º º - LMD - Ecole polytechnique
Transcription
º º - LMD - Ecole polytechnique
ISSN 1626-8334 CNRS - Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - Universite Versailles-Saint-Quentin CEA - IRD - CNES - Ecole Normale Superieure - Ecole Polytechnique Institut Pierre Simon Laplace des Sciences de l'Environnement Global N . A . I Notes des Activit es Instrumentales Instruments - Experiences - Observations The cloudy atmospheric boundary layer over the Subtropical South Atlantic Ocean: airborne/spaceborne lidar observations and numerical simulations Stephanie COSMA-AVERSENG1 , Cyrille FLAMANT1 , Jacques PELON1 , Stephen P. PALM2 , Geary K. SCHWEMMER3 1 Service d'Aeronomie du CNRS, IPSL, Universite P.M. Curie, Paris, France Science Systems and Applications Incorporated, Lanham, Maryland, USA 3 Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA 2 ROWS Meso−NH 50km Meso−NH 10km Octobre 2002 / October 2002 - Note no 26 Notes des Activites Instrumentales de l'IPSL Publication mensuelle de l'Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/documentation/NAI/index.htm Directeur de la publication: Responsable editorial: Comite d'edition: Jean JOUZEL Laurent MENUT [menut@lisa.univ-paris12.fr] Helene CHEPFER (LMD) Yves DANDONNEAU (LODyC) Cyrille FLAMANT (SA) Cyril MOULIN (LSCE) Alain PROTAT (CETP) Remi ROCA (LMD) Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace - http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr Universite Pierre et Marie Curie B 101 - T15 - E5 4, place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 Universite Versailles Saint Quentin B^ atiment d'Alembert 5 Boulevard d'Alembert 78280 Guyancourt Cedex " !$#%'&(*)+-,/.01&3254""!768#:9&(";*)<,/6+=%',7+>!6?&/@>!6?."! 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(/²+/(´~¡+·Qü%Æ©°F¡Q¢/¤-©,Î(³d¤-¯®5/§H¤Q7ÕuõýÀRàN¡+7¸ü+¸+¸¿ÀÁµ¤Q©N¼Q· a) 2 1 5 Obs Meso−NH 50km Meso−NH 10km 3 LITE 0300 UTC 4 3 2 1 0 −15 −20 −25 −30 −35 Latitude b) Altitude (m) 5 Altitude (km) Altitude (m) Obs Meso−NH 50km Meso−NH 10km (³,<¦¯¤Q¹( ¡-¢f¢/ªz ¢/¤Q±ª\¢/¡Q´®=¢/¤Q¨Ì(³,T(A¡ª<f©5²A¦(/¤-©Ç;ͽ®,¦¯¯¹ Altitude (km) iC?