KGB

KGB
1
KGB
Committee for State Security
Комитет государственной безопасности
Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti
The KGB Sword-and-Shield emblem.
Agency overview
Formed
January 1, 1954
Dissolved
6 November 1991 (de facto)
3 December 1991 (de jure)
Superseding agency Federal Security Service
Jurisdiction
Council of Ministers of the USSR
Headquarters
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
The KGB (КГБ) is the commonly used acronym for the Russian: Комитет государственной безопасности
(Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti or Committee for State Security). It was the national security agency of
the Soviet Union from 1954 until 1991, and its premier internal security, intelligence, and secret police organization
during that time.
The State Security Agency of the Republic of Belarus currently uses the Russian name KGB. While most of the
KGB archives remain classified, two on-line documentary sources are available.[1] [2]
Mode of operation
A 1983 Time magazine article reported that the KGB was the world's most effective information-gathering
organization.[3] It operated legal and illegal espionage residencies in target countries where a legal resident gathered
intelligence while based at the Soviet Embassy or Consulate, and, if caught, was protected from prosecution by
diplomatic immunity. At best, the compromised spy either returned to the Soviet Union or was declared Persona Non
Grata and expelled by the government of the target country. The illegal resident spied, unprotected by diplomatic
immunity, and worked independently of Soviet diplomatic and trade missions, (cf. the non-official cover CIA agent).
In its early history, the KGB valued illegal spies more than legal spies, because illegal spies infiltrated their targets
with greater ease. The KGB residency executed four types of espionage: (i) political, (ii) economic, (iii)
military-strategic, and (iv) disinformation, effected with "active measures" (PR Line), counter-intelligence and
security (KR Line), and scientific–technologic intelligence (X Line); quotidian duties included SIGINT (RP Line)
and illegal support (N Line).[4]
At first, using the romantic and intellectual allure of "The First Worker–Peasant State" (1917), "The Fight Against
Fascism" (1936–39), and the "Anti-Nazi Great Patriotic War" (1941–45) the Soviets recruited many idealistic,
KGB
high-level Westerners as ideological agents, but the Russo–German Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939) and the
suppressed Hungarian Uprising (1956) and Prague Spring (1968) drastically limited ideological recruitment.
The KGB classified its spies as agents (intelligence providers) and controllers (intelligence relayers). The
false-identity or legend assumed by a USSR-born illegal spy was elaborate, using the life of either a "live double"
(participant to the fabrication) or a "dead double" (whose identity is tailored to the spy). The agent then substantiated
his or her legend by living it in a foreign country, before emigrating to the target country, thus the sending of
US-bound illegal residents via the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Canada. Tradecraft included stealing and
photographing documents, code-names, contacts, targets, and dead letter boxes, and working as a "friend of the
cause" or agents provocateur, who would infiltrate the target group to sow dissension, influence policy, and arrange
kidnappings and assassinations.
History
The Cheka was established to defend the October Revolution and the nascent Bolshevik state from its
enemies—principally the monarchist White Army. To ensure the Bolshevik regime's survival, the Cheka suppressed
counter-revolutionary activity with domestic terror and international deception. The scope of foreign intelligence
operations prompted Lenin to authorise the Cheka's creation of the INO (Innostranyi Otdel – Foreign-intelligence
Department)—the precursor to the First Chief Directorate (FCD) of the KGB. In 1922, Lenin's regime re-named the
Cheka as the State Political Directorate (OGPU).[5]
The OGPU expanded Soviet espionage nationally and internationally, and provided Stalin with head personal
bodyguard: Nikolai Vlasik. The vagaries of Stalin's paranoia influenced the OGPU's performance and direction in
the 1930s, i.e. Trotskyist conspiracies. Acting as his own analyst, Stalin unwisely subordinated intelligence analysis
to intelligence collection. Eventually, reports pandered to his conspiracy fantasies. The middle history of the KGB
culminates in the Great Purge (1936–1938) killings of civil, military, and government people deemed politically
unreliable. Among those executed were NKVD chairmen Genrikh Yagoda (1938) and Nikolai Yezhov (1940); later,
Lavrentiy Beria (1953) followed suit. Ironically, Yezhov denounced Yagoda for executing the Great Terror, which
from 1937 to 1938 is called Yezhovshchina, the especially cruel "Yezhov era".[6]
In 1941, under Chairman Lavrentiy Beria, the OGPU became the NKGB (People's Commissariat for State Security,
integral to the NKVD) and recovered from the Great Purge of the thirties. Yet, the NKGB unwisely continued
pandering to Stalin's conspiracy fantasies—whilst simultaneously achieving its deepest penetrations of the West.
