Antenne planari altamente direttive per investigazioni in spazio

Antenne planari altamente direttive per investigazioni in spazio aperto
e in scenari extraterrestri
P. Baccarelli, V. Ferrara, F. Frezza, P. Simeoni, N. Tedeschi
Primo Workshop Nazionale "La Componentistica Nazionale per lo Spazio: Stato dell’arte, Sviluppi e Prospettive", ASI Roma, Sala Auditorium, 18-­20 gennaio 2016
Electromagnetic Fields 2 Group
People and Research topics
Electromagnetic Fields 2 Lab. website: http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it
Prof. Fabrizio Frezza website: http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it/fabriziofrezza
People (1) The Team
Fabrizio Frezza, PhD
Roberto Laurita, PhD
Emiliano Sassolini
Full Professor
NTT DATA Company
PhD Student
Patrizio Simeoni
Vincenzo Ferrara
Marco Tannino, PhD
Associate Professor
Vatican Radio
Simone Chicarella
Technician
Nicola Tedeschi, PhD
Research Associate
Fabio Mangini, PhD
Research Associate
Marco Muzi, PhD
Research Associate
CEM2Group
Muhammad Khalid
PhD Student
Carlo Santini
PhD Student
PhD Student
Endri Stoja, PhD
Epoka University
Assistant Professor
Pietro Paolo
Di Gregorio
PhD Student
Enrico Lia
Fabrizio Timpani
PhD Student
PhD Student
Santo Prontera
PhD Student
18/01/2016
Maria Denise Astorino
PhD Student
Pagina 3
People (2) The Others
Vincenzo Schena
Alessandro Palombo, PhD
Research Associate
PhD Student
Thales Alenia Space
Felice Maria Vanin, PhD
Giuseppe Cotignola
ESA-ESTEC
PhD Student
NeCS-Servizi
Fabrizio De Paolis, PhD
Badrul Alam
ESA-ECSAT
PhD Student
Vincenzo Pascale
PhD Student
Space Engineering
Andrea Veroli
Lorenzo Dinia
Laura Rivaroli
PhD Student
PhD Student
Restorer
Fabio Pelorossi
Antonella De Ninno
PhD Student
ESA-ESOC
ENEA - Frascati
Danilo Saccoccioni
Marco C.
DISF - SISRI
Web Master
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Pagina 4
EM-Fields Laboratory
Available facilities (1)
Hardware
•Radar GPR GSSI (Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.) SIR 2000 with an antenna Radar Team SUB-ECHO HBD 300.
•Indoor and outdoor experimental facilities for underground measurements (at Cisterna di Latina site).
•Shielded anechoic chamber Emerson&Cuming with automatic positioning system for antenna measurements.
•PNA Agilent E8363B (10 MHz-40 GHz), with time-domain option (010), calibration kit for rectangular waveguide WR-90 (8.2-12.4
GHz) Agilent X11644A, electronic calibration kit Agilent N4691B (3.5 mm, 300 kHz - 26.5 GHz).
•Vector network analyzer, model HP8530A, suitable for antennas measurements.
•Portable field meters PMM 8053A (with probes EP330, EP33M, EHP50C) and Wandel & Goltermann EMR 300 (with probe Type
18), covering the whole band 5 Hz - 3 GHz.
•Mixed analog-digital oscilloscope Tektronics MSO 2012.
Software
•Agilent 85071E, software for measuring the dielectric properties of materials.
•Comsol Multiphysics, with RF and AC/DC modules.
•Mathematica Personal Grid.
•Intel Visual Fortran with IMSL Numerical Library.
•Ansys HFSS, Designer, etc… .
•CST Studio Suite.
•FEKO.
•LabVIEW.
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Pagina 6
EM-Fields Laboratory
Available facilities (2)
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Pagina 7
Research topics
Scattering by 2D/3D buried
objects in lossy media
Metamaterials
Leaky-Wave Antennas
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Pagina 8
Scattering by Buried Objects
Cylindrical Structures (1)
N cylinders
⇔
N reference
systems
Dissipative media
Wave Decomposition:
• Incident
• Reflected
•Transmitted
• Scattered
The representation of these fields
requires the plane-wave spectrum of
cylindrical functions.
CEM2Group
?
e

ik ⋅r
=
+∞
∑J
m = −∞
+∞
∑c
m = −∞
mn
imθ n
(
ρ
)
e
n
n
H m(1) ( ρ n )ei mθn
• Scattered-Reflected
• Scattered-Transmitted
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Pagina 9
Scattering by Buried Objects
Spherical Structures (1)
The shape is different, the procedure is the same.
Incident and scattered fields can be represented with
the spherical-wave vector functions:
q
∞
 (1) 
 (1) 