#"%$>-+!#r+%>F'9(=%)9%"* G!' ?"%-+Y>=!'?#"(#GJ) "!\>>):)=J))T#M$>"%>"(#M)]&*e)T#-!-)p+%-($È>) ;l>l l E4e,P-9?!>]&\?> Ð"@ %$?%"*<F7kkTQ _ ^- -)XÛQ ÛO_ ^ ä %"-JXv~B%EQ[Q½u#r+%>/>D9"#$>>)RFL# ":9)#+>l-A1NÙ(P4"=:"%=-)+%9$M "%t%+% "-JBQup+%9$>"%ÊFY"e)T#-!-)4+%($È%;)9%$>>) ~B%EQCÛ=&*=&+% $N/) >Q %Er$>v)TÇ\?#?$>>X#XM@ %)?R&\>"JM?U"½H9)?+ -)P"}-&##@"%=K?#HFJ),"!'>>)t),)T#M$>"% .1~B%EQ: <)Õ&\6?Q::&?#@- "%-"(E E>>),-(">?+%* J)(!RP-l l/Í295;QY%HJ )9(/">&*t"(A Fy $>4%Et$>??#M)/tk ^ ä -)Pk ^ W.1>:~B%EQek-96?Q2&'-@ Ml llÍ295;G'JM?+%>J##&?#@ M){GB|$>$>#)$><J%" "<$?#$?(+% "%-v"-J,|~B%EQ/ÓQPÔp+%*,++e)9%$?#?!$?%> JI?#=F1-(),&'>"JI>?K"!#-r+%>H>D9"# $>M)ËF# Ø"/>lA1N 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"(E:"CE ??#+E#>M?B&'>nJ>?:-&##@"%;-)"%:A (+% "%-:JpE99){G'nJ&+%)9%$?#?!$?%>:$>/&' >)'Q ~B#>Gt"="%(+%"%>Gu#?+% "%@=9(:%)T%n*W@-+(>4t>D9$>> -FIl Ù#:+%*/>?t&'=9$?% M),J%","=0/2e35K) LASAL 2200−0345 UTC 4 2 1 0 −10 −15 d) c) Obs Meso−NH 50km Meso−NH 10km D −25 −30 −35 Latitude Obs Meso−NH 50km Meso−NH 10km R=7NþSÖ¡-¢/¦¯~ ¤-¢/¤Q/°T¡Î+T¤Q§dÆ-ÿF²A(/ ¡Q¢ A¤¦¯¦R¦¯ (/¤-©}¤-§ ¢f/ª5¡-Aö, (/²+/C´3¡-¢/¤Q©Î;(³ö/ÎQ³5<(A¡ º;§H¤- ¡-©,ª3ÕÓÃ%ÓÕ¦¯´%¦¯¯° Altitude (m) Altitude (m) −20 Wind Intensity (m/s) Wind Direction (°) «®I¬Ç;õ`©}£¡Q©¢ Õ7õHÀ½àc¦¯´%¦¯¯° «H¡¬ «H¡%¬(³OÒNÓÔdÕ¡-©,ªz(³ ¢/²Q¡¯ª\¡A¤+¦¯¤Q¢Ñ£5¢f±,°TT¡-£5£=¡Q<f©8Aª==¨³f¢/O(³,¾§A<(A¤Q£=¤-¹ ¦(£5³AO¡Q££=¡-A¦<f©3®5¢f±,+ÇNܽ/ÎQ³3Aö, (/²+/C´ ²Q¡Q¢f±¦S¡+¦¯¦¯¤% /¡¯ª ¨/(³N ¢/¤Q±ª5¦¡-A¦(³,¤Q¨©Nf©8¨Ú³5/¯+Çؤ¯(³¡(³,¦(±¯§`¡+ ¯³,¤ ¡-¢/¦¯¤¡Q££I¡-A¦Ñf©û¨Ú³5/¯+ÇÖf©,¡-¢f¢/´+,(³¢/¤Q¨ Aö, (/²+/C´O²-¡Q¢f±¦¤-®5¹ ¦¯A²ª®=A¢/¤-¨ã(³ ¢/¤Q±ª5¦<«®5¢f±,Q¬½¡QA ¡-±,¦¯ª®5´;(³Ï%(f©, (/¤-© ±5©ª5AÎ+¤Q©O®5´\(³,<¢/¡¦¯T®=¡°³¡¦¾/£=A©(A¡¯¦T(³,O ¢/¤-±,ª¦Ç Potential Temperature (°C) Relative Humidity (%) ؤ;°T¡Q©f©,Î-§±5¢f©5¯¯£5A¯¡(/¤-©c¤-§R(³,Oª¡¯¡®=A¢/¤-¨é(³S ¢/¤-±,ª¦ R=7=A(/ ¡Q¢%£A¤Q¥¢/¦¤-§,¨f©ªSª_fA (/¤-©N«H¡¬+¨f©,ª<¦(£=ª ¡Q©N®=°T¡+ª5+Çõ©N£¡Q©¢R«®I¬(³,§A(A¤-£I¤+¦(£5³AS¡-£5£=¡-A¦f© «®I¬5¯°<£=AA¡+(±5AT«H