radni materijal
Transcription
radni materijal
Okrugli sto IZVJEŠTAJ O KONKURENTNOSTI 2015 - 2016: REFLEKSIJE NA REFORMSKU AGENDU radni materijal Sarajevo, januar 2016. SADRŽAJ 1. Part one 1.1. Profil Bosne i Hercegovine 1.2. Measuring competitiveness: Reaching Beyond the New Normal: Findings from the Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016 1.3. Methodology and Computation of the Global Competitiveness Index 2015-2016 1.4. Bosnia and Herzegovina – profile 1.5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 Rankings 2. Part two 2.1. Reformska agenda za Bosnu i Hercegovinu za period 2015 – 2018. godine 3. Part three 3.1. Okvir za partnerstvo sa zemljom za Bosnu i Hercegovinu za period od fiskalne godine 2016. do fiskalne godine 2020. 3.2. Vraćanje Bosne i Hercegovine u ravnotežu - sistematska dijagnostika za zemlju PART ONE BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA KLJUČNI POKAZATELJI, 2014. Ukupna populacija (milioni), 2014. GDP (US$ milijarde), 2014. GDP (tekuće cijene) per capita (US$), 2014. GDP (PPP) kao dio (%) od svjetskog, 2014. 3.9 18.0 4,644 0.04 INDEKS GLOBALNE KOMPETITIVNOSTI (GCI) Rang (od 140) 111 n/a 87 88 Rezultat (1-7) 3.7 n/a 4.0 3.9 Bazni zahtjevi (40.0%) 1. stub: Institucije 2. stub: Infrastruktura 3. stub: Makroekonomsko okruženje 4. stub: Zdravstvo i osnovno obrazovanje 95 127 103 98 48 4.2 3.2 3.1 4.3 6.0 Pojačivači efikasnosti (50.0%) 5. stub: Visoko obrazovanje i trening 6. stub: Efikasnost tržišta roba 7. stub: Efikasnost tržišta rada 8. stub: Razvoj finansijskog tržišta 9. stub: Tehnološka spremnost 10. stub: Veličina tržišta 112 97 129 131 113 79 97 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.1 Faktori inovativnosti i sofisticiranosti (10.0%) 11. stub: Sofisticiranost poslovanja 12. stub: Inovativnost 120 125 115 3.0 3.3 2.8 GCI 2015 – 2016 GCI 2014 – 2015 (od 144) GCI 2013 – 2014 (od 148) GCI 2012 – 2013 (od 144) NAJPROBLEMATIČNIJI FAKTORI ZA POSLOVANJE Neefikasna vladina birokratija Korupcija Porezne stope Nestabilnost politika Nestabilnost vlade/korupcija Kompleksnost porezne regulative Pristup finansiranju Neadekvatna infrastruktura Kriminal i krađe Neadekvatno obrazovana radna snaga Slaba radna etika domaće radne snage Restriktivne regulative vezane za rad Inflacija Nedostatan kapacitet za inoviranje Loše javno zdravstvo Regulative vezane za strane valute Rezultat 17.1 12.0 11.2 10.1 9.1 7.5 7.0 5.2 5.1 4.2 3.8 3.0 1.7 1.6 1.0 0.4 NIVO RAZVOJA DETALJNI INDEKS GLOBALNE KOMPETITIVNOSTI (GCI) Indikator 1. stub: Institucije 1.01 Vlasnička prava 1.02 Zaštita intelektualnog vlasništva 1.03 Raspodjela javnih fondova 1.04 Povjerenje javnosti u političare 1.05 Neregularna plaćanja i podmićivanje 1.06 Nezavisnost sudstva 1.07 Favoriziranje u odlučivanju vladinih zvaničnika 1.08 Rasipništvo u vladinim troškovima 1.09 Teret vladine regulative 1.10 Efikasnost zakonodavnog okvira pri provođenju rasprava 1.11 Efikasnost zakonodavnog okvira u sporovima s državom 1.12 Transparentnost vlade u donošenju politika 1.13 Poslovna cijena terorizma 1.14 Poslovna cijena kriminala i nasilja 1.15 Organizovani kriminal 1.16 Pouzdanost policijskih usluga 1.17 Etičko ponašanje firmi 1.18 Snaga revizijskih standarda i standarda izvještavanja 1.19 Efikasnost upravnih odbora firmi 1.20 Zaštita interesa manjinskih dioničara 1.21 Stepen zaštite investitora (1-10) 2. stub: Infrastruktura 2.01 Kvalitet ukupne infrastrukture 2.02 Kvalitet puteva 2.03 Kvalitet željezničke infrastrukture 2.04 Kvalitet infrastrukture luka 2.05 Kvalitet infrastrukture zračnog transporta 2.06 Raspoloživost avionskih mjesta sedmično, milioni 2.07 Kvalitet isporuke električne energije 2.08 Broj korisnika mobilne telefonije/100 stanovnika 2.09 Broj linija fiksne telefonije/100 stanovnika 3. stub: Makroekonomsko okruženje 3.01 Bilans vladinog budžeta, % GDP 3.02 Nacionalna stopa štednje, % GDP 3.03 Inflacija, godišnji % promjene 3.04 Vladin dug, % GDP 3.05 Kreditni rejting zemlje, 0 – 100 4. stub: Zdravstvo i osnovno obrazovanje 4.01 Prisustvo malarije/100,000 stanovnika 4.02 Uticaj malarije na biznis 4.03 Prisustvo tuberkuloze/100,000 stanovnika 4.04 Uticaj tuberkuloze na biznis 4.05 Širenje HIV-a, % odrasle populacije 4.06 Uticaj HIV/AIDS na biznis 4.07 Smrtnost novorođenčadi, na 1,000 živorođenih 4.08 Očekivani životni vijek, godine 4.09 Kvalitet osnovnog obrazovanja 4.10 Broj polaznika osnovnog obrazovanja, % 5. stub: Visoko obrazovanje i trening 5.01 Broj polaznika srednjoškolskog obrazovanja, % 5.02 Broj polaznika na univerzitetske ustanove 5.03 Kvalitet obrazovnog sistema 5.04 Kvalitet naobrazbe iz matematike i prirodnih nauka 5.05 Kvalitet škola za menadžment 5.06 Pristup internetu u školama 5.07 Dostupnost usluga specijalističkog obrazovanja 5.08 Opseg treninga zaposlenika 6. stub: Efikasnost tržišta roba 6.01 Intenzitet lokalne konkurencije 6.02 Stepen tržišne dominacije 6.03 Efektivnost anti-monopolske politike 6.04 Efekat oporezivanja na poticaj za ulaganje 6.05 Ukupna poreska stopa, % profita 1 Vrijednosti indikatora su od 1 – 7 ukoliko nije drugačije naglašeno pored naziva indikatora Vrijednost1 Rang/140 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.1 3.1 2.9 2.5 1.7 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 5.4 4.0 4.0 5.4 3.0 3.5 3.9 2.7 5.4 127 131 101 116 108 110 108 137 130 128 116 133 65 97 113 27 134 131 132 139 77 3.1 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.4 12.6 4.3 91.3 22.2 118 129 92 135 138 128 85 108 49 -3.0 11.1 -0.9 44.9 29.5 70 123 89 72 106 m.f. n/a 46.0 6.8 <0.1 6.9 5.7 76.3 3.7 98.4 n/a n/a 64 7 1 2 39 48 82 16 89.0 37.0 2.4 3.6 3.3 3.9 3.1 2.9 73 70 136 92 120 83 130 137 4.4 3.1 3.1 2.8 23.3 117 115 122 127 21 6.06 Broj procedura potrebnih za pokretanje biznisa 6.07 Broj dana za pokretanje biznisa 6.08 Troškovi poljoprivredne politike 6.09 Učestalost necarinskih barijera 6.10 Carinska stopa, % 6.11 Prisutnost stranog vlasništva 6.12 Uticaj biznisa na regulativu iz domena FDI-a 6.13 Teret carinskih procedura 6.14 Udio uvoza u GDP-u 6.15 Stepen brige za potrošače 6.16 Sofisticiranost kupaca 7. stub: Efikasnost tržišta rada 7.01 Saradnja u odnosima poslodavaca i uposlenika 7.02 Fleksibilnost određivanja nadnice 7.03 Praksa u zapošljavanju i otkazu 7.04 Troškovi otpuštanja 7.05 Efekat oporezivanja na poticaj za rad 7.06 Plate i produktivnost 7.07 Oslanjanje na profesionalni menadžment 7.08 Kapacitet zemlje da zadrži talente 7.09 Kapacitet zemlje da privuče talente 7.10 Učešće žena u ukupnoj radnoj snazi 8. stub: Razvoj finansijskog tržišta 8.01 Dostupnost finansijskih usluga 8.02 Prihvatljivost cijena finansijskih usluga 8.03 Finansiranje putem lokalnog tržišta kapitala 8.04 Mogućnost pristupu zajmovima 8.05 Dostupnost venture kapitala 8.06 Kredibilitet banaka 8.07 Regulacija razmjene vrijednosnih papira 8.08 Index prava, 0-12 9. stub: Tehnološka spremnost 9.01 Dostupnost najnovije tehnologije 9.02 Nivo prihvatanja tehnologije u firmama 9.03 FDI i transfer tehnologije 9.04 Internet korisnici, % 9.05 Fiksni širokopojasni internet korisnici/100 stanovnika 9.06 Internet propusnost, kb/s po korisniku 9.07 Mobilni širokopojasni internet korisnici/100 stanovnika 10. stub: Veličina tržišta 10.01 Veličina domaćeg tržišta, 1-7 10.02 Veličina stranog tržišta, 1-7 10.03 GDP (PPP$ milijarde) 10.04 Izvoz kao procenat GDP-a 11. stub: Poslovna sofisticiranost 11.01 Kvantitet lokalnih dobavljača 11.02 Kvalitet lokalnih dobavljača 11.03 Stanje razvoja klastera 11.04 Priroda komparativne prednosti 11.05 Širina lanca vrijednosti 11.06 Kontrola međunarodne distribucije 11.07 Sofisticiranost procesa proizvodnje 11.08 Obim marketinga 11.09 Spremnost delegiranja ovlasti u biznisu 12. stub: Inovativnost 12.01 Kapacitet za inovacije 12.02 Kvalitet naučno istraživačkih institucija 12.03 Trošenje kompanija na istraživanje i razvoj 12.04 Saradnja univerziteta i industrije u istraživanjima 12.05 Vladine nabavke naprednih tehnoloških proizvoda 12.06 Dostupnost naučnika i inženjera 12.07 Broj proizvedenih patenata, aplikacija (u PCT)/million stanovnika 11 37.0 2.9 4.2 4.9 3.3 3.3 3.3 64.1 4.1 2.1 123 123 128 88 67 127 128 112 35 107 139 3.5 5.1 3.1 9.2 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.0 1.8 0.63 133 62 122 28 133 132 135 136 137 109 3.8 3.7 2.5 2.0 2.3 3.8 3.1 7 106 106 122 125 106 122 124 24 4.2 4.4 3.3 60.8 14.1 43.0 27.8 103 83 135 56 55 60 93 2.9 3.9 38.1 42.7 95 98 98 58 4.1 3.9 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.6 99 96 122 116 123 124 126 134 86 3.0 3.1 2.5 4.3 2.4 3.1 2.4 134 106 124 35 138 125 55 CHAPTER 1.1 Reaching Beyond the New Normal: Findings from the Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 XAVIER SALA-I-MARTÍN Columbia University ROBERTO CROTTI ATTILIO DI BATTISTA MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ CAROLINE GALVAN THIERRY GEIGER GAËLLE MARTI World Economic Forum Seven years after the global financial crisis, the world economy is evolving against the background of the “new normal” of lower economic growth, lower productivity growth, and high unemployment. Although overall prospects remain positive, growth is expected to remain below the levels recorded in previous decades in most developed economies and in many emerging markets.1 Growth prospects could still be derailed by the uncertainty fueled by a slowdown in emerging markets, geopolitical tensions and conflicts around the world, as well as by the unfolding humanitarian crisis. At the same time, some positive developments—such as the rapid diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) giving rise to new business models and revolutionizing industries— bear great promise for a future wave of innovations that could drive longer-term growth. Geographical patterns of growth also continue to shift, with advanced economies gaining ground on emerging markets. In 2013 emerging markets grew almost four times as quickly as advanced economies (5 percent versus 1.3 percent); in 2015 they are projected to be growing less than twice as quickly (4.2 percent versus 2.1 percent).2 In particular, the United States is recovering, despite moves toward the normalization of monetary policy and the strengthening of the dollar. The country’s unemployment rate is at its lowest level since 2008.3 In Europe, more sluggish growth prospects are somewhat counterbalanced by lower energy prices and a weakened euro, though doubts remain about the future of the eurozone following the bailout of Greece. In Japan, monetary policy and a weaker yen are supporting growth, although it remains subdued. Among emerging markets, meanwhile, oil and commodity exporters need to adjust to lower commodity price levels. In China, the move toward a more sustainable, less investment-driven growth model is expected to result in more moderate growth (see Box 4). Rather than adjusting to this new normal, countries must step up their efforts to re-accelerate economic growth. There is evidence that, in addition to lower capital accumulation that results from reduced investments, productivity over the past decade has been stagnating and even declining, which could have contributed to the current situation. As a growing body of empirical literature shows, differences in productivity are the main determinants of cross-country prosperity levels.4 Increasing productivity therefore needs to be at the core of the policy agendas of governments and international organizations. This makes the World Economic Forum’s annual assessment of the drivers of productivity, the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), particularly relevant for policymakers seeking to identify priority areas for reforms. At the same time, it should be acknowledged that the economic crisis has led to growth and © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 3 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Box 1: The Inclusive Growth and Development Report Many countries are facing the consequences of widening inequality, which has become particularly acute since the global financial crisis—and evidence is growing that social inclusion and growth in GDP per capita go hand in hand. There has consequently been much discussion about the need to ensure that growth translates into broad-based improvements in living standards that touch all citizens rather than a fortunate few. Yet there is little practical guidance about how countries can achieve both growth and equity. To help fill this gap, the World Economic Forum recently released the inaugural Inclusive Growth and Development Report, which aims to identify countries’ structural and institutional features that influence the extent to which growth translates into broad-based progress in living standards. It presents a framework and a corresponding set of indicators in seven principal policy domains (pillars) and 15 subdomains (subpillars) (Figure 1). A broad spectrum of actions can foster inclusive growth. Figure 1: Inclusive Growth and Development Framework Pillar 1: Education and Skills Development Pillar 2: Employment and Labor Compensation Pillar 3: Asset Building and Entrepreneurship Pillar 4: Financial Intermediation of Real Economy Investment Pillar 5: Corruption and Rents Pillar 6: Basic Services and Infrastructure Pillar 7: Fiscal Transfers Access Productive Employment Small Business Ownership Financial System Inclusion Business and Political Ethics Basic and Digital Infrastructure Tax Code Quality Wage and Non-wage Labor Compensation Home and Financial Asset Ownership Intermediation of Business Investment Concentration of Rents Health-related Services and Infrastructure Social Protection Equity (Cont’d.) http://www.weforum.org/reports/inclusive-growth-and-development-report-2015 productivity being increasingly seen less as ultimate goals and more as contributors to a larger goal of broad-based rises in living standards. Developing and advanced economies alike are subscribing more and more to the notion of inclusive growth, and there is growing debate about the relationship between competitiveness and inclusiveness. The World Economic Forum’s first Inclusive Growth and Development Report, published in September 2015, further explores these issues and provides a first attempt at benchmarking the drivers of inclusive growth to complement our work on competitiveness (see Box 1). The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016, the 36th edition in the series, presents the results of the latest iteration of the GCI. This chapter distills the key messages, analyzes the main global and regional results and recent trends, and briefly discusses the competitiveness performance of selected economies. Chapter 1.2 introduces the planned updates to the GCI, which we expect will replace the current methodology in 4 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 the next edition of the Report. Chapter 1.3 describes the workings of the Executive Opinion Survey, the results of which feed into the GCI and other research by the Forum and various organizations. METHODOLOGY We define competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of an economy, which in turn sets the level of prosperity that the country can earn. Building on Klaus Schwab’s original idea from 1979, since 2005 the World Economic Forum has published the Global Competitiveness Index developed by Xavier Sala-i-Martín in collaboration with the Forum. Since an update in 2007, the methodology has remained largely unchanged. The GCI combines 114 indicators that capture concepts that matter for productivity. These indicators are grouped into 12 pillars (Figure 1): institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, health and primary education, higher education and training, © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Box 1: The Inclusive Growth and Development Report (cont’d.) Six of the seven pillars in the framework focus on how inclusive outcomes can be delivered by market activity rather than subsequent transfers, a factor that is captured by the seventh pillar. This reflects the fact that most households rely on income from wages, self-employment, or small business ownership; therefore it is necessary for an inclusive growth strategy to reinforce—or at least not undermine—incentives to work, save, and invest. Although there is a place for fiscal transfers to address inequality, the inclusiveness of a society’s growth should be measured primarily by the extent to which it produces broad gains in living standards before fiscal transfers are taken into account. The Inclusive Growth and Development Report presents a database of cross-country statistical indicators that inform comparative economy profiles—in effect, diagnostic scans of the institutional enabling environment as it relates to encouraging socially inclusive growth—in 112 economies. It does not provide a definitive set of policy recommendations, but rather aims to start a conversation about how individual economies could tailor their responses to their particular contexts. The assumption is that different approaches and policy mixes will be appropriate for different economies depending on their historical, cultural, and political-economy circumstances. Nonetheless, six overall conclusions emerge from the report: • First, all countries have room for improvement. There is considerable diversity in performance not only across but also within countries. No country scores above average for its peer group in all 15 subpillars, and only a few come close. • Second, it is possible to be pro-equity and pro-growth at the same time. This is demonstrated by the fact that several of the strongest performers in the Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) are also relatively inclusive. goods market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication, and innovation. These are in turn organized into three subindexes, in line with three main stages of development: basic requirements, efficiency enhancers, and innovation and sophistication factors. The three subindexes are given different weights in the calculation of the overall Index, depending on each economy’s stage of development, as proxied by its GDP per capita and the share of exports represented by raw materials. The GCI includes statistical data from internationally recognized agencies, notably the International Monetary Fund (IMF); the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; and the World Health Organization. It also includes data from the World Economic Forum’s annual Executive Opinion Survey to capture concepts that require a more qualitative assessment, or for which comprehensive and internationally comparable statistical data are not available. • Third, fiscal transfers can be helpful—but so can other policies. Many economies with high levels of tax and redistribution are highly competitive. However, greater use of the policy space in other areas could reduce the need for these levers. • Fourth, lower-income status is no bar to success. In many subpillars—such as Business and Political Ethics, Financial System Inclusion, and Educational Quality and Equity—some developing countries outperform others with much higher incomes. • Fifth, there are significant regional similarities. This suggests the strength of the role of shared culture, historical traditions, and political-economy reflexes in areas such as tax systems in Eastern Europe and educational inequity in Latin America. • Finally, the current debate on inequality needs to be widened. The debate now typically focuses on redistribution and the upskilling of labor, but these are only a minority of the policy options available to “structurally adjust” an economy for inclusive growth. Looking ahead, the Forum intends the framework and cross-country benchmarking data presented in The Inclusive Growth and Development Report to stimulate discussion not only about policy options in individual countries but also about the most meaningful ways to measure the enabling environment for inclusive growth and development. Research will continue to refine conceptual links as well as methodology, and will include investigating the relative significance of and relationships between the pillars, subpillars, and individual indicators. Last but not least, identifying appropriate data to measure the concepts of inclusion and equity remains a key concern. This year the Report covers 140 economies. In this edition, because of absence of data, we could not include Angola, Barbados, Burkina Faso, Libya, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Timor-Leste, or Yemen. However, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ecuador, and Liberia, which could not be included in the last edition, are reinstated this year. Altogether, the combined output of the economies covered in the GCI represents 98.3 percent of world GDP.5 The appendix contains a description of each pillar. It also presents a detailed structure of the GCI with all the indicators and explains how the Index is computed. THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX 2015–2016 This section presents the main findings of the GCI 2015– 2016, starting with an analysis of selected overarching topics and then drilling down into regions and selected countries. Tables 1–5 report the rankings for the overall GCI, the three subindexes, and their corresponding pillars. Detailed scorecards for all the economies in the sample are available in the data section of this Report.6 © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 5 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Figure 1: The Global Competitiveness Index framework GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX Basic requirements subindex Efficiency enhancers subindex Pillar 1. Institutions Pillar 1. Institutions Pillar 2. Infrastructure Pillar 2. Infrastructure Pillar 5. Higher education Pillar 5. Higher education and and training training Pillar 6. Goods market efficiency Pillar 6. Goods market efficiency Pillar 3. Macroeconomic Pillar 3. Macroeconomic environment environment Innovation and sophistication factors subindex Pillar 11. Business sophistication Pillar 11. Business sophistication Pillar 12. Innovation Pillar 12. Innovation Pillar 7. Labor market efficiency Pillar 7. Labor market efficiency Pillar 4. Health and primary Pillar 4. Health and primary education education Pillar Technological Pillar 8. 9.Financial marketreadiness development Pillar 8. Financial market developmentreadiness Pillar 9. Technological Pillar 10.10. Market sizesize Pillar Market Key for Key for Key for factor-driven efficiency-driven innovation-driven economies economies economies Note: See the appendix for the detailed structure of the GCI. Figure 2: Difference in total factor productivity growth between the 1995–2004 and 2005–14 decades Percentage points 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 –0.5 –1.0 –1.5 –2.0 World Emerging Markets and Developing Economies Russia, Central Asia and Southeast Europe Sub–Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa Latin America India China Japan Europe United States –2.5 Source: The Conference Board, Total Economy Database™ (May 2015). Notes: Estimated as a Törnqvist index, log change. See https://www.conference-board.org/ data/economydatabase/ for more information. 6 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 Not settling for the new normal The collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 triggered a crisis of historical proportions, sending the global economy into freefall. Governments around the world resorted to short-term solutions to stabilize the economy and stimulate growth—but growth remains subdued seven years on, beyond the typical duration of a business cycle. In 2015, global growth is projected at 3.3 percent, its lowest rate since 2009—the trough of the crisis—and one of the lowest since 2000.7 Unemployment, especially among youth, remains elevated. This suboptimal situation is often referred to as the new normal. Although many possible explanations for this situation have been advanced—including Lawrence Summers’ “secular stagnation” argument,8 the aging of populations in most advanced economies and some emerging countries, and declining capital investment— slowing productivity growth is undoubtedly part of the story, especially in emerging markets.9 In the last decade, productivity in most regions has grown more slowly than in the decade before (Figure 2). There is no general agreement on the factors driving the slowdown in productivity growth. However, commonly suggested explanations include: technological © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 rankings and 2014–2015 comparisons GCI 2015–2016 Country/Economy Switzerland Singapore United States Germany Netherlands Japan Hong Kong SAR Finland Sweden United Kingdom Norway Denmark Canada Qatar Taiwan, China New Zealand United Arab Emirates Malaysia Belgium Luxembourg Australia France Austria Ireland Saudi Arabia Korea, Rep. Israel China Iceland Estonia Czech Republic Thailand Spain Kuwait Chile Lithuania Indonesia Portugal Bahrain Azerbaijan Poland Kazakhstan Italy Latvia Russian Federation Mauritius Philippines Malta South Africa Panama Turkey Costa Rica Romania Bulgaria India Vietnam Mexico Rwanda Slovenia Macedonia, FYR Colombia Oman Hungary Jordan Cyprus Georgia Slovak Republic Sri Lanka Peru Montenegro GCI 2015–2016 Rank (out of 140) Score (1–7) Rank among 2014–2015 economies* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 5.76 5.68 5.61 5.53 5.50 5.47 5.46 5.45 5.43 5.43 5.41 5.33 5.31 5.30 5.28 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.20 5.20 5.15 5.13 5.12 5.11 5.07 4.99 4.98 4.89 4.83 4.74 4.69 4.64 4.59 4.59 4.58 4.55 4.52 4.52 4.52 4.50 4.49 4.49 4.46 4.45 4.44 4.43 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.38 4.37 4.33 4.32 4.32 4.31 4.30 4.29 4.29 4.28 4.28 4.28 4.25 4.25 4.23 4.23 4.22 4.22 4.21 4.21 4.20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 GCI 2014– 2015 rank (out of 144) 1 2 3 5 8 6 7 4 10 9 11 13 15 16 14 17 12 20 18 19 22 23 21 25 24 26 27 28 30 29 37 31 35 40 33 41 34 36 44 38 43 50 49 42 53 39 52 47 56 48 45 51 59 54 71 68 61 62 70 63 66 46 60 64 58 69 75 73 65 67 Country/Economy Botswana Morocco Uruguay Iran, Islamic Rep. Brazil Ecuador Croatia Guatemala Ukraine Tajikistan Greece Armenia Lao PDR Moldova Namibia Jamaica Algeria Honduras Trinidad and Tobago Cambodia Côte d'Ivoire Tunisia Albania Serbia El Salvador Zambia Seychelles Dominican Republic Kenya Nepal Lebanon Kyrgyz Republic Gabon Mongolia Bhutan Argentina Bangladesh Nicaragua Ethiopia Senegal Bosnia and Herzegovina Cape Verde Lesotho Cameroon Uganda Egypt Bolivia Paraguay Ghana Tanzania Guyana Benin Gambia, The Nigeria Zimbabwe Pakistan Mali Swaziland Liberia Madagascar Myanmar Venezuela Mozambique Haiti Malawi Burundi Sierra Leone Mauritania Chad Guinea Rank (out of 140) Score (1–7) Rank among 2014–2015 economies* 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 4.19 4.17 4.09 4.09 4.08 4.07 4.07 4.05 4.03 4.03 4.02 4.01 4.00 4.00 3.99 3.97 3.97 3.95 3.94 3.94 3.93 3.93 3.93 3.89 3.87 3.87 3.86 3.86 3.85 3.85 3.84 3.83 3.83 3.81 3.80 3.79 3.76 3.75 3.75 3.73 3.71 3.70 3.70 3.69 3.66 3.66 3.60 3.60 3.58 3.57 3.56 3.55 3.48 3.46 3.45 3.45 3.44 3.40 3.37 3.32 3.32 3.30 3.20 3.18 3.15 3.11 3.06 3.03 2.96 2.84 71 72 73 74 75 n/a 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 n/a 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 n/a 120 121 122 123 124 125 n/a 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 GCI 2014– 2015 rank (out of 144) 74 72 80 83 57 n/a 77 78 76 91 81 85 93 82 88 86 79 100 89 95 115 87 97 94 84 96 92 101 90 102 113 108 106 98 103 104 109 99 118 112 n/a 114 107 116 122 119 105 120 111 121 117 n/a 125 127 124 129 128 123 n/a 130 134 131 133 137 132 139 138 141 143 144 Note: The Global Competitiveness Index captures the fundamentals of an economy. Recent developments, including currency (e.g., Switzerland) and commodity price fluctuations (e.g., Azerbaijan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia), geopolitical uncertainties (e.g., Ukraine), and security issues (e.g., Turkey) must be kept in mind when interpreting the results. See “Country highlights” on pages 23–32 for a more detailed description for selected economies. * This column ranks all those economies for 2015–2016 that have been covered both in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 editions, hence a constant sample of 136 economies. Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ecuador, and Liberia were not included in the analysis last year, and therefore appear as n/a. