Diapositiva 1 - Infoagro.Net

Transcription

VII Annual Videoconference on Advances of
Agri-Biotechnology
2012: year of science, egos, cancer and rats
Pedro J. Rocha S.
Biologist, Ph.D.
Coordinator
Area of Biotechnology and Biosafety (AB&B)
Program of Innovation for Productivity and Competitiveness (PIPC)
IICA Head Quarters-Costa Rica, 21st February 2013
Content
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA
– Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in:
– Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bio-products production
– Transgenesis
• Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
2
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
3
Purposes
Sustainable productive systems
(social, economics, environmental)
Political decision
Implemented policies
Capacity building
Support to institutionalism:
Policies & Institutions
Biotechnology:
much more than
transgenesis
IICA is not for or
against a specific
technology
“Omics”: Genomics,
Proteómica, Metabolómica
Transgenesis
Radioactivity
Fermentation
In vitro
culture
Bioinformatics
Molecular
markers
Bio-reactor
Farmer choice
Biosafety:
Expression of
countries
sovereignty on
biotechnology
(transgenesis)
Communication of
biotech
Activities
Biotechnology:
complement and
foundation of the
various forms of
agriculture
Pillars
IICA on
biotechnology
Clean
technologies
Nuclear
technology
Transgenic
technology
Acepted
transgenic
clean
No
Acepted
conventional
Conventional
technologies
Hybridization
organic
Traditional-knowledge
based
Technological
innovation
Scientific validated knowledge and available technologies
Other disciplines:
Biological sciences:
Results
Engineering
Law
Molecular and cell
biology
Genetics
Economics
Biochemistry
Statistics
Plant
Physiology
Informatics
Communication
Microbiology
Modified from: Rocha, 2011. ComunIICA 8(January-July):23-31
Ecology
Scientific and
technical basis
Agricultural Biotechnology
Biofertilización
(compost)
Fermentation
Cryoconservation
Bioreactors
Biofuels
Haploid
generation
In vitro
culture
Cloning /
Micropropagating
Biocontrol
(productos
naturales)
Regeneration
Transgenesis
Induction of
somaclonal
variation
Biologica
l control
Metabolomics
Biological
cleaning
Proteomics
Transcriptomics
Hybridization
-Plant breedingGenomics
“Omics”
Mutation
induction
Radioisotopes
& Radiation
Sterile Insect
Technique
Type I: isoenzymes, RFLP,
Type II: Based in PCR (RAPD,
AFLP, SSR)
Molecular
Markers
Type III. Based in sequencing
(SNP, SSCP)
Rocha, 2011. ComunIICA 8(January-July):23-31
Bioinformatics
Activities and results IICA 2012 in Biotechnology and
Biosafety
Capacity building
• Courses on low level presence
(LLP): Buenos Aires & Rosario
(15 countries).
Ecuador
• Training for regulators (Ecuador,
Honduras, El Salvador).
• Technical support for the start of
the Master of Biotechnology
(National University of Asuncion,
Paraguay).
Embrapa, Brazil
• Actions
for
technological
updating and monitoring.
6
IICA, Costa Rica
Biosafety
Communication of biotechnology
Paraguay
• Lectures, seminars, forums and
interviews.
• Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay,
Venezuela.
• Technical support to LAC-Biosafety
• Publication of materials.
LAC-Biosafety, Colombia
http://www.iica.int/Esp/Programas/
Innovacion/Publicaciones_TeI/b299
2e.pdf
Costa Rica
English version soon
7
Conveme, Venezuela
Biosafety
Supporting Institutionalism in LAC
Countries
• Policy implementation
– IICA acts with formal invitation from National
Authorities of countries.
– Technical support to execution of UNEP-GEF projects
(Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador).
– Designing of the “Strategy for education and
communication of biotechnology for Costa Rica”.
Ecuador
8
Costa Rica
Biosafety
Supporting Institutionalism in LAC
Countries
• Strengthening institutions
– Technical visits (Ecuador, Nicaragua, Paraguay,
USA, Venezuela)
– Preparing countries for participation in VI COPMOP (Hyderabad, India).
– Generation of novel institutionalism: Initiative
for Central America for Biotechnology &
Biosafety (ICABB).