Q¬5¡-©,ªA¢/¡(/²+³%±°</ª%/(´8«Hª¬¤Q®¦¯A²ª®5´ ®5¢/¡+ ¯º3¡Q©ªz(³,TÒNÓÔÕp¡Q©ª}¡+A¤¦¯¤-¢£5¢f±°Sûf©z®5¢f±aáaAª=ÇNÀ³ ª%A¤-£,¦¯¤-©,ª5µ«H¦¯¤Q¢f/ª\¢ff©,Q¬7¡-©,ªN£A¤Q²+/ª5ª\®5´¶(³,O·Q¸-¹Hº5°»«Hª5¡+¦(³,ª ²+AA(/ ¡-¢Sª¤¯¯ªÂ¢ff©,¦µf©,ª%/ ¡+¯c(³N£=¤+¦(/(/¤Q©é¤-§~£A¤Q¥¢/¦N£5A¹ ¢ff©,Q¬¡Q©ª3¼¸-¹Hº5°»«Hª5¤+(¹Cª5¡+¦(³,ª\¢ff©,Q¬½A¦¯¤Q¢f±(/¤Q©z¦(/°¾±5¢/¡+(/¤Q©¦S¡+ ¦¯©5¯ª8f©ÂÖ/Î5Ǽ¸¶f©z¥ÎQ±AO¡%¬¡-©,ªz(³T£=¤¦(/(/¤-©ù¤-§R(³,Oª_A¤Q£¹ ¸5¼¸¸T¿ÀÁ¤-©z¼a·TÃ%£¯°¾®=AT¼ÄÄ+ÅT¡Æ+Æ_Ç È_ÉaáQ©ª;ÊÇ Ê%·_ÉËsÇ ¦¯¤-©,ª5<°T¡+¦(±5A°T©5¯¦Rf©¶¥,Î-±5A¾®I¬Ç yo t#)?H"()*P"H)* =%$MF"0/2e35R-+%E/" AnÓ3ËÎ%EC"# $N'G<-&ÖÏ>$>"%@ -+%E %"Se)M>$>u"!<-F ":0/243I5^-P":5B28T2e5uw-5uo |)}JI p(>)'Q ä ?#>@? -@-+%&+% Gu">?%E-J++u&'=$M =!#>)/H"]#>"%M@ >) FL# "%](+% "%->QÊoyP!+%$>>:J?#H5B29245|$>(+%)W > "0/2e35W&'M$>(F7@?+%* E$?+%-()>G'J4"++u(40/2e35 !|?%E--&->)XFL# "/"%](+% "%-/ -r++e t" E -!>Q :0/2435t!/#>"%>@--+u+%E%"Ø(>)Fye5B28T2e5,) 5uo1pv>"(#M?4 &'>?t)M@ ?+%-!'>),&*,àuh%g9Ò=g9cfb-fg h%i a) b) 3.75 km 0.96 km Altitude (km ASL) Altitude (km ASL) Lat = −15.6 Reflectivity (a.u.) Derivative (a.u.) c) d) 3.05 km Altitude (km ASL) Altitude (km ASL) Lat = −22.5 0.8 km Reflectivity (a.u.) Derivative (a.u.) e) f) Lat = −27.7 2.9 km 2.08 km 1.1 km Reflectivity (a.u.) Altitude (km ASL) xI/n¶13,"!95'13*54L5"!$SP7*69q,"K3./%K5"+ _%>9>m9F17* >Y "?C&'-+%)-QC%u-+%E -%"[$>--+% &\=(M)W)>##=<$?+%-()t!/?%EFL# U )9=!'-"E +%)t>"(#M?>Q o %&>)Xv"P)?%@-"%@ KF:" #-E?An (-#>)v$>#>$M>)X"%E+<.1ep6)RnJ,"#>"-+%) @--+(>P.1}F1-<$?+%>- "!?%$/&'()#*K+%-* ?<-)|?+%?A @->), ## +C+%-* ?#:)P=F1:$#+%(),!t)M>$>"%\6?Q< 0/2e35-!=?%E-;%u)#r>)u";+%-JM!'-;-"ep )?%@- "%@,!#-r+%WFyJ%$É"/)?%@- "%@ ,%++%?P" "/$>-#>"!')9E|"#>"+%)'QÉCD9 :!+%>F80/24357w ## + +%-*?Mw$?+%-()K+%-* ?H!P#%E#>"#?%@-+%-#E%@?,K~B%EQMl Fy<57o É) Qt+%9$>"%vFe">}!#r+%>%=)T%$M >) Ë":"J-An)T%#"%--+$?# M$>"%K-F;+%):#?Î>$>"%@ %n*^.1$?F ~B%EQÉO6?Q½/"#M!#-r+%>J?#/$?vW++("# ,)9FLA Fy?#?4#>E-%=-&?#@>),-+%E/""#$ÈN'QoyP"=r#4!#-r+% .1~B%EQWMl /-)W&\6?Gu"+%E%" )>>$>:"}-!,-F ## + !+(,.1ÓQ }NÍ295u6),"$?