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 7 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 2: The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 SUBINDEXES OVERALL INDEX Country/Economy Switzerland Singapore United States Germany Netherlands Japan Hong Kong SAR Finland Sweden United Kingdom Norway Denmark Canada Qatar Taiwan, China New Zealand United Arab Emirates Malaysia Belgium Luxembourg Australia France Austria Ireland Saudi Arabia Korea, Rep. Israel China Iceland Estonia Czech Republic Thailand Spain Kuwait Chile Lithuania Indonesia Portugal Bahrain Azerbaijan Poland Kazakhstan Italy Latvia Russian Federation Mauritius Philippines Malta South Africa Panama Turkey Costa Rica Romania Bulgaria India Vietnam Mexico Rwanda Slovenia Macedonia, FYR Colombia Oman Hungary Jordan Cyprus Georgia Slovak Republic Sri Lanka Peru Montenegro Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Basic requirements Score 5.76 5.68 5.61 5.53 5.50 5.47 5.46 5.45 5.43 5.43 5.41 5.33 5.31 5.30 5.28 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.20 5.20 5.15 5.13 5.12 5.11 5.07 4.99 4.98 4.89 4.83 4.74 4.69 4.64 4.59 4.59 4.58 4.55 4.52 4.52 4.52 4.50 4.49 4.49 4.46 4.45 4.44 4.43 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.38 4.37 4.33 4.32 4.32 4.31 4.30 4.29 4.29 4.28 4.28 4.28 4.25 4.25 4.23 4.23 4.22 4.22 4.21 4.21 4.20 Rank 2 1 30 8 7 24 3 11 13 25 6 12 16 5 14 9 4 22 23 10 15 26 20 27 17 18 38 28 19 21 31 42 40 33 36 35 49 41 32 43 44 46 53 37 47 39 66 34 85 54 57 64 70 68 80 72 73 65 45 60 77 29 59 75 50 51 56 67 76 58 Efficiency enhancers Innovation and sophistication factors Score Rank Score Rank Score 6.26 6.36 5.27 5.95 6.05 5.52 6.20 5.95 5.90 5.52 6.06 5.91 5.77 6.13 5.84 5.95 6.17 5.59 5.56 5.95 5.79 5.48 5.61 5.46 5.70 5.66 5.10 5.37 5.66 5.60 5.27 4.94 5.04 5.18 5.12 5.14 4.84 4.94 5.21 4.92 4.91 4.87 4.80 5.10 4.87 5.04 4.60 5.17 4.32 4.74 4.68 4.63 4.55 4.57 4.41 4.54 4.53 4.60 4.90 4.65 4.46 5.33 4.67 4.48 4.83 4.83 4.73 4.60 4.48 4.67 4 2 1 10 9 8 3 13 12 5 11 16 6 21 15 7 17 22 18 23 14 19 24 20 30 25 27 32 33 28 26 38 29 72 31 36 46 37 35 69 34 45 43 39 40 61 51 42 41 52 48 57 44 50 58 70 53 85 56 64 54 63 49 67 59 77 47 76 60 75 5.55 5.70 5.76 5.31 5.31 5.33 5.57 5.22 5.24 5.49 5.29 5.15 5.45 5.05 5.19 5.33 5.11 5.01 5.09 5.00 5.21 5.08 4.89 5.06 4.69 4.82 4.75 4.66 4.65 4.74 4.78 4.56 4.71 4.03 4.67 4.59 4.34 4.56 4.60 4.05 4.64 4.36 4.39 4.56 4.53 4.17 4.30 4.39 4.51 4.29 4.33 4.20 4.37 4.31 4.19 4.04 4.27 3.84 4.21 4.11 4.26 4.13 4.31 4.09 4.18 3.96 4.34 3.96 4.18 3.97 1 11 4 3 6 2 23 5 7 9 13 10 24 12 16 25 21 17 15 18 26 20 14 19 29 22 8 34 27 31 32 48 35 82 50 37 33 30 43 66 57 78 28 58 76 51 47 49 36 44 56 38 84 94 46 88 52 55 39 62 61 85 69 40 45 118 59 41 106 86 5.78 5.19 5.59 5.61 5.46 5.66 4.80 5.50 5.45 5.28 5.16 5.25 4.77 5.18 5.06 4.66 4.83 5.05 5.14 5.04 4.61 4.97 5.16 4.98 4.18 4.82 5.29 4.11 4.58 4.15 4.14 3.88 4.09 3.48 3.81 4.02 4.14 4.16 3.92 3.59 3.70 3.53 4.35 3.69 3.54 3.79 3.88 3.86 4.06 3.91 3.71 4.01 3.48 3.37 3.90 3.44 3.78 3.74 3.99 3.62 3.65 3.45 3.57 3.99 3.91 3.10 3.68 3.95 3.28 3.45 (Cont’d.) 8 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 2: The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 (cont’d.) SUBINDEXES OVERALL INDEX Country/Economy Botswana Morocco Uruguay Iran, Islamic Rep. Brazil Ecuador Croatia Guatemala Ukraine Tajikistan Greece Armenia Lao PDR Moldova Namibia Jamaica Algeria Honduras Trinidad and Tobago Cambodia Côte d'Ivoire Tunisia Albania Serbia El Salvador Zambia Seychelles Dominican Republic Kenya Nepal Lebanon Kyrgyz Republic Gabon Mongolia Bhutan Argentina Bangladesh Nicaragua Ethiopia Senegal Bosnia and Herzegovina Cape Verde Lesotho Cameroon Uganda Egypt Bolivia Paraguay Ghana Tanzania Guyana Benin Gambia, The Nigeria Zimbabwe Pakistan Mali Swaziland Liberia Madagascar Myanmar Venezuela Mozambique Haiti Malawi Burundi Sierra Leone Mauritania Chad Guinea Rank 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 Basic requirements Score 4.19 4.17 4.09 4.09 4.08 4.07 4.07 4.05 4.03 4.03 4.02 4.01 4.00 4.00 3.99 3.97 3.97 3.95 3.94 3.94 3.93 3.93 3.93 3.89 3.87 3.87 3.86 3.86 3.85 3.85 3.84 3.83 3.83 3.81 3.80 3.79 3.76 3.75 3.75 3.73 3.71 3.70 3.70 3.69 3.66 3.66 3.60 3.60 3.58 3.57 3.56 3.55 3.48 3.46 3.45 3.45 3.44 3.40 3.37 3.32 3.32 3.30 3.20 3.18 3.15 3.11 3.06 3.03 2.96 2.84 Rank 61 55 48 63 103 71 69 91 101 84 74 81 86 89 79 94 82 98 62 93 102 78 87 96 88 110 52 100 116 97 121 106 83 112 90 104 109 99 108 114 95 92 105 113 117 115 107 111 127 123 122 118 126 136 120 131 124 119 125 130 128 133 135 132 138 129 137 134 139 140 Efficiency enhancers Innovation and sophistication factors Score Rank Score Rank Score 4.65 4.73 4.85 4.64 4.07 4.54 4.56 4.23 4.08 4.32 4.49 4.39 4.30 4.28 4.43 4.16 4.37 4.12 4.65 4.19 4.08 4.43 4.29 4.15 4.28 3.92 4.80 4.10 3.76 4.14 3.70 4.01 4.34 3.84 4.25 4.07 3.93 4.11 3.95 3.80 4.15 4.22 4.02 3.83 3.76 3.79 3.98 3.84 3.48 3.69 3.69 3.73 3.51 3.19 3.70 3.37 3.56 3.71 3.51 3.40 3.45 3.28 3.22 3.29 3.11 3.43 3.13 3.26 3.08 2.84 91 82 66 90 55 86 68 74 65 104 62 84 106 94 97 79 117 93 78 101 96 98 89 83 102 87 108 92 73 111 71 99 123 80 116 88 105 124 114 103 112 122 130 113 109 100 121 110 95 120 115 125 118 81 134 107 126 128 133 129 131 119 132 135 127 140 136 139 138 137 3.77 3.86 4.09 3.77 4.23 3.82 4.05 3.99 4.09 3.60 4.13 3.84 3.58 3.76 3.72 3.89 3.44 3.76 3.93 3.63 3.74 3.65 3.78 3.85 3.62 3.81 3.54 3.76 3.99 3.48 4.03 3.65 3.35 3.88 3.45 3.80 3.58 3.28 3.45 3.61 3.48 3.37 3.19 3.48 3.54 3.64 3.39 3.53 3.76 3.41 3.45 3.27 3.44 3.87 3.11 3.57 3.27 3.24 3.12 3.21 3.17 3.43 3.16 3.07 3.24 2.62 2.98 2.72 2.82 2.88 111 92 83 102 64 87 90 60 72 71 77 101 103 128 79 63 124 53 81 121 73 110 115 125 80 68 70 97 42 127 67 122 129 107 105 99 123 133 95 54 120 104 91 93 100 113 117 131 65 112 74 96 75 114 130 89 109 126 98 116 134 135 108 139 119 136 132 140 137 138 3.26 3.42 3.48 3.33 3.62 3.44 3.43 3.67 3.55 3.56 3.54 3.33 3.32 2.93 3.52 3.62 3.02 3.75 3.49 3.05 3.55 3.26 3.21 3.02 3.51 3.58 3.57 3.36 3.93 2.99 3.58 3.04 2.92 3.28 3.29 3.36 3.04 2.77 3.37 3.75 3.05 3.30 3.43 3.40 3.35 3.23 3.16 2.90 3.60 3.23 3.54 3.37 3.54 3.22 2.90 3.44 3.27 3.02 3.36 3.20 2.71 2.71 3.28 2.54 3.05 2.68 2.82 2.47 2.59 2.55 Note: Ranks out of 140 economies and scores measured on a 1-to-7 scale. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 9 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 3: The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016: Basic requirements PILLARS BASIC REQUIREMENTS 1. Institutions 2. Infrastructure 3. Macroeconomic environment 4. Health and primary education Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia 87 82 104 81 15 20 43 32 109 23 118 90 107 95 61 103 68 129 93 113 16 92 139 36 28 77 64 102 69 51 31 12 100 71 115 88 21 108 11 26 83 126 50 8 127 74 91 140 122 132 98 3 59 19 80 49 63 27 38 53 94 24 75 46 116 18 33 106 86 37 4.29 4.37 4.07 4.39 5.79 5.61 4.92 5.21 3.93 5.56 3.73 4.25 3.98 4.15 4.65 4.07 4.57 3.43 4.19 3.83 5.77 4.22 3.08 5.12 5.37 4.46 4.63 4.08 4.56 4.83 5.26 5.91 4.09 4.54 3.79 4.28 5.60 3.95 5.94 5.48 4.34 3.51 4.83 5.95 3.48 4.48 4.23 2.84 3.69 3.29 4.12 6.20 4.67 5.66 4.41 4.84 4.64 5.46 5.09 4.80 4.16 5.52 4.48 4.87 3.76 5.66 5.18 4.01 4.30 5.10 84 99 135 76 19 21 64 26 132 22 90 33 110 127 37 121 107 134 111 93 16 66 137 32 51 114 49 62 89 43 57 15 118 105 87 117 25 83 1 29 78 42 40 20 72 81 113 136 102 138 88 8 97 18 60 55 94 12 41 106 80 13 36 50 91 69 56 115 71 48 3.68 3.49 2.86 3.78 5.31 5.19 3.94 4.92 2.94 5.17 3.62 4.60 3.34 3.18 4.43 3.23 3.39 2.90 3.33 3.58 5.44 3.94 2.80 4.64 4.15 3.31 4.17 4.03 3.63 4.28 4.09 5.45 3.27 3.42 3.65 3.28 5.03 3.69 6.10 4.78 3.76 4.28 4.38 5.22 3.86 3.72 3.32 2.83 3.43 2.80 3.64 5.72 3.52 5.32 4.06 4.09 3.58 5.53 4.36 3.42 3.74 5.51 4.45 4.16 3.61 3.90 4.09 3.29 3.87 4.18 88 105 87 82 16 15 65 29 123 21 130 92 107 103 96 74 72 136 101 125 14 94 140 45 39 84 71 85 46 50 41 22 100 67 91 60 33 121 25 8 110 95 61 7 115 34 77 139 108 137 93 1 48 19 81 62 63 27 32 26 79 5 70 58 99 13 54 114 98 49 3.55 3.08 3.58 3.72 5.66 5.71 4.15 5.10 2.56 5.55 2.26 3.41 3.07 3.08 3.25 3.92 4.00 2.01 3.19 2.45 5.73 3.33 1.73 4.60 4.73 3.67 4.03 3.63 4.59 4.46 4.70 5.54 3.21 4.14 3.42 4.21 4.87 2.62 5.45 6.04 2.93 3.29 4.20 6.12 2.74 4.83 3.84 1.79 3.01 1.92 3.39 6.69 4.51 5.57 3.72 4.19 4.16 5.34 4.89 5.38 3.74 6.21 4.05 4.25 3.22 5.82 4.32 2.84 3.23 4.47 118 38 114 72 28 45 10 82 49 65 88 126 63 98 9 117 53 110 64 90 39 124 113 29 8 32 94 74 107 109 21 11 57 75 137 100 15 76 36 77 18 138 51 20 136 132 59 129 120 102 112 16 52 42 91 33 66 87 50 111 131 121 130 25 123 5 3 80 70 31 3.96 5.35 4.07 4.71 5.62 5.13 6.35 4.60 4.98 4.79 4.45 3.60 4.81 4.32 6.46 4.01 4.94 4.11 4.80 4.41 5.34 3.61 4.07 5.61 6.52 5.53 4.37 4.70 4.19 4.16 5.97 6.29 4.85 4.70 2.77 4.28 6.15 4.69 5.37 4.66 6.01 2.69 4.95 5.98 2.79 3.26 4.83 3.51 3.73 4.22 4.08 6.10 4.94 5.20 4.40 5.50 4.78 4.45 4.98 4.09 3.45 3.67 3.45 5.72 3.63 6.58 6.72 4.62 4.73 5.56 52 81 68 95 9 19 102 35 101 3 117 89 109 48 119 103 53 110 87 107 7 51 132 74 44 97 55 129 63 17 27 21 104 59 96 94 22 108 1 16 111 131 65 13 118 41 105 138 115 125 92 29 72 8 84 80 47 12 39 26 70 4 54 93 114 23 79 98 90 37 5.97 5.58 5.75 5.35 6.54 6.41 5.22 6.20 5.24 6.73 4.58 5.39 4.71 6.03 4.46 5.13 5.97 4.71 5.44 4.88 6.58 5.99 3.72 5.64 6.09 5.32 5.94 3.95 5.85 6.42 6.31 6.36 5.04 5.91 5.34 5.37 6.34 4.80 6.87 6.43 4.66 3.76 5.79 6.48 4.53 6.13 4.94 3.26 4.59 4.24 5.38 6.28 5.71 6.55 5.48 5.59 6.05 6.51 6.15 6.32 5.71 6.68 5.97 5.37 4.60 6.34 5.60 5.30 5.39 6.18 (Cont’d.) 10 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 3: The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016: Basic requirements (cont’d.) PILLARS BASIC REQUIREMENTS 1. Institutions 2. Infrastructure 3. Macroeconomic environment 4. Health and primary education Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe 121 105 125 35 9 60 130 138 22 124 34 134 39 73 89 112 58 55 135 128 79 97 7 10 99 136 6 29 131 54 111 76 66 44 41 5 70 47 65 17 114 96 52 137 1 56 45 85 40 67 119 13 2 14 84 123 42 62 78 57 117 101 4 25 30 48 133 72 110 120 3.70 4.02 3.51 5.14 5.95 4.65 3.40 3.11 5.59 3.56 5.17 3.26 5.04 4.53 4.28 3.84 4.67 4.73 3.22 3.45 4.43 4.14 6.05 5.95 4.11 3.19 6.06 5.33 3.37 4.73 3.84 4.48 4.60 4.91 4.94 6.13 4.55 4.87 4.60 5.70 3.80 4.15 4.80 3.13 6.36 4.73 4.90 4.32 5.04 4.60 3.71 5.90 6.26 5.84 4.32 3.69 4.94 4.65 4.43 4.68 3.76 4.08 6.17 5.52 5.27 4.85 3.28 4.54 3.92 3.70 128 45 68 53 6 52 129 92 23 98 35 139 34 109 123 95 70 47 126 133 44 103 10 3 125 124 5 31 119 73 131 116 77 58 39 4 86 100 17 24 63 120 61 122 2 104 67 38 65 59 74 11 7 27 54 96 82 108 79 75 101 130 9 14 28 30 140 85 46 112 3.15 4.24 3.92 4.12 5.78 4.14 3.14 3.60 5.13 3.52 4.52 2.64 4.53 3.34 3.20 3.56 3.89 4.19 3.18 2.92 4.27 3.43 5.60 5.99 3.18 3.19 5.85 4.73 3.27 3.85 2.95 3.28 3.78 4.07 4.39 5.86 3.66 3.46 5.39 5.07 3.99 3.24 4.04 3.21 6.01 3.43 3.93 4.42 3.94 4.06 3.85 5.58 5.77 4.86 4.10 3.54 3.69 3.37 3.76 3.84 3.45 3.07 5.71 5.46 4.82 4.74 2.09 3.68 4.20 3.32 116 113 122 42 17 78 138 135 24 106 43 124 37 59 83 112 73 55 126 134 66 131 3 28 102 133 31 36 117 40 118 89 90 56 23 18 86 35 97 30 109 75 47 132 2 57 38 68 10 64 104 20 6 12 111 127 44 51 80 53 128 69 4 9 11 52 119 76 120 129 2.73 2.86 2.61 4.68 5.66 3.77 1.88 2.04 5.51 3.07 4.66 2.47 4.80 4.22 3.69 2.86 3.98 4.30 2.43 2.09 4.14 2.15 6.30 5.25 3.18 2.10 5.03 4.81 2.71 4.73 2.70 3.49 3.44 4.30 5.53 5.62 3.61 4.81 3.24 5.09 3.00 3.87 4.51 2.11 6.49 4.28 4.79 4.12 5.93 4.16 3.08 5.56 6.20 5.87 2.93 2.41 4.62 4.46 3.73 4.43 2.37 4.07 6.30 6.03 5.87 4.44 2.63 3.84 2.63 2.35 139 44 105 30 14 47 101 140 35 86 43 95 73 56 55 133 79 58 122 106 71 37 26 22 62 81 1 19 128 60 48 23 24 46 127 2 34 40 92 4 103 125 61 119 12 41 89 85 116 115 93 17 6 13 78 84 27 54 97 68 67 134 7 108 96 99 135 69 83 104 2.63 5.14 4.20 5.56 6.16 5.09 4.27 2.44 5.41 4.47 5.18 4.35 4.71 4.85 4.86 3.22 4.62 4.83 3.66 4.19 4.72 5.35 5.70 5.93 4.81 4.61 6.83 5.99 3.51 4.83 5.07 5.86 5.74 5.11 3.57 6.72 5.44 5.29 4.40 6.63 4.22 3.60 4.82 3.89 6.21 5.21 4.45 4.50 4.03 4.06 4.38 6.08 6.54 6.16 4.64 4.53 5.68 4.87 4.33 4.75 4.76 3.12 6.53 4.17 4.35 4.31 2.92 4.74 4.53 4.20 30 130 136 36 34 76 123 121 24 139 25 134 42 71 91 69 33 77 133 113 116 75 6 5 99 140 10 66 127 82 112 100 86 40 31 28 83 56 88 49 128 62 64 137 2 50 15 126 32 43 135 20 11 14 78 124 67 60 58 73 120 45 38 18 46 57 85 61 122 106 6.28 3.85 3.30 6.19 6.20 5.61 4.31 4.38 6.33 3.17 6.33 3.59 6.11 5.71 5.39 5.72 6.21 5.61 3.60 4.61 4.59 5.62 6.60 6.63 5.28 2.86 6.53 5.78 4.00 5.54 4.66 5.28 5.45 6.15 6.28 6.31 5.49 5.94 5.39 6.01 4.00 5.87 5.84 3.29 6.74 6.01 6.44 4.22 6.24 6.10 3.52 6.39 6.53 6.47 5.61 4.28 5.76 5.90 5.92 5.69 4.46 6.06 6.15 6.41 6.05 5.93 5.48 5.89 4.33 4.94 Note: Ranks out of 140 economies and scores measured on a 1-to-7 scale. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 11 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016: Efficiency enhancers PILLARS EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS Country/Economy Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia 5. Higher education and training 6. Goods market efficiency 7. Labor market efficiency 8. Financial market development 9. Technological readiness 10. Market size Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 89 117 88 84 14 24 69 35 105 18 125 116 121 112 91 55 50 140 101 113 6 122 138 31 32 54 57 96 68 59 26 16 92 86 100 102 28 114 13 19 123 118 77 10 95 62 74 137 115 135 93 3 49 33 58 46 90 20 27 43 79 8 67 45 73 25 72 99 106 39 3.78 3.44 3.80 3.84 5.21 4.89 4.05 4.60 3.58 5.09 3.27 3.45 3.39 3.48 3.77 4.23 4.31 2.62 3.63 3.48 5.45 3.37 2.82 4.67 4.66 4.26 4.20 3.74 4.05 4.18 4.78 5.15 3.76 3.82 3.64 3.62 4.74 3.45 5.22 5.08 3.35 3.44 3.96 5.31 3.76 4.13 3.99 2.88 3.45 3.07 3.76 5.57 4.31 4.65 4.19 4.34 3.77 5.06 4.75 4.39 3.89 5.33 4.09 4.36 3.99 4.82 4.03 3.65 3.58 4.56 47 99 39 72 8 16 89 44 122 5 121 103 101 97 100 93 64 139 123 114 19 81 138 33 68 70 35 108 51 41 29 9 96 67 111 105 20 129 2 25 125 91 87 17 104 43 102 137 74 107 94 13 57 11 90 65 69 15 28 45 84 21 50 60 98 23 85 80 112 32 4.74 3.75 4.89 4.26 5.84 5.58 3.90 4.82 2.86 5.94 2.93 3.58 3.70 3.77 3.73 3.85 4.48 2.14 2.84 3.24 5.52 4.08 2.19 5.03 4.33 4.30 4.97 3.36 4.62 4.88 5.10 5.79 3.80 4.33 3.25 3.56 5.50 2.74 6.13 5.30 2.78 3.85 4.00 5.57 3.57 4.84 3.62 2.19 4.12 3.39 3.81 5.63 4.56 5.75 3.87 4.45 4.31 5.59 5.10 4.81 4.05 5.41 4.70 4.53 3.76 5.36 4.01 4.09 3.24 5.05 63 134 138 50 27 24 66 18 101 14 122 107 132 129 95 128 61 133 93 113 15 99 139 40 58 108 67 75 105 28 37 20 97 126 115 86 22 102 21 35 124 77 48 23 87 89 43 135 94 137 68 2 72 31 91 55 109 7 57 71 74 11 39 49 84 26 98 81 76 34 4.34 3.51 3.12 4.46 4.79 4.89 4.31 5.04 4.07 5.14 3.83 4.02 3.51 3.69 4.14 3.72 4.35 3.51 4.15 3.97 5.13 4.07 3.11 4.62 4.37 4.00 4.31 4.27 4.05 4.76 4.63 5.01 4.09 3.77 3.95 4.19 4.93 4.07 4.97 4.64 3.78 4.26 4.48 4.92 4.19 4.18 4.58 3.49 4.15 3.19 4.31 5.70 4.29 4.65 4.17 4.43 3.99 5.41 4.42 4.29 4.27 5.24 4.63 4.48 4.23 4.81 4.08 4.23 4.27 4.64 97 135 139 58 36 40 30 24 121 54 59 23 129 131 39 122 68 102 38 79 7 125 106 63 37 86 70 69 105 34 47 10 108 112 137 124 15 62 26 51 71 33 32 28 94 116 90 91 111 76 120 3 77 12 103 115 138 13 45 126 65 21 93 18 31 83 117 88 44 25 3.97 3.23 3.10 4.30 4.51 4.47 4.57 4.73 3.69 4.35 4.30 4.76 3.39 3.36 4.49 3.68 4.23 3.89 4.49 4.13 5.29 3.59 3.82 4.29 4.50 4.06 4.23 4.23 3.83 4.55 4.44 5.11 3.81 3.76 3.15 3.61 5.00 4.29 4.70 4.39 4.22 4.55 4.56 4.64 4.01 3.74 4.05 4.04 3.78 4.16 3.71 5.56 4.15 5.08 3.86 3.74 3.15 5.05 4.45 3.46 4.28 4.80 4.03 4.90 4.56 4.08 3.73 4.06 4.45 4.72 118 135 132 94 7 47 114 33 90 36 103 86 104 113 63 58 59 140 66 98 4 111 130 21 54 25 85 60 88 108 24 22 93 92 119 89 23 116 6 29 97 96 68 18 76 131 27 137 83 136 38 3 65 67 53 49 134 61 26 117 32 19 71 91 42 87 73 102 74 37 3.24 2.77 2.81 3.53 5.36 4.21 3.33 4.42 3.57 4.40 3.43 3.62 3.43 3.34 3.96 3.99 3.98 2.24 3.92 3.49 5.47 3.37 2.83 4.65 4.08 4.61 3.65 3.98 3.59 3.41 4.62 4.64 3.53 3.54 3.23 3.57 4.63 3.27 5.40 4.53 3.49 3.53 3.87 4.71 3.78 2.81 4.58 2.75 3.67 2.75 4.39 5.50 3.93 3.89 4.08 4.19 2.77 3.98 4.59 3.25 4.42 4.71 3.84 3.56 4.29 3.60 3.82 3.44 3.81 4.39 89 126 69 75 21 24 57 34 127 14 130 111 110 79 91 54 38 139 105 122 18 77 140 39 74 70 49 102 43 45 29 9 84 83 98 81 32 132 13 16 112 107 72 12 96 36 90 134 104 136 97 8 48 6 120 85 99 11 20 37 82 19 76 61 94 27 56 95 119 33 3.40 2.63 3.86 3.67 5.65 5.62 4.26 5.29 2.62 5.91 2.49 2.89 2.89 3.60 3.34 4.39 4.87 2.10 3.04 2.68 5.83 3.64 2.05 4.85 3.70 3.82 4.59 3.13 4.65 4.64 5.43 6.11 3.52 3.54 3.19 3.55 5.32 2.46 5.98 5.88 2.88 3.00 3.81 6.01 3.24 4.92 3.36 2.38 3.08 2.34 3.24 6.13 4.60 6.15 2.73 3.49 3.17 6.08 5.68 4.90 3.54 5.72 3.65 4.19 3.30 5.50 4.33 3.27 2.76 5.29 104 37 27 116 22 42 67 92 40 34 122 136 84 97 105 7 65 135 90 87 14 138 111 44 1 36 83 81 79 112 47 55 70 63 24 93 98 68 59 8 110 139 99 5 74 52 73 128 134 125 96 32 51 129 3 10 19 57 54 12 117 4 76 46 71 13 58 118 109 94 2.97 4.75 5.00 2.81 5.13 4.59 3.90 3.27 4.68 4.80 2.62 1.83 3.41 3.13 2.97 5.78 3.91 1.87 3.33 3.35 5.45 1.50 2.91 4.56 6.98 4.77 3.43 3.46 3.59 2.87 4.47 4.26 3.83 4.00 5.07 3.25 3.09 3.88 4.17 5.76 2.91 1.43 3.05 6.02 3.74 4.31 3.75 2.42 1.90 2.57 3.13 4.87 4.32 2.39 6.44 5.74 5.24 4.23 4.27 5.61 2.80 6.10 3.66 4.51 3.80 5.56 4.20 2.78 2.92 3.24 (Cont’d.) 12 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016: Efficiency enhancers (cont’d.) PILLARS EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS Country/Economy Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe 5. Higher education and training 6. Goods market efficiency 7. Labor market efficiency 8. Financial market development 9. Technological readiness 10. Market size Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 71 130 133 36 23 64 129 127 22 126 42 139 61 53 94 80 75 82 132 131 97 111 9 7 124 81 11 63 107 52 110 60 51 34 37 21 44 40 85 30 103 83 108 136 2 47 56 41 29 76 128 12 4 15 104 120 38 78 98 48 109 65 17 5 1 66 119 70 87 134 4.03 3.19 3.12 4.59 5.00 4.11 3.21 3.24 5.01 3.27 4.39 2.72 4.17 4.27 3.76 3.88 3.97 3.86 3.16 3.17 3.72 3.48 5.31 5.33 3.28 3.87 5.29 4.13 3.57 4.29 3.53 4.18 4.30 4.64 4.56 5.05 4.37 4.53 3.84 4.69 3.61 3.85 3.54 2.98 5.70 4.34 4.21 4.51 4.71 3.96 3.24 5.24 5.55 5.19 3.60 3.41 4.56 3.93 3.65 4.33 3.54 4.09 5.11 5.49 5.76 4.09 3.43 4.04 3.81 3.11 58 116 126 24 40 46 131 133 36 127 42 140 52 86 79 62 54 106 136 134 109 113 3 10 119 128 7 88 124 77 115 82 63 31 26 27 59 38 120 49 110 71 92 132 1 53 22 83 30 66 118 12 4 14 75 135 56 73 76 55 130 34 37 18 6 48 61 95 78 117 4.55 3.18 2.77 5.35 4.89 4.79 2.64 2.53 4.97 2.76 4.85 2.13 4.62 4.00 4.09 4.50 4.58 3.42 2.35 2.49 3.30 3.24 6.03 5.78 3.07 2.75 5.85 3.90 2.82 4.10 3.21 4.07 4.48 5.05 5.19 5.12 4.55 4.96 3.05 4.73 3.25 4.27 3.85 2.54 6.20 4.62 5.41 4.07 5.08 4.38 3.11 5.67 6.00 5.60 4.12 2.47 4.57 4.26 4.12 4.58 2.71 5.03 4.97 5.56 5.87 4.74 4.52 3.80 4.09 3.14 56 88 78 36 4 33 119 117 6 110 42 136 25 82 103 79 70 64 112 130 85 114 10 8 125 100 19 52 116 41 90 60 80 46 32 5 73 92 44 29 69 127 65 123 1 54 47 38 62 51 111 17 9 13 96 121 30 104 118 45 120 106 3 12 16 59 140 83 53 131 4.43 4.19 4.25 4.64 5.54 4.65 3.90 3.94 5.42 3.98 4.59 3.37 4.85 4.23 4.06 4.24 4.30 4.33 3.97 3.62 4.20 3.96 5.34 5.39 3.77 4.07 5.01 4.45 3.95 4.59 4.17 4.36 4.24 4.51 4.65 5.52 4.28 4.16 4.57 4.70 4.30 3.74 4.33 3.79 5.72 4.43 4.50 4.63 4.35 4.45 3.98 5.08 5.38 5.19 4.12 3.89 4.69 4.05 3.92 4.53 3.90 4.02 5.59 5.22 5.10 4.37 2.81 4.23 4.43 3.54 109 75 61 53 16 84 42 29 19 113 55 136 57 114 85 41 74 123 98 73 49 99 17 6 119 35 9 89 132 80 110 64 82 81 66 14 78 50 8 60 72 118 43 104 2 100 95 107 92 130 101 20 1 22 48 46 67 96 133 127 27 56 11 5 4 128 140 52 87 134 3.80 4.16 4.30 4.35 4.93 4.07 4.46 4.60 4.86 3.76 4.34 3.18 4.31 3.75 4.07 4.46 4.18 3.62 3.96 4.19 4.41 3.91 4.90 5.29 3.71 4.55 5.12 4.06 3.34 4.13 3.78 4.29 4.09 4.11 4.27 5.00 4.13 4.40 5.21 4.30 4.19 3.72 4.45 3.84 5.71 3.90 4.00 3.82 4.04 3.37 3.90 4.82 5.80 4.77 4.42 4.44 4.23 3.97 3.33 3.46 4.65 4.33 5.10 5.31 5.40 3.41 2.59 4.38 4.06 3.29 78 127 109 57 11 52 133 100 9 105 40 139 34 46 115 125 44 70 126 138 50 72 31 1 112 79 8 45 99 15 80 30 48 43 107 13 55 95 28 41 75 120 106 123 2 35 128 12 77 51 82 14 10 17 110 101 39 56 122 64 81 121 20 16 5 69 129 84 62 124 3.76 2.97 3.38 3.99 5.04 4.09 2.79 3.47 5.16 3.42 4.37 2.40 4.42 4.24 3.28 3.04 4.26 3.86 2.99 2.40 4.18 3.83 4.43 5.73 3.34 3.75 5.21 4.24 3.47 4.91 3.75 4.53 4.21 4.26 3.41 5.02 4.05 3.53 4.54 4.32 3.80 3.23 3.41 3.06 5.57 4.41 2.85 5.03 3.78 4.12 3.68 4.99 5.10 4.82 3.38 3.45 4.38 4.04 3.11 3.93 3.74 3.18 4.70 4.83 5.45 3.86 2.84 3.65 3.96 3.06 66 123 135 22 1 63 129 133 47 114 23 121 65 73 53 67 55 78 124 138 87 128 10 15 116 106 7 62 113 52 109 88 68 41 26 31 46 60 103 42 100 51 71 137 5 44 35 50 25 93 125 4 2 28 115 131 58 59 80 64 117 86 30 3 17 40 101 92 108 118 3.99 2.67 2.36 5.63 6.42 4.15 2.52 2.38 4.63 2.85 5.62 2.68 4.06 3.77 4.39 3.98 4.33 3.62 2.66 2.16 3.42 2.62 6.10 5.90 2.81 3.03 6.14 4.18 2.88 4.44 2.97 3.40 3.91 4.78 5.54 5.41 4.63 4.22 3.12 4.70 3.15 4.47 3.81 2.34 6.20 4.64 5.14 4.56 5.56 3.31 2.64 6.24 6.31 5.49 2.81 2.46 4.24 4.23 3.57 4.08 2.80 3.45 5.43 6.30 5.85 4.81 3.14 3.32 3.00 2.79 77 133 137 78 95 108 106 127 26 113 123 124 119 11 121 100 131 53 101 60 114 88 23 66 107 25 49 64 28 80 91 48 30 21 50 56 43 6 126 17 103 75 140 130 35 62 85 29 15 61 132 41 39 20 120 72 18 102 69 16 82 45 31 9 2 86 38 33 89 115 3.64 1.99 1.67 3.61 3.18 2.94 2.96 2.52 5.05 2.83 2.61 2.58 2.78 5.65 2.68 3.04 2.20 4.31 3.04 4.16 2.82 3.34 5.07 3.91 2.95 5.07 4.41 3.94 4.96 3.54 3.33 4.44 4.89 5.16 4.33 4.25 4.57 5.93 2.53 5.40 3.00 3.70 1.40 2.33 4.78 4.03 3.39 4.94 5.42 4.14 2.11 4.64 4.69 5.24 2.72 3.76 5.25 3.03 3.87 5.41 3.43 4.54 4.89 5.74 6.91 3.36 4.70 4.84 3.34 2.81 Note: Ranks out of 140 economies and scores measured on a 1-to-7 scale. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 13 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 5: The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016: Innovation and sophistication factors PILLARS INNOVATION AND SOPHISTICATION FACTORS 11. Business sophistication PILLARS INNOVATION AND SOPHISTICATION FACTORS 12. Innovation 11. Business sophistication 12. Innovation Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia 115 124 99 101 26 14 66 43 123 15 96 105 117 120 111 64 94 136 121 93 24 104 137 50 34 61 38 73 90 45 32 10 97 87 113 80 31 95 5 20 129 75 118 3 65 77 60 138 74 139 53 23 69 27 46 33 102 19 8 28 63 2 40 78 42 22 82 122 103 58 3.21 3.02 3.36 3.33 4.61 5.16 3.59 3.92 3.04 5.14 3.37 3.29 3.16 3.05 3.26 3.62 3.37 2.68 3.05 3.40 4.77 3.30 2.59 3.81 4.11 3.65 4.01 3.55 3.43 3.91 4.14 5.25 3.36 3.44 3.23 3.51 4.15 3.37 5.50 4.97 2.92 3.54 3.10 5.61 3.60 3.54 3.67 2.55 3.54 2.54 3.75 4.80 3.57 4.58 3.90 4.14 3.33 4.98 5.29 4.35 3.62 5.66 3.99 3.53 3.93 4.82 3.48 3.04 3.32 3.69 95 128 101 97 27 8 73 32 117 12 109 99 116 125 111 56 98 136 122 103 22 106 139 53 38 59 37 93 84 47 30 9 76 87 89 64 43 108 14 20 129 67 112 3 70 74 49 137 75 138 54 16 90 28 52 36 110 17 23 24 66 2 40 79 48 26 63 118 96 60 3.65 3.29 3.62 3.65 4.70 5.43 3.86 4.43 3.43 5.33 3.52 3.63 3.43 3.31 3.48 4.08 3.64 2.91 3.35 3.59 4.94 3.54 2.73 4.14 4.32 4.06 4.34 3.69 3.74 4.21 4.49 5.39 3.81 3.73 3.71 3.95 4.26 3.53 5.28 5.06 3.21 3.94 3.48 5.70 3.90 3.84 4.20 2.85 3.81 2.80 4.09 5.20 3.70 4.69 4.15 4.35 3.52 5.14 4.93 4.84 3.95 5.77 4.31 3.79 4.21 4.80 3.98 3.41 3.65 4.06 118 119 93 107 23 17 61 56 127 16 82 111 114 115 102 84 94 133 122 79 22 100 135 50 31 76 39 53 92 44 35 10 112 86 120 99 29 81 2 18 129 88 123 6 65 77 91 139 71 138 55 27 51 25 42 30 90 21 3 32 67 5 40 72 41 19 109 125 108 62 2.76 2.76 3.11 3.02 4.53 4.90 3.33 3.41 2.65 4.96 3.21 2.94 2.89 2.79 3.04 3.16 3.11 2.46 2.74 3.22 4.60 3.06 2.45 3.47 3.89 3.24 3.68 3.41 3.13 3.60 3.79 5.11 2.92 3.15 2.75 3.06 4.03 3.21 5.73 4.88 2.63 3.14 2.71 5.51 3.31 3.23 3.13 2.25 3.27 2.28 3.41 4.40 3.44 4.47 3.65 3.94 3.14 4.81 5.65 3.86 3.29 5.54 3.67 3.27 3.65 4.83 2.99 2.67 2.99 3.33 Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe 67 91 98 37 18 62 116 119 17 109 49 140 51 52 128 107 86 92 108 134 79 127 6 25 133 114 13 85 89 44 131 106 47 57 30 12 84 76 55 29 54 125 70 132 11 59 39 36 35 41 126 7 1 16 71 112 48 81 110 56 100 72 21 9 4 83 135 88 68 130 3.58 3.43 3.36 4.02 5.04 3.62 3.20 3.05 5.05 3.27 3.86 2.47 3.79 3.78 2.93 3.28 3.45 3.42 3.28 2.71 3.52 2.99 5.46 4.66 2.77 3.22 5.16 3.45 3.44 3.91 2.90 3.28 3.88 3.70 4.16 5.18 3.48 3.54 3.74 4.18 3.75 3.02 3.57 2.82 5.19 3.68 3.99 4.06 4.09 3.95 3.02 5.45 5.78 5.06 3.56 3.23 3.88 3.49 3.26 3.71 3.35 3.55 4.83 5.28 5.59 3.48 2.71 3.44 3.58 2.90 61 105 92 39 19 72 119 121 13 115 46 140 34 50 127 113 102 82 120 135 77 126 5 25 133 94 11 71 86 45 124 81 42 55 41 10 88 80 69 29 65 132 62 131 18 57 51 33 31 44 123 7 1 21 78 114 35 68 104 58 107 91 15 6 4 83 134 100 85 130 4.05 3.58 3.69 4.32 5.10 3.87 3.37 3.37 5.29 3.43 4.22 2.72 4.36 4.18 3.29 3.46 3.62 3.77 3.37 2.94 3.81 3.31 5.56 4.82 3.12 3.65 5.34 3.87 3.73 4.23 3.34 3.79 4.26 4.09 4.27 5.38 3.71 3.79 3.91 4.54 3.95 3.14 3.99 3.14 5.13 4.07 4.15 4.42 4.46 4.25 3.34 5.44 5.79 5.01 3.80 3.43 4.36 3.93 3.58 4.07 3.54 3.70 5.25 5.54 5.60 3.75 2.98 3.63 3.74 3.18 95 70 104 36 15 58 106 121 20 96 49 140 78 59 130 97 69 98 83 132 74 126 8 24 137 117 13 103 89 45 134 116 48 64 28 14 75 68 46 34 47 113 87 131 9 66 33 38 37 43 124 7 1 11 63 105 57 101 110 60 85 54 26 12 4 80 136 73 52 128 3.10 3.28 3.03 3.73 4.98 3.38 3.03 2.74 4.82 3.10 3.50 2.23 3.23 3.38 2.56 3.10 3.28 3.07 3.18 2.47 3.24 2.66 5.37 4.51 2.42 2.78 4.99 3.04 3.14 3.59 2.46 2.78 3.50 3.32 4.05 4.98 3.24 3.29 3.57 3.83 3.55 2.90 3.15 2.49 5.24 3.29 3.83 3.69 3.72 3.65 2.69 5.46 5.76 5.10 3.32 3.03 3.41 3.05 2.94 3.35 3.16 3.41 4.41 5.02 5.58 3.21 2.43 3.25 3.42 2.63 Note: Ranks out of 140 economies and scores measured on a 1-to-7 scale. 