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PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/97)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS υ
JUDUL:
DOMESTIC WASTE RECYCLING – A STUDY ON PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION
SESI PENGAJIAN:
2007/2008
NURUL HUSNI BIN HJ YUNUS
(HURUF BESAR)
Saya
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian sahaja.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara
institusi pengajian tinggi.
**Sila tandakan ( )
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
___________________________________
___________________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap:
KG. PT. RABU
BUKIT GAMBIR, 84800
MUAR JOHOR
.
Tarikh:
28 APRIL 2008
CATATAN:
*
**
υ
DR. ROZANA BTE ZAKARIA
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh:
28 APRIL 2008
Potong yang tidak berkenaan.
Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu
dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara
penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau
Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
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“ I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Civil Engineering.”
Signature
:
…………………………………
Name of Supervisor :
DR. ROZANA BTE ZAKARIA
Date
28th APRIL 2008
:
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DOMESTIC WASTE RECYCLING – A STUDY ON PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
University Technology Malaysia
APRIL, 2008
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ii
I declare that this report entitled “Domestic Waste Recycling – A Study on Public
Participation” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The
report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in
candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
…………………………………
Name of Supervisor :
Date
28th APRIL 2008
:
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iii
To
Almighty Allah,
Beloved father, mother, brothers and sisters,
And a very special person
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iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my highest gratitude to the
Almighty for His guidance and blessings, upon the completion of this thesis. Also
to my supervisor, Dr Rozana bt Zakaria, for her time, guidance, support, advices,
suggestions, comments and supervision throughout the research.
I would also like to thank the residents of Taman Universiti, teachers from
Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Universiti, UTM’s SPACE staffs, Faculty of Civil
Engineering environmental lab staffs, lecturers and staffs and the Faculty itself for
their assistance and cooperation in this study.
Special thanks to the Department of Environment Malaysia, Southern Waste
Management Johor Bahru, and Ministry of Housing and Local Authority for
providing necessary data and information needed for the study.
Highest appreciation would also go to my family and fellow friends for their
continuous encouragement and moral support especially to Jessie Grace, and Razali.
Thank you for having faith in me and helping me out. And also, thanks to all those
who were not mentioned but had involved directly or indirectly in completing this
thesis.
Thank you and Allah bless…
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ABSTRACT
As Malaysia reaching the title developed country, it also tends to face the
same problems as the other early developed countries which are the overproduction
of solid waste and depletion of land area for landfill. The government has come up
with appropriate measures in order to prevent the problems from becoming a
permanent issue and strive towards sustainable development. One of the steps taken
into consideration is waste recycling. In order to generate satisfactory response from
the public towards recycling activities, the government has taken initiatives such as
campaigns and advertisements. Hence, the research is done to study the
effectiveness of waste recycling efforts. The study surveyed on the effectiveness of
recycling campaign, the awareness of public regarding such programme, the extent
of public participation and the factors affecting public decision to participate. Data
and information were obtained through questionnaire distribution involving the
community from residential areas in the vicinity of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM), Skudai campus. All the data were analysed using basic statistical analysis.
From the study, level of awareness among the public regarding recycling
programme and activity is found sufficiently high. While public recycling practices
are affected by their own discipline and awareness and also rewards form the
activity itself. However, there are partial of communities who did not practice
recycling due to recycling facility’s issue.
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ABSTRAK
Apabila Malaysia semakin menghampiri status negara maju, ia juga
cenderung untuk menghadapi masalah yang telah melanda Negara-negara maju
terdahulu iaitu penjanaan sisa pejal berlebihan dan berkurangnya kawasan pelupusan
sampah. Oleh itu, kerajaan Malaysia telah mengambil langkah-langkah pencegahan
yang sesuai supaya masalah ini tidak menjadi suatu isu yang kekal dan melagkah ke
arah pembangunan mampan. Salah satu langkah yang diambil ialah kitar semula.
Dalam menjana sokongan daripada rakyat Malaysia terhadap langkah yang telah
diambil, perlbagai initiative telah dilakukan seperti kempen kitar semula dan
program kesedaran kepentingan kitar semula. Jadi, kajian adalah bertujuan untuk
menyelidik sejauh mana keberkesanan usaha-usaha ke arah kitar semula. Kajian
melihat kepada keberkesanan kempen kitar semula, tahap kesedaran terhadap
kepentingan kitar semula di kalangan penduduk, dan juga sejauh mana penglibatan
penduduk dalam kitar semula serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penduduk
untuk kitar semula. Semua data dan maklumat diperolehi daripada pengedaran
borang soalselidik melibatkan komuniti di sebuah kawasan perumahan berhampiran
kampus Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai. Semua data di analisis
menggunakan statistik asas.
Kajian menunjukkan tahap kesedaran penduduk
mengenai aktiviti dan program kitar semula adalah tinggi. Sementara itu amalan
kitar semula penduduk adalah di pengaruhi oleh rasa tanggungjawab dan kesedaran
mereka sendiri serta ganjaran daripada aktiviti kitar semula tersebut. Namun begitu,
masih ada sebahagian masyarakat yang tidak mengamalkan kitar semula disebabkan
oleh faktor kemudahan kitar semula yang disediakan tidak mencukupi.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xvi