– Helping interaction between NABI and G5-CAS
– Permanent dialog with CAC and CAS
INTA-Nicaragua
IDEA-Venezuela
CAC
USA
9
Promecafe
Contact
IICA´s Biotechnology Network
• Mailing list
– Internal:
iicabiotecnologia@iica.int
– External:
red.biotecnologia@iica.int
• Institutional Web
– http://www.iica.int
– http://www.infoagro.net
10
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
11
Advances in Genomics: Sequencing
Sequencing
system
Method
Read length (bp)
Accuracy
Reads per run
Time per run
Cost per 1 million
bases (in US$)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Pacific Bio
Ionic
torrent
Illumina
Single-molecule real-time
sequencing (Pacific Bio)
Ion semiconductor
(Ion Torrent
sequencing)
Pyrosequencing
(454)
2900
200
87% (read length mode),
99% (accuracy mode)
35–75 thousand
454 GS FLX Hi Seq 2000
SOLiDv4
Sanger
Sequencing by
synthesis (Illumina)
Sequencing by
ligation (SOLiD
sequencing)
Chain termination
(Sanger sequencing)
700
50 to 250
50+35 or 50+50
400 to 900
98%
99.9%
98%
99.9%
99.9%
up to 5 million
1 million
up to 3 billion
1.2 to 1.4 billion
N/A
1 to 2 weeks
20 min. to 3 hours
30 min. to 2 hours
2 hours
24 hours
1 to 10 days,
depending upon
sequencer and
specified read length
2
1
10
0.05 to 0.15
0.13
2400
Low cost per base
Long individual reads.
Useful for many
applications
Slower than other
methods
More expensive and
impractical for larger
sequencing projects
Longest read length. Fast.
Detects 4mC, 5mC, 6mA
Less expensive
equipment
Fast
Long read size.
Fast
Potential for high
sequence yield,
depending upon
sequencer model
and desired
application
Low yield at high
accuracy
Equipment can be very
expensive
Homopolymer
errors
Runs are expensive
Homopolymer
errors
Equipment can be
very expensive
Source: Liu, L. et al. 2012. Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Systems. Journal of Biomedicine and
Biotechnology. Vol. 2012, Article ID 251364, 11 pages. doi:10.1155/2012/251364
12
Advances in Genomics
To 8th February 2013
Number
Total of genomes
21 571
Sequenced genomes
4 129
Archea
181
Bacteria
3 765
Eukaryots
183
On going projects
17 402
Metagenomes
369
Total
Genome
Transcrip
tome
Resequencing
No
cultivated
Archea
453
430
16
5
81
Bacteria
19 065
18 607
14
213
830
Eukaryots
3 140
1 729
776
487
4
Source: http://www.genomesonline.org y http://www.phytozome.net
13
Single Cell Genomics
• Potential application in
diagnostics of pest and
diseases
– Detection is more precise,
faster and cheaper.
Source: Yilmaz S & Singh AK. 2012. Single cell genome
sequencing. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 23:437-443.
14
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
15
Bio-products Production
• Use of fermentation and composting techniques,
essential for organic- and ecological- and conventionalagriculture.
– Methodologies used by a large number of farmers in the world.
• There is heterogeneity in their use and results.
• Improper management involves harmful effects on
human, animal and environment or low productivity.
• Seufert, V; Ramankutty N; Foley JA. 2012. Comparing the yields of organic and
conventional agriculture. Nature 485:229–232.
• Smith-Spangler, C; et al. 2012. Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than
Conventional Alternatives? Ann. Intern. Med. 157:348-366.
– Opportunity to incorporate scientific research and strengthen
extension.
16
• Business opportunities for biotechnology companies and
laboratories.
– Quality assurance (traceability, efficiency, stability).
– Opens possibility for utilization of biodiversity for commercial purposes.
Biotechnology
Bioprospection
Lab. research
Scaling
Field Research
Product
development
In silico and
“paper”
research
Commercialization
Registration &
Certification
17
• Increasing trend to put bio-products to market.
– First biofungicide (Fungifree AB) to prevent anthracnose in mango
and improve productivity.
• Developed by Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de México (UNAM and researchers of the Center for Food Research and
Development, Unit Culiacán).
• Twelve years of research.
• To market in 2013 (Agro&Biotecnia).
– Mango, avocado, papaya
– Brazil, Ecuador y EE.UU.
• http://www.portalfruticola.com/2013/02/08/nace-el-primer-biofungicidaquemejorara-la-productividad-del-mango-mexicano/?pais=argentina
Source: Inforganica 2013-05
18
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
19
Million hectares
Advances in Transgenesis: Global area of GM
crops
20
Source: James, C. 2012. Executive summary. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops:2012. Brief 44.