14 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Box 2: The Case for Trade and Competitiveness Trade and competitiveness are intimately connected. As demonstrated by the East Asian “miracle economies” (Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan), trade and investment integration can improve competitiveness through two channels: first, by increasing the size of the market available to domestic firms; and second, by driving productivity and innovation by exposing firms to international competition, expertise, and technology. No country has developed successfully in modern times without opening its economy to international trade, investment, and the movement of people across borders. Conversely, it is the competitiveness of economies— the level of productivity of continents, nations, subnational regions, and even cities—that determines how well they translate openness to trade and investment into opportunities for their firms, farms, and people. Trade and competitiveness come together in global value chains (GVCs). Trade no longer means merely goods crossing borders; rather it is the international, interconnected flow of goods, services, investment, people, and ideas along a value chain. Production stages that previously took place in a single factory, or in a single country, are now dispersed across many factories in many countries. GVCs are the key drivers of employment, productivity, and growth in international trade. They create niches for developing countries to industrialize faster and better, and they enable developed countries to specialize in higher-value production in goods and services, thus improving wages and consumer choice. Taking advantage of GVCs demands more than keeping borders open to trade and investment: a whole host of domestic non-tariff and regulatory barriers also need to be removed as well as a welcoming business climate provided. Unilateral measures can help countries take advantage of GVCs, but they work best when they are locked in by international agreements such as those negotiated by the inventions of the last decade, such as social networks and the sharing economy, having a more limited effect on productivity than the Internet revolution of the previous decade (and also creating value of a kind not captured in national accounts and hence not showing up in productivity data);10 barriers to knowledge diffusion that prevent smaller companies from assimilating knowledge from larger firms;11 and a slowdown in the growth of global trade, which is only partly explained by the slowing growth in GDP. Other structural factors at play include a slower pace of trade liberalization or even the introduction of trade barriers, and a slower expansion of cross-border value-chain trade.12 Box 2 discusses the links between trade and competitiveness. Factors that contribute to the GCI can also help to explain the slowdown in productivity growth: these include lack of infrastructure, rigid labor and goods markets, underdeveloped financial markets, inefficient use of talent, lack of access to or poor quality of education, slow adoption of technologies, and low innovation rates. Raising productivity growth increases potential output and can contribute to boosting overall growth. World Trade Organization, bilateral investment treaties, and regional trade agreements. Openness has non-economic benefits, too. Wider and deeper cross-border economic integration has contributed greatly to overall peace and stability since World War II. It has increased individuals’ freedom to produce and consume in daily life, widening the life choices and chances of large numbers of ordinary people. However, openness and the links between trade and competitiveness have fallen off the agenda in recent years. Since the 2008–09 crisis, policymakers have been in fire-fighting mode, focusing on fiscal and monetary macroeconomic stimulus and financial reregulation. This has arguably come at the expense of supply-side issues and structural reforms needed to address sluggish productivity growth. Supply-side constraints to growth—distortions in product and factor markets, education, skills, infrastructure— have not been sufficiently addressed; if anything, market distortions have increased since the crisis, undermining competitiveness. And although protectionism has not surged, there is evidence of creeping protectionism, especially with increasing non-tariff barriers to trade. Global trade growth is weaker than at any time in the last two decades. Strengthening both global openness and domestic competitiveness has never been more important. To revive sluggish productivity and tap new sources of growth, innovation, job creation, and development, a trade-andcompetitiveness agenda should be a priority for policymakers around the world. Note This box is based on a report prepared by the Global Agenda Councils on Competitiveness and Trade and FDI. For the full report, go to http://www.weforum.org/content/global-agenda-councilcompetitiveness-2014-2016-0. In emerging markets and developing countries in particular, there is scope for raising productivity through structural reforms. The GCI results reveal that considerable room for improvement exists in every country in all areas that drive productivity (Figure 3), and in each instance this constitutes a potential source of productivity gain. Another explanation for low economic growth, particularly in Europe, is that lending has not yet fully recovered since the financial crisis (Figure 4). Despite very low interest rates, banks are reluctant to lend because of the uncertain environment and, arguably, also because of much stricter regulations that were implemented in the wake of the financial crisis to stabilize the banking sector. Small- and medium-sized enterprises are being particularly affected.13 Competitiveness improves resilience A number of risks, including geopolitical tensions and currency and commodity price fluctuations, could derail the still weak recovery, should they materialize. Trends since 2007 support the hypothesis that competitiveness © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 15 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Figure 3: Distance to the best-performing economy in the GCI and pillars Index value (0–100, 100 = best-performing economy listed in parentheses) 100 (Switzerland) (Finland) (Hong Kong SAR) Overall GCI 1st pillar: Institutions 2nd pillar: Infrastructure (Norway) (Finland) (Singapore) (Singapore) 5th pillar: Higher education and training 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (Switzerland) (New Zealand) (Luxembourg) (China) (Switzerland) (Switzerland) 80 60 40 20 0 3rd pillar: 4th pillar: MacroHealth economic and environment primary education ■ Advanced Economies ■ Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan 7th pillar: 8th pillar: 9th pillar: 10th pillar: 11th pillar: 12th pillar: Labor Financial Technological Market Business Innovation market market readiness size sophistication efficiency development ■ Emerging and Developing Europe ■ Latin America and the Caribbean ■ Emerging and Developing Asia ■ Commonwealth of Independent States ■ Sub-Saharan Africa Note: The distance to the frontier is a group’s average score (on a 1-to-7 scale) minus 1 divided by the score of the best-performing economy minus 1. See page xv for group composition. contributes to an economy’s resilience, providing another reason to prioritize productivity growth now. Countries rated as more competitive before the crisis tended either to withstand it better (e.g., Germany, Switzerland) or bounce back more quickly. For example, the United States started growing again by 2010, while Greece took until 2014 to return to positive territory, its economy having contracted by 25 percent in the meantime. Figure 5 compares the growth trajectory of the five most and five least competitive advanced economies as identified in the 2007–2008 Global Competitiveness Index.14 The growth differential between the two groups averaged around 4 percent between 2010 and 2013. The contribution of competitiveness to resilience appears to hold for economies at most stages of development.15 Figure 6 reports average growth over the period 2008–14 for the GCI 2007–2008’s three most and least competitive economies in each of the five income groups. In each group, the most competitive economies have grown significantly more since the beginning of the crisis. Figure 4: Financial development pillar Evolution of average scores (1–7 scale), constant sample Figure 5: Average GDP growth rate (%) of selected advanced economies ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 6 Advanced Economies Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan Emerging and Developing Asia Commonwealth of Independent States Emerging and Developing Europe Latin America and the Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa 5 4 ■ 5 most competitive economies ■ 5 least competitive economies 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 4 –4 –5 3 0 2007–2008 2015–2016 Note: See page xv for group composition. 16 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sources: World Economic Forum; IMF 2015c. Note: The five most competitive advanced economies in the GCI 2007–2008 were the United States, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, and Germany; the five least competitive were Slovenia, Portugal, Italy, Cyprus, and Greece. Data are given as the simple average of growth rates. Advanced economy status is as of April 2007. © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Leveraging the human factor According to International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates, the global unemployment rate in 2014 was 5.9 percent—some 201 million people—with youth unemployment running at 13 percent.16 Unemployment spiked in almost every country after the crisis, but individual countries have widely different trajectories. From a peak in 2010, the most competitive economies have managed to bring unemployment down toward precrisis levels. In less competitive countries, unemployment has remained well above pre-crisis levels. Figure 7 depicts the evolution in unemployment rate over the period 2007–14 in selected advanced economies. At the left of the chart, for example, Greece’s trajectory shows the unemployment rate soaring. In the bottom-right of the chart, by contrast, Switzerland’s consistently high GCI results coincide with a relatively steady unemployment rate. Although the relationship between unemployment and competitiveness is complex, both rely heavily on the adequacy of the education system and the efficiency of the labor market: by educating, training, and rewarding people appropriately, a country ensures that its workers have the skills to attain productive employment and that it can attract and retain talent. This is true for both advanced economies and developing ones, because talent generates ideas that in turn power innovation, and 4 0 CYP, MLT, TTO 1 ITA, HUN, GRC 2 USA, CHE, DNK 3 ZWE, BDI, TCD ARG, SRB, VEN 5 MYS, CHL, LTU SGP, KOR, HKG 6 VNM, PAK, NGA ■ 3 most competitive economies ■ 3 least competitive economies PRY, LSO, GUY 7 THA, CHN, IND Figure 6: Growth rates of the most and least competitive economies, by income group Average annual growth rate, 2007–14 –1 –2 High income OECD (26) Other high income (16) Upper-middle income (24) Lower-middle income (30) Low income (21) Sources: World Economic Forum; IMF 2015c. Note: The number of economies included in each group is indicated in parentheses along the x axis. The GCI 2007–2008 rank is in parentheses in the following list: ARG = Argentina (85); BDI = Burundi (130); CHE = Switzerland (2); CHL = Chile (26); CHN = China (34); CYP = Cyprus (55); DNK = Denmark (3); GRC = Greece (65); GUY = Guyana (126); HKG = Hong Kong SAR (12); HUN = Hungary (47); IND = India (48); ITA = Italy (46); KOR = Korea, Rep. (11); LSO = Lesotho (124); LTU = Lithuania (38); MLT = Malta (56); MYS = Malaysia (21); NGA = Nigeria (95); PAK = Pakistan (92); PRY = Paraguay (121); SGP = Singapore (7); SRB = Serbia (91); TCD = Chad (131); THA = Thailand (28); TTO = Trinidad and Tobago (84); USA = United States (1); VEN = Venezuela (98); VNM = Vietnam (68); ZWE = Zimbabwe (129). Figure 7: Evolution of unemployment rate in selected advanced economies, 2007–14 Percent of total labor force 30 Greece ('13) Spain ('13) 25 Year of peak unemployment 20 Cyprus ('14) Portugal ('13) Ireland ('12) 15 Italy ('14) France ('13) United States ('10) Germany ('07) 10 5 Singapore ('09) Switzerland ('09) 0 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 GCI 2007–2008 score (1–7) Sources: World Economic Forum; IMF 2015c. Note: Year of peak unemployment indicated in parentheses. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 17 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 6: Performance of selected advanced economies on selected human capital–related indicators Rank out of 140 INDICATORS Country/economy Overall GCI 5.03 Quality of the education system 5.08 Extent of staff training 5.04 Quality of math and science education 7.01 12.06 7.07 Cooperation 7.02 7.08 7.09 Availability Reliance on 7.06 7.03 in laborFlexibility Country Country of scientists professional Pay and Hiring and employer of wage capacity to capacity to and engineers management productivity firing practices relations determination retain talent attract talent Switzerland 1 1 1 4 23 6 4 2 1 16 1 1 Singapore 2 3 4 1 11 5 3 4 3 6 6 2 United States 3 18 14 44 4 9 8 10 31 19 2 6 Germany 4 10 13 16 15 15 13 107 20 132 13 19 Netherlands 5 8 9 7 22 4 46 89 8 131 11 13 Japan 6 27 6 9 3 18 14 123 5 7 29 78 21 46 18 12 21 11 21 15 9 4 United Kingdom 10 21 France 22 30 28 19 19 29 59 127 116 69 63 42 Ireland 24 9 20 21 9 7 7 19 15 56 19 9 Korea, Rep. 26 66 36 30 40 37 24 115 132 66 25 35 Estonia 30 34 32 14 73 25 10 13 28 1 93 86 Spain 33 85 104 84 16 49 115 121 84 97 94 98 Italy 43 65 132 41 26 119 131 132 127 134 113 115 Greece 81 114 91 61 6 101 103 91 107 115 111 131 Note: Color is coded according to rank: ■ 1–20 ■ 21–40 ■ 41–60 ■ 61–80 because strong vocational skills remain an important source of comparative advantage. Table 6 presents the performance of selected advanced economies on indicators of education and labor market efficiency. The world’s three most competitive economies—Switzerland, Singapore, and the United States—score well in the vast majority of these indicators. Southern European countries where unemployment has spiked, such as Spain and Italy, perform poorly on most. Some countries with positive overall performance but shortcomings in at least one dimension—such as Germany, the Republic of Korea, and Japan—may still have positive unemployment trajectories, but they are also exposed to the risk of creating a two-tier labor market that discriminates between permanent employees and others. While the shortcomings in advanced economies are most likely to center on higher education, the skills gap, as well as labor market and wage-setting rigidities, in less-developed countries the issues center on public health and basic education. Even in countries where primary and secondary education is almost universal, the quality of that education can be mediocre and curricula are not adapted to the needs of businesses. The difficulty of finding jobs in the formal sector reduces the incentives for workers to invest in their own education. 18 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 ■ 81–100 ■ 101–120 ■ 121–140 Results overview This section presents an overview of the GCI results by region, identifies patterns, and puts them in context.17 Figure 8 compares the range of results between advanced economies and others in different regions between 2007 and 2008 (before the economic crisis) and the current edition of the Index. In most cases the gap is large, with sub-Saharan Africa continuing to be furthest behind despite improving on average. The figure also shows the diversity of performance within each region, with the Middle East and North Africa showing the largest disparities between best and worst performers. Most advanced economies have recovered to their pre-crisis level of competitiveness. As in previous years, they fill all the top positions in the rankings. Yet some disparity remains, with some Eastern and Southern European countries occupying the lowest rankings in this group: most notable is Greece, which at 81st place is the least competitive economy of this group. Access to finance is still the main drag on growth in most of these economies, with the United States representing a positive exception—it is now close to precrisis levels in terms of access to finance. At the other end of the spectrum, in the eurozone finance is much more difficult to access than it was eight years ago, underscoring one of the most important factors slowing down growth on the continent. © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Figure 8: Distribution of GCI scores 7 6 Best performer 2007–2008 average 2015–2016 average 5 Worst performer 4 3 2 1 2007– 2008 2015– 2016 Advanced Economies 2007– 2008 2015– 2016 Emerging and Developing Asia 2007– 2008 2015– 2016 Commonwealth of Independent States 2007– 2008 2015– 2016 Emerging and Developing Europe 2007– 2008 2015– 2016 2007– 2008 Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan 2015– 2016 Latin America and the Caribbean 2007– 2008 2015– 2016 Sub-Saharan Africa Note: Groups sorted according to average GCI 2015–2016 score. See page xv for group composition. Analysis of other pillars provides a mixed picture. Almost a decade of economic instability and a doubledip recession have eroded trust in public institutions since 2007 in most advanced economies, especially in Southern Europe. At the same time, the quality of infrastructure improved in Southern Europe, with Italy showing the highest growth, especially in the railway sector, thanks to heavy investments and increased market competition. However, infrastructure quality deteriorated in the United States, Switzerland, and Northern Europe, with Germany and France displaced from top positions by Hong Kong SAR and Singapore. Firms in the eurozone responded to the sluggishness of recovery by doing the most to improve their level of innovation, with Southern European countries showing small signs of convergence with their northern counterparts. There is further evidence of the emergence of a divide in Europe between reformist countries and the other countries. In France, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, we observe significant improvement in the areas of market competition and labor market efficiency thanks to the reforms these countries have been implementing. By contrast, Cyprus and Greece have failed to improve in these pillars. The analysis of the most problematic factors for doing business between 2007 and 2015 shows that the relative level of concern among firms around restrictive labor regulations has indeed progressively decreased in Figure 9: Restrictive labor regulations as the most problematic factor for doing business Average score* 25 ■ Northern Europe ■ Southern Europe ■ Eastern Europe 20 15 10 5 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey. * See Box 3 for methodology. Southern Europe (Figure 9). In most countries, access to finance has replaced labor regulations as the most problematic factor for doing business in those countries (Box 3 presents a trend analysis of these factors). Emerging and Developing Asia has been the world’s fastest-growing region since 2005 and looks set to retain this status in the medium term. The region now accounts for some 30 percent of global GDP, with China alone accounting for 16 percent.18 This dynamism is reflected in the GCI results. Since the beginning of the © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 19 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Box 3: The most problematic factors for doing business: Impacts of the global crisis Respondents to the Executive Opinion Survey are asked every year to identify and rank the five most problematic factors for doing business in their country. The scores calculated on the basis of the 2015 data are presented in the country profiles at the end of this Report. A comparative analysis of the results from 2007 and 2015 can help us understand how the global financial crisis has created new obstacles for doing business across the world, highlighted previously existing weaknesses, and changed the priorities of firms in countries at all stages of development (Table 1). The most striking change is the surge of access to finance as one of the most serious problems for business in many countries, a consequence of the global financial crisis (Figure 1). Because of deleveraging and stricter regulations in the banking sector, uncertain economic prospects, and despite extremely low interest rates, obtaining finance is still very difficult, especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises. In advanced economies, firms surveyed in 2015 indicate this factor as the 4th most pressing concern.1 This has more than doubled since 2007, when it was only 7th.2 Access to finance is now almost as problematic in advanced as in developing economies, where it has risen from 3rd in 2007 to become the number 1 priority (Table 1). Table 1: The most problematic factors for doing business in 2007 and 2015 ADVANCED ECONOMIES 2007 2015 Factor Score* Factor Score* Government bureaucracy 13.6 Government bureaucracy 14.2 Restrictive labor regulations 13.6 Tax rates 13.1 Tax rates 11.9 Restrictive labor regulations 12.8 Complexity of tax regulations 10.7 Access to finance 10.8 Inadequately educated workforce 9.0 Complexity of tax regulations 8.8 EMERGING MARKET AND DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 2007 2015 Factor Score* Factor Score* Government bureaucracy 12.3 Access to finance 11.7 Corruption 11.4 Corruption 11.4 11.3 Access to finance 9.8 Government bureaucracy Inadequate supply of infrastructure 8.9 Tax rates 8.1 Policy instability 8.1 Inadequate supply of infrastructure 8.0 Sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2007 and 2015 editions. * See Note 2 of this box. Figure 1: Access to finance as the most problematic factor for doing business, 2007–15 1a: Absolute value 1b: Index = 100 (2007) 20 400 350 15 300 Advanced economies 250 10 200 Emerging market and developing economies 150 Advanced economies 5 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 100 2015 Emerging market and developing economies 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2007 and 2015 editions. Tax rates also climbed the priority list in both advanced and developing economies. In their quest for a reduction of debt and deficits, governments in many countries have implemented austerity measures that include new taxes that depressed business activity further. The analysis also reveals the persistence of institutional factors as top priorities in most economies, showing how difficult it is for countries at all levels of development to improve their institutional framework. Government bureaucracy is still the top priority in advanced economies and remains one of the three most pressing issues in developing economies; corruption—another factor related to governance—ranks second on the list. Corruption has gained in prominence especially in countries where recent scandals 20 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 have exposed its economic costs, such as Brazil, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, and Spain. Notes 1 See page xv for group composition. 2 Respondents to the Executive Opinion Survey were asked to select the five most problematic factors for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The numbers presented in this box show the responses weighted according to their rankings. The historical scores have been adjusted to reflect the introduction of new factors to the list used in the Survey. For the list of problematic factors for each economy, refer to the Country/Economy Profiles at the end of the Report. © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal crisis, competitiveness trends have been mostly positive. However, regional averages conceal profound disparities across the region (Figure 10). China (28th) and most of the Southeast Asian countries are performing well, while South Asian countries and Mongolia (104th) continue to lag behind. Behind Singapore (2nd), the five largest members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)— namely Malaysia (18th, up two), Thailand (32nd, down one), Indonesia (37th, down four), the Philippines (47, up five), and Vietnam (56th, up 12)—all rank in the top half of the overall GCI rankings. With the exception of Thailand, all five have improved their showing since 2007, most notably the Philippines, which has leapfrogged 17 places. Although ranked much lower, the three other ASEAN members—Lao PDR (83rd, up 10), Cambodia (90th, up five), and Myanmar (131st, up three)—all move up the ladder. In contrast, no member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) features in the top 50. India leads the way at 55th, followed by Sri Lanka (68th, up five). Nepal (100th, up two), Bhutan (105th, down two), Bangladesh (107th, up two), and Pakistan (126th, up three) all rank 100th or below. Although last year all SAARC countries except Bhutan posted small gains, since 2007 only Nepal has managed to progress significantly (14 places gained); Pakistan lost 34 places during that period and India, despite leapfrogging 16 places this year, still ranks seven notches lower than it did in 2007. Despite the region’s dynamism, it faces many challenges. Most countries have a gaping infrastructure deficit because investment has not kept up with rapid growth. The uptake of technology, in particular of ICTs, is also very low across the region. For middle-income countries, innovation capacity remains limited, which poses a risk to their growth in the long run. For instance, the results of the Executive Opinion Survey reveal that the difficulty of innovating has become the biggest concern of the business community in China (see Box 4). Three factors had an impact on the regional economy in Emerging Europe in 2014–2015: some Balkan countries were hit by floods, which reduced agriculture yields, capital formation, and industry capacity; the recession in Russia reduced exports, particularly of the Baltic countries; and changes in monetary policy from both the European Central Bank and the Swiss National Bank have had doubleedged effects by increasing the costs of mortgages denominated in Swiss francs on one hand and reducing interests rates on the other. Despite these difficulties, however, the region’s growth is projected to remain steady, and only three countries fell in their GCI ranking. The Baltic countries are generally doing better than those in Central and Southern Europe. Lithuania is the most competitive economy in the region (36th), Figure 10: Emerging and Developing Asia competitiveness trends Average GCI score (1–7), constant sample 5 ■ ASEAN ■ SAARC ■ Other developing Asia 4 3 0 2007– 2008– 2009– 2010– 2011– 2012– 2013– 2014– 2015– 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Note: ASEAN = Association of Southeast Asian Nations; SAARC = South Asian Association for Cooperation. only six positions behind Estonia.19 Poland (41st) and Turkey (51st) take the second and third position in the region. Only Albania (93rd), Serbia (94th), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (111th) are outside the top 80. Gaps are particularly wide on technological readiness, with the Baltics outperforming Southern Europe. Lithuania leads the region in technological and ICT adoption and innovation, with less promising trends in countries such as Albania, Turkey, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. All countries need to continue implementing structural reforms to achieve higher levels of competitiveness. In particular, all would benefit from improving the flexibility of their labor markets (with the possible exception of Hungary), developing the financial sector, and reducing red tape, which is reported as one of the most problematic factors for doing business in the region. Competitiveness has been slowly improving overall in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in recent years, sustained by a positive macroeconomic environment, especially in energy-exporting countries, and slight progress in goods market efficiency and education. Innovation capacity has also improved, but only slightly and from a low base. However, the strong overall performance is under threat from expectations of prolonged low commodity prices and regional knock-on effects of recent geopolitical developments. Russia (45th) still faces economic sanctions, while the situation in the eastern part of Ukraine (79th) remains tense. Recession in both countries will necessarily affect the region’s prospects. The CIS region needs to diversify to become more competitive and resilient to commodity price and demand shocks, but it may be hampered by the reduced capacity of its financial sector to lend to non-oil sectors. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 21 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Efforts to shield the economy from shocks in the short term should not derail structural progress toward longerterm competiveness. Countries must step up efforts to improve economic fundamentals such as the efficiency of the goods and labor markets, financial development, competition policy, governance, and enterprise restructuring. Performance across countries is more homogenous than in other regions, with the best performer (Azerbaijan, 40th) losing one position this year, while the poorest performer (Kyrgyz Republic, 102nd) registers the fastest recent improvement in the region. The largest gaps between countries are in technology readiness and ICTs (where Moldova is leading the group) and infrastructure (led by Russia). The deceleration experienced in Latin America and the Caribbean since 2012 continues in 2015, with the IMF projecting growth of below 1 percent—down from 1.3 percent in 2014 and 2.9 percent in 2013.20 Falling commodity prices add to the persisting challenge of low levels of trade, investment, and savings, and low productivity growth. As a result, the region has seen its performance on the GCI stagnate over the past five years. On a brighter note, some countries are likely to benefit from the US recovery, given their strong trade and investment links. The region is heterogenous and the competitiveness divide among these countries remains wide. The top Latin American performer is Chile (35th), followed by Panama (50th) and Costa Rica (52nd). Mexico and Colombia are rapidly approaching the top three after improving four and five positions, respectively. Three Latin American countries experience dramatic declines this year: Bolivia, Brazil, and El Salvador. All three countries suffer from deteriorating institutions and low macroeconomic performance stability. At the bottom of the region are Venezuela (132nd) and Haiti (134th). Most countries from the region cluster toward the middle— that is, between 50th and 100th, with Argentina slightly outside this range at 106th. To create sustainable long-term growth, the region must build resilience against external economic shocks. Infrastructure, skills, and innovation—areas in which the region performs relatively poorly—are among the fundamentals to be strengthened. Structural reforms and measures to improve the business environment and to foster innovation, coupled with a better-educated workforce—through more on-thejob training, for example—would increase resilience by diversifying the economy away from commodity price dependence and enable production with more value-added.21 There is a sense of urgency for the region to overcome its productivity challenges to enhance competitiveness, even in an environment of slower economic growth. The region needs not only to boost 22 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 productivity but also to share the resulting prosperity, reducing and preserving social gains that might be at risk. There are stark differences in competitiveness across the Middle East and North Africa region. Led by Qatar (14th), the United Arab Emirates (17th), Saudi Arabia (25th), and Bahrain (39th), many Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are already fairly competitive and can build on past progress to improve further. However, the Levant and North Africa lag significantly behind, the best performers being Jordan (64th) and Morocco (72nd). Although most of its countries have made progress in improving competitiveness, the region is marked by fragility and vulnerability to shocks. Rising geopolitical security concerns made it impossible to cover Yemen, Syria, or Libya in this year’s Report. Spillovers from the Syrian war have affected security elsewhere in the Levant, while in North Africa, terrorist events in the Spring of 2015 undermined recent positive developments in Tunisia (92nd). Despite the diversity of their economies, most of the region’s countries share the major—and daunting— challenge of creating sufficient employment opportunities for their youthful populations. More jobs can be achieved only by creating the right conditions for the private sector to grow. The region is also home to some of the world’s biggest energy exporters; the recent drop in energy prices further demonstrates the need for economic diversification and developing a strong and vibrant private sector. The recent agreement with Iran on its nuclear program (73rd) may provide important growth opportunities if conditions for implementation are fulfilled. Sub-Saharan Africa’s solid growth rates—more than 5 percent over the past 15 years—bear witness to the region’s impressive economic potential.22 However, Africa’s levels of productivity remain low. The recent fall in resource prices has affected many countries,23 and the normalization of US monetary policy may lead to increased investor scrutiny of emerging market risk, undermining growth prospects. Both these developments emphasize the region’s need to prioritize competitiveness-enhancing reforms. The region’s most pressing challenges are weak institutions, poor infrastructure, and insufficient health and education sectors. Improving education and the enabling environment for employment will largely determine whether or not the region will be able to reap the unprecedented growth opportunities of its growing labor force—the number of sub-Saharan Africans reaching working age (15–64) will exceed that of the rest of the world by 2035.24 The region’s comparatively efficient markets demonstrate its capacity for reform, as reflected in its rapidly improving goods market efficiency.25 However, reforms to improve institutions and © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal bridge the infrastructure and human capital gaps will take time to produce results. There are wide regional disparities in competitiveness. The top performers are Mauritius (46th), South Africa (49th, and reversing its four-year downward trend), Rwanda (58th), and Botswana (71st). However, 15 out of the bottom 20 economies are sub-Saharan African, with Guinea propping up the list in 140th. The other two countries hardest hit by Ebola—Liberia (129th) and Sierra Leone (137th)—also rank low. Côte d’Ivoire (91st) and Ethiopia (109th) are this year’s largest improvers: both have strengthened institutions, while Côte d’Ivoire has also improved its financial markets and domestic competition and Ethiopia has made progress in its goods and labor market as well as its business sophistication and innovation. Country highlights This section discusses performance highlights for selected economies, including the top 10 most competitive, the best performers in each main region, and G-20 economies outside the top 10. Economies are listed in rank order (see Table 7). Switzerland tops the GCI for the seventh consecutive year. Switzerland leads the innovation pillar, thanks to its world-class research institutions (1st), high spending on research and development (R&D) by companies (1st), and strong cooperation between the academic world and the private sector (3rd). But many other factors contribute to Switzerland’s innovation ecosystem, including the level of business sophistication (1st) and the country’s capacity to nurture and attract talent. Switzerland boasts an excellent education system at all levels and is a pioneer of the dual education system. The labor market is highly efficient (1st), with high levels of collaboration between labor and employers (1st) and balancing employee protection with flexibility and business needs. Swiss public institutions are among the most effective and transparent in the world (6th), and competitiveness is further buttressed by excellent infrastructure and connectivity (6th) and highly developed financial markets (10th). Last but not least, Switzerland’s macroeconomic environment is among the most stable worldwide (6th) at a time when many developed countries continue to struggle in this area. These very strong economic fundamentals help to explain Switzerland’s resilience throughout the crisis. Yet recent developments have created a number of downside risks and leave little policy space. These include the sluggish recovery in key trading partner countries; the appreciation of the Swiss franc following the exit of the exchange rate floor; near-zero inflation; and negative real interest rates. Uncertainty about future immigration policy following the referendum against “mass immigration” could undermine Switzerland’s capacity to tap into the global talent pool needed to Table 7: List of economies covered in this section Rank out of 140 Economy GCI rank Switzerland Singapore United States Germany Netherlands Japan Hong Kong SAR Finland Sweden United Kingdom Canada Qatar United Arab Emirates Malaysia Australia France Saudi Arabia Korea, Rep. China Chile Indonesia Azerbaijan Italy Russian Federation Mauritius South Africa Turkey India Mexico Rwanda Colombia Brazil Argentina Egypt Nigeria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 17 18 21 22 25 26 28 35 37 40 43 45 46 49 51 55 57 58 61 75 106 116 124 Page of description 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 power its economy. Switzerland must continue to sharpen its competitive edge to justify the high cost of doing business in the country. Singapore ranks 2nd for the fifth year in a row, with one of the most consistent performances of all economies, being in the top 10 in nine out 12 pillars. Singapore remains the best performer when it comes to the overall efficiency of markets, and one of the two economies—together with Hong Kong SAR—ranking in the top three in goods, labor, and financial market efficiency. In particular, Singapore can rely on the most flexible and the second most attractive labor market in the world, although the participation of women in the workforce remains relatively low (75th). With the best higher education and training system in the world (1st, overtaking Finland), Singapore is well placed to increase technological adoption (5th, up two), business sophistication (18th, up one), and innovation (stable at 9th). The economy can rely on top-notch infrastructure (2nd), a transparent and efficient institutional framework (2nd), and a stable macroeconomic environment (12th). In particular, the government produced a large budget © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 23 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Appendix: Methodology and Computation of the Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 This appendix provides a short description of each pillar of the Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 (GCI) and of the application of the concept of stages of development to weight the Index. For a more detailed description and literature review for each pillar, refer to Chapter 1.1 in The Global Competitiveness Report 2014– 2015.a The appendix also presents the detailed structure of the GCI and explains how the Index is computed. THE TWELVE PILLARS OF COMPETITIVENESS We define competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. The level of productivity, in turn, sets the level of prosperity that can be reached by an economy. The productivity level also determines the rates of return obtained by investments in an economy, which in turn are the fundamental drivers of its growth rates. In other words, a more competitive economy is one that is likely to grow faster over time. This open-endedness is captured within the GCI by including a weighted average of many different components, each measuring a different aspect of competitiveness. The components are grouped into 12 categories, the pillars of competitiveness: First pillar: Institutions The institutional environment of a country depends on the efficiency and the behavior of both public and private stakeholders. The legal and administrative framework within which individuals, firms, and governments interact determines the quality of the public institutions of a country and has a strong bearing on competitiveness and growth. It influences investment decisions and the organization of production and plays a key role in the ways in which societies distribute the benefits and bear the costs of development strategies and policies. Good private institutions are also important for the sound and sustainable development of an economy. The 2007–08 global financial crisis, along with numerous corporate scandals, has highlighted the relevance of accounting and reporting standards and transparency for preventing fraud and mismanagement, ensuring good governance, and maintaining investor and consumer confidence. Second pillar: Infrastructure Extensive and efficient infrastructure is critical for ensuring the effective functioning of the economy. Effective modes of transport—including high-quality roads, railroads, ports, and air transport—enable entrepreneurs to get their goods and services to market in a secure and timely manner and facilitate the movement of workers to the most suitable jobs. Economies also depend on electricity supplies that are free from interruptions and shortages so that businesses and factories can work unimpeded. Finally, a solid and extensive telecommunications network allows for a rapid and free flow of information, which increases overall economic efficiency by helping to ensure that businesses can communicate and decisions are made by economic actors taking into account all available relevant information. Third pillar: Macroeconomic environment The stability of the macroeconomic environment is important for business and, therefore, is significant for the overall competitiveness of a country. Although it is certainly true that macroeconomic stability alone cannot increase the productivity of a nation, it is also recognized that macroeconomic disarray harms the economy, as we have seen in recent years, conspicuously in the European context. The government cannot provide services efficiently if it has to make high-interest payments on its past debts. Running fiscal deficits limits the government’s future ability to react to business cycles. Firms cannot operate efficiently when inflation rates are out of hand. In sum, the economy cannot grow in a sustainable manner unless the macro environment is stable. Fourth pillar: Health and primary education A healthy workforce is vital to a country’s competitiveness and productivity. Workers who are ill cannot function to their potential and will be less productive. Poor health leads to significant costs to business, as sick workers are often absent or operate at lower levels of efficiency. Investment in the provision of health services is thus critical for clear economic, as well as moral, considerations. In addition to health, this pillar takes into account the quantity and quality of the basic education © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 35 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal received by the population, which is increasingly important in today’s economy. Basic education increases the efficiency of each individual worker. Fifth pillar: Higher education and training Quality higher education and training is crucial for economies that want to move up the value chain beyond simple production processes and products. In particular, today’s globalizing economy requires countries to nurture pools of well-educated workers who are able to perform complex tasks and adapt rapidly to their changing environment and the evolving needs of the production system. This pillar measures secondary and tertiary enrollment rates as well as the quality of education as evaluated by business leaders. The extent of staff training is also taken into consideration because of the importance of vocational and continuous on-the-job training—which is neglected in many economies—for ensuring a constant upgrading of workers’ skills. Sixth pillar: Goods market efficiency Countries with efficient goods markets are well positioned to produce the right mix of products and services given their particular supply-and-demand conditions, as well as to ensure that these goods can be most effectively traded in the economy. Healthy market competition, both domestic and foreign, is important in driving market efficiency, and thus business productivity, by ensuring that the most efficient firms, producing goods demanded by the market, are those that thrive. Market efficiency also depends on demand conditions such as customer orientation and buyer sophistication. For cultural or historical reasons, customers may be more demanding in some countries than in others. This can create an important competitive advantage, as it forces companies to be more innovative and customeroriented and thus imposes the discipline necessary for efficiency to be achieved in the market. Seventh pillar: Labor market efficiency The efficiency and flexibility of the labor market are critical for ensuring that workers are allocated to their most effective use in the economy and provided with incentives to give their best effort in their jobs. Labor markets must therefore have the flexibility to shift workers from one economic activity to another rapidly and at low cost, and to allow for wage fluctuations without much social disruption. Efficient labor markets must also ensure clear strong incentives for employees and promote meritocracy at the workplace, and they must provide equity in the business environment between women and men. Taken together these factors have a positive effect on worker performance and the attractiveness of the country for talent, two aspects of the labor market that are growing more important as talent shortages loom on the horizon. 36 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 Eighth pillar: Financial market development An efficient financial sector allocates the resources saved by a nation’s population, as well as those entering the economy from abroad, to the entrepreneurial or investment projects with the highest expected rates of return rather than to the politically connected. Business investment is critical to productivity. Therefore economies require sophisticated financial markets that can make capital available for private-sector investment from such sources as loans from a sound banking sector, well-regulated securities exchanges, venture capital, and other financial products. In order to fulfill all those functions, the banking sector needs to be trustworthy and transparent, and—as has been made so clear recently—financial markets need appropriate regulation to protect investors and other actors in the economy at large. Ninth pillar: Technological readiness The technological readiness pillar measures the agility with which an economy adopts existing technologies to enhance the productivity of its industries, with specific emphasis on its capacity to fully leverage information and communication technologies (ICTs) in daily activities and production processes for increased efficiency and enabling innovation for competitiveness. Whether the technology used has or has not been developed within national borders is irrelevant for its ability to enhance productivity. The central point is that the firms operating in the country need to have access to advanced products and blueprints and the ability to absorb and use them. Among the main sources of foreign technology, FDI often plays a key role, especially for countries at a less advanced stage of technological development. Tenth pillar: Market size The size of the market affects productivity since large markets allow firms to exploit economies of scale. Traditionally, the markets available to firms have been constrained by national borders. In the era of globalization, international markets have become a substitute for domestic markets, especially for small countries. Thus exports can be thought of as a substitute for domestic demand in determining the size of the market for the firms of a country. By including both domestic and foreign markets in our measure of market size, we give credit to export-driven economies and geographic areas (such as the European Union) that are divided into many countries but have a single common market. Eleventh pillar: Business sophistication Business sophistication concerns two elements that are intricately linked: the quality of a country’s overall business networks and the quality of individual firms’ operations and strategies. These factors are especially important for countries at an advanced stage of © 2015 World Economic Forum 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal development when, to a large extent, the more basic sources of productivity improvements have been exhausted. The quality of a country’s business networks and supporting industries, as measured by the quantity and quality of local suppliers and the extent of their interaction, is important for a variety of reasons. When companies and suppliers from a particular sector are interconnected in geographically proximate groups, called clusters, efficiency is heightened, greater opportunities for innovation in processes and products are created, and barriers to entry for new firms are reduced. Twelfth pillar: Innovation The final pillar of competitiveness focuses on technological innovation. Innovation is particularly important for economies as they approach the frontiers of knowledge, and the possibility of generating more value by merely integrating and adapting exogenous technologies tends to disappear. In these economies, firms must design and develop cutting-edge products and processes to maintain a competitive edge and move toward even higher value-added activities. This progression requires an environment that is conducive to innovative activity and supported by both the public and the private sectors. In particular, it means sufficient investment in research and development (R&D), especially by the private sector; the presence of high-quality scientific research institutions that can generate the basic knowledge needed to build the new technologies; extensive collaboration in research and technological developments between universities and industry; and the protection of intellectual property. The interrelation of the 12 pillars Although we report the results of the 12 pillars of competitiveness separately, it is important to keep in mind that they are not independent: they tend to reinforce each other, and a weakness in one area often has a negative impact in others. The detailed structure and methodology used to compute the GCI are presented at the end of this appendix. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE WEIGHTED INDEX Although all of the pillars described above will matter to a certain extent for all economies, it is clear that they affect different economies in different ways. In line with well-known economic theory of stages of development, the GCI assumes that, in the first stage, the economy is factor-driven and countries compete based on their factor endowments—primarily unskilled labor and natural resources.b Maintaining competitiveness at this stage of development hinges primarily on well-functioning public and private institutions (1st pillar), a well-developed infrastructure (2nd pillar), a stable macroeconomic environment (3rd pillar), and a healthy workforce that has received at least a basic education (4th pillar). As a country becomes more competitive, productivity will increase and wages will rise with advancing development. Countries will then move into the efficiency-driven stage of development, when they must begin to develop more-efficient production processes and increase product quality because wages have risen and they cannot increase prices. At this point, competitiveness is increasingly driven by higher education and training (5th pillar), efficient goods markets (6th pillar), well-functioning labor markets (7th pillar), developed financial markets (8th pillar), the ability to harness the benefits of existing technologies (9th pillar), and a large domestic or foreign market (10th pillar). Finally, as countries move into the innovation-driven stage, wages will have risen by so much that they are able to sustain those higher wages and the associated standard of living only if their businesses are able to compete using the most sophisticated production processes (11th pillar) and by innovating new ones (12th pillar). The GCI takes the stages of development into account by attributing higher relative weights to those pillars that are more relevant for an economy given its particular stage of development. To implement this concept, the pillars are organized into three subindexes, each critical to a particular stage of development. The basic requirements subindex groups those pillars most critical for countries in the factor-driven stage. The efficiency enhancers subindex includes those pillars critical for countries in the efficiency-driven stage. And the innovation and sophistication factors subindex includes the pillars critical to countries in the innovationdriven stage. The weights attributed to each subindex in every stage of development are shown in Table 1. Two criteria are used to allocate countries into stages of development. The first is the level of GDP per capita at market exchange rates. The thresholds used are also reported in Table 1. A second criterion is used to adjust for countries that, based on income, would have moved beyond stage 1, but where prosperity is based on the extraction of resources. This is measured by the share of exports of mineral goods in total exports (goods and services), and assumes that countries with more than 70 percent of their exports made up of mineral products (measured using a five-year average) are to a large extent factor driven.c Countries that are resource driven and significantly wealthier than economies at the technological frontier are classified in the innovationdriven stage.d Any countries falling between two of the three stages are considered to be “in transition.” For these countries, the weights change smoothly as a country develops, reflecting the smooth transition from © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 37 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal Table 1: Subindex weights and income thresholds for stages of development STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT Stage 1: Factor-driven Transition from stage 1 to stage 2 <2,000 2,000–2,999 3,000–8,999 9,000–17,000 Weight for basic requirements 60% 40–60% 40% 20–40% 20% Weight for efficiency enhancers 35% 35–50% 50% 50% 50% 5% 5–10% 10% 10–30% 30% GDP per capita (US$) thresholds* Weight for innovation and sophistication factors Stage 2: Efficiency-driven Transition from stage 2 to stage 3 Stage 3: Innovation-driven Note: See individual country/economy profiles for the exact applied weights. * For economies with a high dependency on mineral resources, GDP per capita is not the sole criterion for the determination of the stage of development. See text for details. Table 2: Countries/economies at each stage of development Stage 1: Factor-driven (35 economies) Transition from stage 1 to stage 2 (16 economies) Stage 2: Efficiency-driven (31 economies) Transition from stage 2 to stage 3 (20 economies) Stage 3: Innovation-driven (38 economies) Bangladesh Benin Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Côte d'Ivoire Ethiopia Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Haiti India Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Nicaragua Pakistan Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Tajikistan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Azerbaijan Bhutan Botswana Gabon Honduras Iran, Islamic rep. Kazakhstan Kuwait Moldova Mongolia Nigeria Philippines Saudi Arabia Venezuela Vietnam Albania Armenia Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cape Verde China Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Georgia Guatemala Guyana Indonesia Jamaica Jordan Macedonia, FYR Montenegro Morocco Namibia Paraguay Peru Serbia South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Thailand Tunisia Ukraine Argentina Brazil Chile Costa Rica Croatia Hungary Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Oman Panama Poland Romania Russian Federation Seychelles Turkey Uruguay Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Canada Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong SAR Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea, Rep. Luxembourg Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Qatar Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan, China Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States 38 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 © 2015 World Economic Forum >17,000 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal one stage of development to another. The classification of countries into stages of development is shown in Table 2. STRUCTURE AND COMPUTATION OF THE INDEX The computation of the GCI is based on successive aggregations of scores from the indicator level (i.e., the most disaggregated level) all the way up to the overall GCI score. Unless noted otherwise, we use an arithmetic mean to aggregate individual indicators within a category.e For the higher aggregation levels, we use the percentage shown next to each category. This percentage represents the category’s weight within its immediate parent category. Reported percentages are rounded to the nearest integer, but exact figures are used in the calculation of the GCI. For example, the score a country achieves in the 11th pillar accounts for 50 percent of this country’s score in the innovation and sophistication factors subindex, irrespective of the country’s stage of development. Similarly, the score achieved on the subpillar transport infrastructure accounts for 50 percent of the score of the infrastructure pillar. Unlike the case for the lower levels of aggregation, the weight put on each of the three subindexes (basic requirements, efficiency enhancers, and innovation and sophistication factors) is not fixed. Instead, it depends on each country’s stage of development, as discussed in the chapter.f For instance, in the case of Burundi—a country in the first stage of development—the score in the basic requirements subindex accounts for 60 percent of its overall GCI score, while it represents just 20 percent of the overall GCI score of Sweden, a country in the third stage of development. For countries in transition between stages, the weighting applied to each subindex is reported in the corresponding profile at the end of this volume. For instance, in the case of Turkey, currently in transition from stage 2 to stage 3, the weight on each subindex is 36.3 percent, 50 percent, and 13.7 percent, respectively, as reported in the country profile on page 350. Indicators that are not derived from the Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey) are identified by an asterisk (*) in the following list. The Technical Notes and Sources section at the end of the Report provides detailed information about each of these indicators. To make the aggregation possible, the indicators are converted to a 1-to-7 scale in order to align them with the Survey results. We apply a min-max transformation, which preserves the order of, and the relative distance between, country scores.g Indicators that are followed by the designation “½” enter the GCI in two different pillars. In order to avoid double counting, we assign a half-weight to each instance.h Weight (%) within immediate parent category BASIC REQUIREMENTS .........................................20–60%f 1st pillar: Institutions ..................................................25% A. Public institutions.........................................................................75% 1. Property rights ..........................................................................20% 1.01 Property rights 1.02 Intellectual property protection½ 2. Ethics and corruption ................................................................20% 1.03 Diversion of public funds 1.04 Public trust in politicians 1.05 Irregular payments and bribes 3. Undue influence........................................................................20% 1.06 Judicial independence 1.07 Favoritism in decisions of government officials 4. Public-sector performance ........................................................20% 1.08 Wastefulness of government spending 1.09 Burden of government regulation 1.10 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes 1.11 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations 1.12 Transparency of government policymaking 5. Security....................................................................................20% 1.13 Business costs of terrorism 1.14 Business costs of crime and violence 1.15 Organized crime 1.16 Reliability of police services B. Private institutions .......................................................................25% 1. Corporate ethics .......................................................................50% 1.17 Ethical behavior of firms 2. Accountability ...........................................................................50% 1.18 Strength of auditing and reporting standards 1.19 Efficacy of corporate boards 1.20 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests 1.21 Strength of investor protection* 2nd pillar: Infrastructure .............................................25% A. Transport infrastructure................................................................50% 2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure 2.02 Quality of roads 2.03 Quality of railroad infrastructurei 2.04 Quality of port infrastructure 2.