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
RECYCLING AND SUSTAINABILITY
1
1.1
Sustainability
1
1.1.1 Recycle
2
1.1.2
3
Reasons to practice recycling
1.1.3 Things to recycle
4
1.1.4 Time to recycle
5
1.2
Research background Problems
5
1.3
Aims and Research Objectives
6
1.4
Scope Limitation
6
1.5
Significant of Study
7
1.6
Research methodology overview
7
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CHAPTER
2
TITLE
PAGE
RECYCLING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
8
2.1
World’s Scenario
8
2.2
Development of Sustainable Concept
9
2.3
Recycling – An old idea is rediscovered
12
2.3.1 Recycling labels
13
2.3.2
The mobius loops
14
2.3.3
Other recycling symbols
14
2.4
2.3.4 Metals
15
2.3.5 Cardboard
15
2.3.6 Glass
16
2.3.7 Plastics
17
Model of a successful programme – Sydney,
Australia
18
2.4.1 The City
18
2.4.2 Sustainable Sydney 2030
19
2.5
Sydney – Current domestic waste and recycling rate 19
2.6
Impact of waste
21
2.7
Sydney’s approach to the matter
22
2.7.1 Managing waste
22
2.7.2 Waste regulation
24
2.7.3 Waste minimization
24
2.7.4 Recycling guide
25
2.7.4.1 Apartment block dweller
26
2.7.4.2 Waste bins and crates
26
1. Yellow lid bins or black crates
27
2. Blue lid bins or blue crates
28
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CHAPTER
TITLE
2.8
PAGE
2.7.5 What can’t be recycled
28
Waste Collection
29
2.8.1 Green waste
29
2.8.1.1 Green waste service
29
2.8.1.2 Green waste bins
30
2.8.1.3 Presenting Green waste for
collection
31
2.8.1.4 What will not be collected?
2.9
31
2.8.2 Whitegoods collection
32
Kitar Semula – Think before you throw
32
2.9.1 The campaign
33
2.9.1.1 All about recycling
33
2.9.1.2 Recycle
34
2.9.1.3 Collection service and
recycling facilities
2.9.1.4 Recycling bins
34
35
2.9.2 Concessionary company for the
Southern region
36
2.9.2.1 Southern Waste Management
(SWM)
36
2.9.2.2 Collectoin schedule for the state
of Johor
37
2.9.2.3 SWM and recycling
38
2.9.2.4 Recyclable waste amount
39
3
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
41
3.1
Introduction
41
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CHAPTER
4
TITLE
PAGE
3.2
The case study
41
3.3
Research design
42
3.3.1 Literature review
42
3.3.2 Empirical
42
3.3.2.1 Data collection
43
3.3.2.2 Survey
43
3.3.3 Evaluation
43
3.3.4 Average index analysis
44
DATA ANALYSIS – QUATITATIVE DATA
INTERPRETATION
47
4.1
Introduction
47
4.2
Data Analysis
47
4.2.1 Part 1 of the Questionnaire Survey –
Demographic Information
47
4.2.1.1 Age, Gender, Education Level,
and Type of Occupation of
Respondents
48
4.2.2 Part 2 of the Questionnaire Survey Level of Public Awareness
50
4.2.3 Part 3 of the Questionnaire Survey –
factors affecting Recycling Participation
56
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CHAPTER
5
TITLE
PAGE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
73
5.1
Introduction
73
5.2
First Section – Public awareness on recycling
73
5.3
Second Section – Effectiveness of recycling
programme
5.4
75
Third Section - Factors affecting community’s
decision to recycle
77
5.5
Conclusions
81
5.6
Limitation
83
5.7
Suggestions for future research
84
REFERENCES
86
APPENDICES
88
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Breakdown of solid waste generated by Malaysians
4
2.1
NSW Government resource recovery (recycling) targets
24
2.2
Solid waste management schedule
37
2.3
Public Cleansing services schedule
37
2.4
Recycling services schedule for Johor Bahru
38
2.5
List of 3R activity 2007
38
2.6
Total amount of recyclable materials collected by
Southern Waste Management
40
Frequency Distribution for gender of respondents in the
study area
48
Frequency Distribution for ages of respondents at the
study area in 2007
48
Frequency Distribution for respondents’ type of
occupancy in 2007
49
Frequency distribution for respondents’ education level
in 2007
50
Frequency distribution for respondents’ awareness of
Recycling Activity
51
Frequency distribution of respondents’ awareness level
51
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
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TABLE NO
xiii
TITLE
PAGE
4.7a
Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information
via television
52
4.7b
via radio
52
4.7c
via brochures/pamphlets
53
4.7d
via friends/family
53
4.7e
at the workplace/school
53
4.7f
via billboards/ads
53
4.7g
through the internet
54
4.7h
via other sources e.g seminar
54
4.8
Frequency distribution of public participation in
recycling activity
4.9a
56
Frequency of respondents who recycle because felt responsible
and want to contribute to nature
57
4.9b
Frequency of respondents who recycle because they can make
some profits through the activity
58
4.9c
Frequency of respondents who recycle because they just
following what others do
4.9d
58
Frequency of respondents who recycle because there are many
recycling facilities provided for example recycling bins
58
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TABLE NO
4.9e
xiv
TITLE
PAGE
Frequency of respondents who recycle because of other than
the previous stated reasons
59
4.9f
Frequency Distribution for respondents’ level of commitment
towards the activity
59
4.10a
Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because
of just simply “Tak Apa” reason
61
Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because they
felt that the activity is none beneficial to them
61
4.10b
4.10c
they felt that it is the sole responsible and duty of local authority
to collect and manage waste
61
4.10d
they have problem identifying recyclable products
62
lack of recycling facilities in their area
62
Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because of
other than the pervious stated reasons
62
Frequency distribution of respondents’ opinion on
gaining enough knowledge on recycling through current
campaigns
63
4.11b
Descriptive statistics for responses
64
4.12a
Frequency distribution for responses of the effectiveness
of the campaign
65
4.12b
Descriptive statistics for response
65
4.13
Frequency distribution for public opinion on Authority’s role66
4.14a
Frequency analysis for recycling bins adequacy around
respondent’s residential area
4.10e
4.10f
4.11a
67
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TABLE NO
xv
TITLE
PAGE
4.14b
Descriptive statistic for the adequacy of bins number
67
4.15a
Frequency distribution of efficiency and satisfaction of the
waste management service
68
4.15b
Descriptive statistic of the response
68
4.16a
Frequency distribution of opinion on the display of
Recycling logo on consumer products
69
4.16b
Descriptive statistic of the respondents’ opinion
69
4.17a
Frequency distribution regarding the role of parents in
encouraging children to recycle
69
4.17b
Descriptive statistic of the responses for Question 3.4.7
70
4.18
Frequency distribution of respondents’ hope and expectation
from recycling programme
71
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Mobius loops
14
2.2
Recyclable aluminium
15
2.3
Recyclable steel
15
2.4
Examples of mobius loop application
15
2.5
RESY Recycling symbol
16
2.6
Glass jars and Bottles recycling symbol
17
2.7
Other plastic symbols
18
2.8
Waste and recycling per person per year in Sydney
20
2.9
Yellow lid bins and black crate
27
2.10
Blue lid bins and blue crate
28
2.11
Green Waste Collection Calendar for the year 2007
30
2.12
Recycling Bins
35
2.13
Boundaries of Local Authorities in Southern Region
36
3.0
Research design framework.
46
4.1
Distribution of ages of respondents in 2007
49
4.2
Percentage of respondents obtaining information about recycling
via particular source
55
5.1
Key findings for the community awareness level regarding
recycling
74
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
TITLE
5.2
Key findings for the effectiveness of recycling programme
5.3
Key findings for the factors affecting community’s
participation in recycling activity.
