Volcanoes

5-1 (03)
release dates: January 25-31
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Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate
© 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
By BETTY DEBNAM
from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
Nature’s Fireworks
Volcanoes
When volcanoes erupt, they can
create some of the most spectacular
and dangerous displays in nature.
They are places where magma and hot
gases push through the Earth’s surface.
Volcanoes can erupt with violent
explosions. Or the lava can spill out
and flow quietly onto the surface.
In 1980, Mount St.
Helens in Washington
erupted after being
quiet for 123 years.
There were five more
eruptions that year.
The eruption, and the
mudflows and floods
caused by the
eruption, took 57 lives
and caused more
than $1.2 billion in
property damage.
For weeks ash
covered the land
hundreds of miles to
the east, where the
wind blew it. There
was enough ash to
bury a football field
under ash 150 miles
high!
Scientists say it could
erupt again.
The decay of radioactive elements
within the Earth creates heat so high
it partially melts rocks.
Gases in this melted, or molten,
rock build up pressure, like the
pressure in a shaken can of carbonated
soda. The pressure of the gas causes
the molten rock to rise toward the
Earth’s surface.
The magma and gases may collect
in large underground chambers, or
holding tanks.
As more magma and gas collect,
pressure builds up and forces the
magma up to the surface.
There are more than 500 active
volcanoes* on land in the world. Even
more are under the ocean.
photo by Austin Post, courtesy U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Erupting volcanoes
The Mini Page
thanks Steven
Brantley, Hawaiian
Volcano
Observatory, U.S.
Geological Survey,
for help with this
issue.
*An active volcano is one that has erupted at
least once in history.
Volcano damage
MELTED, OR
MOLTEN, ROCK
UNDER THE EARTH
IS CALLED MAGMA.
Volcanoes can cause great damage.
They can wipe out whole towns,
killing thousands of people, plants and
animals.
When lava erupts, it is red-hot,
measuring more than 2,000 degrees F.
An explosive eruption may throw out
big rocks, known as bombs. These can
weigh hundreds of pounds.
MOLTEN ROCK
ABOVE THE
SURFACE IS CALLED
LAVA.
Volcanic rocks can cause dangerous
mudflows if they mix with water.
These mudflows might rush by at 10
to 30 miles per hour.
Winds can carry volcanic ash
around the world many times. Experts
believe volcanic ash from big explosive
eruptions can block the sun and
change the climate.
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5-2 (03); release dates: January 25-31
Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate
from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
Hot springs and geysers
About 2,000
years ago, in
the year 79,
Mount
Vesuvius in
Italy suddenly
exploded after
it had been
quiet for
hundreds of
years. Within
hours, volcanic
rocks and ash
buried the city of Pompeii and also a
nearby city.
In 1748,
a farmer
discovered
an outer
wall of
Pompeii.
The ash
had helped preserve the cities
almost as they were thousands of
years ago. Buildings, artwork and
household items were found in good
condition.
The ash made molds of the
victims caught in the hot falling
debris. Today those molds still show
the fear on
the faces
of the
victims.
Hot springs and geysers are often
found where there is volcanic
activity. Hot springs are formed
when water from the surface goes
into the ground and is heated by
magma. The water then rises back
to the surface.
Most geysers
are hot springs
that erupt when
the hot water
suddenly turns
into steam. This
can happen at
regular times, as
with the Old
Faithful Geyser in
Yellowstone National Park, which
erupts about every 65 minutes.
from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
Mini Spy . . .
Crater Lake
photo by W.E. Scott, courtesy U.S. Dept.
of the Interior, U.S. Geologic Survey
Ruins of Pompeii
Crater Lake is at the site of a collapsed
volcanic mountain, Mount Mazama.
Some lakes such as Crater Lake
in Oregon are actually at the tops of
volcanoes. For example, about 6,800
years ago Mount Mazama exploded,
and the volcano lost its top.
Because so much magma was
ejected from the chamber, the
mountain top collapsed to make a
big crater. Rainwater filled this hole
to become Crater Lake.
Volcanoes in outer space
Scientists
have discovered
signs of
volcanoes on
other planets.
Apollo scientists
collected volcanic
rocks from the moon.