Advances in Transgenesis
21
Source: James, C. 2012. Executive summary. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops:2012. Brief 44.
GM Crops 2012
• 170 M ha
• Annual growth rate of 6%
• 28 countries planted GM crops
– 20 developing countries
• Sudan (Bt cotton) and Cuba (hybrid Bt maize) planted GM crops for first time.
– Cuba grew 3,000 ha in a “regulated commercialization”
– The initiative is part of an ecologically sustainable pesticide-free program featuring biotech maize
hybrids and mycorrhizal additives.
– The Bt maize was developed by the Havana-based Institute for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology (CIGB).
• Europe situation:
– Germany and Sweden could not plant the biotech potato, Amflora because it ceased to be
marketed
– Poland discontinued planting Bt maize because of regulation inconsistencies between the EU and
Poland
– Spain, Portugal, Czechia, Slovakia and Romania planted 129 071 ha of Bt maize,
22
GM Crops 2012
•
•
•
•
17.3 M farmers, 90% small scale
52% of GM crops in 2012 were grown in developing countries
Growth rate of GM crops was 11%in developing countries
Between 1996-2011 cumulative economic benefits were US$49.6 billion in
developing countries (vs. US$48.6 billion by industrial countries).
– For 2011 alone US$10.1 billion for developing countries (US$9.6 billion for developed countries)
• Economic gains at the farm level of ~US$98.2 billion globally (period 1996 to
2011)
– 51% due to reduced production costs (less ploughing, fewer pesticide sprays and less labor)
– 49% due to substantial yield gains of 328 million tons.
•
•
•
•
Stacked traits occupied 25% of the global 170 M ha
Conserving biodiversity, biotech crops are a land saving technology
Reducing agriculture’s environmental footprint
Helping mitigate climate change and reducing greenhouse gases
23
Advances in Transgenesis in Brazil
Sources: Céleres. 2013. Os beneficios econômicos da biotecnologia agrícola no Brasil: 1996/97 – 2011/12. 7p.
24
Resistencia a
herbicidas
Summary of traits
introduced into
GM crops
Tolerancia a
Insectos
Tolerancia a
enfermedades
(causadas por
virus)
2,4-D
Dicamba
Glifosato
Glufosinato
Isoxaflutol
Oxinil (v.g. bromoxinil)
Sulfonilurea
Coleópteros
Lepidópteros
Múltiples insectos
Bean Golden Mosaic virus (BGMV)
Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV)
Plum pox virus (PPV)
Potato Virus Y (PVY)
Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV)
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus (ZYMV)
Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus 2 (WMV2)
Tolerancia a
Sequía
estrés abiótico
Based in several sources:
BCH, ISAAA
Producción de fitasa
Esterilidad masculina
Senecencia/madurez retardada
Ablandamiento retardado
Flores con color modificado
Calidad de Modificación de ácidos grasos y aceites
producto
Modificación de almidón /carbohidratos
Modificación de aminoácidos
Modificación de alfa amilasa (termoestabilidad)
Síntesis de nopalina
Reducción de nicotina
Tolerancia inmune a alergenos
Marcadores de selección con antibióticos
Selección de
Metabolismo de manosa
eventos
Marcadores visuales para selección
25
Summary of
genetically
modified plants
Based in several sources:
BCH, ISAAA
Álamo
Populus sp.
Alfalfa
Medicago sativa
Algodón
Gossypium hirsutum
Arroz
Oryza sativa
Calabaza
Cucurbita pepo
Césped
Agrostis stolonifera
Chicoria
Cichorium intybus
Ciruela
Prunus domestica
Clavel
Dianthus caryophyllus
Colza argentina
Brassica napus
Colza polaca
Brassica rapa
Fríjol
Phaseolus vulgaris
Lino
Linum usitatissumum
Maiz
Zea mays
Melón
Cucumis melo
Papa
Solanum tuberosum
Papaya
Carica papaya
Petunia
Petunia hybrida
Pimentón
Capsicum annuum
Remolacha
Beta vulgaris
Rosa
Rosa hybrida
Soja
Glycine max
Tabaco
Nicotiana tabacum
Tomate
Lycopersicon esculentum
Trigo
Triticum aestivum
26
Plant Transgenesis Evolution
Especies Vegetales Genéticamente Modificadas (GM)
Características introducidas
Álamo
Alfalfa
Algodón
Arroz
Calabaza
Césped
Chicoria
Ciruela
Clavel
Colza
Colza
argentina polaca
Fríjol
Lino
Populus Medicago Gossypium Oryza Cucurbita Agrostis Cichorium Prunus
Dianthus
Brassica Brassica Phaseolus
Linum
sp.
