photogrammetry and remote sensing

Photogrammetry and remote sensing
Orientation and introduction to
photogrammetry and remote sensing
2015/4/7
Takashi Fuse, Ph.D.
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph.D.
fuse@civil.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
wataru@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Course goal
 Provide the student with a basic understanding
of the science and technology of
photogrammetry and remote sensing
 Enable the student to understand the
differences between the various satellite remote
sensing systems in existence today
 Enable the student to differentiate between the
different types of information provided by these
systems
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Course schedule
 [April 7, 2015] Orientation and introduction to
photogrammetry and remote sensing (Dr. Fuse)
 [April 14, 2015] Fundamentals of photogrammetry (1)
(Dr. Fuse)
 [April 21, 2015] Fundamentals of photogrammetry (2)
(Dr. Fuse)
 [April 28, 2015] Fundamentals of image processing (1)
(Dr. Fuse)
 [May 12, 2015] Fundamentals of image processing (2)
(Dr. Fuse)
 [May 19, 2015] Exercise No. 1 (Dr. Fuse)
 [May 26, 2015] Fundamentals of optical and thermal
infrared remote sensing (Dr. Takeuchi)
3
Course schedule (cont’d)
 [June 2, 2015] Geo-spatial database
for land cover mapping (Dr. Takeuchi)
 [June 9, 2015] Field measurement technique
by hyper spectral remote sensing (Dr. Takeuchi)
 [June 16, 2015] Exercise No. 2 (Dr. Takeuchi)
 [June 23, 2015] Remote sensing application
for flood monitoring (Dr. Takeuchi)
 [June 30, 2015] Remote sensing application
for urban environment monitoring (Dr. Takeuchi)
 [July 7, 2015] Remote sensing application
for food security management (Dr. Takeuchi)
 [July 14, 2015] Final examination
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Grading
 Final exam: 30%
 Exercise (2 times): 60%
 Class participation (read your text so you
can participate in discussions): 10%
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Course policy
 The course is conducted in English.
 Regular attendance is strongly recommended.
 Cell phones and other electronic devices
must be turned off when in class.
 Academic misconduct and scholastic
dishonesty such as plagiarizing and cheating
on examination can be assigned a penalty on
the university code.
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Readings and credit
 Remote Sensing Tutorial
 http://stlab.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~wataru/lecture/rst/
 Remote Sensing and GIS Tutorial
 http://stlab.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~wataru/lecture/rsgis/
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Further readings
 Paul R. Wolf (eds.), 2000. Elements of
photogrammetry with applications in GIS,
McGraw-Hill Science.
 Thomas M. Lillesand (eds.), 2007. Remote
sensing and image interpretation, Willey.
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Related courses
 Geographic information systems (713-056),
Summer semester, Tuesday
 Advanced hydrology (713-014), Summer
semester, Thursday
 Urban disaster mitigation engineering
(713-026), Summer semester, Thursday
 Microwave remote sensing (713-060),
Winter semester, Monday
 Spatial statistical analysis (713-043),
Winter semester, Wednesday
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How to get A in the course
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Come to class
Study and take notes for your exams
Participate in exercise
Read your course packet and materials
Ask questions when you do not understand
something
 Participate in class discussions
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Please note
 Learning disabilities:
 If you have a documented disability and wish
to discuss academic accommodations, please
let me know as soon as possible.
 Language barriers (to Japanese students):
 If you have any difficulties in communication
with English, I would be happy to meet you
after the class.
 I would recommend you to join a class on
Basic International Communication I and II.
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Syllabus and course materials download
14:55-16:40
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schedule
course materials
grading policy
readings
related course
previous course
corresponding address
http://wtlab.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~wataru/lecture/pgrs/
(ID: student, PASSWD: civil)
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Introduction to photogrammetry
What is photogrammetry?
 The process of deriving (usually) metric
information about an object through
measurements made on photographs
(images) of the object.
 The fundamental task of photogrammetry
is to rigorously establish the geometric
relationship between the image and the
object as it existed at the time of the
imaging event.
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Summary
 Metric information = 3D measurement
 Fundamentals of perspective geometry
 Geometric relationship between image
and object = Theory of orientation
 Sensor model: Interior orientation
 Platform model: exterior orientation
 Collinearity condition
⇒ orientation of single photograph
 Coplanarity condition
⇒ relative orientation
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Location and shape measurement
Urban 3D model
Sendai
Nagoya
Osaka
Kobe
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panoramio
17
Flicker
18
19
PhotoSynth
3D reconstruction from shared images
20
Buddhist
monuments
at Bamiyan
Measurement made on images
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 Can record the situation as it existed at the
time of the imaging event.
 Development process of city
 Disaster record
 Can acquire images in real time: digitalization
 Can measure objects at inaccessible locations
 Can divide processes ⇒ efficiency
 Office work
Development process of Shinjuku from aerial photographs
Yodobashi Purification Plant(1966)
Shinjuku Subcenter(1989)
Shinjuku Central Park(1971)
Tokyo Metropolitan City Hall(1992)
High-rise buildings(1975)
DO x10
22
23
Disaster record: the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake(2011)
Rikuzentakata City
after
before
24
Disaster record:
The Niigata earthquake
2004
(satellite imagery)
24
Area arrays
25
Area arrays
26
Three line scanner
27
28
Pixel count changes
of popular digital camera
5.5
DiMAGE 7
(MINOLT A)
5.0
4.5
E-10
(OLYMPUS)
画素数(×10
pixels
６
)
4.0
3.5
QV-3000EX
(CASIO)
3.0
FinePix2700
(FUJI FILM)
2.5
2.0
FinePix700
(FUJI FILM)
C-1400L
(OLYMPUS)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1986
MVC-C1
(SONY)
1988
C-2500L
(OLYMPUS)
PowerShotPro70
(Canon)
C-800L
(OLYMPUS)
DS-X
(FUJIX)
PowerShot600
(Canon)
1990
1992
1994
発売年度
year
1996
1998
2000
2002
Introduction to remote sensing
What is remote sensing?
