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Supertalls: The Next Generation
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Bill Baker PE SE FIStructE
Bill
Baker PE SE FIStructE
Partner/Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Chicago, USA
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Where are we now?
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World’s Tallest Building
1909 and 2010
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Burj Khalifa
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Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
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Totall T
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Tower A
Area
3,000,000 sq ft
279,000 m2
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Totall P
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Podium
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Area
2,000,000 sq ft
186,000 m2
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Totall Project
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Area
5,000,000 sq ft
465,000 m2
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Burj Khalifa Usage
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Hotel Residential
Y Shaped Floor plan
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Level
eve 43
3
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Level
eve 76
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Level
eve 122
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What
W
at made
ade itt poss
possible?
b e?
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• Structural Systems
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• Wind Engineering
• Integration of Systems
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• Construction Technology
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Pinnacle
Structural
St
uctu a Syste
Systems
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Transition to Steel
Structure
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Reinforced Concrete
Structure
3.7 meter mat
Structural
St
uctu a Co
Components
po e ts
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Lateral System
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Description
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– Buttressed Core
Engage Nose Columns for
Increased Moment of Inertia
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Hammerhead “Flange” Walls
High Flexural Stiffness
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Hexagonal Central Core
High Torsional Stiffness
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“Web” Walls
Resist Shear
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Core Wall
Elevation
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Setback
Level
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Wing B Core
Wall Elevation
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Outrigger Wall
at Mechanical
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High
g Performance
e o a ce Co
Concrete
c ete
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C80A Mix (64 MPa Cylinder)
Cementitious Content
484 kg/cm
Fly Ash
12%
Silica Fume
9%
w/c
0.30
Slump flow
550 mm
BS 30 min Absorption
0.8%
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DIN Water Penetration
Coulomb Value
28 Day Breaks
E Modulus
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1.5 mm
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250
100 MPa Cube
48 GPa
Ref: James Aldred, GHD Materials Technology Group
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Spire
Sp
e Geometry
Geo et y
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Tower Foundation Plan
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1500 Diameter
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R/C Bored Pile (48m)
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Structure Above
3700 Deep
M t Foundation
Mat
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Wind Engineering
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Harmonic Resonance
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Dorothy Booth-Homen
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Burj Dubai Wind Tunnel Testing Program
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Climate Studies
High Frequency Force Balance Tests
Aeroelastic Tests
Aerodynamic Stability Tests
Cladding Pressure Tests
Pedestrian Level Comfort Tests
Spire Wind Fatigue Tests
Stack Effect Studies
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Auxiliary Damper Studies
Spire Construction Stage Tests
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Thermal Comfort Studies
l C f t St di
Special Reynolds Number Tests
Pinnacle Vortex Shedding Mitigation Tests
Wind Climate
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Force Balance Wind Tunnel Chronology
WT1
May 2003
May 2003
WT1a
August 2003
WT2
November 2003
WT3A
December 2003
December 2003
WT3B
December 2003
WT3Br1 December 2003
WT3C
December 2003
WT3D December 2003
WT3E
December 2003
(see Aeroelastic Test Chronology)
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Hi h F
High Frequency Force Balance Model
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Orientation of Burj Dubai
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NORTH
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Lower impact
wind direction
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Higher impact
wind direction
Tiers and Plans
Spire 3
Tier 24
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Level 76
Tier 7
Spire 1
Tier 22
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Level 43
Tier 4
Level 156
Tier 16
Level 144
Tier 13
Level 139
Tier 12
Level 19
Tier 1
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Level 124
Tier 11
Level 112
Tier 10
Level 79
Tier
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Level 7
Tier 0
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Comparison
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of Wind Tunnel Results
Wind Engineering
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Wind Tunnel #1 Results
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©
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Wind Tunnel #3 Results
F = Ma
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Aeroelastic Wind Tunnel Chronology
Prelim Studies
Prelim. Studies
March 2004
March 2004
Aero 2‐13 r1
March 2005
Aero 2‐13 r2
March 2005
Aero 2‐13
Aero 2
13 r3
r3
April 2005
April 2005
Aero 2‐13 r4
April 2005
Aero 2‐50 r1
April 2005
Aero 2‐728 r1
April 2005
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Aero 2‐50 r2
May 2005
Aero 2‐728 r2
May 2005
Aero 2‐13 Final
September 2005
Aero 2‐50 Final
September 2005
Aero 2‐728 Final September 2005
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Aeroelastic
l ti Wind Tunnel Model
Wi d T
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Structural
St
uctu a Opt
Optimization
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Stephen Hoerold
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MODE 1
TRANSLATION
P = 11 sec.