PAGE
75
76
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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
DOE
-
Department of Environment
ESD
-
Ecological Sustainable Development
MPJBT
-
Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah
SPSS
-
Statistical Package for the Social Science
SWM
-
Southern Waste Management
UTM
-
Universiti of Teknologi Malaysia
WCED
-
World Commission on Environmental and Development
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LIST OF APENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Sample Questionnaire in English
89
B
Sample Questionnaire in Malay
90
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CHAPTER 1
RECYCLING AND SUSTAINABILITY
1.1
Sustainability
Malaysia is currently on the route to Vision 2020.
Malaysian will be living in harmony as a develop nation.
A vision where all
In the vision, the
development achieved is within an ecological sustainable range.
Ecological
Sustainable Development (ESD) means a development which meets the needs of the
present without compromising the needs of future generation (Brundtland, 1987).
But while trying to pursue the dreams, some have forgotten about the main
idea of the development and neglect some important concept needed in a sustainable
development. Day by day, material consumption level is getting higher and higher
in order to fulfill the needs of present. Unfortunately, not all sources for producing
the materials are there to stay. Most of the sources are non-renewable. Take paper
as an example. In order to cater for today’s needs, a lot trees and forest had to be
sacrificed as it is the main ingredients in producing papers. Tin and aluminium cans,
made out of ore, and plastics from by product of petroleum. All of these sources are
non-renewable.
Trees in the jungle and forest took million of years to grow, and so does
petroleum which took longer time and a huge meteor. If the problem is not solved,
it will lead to the degradation of national resources. This is where recycling comes in
as one of the steps that could help prevent national resources degradation.
Recycling paper can prevent trees from being chop down, aluminium, cans when
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recycled can prevent earth from running out of minerals too soon and recycling
plastics can help to reduce the consumption of petroleum.
1.1.1
Recycle
‘RECYCLE’. Recycle is no longer an alien word to us. Each day, many
bodies and peoples via various channels, without knowing the meaning of tired or
giving up, are busy giving out information regarding the activity, trying to open the
eyes and the heart of others while encouraging them to practice it due to its
importance to the existence of every living form on earth.
Recycling means using things that have already been used to make new
things. The meaning also is not limited to making new things out of the old one, but
also includes reusing things as they are, and giving out things you no longer need for
others to use.
In the concept of sustainability, recycling is one of the main steps to be
considered in preventing depletion of non-renewable resources Besides the obvious
benefit it would give to the recycler such as a quick return in the form of cash, there
are more than meets the eye for recycling activities actually. For example, trees or
forest are a very precious treasure and heritage to all living things. It provides
shelter to animals and the most important is the role of trees in producing Oxygen
for respiration and balancing the Carbon Dioxide level in air.
On the other hand, trees are also source of raw materials in producing paper
and forest are a potential prospect to further development. If we are not to recycle
back our used paper, means more trees had to be cut in order to fulfill the needs for
paper. Also, if developments are not to be controlled and scrutinized, the results are
lesser trees to cater for carbon dioxide and animals will loose their natural habitat.
More carbon dioxide will lead to severe consequences. Global warming and climate
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change is some of the worst case scenario which will lead to other disaster such as
severe floods and storms.
Therefore, prevention steps must be taken as well as treatment in order to
save the planet. Treatment is through method such as reforestation and this will take
longer time to be effective while actually the best way is to prevent things which is
to recycle used paper to produce new one in order to stop from cutting new trees and
to plan for a better environmental friendly development. This is one of the proofs
that recycling is one of the important elements in achieving sustainable
development.
1.1.2
Reasons to practice recycling.
It is estimated that 70% of the total garbage generated in this country is being
dumped or disposed in landfills all over the country.
Malaysians produces
approximately 18,000 tons of trash daily and the number is increasing at a rate of
two percent (2%) annually (Ministry of Housing and Local Authorities, 2005). It’s
just a matter of time before we run out of space to dispose them. Experts believe
that a disposal area would last 10 years longer if Malaysian recycles 50% of their
garbage than the present one which only last for two to three years
(www.kitarsemula.com, 2006). Residents of Johor Bahru generates 1300 tons of
trash each day which will take only three days to fill the entire length of Johor
Causeway with this amount or garbage (www.kitarsemula.com, 2006).
Apart from that, enormous amounts of budget have to be spent by the
government and other authorities in order to manage the trash. The cost of recycling
is much cheaper then to maintain landfills or to manage other disposal systems.
When it becomes more efficient, there will be lesser waste to dispose and it will save
a lot of waste disposal management’s expenses and help consumer to have better
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retail price. These steps of savings will be more beneficial to the public as the saved
budget can be applied to fund other public related projects such as building roads
and highways and so on and so forth.
Recycling is the most cost effective
alternative to reduce the amount of daily waste, plus, it creates up to five times more
job opportunities than waste disposal alone. There will be needed for engineers,
environmental personnel, machine specialist, general workers and many more.
Not to forget, recycling is very important as it helps to reduce pollution and
saves energy. Recycling improves cleanliness and quality of life.
1.1.3 Things to recycle.
Breakdown of solid waste generated by Malaysians are summarised in Table
1.1 below.
Table 1.1: Breakdown of solid waste generated by Malaysians
(www.kitarsemula.com)
36.5 %
Household waste
27 %
Paper
3.9 %
Steel
3.7 %
Glass
16.4 %
Plastic
12.5 %
Others
Recycling campaigns in Malaysia are currently encouraging four items to be
recycled which are plastic, aluminium, paper and glass.
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1.1.4 Time to recycle.
Now would be the most perfect time to start recycling while it’s not too late
yet and the fact is recycling has no time limit. Recycling should be practiced
anytime, anywhere by everyone.
1.2
Research Background Problem
Despite all the efforts and campaigns to increase the awareness of recycling
among Malaysians, it still not yet yields a very positive result. Awareness and
practical of waste recycle among Malaysians is still very low, and the waste
generated still increases each day. The rate of recycling activities at present is below
five percent all over the country (Ministry of Housing and Local Authorities, 2005).
This would cost us billions of ringgit loss through currency exchange as we have to
import lots of recycled materials from foreign countries.
Several facts about recycling activities:-
1. Recycling helps the government and other authorities save up to RM90
millions from the entire cost of handling solid waste per year.