+%-(),+%-* #<!K=lQ ÛN 28T5CQ ä :$>t>-,">nJ!#-r+%>:" "=#?Î>$>"%@ %"* 9$?% M)RJ%"K$?+%-()%]%E?<"|" 9$#% >)|J¨%" "/ ## +!+(H QR%E-X#?ÎM$>"%@ %"%>9$?% M)XJ¨%" "/ ## +!+(HWJ%"R#M"!'>$><P" &%?$?+%>-#? JI 4$M(>)W&*":?$>>)t$>$>?"#"%)W"%sM=-F" )@>$>>)<?# -+%pJ%$È<F1-MD9$>>>)" eE ??#-++%*Fy()F1- & $NE#-()/"(#-+B?# -+%4-@ #"-!'?Ê9$>>YQCe>@ ? "#-E?#>"(P 9$?%>)PJ¨%"P$#+%()%p&'M$>(=":$?+%() Altitude (km ASL) T#!>&'?:%"J/t~B%EQ: Q+%):#?ÎM$>"%@ %"*P$?# >$>"%-É-&->)XÓ9kW FL# 5B28T2e5É+%-EK"/ "# $N,&'>nJ>?^k kl\ l Eee»-X>ÐP9?!>&'?/M ÐP)Kl Ðl l E4e½-Rx}9?!>&'?> Ð}%"-J¨Pt~B%EQ:&YQH@ ?A "%$>+C#>-+("%-,F1e&' "P*9MJ :-Q]%s>-+ #>+("%z 9$?%>),J%"K"5uo1X),5B28T2e5^) /JI %E--++L*v-l lP -)|Û lPGu#>"!'>$M"%@ ?+%* Qzoy|-#)?!#-A @ %):>-EF(+u?#$M =!%-'>GB"4%s>-+u#>-+("%- Fu&'"P) >eJ I)>E-# )>)P<]NQ 3>nJ>?KMl ^ <)^x ^ G'5uo |> "(#>#"-J>)/- ?#+u+%)?P+%-* ?&\>"JM?tk)/Ð=NÙ28T5CQ2e$>$>#)9E/ "H$?#$?(+% "%|!?K"-J¨Pt~B%EQÓGB"%+%*?:%4+N9?+%* =&'e 9$?%>)/J%"&% p&(E<"#-"!'-#FL# é9(" 2pFL%$MGeJ¨%$X%@ ##*Ë%:!'#-/)T(E|"%> -[_jÜ\Ýug?Þ b-f4g h%ijGC> ÛmnQ¨<@ ?#"%$M+>D9#=-F4"?# -+!+(!A !'>-#>)/]&\4+%=%>)/&*}""# )J)<@ ?#"%-W&\?+%-JÉ) "u+%#E?An$>+%"(&"%)?$>@ ?#"%-<&\@ QC3?+%-J,";?# -+ !+( G]#"#+%)$?+%()}+%-* #)M$ÈN<JI -&?#@>)'G"4-! FC"=$#+%()+%*?4&\?E<+%9$> M)/#()^Q]NU28T5CQ'9(" FI- ^ "#"%"%/F# [+%)/4&#NO?/$?+%-())M$ÈN<JI C&A ?#@ M){Qe3>nJ>?Kx ^ )PkÓ ^ G<"($M$>>"%tFI+%)P$?+%-() )M$ÈN>G'&#-N9?Ë$?+%()W)>$N)W$#+%>:-:J e&?#@ >)'Q #%E-F"H$?+%()W+%-* ?H!t#>>),-!!#-D % #+%*^$MA =|" =#ME%YQK-"%?HJ¨%"|")9#!)/H>A "(#M?.1~B%EQ,Ð O6?GC"< H "!?#J H)T#*K.1$?+%()^F#>-6 &'-@=""# )=J)@ ?#"%-,H"4#"P-FCk %k ^-Q ~(#"?I4"-("YG9(+%"!+%$?+%()+%-* ?#CJ?#-&##@ >)'Q 3>nJ>?ÕkÓ ^ }-)Êk ^ \G$?((+(-J?#J##>?/:#> $ #%E:FIk<Ó=NG'J+%H":!P-FC"F1+%*/-+%),$?+%-() +%-* ?<#>-M)^#?+%"%@ ?+%*R($E >)KX+%"%"() QX9("X-F k5 ^-Gu"<$?+%-()|!,?%E-}-!!\>#>)K$?#>/J¨%"t+% "A "()-@?$M+%)?<9$>>-KJ?.1$#F~B%EQPk-$-6?QÊT-("|F¨Ó9 ^ \G "##pJI C>@ %)#$>eFY)>$>(!+E=&\>"JM?<"p#+%>@- >)<$?+%-() +%-* ?)K$?(](+(<$?+%-()}&\?+%-J]GI"+%?