The shape of
volcanoes on Mars is
similar to those on
Hawaii, upside-down
saucers.
TM
Mini Spy and Basset are exploring a volcano in Hawaii. See if
you can find: • exclamation mark • question mark • number 3
• dolphin
• ruler • fish
• arrow
• pencil
• letter A
• man in the
moon
• snail • bat
• elf • bell
• mushroom
• lima bean
• number 6
• toothbrush
The tallest known volcano in the
solar system is Olympus Mons on
Mars. It is more than 17 miles high
and 350 miles across. Volcanoes on
Hawaii may reach 6 miles high and
nearly 100 miles across.
This computergenerated image
shows the Gula Mons
volcano on Venus.
More volcanoes are
on Venus than any
other planet.
photo courtesy NASA
Brown
Basset ws
The Ned’s
Houn
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from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
VOLCANOES
TRY ’N
FIND
Words and names that remind us of volcanoes are hidden in the
block below. Some words are hidden backward or diagonally.
See if you can find: ERUPT, DANGEROUS, MELT, HOT, LAVA,
GASES, ROCK, FLOW, MAGMA, EARTH, ACTIVE, ISLANDS,
MOUNTAINS, ASH, MUD, FIRE, DUST, VULCAN, PELE,
KILAUEA, HAWAII, NATURE.
S U O R E G N A D G H P E L E
VOLCANOES
ARE AWESOME! M V P K I L A U E A T P U R E
H A W A I I F F L O W T S U D
G A S E S E R I F V M L A V A
L H T R A E R D U M U A H S A
A C T I V E P O F M H L G W R
E R U T A N M O C I E G C M O
S D N A L S I P H K O L N A A
S N I A T N U O M T O H T V N
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5-3 (03); release dates: January 25-31
Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate
from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
Go dot to dot and color.
Meet Alpha Betty and B. A. Reader
NEWSPAPERS HELP YOU
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This is especially for parents, teachers
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The letter E is a vowel. Vowels have two sounds,
a short sound and a long sound. All of these
words have the short sound of E. What
sound do you hear?
wet
bell
web
net
wedding
hen
well
egg
Which picture in the row below does not have
the short E sound?
Here’s how to make the big and little E. Practice here.
Ee
from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
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5-4 (03); release dates: January 25-31
Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate
from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
More About Volcanoes
Volcanoes can build
North
America
Asia
Pacific
Ocean
Australia
South
America
Many earthquakes and volcanoes occur
in the area known as the “Ring of Fire.”
Volcano sites
More than half of the active land
volcanoes circle the Pacific Ocean in
a “Ring of Fire.” In this area, parts of
the Earth are slowly colliding with
each other.
The Earth’s crust is broken into
huge parts called plates. When one
of these plates slides under another
plate, they rub against each other. This
is where rock melts to form magma.
Most active volcanoes border the
edges of continents. Many are in or
around the Mediterranean Sea. One,
Mount Etna in Sicily, had a big eruption
in October 2002, and it is still continuing.
There are a total of about 50 active
volcanoes in the United States, in
Hawaii, Alaska, Washington, Oregon
and California.
Look on the weather page of your newspaper
to see if any exciting natural events such
as storms are predicted.
Next week The Mini Page is about the First
Amendment to the Constitution.
photo by J.D. Griggs, courtesy U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
art courtesy U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geologic Survey
Volcanoes have
played a big role in
forming the surface of
our planet. More than
80 percent of the
Earth’s surface was made by
volcanoes, including much fertile
soil. Many mountains are volcanoes.
The first oceans and the Earth’s
atmosphere were created from the
gases from volcanoes erupting
several billion years ago.
The Kilauea
(kee-lo-WAYah) volcano in
Hawaii began
erupting again
in 1983. It has
been erupting
continuously
since then. It
is one of the
most active
volcanoes in
the world.
“Kilauea”
means
spewing, or
much
spreading.
Volcanic mountains
Hawaiian volcanoes
Most land volcanoes are mountains,
formed after layers of lava and ash
built up over thousands of years.
These volcanoes are usually coneshaped mountains with a hole, or
vent, where the lava has erupted.