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure 2.06 Available airline seat kilometers* B. Electricity and telephony infrastructure ......................................50% 2.07 Quality of electricity supply 2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions* ½ 2.09 Fixed telephone lines* ½ 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment ....................25% © 2015 World Economic Forum 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 Government budget balance* Gross national savings* Inflation* j Government debt* Country credit rating* The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 39 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal 4th pillar: Health and primary education....................25% A. Health .......................................................................................... 50% 4.01 Business impact of malariak 4.02 Malaria incidence* k 4.03 Business impact of tuberculosisk 4.04 Tuberculosis incidence* k 4.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDSk 4.06 HIV prevalence* k 4.07 Infant mortality* 4.08 Life expectancy* B. Primary education ........................................................................50% 4.09 Quality of primary education 4.10 Primary education enrollment rate* EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS ......................................35–50%f 5th pillar: Higher education and training....................17% A. Quantity of education ...................................................................33% 5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate* 5.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate* B. Quality of education .....................................................................33% 5.03 Quality of the educational system 5.04 Quality of math and science education 5.05 Quality of management schools 5.06 Internet access in schools C. On-the-job training .......................................................................33% 5.07 Local availability of specialized research and training services 5.08 Extent of staff training 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency ............................17% A. Competition ..................................................................................67% 1. Domestic competition .......................................................variablel 6.01 Intensity of local competition 6.02 Extent of market dominance 6.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy 6.04 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest 6.05 Total tax rate* 6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business* m 6.07 Time required to start a business* m 6.08 Agricultural policy costs 2. Foreign competition variablel 6.09 Prevalence of trade barriers 6.10 Trade tariffs* 6.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership 6.12 Business impact of rules on FDI 6.13 Burden of customs procedures 6.14 Imports as a percentage of GDP* n B. Quality of demand conditions ......................................................33% 6.15 Degree of customer orientation 6.16 Buyer sophistication 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency .............................17% A. Flexibility ......................................................................................50% 7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations 7.02 Flexibility of wage determination 7.03 Hiring and firing practices 7.04 Redundancy costs* 7.05 Effect of taxation on incentives to work 7.08 Country capacity to retain talent 7.09 Country capacity to attract talent 7.10 Female participation in labor force* 8th pillar: Financial market development ...................17% A. Efficiency ......................................................................................50% 8.01 Availability of financial services 8.02 Affordability of financial services 8.03 Financing through local equity market 8.04 Ease of access to loans 8.05 Venture capital availability B. Trustworthiness and confidence ..................................................50% 8.06 Soundness of banks 8.07 Regulation of securities exchanges 8.08 Legal rights index* 9th pillar: Technological readiness .............................17% A. Technological adoption.................................................................50% 9.01 Availability of latest technologies 9.02 Firm-level technology absorption 9.03 FDI and technology transfer B. ICT use..........................................................................................50% 9.04 Internet users* 9.05 Broadband Internet subscriptions* 9.06 Internet bandwidth* 9.07 Mobile broadband subscriptions* 2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions* ½ 2.09 Fixed telephone lines* ½ 10th pillar: Market size...............................................17% A. Domestic market size ..................................................................75% 10.01 Domestic market size index* o B. Foreign market size .....................................................................25% 10.02 Foreign market size index* p INNOVATION AND SOPHISTICATION FACTORS .........5–30%f 11th pillar: Business sophistication ...........................50% 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 7.07 12th pillar: R&D Innovation .........................................50% 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 1.02 B. Efficient use of talent ...................................................................50% 7.06 Pay and productivity 7.07 Reliance on professional management½ 40 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 Local supplier quantity Local supplier quality State of cluster development Nature of competitive advantage Value chain breadth Control of international distribution Production process sophistication Extent of marketing Willingness to delegate authority Reliance on professional management½ © 2015 World Economic Forum Capacity for innovation Quality of scientific research institutions Company spending on R&D University-industry collaboration in R&D Government procurement of advanced technology products Availability of scientists and engineers PCT patent applications* Intellectual property protection½ 1.1: Reaching Beyond the New Normal NOTES i a World Economic Forum 2014. b Probably the most famous theory of stages of development was developed by the American historian W. W. Rostow in the 1960s (see Rostow 1960). Here we adapt Michael Porter’s theory of stages (see Porter 1990). See Chapter 1.1 of The Global Competitiveness Report 2007–2008 for a complete description of how we have adapted Michael Porter’s theory for the present application (Sala-i-Martín et al. 2007). c In order to capture the resource intensity of the economy, we use as a proxy the exports of mineral products as a share of overall exports according to the sector classification developed by the International Trade Centre in their Trade Performance Index. In addition to crude oil and gas, this category also contains all metal ores and other minerals as well as petroleum products, liquefied gas, coal, and precious stones. The data used cover the years 2010 through 2014. Further information on these data can be found at http://www.intracen.org/menus/countries.htm All countries with more than 70 percent of their exports made up of mineral products are considered to be to some extent factor driven. The stage of development for these countries is adjusted downward smoothly depending on the exact primary export share. The higher the minerals export share, the stronger the adjustment and the closer the country will move to stage 1. For example, a country that exports 95 percent of mineral exports and that, based on the income criteria, would be in stage 3 will be in transition between stages 1 and 2. The income and primary exports criteria are weighted identically. Stages of development are dictated solely by income for countries that export less than 70 percent minerals. Countries that export only primary products would automatically fall into the factor-driven stage (stage 1). d In practice, this applies to countries where the GDP per capita at current market prices has, for the past five years, been above an average of that of economies at the technology frontier. Countries at the technology frontier are the 10 countries with the highest per capita patenting activity according, to Patent Cooperation Treaty data. e Formally, for a category i composed of K indicators, we have: K K f As described above, the weights are as specified in Table 1 of this appendix. Refer to individual country/economy profiles at the end of this Report for the exact weights used in the computation of each economy’s GCI score. g Formally, we have: 6 x ( country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum ) + 1 The sample minimum and sample maximum are, respectively, the lowest and highest country scores in the sample of economies covered by the GCI. In some instances, adjustments were made to account for extreme outliers. For those indicators for which a higher value indicates a worse outcome (e.g., disease incidence, government debt), the transformation formula takes the following form, thus ensuring that 1 and 7 still corresponds to the worst and best possible outcomes, respectively: –6 x ( j In order to capture the idea that both high inflation and deflation are detrimental, inflation enters the model in a U-shaped manner as follows: for values of inflation between 0.5 and 2.9 percent, a country receives the highest possible score of 7. Outside this range, scores decrease linearly as they move away from these values. k The impact of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS on competitiveness depends not only on their respective incidence rates but also on how costly they are for business. Therefore, in order to estimate the impact of each of the three diseases, we combine its incidence rate with the Survey question on its perceived cost to businesses. To combine these data we first take the ratio of each country’s disease incidence rate relative to the highest incidence rate in the whole sample. The inverse of this ratio is then multiplied by each country’s score on the related Survey question. This product is then normalized to a 1-to-7 scale. Note that countries with zero reported incidence receive a 7, regardless of their scores on the related Survey question. In the case of malaria, countries receive a 7 if the World Health Organization has classified them as malaria-free countries or included them in the supplementary list of areas where malaria has never existed or has disappeared without specific measures. l The competition subpillar is the weighted average of two components: domestic competition and foreign competition. In both components, the included indicators provide an indication of the extent to which competition is distorted. The relative importance of these distortions depends on the relative size of domestic versus foreign competition. This interaction between the domestic market and the foreign market is captured by the way we determine the weights of the two components. Domestic competition is the sum of consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), and exports (X), while foreign competition is equal to imports (M). Thus we assign a weight of (C + I + G + X)/(C + I + G + X + M) to domestic competition and a weight of M/(C + I + G + X + M) to foreign competition. m Indicators 6.06 and 6.07 combine to form one single indicator. indicatork k=1 categoryi “N/Appl.” is used for economies where there is no regular train service or where the network covers only a negligible portion of the territory. Assessment of the existence of a network was conducted by the World Economic Forum based on various sources. country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum ) n For indicator 6.14, imports as a percentage of GDP, we first apply a log-transformation and then a min-max transformation. o The size of the domestic market is constructed by taking the natural log of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at purchased power parity (PPP) (indicator 10.03) plus the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services (indicator 6.14), minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services (indicator 10.04). Data are then normalized on a 1-to-7 scale. PPP estimates of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP. p The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1-to-7 scale. PPP estimates of exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP (indicator 10.04) and GDP valued at PPP (10.03). + 7 h For those categories that contain one or several half-weight indicators, country scores are computed as follows: (sum of scores on full-weight variables) (count of full-weight variables) (sum of scores on half-weight variables) (count of half-weight variables) © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 41 2: Country/Economy Profiles Bosnia and Herzegovina Key indicators, 2014 GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2014 Population (millions) .......................................... 3.9 GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 18.0 GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 4,644 GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.04 Bosnia and Herzegovina 25,000 Emerging and Developing Europe 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Global Competitiveness Index Rank (out of 140) Score (1–7) Institutions 7 Innovation GCI 2015–2016 .................................................... 111 ..... 3.7 GCI 2014–2015 (out of 144) .................................... n/a ......n/a GCI 2013–2014 (out of 148) ..................................... 87 ......4.0 GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 88 ......3.9 Infrastructure 6 5 Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4 3 2 Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................95 ......4.2 Market size 1st pillar: Institutions ............................................... 127 ......3.2 2nd pillar: Infrastructure .......................................... 103 ......3.1 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .................... 98 ......4.3 4th pillar: Health and primary education ................... 48 ......6.0 Health and primary education 1 Higher education and training Technological readiness Financial market development Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................112 ......3.5 Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency 5th pillar: Higher education and training ................... 97 ......3.8 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency .......................... 129 ......3.7 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency ........................... 131 ......3.4 8th pillar: Financial market development ................. 113 ......3.3 9th pillar: Technological readiness ............................ 79 ......3.6 10th pillar: Market size.............................................. 97 ......3.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina Emerging and Developing Europe Stage of development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........120 ......3.0 11th pillar: Business sophistication ........................ 125 ......3.3 12th pillar: Innovation ............................................. 115 ......2.8 1 Transition 1–2 Factor driven 2 Transition 2–3 3 Efficiency driven Innovation driven The most problematic factors for doing business Score* Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.1 Corruption .........................................................................12.0 Tax rates............................................................................11.2 Policy instability .................................................................10.1 Government instability/coups ..............................................9.1 Complexity of tax regulations...............................................7.5 Access to financing .............................................................7.0 Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.2 Crime and theft ...................................................................5.1 Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.2 Poor work ethic in labor force..............................................3.8 Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.0 Inflation ................................................................................1.7 Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.6 Poor public health ...............................................................1.0 Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4 0 * 5 10 15 20 25 From the list of factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The score corresponds to the responses weighted according to their rankings. 118 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 © 2015 World Economic Forum 30 2: Country/Economy Profiles Bosnia and Herzegovina The Global Competitiveness Index in detail INDICATOR VALUE RANK/140 INDICATOR 1st pillar: Institutions VALUE RANK/140 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.) 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Property rights ....................................................... 3.1 ..........127 Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........131 Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.8 ..........101 Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.1 ..........116 Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.1 ..........108 Judicial independence............................................ 2.9 ..........110 Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.5 ..........108 Wastefulness of government spending ................... 1.7 ..........137 Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.5 ..........130 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.7 ..........128 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.8 ..........116 Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.9 ..........133 Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............65 Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.0 ............97 Organized crime ..................................................... 4.0 ..........113 Reliability of police services .................................... 5.4 ............27 Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.0 ..........134 Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.5 ..........131 Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........132 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.7 ..........139 Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.4 ............77 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.1 ..........118 Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.6 ..........129 Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.0 ............92 Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.0 ..........135 Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.4 ..........138 Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 12.6 ..........128 Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.3 ............85 Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 91.3 ..........108 Fixed-telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 22.2 ............49 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 Government budget balance, % GDP*................. –3.0 ............70 Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 11.1 ..........123 Inflation, annual % change* .................................. –0.9 ............89 General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 44.9 ............72 Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 29.5 ..........106 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................M.F. ...........n/a Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ...........n/a Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 46.0 ............64 Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.8 ..............7 HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.1 ..............1 Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.9 ..............2 Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 5.7 ............39 Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.3 ............48 Quality of primary education ................................... 3.7 ............82 Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.4 ............16 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 89.0 ............73 Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 37.0 ............70 Quality of the education system ............................. 2.4 ..........136 Quality of math and science education .................. 3.6 ............92 Quality of management schools ............................. 3.3 ..........120 Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.9 ............83 Availability of specialized training services .............. 3.1 ..........130 Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.9 ..........137 2nd pillar: Infrastructure 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 11 ..........123 No. days to start a business* ............................... 37.0 ..........123 Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.9 ..........128 Prevalence of non-tariff barriers .............................. 4.2 ............88 Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.9 ............67 Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.3 ..........127 Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.3 ..........128 Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........112 Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 64.1 ............35 Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........107 Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.1 ..........139 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.5 ..........133 Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............62 Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.1 ..........122 Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 9.2 ............28 Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.6 ..........133 Pay and productivity............................................... 2.9 ..........132 Reliance on professional management ................... 2.9 ..........135 Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.0 ..........136 Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.8 ..........137 Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.63 ..........109 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........106 Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........106 Financing through local equity market .................... 2.5 ..........122 Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.0 ..........125 Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ..........106 Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.8 ..........122 Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.1 ..........124 Legal rights index, 0–12 (best)* ................................. 7 ............24 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.2 ..........103 Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............83 FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.3 ..........135 Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 60.8 ............56 Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* 14.1 ............55 Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 43.0 ............60 Mobile-broadband subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 27.8 ............93 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.9 ............95 Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.9 ............98 GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 38.1 ............98 Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.7 ............58 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.1 ............99 Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.9 ............96 State of cluster development.................................. 3.0 ..........122 Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.8 ..........116 Value chain breadth................................................ 3.1 ..........123 Control of international distribution ......................... 3.1 ..........124 Production process sophistication.......................... 2.9 ..........126 Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.4 ..........134 Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............86 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........134 Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.1 ..........106 Company spending on R&D................................... 2.5 ..........124 University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.3 ............35 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.4 ..........138 Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.1 ..........125 PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 2.4 ............55 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency 8th pillar: Financial market development 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment 4th pillar: Health and primary education 5th pillar: Higher education and training 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.4 ..........117 Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.1 ..........115 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.1 ..........122 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.8 ..........127 Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 23.3 ............21 9th pillar: Technological readiness 10th pillar: Market size 11th pillar: Business sophistication 12th pillar: Innovation Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 89. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 119 The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 Rankings Regional Rankings The Global Competitiveness Map PART TWO Reformska agenda za Bosnu i Hercegovinu za period 2015 - 2018. godine 1. Vijeće ministara Bosne i Hercegovine, Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, Vlada Republike Srpske, vlade: Unsko-sanskog kantona, Posavskog kantona, Tuzlanskog kantona, Zeničko-dobojskog kantona, Bosansko-podrinjskog kantona, Srednjobosanskog kantona, Hercegovačko-neretvanskog kantona, Zapadnohercegovačkog kantona, Kantona Sarajevo, Hercegbosanskog kantona i Vlada Brčko Distrikta prepoznaju hitnu potrebu pokretanja procesa oporavka i moderniziranja ekonomije u cilju jačanja održivog, efikasnog, socijalno pravednog i stabilnog ekonomskog rasta, otvaranja radnih mjesta, povećanja i bolje ciljane raspodjele socijalnih davanja te stvaranja održivog i pravičnog društvenog okruženja. Konkretne akcije u cilju fiskalne i finansijske održivosti i socioekonomske reforme će biti dopunjene ciljnim mjerama, da bi se ojačala vladavina prava i borba protiv korupcije, uz jačanje upravnih kapaciteta i povećanje efikasnosti javnih institucija na svim nivoma vlasti (pojam „svi nivoi vlasti“ ovdje i u daljnjem tekstu podrazumijeva državni, entitetski i kantonalni nivo vlasti te Brčko Distrikt). 