sativa
hirsutum sativa
pepo
stolonifera intybus domestica caryophyllus napus
rapa
vulgaris usitatissumum
Resistencia a
herbicidas
Tolerancia a
Insectos
Tolerancia a
enfermedades
(causadas por
virus)
2,4-D
Dicamba
Glifosato
Glufosinato
Isoxaflutol
Oxinil (v.g. bromoxinil)
Sulfonilurea
Coleópteros
Lepidópteros
Múltiples insectos
Bean Golden Mosaic virus (BGMV)
Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV)
Plum pox virus (PPV)
Potato Virus Y (PVY)
Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV)
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus (ZYMV)
Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus 2 (WMV2)
Zea
mays
Melón
Papa
Papaya Petunia Pimentón
Remolacha
Rosa
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
X
C
C
C
C
C
Soja
Tabaco
Tomate
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
X
C
C
C
C
X
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
X
X
C
X
C
X
X
X
X
X
C
C
C
C
X
C
X
X
X
C
C
X
C
C
C
C
C
C
X
X
C
C
X
X
X
C
X
X
C
C
C
C
C
Trigo
Cucumis Solanum Carica Petunia Capsicum
Rosa Glycine Nicotiana Lycopersicon Triticum
Beta vulgaris
melo tuberosum papaya hybrida annuum
hybrida max tabacum esculentum aestivum
C
Tolerancia a
Sequía
estrés abiótico
Producción de fitasa
Esterilidad masculina
Senecencia/madurez retardada
Ablandamiento retardado
Flores con color modificado
Calidad de Modificación de ácidos grasos y aceites
producto
Modificación de almidón /carbohidratos
Modificación de aminoácidos
Modificación de alfa amilasa (termoestabilidad)
Síntesis de nopalina
Reducción de nicotina
Tolerancia inmune a alergenos
Marcadores de selección con antibióticos
Selección de
Metabolismo de manosa
eventos
Marcadores visuales para selección
Maiz
X
C
C
C
C
C
C
X
C
C
C = Commercial events
X = Experimental evento s
Taken from: Rocha (2013) en preparation, based in several sources: BCH, ISAAA
27
Transgenics
www.medicinajoven.com
chamanismognostico.webs.com
www.taringa.net
tusaludpuravida.blogspot.com
28
Transgenics, misperception
www.ecotumismo.org
www.taringa.net
poster.4teachers.org
alumnossecundariaqm.blogspot.com
comunidadecologicape
nalolen.bligoo.com
www.gastronomiaycia.com
www.taringa.net
29
www.ecotumismo.org
transgenicounaamenaza.blogspot.com
Transgenics, misperception
www.ecotumismo.org
www.taringa.net
poster.4teachers.org
alumnossecundariaqm.blogspot.com
comunidadecologicape
nalolen.bligoo.com
www.gastronomiaycia.com
www.taringa.net
30
www.ecotumismo.org
transgenicounaamenaza.blogspot.com
Irresponsible messages
musulmanesdecostarica.blogspot.com
www.lagarbancitaecologica.org
www.elciudadano.cl
identidadandaluza.wordpress.com
www.redes.org.uy
31
Irresponsible messages
musulmanesdecostarica.blogspot.com
www.lagarbancitaecologica.org
www.elciudadano.cl
identidadandaluza.wordpress.com
www.redes.org.uy
32
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
33
GM maize, egos, cancer and rats
19th September 2012
34
GM maize, ego, cancer and rats
Foto: Nature (11 Oct. 2012). Vol 490:158
35
36
Experiments´ description
• He wanted to test the effect of GM maize on the (potential) occurrence of
cancer in rats.
Glyphosate
Treatments
50ng/l
400 mg/kg
2,25g/l
Diet
Conventional (0% GM maize)
Mix with 11% GM maize NK603
2 years
M
F
M
F
M
F
Sex
• Analysis:
– Microscopy and pathology observations
– Multivariate analysis
37
Inaccurate, vague
So, how was the
weed control?
Which was the
third one?