2. Recycling one glass bottle saves enough energy to light a 100-watt bulb
for four hours.
3. We use over 80 billions of aluminium cans every year. If none of these
cans are recycled, we could actually build a rather large sized building.
4. For over 300,000 kilograms of newspaper produce every year, only 40%
are being recycled.
5. With 15,000 tons of rubbish collected each day, it will only take 9.6 days
to fill up the Petronas Twin Towers with the garbage.
6. A 22% rate of recycle reduces 16,800 m3 of waste per day-equivalent to
2 storeys of the twin towers.
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7. Recycling saves energy and reduced pollution. This would help slow
down global climate change.
(www.kitarsemula.com)
With all these benefits, the big question is why Malaysian is still lack the
awareness and still not practiced recycling.
1.3
Aims and Research objectives.
This researched is aimed to determine the factors affecting public
participation in waste recycling.
The objectives of the research are:
1. To identify the level of awareness that has been achieved towards recycling
and the response of the community in recycling campaigns.
2. To identify the effectiveness of recycling programme in Malaysia.
3. To identify the factors that affects the community’s decision to participate
and take part in recycling programme.
1.4
Scope limitation
This research is limits the study to the context of public participation on
domestic waste.
It is therefore does not cover scheduled or hazardous waste
management in Malaysia.
This research only covers waste management in housing area in close
proximity to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) where it supposedly have an
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organisation who would cater the waste and the area would be under the authority of
Majlis Bandaran Johor Bahru Tengah (MBJBT).
1.5
Significant of study
The research was conducted in order to observe the level of awareness
regarding recycling programme among the community. From the awareness, the
effectiveness of recycling campaign in Malaysia generally is evaluated. Then, the
factors affecting community’s decision to participate in recycling are identified.
1.6
Research Methodology Overview
The research applied three phases methodology which are Literature Review,
Empirical, and Evaluation. The first phase of the research was the background
problem identification for the research. Literature Review was done covering areas
of sustainable development, waste management, waste recycling and etc.
The second phase was the empirical phase or the execution part of the
research where the data were collected and analysed. Method of obtaining data and
information was questionnaire survey in housing and public area.
The
questionnaires were distributed by face to face interview and also by a given period
before collected. And then, the data were analysed using basic statistical analysis
and Average Index Analysis and utilising SPSS computer software.
The final phase of the research was the evaluation part where in this part, all
results of the data analysis were generated. After that, the study was concluded; with
limitation during the study being stated and suggestion for future research were
proposed.
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CHAPTER 2
RECYCLING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
2.1
World’s Scenario
The signs of severe stress in our economic, environmental and social systems
began to be realized since the early 21st century. World population is rapidly
growing to 6 billion in 2000 from 4.4 billion in 1980, and it is expected to reach 8
billion by 2025 (UNCSD, 2002). Uncontrollable consumption and poverty puts a
huge pressure on the environment. In many areas, the state of environment is much
more fragile and degraded than it was some time ago.
The United Nations Environmental Programme’s GEO-2002 (UNEP, 2002)
reports some alarming trends underway which include:
i.
Around 2 billion hectares of soil, equal to 15% of our little blue green
planet’s land or an area bigger than the United States combined with Mexico,
is now degraded as a result from human activities. About one-sixth of this, a
total of 305 million hectares, is either “strongly or extremely degraded”.
Extremely degraded means the soils are badly damaged that they cannot be
restored back.
ii.
Around half of the world’s rivers are seriously depleted and polluted.
iii.
About 24% (1130) of mammals and 12% (1183) of bird species are currently
regarded as globally threatened.
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Depletion of the ozone layer, which protects life from damaging ultraviolet
light, has now reached an alarming level. In September 2000, the ozone hole
over Antarctica covered more than 28 million km2.
v.
Concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main gas linked with global
warming, currently stand at 367ppm or 25% higher than that 150 years ago.
Other greenhouse gases’ concentration such as methane and halocarbons has
also risen.
(ADISA AZAPAGIC et al, 2004)
These and much more unhealthy trends show that the present world
development is regardless of sustainability. Uncontrolled natural resource
consumption which lead to pollution, added with rapid population growth and
unbalanced development between countries pose a very unacceptable risk to
mankind. The economic development that put aside environmental and social
aspects would bring disastrous consequences, as for example the threat of climate
change, global warming, loss of biological diversity, overuse of freshwater resources
and many more.
Due to the increasing awareness of the upcoming threat, the concept of
sustainable development emerged.
2.2
Development of sustainable concept
Sustainable development means a development that fulfills the needs of
today’s generation without risking or sacrificing the needs for tomorrow’s
generation.
(Pengurusan Alam Sekitar,
2003)
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The awareness on the importance of environmental planning or sustainable
development started to take place after an Environmental Conference held by the
Unites Nations (UN) in Stockholm, 1972 and the concept is being more significant
following the spread of Brundtland Report on ‘our common future’.
While in some other books, it says the concept of sustainable development
began to emerge in the 80’s as a response to the destructive social and
environmental effects of the prevailing approach to “economic growth” (ADISA
AZAPAGIC et al, 2004). The original idea came from an environmental movement.
An example of the earliest formulation of the concept emphasized that:
‘For development to be sustainable, it must take account of social and
ecological factors, as well as economic ones; of the living and non-living
resource base; and of long term as well as short term advantages and
disadvantages of alternative actions.
(UNEP/WWF/IUCNNR, 1980)
This was generated during the World Conservation Strategy in the 80’s
jointly presented by the UN Environment Programme, the World Wildlife Fund, and
the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Sustainable development not just focused on the importance of improving
the standard of living only, but also not interfere the harmony of the nature. Via
sustainable development, its not just today’s generation that gets the benefit but also
our future kids where it called for three priorities to be taken into consideration in
the development policies; the maintenance of ecological processes, the sustainable
use of resources, and the maintenance of genetic diversity.
The concept later on gained a wider recognition after the World Commission
on Environment and Development (WCED) published its report “Our common
future” or also known as the Brundtland Report in 1987. The report sets the
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benchmark for all future discussion on the topic and it started with a declaration of
the threat to the future of humanity:
The earth is one, but the world is not. We all depend on one biosphere for
sustaining out our lives. Yet each community, each country, strives for survival
and prosperity with little regard for its impact on others. Some consume the
Earth s resources at a rate that would leave little for future generations. Others,
many more in number, consume far too little and live with the prospects of
hunger, squalor, disease, and early death.