<#> $ERN 295;QC¼b-f1fyÁ:g9fg h%i_%> lmI)K¼a"b-f%b-a?f19cPbfg h%i<_jM 9>m;-@ "(EE >M),"$>+%)PJ?##F1-@ -(#-&+%<"F1#"% Fe"# 9$#((+(>GFy?,!#>?-@ #<"<>?K&'#)?<-F ":9$>>->GYJ+%HJ##4JI ?#F1-@ (#>)P")>@?+%!? FC$?((+(4$?+%-()>Q%4J; &?#@ M)?#Q;4#> - F1C"%u%B&'?+%>@>)<p&';##+% >)e"CF1 $>Y"u"I5uo PA &%C" u#>E-%J u"@ %$?%"*Fu.L1Q Qu(E:!-#++%?+ 96"(Fy $>4FL#-=.1~B%EQkx&\6?Q$>+%)Pe"("%-WP" #>E%-,H*-@ 4!#@ %)>)P"(!+F1e&?#@ M)P~B%EQQ ~B%E(#4-&-+%="-Jpu" u"5B28T2e5)57o #?Î>$>"%@ A %"*<$?#"A"M$>"%J?#E 99)E#>M?>G)M"!%"4"!'M>) )TÇ\?#?$>/Fe"?#>"!'M$>"%@ !+% "F1-#>Q,< <E #?#-+ $È#$>?%"%$>IJ?#C&?#@ >)'âu?+%M@>): ?#+!+( G](+%"A +%-* ?#>)X$#+%()X"($>"(#/("X-F:k- Ó ^-GC"+%!E|$?+%()R+%-* ? !É?%E-WJ%"v$?#M "EV+%"%"()R,++H)9Ç'?#?$>> &?#@ M)Õ&'M"J>#P":5uo1p|)/5B28T2e5^H> "(#>?e# #?+% M)RP"<F1 $>H"5uo1pv!#-@ %)>)X">"(#>H? "-J</~B%EQ; ("A1-'>-(+%*/J+%%9N>@ ?#-+ -(#-FC5B28T2e5,)<$?#>=$M =!#-&+%$## "An>$>"%-BQ 5uo1,>"(#>H?J?#I>D9 $>"+%*H$>$?%)?4J%"<" FC5Y29245,p-&'(4ÓOkTQ ^ }-/"4Î%E-"# $N'Q Derivative (a.u.) 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"%"%-BG'&' " P?#-F-+%"%"())+% "%"() Q-+%"%"()-F"4+%-J? $?+%-(),+%-* ?J 4F1-()K&'()?#>"%>)^|"}H9)?+1Q 0/#M@?-G%J; F1()=&'e -+% ) "4+%-* ?8&A ?#@>)/J%"P5B29245CQ'~B-++%* Gu"]+%-#E >e)T%$##?!-$#%>J?# F1-()ÕFy":0/2435K!P?%E>QHoyP"9)?+1GY"H0/2435 !K?%EJ #?+%"%@ ?+%*X$M/.1Ó ll,)RÐl l, 295u6?G J##> u%J;-&?#@>)<@-#*"(&-"%++%*"p5Y29245 ) /.L&'>nJ>?Ëkll)P l lÙ28T576?Q':%E-KFI"H)T%"A $?#?!$?%>u&'>nJ>?:-&##@"%;-):"%(+%"%-*4&'C)T( âC.L6u"!'9- (-+%"*-FY"I¨0 ä ~W--+%*9>-@ #"#?A 92eÔ^)w.L6B"u#?!#M? "%-<F"(&(+%?;H "% $?(](+(I$?+%().1?"#-H?>G)>"#?#6;"pH9)?+1G )H#"!'>$#r$>-++L*P"$>@>$>"%@ :?"(Ù"#-"!'-#>Q e0/243 5 $>-++%! }>8kk ^ }J+%=+%>eNO>)} "4"%(+%"%K.1Ó ll:kll[295W@?#"(pl l:k-l l:S28T5 K"&?#@- "%-#6?QZ4-JM@ ?-GYR G½-+%E/"uAnÓ 3ÉÎ%E "# $NKxT#!>&'?H> Ð< l ll O l E4e½.1~B%EQ4-k6?G>D &A %>),+%-#E <)>$?#>#-()Kkk ^ QY¨%=%( FR G .L)T%$>>),,~B%EQ<-k&*/&+% $N,-#-J46$>$?%)>)RJ%"t" J)K"!'M>)K),0/2435X-!K?%E-)>$?#>&?#@>)KJ¨%" Ô ä ^.1~B%EQK 6)K5B28T2e5É.1~B%EQK x6?G#M"!'>$>"%@?+%* QK 0/243I5R!tF1H"<9)?+&\?EP)9% E M)^FL#Ø"<R G !