2. Ova reformska agenda utvrđuje glavne planove Vijeća ministara BiH, Vlade Federacije BiH, Vlade Republike Srpske, vlada Unsko-sanskog kantona, Posavskog kantona, Tuzlanskog kantona, Zeničkodobojskog kantona, Bosansko-podrinjskog kantona, Srednjobosanskog kantona, Hercegovačkoneretvanskog kantona, Zapadnohercegovačkog kantona, Kantona Sarajevo, Hercegbosanskog kantona i Vlade Brčko Distrikta za socioekonomske i povezane reforme tokom preostalog njihovog demokratski povjerenog im mandata i uveliko odražava programe koje su Vijeće ministara BiH, Vlada Federacije BiH, Vlada Republike Srpske, vlade Unskosanskog kantona, Posavskog kantona, Tuzlanskog kantona, Zeničkodobojskog kantona, Bosanskopodrinjskog kantona, Srednjobosanskog kantona, Hercegovačkoneretvanskog kantona, Zapadnohercegovačkog kantona, Kantona Sarajevo, Hercegbosanskog kantona i Vlada Brčko Distrikta već započele. Reformska agenda je, također, namijenjena da odgovori na poziv Vijeća za vanjske poslove, iz decembra 2014. godine, za usvajanjem inicijalne agende za reforme, u skladu s pravnom stečevinom EU. Svjesni smo da će značajan napredak u provođenju ove agende biti neophodan za aplikaciju za članstvo koju će razmatrati EU. 3. O prioritetima koji su predviđeni ovom agendom razgovarano je s međunarodnim finansijskim institucijama i u prethodnom periodu. Reforme bi trebalo da uspostave osnovu za pregovore o pojedinačnim programima finansijske i tehničke pomoći međunarodnih finansijskih institucija i EU, kao i s drugim donatorima i partnerima koji eventualno žele podržati Reformsku agendu. Svaka od institucija pregovara o pojedinačnim programima i prati napredak po svojim prioritetima, a jasno je da će program biti tijesno koordiniran i usklađen s ukupnim reformskim naporima. 4. Nadalje, Refomska agenda je tijesno povezana s ciljevima novog pristupa EU ekonomskom upravljanju na Zapadnom Balkanu i u skladu je s programom ekonomskih reformi, kao temeljnim elementom koji treba da podstakne sveobuhvatne strukturalne reforme da bi se održala makroekonomska stabilnost i pospiješili rast i konkuretnost. 5. Provođenje Reformske agende će započeti bez odlaganja. Širok set srednjoročnih prioriteta, kako je naznačeno u nastavku, bit će prerađen u konkretne inicijalne mjere i poduhvate, koji će biti pripremljeni i provedeni u predstojećim mjesecima 2015. i početkom 2016. godine, sa svakom institucijom pojedinačno. Odnosno, ove početne mjere i poduhvati će biti razrađeni u konsultacijama s 1 međunarodnim finansijskim institucijama i EU i vodit će do daljnjih preciznijih mjera koje će reformsku agendu pomjeriti s njene početne faze dalje u srednjoročni period. 6. Stanje javnih finansija svih nivoa vlasti u BiH je takvo da je neophodno provesti fiskalnu konsolidaciju koja će postepeno dovesti do smanjenja budžetskog deficita i srednjeročno dovesti do smanjenja nivoa javnog duga. Zbog toga su se vlasti u BiH opredijelile za snažan trogodišnji program fiskalne konsolidacije. U pogledu ovog cilja, a radi izbjegavanja nepovoljnih eksternih uvjeta finansiranja, vlasti u BiH očekuju zaključivanje finansijskih aranžmana s Međunarodnim monetarnim fondom, Svjetskom bankom i Evropskom komisijom, koje će tokom provođenja mjera fiskalne konsolidacije osigurati finansijsku podršku. 7. Fiskalna konsolidacija ima za cilj da osigura stabilno makroekonomsko okruženje, ali za stabilan, pozitivan realni rast u srednjem i dugom roku neophodno je provesti niz strukturalnih reformi u oblastima radnog zakonodavstva, reforme javne uprave i politike zapošljavanja u javnom sektoru, unapređenja poslovne klime i konkurentnosti, restrukturiranja javnih poduzeća, reforme socijalnih davanja, reforme zdravstvenog sektora, te vladavine prava. Reformska agenda je prikazana u šest značajnih oblasti, i to: Javne finansije, oporezivanje i fiskalna održivost 8. Budžeti će biti utvrđeni i održavani na čvrstim srednjeročnim temeljima, dogovorenim s MMF-om u aranžmanu koji će uslijediti nakon sadašnjeg stendbaj-aranžmana. Ovaj novi fiskalni okvir će postaviti nivo javnog duga na silaznu putanju, a stvorit će i prostor za povećanje javnih investicija i istovremeno smanjiti učešće vladinog sektora u ekonomiji. Fiskalna konsolidacija će biti provedena smanjivanjem javne potrošnje, te povećanjem javnih prihoda. Povećanje javnih prihoda će se postići povećanjem prihoda od poreza, proširivanjem poreske baze, smanjenjem sive ekonomije, smanjenjem poreskih oslobađanja i unapređenjem rada poreskih uprava. Ukoliko se ove mjere pokažu nedovoljnim do kraja 2015. godine, dodatne mjere, uključujući i povećanje PDV-a, će se razmatrati u dogovoru s MMF-om, na osnovu detaljnih procjena, na sastanku na visokom nivou: o o o o o Dok će reforme poreskih sistema i javnih rashoda morati biti provedene unutar cijelog fiskalnog paketa koji će osigurati srednjeročnu fiskalnu održivost, postoji i jasna potreba za smanjenjem vladinog sektora u ekonomiji i znatnog smanjenja poreskog opterećenja na rad i investicije. Ovi imperativi ukazuju na potrebu da se značajno smanje javni rashodi na svim nivoima vlasti i unaprijedi njena efikasnost. Fiskalna konsolidacija mora da dovede do smanjenja budžetskog deficita i do zaustavljanja rasta javnog duga. Provest ćemo reforme sistema oporezivanja, u cilju smanjenja opterećenja rada, ali iste nije moguće provesti unutar postojećeg fiskalnog okvira. Potrebno je provesti smanjenje opterećenja rada kroz smanjenje doprinosa za zdravstveno osiguranje, ali je istovremeno potrebno osigurati dodatne prihode vanbudžetskim fondovima za pokriće gubitaka koji će nastati zbog smanjenja stope doprinosa. Potrebno je utvrditi ukupan fond plaća i svih tekućih rashoda na svim nivoima vlasti, koji se neće moći povećavati bez obzira na rast poreskih prihoda. Mjere za poboljšanje naplate poreza će se aktivno provoditi. To će uključiti napore na razmjeni informacija između četiri poreske uprave i prihvatanje pristupa revizije i inspekcije zasnovanog na 2 o o o o o riziku, a sve u skladu s ustavnim uređenjem i nadležnostima svake od poreskih agencija i u okviru zaključenog memoranduma o saradnji, kao i povećanje napora na naplati neplaćenih poreskih dugovanja. Planirat ćemo e-usluge za PDV i porez na dohodak. Smanjenje rashoda će najvećim dijelom biti rezultat provođenja reformi javne uprave, uključujući stroge kontrole zapošljavanja i ukupnog fonda plaća u javnom sektoru te penzione i reforme socijalne zaštite, kao i od transparentnijeg prioritetnijeg planiranja i provođenja javnih investicija. Entiteti, kantoni i Brčko Distrikt će unaprijediti fiskalne kontrole i finansijsko upravljanja kroz donošenje novih zakona o fiskalnoj odgovornosti (u RS) i finansijskoj kontroli i upravljanju (u FBiH) i vlasti na svim nivoima će usvojiti nove razvojne strategije javne unutrašnje finansijske kontrole. Mjere za jačanje kontrole nad nižim nivoima vlasti, vanbudžetskim fondovima, kao i javnim poduzećima će biti aktivno provođene (kako je dogovoreno s MMF-om i Svjetskom bankom). Entitetske vlade, vlade kantona i Brčko Distrikta će usvojiti i provesti sveobuhvatne strategije za rješavanje pitanja preostalih gubitaša u javnom vlasništvu, koja također imaju veliki zaostatak neplaćenih socijalnih doprinosa. Vlade entiteta, kantona i Brčko Distrikta će tražiti finansijsku i tehničku pomoć Svjetske banke, kako bi proveli reformu zdravstvenog sektora. Reforma podrazumijeva rješenje dugovanja zdravstvenog sektora, uvođenje trezorskog sistema poslovanja, te definiranje novih modela i izvora finansiranja, uz precizno normiranje mreže zdravstvenih ustanova. Od Svjetske banke ćemo kroz program DPL tražiti da osigura tehničku i finansijsku podršku za reorganizaciju zdravstvenog sektora. Entitetske vlade, vlade kantona i Brčko Distrikta će ova sredstva koristiti za izmirenje neizmirenih obaveza u zdravstvenom sektoru (posebno doprinosa) do kraja 2015. godine. Paralelno, vlasti u BiH će podržati povećanje akciza na duhan i alkohol koji će biti direktni prihodi Fonda zdravstvenog osiguranja RS i fondova zdravstvenog osiguranja u FBiH i kantonima i Brčko Distriktu do kraja 2015. godine. Osiguranje održivosti javnog duga je od ključne važnosti za održavanje stabilnosti javnih finansija, ali je isto moguće osigurati samo uz smanjenje budžetskog deficita. Razmjene informacija među vladama na svim nivoima vlasti o strukturi duga, bruto potrebama za zaduživanjem i planovima i priznanju neisplaćenih obaveza i kliringu osigurat će realnost srednjeročnog fiskalnog okvira. Poslovna klima i konkurentost 9. Daljnji rast i prosperitet moraju biti zasnovani na privlačenju investicija. Postoji potreba da se unaprijedi konkurentnost eliminiranjem već dobro poznatih i dokumentiranih prepreka investicijama. Osim toga, postoji potreba da se ujednači i izravna teren za investicije uklanjanjem skrivenih dotacija i ostalih vidova pomoći mnogim velikim poduzećima i poboljšanjem stečajnih procedura te nastavkom aktivnosti na rješavanju problema s nekim od neodrživih poduzeća. Uz to, postoje nedosljednosti i zamršenosti u regulatornim okvirima i poreskim sistemima koji predstavljaju glavne probleme potencijalnim investitorima u ekonomiju, a praćeni su visokim administrativnim preprekama: o Reforme poslovnog okruženja će uključiti: u FBiH, kantonima i Brčko Distriktu nove zakone o privrednim društvima i direktnim stranim ulaganjima i pojednostavljenje i automatiziranje registracije poslovnih subjekata; ubrzat će procedure za pribavljanje građevinskih dozvola i priključaka za struju; olakšat će izvoz nastavkom reformi inspekcija i jačanjem nacionalne kontrole kvaliteta, usklađene sa zahtjevima EU, ispitat će izvodljivost provođenja fiskalno održivih javnoprivatnih partnerstva i ostvarivanja većeg učešća privatnog sektora u razvoju infrastrukture, svi 3 o o o o nivoi vlasti će sačiniti (i objaviti) sveobuhvatan popis parafiskalnih nameta u cilju osiguravanja njihove transparentnosti i smanjenja u skladu s podjelom nadležnosti. Potrebni su bolji zakoni i prakse za zaštitu investitora, uključujući bolje korporativno upravljanje, osnažene prakse upravljanja rizikom radi poboljšanja pristupa finansijama (posebno za nova poduzeća), bolju zaštitu manjinskih dioničara i efikasnije okvire za insolventnost izmjenom zakona o stečaju kojim će se uvesti novi institut „predstečajni postupak“ s ciljem finansijskog restrukturiranja dužnika kako bi se izbjegao stečaj u cilju očuvanja radnih mjesta i nastavak obavljanja osnovne djelatnosti privrednog društva. Oba entiteta, kantoni i Brčko Distrikt će izvršiti reviziju svog stečajnog zakonodavstva u cilju skraćivanja stečajnog postupka. U FBiH će se uvesti privredni sudovi. Javna poduzeća će biti podijeljena na ona koja su održiva (s manjim ili većim potrebama za prestruktuiranjem) i ona koja to nisu, uz predviđenu objavu popisa takvih poduzeća. Ovi popisi će formirati osnovu za sveobuhvatne programe prestruktuiranja i program privatizacije/likvidacije u srednjoročnom periodu. Vlade entiteta, kantona i Brčko Distrikta će tražiti finansijsku i tehničku pomoć Svjetske banke kako bi pripremili i realizirali program restrukturiranja javnih poduzeća. Posebna pažnja će se posvetiti restrukturiranju željeznica (u oba entiteta), te rudnika (u Federaciji BiH), koji podrazumijeva novu organizaciju i broj zaposlenih. Predviđa se izrada preliminarnih planova u cilju pripreme BH Telekoma za djelimičnu privatizaciju u FBiH. Daljnji napori da se očuva stabilnost finansijskog sektora i stvore uvjeti potrebni za oživljavanje bankarskog kreditiranja će se aktivno provoditi u konsultacijama s Centralnom bankom Bosne i Hercegovine i MMF-om. U sklopu toga, prilagođavat ćemo zakone iz finansijskog sektora s direktivama EU i uvjetima iz Bazela, primjenljivim za stepen razvijenosti domaćeg finansijskog tržišta, istovremeno jačajući nadzor nad bankama od strane entitetskih agencija za bankarstvo. Osigurat ćemo provođenje novog nacrta zakona o carinskoj politici, koji će pojednostaviti carinsku obradu i smanjiti administrativne zahtjeve, čime će se olakšati trgovina. Tržište rada 10. Kako bi se stabilno krenulo putem održivog rasta, Bosna i Hercegovina se mora prihvatiti svojih strateških prednosti. One uključuju značajan potencijal u radnoj snazi koji trenutno nije dovoljno iskorišten. Niska stopa aktivnosti radno sposobnog stanovištva i visoka stopa nezaposlenosti koja je u značajnoj mjeri posljedica neusklađenosti ponude i potražnje za kvalificiranom radnom snagom ograničava mogućnosti razvoja. U BiH postoji i značajan broj dugoročno nezaposlenih koji su obeshrabreni da traže zaposlenje. Postojeći zakoni o radu u značajnoj mjeri više ne odražavaju društvene i ekonomske odnose u BiH, te su u pojedinim odredbama kontradiktorni s drugim zakonima i u nekim odredbama nejasni i nedovoljno fleksibilni. Kultura kolektivnog pregovaranja i socijalnog dijaloga je nedovoljno razvijena i često opterećena nerealnim zahtjevima socijalnih partnera. o o o Značajno smanjenje doprinosa socijalne zaštite (posebno za one s manjim primanjima) bi smanjilo troškove rada, pomoglo da se privuku investitori i dovelo bi više zaposlenih u formalni sektor (i smanjilo dominantnost zaposlenja u neformalnom sektoru), ali je isto nemoguće provesti bez osiguranja dodatnih sredstava za vanbudžetske fondove. U srednjeročnom periodu reformirati sistem obrazovanja u cilju njegove veće povezanosti s tržištem rada. Razmotrit ćemo uvođenje shema podrške za tražioce prvog zaposlenja. 4 o o o Aktivno će se težiti obeshrabrivanju rada u sivoj ekonomiji, uključujući putem sprečavanja prijava nižeg dohotka kao osnova za obračun i plaćanje poreza i doprinosa. Ostale reforme tržišta rada će biti donesene kako je dogovoreno s MMF-om i Svjetskom bankom i uz konsultacije sa socijalnim partnerima. Entitetske vlade, vlade kantona i Brčko Distrikta će poboljšati nacrte svojih zakona o radu, uz konsultacije sa socijalnim partnerima kako bi se povećala fleksibilnost radnih uvjeta (uključujući omogućavanje zaposlenja na pola radnog vremena) i omogućilo diferencijalno određivanje plaća na osnovu vještina, kvalifikacija, nivoa iskustva i učinka. U isto vrijeme, entiteti, kantoni i Brčko Distrikt će pojačati svoje inspekcije rada i povećati kazne za kršenje zakona o radu i potrudit će se da zaštite prava radnika u skladu sa standardima rada Međunarodne organizacije rada i direktivama EU o radu. Zavodi/službe za zapošljavanje će uvesti upravljačke prakse da bi poboljšalo vraćanje ljudi u radni status i osiguralo razdvajanje obaveznog zdravstvenog osiguranja od funkcije posredovanja u zapošljavanju. Reforma socijalne zaštite i penzija 11. Uz unapređivanje inicijative i efikasne industrije, moderno i brižno društvo se mora pobrinuti za one koji ne mogu brinuti sami o sebi. Istovremeno, sistemi socijalne zaštite ne smiju istovremeno remetiti podstreke u ekonomiji i moraju biti fiskalno održivi. Da bi se ti ciljevi postigli, entitetske vlade, vlade kantona i Brčko Distrikta moraju poboljšati ciljanje socijalne pomoći putem paketa mjera kojima će učiniti politike socijalne zašite efikasnijim, efektivnijim i pravičnijim. Socijalna zaštita treba da je u funkciji onih kojima je zaista potrebna ili koji je plaćaju i mora biti postavljena na stabilne finansijske osnove. Penzioni sistemi bi također trebalo da su na stabilnim finansijskim osnovama, ukoliko se tokom srednjoročnog perioda želi riješiti problem nagomilanih prava radnika. o Sistemi socijalne zaštite će biti reformirani (u konsultacijama sa Svjetskom bankom i MMF-om), uključujući i poboljšano ciljanje socijalne zaštite koja se ne finansira iz doprinosa i uspostavljanje centralizirane baze podatka svih korisnika socijalnih davanja u FBiH i kantonima. Reformski napori će imati za cilj da podstaknu korisnike da budu aktivni učesnici u ekonomiji, a uz zaštitu i povećanje socijalne pomoći za one kojima je najpotrebnija. o U FBiH i kantonima sistemi osiguranja moraju biti postavljeni na čvrste finansijske osnove, i to: zamrzavanjem troškova za privilegirane penzije i smanjenjem opcija prijevremenog penzioniranja za rizična zanimanja, uvođenjem razumnih sankcija za prijevremeno penzioniranje i bonusa za kasnije penzioniranje kako bi se produžila dob za efektivno penzioniranje i uvođenje održivog indeksiranja primanja. o Revizija radi verificiranja prihvatljivosti postojećih korisnika će biti ubrzana u cijeloj FBiH i kantonima, a Vlada FBiH i vlade kantona će ojačati zakonski okvir za poboljšanje postupka revizije. Ubrzat će se provođenje penzionih reformi na osnovu novog zakona o penzijama u FBiH. o FBiH i kantoni će tražiti pomoć Svjetske banke u rješavanju pitanja neisplaćenih obaveza prema socijalnim fondovima za doprinose iz radnog odnosa. o U RS Vlada će ispitati potrebu za reformom parametara penzionog sistema. o Oba entiteta, kantoni i Brčko Distrikt će energičnije raditi na izradi prijedloga shema za dobrovoljno penzioniranje. FBiH i kantoni će se posvetiti izradi potrebnih zakonskih propisa, dok će RS nastaviti aktivnosti na osnivanju prvog dobrovoljnog penzionog fonda. 5 Vladavina prava i dobro upravljanje 12. Postoji potreba da se osigura nepovratno osnaživanje vladavine prava, koja mora biti izgrađena na osnovama konkretnog napretka u borbi protiv organiziranog kriminala, terorizma i korupcije. Sve operativne i institucionalne aktivnosti će imati za cilj da osiguraju građanima u cijeloj Bosni i Hercegovini sigurnije okruženje bez korupcije. U isto vrijeme, vlasti na svim nivoima u BiH će povećati svoje zalaganje da se povrati povjerenje građana u institucije odgovorne za vladavinu prava, razvojem kapaciteta, odgovornosti, profesionalizma i integriteta. o Usvojit će se strategija reforme sudskog sistema/plan akcije (2014 - 2018), uspostaviti efikasna prevencija korupcije i sukoba interesa u pravosuđu, povećati profesionalizam i integritet putem propisivanja objektivnih kriterija za imenovanje nosilaca pravosudnih funkcija i usvajanje mjera integriteta cijelog pravosudnog sistema u BiH; pojačat će se disciplinska odgovornost nosilaca pravosudnih funkcija usvajanjem novih pravila disciplinskog postupka i uvođenjem novih disciplinskih mjera. Insistirat će se da sudovi donose odluke u razumnom roku, a sagledat će se mogućnost da se komunalni predmeti rješavaju vansudskim putem. Poboljšat će se procedura prodaje zaplijenjene imovine te unaprijediti uloga sudskih izvršilaca kako bi se smanjilo opterećenje sudova u izvršnom postupku. o Profesionalan, efektivan i efikasan rad policijskih službi je ključ za suočavanje sa sigurnosnim izazovima. Procjena će se vršiti radi identificiranja mjera kako bi se dodatno unaprijedio integritet policijskih agencija na svim nivoima. Bliska saradnja policije na svim nivoima će biti unaprijeđena, u skladu s utvrđenim ustavnim nadležnostima. Regionalna i međunarodna policijska saradnja će nastaviti da se razvija, uključujući i stupanja na snagu operativnog sporazuma s Europolom, u skladu s Privremenom odlukom o uspostavljanju sistema saradnje i razmjene informacija nadležnih organa za provođenje zakona u Bosni i Hercegovini i EUROPOL-a. o Usvojit će se strategije za borbu protiv korupcije i bit će uspostavljene efikasne strukture za prevenciju i nadzor u skladu s relevantnim međunarodnim standardima i poštujući ustavne nadležnosti i usvojene dokumente na svim nivoima vlasti. Same institucije vladavine prava će se pridržavati najviših standarda integriteta, dok će adekvatne mjere integriteta biti uspostavljene na svim nivoima vlasti kako bi se osiguralo onemogućavanje korupcije i sankcije efikasno primijenile. Borba protiv ozbiljnog kriminala i korupcije, pored efikasnije istrage, krivičnog gonjenja i osude će također biti zasnovana na čvršćim pravnim i institucionalnim okvirima koji reguliraju oduzimanja imovine, pranja novca i povrat na svim nivoima vlasti u BiH. o Pored usvojene strategije za borbu protiv terorizma u BiH i pratećih akcionih planova, bit će zaključen i operativni sporazum s Europolom kako bi se na taj način osigurao dvosmjerni protok povjerljivih informacija o kriminalu između BiH i zemalja članica; poboljšat će se protok informacija između policije i tužilaca povećanjem efikasnosti sistema razmjene podataka; usvojit ćemo novu strategiju integriranog upravljanja granicom koja osigurava bolju saradnju između svih srodnih agencija u BiH i preko njenih granica, usklađivanjem svih zakona o civilnom posjedovanju oružja. o Radit ćemo na usklađivanju našeg pravnog i regulatornog okvira za borbu protiv pranja novca i finansiranja terorizma u skladu s međunarodnim standardima i preporukama s Financial Action Task Force (Radne grupe za finansijsko djelovanje). 6 Reforma javne uprave 13. Reforma javne uprave je jedan od ključnih prioriteta za osiguranje fiskalne održivosti i kvalitetno pružanje usluga građanima. Reformu je potrebno provoditi u tijesnoj vezi s reformama u socioekonomskom sistemu i vladavini prava. o Vijeće ministara BiH, entitetske vlade, vlade kantona i Brčko Distrikta će usvojiti ključne principe koji su osnova za sljedeći ciklus refome javne uprave. Modernija, kompetentnija, transparentnija, efikasnija, ekonomičnija i odgovornija javna uprava će poboljšati pružanje javnih usluga i ostvariti uštede. Ovi planovi će uključiti osnovne, suštinski važne reforme za upravljanje javnim finansijama. o Postoji podrška za snažniju reformu javne uprave na svim nivoima vlasti. Svi nivoi vlasti će izraditi nove zakone o državnim službenicima i zaposlenicima, uz pomoć Svjetske banke i SIGMA-e, da bi olakšali reformu javne uprave i uveli veću fleksibilnost radnih aranžmana. Ovi zakoni će biti usvojeni ubrzo nakon usvajanja novih zakona o radu u entitetima, kantonima i Brčko Distriktu. Kandidati za zapošljavanje u državnoj službi će biti ocjenjivani na osnovu prethodno određenih kriterija kvalificiranosti i rezultata testova kompetentnosti i organi uprave će osigurati zapošljavanje najbolje rangiranih. o Vijeće Ministara BiH, entitetske vlade, vlade kantona i Brčko Distrikta će uvesti ograničenja na zapošljavanje u javnoj upravi sve dok revidirani kadrovski sistemi ne budu doneseni i provedeni (uključujući i korištenje norme), a ukupan fond plaća u javnom sektoru će biti zamrznut do donošenja revidiranog sistema određivanja plaća na osnovu vrijednosti. o Objavljivanje odluka o žalbama u postupcima javnih nabavki (kao zakonska obaveza) će biti od središnje važnosti za osiguranje transparentnosti u procedurama nabavki, odlučivanjem o žalbama i osiguranim pristupom javnosti odlukama tijela za reviziju nabavki. 14. Vijeće ministara BiH, entitetske vlade, vlade kantona i Brčko Distrika će se i dalje blisko konsultirati s EU o ovoj agendi, koja će se razvijati i tražit će da se pojasne i obrazlože bilo koja značajna odstupanja od dogovorenog, tako da se napredak može jasno redovno mjeriti, razumijevati i ocjenjivati. Redovni izvještaji o napretku bit će dostavljani Delegaciji EU u Sarajevu. Izvještaji će biti temeljeni na činjenicama i po prirodi tehnički i kratki (dok će istovremeno osigurati dati sadržaj svih usvojenih mjera i okolnosti kašnjenja i promjena planova). Prvi izvještaj bi trebalo da bude dostavljen 15. novembra 2015. godine. 15. Bit će data puna podrška za uspješnu realizaciju aktivnosti u vezi s provođenjem popisa stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova, uz puno poštivanje odredbi Zakona o popisu, podzakonskih propisa i evropskih statističkih standarda u popisnim aktivnostima. 16. Sazivat ćemo redovne koordinacione sastanke s predstavnicima EU i međunarodnih finansijskih institucija, radi pojašnjenja tehničkih detalja i pomoći u pripremi izvještaja. Osim toga, predlažemo da pregledamo napredak u provođenju reformske agende s EU i međunarodnim finansijskim institucijama na sastanku na visokom nivou, koji bi se organizirao krajem novembra. To će biti prilika da se sagleda cjelokupan napredak i postigne dogovor o svim suštinski važnim revizijama. 17. Obavezuju se državni, entitetski, kantonalni i nivo vlasti Brčko Distrikta da ni na koji način neće osporavati, ometati i blokirati realizaciju aranžmana s međunarodnim finansijskim institucijama koji su direktno i indirektno vezani za reformske procese, a koje je određeni nivo vlasti proveo ili provodi u okviru svojih ustavnih nadležnosti. 7 PART THREE Dokument Grupacije Svjetske banke Izvještaj br. 99616-BA MEĐUNARODNA BANKA ZA OBNOVU I RAZVOJ MEĐUNARODNA FINANSIJSKA KORPORACIJA MULTILATERALNA AGENCIJA ZA INVESTICIJSKE GARANCIJE OKVIR ZA PARTNERSTVO SA ZEMLJOM ZA BOSNU I HERCEGOVINU ZA PERIOD OD FISKALNE GODINE 2016. DO FISKALNE GODINE 2020. 14. novembar 2015. Jedinica uprave za zemlje Jugoistočne Evrope Region Evrope i centralne Azije Međunarodna finansijska korporacija Region Evrope i centralne Azije Multilateralna agencija za investicijske garancije Ovaj dokument ima ograničenu raspodjelu i korisnici ga smiju upotrebljavati samo za obavljanje svojih zvaničnih dužnosti. Njegov sadržaj ne smije se inače objavljivati bez ovlaštenja Grupacije Svjetske banke. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/12/215221450204091066/WBG-Bosnia-andHerzegovina-period-FY2016-2020.pdf OKVIR ZA PARTNERSTVO SA ZEMLJOM ZA PERIOD OD FISKALNE GODINE 2016. DO FISKALNE GODINE 2020. ZA BOSNU I HERCEGOVINU SAŽETAK Bosna i Hercegovina ima priliku da promijeni svoju razvojnu putanju. U zemlji već 20 godina vlada mir, i bez obzira na kompleksnu političku strukturu, uspjela je postići značajne rezultate. Najveći dio infrastrukture koja je uništena u ratu je obnovljen, a uspostavljene su institucije za upravljanje zemljom na svim nivoima nadležnosti. Uspostavljen je okvir za ekonomsko i fiskalno upravljanje i to je donijelo trajnu makroekonomsku stabilnost. Višestruki reformski napori su poboljšali ekonomske veze između Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Srpske, a određeni napredak je postignut i u stvaranju boljeg okruženja za razvoj privatnog sektora i stvaranje radnih mjesta. Sada mora da se uradi mnogo više, ako se želi da Bosna i Hercegovina dosegne održivi prosperitet za svoje građane i uključi se u redove zemalja Evropske unije. Javni sektor BiH je velik i neefikasan, i kao rezultat komplikovanih poslijeratnih struktura rukovođenja i kao rezultat nasljeđa iz ranije Federativne Republike Jugoslavije. Bez obzira na određena poboljšanja, privatni sektor još uvijek je opterećen ne baš sjajnim poslovnim okruženjem, visokim porezima na rad, nefleksibilnim politikama na tržištu rada, neujednačenom transportnom infrastrukturom, energetskom nedovoljnošću i drugim ograničenjima. Nezaposlenost premašuje 27 procenata, a tek oko polovine ljudi radne dobi ekonomski je aktivno. Stopa siromaštva je 15 procenata, a nije opadala još od globalne finansijske krize iz 2008. Na različitim nivoima društva pojavljuje se konsenzus da je došlo vrijeme da zemlja promijeni kurs i oslobodi svoje potencijale za rast. Izbori krajem 2014. doveli su na vlast novo Vijeće ministara BiH, Vladu Republike Srpske i Vladu Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine koji su fokusirani na ekonomske reforme sa ciljem stimulisanja rasta i stvaranja radnih mjesta. Nedavno usvojena srednjoročna Reformska agenda za BiH predstavlja široko zasnovan konsenzus među svim vladajućim institucijama o ključnim prioritetima za ekonomski i socijalni razvoj, koji bi preusmjerili Bosnu i Hercegovinu na održiviju putanju rasta. Vijeće ministara BiH, Vlada Republike Srpske i Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine zvanično su podržali Reformsku agendu, a napredak u njenoj implementaciji će predstavljati temelje za prijavu zemlje za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji. i. Sistematska dijagnostika za zemlju (Systematic Country Diagnostic - SCD) za Bosnu i Hercegovinu kao zaključak navodi da bi BiH mogla eliminisati siromaštvo i postići opšti prosperitet u toku jedne ili dvije generacije, ako bi sprovela uravnoteživanje svog modela razvoja. Najprije, zemlja treba da oslobodi potencijal privatnog sektora, uz istovremeno smanjivanje velikog javnog sektora. Drugo, ekonomija treba da se preusmjeri, sa fokusa prema unutra, koji je vođen domaćom potrošnjom, doznakama i uvozom, na fokus prema vani, kroz privlačenje stranih investicija, podsticanje izvoza i napredovanje u oblasti regionalne i globalne tržišne integracije. Viša stopa ekonomskog rasta neophodna je da bi Bosna i Hercegovina pobijedila u borbi protiv siromaštva, pošto su siromašni imali najviše koristi od bržeg rasta, između ostalog kroz zapošljavanje. ii. Kroz SCD je identifikovano deset prioriteta, od kojih su prva četiri fokusirana na ubrzavanje rasta, sa ciljem stvaranja i održavanja većeg broja boljih radnih mjesta. Oni iii. i uključuju: i) reforme tržišta rada, unapređivanje pružanja socijalne zaštite za ugrožene grupe i smanjivanje cijene rada; ii) unapređivanje konkurentnosti, poduzetništva i investicijske klime; iii) smanjivanje veličine javnog sektora, uz istovremeno osiguravanje fiskalne održivosti i unapređivanje pružanja javnih usluga; i iv) investiranje u ekonomsku infrastrukturu za rast i inkluziju. Implementacija tih reformi bi uskladila poticaje i politike prema privatnom sektoru sa fokusom na regionalnu i međunarodnu integraciju. Drugi skup visoko prioritetnih mjera bi doveo do ubrzavanja socijalnog i ekonomskog razvoja BiH nakon što zemlja bude na pravom putu, povećavanjem njene otpornosti. Te mjere uključuju: i) pomaganje BiH da izdrži nepovoljna vremenska dešavanja; ii) unapređivanje obrazovanja i vještina na tržištu rada; i iii) unapređivanje zdravstvenih usluga i dostupnosti vodovoda i kanalizacije. Završni skup tih srednjoročnih prioriteta odnosi se na dugoročne napore na stvaranju stabilnih i održivih ekonomskih prilika. Oni uključuju: i) održavanje finansijske stabilnosti i proširivanje dostupnosti finansiranja; ii) smanjivanje zagađenja i zaštita životne sredine; i iii) povećavanje poljoprivredne produktivnosti. Prioriteti iz SCD se blisko poklapaju sa