Next, Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov centralised the intelligence agencies, re-organising the NKGB as the KI
(Komitet Informatsii – Committee of Information), composed (1947–51) of the MGB (Ministry for State Security)
and the GRU (Foreign military Intelligence Directorate). In practice making an ambassador head of the MGB and
GRU legal residencies in his embassy; intelligence operations are under political control; the KI ended when
Molotov incurred Stalin's disfavor. Despite its political end, the KI's contribution to Soviet Intelligence was reliant
upon illegal residents- spies able to establish a more secure base of operations in the target country.[7]
Moreover, expecting to succeed Joseph Stalin as leader of the USSR, the ambitious head of the MVD (Ministry of
Internal Affairs), Lavrentiy Beria merged the MGB and the MVD on Stalin's death in 1953. Anticipating a coup
d'etat, the Presidium swiftly eliminated Beria with treasonous charges of "criminal anti-Party and anti-state
activities" and executed him. In the event, the MGB was renamed KGB and detached from the MVD.
Mindful of ambitious spy chiefs—and after deposing Premier Nikita Khrushchev—Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and
the CPSU knew to manage the next over-ambitious KGB Chairman, Aleksandr Shelepin (1958–61), who facilitated
Brezhnev's palace coup d'état against Khrushchev in 1964—despite Shelepin not then being in KGB. With political
reassignments, Shelepin protégé Vladimir Semichastny (1961–67) was sacked as KGB Chairman, and Shelepin,
himself, was demoted from chairman of the Committee of Party and State Control to Trade Union Council chairman.
In the 1980s, the glasnost liberalisation of Soviet society provoked KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov (1988–91)
to lead the August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt to depose President Mikhail Gorbachev. The thwarted coup d'état
2
KGB
ended the KGB on 6 November 1991. The KGB's successors are the secret police agency FSB (Federal Security
Service of the Russian Federation) and the espionage agency SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service).
KGB in the US
The world war interregnum
The GRU (military intelligence) recruited the ideological agents Julian Wadleigh and Alger Hiss, who became State
Department diplomats in 1936. The NKVD's first US operation was establishing the legal residency of Boris
Bazarov and the illegal residency of Iskhak Akhmerov in 1934.[8] Throughout, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA)
and its Gen.-Sec'y Earl Browder, helped NKVD recruit Americans, working in government, business, and industry.
Other important, high-level ideological agents were the diplomats Laurence Duggan and Michael Whitney Straight
in the State Department, the statistician Harry Dexter White in the Treasury Department, the economist Lauchlin
Currie (an FDR advisor), and the "Silvermaster Group", headed by statistician Greg Silvermaster, in the Farm
Security Administration and the Board of Economic Warfare.[9] Moreover, when Whittaker Chambers, formerly
Alger Hiss's courier, approached the Roosevelt Government—to identify the Soviet spies Duggan, White, and
others—he was ignored. Hence, during the Second World War (1939–45)—at the Teheran (1943), Yalta (1945), and
Potsdam (1945) conferences—Big Three Ally Joseph Stalin of the USSR, was better-informed about the war affairs
of his US and UK allies, than they about his.[10]
Soviet espionage succeeded most in collecting scientific and technologic intelligence about advances in jet
propulsion, radar, and encryption, which impressed Moscow, but stealing atomic secrets was the capstone of NKVD
espionage against Anglo–American science and technology. To wit, British Manhattan Project team physicist Klaus
Fuchs (GRU 1941) was the main agent of the Rosenberg spy ring. In 1944, the New York City residency infiltrated
the top secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, by recruiting Theodore Hall, a nineteen-year-old
Harvard physicist.