Ei ∑ ∑ a pq M pq (r ) + bpq N pq (r ) 


q =1 p = − q 
 
 (3) 
c M (3)

pq ( r ) + d pq N pq ( r )
∑
∑
pq


q =1 p = − q 
∞
Es
M
(1)
pq
M
(3)
pq
q


(1) 
=
N
r
=
j
ρ
m
θ
,
ϕ
( ) q ( ) pq ( )
pq ( r )
jq ( ρ ) 
1 ∂  jq ( ρ )  
p pq (θ , ϕ ) +
n pq (θ , ϕ )
∂ρ
ρ
ρ
∂  hq(1) ( ρ )  


hq(1) ( ρ ) 
(1)
1

(3)
ϕ)
( r ) = hq ( ρ ) m pq (θ ,=
N pq ( r )
p pq (θ , ϕ ) +
n pq (θ , ϕ )
∂ρ
ρ
ρ



m pq (θ , ϕ ) , n pq (θ , ϕ ) , p pq (θ , ϕ ) are the Tesseral Vector Functions.
They are strongly connected with the Tesseral Scalar Function:
CEM2Group
18/01/2016
They are orthogonal
to one another!!
Ypq (θ , ϕ ) = Pqp ( cos θ ) eipϕ
Pagina 12
Metamaterials
Structures that possess a spatial periodicity.
They can be 2D or 3D structures, with 1D, 2D, or 3D periodicity.
Surfaces
(FSS)
Bulk Substrates
(EBG & PBG)
Analysis techniques:
• Method of Moments with the Floquet analysis
• Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method
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Pagina 16
CellTer – Italian Space Agency (ASI) research project
3D evaluation techniques of cellular growth and morphology in microgravity
conditions through electromagnetic diffraction
1
Particles homogenization
2
Mixture homogenization
4
Estimation of the biomass and morphology
Measure
Post-processing
(inversion 1,2)
3
Measurement of permittivity
with a coaxial probe
CEM2Group
Biomass
Morphology
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Pagina 15
On COST Action TU1208
“Civil Engineering Applications of
Ground Penetrating Radar”
COST Action TU1208: Basic Information
Chair of the Action
Vice-Chair of the Action
Lara Pajewski (IT)
Andreas Loizos (EL)
“Roma Tre” University
National Technical University of Athens
lara.pajewski@uniroma3.it
Science & Administrative Officers
Thierry Goger & Carmencita Malimban (BE)
COST Office
Start date – End date
4th April 2013 – 3rd April 2017
You can still join the Action !!
Website of COST Action TU1208: www.GPRadar.eu
Download the MoU at www.cost.eu/domains_actions/tud/Actions/TU1208
COST & NNC Participants
20 COST Countries
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Austria
Belgium
Croatia
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
Latvia
Malta
Macedonia
The Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Spain
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
1 Near Neighbour
Country
•
Armenia
Non-COST Participants
•
•
•
•
Australia
Hong Kong
Japan
U.S.A.
Working Group 1
WG1
Novel GPR Instrumentation
Chair
Guido Manacorda (IT)
IDS Ingegneria dei Sistemi
Vice-Chair
Luca Gamma (CH)
Scuola Universitaria Professionale
della Svizzera Italiana
Project 1.1
Design, realization and optimization of innovative GPR
equipment for the monitoring of critical transport
infrastructures (pavements, bridges and tunnels)
Project 1.2
Development and definition of advanced testing,
calibration and stability procedures and protocols, for
GPR equipment
Working Group 2
Chair
Christina Plati (EL)
National Technical University Athens
Vice-Chair
Xavier Derobert (FR)
IFSTTAR
WG2
GPR Surveying of Pavements,
Bridges, Tunnels, Buildings –
Utility and Void Sensing
Innovative inspection procedures for effective GPR surveying of …
Project 2.1
…critical transport infrastructures (pavements, bridges and tunnels)
Project 2.2
…buildings
Project 2.3
…underground utilities and voids, with a focus to urban areas
Project 2.4
…construction materials and structures
Project 2.5
Determination, by using GPR, of the volumetric water content in
structures, sub-structures, foundations and soil
Working Group 3
WG3
EM Methods for Near Field
Scattering Problems – Data
Processing Techniques
Chair
Antonis Giannopoulos (UK)
University of Edinburgh
Project 3.1 Development of new methods for the solution of forward
electromagnetic scattering problems by buried structures
Project 3.2 Development of new methods for the solution of inverse
electromagnetic scattering problems by buried structures
Project 3.3 Development of intrinsic models for describing near-field
antenna effects, including antenna-medium coupling, for
improved radar data processing using full-wave inversion
Project 3.4 Shape-reconstruction and quantitative estimation of
electromagnetic and physical properties from GPR data
Project 3.5 Development of advanced data processing techniques
Leaky-Wave Antennas
The electric field of a plane wave
  ik⋅r
E = E0 e ,