programom strukturalnih reformi na kojima rade Vijeće ministara BiH, Vlada Republike Srpske i Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. Reformska agenda ima za cilj da podstakne ekonomski rast, da stvori radna mjesta, te da unaprijedi efikasnost socijalne pomoći, uz istovremeno ostajanje na putu ka fiskalnoj konsolidaciji i zaštiti makroekonomske stabilnosti. Agenda je usmjerena na šest područja za reformu: fiskalna održivost i konsolidacija; poslovna klima i konkurentnost; reforma tržišta rada; usmjeravanje socijalne pomoći i reforma penzijskog sistema; vladavina zakona; te reforma javne administracije. Pored toga, Vijeće ministara BiH, Vlada Republike Srpske i Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine usmjeravaju napore na ulaganja u energetiku i transport, kao i na ublažavanje nepovoljnih prirodnih dešavanja, kao što su poplave i suše. Konačno, Vijeće ministara BiH, Vlada Republike Srpske i Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine stavljaju naglasak na socijalnu održivost reforme, prepoznajući činjenicu da je značajan dio stanovništva BiH izložen riziku od socijalne isključenosti. Svjesni su važnosti uravnoteživanja potrebe za transformacijskim promjenama, sa razumijevanjem mogućih socijalnih troškova reforme, te osmišljavanjem mjera za ublažavanje, po potrebi. iv. v. Novi Okvir za partnerstvo sa zemljom (Country Partnership Framework - CPF) Grupacije Svjetske banke ima za cilj da pruži podršku ovom umjerenom tempu napredovanja na dugo odlaganoj strukturalnoj reformi. On je izgrađen selektivno oko pet od deset prioriteta iz SCD, uključujući prva četiri koja su usmjerena na ubrzavanje rasta i peti, koji je usmjeren na izgrađivanje otpornosti na vanjske uticaje, uključujući klimatski podstaknute prirodne katastrofe. CPF je zasnovan na zaključcima Sistematske dijagnostike za zemlju, odražava Reformsku agendu Vijeća ministara BiH, Vlade Republike Srpske i Vlade Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, te kao izvor informacija koristi lekcije iz iskustva, koordinaciju sa razvojnim partnerima i konsultacije sa različitim interesnim stranama. Strategija se fokusira na oblasti: (1) povećavanje stepena efikasnosti i djelotvornosti javnog sektora; (2) stvaranje uslova za ubrzani rast privatnog sektora; i (3) izgradnju otpornosti na prirodne nepogode. Krovna sveprožimajuća tema inkluzije biće izvor informacija za izbor i osmišljavanje konkretnih intervencija u okviru strategije, sa ciljem osiguravanja da reforme budu socijalno održive, te da ugrožene grupe ne budu ostavljene u pozadini stvari, kako se nove prilike budu pojavljivale. Unutar tih triju oblasti fokusa, strategija će doprinijeti ostvarivanju osam konkretnih ciljeva CPF (vidjeti sliku 1). ii Selektivnost programa WBG zasnovana je na razvojnim prioritetima, prema tome kako su oni definisani u SCD, a zatim je dodatno rafinirana na osnovu sljedećeg: i) političke posvećenosti / podržavanja; ii) komparativnih prednosti Banke i istorijskog angažmana Banke; i iii) raspodjeli rada sa drugim ključnim partnerima. CPF se bavi sa sva četiri „glavna“ prioriteta koja su identifikovana u SCD, konkretno, reformom tržišta rada; unapređivanjem poslovnog okruženja; jačanjem djelotvornosti i efikasnosti javnog sektora; te investiranjem u ekonomsku infrastrukturu za rast i inkluziju. Jedan od „visokih“ prioriteta takođe će biti direktan cilj, konkretno, pomaganje BiH u izgradnji otpornosti na nepovoljna prirodna dešavanja. Drugi prioriteti SCD visokog i srednjeg nivoa biće uključeni samo selektivno, tamo gdje oni u značajnoj mjeri doprinose postizanju glavnih prioriteta SCD. Na primjer, usmjerene intervencije vezane za zdravstvene usluge i vodosnabdijevanje i kanalizaciju neophodne su za postizanje fiskalne konsolidacije i unapređivanje pružanja javnih usluga – a to je glavni prioritet SCD. CPF neće uključivati znatan angažman na obrazovanju (bez obzira na njegovu važnost za dugoročni rast Bosne i Hercegovine) zbog toga što bi politička volja i podrška zahtijevali značajno jačanje, da bi se postigli rezultati u toj oblasti. Takođe, CPF neće uključivati značajan angažman u dvije krucijalne oblasti Reformske agende: vladavina zakona i reforma javne administracije, zbog toga što će u tim oblastima vodeću ulogu preuzeti Evropska komisija. vi. Okvir je ambiciozan u istorijskom kontekstu zemlje, a njegova uspješnost će u kritičnoj mjeri zavisiti od toga da li će reforma biti održana. Prema tome, to je program koji nosi visoki stepen rizika, ali i velike nagrade, i koji bi mogao da igra ulogu katalizatora u promjeni razvojne putanje BiH, ako ne bude zastoja. Uspjeh bi značio samo postepene promjene u kratkoročnom periodu, a posvećenost bi morala da bude održana sve dok puni efekat na rast i stvaranje novih radnih mjesta ne bude vidljiv, za što će trebati vremena. Dok je impuls za reforme danas snažan, svi faktori na kojima su se temeljili raniji napori i dalje su na mjestu: snažni uloženi interesi imaju mogućnost da dovedu do odlaganja ili preusmjere reforme, dok bi kompleksna, decentralizovana struktura rukovođenja u BiH mogla da oteža koordinirano pripremanje i implementiranje razvojnih programa. Prostor koji daje politička prilika takođe je uzan, pri čemu je naredni izborni ciklus za samo godinu dana (lokalni izbori planiraju se za 2016.). Socijalne tenzije i dalje su visoke, imajući u vidu povećane nivoe nezaposlenosti i sužavanje prostora za emigraciju. U slučaju da se ijedan od tih rizika materijalizuje, impuls reformi mogao bi opasti i WBG ne bi bila u mogućnosti da obezbijedi puni raspon planirane podrške. Podrška WBG-a posebno budžetska podrška za katalitičke promjene politika – bila bi pripremana prema stepenu posvećenosti reformama i mogla bi da se umanji u skladu sa tom skalom, da se odloži ili eliminiše, ako reformska agenda zemlje krene pogrešnim putem. vii. Reforma preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu, nova oblast za angažman WBG u BiH, uključuje posebno visoke rizike i donosi posebno velike prilike. BiH nije reformisala svoj sektor preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu još od raspada Jugoslavije, a pokretanje postupka rješavanja tog problema moglo bi dovesti do značajnih promjena u ekonomskom krajoliku zemlje. Prema tome, to je područje u kojem su nepopunjene oblasti našeg znanja najveće, što čini teškim ocjenjivanje i opsega problema i vjerovatnoće njegovog rješavanja – ili čak i razumnih očekivanja za napredovanje – u okviru vremenskih rokova za CPF. Banka će, prema tome, početi svoj angažman sveobuhvatnom analizom pitanja u sektoru preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu, uključujući detaljnu ocjenu željezničkih kompanija u oba entiteta. Ona će takođe poduzeti ocjenu prilika i ograničenja vezano za partnerstva javnog i privatnog sektora (Public-Private viii. iii Partnerships - PPP) u obezbjeđivanju i pružanju infrastrukture i socijalnih usluga. Kada rezultati tog rada budu dostupni, a preporuke za restrukturiranje sektora budu jasne, CPF bi mogao biti modifikovan kao dio redovnog procesa monitoringa CPF i srednjoročnog procesa pregleda, tako da odražava operativni angažman na reformi preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu. ix. Iako program CPF uključuje radnje na ublažavanju rizika od prirodnih katastrofa, ti rizici ostaju značajni. Oporavak od katastrofalnih poplava iz maja 2014. tek je počeo, nakon što su znatni resursi preusmjereni ka naporima na oporavku. Ugroženost poplavama, sušama i oštrim zimama je velika i mogla bi predstavljati ozbiljno opterećenje za implementaciju programa i pravovremeno postizanje ciljeva CPF. x. Prilika za transformacione promjene opravdava velike rizike koji su vezani za strategiju CPF. Sada je jedinstveno važan trenutak za BiH koji ne bi trebalo da bude propušten. Opšti konsenzus u BiH i među njenim razvojnim partnerima, kao i zajedničko razumijevanje izazova i prioriteta, dopuštaju da se usklade svi napori za podršku jasno definisanoj reformskoj agendi. U vidu podrške toj istorijskoj prilici, Grupacija Svjetske banke će koristiti puni spektar svog znanja i finansijskih instrumenata u saradnji sa MMF-om, EU i drugim razvojnim partnerima. iv Slika 1. Veza između ciljeva CPF i prioriteta SCD Prioritet 1: Reformisanje tržišta rada, unapređivanje pružanja socijalne zaštite i smanjivanje cijene rada Prioritet 2: Unapređivanje konkurentnosti, preduzetništva i investicijske klime Prioritet 3: Smanjivanje veličine javnog sektora uz osiguravanje fiskalne održivosti i unapređivanje pružanja javnih usluga Prioritet 4: Obezbjeđivanje energije i povezivanje BiH sa svijetom UKLJUČENJE KAO SVEPROŽIMAJUĆE TEME v Prioritet 5: Pomaganje BiH da se izbori sa nepovoljnim prirodnim dešavanjima Vraćanje Bosne i Hercegovine u ravnotežu Sistematska dijagnostika za zemlju GRUPACIJA SVJETSKE BANKE Region Evrope i centralne Azije Vraćanje Bosne i Hercegovine u ravnotežu Sistematska dijagnostika za zemlju Novembar 2015. Regionalni potpredsjednik: Cyril Muller Potpredsjednik IFC-a: Dimitris Tsitsiragos Direktorica za zemlju: Ellen Goldstein Regionalna direktorica IFC-a: Tomasz Telma Viši direktori: Marcelo Giugale / Anabel Gonzalez / Ana Revenga Menadžeri za prakse: Paloma Casero / Ivailo Izvorski Vođe projektnih timova: Lada Busevac / Simon Davies / Wolfgang Fengler / George Konda VALUTNI EKVIVALENTI Efektivna kursna stopa: od 5. avgusta 2015. Valutna jedinica: BAM 1,79 BAM = 1 USD Fiskalna godina [2016.] [1. januar – 31. decembar] Grupacija Svjetske banke Toranj B, 17, sprat, Fra Anđela Zvizdovića 1/B/17, 71000 Sarajevo Bosna i Hercegovina Telefon: +387 33 251-500 Adresa elektronske pošte: mail_to_bosnia@worldbank.org Internet adresa: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bosniaandherzegovina http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/11/16/090224b0831becfd/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Rebalancing0Bo0c0country0diag nostic.pdf Standardna izjava odricanja od odgovornosti Ovaj izvještaj je proizvod osoblja Grupacije Svjetske banke, koju sačinjavaju Međunarodna banka za obnovu i razvoj (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - IBRD), Međunarodna finansijska korporacija (International Finance Corporation - IFC) i Multilateralna agencija za investicijske garancije (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency - MIGA). Nalazi, tumačenja i zaključci koji su izraženi u ovom radu ne odražavaju u svakom slučaju gledišta izvršnih direktora Grupacije Svjetske banke ili vlada koje oni predstavljaju. Grupacija Svjetske banke ne garantuje za tačnost podataka koji su uključeni u ovaj rad. Granice, boje, denominacije i druge informacije koje su prikazane na bilo kojoj mapi u ovom rad ne povlače nikakav sud na strani Grupacije Svjetske banke vezano za pravni status bilo koje teritorije, ni izraz podrške ili prihvatanja takvih granica. Izjava o autorskim pravima: Ovaj rad Grupacije Svjetske banke licenciran je u okviru licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). U skladu sa licencom Creative Commons Attribution možete da slobodno kopirate, distribuirate, prenosite i prilagođavate ovaj rad, između ostalog i za komercijalne namjene, u skladu sa sljedećim uslovima: Pripisivanje – Molimo da ovaj rad u citatima navodite na sljedeći način: World Bank. 2015. Rebalancing Bosna i Hercegovina: A Systematic Country Diagnostic. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank Group. Prevodi – Ako budete kreirali prevod ovog rada, molimo da dodate sljedeći izjavu o odricanju od odgovornosti sa pripisivanjem: Ovaj prevod nije kreirala Grupacija Svjetske banke i ne bi trebalo da se smatra zvaničnim prevodom Grupacije Svjetske banke. Grupacija Svjetske banke neće biti odgovorna za bilo koji sadržaj ili grešku u ovom prevodu. Prilagođavanje – Ako budete kreirali adaptaciju ovog rada molimo da dodate sljedeći izjavu o odricanju od odgovornosti sa pripisivanjem: Ovo je adaptacija originalnog rada Grupacije Svjetske banke. Gledišta i mišljenja izražena u adaptaciji su isključiva odgovornost pojedinih autora ili grupe autora adaptacije i nemaju podršku Grupacije Svjetske banke. Sadržaj u vlasništvu treće strane – Grupacija Svjetske banke ne posjeduje u svakom slučaju svaku komponentu sadržaja koji je uključen u ovaj rad. Prema tome, Grupacija Svjetske banke ne garantuje da korištenje bilo koje komponente ili dijela koji je u vlasništvu treće strane a sadržan je u radu neće predstavljati kršenje prava tih trećih strana. Rizici od potraživanja koja bi mogla da rezultuju iz takvih kršenja u potpunosti su na Vaša. Ako želite da iskoristite komponentu rada na druge namjene, Vaša je odgovornost da odredite da li je potrebno dobiti odobrenje za to korištenje u druge namjene i da dobijete odobrenje od vlasnika autorskih prava. Primjeri komponenti mogu da uključuju , između ostalog, tabele, iznose ili slike. Svi upiti o pravima i licencama trebalo bi da se dostave na adresu Publishing and Knowledge Division, TheWorld Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; faks: 202-522-2625; adresa elektronske pošte: pubrights@worldbank.org. Izvršni sažetak Dvadeset godina po okončanju rata, Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH) tek treba dostići zajednički prosperitet za sve svoje građane i približiti se evropskom životnom standardu. U zemlji vlada mir još od kraja 1995., ali potrebno je usklađivanje njenog razvojnog modela, ako se želi pridružiti grupi prosperitetnih evropskih ekonomija. BiH ima neproporcionalno velik javni sektor, koji datira još iz doba Jugoslavije, koji je do sada tek djelomično reformisan. Ustavni aranžmani u okviru Dejtonskog i Vašingtonskog sporazuma su za glavni cilj imali prestanak rata, a ne izgradnju održive i efikasne države. Finansijski prilivi, naročito pomoći i doznaka, podstiču ekonomski rast zasnovan na potrošnji. Ti su prilivi bili značajni u poslijeratnom oporavku i podigli su zemlju ponovo na status zemlje sa srednjim prihodima. Međutim, dostizanje visokih nivoa prihoda, stvaranje prosperiteta i iskorjenjavanje siromaštva će se desiti kad se BiH okrene prema ekonomskom modelu koji se nadovezuje na međunarodne integracije, naročito s EU, koja je najznačajniji trgovinski partner BiH i stub institucionalnih reformi. U principu, BiH ima niz prednosti koje bi mogla iskoristiti. Zemlja se nalazi tik do EU, najvećeg svjetskog ekonomskog bloka. Postigla je makroekonomsku stabilnost s niskim deficitom i umjerenim nivoom duga. Velikoj dijaspori ide dobro i njeni transferi u domovinu se procjenjuju na 10 – 11 procenata BDP-a. Ako bi BiH dostigla isti nivo trgovinske razmjene sa susjedima, koji je imala u doba Jugoslavije, njen bi se izvoz utrostručio. Iskorištavanje tih prednosti moglo bi je učiniti živom ekonomijom s dinamičnim preduzetnicima, koja ide u pravcu dostizanja bogatijih zemalja Evrope. Prosječan stanovnik BiH ne može očekivati prosperitetan život. Mjereno metodologijom Svjetske banke, siromaštvo je iznosilo 15 procenata u 2011. (posljednji raspoloživi podaci), a oko polovine stanovništva još uvijek živi u nesigurnosti.1 Siromaštvo je opalo s 20 procenata (2001) na 14 procenata (2007.), ali je od svjetske krize došlo do umjerenog preokreta. Nivoi siromaštva su slični u oba entiteta (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine (FBiH) i Republika Srpska (RS)), a kao i u mnogim drugim zemljama, siromaštvo je veće među ruralnim stanovništvom. Najkritičnije pitanje je otvaranje radnih mjesta, obzirom da je zaposlenost blisko povezana sa siromaštvom, a samo oko jedan od tri stanovnika radno aktivne dobi u BiH ima posao (dok samo jedan od četiri ima posao u formalnom sektoru). Veliki dio stanovništva živi od rada u neformalnom sektoru, doznaka od rodbine ili socijalnih davanja. Ako zemlja ne otvori više radnih mjesta, mnogi stanovnici BiH će ostariti u relativnom siromaštvu. Socijalna i ekonomska neravnoteža predstavljaju akutan problem. Društvo u BiH je podijeljeno na relativno mali aktivan dio, koji redovno zarađuje platu (često i u inostranstvu) i veliku grupu koja zavisi od transfera bilo od vlasti ili od rodbine. Mnogi od tih koji zavise od transfera žive u ruralnim dijelovima zemlje. I pored većih stopa siromaštva među ruralnim stanovništvom (i stanovništvom koje se bavi poljoprivredom), ono jedva da se smanjilo kao udio u ukupnom stanovništvu nakon rata. Život u ruralnim područjima, uz razumnu dostupnost brojnih javnih usluga, i dalje ostaje bolja alternativa za mnoge stanovnike BiH koji nemaju posao i ne mogu pokriti veće troškove života u gradovima. I drugi slojevi stanovništva su takođe u velikoj mjeri pogođeni siromaštvom, uključujući djecu i Rome. Uistinu, procjenjuje se da je preko 40 procenata Roma siromašno. Pored toga, jedan od pet odraslih Roma se smatra nepismenim (u poređenju s gotovo punom pismenošću ostatka stanovništva), a preko polovine je pothranjeno. Da bi ostvarila uspjeh, BiH treba ponovo uravnotežiti svoj model razvoja kroz dvije temeljne stvari. Prvo, treba omogućiti iskorištavanje potencijala privatnog sektora uz smanjenje utjecaja ogromnog javnog sektora. Drugo, ekonomija treba ostvariti pomak, s unutrašnjeg fokusa vođenog domaćom potrošnjom i uvozom, u pravcu potencijalnih međunarodnih integracija kroz investicije i izvoz. Da bi to ostvarila zemlji treba više firmi (i veće firme), prilagodljivih malih i srednjih preduzeća i poslovni ambijent koji im omogućava rast i širenje proizvodnje, zapošljavanja i izvoza. 1 Definisano kao stanje u riziku od siromaštva ili socijalne isključenosti, sveukupni indikator strategije Evropa 2020. 4 Sada ne postoje usklađeni podsticaji za ostvarivanje tog novog modela razvoja. Većina politika pruža podršku onima koji već imaju posao i ostvaruju koristi od ekonomije zasnovane na potrošnji i u kojoj dominira državni sektor. Na primjer, od velike potrošnje na socijalnu zaštitu korist ostvaruju bogati skoro u istoj mjeri kao i siromašni, preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu koja više ne posluju i dalje na svojim evidencijama vode radnike kao zaposlene (time gomilajući obaveze po osnovu neplaćenih socijalnih doprinosa), a velika poreska opterećenja gutaju preko trećine plate, čak i najmanje plaćenih radnika, što poslodavcima otvaranje formalnih radnih mjesta za niže kvalifikovane radnike čini gotovo nemogućim. Te neuravnoteženosti je teško ispraviti jer su duboko ukorijenjene u prošlost zemlje i institucionalne strukture bivše Jugoslavije. Istovremeno, ako BiH želi iskorijeniti siromaštvo, ostvariti zajednički prosperitet i u konačnici postati zemlja s visokim prihodom, treba prekinuti sa sadašnjim stanjem stvari i iznaći novi, djelotvorniji razvojni put. Uravnoteženje socijalnog i ekonomskog modela BiH je otežano i demografskim izazovima sa kojima se zemlja suočava, kao i specifičnom institucionalnom strukturom. Sa 3,8 miliona stanovnika, BiH je ionako relativno mala zemlja. I pored toga spada među zemlje u svijetu čije se stanovništvo najbrže smanjuje i stari, što nameće izazove po pružanje usluga, naročito u ruralnim područjima. Za razliku od mnogih drugih ekonomija u nastanku, BiH ne može pokupiti demografsku dividendu pukom promjenom svog ekonomskog modela. Pored toga, institucionalna fragmentacija čini donošenje ekonomske politike još većim izazovom. Složena institucionalna struktura uspostavljena Dejtonskim sporazumom koji je zaustavio rat ima negativne utjecaje na efikasnost procesa donošenja odluka i rezultata, često, uz nepotrebno i skupo dupliranje. Okvir ES.1. Socijalna i ekonomska kretanja u Bosni i Hercegovini – ključne činjenice Prihod po stanovniku 4.700 USD, što je manje od polovine svjetskog prosjeka i samo 20 procenata prosječnog prihoda Evropske Unije. Stopa siromaštva je 15 procenata, sa oko 5 USD na dana po osobi i jednako je rasprostranjena u oba entiteta. Nakon 2007. je došlo do umjerenog povećanja siromaštva. Vladavina u BiH je slaba. Organizacija Transparency International rangira samo Albaniju i Kosovo kao korumpiranije u regionu SEE od BiH. Većina ljudi u BiH vjeruje da postojeća institucionalna struktura u BiH pogoduje slaboj vladavini i otežava reforme. Nezaposlenost iznosi preko 27 procenata, a učestvovanje radne snage na tržištu je izuzetno nisko sa oko 50 procenata. Posebnu brigu predstavljaju mladi i dugoročno nezaposleni, kao i izuzetno niska stopa učestvovanja žena u radnoj snazi. Kada je ekonomija rasla, najsiromašnijih 40 procenata (B40) je ostvarivalo neproporcionalno više koristi od ekonomskog rasta. To odražava obrazac otvaranja radnih mjesta i veliku redistribuciju državnog sektora. Javni sektor je značajno najveći akter u ekonomiji. Rashodi državne, poddržavnih i lokalnih vlasti čine približno 50 procenata BDP-a, bez uključivanja preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu. Samo jedan od tri stanovnika BiH radno aktivne dobi ima posao, a samo jedan od četiri u formalnom sektoru. Gotovo polovina formalne zaposlenosti otpada na javni sektor. Broj stanovnika se rapidno smanjuje zbog niske stope rađanja i velike emigracije. Stanovništvo se od 1995. smanjilo sa 4,5 miliona na procijenjenih 3,8 miliona, a do 2020. će u BiH živjeti tek oko 3,5 miliona ljudi, ako se ovaj trend nastavi. BiH je jedna od najmanje urbaniziranih zemalja Evrope, sa 60 procenata stanovništva koje živi u ruralnim područjima. Izvor: Tim za SCD za BiH 5 Turbulentna prošlost BiH ima posebno mjesto u istoriji i razvoju Evrope. Atentat na austrougarskog prijestolonasljednika Franca Ferdinanda u Sarajevu prije sto godina je bio povod izbijanju Prvog svjetskog rata. Prije dvadeset pet godina nakon pada Berlinskog zida, te iza toga raspada Jugoslavije, BiH je ponovo bila bure baruta u regiji. Ratne strahote i razaranja u BiH u periodu 1992-1995. su dobro dokumentovane i čak i 20 godina kasnije objašnjavaju neke od razvojnih izazova BiH. BiH se u devedesetim godinama prošlog vijeka suočila s jednim od najvećih ekonomskih padova u modernoj istoriji, koji se procjenjuje na blizu 90 procenata. Nakon decenije ekonomske stagnacije tokom osamdesetih, Bosna i Hercegovina – koja je i tada bila jedna od najsiromašnijih jugoslovenskih republika - se suočila s padom komunizma u istočnoj Evropi, raspadom Jugoslavije i potom ratom u BiH. Po mnogim mjerilima, ni jedna druga zemlja u istočnoj Evropi nije bila teže pogođena. Smanjenje stanovništva zemlje je bilo drastično. Procjenjuje se da je BiH prije početka rata imala 4,5 miliona stanovnika. Danas ih u zemlji živi samo oko 3,8 miliona. Taj će se trend nastaviti zbog dalje emigracije i niske stope rađanja: do 2020. BiH će vjerovatno imati samo 3,5 miliona stanovnika. Od 2014. broj starih je veći od broja mladih, što znači da se reforme moraju provoditi u vrijeme demografskog smanjenja (Slika ES.1). Dejtonski sporazum iz 1995. je donio mir, ali je ograničio efikasnu vladavinu zemljom. Zemlju je administrativno podijelio na slabu centralnu vlast i dva entiteta: Federaciju Bosne i Hercegovine i Republiku Srpsku, 2 pri čemu je FBiH dalje podijeljena na 10 kantona. Poddržavnim nivoima vlasti su date značajne ovlasti. Takva je institucionalna struktura rezultovala značajnom fragmentacijom i dupliranjem javnih službi i donošenja odluka. Dva ekstremna primjera takve fragmentacije su postojanje 11 ministarstava zdravstva samo u FBiH, čime se smanjuje kvalitet zdravstvene zaštite i povećavaju njeni troškovi; a zbog različitih željezničkih preduzeća u RS i FBiH, potrebna je promjena lokomotiva kadgod kompozicija ulazi u drugi entitet. Uspostavljen je međunarodni nadzorni organ poznat kao Ured visokog predstavnika (OHR). Uspostavljeni su Centralna banka i domaća valuta, vezana za njemačku marku (kasnije euro), i one predstavljaju jedan od glavnih stubova nove države. Poslijeratna obnova zemlje je pomognuta međunarodnim donatorskim sredstvima. Međunarodna pomoć je u periodu 1996-1999. iznosila u prosjeku 26 procenata BDP-a. Institucionalne strukture uspostavljene prije dvadeset pet godina su do danas ostale u velikoj mjeri nepromijenjene. Dok je Valutni odbor (sada vezan za euro) temelj šire makrostabilnosti u BiH, njen javni sektor je postao jedan od najvećih na svijetu. Uz pomoć uspostavljanja Uprave za indirektno oporezivanje (UIO), BiH je postala jedna od najuspješnijih zemlja u regiji po ubiranju poreza, s naplatom poreskih prihoda u iznosu ekvivalentnom 45 procenata BDP-a. Velik javni sektor je po veličini sličan skandinavskim zemljama, a ipak raspoloživost i kvalitet javnih usluga u BiH ne odražavaju tako velika poreska izdvajanja. Današnji pedesetogodišnjak – rođen sredinom šezdesetih godina prošlog vijeka – živi većinu svoje odrasle dobi u zemlji opterećenoj ekonomskom nestabilnošću. Osamdesete su bile desetljeće ekonomskih teškoća kada je jugoslovenska privreda stagnirala, a inflacija dostizala do 70 procenata godišnje. U prvoj polovini devedesetih, prosječan građanin BiH je iskusio teritorijalni raspad i rat. Ni nakon više od decenije poslijeratne rekonstrukcije, zemlja, po nekim mjerilima, nije u potpunosti dostigla predratni životni standard, prije nego što je ponovo zapala u ekonomsku stagnaciju kao posljedica svjetske ekonomske krize (Slika ES.2).3 2 Pored toga, Distrikt Brčko je autonomna administrativna jedinica sa samoupravom. Imati na umu da je prihod po stanovniku u smislu eura u periodu 2000 - 2008. godine bio značajno niži zbog 40 procentnog rasta eura u odnosu na USD. 3 6 Slika ES.1. Demografski izazovi BiH: Smanjenje i starenje Slika ES.2. Nedavna ekonomska prošlost BiH: Kolaps, oporavak i stagnacija BDP po stanovniku 7000 Stagnacija 80tih 6000 5.0 5000 USD (2012) 3000 Poslijeratni oporavak 2000 Izvor: Procjene osoblja Svjetske banke na osnovu UN Population Prospectus, 2012. 2001 1998 1995 1992 1989 Ukupno stanovništvo Total population 0 1986 Working ages 15-64 Radne dobi, 15-64 1983 Youth 0-14 Mladi 0-14 Stariji od 65 Older 65+ 1000 1980 0.0 2013 1.0 2010 2.0 Finansijsk a kriza 4000 2007 3.0 - Pad komunizma u istočnoj Evropi - Raspad Jugoslavije - Izbijanje rata u BiH 2004 4.0 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 2020 2026 2032 2038 2044 2050 Stanovništvo, u milionima Stanovništvo po dobnim grupama i ukupno Izvor: Procjene osoblja Svjetske banke na osnovu WDI, mjereno u 2012. USD; prijeratni podaci su grube procjene BiH ima mnogo sličnosti sa susjednim zemljama i nekoliko značajnih razlika. Sličnosti potiču od zajedničke prošlosti, kao dio Jugoslavije, tokom njavećeg dijela 20. vijeka. Ključne karakteristike su dominantna uloga države, slaba ekonomska integracija (unutrašnja i vanjska), starenje stanovništva i visok nivo percepcije korupcije. Glavne razlike su obim razaranja i ratne traume, koji su rezultirali jednim od najekstremnijih smanjenja ekonomskih aktivnosti u modernoj istoriji. Dejtonski sporazum još uvijek dominira današnjim društvenim i političkim sistemima i pogoršao je i zacementirao mnoge društvene i ekonomske slabosti državom vođenog sistema. Takva institucionalna struktura je osnažila i vlastite interese pojedinih grupa za protivljenje institucionalnim i ekonomskim reformama. Ni bogata, niti ekstremno siromašna BiH je ekonomija koja se oslanja na svoje domaće tržište. Uz prosječnu potrošnju od preko 100 procenata BDP-a između 2010. i 2013., BiH je jedna od ekonomija u svijetu koje su najviše vođene potrošnjom. Takav model je potaknut velikim javnim sektorom, koji daje prednost tekućoj potrošnji u odnosu na investicije i ojačan preovladavanjem doznaka. Kreditni bum nakon rata je pružao podršku ekonomskom opravku do 2008., ali zemlja nije uspjela u međunarodnim integracijama i pokretanju izvoza. Prosječan prihod BiH građana je dostigao 4.740 USD (8.800 USD u PPP). Međutim, prihod od svjetske krize stagnira i odgovara oko jednoj trećini EU prosjeka i 15 procenata je niži od susjednih zemalja iz jugoistočne Evrope (SEE) koje nisu članice EU. Prihod je relativno ravnomjerno raspoređen u poređenju s drugim evropskim zemljama, a od rasta u prošlosti su naročitu korist imala najsiromašnija domaćinstava po distribuciji prihoda (B40). Siromaštvo ostaje značajno u oba entiteta, dok je u Distriktu Brčko (DB) smanjeno. Siromaštvo se od 2007. do 2011. donekle povećalo na nacionalnom nivou sa 14 na 15 procenata (iako ta promjena nije statistički značajna), primarno zbog povećanja siromaštva u FBiH, za sadašnje projekcije ukazuju da je isto kao i u RS (Tabela ES.1).4 Siromaštvo je u BiH dominantno ruralna pojava, gdje je duplo veća vjerovatnoća za siromaštvo nego u urbanim područjima. To predstavlja poseban izazov za BiH, koja za razliku od drugih ekonomija u nastanku, ostaje i dalje većinom ruralna (60 procenata ukupnog stanovništva); ima nepovoljnu demografsku strukturu uz nedovoljno radnih mjesta u gradovima, što stimulira emigraciju iz zemlje, a ne urbanizaciju. 4 Statistički značaj povećanja broja siromašnih u BiH u određenoj mjeri zavisi od izbora praga siromaštva. 