MODE 2
TRANSLATION
P = 10 sec.
MODE 3
TORSION
P = 4 sec.
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DYNAMIC FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Evolution of the Burj Dubai
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Final Scheme
Maximum Tested Height
Integration
teg at o o
of Syste
Systems
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Typical
yp ca Builders
u de s Work
Wo Drawing
aw g for
o Plans
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Structural Plan
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Tower
owe S
Shear
ea Wa
Wall Penetration
e et at o Philosophy
osop y – Co
Core
e Interior
te o
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1 Elevator
1.
El
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Lobbies
bbi
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2. Electrical Closets
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3. Plumbing Closets
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4. IT/Security Closets
5. Combined Closets
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1
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5
1
2
1
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Construction
Co
st uct o Technology
ec o ogy
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Emaar Properties, Owner
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Turner Construction International, Project Manager
SOM Chicago, Architect/Engineer
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Hyder Consulting, Geotechnical Engineer, Architect/Engineer of Record
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RWDI Incorporated, Wind Tunnel Consultant
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Samsung / BeSix / Arabtec, General Contractor
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Nasa / Multiplex, Foundations Contractor
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2010 Tallest Buildings
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TALLEST BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD: 1 - 6
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1. BURJ KHALIFA
828m
2. TAIPEI 101
508m
3. SHANGHAI WORLD
FINANCE CENTER
492m
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4. INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCE CENTRE
483m
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BUTTRESSED CORE
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5,6. PETRONAS
TOWERS 1&2
452m
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CORE &
OUTRIGGER/
MEGA COLUMN
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CORE &
OUTRIGGER/
TRUSSED TUBE
CORE &
OUTRIGGER/
MEGA COLUMN
CORE &
OUTRIGGER/
MEGA COLUMN
TALLEST BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD: 7 - 12
7. NANJING
7
GREENLAND
FINANCIAL
CENTER
450m
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8. WILLIS
TOWER
442m
9. GUANGZHOU
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCE CENTER
440
440m
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CORE &
OUTRIGGER
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MODULAR
TUBE
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10. TRUMP
INTERNATIONAL
HOTEL & TOWER
423m
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11. JIN MAO
BUILDING
421m
12. TWO
INTERNATIONA
L FINANCE
CENTER
412m
CORE &
DIAGRID
CORE &
OUTRIGGER
CORE &
OUTRIGGER/
MEGA
COLUMN
CORE &
OUTRIGGER
B j Khalifa
Burj
Kh lif 2010
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What is next?
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Proposed Tallest Buildings
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Burj Mubarak al Kabir
Kuwait, 1001m
1 Dubai
Dubai, 1000m
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Miapolis
Miami, 976m
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Nakheel Tower
Dubai, 1001m
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Sky City
Tokyo, 1000m
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Bionic Tower
Shanghai, 1228m
Millennium Challenge
Tower, TBD, 1852m
Kingdom Tower
Jeddah, TBD
There are numerous proposals for supertall towers but very view are realized.
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Why?
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▪ Too complicated
Many tall and super-tall buildings are conceived without functional and structural
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discipline. They are prohibitively and unnecessarily complex.
▪ Too difficult to construct
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The singular construction challenges associated with building tall and super-tall
buildings require special consideration. Designers failing to understand and
provide for practical construction methods will not create buildable projects.
▪ Too slo
slow
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Overly complex or unrealistic building systems result in delays and protracted
construction schedules. Getting tall and super-tall buildings built requires designs
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that can be erected quickly and affordably.
▪ Inefficient use of structural materials
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Failing to the primacy of the forces governing tall and super-tall building behavior
results in inefficient, expensive, and inappropriate structural systems. Brute-force
©
structural approaches are wasteful of building space, materials, construction time
and money.
Super-Tall and Tall buildings that were built
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Other SOM >300m
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Current 10 Tallest
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SOM’s Tallest Towers.