During the Cold War
The KGB failed to rebuild most of its US illegal resident networks. The aftermath of the Second Red Scare
(1947–57), McCarthyism, and the destruction of the CPUSA hampered recruitment. The last major illegal resident,
Rudolf Abel ("Willie" Vilyam Fisher), was betrayed by his assistant, Reino Häyhänen, in 1957.
Recruitment then emphasised mercenary agents, an approach especially successful in scientific and technical
espionage—because private industry practiced lax internal security, unlike the US Government. In late 1967, the
notable KGB success was the walk-in recruitment of US Navy Chief Warrant Officer John Anthony Walker who
individually and via the Walker Spy Ring for eighteen years enabled Soviet Intelligence to decipher some one
million US Navy messages, and track the US Navy.[11]
In the late Cold War, the KGB was lucky with intelligence coups with the cases of the mercenary walk-in recruits,
FBI man Robert Hanssen (1979–2001) and CIA Soviet Division officer Aldrich Ames (1985).[12]
3
KGB
4
KGB in the Soviet Bloc
It was Cold War policy for the KGB of the Soviet Union and the secret
services of the satellite-states to extensively monitor public and private
opinion, internal subversion, and possible revolutionary plots in the
Soviet Bloc. In supporting those Communist governments, the KGB
was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and
the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face," in 1968
Czechoslovakia.
During the Hungarian revolt, KGB chairman Ivan Serov, personally
supervised the post-invasion "normalization" of the country. In
KGB prison doors displayed in the Museum of
consequence, KGB monitored the satellite-state populations for
Occupations, Tallinn, Estonia.
occurrences of "harmful attitudes" and "hostile acts;" yet, stopping the
Prague Spring, deposing a nationalist Communist government, was its greatest achievement.
The KGB prepared the Red Army's route by infiltrating to
Czechoslovakia many illegal residents disguised as Western tourists.
They were to gain the trust of and spy upon the most outspoken
proponents of Alexander Dubček's new government. They were to
plant subversive evidence, justifying the USSR's invasion, that
right-wing groups—aided by Western intelligence agencies—were
going to depose the Communist government of Czechoslovakia.
Finally, the KGB prepared hardline, pro-USSR members of the
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC), such as Alois Indra and
Vasil Biľak, to assume power after the Red Army's invasion. The
courage of the betrayed Prague Spring leaders did not escape KGB
notice; the defector Oleg Gordievsky later remarked, "It was that
dreadful event, that awful day, which determined the course of my own
life" (The Sword and the Shield, p. 261).
The KGB's Czech success in the 1960s was matched with the failed
suppression of the Solidarity labour movement in 1980s Poland. The
KGB had forecast political instability consequent to the election of
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin worked
Archbishop of Kraków Karol Wojtyla, as the first Polish Pope, John
extensively in Dresden, East Germany during the
Paul II, whom they had categorised as "subversive," because of his
1980s.
anti-Communist sermons against the one-party PUWP régime. Despite
its accurate forecast of crisis, the Polish United Workers' Party
(PUWP) hindered the KGB's destroying the nascent Solidarity-backed political movement, fearing explosive civil
violence if they imposed the KGB-recommended martial law. Aided by their Polish counterpart, the Służba
Bezpieczeństwa (SB), the KGB successfully infiltrated spies to Solidarity and the Catholic Church, and in Operation
X co-ordinated the declaration of martial law with Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Polish Communist Party;
however, the vacillating, conciliatory Polish approach blunted KGB effectiveness—and Solidarity then fatally
weakened the Communist Polish government in 1989.