38
This type of rats
prematurely develop
spontaneous tumors
(weeks 13 to 26, Prejean
JD; et al. 1973. Spontaneous
tumors in Spregue-Dawley rats
and Swiss mice. Cancer
Research 33:2768-2773.)
39
What if normal rats were used or at least they do not develop
cancer early?
Lefterov EA. 2011. A rat in а street of Sofia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street-rat.jpg
40
This type of rats
prematurely develop
spontaneous tumors
(weeks 13 to 26, Prejean
JD; et al. 1973. Spontaneous
tumors in Spregue-Dawley rats
and Swiss mice. Cancer
Research 33:2768-2773.)
So, rats were
maintained with
glyphosate solutions
for two years?
41
Glyphosate
Experiment
LD50
(mg/kg)
Glyphosate without
surfactants in rats
4873
Glyphosate without
surfactants in mice
1568
Intraperitoneal injection
in rats
235
Intraperitoneal injection
in mice
130
Location
Reference
Bababunmi et
al., 1978
Olorunsogo &
Bababunmi,
1980
Half Life
Reference
Soil
< 60 days (9 weeks)
U.S. EPA,
1979
Sandy soil
119 to 133 days (17
to 19 weeks)
Ghassemi et
al., 1982
Silty loam soils
21 days (3 weeks)
Foliage and
fallen leaves
10,4 to 26,6 days
Exposed soil
40,2 days
Soil with litter
29,2 days
Newton et
al. (1984)
Source: National Toxicology Program (NTI). 1992. NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Glyphosate (CAS No.
1071-83-6) Administered in Dosed Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. PC. Chan & JF Mahler. Toxicity Reports
42
Series No. 16, NIH Publication 92-3135.
Herbicide
LD50 in mg/kg
(classification)
LC50 in ppm
(classification)
Half life
(in days)
Atrazine
3080 (Mod.)
(Slightly)
Long life ND
2,4-D y 2,4-DP
375 (Mod.)
100 (Slightly)
28
Dicamba
1707 (Mod.)
35 (Slightly.)
14
Fluazifop
4096 (Mod.)
5,4 (Mod.)
21
Glyphosate
4873 (Slightly)
86 (Slightly)
60
Hexazinon
1690 (Mod.)
274 (no)
30
Imazapyr
5000 (Slightly)
100 (Slightly)
27
Metsulfron
5000 (Slightly)
150 (no)
42
Picloram
8200 (Slightly)
(Slightly)
63
Sethoxydim
2676 (Mod.)
(Slightly)
11
Sulfometuron
5000 (Slightly)
12,5 (Slightly)
10
Triclopyr
713 (Mod.)
117 (no)
46
Paraquat
120 (Ext.)
LD50 Reference: Nicotine 9 (Extremely), caffeine 192 (Extremely), bleach 192 (Extremely.), ammonia
350 (Moderate), kitchen salt 3000 (Moderate)
Based on: McNabb K. 1996. Forestry herbicide facts. ANR-0629. 18p. En http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0629/ 43
Fishel, F; et al. 2005. Herbicides: How toxic are they? Univ. Florida PI-133. En http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI17000.pdf
Glyphosate
• Herbicide (weed killer) systemic post-emergence.
–
–
–
–
–
It is absorbed by the soil, not easily washed.
Its mobility in soil is affected by soil type, pH level and phosphates.
High absorption in clay and organic matter rich soils when compared to sandy soils.
Susceptible to degradation by bacterial metabolism (Sprankle et al., 1975)
It does not bioaccumulate in living cells (Ghassemi et al., 1982) due to its high solubility in water.
• Median lethal dose of glyphosate: 4873 mg / kg (slightly toxic)
– Toxicity is measured in mammals and fish
– The median lethal dose (LD50) is the amount of chemical required to kill 50% of a population of
test animals (rats).
– It is expressed in mg of chemical per kg of animal weight in test.
– The lethal concentration (LC50) is the amount of product dissolved in water which is lethal to 50%
of a population of fish.
• Physiological effects previously described
–
Santillo DJ; et al. 1989. Response of small mammals and habitat to glyphosate application on clearcuts. Journal of Wildlife Management 53(1):
164-172); Conicet, 2009. Evaluación de la información científica vinculada al glifosato en su incidencia sobre la salud humana y el ambiente.
132p.
• There are other more toxic herbicides. However, it is still a poison, not water!