7 Rast za siromašne je bio od koristi putem prihoda od rada, kao i socijalnih transfera. BiH je tokom posljednje decenije postala ujednačenija zemlja u smislu dobrostanja. Od 2004 – 2011. (period za koji postoje podaci o domaćinstvima), rashodi domaćinstava iz grupe B40 su porasli za oko pola procenta više nego u grupi B60 (Slika ES.3). To je odraz snažnog rasta i učinka zapošljavanja u oblastima poput poljoprivrede, prerađivačke industrije i građevinarstva u periodu prije krize – sektor u kojem se zapošljavaju mnogi iz grupe B40. Razvrstavanje prihoda po izvoru u periodu 2004 – 2007. ukazuje da trećina sveukupnog rasta prihoda B40 u tom periodu potiče od povećanja prihoda od rada. Tokom perioda 2004 – 2007. goine, gotovo polovina sveukupnog rasta prihoda grupe B40 bila je zasnovana na transferima socijalne pomoći – što je predstavljalo značajniji doprinos rastu prihoda nego rad. Ta mreža sigurnosti ne bi bila moguća bez snažnog ekonomskog rasta u BiH. Slika ES.3. Siromašni su imali koristi od rasta u BiH % promjene 4.0 Tabela ES.1. Siromaštvo u BiH je uglavnom ruralno, 2007 – 2011. 2007. 2011. Promjena 3.0 Državno 14,0 15,0 0,9 2.0 Urbano 8,2 9,2 1,0 Ruralno 17,8 19,0 1,2 FBiH 13,4 15,1 1,8 RS 15,0 14,9 -0,2 BDD 18,8 10,4 -8,4 1.0 Entitet 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 2004-2007 2007-2011 Gornjih Bottom 40 Top 60 Donjih 40 60 2004-2011 All Svi Izvor: Svjetska banka (2014.), podaci iz ankete EHBS 2011. Izvor: Svjetska banka (2014.), podaci iz ankete EHBS 2011. Istovremeno, javni transferi su često slabo usmjereni i ne obuhvataju dovoljno siromašnih. Priroda redistributivne fiskalne politike je neodrživa i često slabo usmjeravana, a od nje bogati imaju gotovo jednake koristi kao i siromašni. Usmjeravanje socijalnih davanja je neefikasno, pri čemu samo 37 procenata socijalnih davanja ide za najsiromašnijih 20 procenata stanovništva, a 56 procenata ide grupi B40, što je znatno lošije nego u drugim zemljama regiona SEE. Istovremeno, preko 12 procenata javne potrošnje na socijalna davanja ide za 20 procenata najbogatijeg stanovništva. BiH troši oko 4 procenta BDP-a na socijalna davanja koja nisu zasnovana na doprinosima (najviši nivo u regionu SEE), a manje od 10 procenata socijalnih transfera podliježe imovinskom cenzusu. Najsiromašnija petina stanovništva dobiva samo 17 procenata naknada koje nisu zasnovane na doprinosima, dok najbogatijoj petini ide 20 procenata. Kao posljedica, utjecaj socijalnih transfera na smanjenje siromaštva je, stoga, značajno manji nego što bi mogao biti da je sistem socijalne zaštite efektivniji. U periodu 2007 - 2011. uslovi za stanovništvo iz grupe 40 su ostali nesigurni. Ipak, u relativnom smislu, grupa B40 je bolje prošla nego ostatak stanovništva tokom tog teškog perioda; nivo njihove potrošnje je opao za 0,8 procenata u poređenju s padom od 1,1 procent kod bogatijih 60 procenata stanovništva (T60 - gornjih 60 procenata po dohotku).5 U poređenju s tim, siromašni na Kosovu i u Crnoj Gori su još uvijek ostvarivali povećanje životnog standarda tokom krize, dok je grupa B40 u Srbiji bila pogođena teže od prosjeka. Utjecaj krize na siromašne u Albaniji je bio sličan kao i u BiH (Slika ES.40). I u BiH, je tokom krize dobar dio podrške dolazio kroz penzije, a ne socijalnu pomoć. Promjena strukture prihoda po izvoru u periodu 2007 – 2011. pokazuje smanjenje prihoda od plata i samozaposlenosti kod grupe B40, što je dijelom bilo kompenzovano rastom transfera socijalne 5 Imati na umu da je analiza zajedničkog prosperiteta zasnovana na harmoniziranoj ECAPOV zbirnoj potrošnji. 8 pomoći, a naročito penzija (sveukupno, ne samo za grupu B40). Ipak, grupa T60 je imala čak i veće koristi od povećanja penzija i socijalnih davanja tokom perioda od 2007. do 2011. nego grupa B40. Slika ES.4. Zajednički prosperitet na Zapadnom Balkanu 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% -1.0% -2.0% -3.0% 2007-2010 Serbia Srbija 2003-2008 2008-2012 FYR Albania BJR Makedonija Albanija Macedonia 2007-2011 2006-2011 2006-2011 BiH BiH Montenegro Crna Gora Kosovo Kosovo Growth rate the 40 bottom 40 percent Stopa rasta za of donjih procenata 2006-2010 EU-CEE Prosjek za EU-CEE average Growth rate the overall population Stopa rasta zaof ukupno stanovništvo Izvor: Domaći Zavodi za statistiku i procjene osoblja Svjetske banke Stanovništvu iz grupe B40 je bilo teško naći stabilno i kvalitetno zaposlenje koje bi povećalo njihov kapacitet za ostvarivanje prihoda. B40 često ima brojnije domaćinstvo o kojem treba brinuti, niže obrazovanje i obuku i druge resurse. Pored toga, stopa zaposlenosti kod B40 je niža, posebno za žene, a nezaposlenost je naročito velika među mladima. Štaviše, veći je udio onih koji su zaposleni na Slika ES.5. Stabilan rast u prvom desetljeću ovog privremeno zaposlenje ili rade bez ugovora, a veća je vijeka, stagnacija od krize vjerovatnoća da su zaposleni u zanimanjima i sektorima koji 18.0% koriste nekvalifikovanu radnu snagu. Mogućnost nalaska 16.0% posla je ključna determinanta vjerovatnoće da neko pripada 14.0% grupi B40. 12.0% Izolirani otok Po okončanju rata BiH je više od cijele decenije prolazila kroz ekonomski oporavak u periodu od 1996. do 2008. Taj oporavak je imao dvije faze. Prva, neposredno nakon rata (1996 - 1999.) kad je došlo do skoka sa stopama rasta od preko 10 procenata godišnje, potaknutim velikim prilivom pomoći, koja je u prosjeku iznosila 26 procenata BDP-a godišnje. Poslijeratna povratna migracija je dovela do toga da je rast BDP-a po stanovniku bio nešto niži od rasta ukupnog BDP-a. U drugoj fazi (2000 - 2008.), pomoć je pala 9 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% BiH 1996-2000 EU-CEE 2000-08 Izvor: WDI i kalkulacije osoblja SEE 2008-13 na ispod 10 procenata BDP-a,6 a prosječni godišnji rast po stanovniku je smanjen za 5 procenata, ali je još uvijek bio u skladu sa prosjekom za region SEE (Slika ES.5). Tokom poslijeratnog ekonomskog oporavka BiH nije stvorila nove temelje za održiv ekonomski rast. Od početka prvog desetljeća ovog vijeka BiH se ekonomski oslanja na doznake – koje u prosjeku iznose oko 20 procenata BDPa – za podsticanje rasta potrošnje. Ti su finansijski prilivi bili značajni za poslijeratni oporavak, ali kad su se tokom globalne finansijske krize rapidno smanjili, strukturalni problemi ekonomije su postali evidentniji. U periodu 2000 - 2008. rast je bio vođen potrošnjom od neizvoznih sektora. Među njima su veleprodaja/maloprodaja, nekretnine i finansijske usluge činili preko jedne trećine ekonomskog rasta u tom periodu. Čak i danas, potrošnja ostaje na nivou preko 100 procenata BDP-a. Nasuprot tome, izvoz iznosi samo 30 procenata BDP-a, što je jedan od najnižih nivoa u Evropi i znak slabe konkurentnosti zemlje. Kako se BiH borila za oporavak nakon globalne krize, izbili su na površinu temeljni izazovi. BiH ima slab poslovni ambijent, velike poreze na rad, te nefleksibilne politike tržišta rada, jednu od najlošijih transportnih infrastruktura u Evropi, veliko urbano zagađenje i veliku osjetljivost na katastrofe. Te barijere otežavaju firmama razvoj i otvaranje radnih mjesta, čak i u najboljim vremenima. Firme su, tokom krize, bile pod pritiskom i nisu se mogle prilagoditi novom ekonomskom okruženju. Neizvozni sektori, poput maloprodaje, građevinarstva, usluga su dobro poslovali od prvog desetljeća ovog vijeka, dajući dvije trećine ekonomskog rasta, dok su izvozni sektori kao što su prerada i poljoprivreda doprinijeli samo jednoj trećini rasta. Značajna strukturalna uska grla su otežala međunarodnu konkurentnost. Javni sektor ostaje velik – troši blizu 50 procenata BDP-a – više od nivoa u većini zapadnoevropskih zemalja, ali bez javnih usluga koje bi odgovarale tom nivou potrošnje. Pored toga, investicije – javne i privatne – su bile pogođene tokom krize, nagovještavajući utjecaj na budući ekonomski rast. Dio izazova predstavlja nasljeđe neefikasnih preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu, koja su tek djelomično riješena. Mnoga preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu nikako ne rade, dok su druga „na aparatima za preživljavanje“. Njihove ogromne neizmirene obaveze, uključujući doprinose za socijalno osiguranje, otežavaju privatizaciju. Plate i ostali direktni troškovi radne snage (tj. socijalni doprinosi) su u 2013. progutali dvije trećine bruto dodatne vrijednosti radnika, ostavljajući malo prostora za profit, investicije ili druge poreze. Pored toga, razlika između bruto i neto plate se posljednjih godina povećala, sve više otežavajući firmama da budu konkurentne, posebno kako se infrastruktura pogoršava, a tržište nekretnina loše funkcioniše. Tradicionalno snažan energetski sektor BiH se ne održava dobro, a nanosi mulja u glavnoj luci u zemlji na rijeci Savi onemogućavaju pristup većim plovilima. U BiH je najlošija poslovna klima u regiji, a stanje je naročito loše u oblasti lakoće plaćanja poreza, dobivanja priključka na električnu energiju i pribavljanja građevinske dozvole (Slika ES.7). Nove granice, naročito s Hrvatskom i Srbijom, otežavaju trgovinu. Različite valute, zakoni i propisi, sigurnosni standardi (npr. u poljoprivredi ili transportu), kao i produžetak vremena potrebnog za prelazak granice, su samo neki od izazova s kojima se suočavaju BiH izvoznici. U kombinaciji s gubitkom sigurnog tržišta za robe i usluge koje je BiH ranije pružala cijeloj Jugoslaviji (kao što su energija ili vojna oprema) i psihološkim „efektom granice“, jasno je da je, iako bivše jugoslovenske republike ostaju značajni partneri, obim trgovine s njima daleko ispod nivoa koji su ostvarivani u doba Jugoslavije. Dok je BiH prije rata izvozila, kako se procjenjuje, 98 procenata BDP-a, ako se uključi i trgovina s bivšim jugoslovenskim republikama, danas je ukupni izvoz opao na 31 procent, što je jedan od najnižih u Evropi (Slika ES. 6). 6 U periodu od 2001-2005. godine pomoć je iznosila 8 procenata BDP-a, a u periodu od 2006 – 2008. godine 4 procenta BDP-a. 10 Slika ES.6. Slab učinak izvoza i loša povezanost … 250.0 Slika ES.7. … i na dnu po Doing Businessu u jugoistočnoj Evropi 90 MKD (rank 30) 74.1 MNE (rank 36) 72.0 80 200.0 70 60 150.0 50 40 100.0 CRO (rank 65) 66.5 ALB (rank 68) 66.1 KSV (rank 75) 64.8 30 20 50.0 10 IRL SRB (rank 91) 62.6 SGP MYS PAN MKD MNE HRV ALB SRB BIH 0 KSV 0.0 B&H (rank 107) 60.6 Izvoz, kao % BDP-a Exports, % GDP Indeks globalne povezanosti (0-100, desna strana) Gobal connectedness Index (0-100, rhs) Izvor: WDI, Izvoz roba i usluga, % BDP-a 2012. i DHL, Bodovanje po globalnoj povezanosti, 0 (=najlošiji) do 100 (=najbolji), 2013. 0 20 40 60 80 Izvor: Izvještaj Poslovanje (Doing Business) 2015. Napomena: 0=najgori do 100=vodeći u najboljim praksama Postjugoslovensko ekonomsko okruženje bi zahtijevalo sistematske i ambiciozne reforme za uspostavljanje potpuno funkcionalne tržišne ekonomije. Rezultat neprovođenja ključnih ekonomskih reformi je da je BiH manje integrisana sa svojim susjedima i ostatkom svijeta, nego što je potrebno za održivo dobar ekonomski učinak, naročito obzirom da manje zemlje generalno trebaju snažnije vanjskotrgovinske odnose. Do 2012. BiH je bila rangirana kao jedna od najslabije povezanih zemalja u regiji. Kako su susjedne zemlje sada dio EU (Hrvatska) ili napreduju u tom pravcu (Srbija, Crna Gora), troškovi interakcije će se povećati. Ukoliko se reforme ne ubrzaju, BiH rizikuje da postane izolirani otok bez izlaza na more, okružen članicama EU. Povećava se i rizik da će čak i veći ekonomski zidovi izolirati BiH, kako EU zahtjevi budu nametali više standarde (npr. u poljoprivredi ) i unapređenje graničnih i inspekcijskih sistema za trgovinu s EU. Približavanje prosječnom evropskom životnom standardu i dalje izmiče. S današnjim prihodom po stanovniku od oko 4.700 USD, BiH bi trebalo dva desetljeća snažnog rasta da dostigne status zemlje s visokim prihodom. Ako bi se ponovio učinak iz perioda od 2000. do 2008. kada je rast prihoda po stanovniku bio u prosjeku 5,1 procenata, BiH bi postala zemlja s visokim prihodom, 12.500 USD po stanovniku, u 2033. Politička ekonomija reforme BiH je izabrala razvojni put koji je doveo do velike socijalne, ekonomske i institucionalne neuravnoteženosti. Politike i podsticaji su takvi da idu u korist javnom sektoru i uvozno orijentisanim sektorima (obično onim vezanim za potrošnju) na uštrb privatnog sektora i izvozno orijentisanih sektora (Slika ES.8). Rezultat toga su ekonomska stagnacija, emigracija i masovna nezaposlenost i nedovoljna zaposlenost. 11 Slika ES.8. Sadašnji model: Neuravnotežena ekonomija Slika 9: Uspostavljanje ravnoteže u pravcu proizvodnje i integracije Politike i podsticaji Politike i podsticaji Privatni sektor Javni sektor Investicije Potrošnja Izvoz Uvoz Izvor: Tim za SCD za BiH Slaba vladavina i prevelik javni sektor, dijelom rezultat institucionalne strukture, smanjuju djelotvornost javne politike i onemogućavaju reforme. BiH ima loš učinak u brojnim aspektima vladavine, korupciji i institucionalnim indikatorima. Bertelsmannov indeks transformacije (BTI) ukazuje na slabljenje učinka u statusu demokratije i učinku ekonomskog upravljanja između 2006. i 2013., dok Rangiranje po globalnom integritetu (GIS) navodi pad u oblastima odgovornosti izvršnih organa, zakonodavnoj odgovornosti, pravosudnoj odgovornosti i budžetskom procesu između 2007. i 2011. I pored toga, javni sektor kontroliše preko polovine ekonomije. GIS navodi da je velik javni sektor dobar u donošenju zakona, ali ih često ne uspijeva djelotvorno primjenjivati. Građani i privredni subjekti se suočavaju s nefleksibilnim pravnim sistemom i značajnom korupcijom. Privredni subjekti se suočavaju s velikim kašnjenjima u obradi predmeta, čije je trajanje gotovo dvostruko duže od prosjeka za Vijeće Evrope i skoro tri puta duže od prosjeka EU i EU-CEE. Ta su kašnjenja zabilježena i u Izvještaju o poslovanju (Doing Business), gdje je BiH za 2015., po lakoći izvršenja ugovora, rangirana na 95. mjestu od 189 ekonomija. Organizacija Transparency International rangira BiH kao jednu od najkorumpiranijih zemlja u Evropi (73. od 175 zemalja u svijetu). Oko 10 procenata firmi navodi da su u prethodnoj godini morali podmititi javne zvaničnike, između jedne i dvije trećine građana vjeruje da je veza neophodna da bi se dobio posao, da bi se upisalo u školu ili dobilo službene isprave. Da bi BiH dostigla nivo zemlje s visokim prihodom morala bi „okrenuti list“ i temeljno preokrenuti svoj društveni i ekonomski model. Prosperitetna BiH bi se mogla ostvariti stvaranjem većeg, življeg i međunarodno konkurentnijeg privatnog sektora, koji bi dao nove podsticaje za mlade da ostanu u BiH ili za dijasporu da se vrati ili investira u izvozno orijentisane sektore. Kako je domaće tržište zasićeno, jedan od ključnih faktora za veći rast i otvaranje radnih mjesta je proizvodnja roba i pružanje usluga za izvoz van teritorije zemlje (Slika ES.9). Dilema slabih dobitnika i jakih gubitnika. Dobitnici u reformi će biti siromašne mase, čiji se glas često ne čuje, koje će ostvariti koristi tek nakon nekoliko godina. Za razliku od toga, potencijalni gubitnici će biti mala grupa osoba, koje se lako mogu identifkovati i koje imaju veliku mogućnost da utječu na reforme. Dominantni državni sektor daje mnoge prilike za ostvarivanje i dijeljenje koristi. Reformske aktivnosti su još više otežane fragmentiranim političkim sistemom, gdje dva entiteta, koja se ponekad ponašaju antagonistički, imaju utjecaj na ključne ekonomske odluke. Na nižim nivoima vlasti, kantoni imaju značajne ovlasti, naročito u zdravstvenom sektoru. Siromašni i ugroženi su ostavljeni izvan sistema, a oko polovine stanovništva se može smatrati, po nekim mjerilima, u riziku od socijalne isključenosti. Romi, mladi i djeca su naročito u riziku i bez očitih vođa. Biće potrebna 12 značajna poboljšanja sistema vladavine i standarda u BiH, da bi se zemlja vratila na put smanjenja siromaštva i ostvarivanja zajedničkog prosperiteta. Prioriteti za BiH: Usklađivanje podsticaja za zajednički prosperitet i održiv razvoj Najveći prioritet za BiH je ubrzanje rasta na inkluzivan način. Iskustvo od raspada Jugoslavije i druga iskustva ukazuju da je lakše podijeliti nešto kad raste, nego redistribuirati kad stagnira, naročito u zemlji s jakim regionalnim identitetom. Ranije je ekonomski rast bio ključni faktor za smanjenje siromaštva i povećanje životnog standarda za grupu B40. Anketni podaci pokazuju da je tokom godina pozitivnog rasta grupa B40 bilježila brži rast potrošnje nego T60. Pored toga, sadašnji razvojni model, fokusiran na potrošnju vođenu doznakama i javnim sektorom, dostigao je svoje granice. Jačanje proizvodnje kao faktora rasta i smanjenje relativne veličine javnog sektora, uz održavanje nivoa potrošnje, biće gotovo nemogući bez ekonomskog rasta. Grupe u riziku od socijalne isključenosti se suočavaju s istim izazovima kao i ostatak stanovništva. Podaci o domaćinstvima pokazuju da se neki od glavnih problema s kojima se suočavaju siromašni i B40 odnose na zapošljavanje. Žene, mladi i Romi imaju naročito niske stope zaposlenosti i visoke stope nezaposlenosti. Slično tome, konsultacije obavljene za ovaj SCD, otkrivaju da mladi, penzioneri, Romi i LGBT zajednica navode, pored pitanja (ne)zaposlenosti, i izazove vezane za poslovni ambijent i korupciju. Iako grupa B40 ima koristi od rasta i suočava se sa sličnim izazovima kao i ostatak stanovništva, siromašni i ugroženi imaju i brojne specifične potrebe. Siromašnije grupe, koje su često isključene s tržišta rada, naročito iz zvanične zaposlenosti, zbog većeg poreskog opterećenja rada i nefleksibilnog radnog zakonodavstva, imale bi više koristi od poreskih reformi i reformi tržišta rada, nego bogatije grupe, posebno ako bi se smanjili porezi/socijalni doprinosi za one koji zarađuju manje. Potrebna je i određena ciljana pomoć, da bi se osigurala socijalna inkluzija, naročito zbog velikog nivoa siromaštva među djecom, u cilju smanjenja međugeneracijskog prenosa siromaštva, te među Romima, koji se mogu suočavati s diskriminacijom u nekim oblastima, kao što su obrazovanje i zapošljavanje. Postojeći razvojni model BiH je dugoročno neodrživ, naročito obzirom da je zemlja izložena brojnim rizicima. U proteklim godinama BiH se suočila s teškim vremenskim nepogodama, nasilnim protestima i ekonomijom bez fiskalnih amortizera, koji bi ublažili buduće krize. BiH je posebno osjetljiva na prirodne nepogode, naročito suše i poplave. Gubici i štete od poplava iz 2014. su zemlju koštali blizu 15 procenata BDP-a, pogodivši bukvalno sve aspekte njene ekonomije i firme u mnogim sektorima. Mnoga domaćinstva su osjetljiva na vremenske nepogode, naročito ona koje se bave poljoprivredom, u kojoj je posao našao svaki peti radnik, uključujući i one koji proizvode za vlastitu potrošnju. Ovaj SCD je razvio metodologiju utvrđivanja prioriteta, da bi se identifikovali najznačajniji prioriteti za BiH koji mogu doprinijeti ostvarivanju dvostrukog cilja smanjenja siromaštva i ostvarivanja zajedničkog prosperiteta u BiH. Metodologija uključuje kvalitativne i kvantitativne dimenzije i ispitana je tokom procesa konsultacije. Provedeno je i nekoliko provjera stabilnosti. Proces utvrđivanja prioriteta je urađen kroz četiri koraka (za više informacija o detaljnom pregledu i procesu utvrđivanja prioriteta i metodologiji pogledati Odjeljak 6 u glavnom dokumentu i Aneks XV): 13 Prvi korak: Članovi tima su identifikovali niz od sedam početnih pretpostavki, donesenih da bi se pomoglo boljem razumijevanju ključnih pitanja. Članovi tima su potom testirali te pretpostavke na osnovu opsežnih konsultacija i dublje analize. Drugi korak: Na osnovu dublje analize – prikazane u ovom Izvještaju – i opsežnih konsultacija članovi tima su identifikovali teme koje utiru put formulaciji reformskih oblasti. Treći korak: Članovi tima su koristili dvije komplementarne metodologije za identifikaciju najznačajnijih prioritetnih reformskih oblasti. To uključuje kvalitativni metod i jedan kvantitativni metod u kojima su reformske oblasti rangirane po dimenzijama ekonomskog rasta, inkluziji i održivosti, da bi se klasifikovale kao najveći prioriteti, visoki prioriteti i srednji prioriteti. Četvrti korak: Članovi tima su uporedili rezultate različitih metodologija, razmatrali ih s internim stručnjacima za BiH (koji nemaju direktan interes za rezultate nalaza SCD-a) i identifikovali prioritetne reformske oblasti i prioritete drugog reda. Rezultat ove aktivnosti izbora prioriteta je deset prioriteta za BiH, od kojih se četiri najveća prioriteta fokusiraju na uravnoteženje ekonomije, da bi se stvaralo i održavalo više radnih mjesta i da se osigura da ta radna mjesta budu bolja. Provođenje tih reformi bi preusmjerilo podsticaje i politike na privatni sektor sa specifičnim fokusom na uspješne međunarodne integracije. Drugu grupu čine tri prioriteta koji bi ubrzali društveni i ekonomski razvoj BiH, nakon što se „ekonomski voz“ stavi na pravi kolosijek, da bi reforme bile održive. I zadnja grupa od tri prioriteta se tiče dugoročnih investicija u socijalni sektor i unapređenja za isključene grupe, za koje veći rast i više prilika za zapošljavanje neće biti dovoljni (Okvir ES.2). Za uspješan preokret ekonomije BiH biće potrebne fokusirane reformske aktivnosti. Unutar šireg konteksta prevelikog javnog sektora, nefleksibilnog tržišta rada i slabe konkurentnosti, lista prioritetnih reformi prikazana u narednom dijelu teksta bi pomogla reaktiviranju ekonomije BiH i unapređenju pružanja usluga na održiv način, uz naročite koristi za B40. Te su reforme neophodne za ekonomsku, okolišnu i socijalnu stabilnost, putem postizanja bolje uključenosti, povećanja konkurentnosti i omogućavanja stvaranja fiskalnih rezervi za ublažavanje šokova kojima je BiH sklona. Okvir ES.2. Prioriteti za BiH: Uravnoteženje podsticaja za zajednički prosperitet i održivi razvoj Najveći prioriteti – Ubrzanje rasta i otvaranje radnih mjesta Vraćanje BiH na posao: reforma tržišta rada, unapređenje pružanja socijalne zaštite i smanjenje troškova rada Obrazloženje: Pravila tržišta rada i poreski sistem podstiču u BiH ekonomiju vođenu potrošnjom, štiteći 'insajdere' na štetu mladih i socijalno isključenih, žena i Roma. Poreski sistem obeshrabruje (zvanično) zapošljavanje – naročito slabije plaćenih – i proizvodnju za izvoz, a podstiče potrošnju i uvoz. Pored toga, vezivanje zdravstvenog osiguranja i prijavljivanja na službama za zapošljavanje demotiviše (zvanično) zapošljavanje i povećava budžetske troškove. Pravila tržišta rada takođe otežavaju preduzećima prilagođavanje na promjenu ekonomskih uslova, što znači da ona prvenstveno ne zapošljavaju. Olakšanje poslovanja: unapređenje konkurentnosti, preduzetništva i investicione klime Obrazloženje: BiH je jedno od najlošijih mjesta za poslovanje u regiji Evrope i centralne Azije (ECA). Investitori nemaju povjerenje u institucije i uglavnom se upuštaju u investicije koje su isplative u kratkom roku (npr. građevinarstvo, usluge). Nasuprot tome, investicije u poljoprivredno-prerađivački sektor, preradu ili turizam trebaju stabilnu investicionu klimu s dugoročnom perspektivom. Osnovne potrebe za poslovanje, kao što su izgradnja novih objekata, sticanje vlasništva nad zemljištem i/ili pribavljanje prava pristupa, dobijanje priključka na električnu energiju, uvoz i izvoz, te plaćanje poreza, su još uvijek preteški. To je i razlog zašto je preduzetništvo još uvijek slabo, uključujući i u uslužnom sektoru i pokretanju firmi u oblasti informatičkih tehnologija, gdje bi BiH mogla ostvariti uspjeh. Stvaranje efikasne i djelotvorne vlade: smanjenje veličine javnog sektora uz osiguranje fiskalne održivosti i unapređenje pružanja usluga Obrazloženje: Uz rashode od blizu polovine BDP-a i preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu koja povećavaju vladinu kontrolu nad ekonomijom, BiH ima jedan od najvećih javnih sektora na svijetu. Njegova veličina vjerovatno šteti ekonomskom rastu i zapošljavanju, a naročito utječe na perspektive za grupu B40. Većina javnih rashoda je neefikasna, ne dopire do ljudi ili investicionih oblasti kojima je najpotrebnija. Postojeća situacija pogoduje prilikama za slabu vladavinu. 14 Ulaganje u ekonomsku infrastrukturu za rast i inkluziju: osnaživanje i uvezivanje BiH sa svijetom Obrazloženje: Postojeće stanje infrastrukturnih usluga je loše i prisutan je rizik od značajnog pogoršanja. Unapređenje transportne i informaciono-komunikacione infrastrukture bi izvoznicima olakšalo pristup tržištima i povećalo zaposlenost. Pomoglo bi i unapređenju ruralne povezanosti i povećanju tržišne proizvodnje, jačajući zajednički prosperitet kroz poboljšanje kvaliteta života u ruralnim područjima, gdje žive mnogi iz grupe B40. Razuman sveukupan energetski učinak BiH skriva jednu od energetski najneefikasnijih ekonomija u Evropi i ekonomija s najvećom emisijom ugljenika, što je štetno po konkurentnost firmi i doprinosi velikom urbanom zagađenju, dok se istovremeno gube glavne izvozne prilike. Visoki prioriteti – Osiguranje otporne i dugoročne budućnosti Izgradnja otpornosti: pomaganje BiH da se nosi s vremenskim neprilikama Obrazloženje: BiH je veoma osjetljiva na vremenske neprilike, kao što su poplave, od kojih su neke rezultat klimatskih promjena ili degradacije životne sredine. Jačanje njene otpornosti će pomoći na smanjenju socijalnih i ekonomskih posljedica takvih nepogoda, a naročito će pomoći B40, od kojih neki još uvijek žive dijelom od poljoprivrede. Povećanje znanja: unapređenje obrazovnih usluga i vještina za tržište rada Obrazloženje: Obrazovanje je blisko povezano sa siromaštvom. Neke grupe su naročito pogođene, uključujući B40 i Rome. BiH zaostaje po obrazovanju u ranom djetinjstvu, što dovodi do rizika od međugeneracijskog prenosa siromaštva, a standardi kvaliteta u srednjem i visokom obrazovanju nisu ujednačeni. Postoje značajne nepokrivene oblasti u znanju koje trebaju biti popunjene, uključujući i identifikovanje potreba privatnog sektora, s čim bi trebalo početi što prije. Življenje zdravim životom: unapređenje zdravstvenih usluga i pristup vodosnabdijevanju i kanalizaciji Obrazloženje: Bez obzira na razumnu očekivanu dužinu života, zdravstveni ishodi su loši, naročito kada su u pitanju nezarazne bolesti, što je dijelom rezultat velike upotrebe duhana. Zdravstveni ishodi su lošiji kod siromašnih, a preko polovine Roma se smatra neuhranjenima. Prisutno je veliko rasipanje novca kod nabavke lijekove, što daje prostora za budžetske uštede. Siromašni koji žive u ruralnim područjima takođe imaju lošiji pristup vodosnabdijevanju i kanalizaciji, zbog čega su mnogi prisiljeni koristiti skupa privatna postrojenja. Srednji prioriteti – Osiguranje stabilnih i održivih ekonomskih prilika Povećanje finansijske moći: održavanje finansijske stabilnosti i poboljšanje pristupa finansiranju Obrazloženje: Iako je stabilnost finansijskog sektora u širem smislu očuvana, javljaju se novi rizici, uključujući nenaplative kredite (NPL). Finansijska ograničenja onemogućavaju rast firmi. Rješavanje NPL-ova može pomoći da se oslobode dodatna sredstva za kredite. Pristup finansiranju bi se mogao poboljšati za neke grupe koje se sada suočavaju s rizikom od isključivanja. Iako se bankarski sistem – u kojem dominiraju banke u stranom vlasništvu – čini u širem smislu zdravim, među bankama postoje značajne tačke osjetljivosti. Brojne manje banke se bore sa zadovoljavanjem zahtjeva za kapitalom, pri čemu se neke suočavaju s velikom koncentracijom rizika i u velikoj mjeri oslanjaju na javni sektor. Štaviše, postoje značajni nedostaci u mreži finansijske sigurnosti, uključujući i nedostatke koji se odnose na ovlasti za rješavanje problematičnih banaka, institucionalnu odgovornost za rješavanje i finansiranje rješavanja. Čišćenje BiH: smanjenje zagađenja i zaštita okoliša Obrazloženje: BiH rasipa dosta svojih resursa, a zagađenje zraka ostaje glavni izazov, naročito u gradovima, zbog korištenja tradicionalnih načina grijanja tokom zime. To doprinosi i većem broju respiratornih oboljenja u BiH, a međunarodni dokazi ukazuju da je veća vjerovatnoća da to opterećuje siromašne. Pored toga, velike količine čvrstog otpada i otpadnih voda zagađuju vodotoke i prirodu u BiH. To nameće zabrinutost za zdravlje i direktno, ali i indirektno putem zagađenja vode za piće i poljoprivrednih proizvoda, naročito za vrijeme poplava. Jačanje poljoprivrede: povećanje poljoprivredne produktivnosti i mogućnosti za bavljenje poljoprivredom 15 Obrazloženje: Većina siromašnih živi u ruralnim područjima, stope ruralnog siromaštva su veće od urbanog, a veća je vjerovatnoća da u poljoprivredi rade siromašni nego bogatiji. Unapređenje poljoprivredne produktivnosti bi poboljšalo njihov život. Poljoprivreda bi dobila podršku i kroz reformu tržišta zemljištem i unapređenja ruralne transportne mreže. Put BiH prema prosperitetu će se otvoriti većim rastom i boljim uslugama, koje će biti podstaknute boljom vladavinom i povećanjem udjela privatnog sektora u ekonomiji. Nasilni raspad Jugoslavije je skrenuo zemlju s puta prosperiteta. Nakon određenog napretka u deceniji nakon rata, zemlja je u riziku od trajne stagnacije ako ne počne rješavati osnovne uzroke postojeće socijalne, ekonomske i institucionalne stagnacije. Od ključnog značaja će biti prelazak s ekonomskog modela okrenutog prema unutra na model usmjeren na ekonomske integracije, u kombinaciji sa strategijom otvaranja radnih mjesta koja omogućavaju iskorištavanje prednosti privatnog sektora. Ako nova vlada provede te reforme, BiH se takođe može pridružiti grupi evropskih zemalja u razvoju, koje su već ostvarile značajan napredak na smanjenju siromaštva i ostvarivanju zajedničkog prosperiteta za sve svoje građane. 16