SOM Super-Tall buildings that were built
Burj Dubai – 164+ Stories
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Nanjing Greenland Financial Center – 70 Stories
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Structure complete 36 months
Sears Tower – 110 Stories
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©
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Jin Mao – 96 Stories
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Trump Tower Chicago – 100 Stories
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John Hancock – 100 stories
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Buildings that get built are:
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Rational
Rational engineering informs the architectural form from the outset of the design process. The building form and structural
system reflects the underlying physics of tall buildings
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Appropriate
The relationship between architecture and structure is suited to the special demands of building super-tall. The structural
system is neither secondary and subservient to the building form, nor dominant, unsightly or detracting.
Fast
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The structural and architectural solutions take into account constructability, speed of erection, and cost. SOM engineers
foresee construction and technical issues early, eliminating redesign iterations and construction problems.
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Effi i t
Efficient
SOM structural designs are optimized for the unique structural demands of tall buildings, maximizing strength and stiffness and
minimizing structural quantities. State-of-the-art optimization analysis ensures that every part of the structure is as efficient
C
as possible. Costs are reduced.
Elegant
©
SOM engineering believe that engineering solutions that are at once rational, appropriate, practical, and efficient are naturally
elegant.
g
An elegant
g
design
g will reveal it’s underlying
y g logic
g and will be attractive in it’s own right.
g
Rational
Engineering design takes into account and reflects the underlying physics governing the behavior of tall buildings.
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Gravity load diagram
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Wind overturning diagram
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©
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Building setbacks follow
gravity and windoverturning
moment diagrams
Potential tall building form
Appropriate
Appropriate tall building forms can be achieved by choosing a shape that maximizes stiffness and changing the
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shape, taper, and surface treatment to reduce vibration inducing wind-effects
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Fast
Structural and architectural solutions take into account constructability, speed of erection, and cost. SOM
engineers
i
fforesee construction
t
ti and
d ttechnical
h i l iissues early,
l eliminating
li i ti redesign
d i it
iterations
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and
d construction
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problems.
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Jump-forming
Jump
forming system allows
Rapid, cost-effective construction
Efficient
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Structural
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System
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Shape Effi
Efficiency
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Tall Building Systems
Elegant
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SOM Super-Tall buildings
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Limitations on the size of super-tall Buildings:
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Li i i
Limitations
off S
Scaling
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“Scaled-up” versions of tall buildings do not typically function well as super-tall buildings.
p
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Limitations of Useable Interior Space
Deep interior spaces far from perimeter glazing are of limited practical value. “Scaled-up” versions of tall buildings result in
large proportions of unusable internal areas.
Limitations of Distance to Grade
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C
As the height of occupied floors increases, as do the technological challenges of accessing, exiting and servicing the occupied
zones. Significant increases in building height require innovative solutions to these problems.
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Limitations of Market Capacity
“Scaled-up” versions of tall buildings result in massive floor areas that may be untenable in a given market. Super-tall
buildings must be designed to achieve a Client’s aspiration for height while maintaining a marketable total floor area.
©
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Limitations of Scaling
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Super-tall buildings are not practical or
efficient if they are “scaled-up” versions of
smaller buildings.
Super-tall heights require new typologies
Limitations of Useable Interior Space
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1,600m (1 mile)
Limitations of Distance to Grade
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Elevatoring, exiting and servicing the occupied
zones becomes increasingly difficult with height.
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Practical minimum floor sizes limit the location of
the highest occupied floor.
Servicing issues are mitigated by the use of tapered
forms - reducing the building occupancy at the
highest floors.
800m
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Occupied to 600m – 650m
600m
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Occupied to 450 – 500m
©
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1,000m
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Occupied to 600m – 750m
Partially
Occupied to 8001000
1000m
1,600m (1 mile)
Limitations of Market Capacity
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As super-tall buildings reach a certain height their
contained area may exceed the limitations of the
market in their proposed location.
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Building occupancies may also reach a limit on what
can be serviced through the building core.
Reaching extreme building heights may require
building structures to be designed to be partially
occupied.
800m
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600m
GFA:
180,000m3 –
220,000m3
©
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GFA:
280,000m3 –
340,000m3
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1,000m
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GFA:
300,000m3 –
360,000m3
GFA:
350,000m3 –
1,000,000m3
(partially occupied)
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Trump Tower
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Jin Mao
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West Tower
Sears Tower
Nanjing FC
Petronas Towers
Next Stop … 1000+ meters
Shanghai WFC
Taipei 101
Burj Dubai
Kingdom Tower
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©
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2003 All rights reserved.

See Presentation

Transcription

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