In a lossless medium holds:
with:
  
k= β + iα
α =0
(homogeneous waves)
 
β ⋅α =
0
(inhomogeneous waves)
In open waveguides, Leaky modes are related to radiation losses.

α

β
surface wave (proper)

β

α
leaky wave (improper)
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Pagina 26
Leaky-Wave Antennas
Microwave frequencies
FDTD method applied to study Leaky-Wave Antennas
∞
c
a'
b
w
TE1,0
a
d
P.E.C.
y
z
x
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Pagina 28
Leaky-Wave Antennas
Optical frequencies
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Pagina 29
European School of Antennas (ESoA)
course on: Leaky waves and periodic structures for antenna applications
www.esoa-web.org
4th Edition of the Course:
Rome, April 14-17, 2014
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Pagina 30
WSN and/or Remote Sensing
for monitoring of a scenario
WSN – Smart Objects
Each node includes:
• one or more sensors
• a microcontroller
• a power source
• a communication device.
Remote sensing
Moisture
Sensor
Temperature
Sensor
Level and pressure
detectors with
energy harvesting
Microcontroller
PIC and Transceiver
Image sensor for
target detection
GPS
navigation
data
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Pagina 34
Input interface of
Information System GIS
Principal collaborations
• Department of Engineering (at Roma Tre University)
• Department of Radio Science and Engineering (at Aalto University, Finland)
• Humanitarian Demining Laboratory (at “La Sapienza” University)
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Pagina 37
Non-­uniform wave propagation
in lossy media Homogeneous plane waves
y
• First medium is lossless, second medium is dissipative
βt
ξt
ξi
αt
• Homogeneous incident wave
x
βi
ε1
• Incident angle ξi
• The transmitted wave is attenuated in a direction perpendicular to the interface ε 2 = ε 2ʹ′ − jε 2ʹ′ʹ′
Inhomogeneous plane waves
What if the incident wave is inhomogeneous? (i.e. Leaky wave) y
• The incident wave presents attenuation perpendicular to the phase (energy) propagation direction
βt
ξt α t
ζt
ξi
αi
ε1
x
βi
ε 2 = ε 2ʹ′ − jε 2ʹ′ʹ′
• The transmitted wave presents attenuation in a direction not perpendicular to the interface
• The transmitted angles and magnitudes can be computed analytically.
Total transmission
in lossy media
If the first medium is dissipative, the incident wave is characterized, as seen before, by two independent angles
The conditions on such angles to obtain the total transmission are:
where and are the principal arguments of the complex numbers and , respectively Total transmission
in lossy media
If the first medium is dissipative, the incident wave is characterized, as seen before, by two independent angles
The conditions on such angles to obtain the total transmission are:
where and are the principal arguments of the complex numbers and , respectively The conditions are of extreme interest because they reduce to the well known total transmission condition when the two media become lossless
Total transmission
in lossy media
If the first medium is lossless, the incident wave is characterized just by the magnitude of the phase vector and the incident angle (this is because the angle between the constant-­
phase and constant-­amplitude planes is fixed by the dispersion equation)
y
The conditions in this case assume the following form:
βt
ξt
ξi
αi
where is the complex number ε1
αt
x
βi
ε 2 = ε 2ʹ′ − jε 2ʹ′ʹ′
Results