Source: National Toxicology Program (NTI). 1992. NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Glyphosate (CAS No. 1071-83-6) Administered in 44
Dosed Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. PC. Chan & JF Mahler. Toxicity Reports Series No. 16, NIH Publication 92-3135.
Descripción del Experimento
A classic test to compare
mortality rates between
various treatments is the
Chi-square test.
45
Results
46
Results
What these shocking pictures bring to the
results of that “scientific” paper?
Are these pictures relevant for the paper?
47
Results
How to explain that
more die in the
control that in the
diet at 33%?
48
Results
How to explain that
more die in the
control that in the
diet at 33%?
The trends are
almost the same,
how to differentiate
GM effect from the
effect of herbicide?
And how to isolate
the natural
susceptibility of rats
to tumors?
49
Results
How to explain that
more die in the
control that in the
diet at 33%?
The trends are
almost the same,
GM effect from the
How to explain that
groups with 22%
and 33% of GM
maize die 3 times
less than the
controls?
And how to isolate
the natural
susceptibility of rats
to tumors?
50
Results
How to explain that
more die in the
control that in the
diet at 33%?
The trends are
almost the same,
GM effect from the
How to explain that
groups with 22%
and 33% of GM
maize die 3 times
less than the
controls?
Y ¿cómo aislar la
susceptibilidad
natural de las ratas
a los tumores?
51
Seralini et al. (2012) Conclusions
1
2
3
4
Seralini et al. 2012. Long term toxicity of
a Roundup herbicide and a Rounduptolerant genetically modified maize. Food
and Chemical Toxicology 50:4221-4231.
52
Seralini et al. (2012) Conclusions
1
2
3
4
Seralini et al. 2012. Long term toxicity of
a Roundup herbicide and a Rounduptolerant genetically modified maize. Food
and Chemical Toxicology 50:4221-4231.
53
Data do not support conclusions
• He wanted to test the effect of GM maize on the (potential) occurrence of cancer in rats.
Glyphosate
Treatments
50ng/l
400 mg/kg
2,25g/l
Diet
Conventional (0% GM maize)
2 years
• Analysis:
M
– Microscopy and pathology observations
– Multivariate analysis
F
M
F
M
F
Sex
BUT:
• Dawley Sprague rats (susceptible to cancer) were used
– Bacause “this strain … is preferentially used by some agencies such the National Toxicology Program” – but this strain is used for
testing anti-cancerigens not to test potential carcinogens.
• “water” used was a diluted solution of glyphosate, because “glyphosate is contaminating regular tap water!”
• Two year period for a tumor growing rat observation is unethical, tumors are presented from week 26 and
information about it is available since 1973.
• Experiment has just one repetition because is a “long term experiment!”
54
Seralini et al. (2012) paper MUST be revoked
and removed from scientific literature
• Scientific community dismisses the experimental
design, execution, findings and publication.
• Evaluation system of the journal is questioned.
• Scientific community has asked the publisher to
withdraw the paper.
• Access to full information on the experiment was
required.
• Such experiments must be repeated by other
groups.
55
Seralini et al. (2012) paper MUST be revoked
and removed from scientific literature
• Technical oppositions were presented by scientists
around the world and the journal gave Seralini the
opportunity to respond to the questions.
56
57
Seralini et al. (2012) study is not valid because it
does not pass statistical tests
58
Seralini´s reply and supporters
Accepting this postulate is to disqualify more than 150
years of scientific demonstrations and facts
"If it takes longer to read an
article, its quality increases"
FALSE
Statistics validates itself, does
not depend on who evaluates
a paper
59
Independent study shows that Daweley Sprague rats
were not the best choice for that experiment
60
Seralini et al. (2012) paper MUST be revoked and
removed from scientific literature
61
62
63
• El artículo de Seralini et al.
(2012) debe ser revocado y
retirado por las serias
limitaciones en el diseño de los
experimentos y por la manera
poco transparente de presentar
los resultados.
64
65
2003
2004
2006
Fuente: Amazon.com
66
Consequences
Positive
• Greater control and rigorous in the peer review systems of scientific
journals.
• Proper (but late) response of the international scientific community.
Negative
• Fear was generated.
• Negative public perception towards science.
• On the quality of the magazine and French science.
• Economic Implications (imports closure [Russia], altering market
dynamics).
• Threatens the world's food security.
• Unfounded, puts into question the decisions of acceptance of GM corn
made up yto now by the world's biosafety committees.