#r+% GC}+%-JS0/2e35R-!,#%E:"-(+%)K&'&>),|" #>E-%KJ?#"R G½J@ ?#*P-++1Q ä &'?+%M@ " 4 Latitude 500 b) 450 Meso−NH 10km Altitude (km) Altitude (m) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Latitude 0/243I5,!?%E-=.1$?+%M--+%* G 6)$?+%-() -!<?%E-./GO6;&?#@ M)}&*5Y29245/+%-E<"Î%E-p"#$ÈN .1O6)/"%](+% >)/&*0/MAn×4ZÉJ%"PMlA1NU#>+("%,Fy "<-<T#!>H?&:4l>l ; l E4eÉ.L&'6?Qe:*9]&\+%. 6¨##!A #M?49)?+An)?%@ >)K0/2e35,?%E-4&'?+%-J[$?+%()W+%-* ##.L1Q Q >#&*}+%)M6?Q 50 0 −19.5 −20.9 URVW=X7YZ3[,[] −23.5 −24.8 −26 Latitude R=7 −22.2 A(/ ¡-¢ A¤¦¯¦R¦¯ (/¤-©8¤Q§7(³,°T¤%ª5¢/ªN(±5¯®5±¢/©5 º%f©,(/ O©AAÎ+´¶¡Q¢/¤-©,ÎN(³ ü-¹CÔyö5/Î-³5(A¡ º8¡¸¸+¸+¸O¿ÀÁp¤-© ¼Q·SÃ_£,¯°®=O¼Ä+Ä+Å5ÇÀ³,®¢/¡ º8¡Q¯A¤-¨pf©,ª_/ ¡¯¦~(³£=¤¦(/(/¤-© ¤-§u(³~¨f©ª;°<f©5/°¾±,°¶Ç 450 500 a) AQûCBPþ'ñȨï1Qþ oyK"%=!!'#-G;JI-@ !#>?>)K/"()*,-F"}0/2e35 "($M"(#-@ #4"4"(&"#!%$>+I92eÔV("E&' "Ê&?#@- "%- )W9(?%$>-+"%(+%"%>QÔp&##@"%J?#!#@ %)>)W&* "!"%+C-)/-&']+%)#>GYÔ ä <)/)T#-!-)>e*9"A >Q::?+%>$M>),$>J e"-<T#!>&'?> Ð$> -F "I5uo >D !'?%#;)9(EJ%$H#$?#-F1{()?Î%EJI?# ()?#NO?,-+%E<":E#-()/"# $NFC":O! $>H 9("+% Q e)* =%$M4 9$#% >)/J%"/"%$> -@4&'>?Ê"-J p&'$>=!+%>D=-)H"#E+%*:9)T(+% M)}"0/2e35"($>"(# Q $M?"#+!-#B-F'"uÎ%EC"# $N:J Y"%](+%>("+*()? "Î(?$>FC:%E-'w>+%JÉ!#>"(#*9>U-@ ?8"9$M>YG "<"#)J)>G7"#E#"A"-("|E-# )9%?]Ë"<9 r#+%)W-)"(&"%)TE/"%P 9$#% >)PJ%"P"Ze )9+%>*$>#++1Q 5{%)H> "(#>?C#>@ >-+%>)"@ ?#"%$M+'"($>"(#4F\" "!?#/&'W#%>Fe"#9$?((+(#w-$?((+j(#w $?+%> :"#-"%"%->GuJ%"P>"%>(+%"!+%$?+%()Õ+%-*?#>QZp%E- #>+("%q9(#%$>+:"%(+%"%,F:"%$M @W$M%>) (J%"|"0/>An×4Zé9)?+P$> :!+%>H?+%)--)K "%"(& >)<@ >"%E "%-'F7"e0/2435//"4@ %$?%"*/-FY" %E-W!#>"(#-wx+%-JÉ!#>"(#H)T!'-+%<+%E<"Î%E"# $N'QoL "%#>E-%YG4""($>"(#/F8"0/2435v&?#@ M)^&*,+%)- J e "+%*/)9(=<"=JMN/J)eJ%$W+%M )P}JI>NÊ"(A &(+%?$>J%$È/Ê"(/&%>)P"@?#"%$>-+C)>@?+%!?-F ":0/243I5;Q ~("(#<J-N,J++&'F19$#(>)K-K"%=!#-@ >H?F¨" "(&(+%?$M/$È>K"9)?+F1-:-##>+%"%$<#?!