Wellcome, Wellcome, Joachim Axelsson, energy engineer

Wellcome,
Joachim Axelsson, energy engineer
Li kö i
Linköping,
Sweden
S d
Some facts
•
P
Population:
l ti
138 000
•
413 cars / 1000 inhabitants
•
One of Sweden`s leading University
and Institute of Technology
Sh t History
Short
Hi t
1902
• Linköpings Elektriska Kraft‐ och Belysningsaktiebolag founded
1950s
• Waste incineration
• District heating
1960s
• New combined heat‐ and power plant p
p
1970s
• Name changed to Tekniska Verken i Linköping AB
1980s
• Gärstadverket
• Converting kraftvärmeverket to solid fuels Coal and wood
• District cooling
2000s
• Gärstadverkets panna 4
Today
• 984 employers
T k i k V
Tekniska
Verken
k i Li
Linköping
kö i AB
Di i i E
Division Energy
• Collects and recycling of waste
• Producing and deliver heat, power d
dd l
h
and cooling
Production plants:
– Gärstadverket
– Kraftvärmeverket
– 38 water power plants
• District heating to 90 percent of houses in Linköping
• And in Katrineholm, Borensberg, Kisa, Skärblacka, Åtvidaberg
Å
• District cooling to companies
W t
Waste as fuel
f l
Waste
Separate collection of material Separate
collection of material
unsuitable for incineration
Slagg
Roads and building foundation
g
Ashes
To salt mine
Fuel District heating
Heat
Energy
Process steam
Electricity
To power grid
ÅVC – recycling
li stations
t ti
P i iti iin waste
Priorities
t ttreatment
t
t
Reduction of waste in production
and consumption
Recycling/reuse
Hazardous waste is
separately collected
Material recovery
Energy recovery
Tekniska Verken
Landfill
Priorities for Waste
Priorities for Waste
Reduction
Global
Reuse
9%
Energy recovery
7%
84%
Material recovery
Landfill
5%
48%
47%
Sweden
SWEDISH WASTE MANAGEMENT
Recycling in EU
From www.cewep.com, Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants
Makingg waste suitable for burning
g
– Collect incombustible material separately
Glass
• May contribute to heavy metals in slag. Impossible to retrieve after incineration
Al i
Aluminum
• Melts in incineration process, causes problems in grate systems
• May cause formation of explosive hydrogen gas in slag
• Should be recycled for energy saving
Sh ld b
l df
i
Iron and steel
• Doesn’t
Doesn t burn and wears equipment. Ferromagnetic metals can be retrieved from burn and wears equipment. Ferromagnetic metals can be retrieved from
slag by magnetic separation
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
•
•
•
•
•
•
Batteries
Light bulbs
Fluorescent lamps
Fluorescent lamps
Electronics
Electrical equipment
Mercuryy
E i
Environmental issues of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills
li
f
i i l lid
(MSW) l dfill
• Heavy release of green house gas (methane)
• May release a great variety of harmful organic compounds to air and M
l
i
fh
f l
i
d
i
d
through leaching (water leakage)
• Valuable materials wasted
• Valuable land wasted
• Basis for vermin, bacteria and mold
• Bad smell
B d
ll
E i
Environmental advantages of waste‐to‐energy
t l d t
f
t t
• Green house impact only fraction p
y
compared to landfill
• Complete destruction of all organic compounds
• Metals made available for recycling
• Residues
Residues are only 10 % of origin are only 10 % of origin
volume
• Residues hygienic
• Slag easily converted to inert building material • A
Ashes ‐
h
small volume to be ll l
t b
deposited in salt mine or used as raw material in chemical process
• Useful energy output replacing coal
E i
Environmental issues in waste‐to‐energy
t li
i
t t
Uncontrolled burning of waste (landfill fires, back yard burning) inevitably leads to heavy emissions of:
burning) inevitably leads to heavy emissions of:
•
•
•
•
•
Acids
Dust and soot
Heavy metals
Nitrogen oxides
Poisonous organic compounds, dioxins
Cli t and
Climate
d iimportt off waste
t
• 2007 was carbon dioxide reduced by
500 000 tons
− substitution of fossil fuels
− reduction of landfill in country of origin
− landfills develop methane gases with a 21
times higher green house effect than carbon
dioxide
Waste to Gärstadverket
Heat values of different fuels
1 ton oil
=
=
1.6 tons coal/rubber waste
5 tons waste wood
=
=
4.5 tons wood
4 tons waste
Waste storage
Steady inflow
Waste to storage during summer maintenance
W t from
Waste
f
storage
t
during
d i heating
h ti season
C bi d heat
Combined
h t and
d power production
d ti
District heating …
Short about the technic:
•Production of hot water at the powerplants
•District heating net transport the hot water 110 C and 10 bar pressure to
the customers
•Heatexchanger at the customer exchange the energy from primary net to
the secondary net (Customer)
•After the heatexchange the water returns to the powerplant at 50 C
District heating in Linköping
500 km network
R i
Regional
l di
district
ti th
heating
ti
Wh district
Why
di t i t heating?
