUG Ratings now included as
part of Luminaire Manufacturer’s
Photometrics – easy to check
Excessive Lighting
Establish Maximum Lighting (Lumen) Levels
• Hardscape – Parking Lots, Outdoor Car Lots, Gas
Stations, Pathways
• Softscape – Trees, Shrubs, Plants
• Lumen Limits provide better control over lighting
levels than watts
• Use Model Lighting Ordinance Tables
• For existing lighting, set amortization period after
which compliance requirements apply
Table A – Allowed Total Initial
Luminaire Lumens per site for
Non residential outdoor parking
From The Model
Lighting Ordinance –
Setting Level
Of Allowed Lumens
LZ0 LZ1 LZ2 LZ3 LZ4
350
490
630
840 1,050
Parking Lot, Lumens Per Space
Apply if 10 spaces or less
Examples of some Other Hardscape Lumen Limits
Lumens / SF
Basic Allowance
LZ0 LZ1 LZ2 LZ3 LZ4
0.5
1.25
2.5
5
7.5
Additional Allowances – Use it or Loose it – Lumens per
square foot
Outdoor Sales
0
4
8
16
16
Drive Up Window
0
0
1000
1500
2000
Controlling Color Temperature - (LED)
Limit maximum color temperature to 2,700K
(warm white)
2,700K – Warmer – more inviting
5,000K and above – more bluish – colder –
creates more light pollution
“LED Streetlights in Brooklyn Are Saving
Energy but Exhausting Residents”
New York Times article headline from March 23, 2015
WHY…?
Excessive Brightness and
High Color Temperature
(more bluish)
Maximize Energy Efficiency &
Minimize Costs
Dimmers and Network Devices with new LED
lighting systems reduce energy use
Curfews for Lights Out – or reduced to 30% of full
capacity - after the close of business
Motion activation for commercial interior lighting after
business hours
LED lighting systems for new and replacement lighting.
Dimming a little from full capacity extends life of the
system. Purchase system with a slightly higher light
output than is required, then dim down to the light level
needed for the project.
A Process for Converting to Municipal LED Lighting
Efficiency Vermont
Developed this16 page
Step-by-Step Guide
(online)
Simply Google:
“Improving Efficiency in
Municipal Street and Public
Space Lighting”
Revised April 1, 2011
Efficiency Vermont Guide Streetlight Assessment
• Step 1 – Form a Streetlight Assessment Team
• 5 to 7 members
• Diverse range of skills (public safety, energy,
finance, administration, writing skills,
organization skills)
• Step 2 - Conduct a Needs Assessment
• Step 3 – Conduct a Streetlight Inventory
• Step 4 – Determine Ownership – Town or Utility?
• Step 5 – Identify Unnecessary Lights for Elimination
•
•
•
•
•
•
Step 6 – Consider LED Replacements
Step 7 – Determine Controls for New LEDs
Step 8 – Prepare a Project Scope & Final Budget
Step 9 – Build Support
Step 10 – Secure Funding
Step 11 – Implement Project
Example of Streetlight Warranting
Town of Hartford Vermont – Transportation Ordinance
§75-37 Street Lights
General Criteria: In general, street lights:
1. Will be located at intersections of Town highways with
Rural Principal Arterials and Rural Minor Arterials;
2. Will be located at all intersections of Town highways
with Rural Major Collectors;
3. May be installed at private drives with more than ten
homes located on it;
4. May be considered at intersections within residential
developments that tie directly into Rural Major Collectors, if
requested in writing to the Town Manager or designee,
outlined below;
5. May be located where it is determined that sufficient
hazards exist to vehicular or pedestrian traffic due to
permanent roadway structures such as bridges or roadway
geometry, and where reflectorized warnings are inadequate;
and
6. May be located at entrances to Town facilities that
have night time operations.
Connecticut Streetlight
Opportunities
• CL&PCurfew
has lower rate
for midnight streetlight
service
• Towns can select which streetlights need to
operate dusk to dawn, and which ones can
turn off at midnight.
• Implement changes to coincide with regularly
scheduled streetlight maintenance service to
minimize charges for change.
Final Approval by
IES Board Due
June 15, 2015
Online order
Availability expected
Mid July
Hardcopy expected
Mid-August
DG-21 Key Recommendations
• When Street Lighting May Not Be Needed
• If travel speed is 25MPH or less
• Non-Compliant Pole Spacing
• Reductions in the lighting levels stated in this
Design Guide and ANSI/IES RP-8, or meeting
some of the criteria and not others, will not
result in "slightly less" visibility. Simply put,
providing half the criteria will not result in half
of the benefit. In fact reductions in uniformity
or increases in the allowed veiling luminance
ratio may produce results that are more
detrimental to minimum visibility than not
providing any lighting.
Maximum Uniformity Ratio for Street Lighting
Measurement of the Brightest area (directly below the
Streetlight) compared with the darkest area (between
two streetlights)
Max. Acceptable Uniformity Ratio for Local Streets: 10 to 1
(According to IES Roadway recommended practices)
Excellent Uniformity
Poor Uniformity
Typical electric utility pole spacing is determined by
wire weight distribution factors. Poles are often
too far apart to meet recommended maximum
Illumination ratio for streetlight – thus: Light-Dark
From DG-21: “In fact reductions in
uniformity or increases in the allowed veiling
luminance ratio may produce results that are
more detrimental to minimum visibility than
not providing any lighting.” Design Guide for
Residential Street Lighting
Other topics covered by DG-21
•Light Sources (LED, HID)
•Energy Management
•Maintenance
•Adaptive Lighting – changes to light levels
LED Street Lighting Network Examples
5 Key Considerations for Replacing older
HID Streetlights with LEDs
• 1) Specify the maximum CCT at preferably 2,700
K – no more than 3,000K
• 2) Choose a luminaire with a light output that
will be about 30% greater than what is needed –
then using a dimmable lighting system, dim the
streetlights down 30%. This dimming will
considerably extend the life of the streetlight
over having the streetlight operating at 100%
output – thus reducing maintenance costs.
• 3) Consider a LED lighting system that can be
programmed to selectively reduce or even turn off
lights during hours of little need – perhaps after
midnight.
• 4) Consider setting up a 5 to 7 person committee,
representing different areas of concern regarding
streetlights.
• Then establish a warranting criteria for streetlight
placement.
• Then inventory every streetlight in town to determine
whether or not the streetlight meets one or more of the
warranting conditions.
• Remove any existing streetlight from the system that fails
to meet at least one of the warranting criteria.
• 5) Review each streetlight lighting level and
consider reducing levels where considered
appropriate – where existing lighting level might
be excessive.
Reference Material
• Model Lighting Ordinance with User Guide
• DG-21 Design Guide for Residential Street
Lighting
• RP-33 Recommended Practices for Lighting for
the Exterior Environment
• RP-8 Roadway Lighting
Illuminating Engineering Society
www.ies.org/store
• Efficiency Vermont
Google:
“Improving Efficiency in Municipal
Street and Public Space Lighting”
• Municipal Solid State Streetlight Consortium
http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/solidstate-lighting
Lighting Issues on Health and the Environment
International Dark Sky Association
www.darksky.org
Leo Smith –
leo@smith.net
Thank you!