(WCED, 1987)
To fix what have been done, the WCED proposed seven critical actions
aimed at ensuring a good quality of life for people around the world.
i.
Revive growth
ii.
Change the quality of growth
iii.
Meet essential needs and aspiration for jobs, food, energy, water
and sanitation
iv.
Ensure a sustainable level of population
v.
Conserve and enhance the resource base
vi.
Reorient technology and manage risk and
vii.
Include and combine environment and economic consideration in
decision making.
(WCED, 1987)
After Brundtland Report was released, the world never stops improving and
defining sustainability till today. The scope for sustainable have reach a very wide
range nowadays as every action towards development should be sustainable.
Conference and seminar discussing on the topic are held everywhere in order to
reach a satisfying results and cooperation from all.
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One of the main event was the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development or widely known as Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, 1992
where representatives from nearly 180 countries endorsed the Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development. The declaration listed out 27 principles supporting
sustainable development. Besides the declaration, the representatives also signed the
Framework Convention on climate change, the Convention on Biological Diversity,
and the Forest Principles. They also agreed a global plan of action towards a more
sustainable development should be designed and this is where Agenda 21 came
around. In the plan, all countries should produce their very own national sustainable
development strategies.
Malaysia was represented in the conference by the honourable Dato’ Seri Dr.
Mahathir B. Mohammad, the former prime minister. He also was given a chance to
address a speech regarding the issue. The main concerns of the speech were on the
world’s issues of wasteful consumption, global warming, Bio-diversity, forest
preservation, national resources degradation and conservation, financing and also
about sustainable development itself as the opening. Regarding the conservation and
preservation of resources, one of the solutions is to practice recycling.
2.3
Recycling – An old idea is rediscovered
Recycling is a process that involves the recovery and reuse of materials that
were once considered trash (Richard M. Stapleton, 2004). It can be as simple as
reusing something such as giving out old clothes that cannot fit anymore to others
who are in need. Or it can be as involved as reprocessing materials as metals,
plastics, paper or glass to make new products.
There is nothing new about recycling. People have found ways to reuse
many things such as pottery, gold, silver and bronze for thousands of years. For
example gold and silver jewelry were melted down and reshape into another forms.
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Recycling was revived in many western countries back in the 1960s and
1970s as the public become interested in conservation and looked for ways to reduce
damage to environment. The next thirty years, recycling has caught on most of the
western countries.
Today, German recycles 30 percent of all its trash. Japan
recycles over 50 percent of its trash, half of all wastepaper and glass bottles, and
more than 60 percent of its drink and food cans (Susan L. Senecah, 2004).
Over the years, many steps and methods have been implemented and utilised
to promote and encouraged recycling such as conducting recycling campaigns,
introducing special custom bins for recyclable materials, introducing recycling
labels and etc.
2.3.1 Recycling labels
In order to participate in recycling activity, consumer needs to be able to
identify what materials can be recycled and what cannot. Under the urge to recycle
more waste, seldom the label on the product becomes precisely helpful to them.
Although there has been something that appears to be a recycling symbol on
some of the manufactured products, that does not mean the product or material will
be accepted locally as producers nowadays tend to include a variety of misleading
symbols on their goods.
Consumers should also be notified that some of the
symbols are not for their benefit, but for the waste handling and disposal industry.
Generally, the symbols are classified into three categories:
i.
Indicates that a material or item can be recycled (where facilities
exist);
ii.
Indicates the type of material that the product is made of; and
iii.
Indicates compliance with a recognised compliance scheme
(www.testvalley.gov.uk, 2005)
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2.3.2 The mobius loop
The Mobius Loop, which is a three chasing arrows icon, is the internationally
recognised recycling symbols.
This is also the symbol being widely used in
Malaysia as an indicator that the product is recyclable. Each and every arrow
represents an aspect of a successful recycling programme which is collection,
remanufacturing or reprocessing into a new product, and finally purchased by the
consumer (www.testvalley.gov.uk).
The symbol should only be used on a
recyclable product and also includes if the product contains recycled content, but
overall, it has no accurate meanings.
Figure 2.1 below shows two examples of a Mobius Loop. These symbols are
commonly found on a product packaging and there are some other more that can
appear on the product labelling that indicate whether the item is recyclable or show
the recycled material content in a product.
Figure 2.1: Mobius Loops
2.3.3 Other recycling symbols
In the United Kingdom, they have many kinds of recycling symbols for
many purposes.
They tend to ease every party that involved in the recycling
industry including the consumer by making various kinds of symbols for various
types of recyclable products.
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2.3.4 Metals
Aluminium and steel are examples of metal based consumer products that are
widely use. These types of metal can be recycled and have a high value of recycling
too. The following Figure 2.2 and 2.3 are the kind of symbols that can be found on
this type of product:
Figure 2.2: Recyclable
Figure 2.3: Recyclable Steel
Both of the above Figures 2.2 and 2.3 indicate the type of material and also it
is a recyclable product.
2.3.5 Cardboard
A
B
C
Figure 2.4: Examples of Mobius Loop
Figure 2.4 above is a variation of Mobius Loop application. Figure 2.4 (A)
is the Mobius Loop which can be commonly found on cardboard packaging and it
indicates that it is a recyclable product. If the centre of the Mobius Loop contains a
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number like in Figure 2.4 (B), the symbol indicates that the item is made from a
certain percentage of recycled materials. However, the usage of this symbols are
voluntary, which means even though some goods do made from recycled materials,
it is not compulsory for them to carry this symbols. One thing about goods with
recycled content is, it does not mean that the goods are better for the environment,
its just the production process that is beneficial for the environment. And it is
inappropriate for the usage of packaging for food, toiletries and cosmetics.
The third symbol which is the Figure 2.4 (C) is also being used on cardboard
materials. The symbol differ from A and B by having a solid black arrows within an
outer black circle. The outer black circle indicates that at least some contents of the
material do came from a recycled material and this symbol is sometime also seen
with arrows of certain colour.
Beside these three symbols, another symbol used often on paper and
cardboard packaging is the RESY recycling symbol as shown in Figure 2.5 below.
This symbol guarantees that the packaging is recyclable and will be accepted by
cardboard recyclers.
Figure 2.5: RESY Recycling Symbol
2.3.6 Glass
While in Malaysia only one symbol which is the Mobius Loop used for
almost all recyclable products. In comparison to United Kingdom, glass has been
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labelled with it own recycle symbol. This symbol shown in Figure 2.6 below
reminds consumers to recycle glass jars and bottles, either at bottle banks, which
happen to be a system they applied there, or through kerbside collection scheme,
another collection system to ease consumer to recycle. The symbol indicates both,
the recycled material type and as well as recyclable.