##A b) .60E−03 400 400 .50E−03 .75E−02 350 .50E−02 300 .25E−02 250 200 .10E−02 150 Altitude (m) 350 .40E−03 300 .30E−03 250 .20E−03 200 .10E−03 150 .75E−03 −.10E−3 100 100 .50E−03 50 50 0 0 −19.5 −20.9 −22.2 −23.5 −24.8 −26 −.20E−3 −19.5 −20.9 500 450 −22.2 −23.5 −24.8 −26 Latitude Latitude Altitude (m) Z4?#[.L(YG @G Je6Ë-#½"v"#>v$>=!'?X-FP"vJ)'G !%H>Ø.Ì6É)? é"(&(+%#U$> =!\?>GÉ( - %U"SA $> :!'?4-Fu"4J){G)1 2 %"4@ #"(+C>:!'?# "(# G81 2 $&' ) # $&' #e"#?F1?#?$>e>=!'?#"(#-))#"%n*!#r+%>>G #>"!'>$M"%@ ?+%* G:-)X-#/"!'>$?r>)É-$>P)RF1--++1Q ; %" =%D E^+%?E "YG %"/$>$>?+%?#"%q)T(P,E#-@ %"*G 3 - 7 % " G4#-M$ÈNO?e)0 ?+%<*9&'+7) & -) ? &*#eâ$?R +% G"(|#="#$M"AA >Qe&-+%$>-FR G^%H9 >9 )W !'#>G'">-p!#9)9($>"%-BGY&(-* $>*!#9)T($>"%-BGY)TÇ("%-K) )T%"! 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(* 12 0 $&' 3 -54 +-/. 162 . .x6 . 4 <@= < = 6 & $ & 6 ' ; # ! # $&' (87 :! 9 (7>!9? ; 500 Altitude (m) ~B%EQ< #&BG'" $>++%-! 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L'IPSL est sous la tutelle conjointe du Centre National de la Recherche Scientique, des Universites Pierre et Marie Curie et Versailles Saint-Quentin, du Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, de l'Ecole Normale Superieure et de l'Ecole Polytechnique. erative research institute that gathers six laboratories in the Paris area (CETP, LBCM, LSCE, LMD, LODYC, SA). IPSL is under the joint tutorship of CNRS (France's major basic-research organization), CEA (France's atomic energy research center), IRD (France's cooperative research and development agency) and France's four leading institutions of higher learning in the sciences: University Pierre et Marie Curie, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Ecole Normale Superieure and Ecole Polytechnique. The missions of IPSL include research, teaching and scientic monitoring. The research programmes conducted within the Institute include the study of the main components of the Earth's environment from the local to the global scale (ocean, atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, continental surfaces). These research concern the past and future evolution of the planet Earth, the