Some volcanic
mountains include
Mount Fuji in Japan,
Mount Shasta in
California, Mount Hood in Oregon
and Mount Rainier in Washington.
Many islands, such
as the Hawaiian
Islands, are really
volcanoes that have
built up from the ocean floor.
Kilauea and Mauna Loa on the
Island of Hawaii are two of the most
active volcanoes in the world. Mauna
Loa is also the biggest active volcano
in the world. It rises more than
30,000 feet above the surrounding
ocean floor.
Many island volcanoes are near
hot spots in the Earth. These hot
spots are areas where the Earth’s
activity is creating higher
temperatures under the Earth’s surface.
The
Island
of Hawaii
is near a hot spot
that has been there for
at least 70 million years.
This island of Hawaii has
existed about 1 million
years.
The U.S. Geological Survey’s
Volcano Hazards Program is using
knowledge gained from the
Hawaiian volcanoes to keep people
around the world safe.
Ancient legends
The word “volcano” comes from
the Roman god Vulcan, the god of
fire and the blacksmith
for the gods. Hundreds
of years ago, the
Romans believed a
volcanic island off the
coast of Italy, Vulcano, was part of
Vulcan’s blacksmith forge.
The Romans believed the lava and
dust erupting from Vulcano came
when Vulcan made thunderbolts for
Jupiter, the king of the gods, or
weapons for Mars, the god of war.
The Polynesian people who settled
the Hawaiian islands
believed eruptions were
caused by the beautiful
goddess of volcanoes,
Pele (PAY-lay).
Kauai
Island
Niihau
Island
Oahu
Island
Molokai
Island
Lanai
Island
Maui
Island
Kahoolawe
Island
Hawaii
Island
Sites to see: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/
www.volcanoworld.org
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photo by J.D. Griggs, courtesy U.S. Department
of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Read all about
volcanoes
in
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by Betty Debnam
Appearing in your
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from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam
© 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
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promoting Issue 5.)
release dates: January 25-31
5-5 (03)
from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The MIni Page Publishing Company Inc.
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Standards Spotlight:
Volcanoes
TM
from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.
Mini Page activities meet many state and national educational standards. Each
week we identify standards that relate to The Mini Page’s content and offer
activities that will help your students reach them.
Supersport: Carson Palmer
This week’s standards:
• Students understand the properties of objects and materials. (Science: Physical
Science)
• Students understand light, heat, electricity and magnetism. (Science: Physical
Science)
Activities:
1. Draw a picture showing an unusual or fantastic explanation for volcanoes. Write a
story to go with your picture.
2. Locate the following items in your newspaper: (a) a large natural object, (b) a very
hot liquid, (c) something that can be burned, (d) something in a pressure container,
and (e) a surprising natural occurrence.
3. What kinds of specific damage to people and property can be caused by lava, mud
flows, ash and “bombs” (rocks)?
4. Think of five different ways scientists can monitor and measure volcanic activity in
order to understand volcanoes and to predict eruptions.
5. Use reference books and the Internet to learn more about one of the volcanoes
named in today’s Mini Page. Use these questions to guide your research: Where is
the volcano located? How large is it? How often has it erupted? When was the last
eruption? What kind of damage has it caused? Are there any unusual legends
about the volcano?
Height: 6-6
Birthdate: 12-27-79
Weight: 230
College: Southern Cal
In his first three seasons as a college quarterback,
Carson Palmer experienced frustration and
disappointment. But he didn’t quit. He kept striving,
and his hard work paid off. In December, the
Southern Cal senior was voted winner of the
Heisman Trophy, the most prized award in college football.
Palmer completed almost 63 percent of his passes for 3,639 yards
and 32 touchdowns. He was a major reason his team, the Trojans,
won 10 games and lost only 2.
While at Southern Cal, Palmer has been a solid student as well,
majoring in public policy and management.He also has helped area
schoolchildren by participating in the Read Across America Program.
Palmer has more big plans for next year. He’s scheduled to marry
his fiancee, Shaelyn Fernandes, in July.
(standards by Dr. Sherrye D. Garrett, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi)
(Note to Editor: Above is the Standards for Issue 5.)
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