Figure 2.6: Glass jars and Bottles
recycling symbol
2.3.7
Plastics
Plastic bottles, containers and packaging usually have a coding that indicates
the type of plastic resin from which the item was made. The American Society of
Plastic (SPI) introduced the resin coding in 1988. The symbol used on plastic
bottles, containers and packagings are some other variation of the original three wide
Mobius arrows. They have been modified to a thinner and simpler version.
On a bottle, the symbol is usually found on the bottom, moulded into the
plastic itself as a raised impression but not always seen easily. Although the
presence of the symbol indicates that the product is recyclable, the symbol is
actually intended to identify the plastic resin from which the product was made.
Recyclability is ultimately determined by the local collectors and reprocessing
facilities. Other types of symbols and their most common uses are as shown in
Figure 2.7 below:
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Polyethylene terephthalate - Fizzy drink bottles and oven-ready meal
trays.
High-density polyethylene - Bottles for milk and washing-up liquids.
Polyvinyl chloride - Food trays, cling film, bottles for squash, mineral
water and shampoo.
Low density polyethylene - Carrier bags and bin liners.
Polypropylene - Margarine tubs, microwaveable meal trays.
Polystyrene - Yoghurt pots, foam meat or fish trays, hamburger boxes and
egg cartons, vending cups, plastic cutlery, protective packaging for
electronic goods and toys.
Any other plastics that do not fall into any of the above categories. - An
example is melamine, which is often used in plastic plates and cups.
Figure 2.7: Other Plastic Symbols and the meanings
2.4
Model of a successful programme – Sydney, Australia.
2.4.1 The City.
Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales. Established in 1788, Sydney has
become a metropolitan and currently the most populated city in Australia with
approximately 4.12 million multicultural Sydneysider (Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 2007) as it is one of the main attraction for immigrants to Australia.
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2.4.2 Sustainable Sydney 2030
Project Sustainable Sydney 2030 began in the early 2007 with some debates,
comments, forums, talks and events on the website. It is a project to develop vision
for the city and plan to guide development for the next 25 years (Clover Moore MP,
2007). The city through the Local Government Areas (LGA) is working towards
enhancing the city for a healthier future. The project is dedicated to create new
partnerships and new ways of solving problems, a greener approach to energy, water
and waste efficiency.
The project focused on seven grouped areas of challenges and opportunities
starting with the first one, City Environment, where they are trying to manage the
impacts from the changing climate to the city and the city environment performance
from development. Second one would be the City Transport where it is a crucial
aspect in connecting peoples and places in order to keep things going. Third area is
the City Economy where they strive towards global and local investment,
employment and economic sustainability.
Fourth group of area being focused in the project is the City Design which is
to provide high quality places, spaces and built form to accommodate all the needs
of the Sydneysiders. Fifth, is the City Culture where the challenge would be to
preserve the creativity and precious cultural aspect of the city from extinction. Sixth
area is the City Community where to provide access, preserve justice and fairness to
all. The seventh and last area is the City Governance, which holds the responsibility
to create and provide partnerships, supports and encouragement to related parties
and the people of Sydney in order to achieve all the goals.
2.5
Sydney – Current domestic waste and recycling rate
In the period from the year 2004 to 2005, the City’s domestic waste service
showed a 25 percent of waste recovery rate as they collected 36,553 tonnes of trash
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and 12,186 tonnes of recycling. The Figure 2.8 below shows the increasing levels of
domestic waste in the City from the period of 1997/98 till 2004/05. While recycling
rates per capita have fallen since the previous year, the total recycling tonnages have
increased and from the figure also, both activities which is the waste generation and
the recycling activity still follow a linear increasing trend.
Figure 2.8: Waste and Recycling per person per year in Sydney
In order to inform the Sydneysiders about the city’s waste services and
information programs, the City has conducted a household waste audit in the year
2004/05. For this reason, Sydney was divided into two major areas which is the
northern side and the southern side and the some of the major findings of the audit
are as follow:
Southern Side:
i.
The average household in southern Sydney generates 6.96 kilograms
of garbage and 2.77 kilograms of recyclables per week.
ii.
Garbage comprises of 67.8 percent recyclable material including 36.7
percent food, 14.4 percent paper and cardboard, 11.7 percent
containers and 5 percent vegetation, despite a recycling service being
provided for paper and containers.
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iii.
The recycling stream comprises 52 percent paper and cardboard and
43.2 percent containers, with just 4.8 percent non-recyclable
contamination.
iv.
Overall, total garbage diversion from going to landfill is 27.1
percent, which is in the mid range of Sydney result.
Northern Side:
i.
The average household generates 4.33 kilograms of garbage and 3.91
kilograms of recyclables per week which both are more then the
southern Sydneysider’s.
ii.
Garbage comprises of 64.9 percent recyclable materials, including
47.2 percent food, 5.1 percent paper and cardboard, 8.6 percent
containers and 4 percent vegetation, despite a recycling service being
provided for paper and containers.
iii.
Recycling streams comprises of 53 percent paper and cardboard and
45.1 percent of containers, with just 1.9 percent non-recyclable
contamination.
iv.
Diversion from landfill is 46.6 percent which is at the higher end of
Sydney result.
(www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au, 2007)
2.6
Impacts of Waste
Waste generation in the City is currently increasing as a result from the
improved standard of living and the increasing production and consumption of
goods and material that produce waste. All the domestic, commercial and industrial
waste with addition of littering and illegal dumping is putting the city at stake of
pollution and many adverse impacts.
These undesirable impacts include the
depletion of natural resources, soil contamination, and inefficient use of energy,
greenhouse gas production, air and water pollution, odour and visual impacts on the
public and excessive production of pests like cockroaches, rodents, and parasites.
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These impacts if not being prevented or managed, would endanger the environment
and more important is, human health.
The conventional way of disposing waste which is landfill, has its own
natural limitation. It depends on the availability of any suitable land to be made as a
landfill sites. In Sydney, the same problem as any other major cities in the world is
faced, which is landfill sites are the depletion of landfill sites. Currently, there are
four landfill sites catering all the trash collected in Sydney. They are at Belrose,
Eastern Creek, Jack Gully and Lucas Heights and the spaces in these sites are filling
rapidly (www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au, 2007)
Other then running out of space, high density urban living in Sydney also
poses various challenges regarding waste collection, storage areas, transportation
and noise pollution to the LGA especially and sydneysiders generally.