Remote sensing is the art, science
and technology of obtaining
reliable information about physical
objects and the environment,
through the process of recording,
measuring and interpreting
imagery and digital
representations of energy
patterns derived from noncontact sensor systems
Types of remote sensing
 Photogrammetry
A technology to measure the shape of an object using
multiple photographs taken from the different
geometry (sight vector).
 Optical and thermal remote sensing (passive)
A technology to measure reflected and emitted
energy in visible and thermal wavelength.
 Microwave remote sensing (active)
A technology to measure a time (distance) between
sensor and an object.
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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History of remote sensing
 1826 - Joseph Niepce takes first photograph
 1858 - Gaspard Tournachon takes first aerial photograph from
a balloon
 1913 - First aerial photograph collected from an airplane
 1935 - Radar invented
 1942 - Kodak patents color infrared film
 1950s - First airborne thermal scanner
 1957 - First high resolution synthetic aperture radar
 1962 - Corona satellite series (camera systems) initiated by the
Intelligence community
 1962 - First airborne multispectral scanner
 1972 - ERTS-1 Launched –First Landsat satellite
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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First photo in the world (1827)
Joseph Niepce
(copyright Gernsheim Collection, U-Texas)
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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The first photo taken
from balloon (1858)
Early application of aerial photography
 B&W aerial photographs were primarily used for two
purposes during the 1800’s and up to the mid-1900s
 Reconnaissance
Military
Route planning
Disaster assessment
 Photogrammetry–the art and science of making
accurate measurements by means of aerial
photography
 Mapping of natural resources
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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B-29 (1946)
1946 Komaba
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Evolution of photography
 Development of new photographic techniques
and equipment
 Development of new platforms for collection
of imagery
 Black and white photography
 Color photography
 Color infrared photography
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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2004 Komaba
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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How to get digital image?
Three line
scanner
1
2
GMS, MTSAT (~4km)
4
Aerialphoto (~1m)
AVHRR, MODIS (~1km)
テキスト
Landsat, ASTER (~100m)
3
Basic - spatial resolution
 Resolution can be defined as the ability of the entire
photographic system, including lens, exposure,
processing, and other factors, to render a sharply
defined image.
 An object or feature must be resolved in order to be
detected and identified.
 Photo interpreters often talk about resolution in
terms of ground resolved distance which is the
smallest normal contrast object that can be identified
and measured.
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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1m
50cm
25cm
Remote sensing of solar radiation
Sensor
Reflected and
emitted
solar radiation
Sun
Incident solar
radiation
Solar radiation interacts with the atmosphere and surfaces.
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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EM spectrum and energy
EM Energy
Solar energy
Earth surface
Wavelength
Human eyes
Photography
Thermal scanner
Radar and microwave
Multi-spectral
Visible
Near infrared
Thermal infrared
Wavelength
Short wave infrared
The EM spectrum (usually just spectrum) of an object is the
characteristic distribution of EM energy from that particular object.
Visible light spectrum
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 μm
UV
B
RGB G
Blue
RG
B
G R
Visible
Additive primaries
RGB R
RGB RGB
Green
RGB GB
Yellow
IR
RGB RB
Red
RGB
White
RGB
Cyan
Magenta
Subtractive primaries
RGB
Black
Visible electromagnetic spectrum
Wavelength (nm)
700
400
Optical remote sensing systems
 Optical remote sensing systems are classified
into the following types, depending on the
number of spectral bands used in the imaging
process.
Panchromatic imaging system (1 bands)
Multispectral imaging system (3-10 bands)
Superspectral imaging system (10-50 bands)
Hyperspectral imaging system (50-300 bands)
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Panchromatic imaging system
 The sensor is a single channel detector sensitive to
radiation within a broad wavelength range.
 If the wavelength range coincide with the visible range,
then the resulting image resembles a "black-and-white"
photograph taken from space.
 The physical quantity being measured is the apparent
brightness of the targets and the spectral information or
"colour" of the targets is lost.
 Examples of panchromatic imaging systems are:
◦
Worldview-1
◦
IKONOS PAN
◦
SPOT HRV-PAN
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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60cm object can be detected from 700km away from space
Multispectral imaging system
 The sensor is a multichannel detector with a few spectral
bands.
 Each channel is sensitive to radiation within a narrow
wavelength band.
 The resulting image is a multilayer image which contains
both the brightness and spectral (color) information of the
targets being observed.
 Examples of multispectral systems are:
◦
ALOS AVNIR-2
◦
Landsat MSS/TM/ETM
◦
SPOT HRV-XS
◦
GeoEye
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Multispectral sensors
Vegetation
Reflection
Soil
Emission
Water
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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What is digital image?
(b)
(a)
(c)
Digital image format
Wataru Takeuchi, Ph. D. @ Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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