KGB
5
Suppressing ideological subversion
During the Cold War, the KGB actively suppressed "ideological
subversion"—unorthodox political and religious ideas and the
espousing dissidents. In 1967, the suppression increased under new
KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov, who said all dissent threatened the
Soviet state—including anti-Communist religious movements. Most
arrested dissidents were sentenced to indefinite terms in
Gulag-administered forced labour camps—where their dissension
lacked the strength it might have had in public. Moreover, Yale
University archive documents record that suppressing "ideological
subversion" was the principal preoccupation of Yuri Andropov and
Vitali Fedorchuk when each was KGB Chairman.[1]
Monument to KGB victims, Vilnius, Lithuania.
After denouncing Stalinism in his secret speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences (1956), Nikita
Khrushchev lessened suppression of "ideological subversion". Resultantly, critical literature re-emerged, notably the
novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962), by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn; however, after Khrushchev's
deposition in 1964, Leonid Brezhnev reverted the State and KGB to actively harsh suppression—routine house
searches to seize documents and the continual monitoring of dissidents. To wit, in 1965, such a search-and-seizure
operation yielded Solzhenitsyn (code-name PAUK, "spider") manuscripts of "slanderous fabrications", and the
subversion trial of the novelists Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel; Sinyavsky (alias "Abram Tertz"), and Daniel
(alias "Nikolai Arzhak"), were captured after a Moscow literary-world informant told KGB when to find them at
home.
After suppressing the Prague Spring, KGB Chairman Andropov established the Fifth Directorate to monitor
dissension and eliminate dissenters. He was especially concerned with the Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei
Sakharov, "Public Enemy Number One".[13] Andropov failed to expel Solzhenitsyn before 1974; but did
internally-exile Sakharov to Gorky city [Nizhny Novgorod] in 1980. KGB failed to prevent Sakharov's collecting his
Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, but did prevent Yuri Orlov collecting his Nobel Prize in 1978; Chairman Andropov
supervised both operations.
KGB dissident-group infiltration featured agents provocateur pretending "sympathy to the cause", smear campaigns
against prominent dissidents, and show trials; once imprisoned, the dissident endured KGB interrogators and
sympathetic informant-cell mates. In the event, Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost policies lessened persecution of
dissidents; he was effecting some of the policy changes they had been demanding since the 1970s.[14]
KGB
Notable operations
• With the Trust Operation, the OGPU successfully deceived some
leaders of the right-wing, counter-revolutionary White Guards back
to the USSR for execution.
• NKVD infiltrated and destroyed Trotskyist groups; in 1940, the
Spanish agent Ramón Mercader assassinated Leon Trotsky in
Mexico City.
• KGB favoured active measures (e.g. disinformation), in discrediting
the USSR's enemies.
• For war-time, KGB had ready sabotage operations arms caches in
target countries.
In the 1960s, acting upon the information of KGB defector Anatoliy
Golitsyn, the CIA counter-intelligence chief, James Jesus Angleton,
believed KGB had moles in two key places—the counter-intelligence
section of CIA and the FBI's counter-intelligence department—through
whom they would know of, and control, US counter-espionage to
protect the moles and hamper the detection and capture of other
Former head of Azerbaijan SSR KGB Heydar
Communist spies. Moreover, KGB counter-intelligence vetted foreign
Aliyev, ex–Azerbaijani President
intelligence sources, so that the moles might "officially" approve an
anti-CIA double agent as trustworthy. In retrospect, the captures of the moles Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen,
proved Angleton—ignored as over-cautious—was correct, despite costing him his job at CIA, which he left in 1975.