• If quantifying, how much did cost and will cost the hasty and
unsubstantiated conclusions of Seralini´s paper?
67
Life is not perfect, but
you can always make
your own choices
68
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
69
Advances in Transgenesis
• Advances in genetic modification of plants against nematodes (Atkinson et al. 2012, Curr. Opin.
Biotech. 23:251-256).
• GM plants that use phosphite as phosphorus source (López-Arredondo DL; Herrera-Estrella L. 2013,
Nature biotech. 30(9):889-893).
• Production and field trials of cassava (Manihot esculenta) GM for low amylose
production in Indonesia (Koehorst-van Putten HJJ; et al. 2012. Transgenic Res 21:39–50).
• GM banana (rice genes) resistant to black zigatoka (Kova´cs G; et al. 2013. Transgenic Res 22:117–
130)
• First example of GM potatoes modified with three resistance genes against Phytophthora
infestans (Zhu S; et al. 2012. Transgenic Res 21:89–99).
• Approved Elelyso production (taliglucerasa alpha) in bioreactors of GM carrot cells (Fox J.
2012. Nature biotech. 30(6):472)
• GM silkworms to produce spider protein (Teule F; et al. 2012. PNAS USA 109:923-928).
• Transgene Promoters DataBase (TGP, http://wwwmgs.bionet.nsc.ru/mgs/dbases/tgp/home.html)
• GM cloned cow expressing omega-3 fatty acids (Wu X. 2012 Transgenic Res. 21(3): 537-543).
70
Advances in Transgenesis: GM Plants and
nematodes control
Taken from: Atkinson HJ; Lilley CJ; Urwin PE. 2012. Strategies for transgenic nematode control in developed
and developing world crops. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 23:251–256.
71
Advances in Transgenesis: GM plants to use phosphite as
P source and weed control
Taken from: López-Arredondo DL; Herrera-Estrella L. 2013, Engineering phosphorous metabolism in plants to produce
a dual fertilization and weed control system. Nature Biotech. 30(9):889-893.
72
Advances in Transgenesis: GM cassava with lowamylose starch
Taken from: Koehorst-van Putten et al. 2012, Field testing and exploitation of
genetically modified cassava with low-amylose or amylose-free starch in Indonesia.
Transgenic Res. 21:39-50.
73
Advances in Transgenesis: GM Banana resistant to Black
Zigatoka
Leaf disk bioassay with
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
on 9-month old
greenhouse ´Gross
Michel´ banana plants
transformed with one of
two rice chitinase genes.
Taken from: Kova´cs G; et al. 2013. Expression of a rice chitinase gene in transgenic banana (¨Gross Michel¨, AAA genome
group) confers resistance to black streak disease. Transgenic Res 22:117–130.
74
Advances in Molecular farming
• Elelyso is a recombinant form of human glucocerebrosidase
(taliglucerasa alpha).
• It is produced in a call ProCellEx technology platform that
enables cultivation of the plant cells (carrot) to produce
complex recombinant proteins similar to those produced by
human cells.
• Elelyso is injectable and replaces the human enzyme for
treating Gaucher's disease.
– It prevents lipid accumulation in organs and tissues and the liver and pancreas
damage.
• Protalix BioTherapeutics-ProCellEx.
75
Advances in Transgenesis: GM Silkworm for spider silk
fibers
Taken from: Chung, H; Yong Kim T; Yup Lee S. 2012. Recent advances in production of recombinant spider silk proteins. Curr. Opin. Biotech.
23:957-964.
Teule F; Miao YG, Sohn BH, Kim YS, Hull JJ, Fraser MJ Jr; Lewis RV, Jarvis DL. 2012. Silkworms transformed with chimeric silkworm/spider silk
genes spin composite silk fibers with improved mechanical properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:923-928.
76
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Bioproducts production
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
77
Biosafety
• The wide range of measures, policies
and procedures that deal with
preserving the biological integrity,
minimizing the potential negative
effects or risks that could eventually
represent biotechnology on the
environment or human health (SCBD,
2003).
Technical
(Biological &
Environmental)
BIOSAFETY
Economical
Political
(Social)
78
Advances in Biosafety for LAC
Company
Forms
Documents
Fares
CTNBio
Research
Evaluations
Risk analysis
Open consultation
Experts
Files
Implementation
Concepts
Minister
YES
Approval
resolution
79
Research in Biosafety of GMOs
Ricroch AE. 2013. Assessment of GE food safety using omics techniques and long-term animal feeding studies. New Biotechnology.