h ti ?
Cogeneration
g
g
Condensing
Power
Electricity 35%
Fuel
100%
Electricity 40%
Fuel
100%
District heat
55%
Losses in
production 10%
Waste heat 50%
Losses in
production
d i 10%
Di t i t h ti
District heating and the environment
d th
i
t
• Heat in a large scale has many advantages
‐ effective process that can use different fuels e.g. waste
‐ better opportunity for the purification of flue gases ‐ thousands of residential boilers can be removed
‐ optimization of operating in a larger system • Ability to heat houses with waste heat from industries that would otherwise be lost, ex. Skärblacka och Kisa h
ld h
i b l
Skä bl k
h Ki
• To exercise waste heat from electricity generation in p
CHP plants • Convenient for the customer
• District heating – a condition for a sustainable Sweden?!
Di t i t cooling
District
li with
ith di
district
ti th
heating
ti
Central parts of
p g and the
Linköping
University
District Heating in Linköping
1980‐2010
GWh
2000
Oil
1800
1600
Coal
1400
Rubber
1200
1000
Wood
800
Waste
600
400
200
0
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
The heating sector in Linköping
compared to 2% 5%3%
Sweden
Linköping
Increased energy
production from waste
reduces CO2
emissions
i i
and
db
brings
i
us closer to fulfilling
the Kyoto agreement
Waste fuelled district heating has
b
been
a corner stone
t
in
i
developing our know how in cogeneration:
• Waste to district heating
• Waste to electricity
90%
8%
4%
2%
15%
Sweden
Electricity
Oil
1%
%
District heating
20%
Solid fuel
C
Combined
bi d b
boiler
il
50%
Heat pump
Other
Environmental
Sustainability
GWh
1600
1400
Oil
1200
Coal
1000
CO2:
800
Rubber
1980 278 ton/GWh
2004 83 ton/GWh
2009 50 ton/GWh
600
400
Wood
200
Waste
0
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
Emissions
Conclusion:
C
l i
76% reduction of
CO2 while increasing energy
output by 60%
tonnes /
year
year
GWh / y
Emissions of acidifying
y g compounds
p
from energy plants in Linköping
3000
2 000
1 800
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Sulphur
Nitro gen Oxides
Hydro gen Chlo ride
Heat and po wer pro ductio n
Power production 900
Result 1994‐2010, budget 2010 & 2011
Additional
800
Bråvalla
700
Tornbyverket
600
Gärstadverket gas turbine
500
Katrineholm CHP
400
Kraftvärmeverket CHP
300
Gärstadverket New Steam turbine P1‐P3
200
Gärstadverket Steam turbine P4
100
Water
0
P4 – State
St t off the
th artt waste
t incineration
i i
ti
Residence time
NOx
CO
Organic in ash
TOC
Metals
Ammonia
TVAB Wast &
Recycling
Recycled to
Norway
Environmental
measurement
Dust
Metals
Dioxin
SO2 HCl
SO2
HCl Metals
CO2
Now time to visit the plant