A 2D view of the magnetic field (perpendicular to the plane of incidence)
Total transmission between two lossless dielectric (no reflected wave)
Maximum transmission between a lossless and a lossy medium Total transmission
between a lossless and a lossy medium
Results
Comparisons: homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous incident wave
(Solid line)
(Dashed line)
Seawater – Wet Sand interface
Air -­ Seawater
Research objectives
The experimental verification of the theory requires to generate a leaky wave with the appropriate characteristics.
We are analyzing purpose.
different technologies in order to find the most suitable for our Microstrip LWA -­‐ Design
• Results for this antenna are still under analysis
Leaky Wave antenna Modulo del campo elettrico
normalizzato
Rispetto al valore all’interfaccia.
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
100
103
106
109
112
115
118
121
124
0
sigma=0
sigma=0.03
sigma=0.05
sigma=0.08
Horn antenna Modulo del campo elettrico
normalizzato
Rispetto al valore all’interfaccia.
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
100
103
106
109
112
115
118
121
0
sigma=0
sigma=0.03
sigma=0.05
sigma=0.08
Dipole antenna Modulo del campo elettrico
normalizzato
Rispetto al valore all’interfaccia.
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
121
125
129
0
sigma=0
sigma=0.03
sigma=0.05
sigma=0.08
Lossy Prism -­‐ Description
• Using the conservation of the tangential component properties it is possible to turn a homogeneous into a non-­‐homogenous plane wave.
1.
σ=0
σ>0
α2
β3
β2
α1
β1
σ=0
Wave coming from medium 1 (non-­‐lossy) is supposed to have no attenuation.
2. Attenuation in the lossy medium 2 has to exist and it must be normal to the separation surface.
3. Attenuation out of the medium 2 and back in the medium 1 can only be normal to the separation surface or null.
The lossy prism must be realised so that attenuation and phase vector are normal!
Design and realization of a
cheap GPR prototype @ 2.45 GHz
Radar system design options
Block diagram of FMCW radar
Bill of Material
Unit price Quantity
Total price
€
13.23 2
€
26.46 €
1.48 2
€
2.96 Model Number
OP467
LM2940CT-­‐5.0-­‐ND
€
9.20 1
€
9.20 AD5932YRUZ
€
9.12 5
€
45.60 901-­‐9889-­‐RFX €
€
46.20 14.34 1
1
€
€
46.20 14.34 ZX95-­‐2536C+
VAT-­‐3+
€
€
€
€
€
41.06 35.93 47.74 6.12 11.26 2
1
1
4
3
€
82.12 €
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
35.93 47.74 24.48 33.78 4.00 8.00 380.81 87.59 468.40 Subtotal
Tax
TOTAL
23%
ZX60-­‐272LN-­‐S+
ZX10-­‐2-­‐42+
ZX05-­‐43MH-­‐S+
SM-­‐SM50+
086-­‐12SM+
Description
Factory
OP467 low-­‐noise q uad opamp -­‐ sostituisce M AX414CPD+
Analog Device
5V low dropout regulator
Texas Instruments
Function G enerator Chip AD5932YRUZ, TSSOP 16 p in Analog Device
sostituisce X R2206P-­‐F Function G enerator Chip
SMA bulkhead F s older cup Coaxial Connectors BLHD JCK S/CUP Ni -­‐ AMPHENOL RF 9 01-­‐9889-­‐RFX 2315-­‐2536 M C VCO,+6 d Bm Out
FXD SS Attenuator
BROADBAND AMPL G ain 1 4 d B, NF=1.2 dB, IP1= 1 8.5 dBm
PWR SPLTR CMBD 1 900-­‐4200 M c, 0 .1dB insertion loss
DBL BAL M IX 13 d Bm LO, RF to LO loss 6 .1 d B, IP1 9 dBm
ADAPTER SMA-­‐SMA M-­‐M b arrel
HFLEX BL CA SM/SM 12" SMA-­‐SMA M-­‐M 6 " cable
Capacitors Resistors and Trimmers
…+ price of antennas Mouser
Mini-­‐Circuits
Mini-­‐Circuits
Mini-­‐Circuits
Mini-­‐Circuits
Mini-­‐Circuits
Mini-­‐Circuits
Mini-­‐Circuits
1.5 GHz antenna CST-­‐modelled geometry
Thank you for your attention