study of the ionised environment of the Earth and of planetary atmospheres in the solar system. These scientic activities are based on experimental developments, observation and modelling. L'Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) est une L'IPSL remplit une triple mission de recherche, d'enseignement et de service d'observation. L'etude des dierentes composantes de l'environnement terrestre (ocean, atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, surfaces continentales) constitue l'objectif central de recherche de l'IPSL. Cette etude va de l'echelle locale a l'echelle globale, elle concerne l'evolution passee et future de la planete Terre, l'etude de l'environnement ionise de la Terre et celle des environnements planetaires. Elle se fonde sur une approche incluant developpements experimentaux, observation et modelisation. L'IPSL et ses laboratoires sont rattaches aux Ecoles Doctorales "Sciences de l'Environnement" et "Astrophysique" d'Ile-de-France. IPSL - UPMC 4, Place Jussieu Boite 101 75252 Paris Cedex 05 - France Directeur de l'IPSL: Jean Jouzel Laboratoires: The Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) is a fed- The Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace and its laborato- ries are part of the Graduate Schools "Environmental Sciences" and "Astrophysics" of Ile-de-France. IPSL - UVSQ B^atiment d'Alembert 5 Boulevard d'Alembert 78280 Guyancourt - France Centre d'Etudes des Environnements Terrestre et Planetaires [CETP] Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Marines [LBCM] Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [LSCE] Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique [LMD] Laboratoire d'Oceanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie [LODYC] Service d'Aeronomie [SA] http://www.cetp.ipsl.fr http://www.lbcm.jussieu.fr/ http://www-lsce.cea.fr http://www.lmd.jussieu.fr http://www.lodyc.jussieu.fr http://www.aero.jussieu.fr
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