The highest-ranking Communist intelligence officer to defect, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai Pacepa, said the Romanian
Communist party leader Nicolae Ceauşescu told him about the "ten international leaders the Kremlin killed, or tried
to kill": Laszlo Rajk and Imre Nagy of Hungary; Lucretiu Patrascanu and Gheorghiu-Dej of Romania; Rudolf
Slansky, the head of Czechoslovakia, and chief diplomat Jan Masaryk; Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran;
Palmiro Togliatti of Italy; US President John F. Kennedy; and Mao Zedong of China via Lin Biao; and noted that
"among the leaders of Moscow's satellite intelligence services, there was unanimous agreement that the KGB had
been involved in the assassination of President Kennedy."[15]
In the mid-1970s, the KGB tried to secretly buy three banks in northern California to gain access to high-technology
secrets. Their efforts, however, were thwarted by the CIA. The banks were Peninsula National Bank in Burlingame,
the First National Bank of Fresno, and the Tahoe National Bank in South Lake Tahoe. These banks had made
numerous loans to advanced technology companies and had many of their officers and directors as clients. The KGB
used the Moscow Narodny Bank Limited to finance the acquisition, and an intermediary, Singaporean businessman
Amos Dawe, as the frontman.[16]
6
KGB
7
Organization of the KGB
Senior staff
The Chairman of the KGB, First Deputy Chairmen (1–2), Deputy Chairmen (4–6). Its policy Collegium comprised a
chairman, deputy chairmen, directorate chiefs, and republican KGB chairmen.
The directorates
•
•
•
•
•
First Chief Directorate (Foreign Operations) – foreign espionage.
Second Chief Directorate – counter-intelligence, internal political control.
Third Chief Directorate (Armed Forces) – military counter-intelligence and armed forces political surveillance.
Fourth Directorate (Transportation security)
Fifth Chief Directorate – censorship and internal security against artistic, political, and religious dissension;
renamed "Directorate Z", protecting the Constitutional order, in 1989.
• Sixth Directorate (Economic Counter-intelligence, industrial security)
• Seventh Directorate (Surveillance) – of Soviet nationals and foreigners.
• Eighth Chief Directorate – monitored-managed national, foreign, and overseas communications, cryptologic
equipment, and research and development.
• Ninth Directorate (Guards and KGB Protection Service) 40,000-man uniformed bodyguard for the CPSU leaders
and families, guarded critical government installations (nuclear weapons, etc.), operated the Moscow VIP
subway, and secure Government–Party telephony. Pres. Yeltsin transformed it to the Federal Protective Service
(FPS).
• Fifteenth Directorate (Security of Government Installations)
• Sixteenth Directorate (SIGINT and communications interception) operated the national and government
telephone and telegraph systems.
• Border Guards Directorate responsible for the USSR's border troops.
• Operations and Technology Directorate – research laboratories for recording devices and Laboratory 12 for
poisons and drugs.
Other units
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
KGB Personnel Department
Secretariat of the KGB
KGB Technical Support Staff
KGB Finance Department
KGB Archives
KGB Irregulars
Administration Department of the KGB, and
The CPSU Committee.
KGB Spetsnaz (special operations) units such as:
• The Alpha Group
• The Vympel, etc.
• Kremlin Guard Force for the Presidium, et al., then became the FPS.