2.7
Sydney’s approach to the matter.
The most important thing that the City has realised is that it takes everyone
in order to prevent or manage the impacts of waste. The responsibility for waste
minimising and recycling is shared by all levels of government, with the cooperation
from the business community, industry, community groups and individuals.
Comprehensive and all-rounded approaches and methods continues to be
implemented by the City in order to manage waste through waste policy, waste and
recycling services, waste reduction, materials efficiency and partnership.
2.7.1 Managing Waste
In the past, the local government provides the residential waste collection
base on the requirement of the Local Government Act (LGA) 1993 in Australia. But
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at present, the LGA has gone far beyond just the service.
Many others
comprehensive steps have been taken to overcome the impacts brought by the
increasing waste generation such as policies, services, development approval
conditions, enforcement of laws and also education.
Within the authority of Sydney LGA, they provided sydneysiders with the
following waste services:
i.
Weekly residential waste and recycling collection
ii.
Household items and green waste collection which goes by
arrangement
iii.
Street cleaning
iv.
Parks and open spaces cleaning
v.
Public events waste management
Policy for Waste minimisation in New Development 2005 is an example of
policies being introduced by the government of Sydney.
The policy is a
development application process to regulate waste handling in building within
Sydney LGA. All new developments must comply with the policy before being
approved.
In July 2000, Litter laws are implemented. The law gives City rangers the
enforcement power to issue fines for litter and illegal dumping violation and also a
monitoring role. Collection guidelines for placement of domestic and commercial
waste in a public spot also being hand out by the government. Other approach taken
by the City is giving out waste education initiatives in order to provide informations
on waste avoidance, minimization, and resource recovery targeted at all
sydneysiders.
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2.7.2 Waste Regulation
Regulating waste in Australia is the responsibility of the State Government.
Before 1995, the main concern of Australia’s legislation is the disposal of waste. But
in 1995, Waste Minimisation and Management Act 1995 provided them wit the first
state-wide framework for waste minimisation. The achievement of this legislation
later brought another Act by Australia.
After six years, they introduced Waste
Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act 2001. New improvement in the managing
parties is being implemented under the act. Resource NSW (New South Wales) was
established replacing NSW Waste Boards and the State Waste Advisory Council.
Currently as part of the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation,
Resource NSW has developed the NSW Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery
Strategy 2003. The strategy provides a framework and helps to set targets to reduce
waste and increase the recovery of resources for all parts of the community. Table
2.1 below is the targeted strategy for increased recycling rates in Australia.
Table 2.1: NSW Government resource recovery (recycling) targets
Source: NSW Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Strategy 2003
Waste Stream
Current Recovery Rate
Target Recovery Rate
2014
Municipal
26%
66%
Commercial and industrial
28%
63%
Construction and
65%
76%
demolition
2.7.3 Waste minimisation
3R (Reduce, Re-use, Recycle) step has been taken by the NSW government
in order to achieve resource and energy efficiency towards the objective of making
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Sydney, city of waste minimisation. The 3R concept is the same that has been
implemented in the recent recycling campaign in Malaysia which is the hierarchy of
the proper waste management that is to reduce, re-use and recycle.
The City also held some community programs in order to educate the public
on the concept. Various waste education programs regarding waste, cleansing and
recycling services are conducted with schools and residents. Some of the programs
are:
i.
Distributing Educational materials to residents;
ii.
Schools programs runs by the Council staff; and
iii.
Programs run by the City of Sydney Community Centres, etc.
Other steps to improve materials efficiency of the City being taken is through
environmentally responsible purchases of items and close monitoring of the
consumption and recycling of resources.
2.7.4
Recycling guide
Just like in the ‘Kitar Semula’ campaign in by the Ministry of Housing and
Local Authority, the City of Sydney has their own way to encourage sydneysider to
practice recycling at home. In order to get the public to participate and to show their
commitment in the programe, the City provides various services for the convenient
of the public such as a complete recycling guide for sydneysiders. From the guide,
all you-need-to-know-how about recycling are provided for better understandings.
The current guide is for multi unit dwellings like apartments, units, and townhouses.
For introduction, the City brief the public on the benefits of recycling for
example, recycling activity helps reduces the amount of waste disposed to landfill,
which Sydney and many other developed city throughout the world are rapidly
running out of space to cater the increasing amount of waste. Then recycling also
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helps conserves natural resources and protects the environment, increases the
lifespan of materials, reduces greenhouse gas emissions that causes the climate
change and global warming. New South Wales state government has a high target
for waste avoidance and resources recovery. They wanted to increase the amount of
waste being diverted from landfill from the current approximate of 30 percent to 66
percent by the year 2014.
2.7.4.1 Apartment block dweller
In Sydney, for residents of apartment or multi unit dwellings, the City has a
range of resources suitable for communal garbage rooms and notice boards to
highlight to residents of what can be and can’t be recycled. Building manager,
caretaker or the secretary of the body corporate will need to download the resource
order form and fill in the building details in order to get the resource including bins.
To encourage the activity, all the resource are provided free of charges.
But above all, the mentality of the residents itself that guarantees any
services are being utilised at an optimum levels.
For example, condominium
dwellers in Malaysia, Local Authority and some building management have already
provided waste bins for their usage. But the effort still have not show much success
as the residents did not give their full cooperation. Due to living at certain level and
usually, the bins are placed at the lowest level, they use it as an excuse to not utilise
the bins.
2.7.4.2 Waste bins and crates
Bins and Crates are one of the factors that affect public participation in
recycling program. Almost all aspects of the bin and crate play an important role in
attracting people to recycle. From the location of these bins, the numbers provided
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till the appearance of the bins have its crucial role. Because all these aspects will
have the psychological effects onto user which will helps either encourage or
discourage participation when being done properly of vice versa.
In Malaysia, there are three types of bins utilised for recycling purposes.
They are orange coloured bins for aluminium and plastics, blue coloured bins for
paper and brown bins for glass. While in Sydney, two types of bin and crates are
utilised to cater the recyclable. One is the yellow lid bins or black crates and the
other one is the blue lid bins or blue crates.
i.
Yellow Lid Bin or Black Crate
Yellow lid bins and black crates as in Figure 2.9 below are used for mixed
container recycling which includes Cans like steel and aerosol cans, aluminium cans,
foils and trays. Then Glass, clear, brown, green and blue glass bottles and jars.