Vol. 29(Supplement):S25 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt2012.12.001
80
• Are additional tests necessary to ensure the safety of GMO products?
Methodology
• Use of the latest technology ("omics") to analyze animals fed conventional and GM crops.
• 16 generations of animals were studied.
Results
• Genetic modification has less impact on the expression of genes of plants compared with the
conventional improvement.
• Environmental factors (location of the lot, time of sampling or agricultural practice) have more
impact than transgenesis itself.
• Neither “omic” study profile showed the need for new concerns about GM varieties or on longterm studies on multigenerational animal.
Conclusions
• No need for long-term studies on a case unless a reasonable doubt that result from feeding trials
at 90 days.
• It is not necessary to carry out additional mandatory toxicological studies on the current
commercialized GM events.
81
Omics interaction in Agriculture
Bioinformatics
Chen, N. et al. 2012. Metabolic network
reconstruction: advances in in silico
interpretation of analytical information.
Current opinion in biotech. 23(1): 77-82.
82
• Are additional tests necessary to ensure the safety of GMO products?
Methodology
• Use of the latest technology ("omics") to analyze animals fed conventional and GM crops.
• 16 generations of animals were studied.
Results
• Genetic modification has less impact on the expression of genes of plants compared with the
conventional improvement.
• Environmental factors (location of the lot, time of sampling or agricultural practice) have more
impact than transgenesis itself.
• Neither “omic” study profile showed the need for new concerns about GM varieties or on longterm studies on multigenerational animal.
Conclusions
• No need for long-term studies on a case unless a reasonable doubt that result from feeding trials
at 90 days.
• It is not necessary to carry out additional mandatory toxicological studies on the current
commercialized GM events.
83
Important information in Biosafety
• VI COP-MOP (The sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to
the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the meeting of
the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (HyderabadIndia)
– 1,200 delegates (Government, civil society and industry)
• USA Elections
– Proposition 37, on labeling of GMO products (California) was rejected 6th
November 2012.
• Decisions on approval of GM maize in Mexico
• Submission of applications for authorization of GM maize planting
for seed production and export in Costa Rica.
• Rule of Law 29,811 on GM moratorium in Peru (13th November
2012).
• Presidential Repositioning GM crops in Ecuador.
Election
Votes
Donations
(U$D)
Yes
6 088 714
9,2 million
No
6 442 371
46 million
http://votersedge.org/california/ballotmeasures/2012/november/prop-37/funding
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4kn41nIvss)
• Presidential Support position CONBIO in Paraguay.
84
youtube.com
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
85
Final Considerations
About biotechnology
• Biotechnology (broadly sense) develops rapidly and is becoming a key
tool for different types of agriculture.
• The vast majority of the tools of biotechnology can be considered
useful clean technologies in agriculture.
• At present and in terms of information gathering and analysis, the
most powerful biotechnologies are genomics and bioinformatics.
• In terms of impact and adoption, the predominant biotechnology is
transgenesis.
• In terms of use of small producers, biotechnologies that allow the
production of bio-products (fermentation, composting, etc.) are the
most used.
86
About transgenics
• Since 1996, messages questioning the safety of GMOs have been
generated.
– The Internet is full of unscientific views regarding the impact of GMOs on monarch
butterflies, bees, beetles, cows, rats and humans.
• In response to such questions, scientific research has shown that none of
the GM crops currently on the market have harmful effects on the
health of humans, animals or the environment.
• The “opinions" on GMOs have led to misinformation and worse to create
fear and terror.
– Unfortunately, the messages based on validated results of experimental science have
not had the same circulation.
• Is scientists' apathy to debate with dogmatic people partly allowing that
the irresponsibility has wings and take flight? No!
87
About Science
• Science in its search for truth has based its rigor in the scientific
method.
• New technologies and biotechnologies in particular must meet all the
tenets of the scientific method.
– E.g. Reproducibility and genomic sequencing experiments.
• No analysis systems can accept unsubstantiated tests
• It is the responsibility of the scientific community to draw attention
to those results presented as technical but who do not meet the
quality, impartiality and rigor that characterize science.
88
Content
– Position
• Advances in:
– Transgenesis
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
89
IICA Sede Central
http://www.iica.int
AB&B
Pedro J. Rocha, Ph.D.
E-mail: Pedro.Rocha@iica.int
90

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