KGB
8
The KGB's evolution
Dates
Organisation
December 1917
Cheka
February 1922
Incorporated to NKVD (as GPU)
July 1923
OGPU
July 1934
Re-incorporated to NKVD (as GUGB)
February 1941
NKGB
July 1941
Re-incorporated to NKVD (as GUGB)
April 1943
NKGB
March 1946
MGB
October 1947–November 1951 Foreign Intelligence to the KI
March 1953
Merged to and enlarged MVD
March 1954
KGB
November 1991
FSK
April 1995
FSB
Organization
Chairman
Cheka–GPU–OGPU Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky
Dates
1917–26
OGPU
Vyacheslav Rudolfovich Menzhinsky 1926–34
NKVD
Genrikh Grigoryevich Yagoda
1934–36
Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov
1936–38
Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
1938–41
NKGB
Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov
1941 (Feb–Jul)
NKVD
Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
1941–43
NKGB–MGB
Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov
1943–46
MGB
Viktor Semyonovich Abakumov
1946–51
Semyon Denisovich Ignatyev
1951–53
Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
1953 (Mar–Jun)
Sergei Nikiforovich Kruglov
1953–54
Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov
1954–58
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Shelepin
1958–61
Vladimir Yefimovich Semichastny
1961–67
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov
1967–82
Vitali Vasilyevich Fedorchuk
1982 (May–Dec)
Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov
1982–88
KGB
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov 1988–91
Vadim Viktorovich Bakatin
1991 (Aug–Nov)
KGB
Notes
[1] Yale.edu (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ annals/ sakharov/ sakharov_list. htm), The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov, Joshua Rubenstein and
Alexander Gribanov eds., in Russian and English.
[2] JHU.edu (http:/ / psi. ece. jhu. edu/ ~kaplan/ IRUSS/ BUK/ GBARC/ buk. html), archive of documents about KPSS and KGB, collected by
Vladimir Bukovsky.
[3] Eyes of the Kremlin (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,953701-6,00. html)
[4] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 38
[5] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 28
[6] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 23
[7] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 146
[8] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 104
[9] The Sword and the Shield (1999) pp. 104–5
[10] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 111
[11] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 205
[12] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 435
[13] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 325
[14] The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 561
[15] The Kremlin's Killing Ways (http:/ / article. nationalreview. com/ ?q=MzY4NWU2ZjY3YWYxMDllNWQ5MjQ3ZGJmMzg3MmQyNjQ=),
by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, 28 November 2006
[16] Tolchin, Martin (16 February 1986). "Russians sought U.S. banks to gain high-tech secrets" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1986/ 02/ 16/ us/
russians-sought-us-banks-to-gain-high-tech-secrets. html). New York Times. .
References
• Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners
Books (2000) ISBN 0-14-028487-7; Basic Books (1999) ISBN 0-465-00310-9; trade (2000) ISBN 0-465-00312-5
• Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third
World, Basic Books (2005) ISBN 0-465-00311-7
• John Barron, KGB: The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents, Reader's Digest Press (1974) ISBN 0-88349-009-9
• Amy Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union, Unwin Hyman (1990) ISBN 0-04-445718-9
• Richard C.S. Trahair and Robert Miller, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations,
Enigma Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-929631-75-9
Further reading
• Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia —
Past, Present, and Future Farrar Straus Giroux (1994) ISBN 0-374-52738-5.
• John Barron, KGB: The Secret Works of Soviet Secret Agents Bantam Books (1981) ISBN 0-553-23275-4
• Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN
0-8133-4280-5
• John Dziak Chekisty: A History of the KGB, Lexington Books (1988) ISBN 978-0-669-10258-1
• Sheymov, Victor (1993). Tower of Secrets. Naval Institute Press. pp. 420. ISBN 1-55750-764-3.
• (Russian) Бережков, Василий Иванович (2004). Руководители Ленинградского управления КГБ : 1954-1991.
Санкт-Петербург: Выбор, 2004. ISBN 5-93518-035-9
• Кротков, Юрий (1973). «КГБ в действии». Published in «Новый журнал» №111, 1973 (in Russian)
9
KGB
External links
• For Cold War KGB activity in the US, see Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks from the Cold War International
History Project (CWIHP) (http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.
documents&group_id=511603)
• KGB Information Center (http://www.fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/index.html), Federation of American
Scientists
• Viktor M. Chebrikov et al., eds. Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti ("History of the Soviet
Organs of State Security"). (1977), www.fas.harvard.edu (http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/documents.
htm)
• (Russian) Slaves of KGB. 20th Century. The religion of betrayal (http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/Raby/rab.
html), by Yuri Shchekochikhin
10
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
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