Plastics where such disposable plastics containers come with the number
1,2,3,4,5,6,7 or an R symbol on the bottom excluding inflated polystyrene and last
but not least Cartons such as liquid paperboard milk and juice and tetra paks.
Publics are advised to lightly rinse, crush cans, and plastics and remove the lids
before throwing the thrash into the bins to minimise contamination to recyclable.
\
Figure 2.9: Yellow Lid Bins and Black crate
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Blue Lid Bins or Blue Crates.
Blue lid bin or blue crate such as shown in Figure 2.10 is provided to cater
for paper and cardboard recycling. These include Paper such as telephone books,
office paper and envelope, clean paper bags, junk mail, newspapers and magazines.
Then Cardboard like egg cartons, clean pizza boxes and flattened cardboard boxes.
Figure 2.10: Blue Lid Bins and Blue Crate
2.7.5 What can’t be recycled?
Although the City are aiming for a higher recycling rates and increased in
diversion from landfills, there are still materials and product that the City can’t
recycle. They are things like broken glass, window glass, pyrex, poison bottles, cans
of paint or solvent, mirrors or ceramic for example china cups and plates or claypot
tools. Also waxed cardboard, tissue paper, food soiled paper and cardboard, frozen
food packaging, and disposable nappies. All these materials have to be disposed in
landfills because there are still no specialties in recycling these materials in the City.
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In Malaysia, there are also materials and products that can’t be recycled yet
for example handphone batteries where according to the Department of
Environmental (DOE), we have to send them to countries that have the specialties to
recycle them because of no specialties and facilities to recycle such things. Before
this, we just dispose and treat mobile phone batteries as scheduled waste.
2.8
Waste Collections
The City of Sydney provides three types of waste collection for its
inhabitants.
They are collection for Green waste, Household waste, and
Whitegoods. Beside collections, sydneysiders are also encouraged to reuse green
waste on site through composting, worm farming or mulching. For those who prefer
reuse alternative, free workshops on the method are provided by the City and for
those who find it not appropriate for them, they can choose to use the City Green
waste service.
2.8.1
Green Waste
Green waste means waste by gardening activity or generated by the garden
or plants. These include vegetation such as leaves, grass clippings, tree and shrub
prunings, plants and flowers. But food scraps are not grouped under this type of
waste.
2.8.1.1 Green waste service
Green waste is collected every Wednesday fortnightly. The service needs
booking and the City will not collect any waste that is not being booked early by the
owner. Bookings must be made before 2 p.m on the day before collection, means on
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Tuesday at 2 p.m is the closing time for that week’s collection. The City provides a
hotline number to book the service and booking shall not be made earlier that 2
weeks from the date of expected collection. Figure 2.11
below is an example of
a green waste collection calendar for the year 2007. The yellow markings are the
collection days.
Figure 2.11: Green Waste Collection Calendar for the year 2007
2.8.1.2 Green waste bins
There are two type of bin capacity provided by the City. Either 120 liter or
the 240 liter wheelie bins to suit users green waste recycling requirement. And for
encouraging purposes, there’s no additional charge for the bins. User just need to
call the City and the bins will be delivered right onto their doorstep and it’s a free
delivery. Another step for the user’s convenient to recycle.
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2.8.1.3 Presenting green waste for collection
As the City tries its best to provide convenient services to users, the users
also are asked for their cooperation to follow the instruction of presenting their
waste either using the container provided or as being outlined by the City. There are
some rules or instruction outlined by the City and the challenges here is to ask
sydneysiders for their cooperation to do as instructed and the City manage to do that.
In Malaysia, there has not been such rules yet or instruction to do this and that for
their waste to be collected, just one simple rule, put the trash and garbage in the bin
or container but still, that one instruction is not being obeyed 100 percent.
The City asked for Green waste to not be placed in plastic bags or cardboard
boxes and placed out the waste immediately adjacent to the owner boundary on the
evening before day of collection.
Container should not obstruct vehicle or
pedestrian traffic. Then any containers must be removed from the street as soon as
possible after collection. The maximum material volume to be collected set by the
City is not exceeding two cubic meters. Larger volume need to make notification
and specify during booking.
2.8.1.4 What will not be collected?
Due to some reasons, there are things that are not included in the collection
services or will not be collected. They are as follows:
i.
Tree stumps;
ii.
Branches thicker than 10cm;
iii.
Food scraps;
iv.
Soil and sand;
v.
Treated pine;
vi.
Bricks and building materials;
vii.
Plastic bags;
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ix.
x.
xi.
32
Paper, cardboard, boxes or cloth;
Contaminated green waste;
Unregistered and non-booked services; and
Uncontainerised or unbundled material.
2.8.2 Whitegoods collection
Whitegoods collection was mentioned in Section 2.8. Whitegoods are items
such as refrigerators, stoves, microwave ovens, dryers and washing machine.
Whitegoods are collected every Wednesday.
But the service only comes upon
booking which has to be made before 2pm on the day before collection (Tuesday)
and not more than two weeks in advance. Items should be placed in the place’s
designated collection area as specified by the City during bookings without blocking
the roads or footpath. Safety procedure for presenting the items is that doors for
fridge and ovens have to be removed and placed alongside as the seals around doors
may cause small children to be trapped in and suffocate.
And that is about recycling in Sydney. The programme is for development
in the next 25 years (beginning 2005) towards sustainable Sydney 2030. Malaysia
also has its approach regarding recycling practices in the country. The latest one is
the Kitar Semula campaign by the Ministry of Housing and Local Authority.
2.9
Kitar Semula – Think before you throw
Kitar Semula campaign was introduced by the Ministry of Housing and
Local Authority. The campaign is the latest recycling campaign in the country held
with the objectives to increase the awareness level regarding recycling and to
increase the rate of recycling practices among Malaysian. The campaign provides
more information to the public regarding recycling activity with a new looks and
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approach to attract the community to support the programme. Information is a vital
element in the campaign as they say learning about recycling is one thing, doing is
another. But they both are needed in achieving the goal.
2.9.1 The campaign
Kitar Semula campaign promotes the 3R concept which is Reduce, Reuse
and Recyle. In some publishing, also added another ‘R’ which is Rethink in the
hierarchy and makes it 4R concept (Badruddin, 2007). Rethink is one new proposed
step encouraged to Malaysian in other than the initial 3R. It suggest the community
to rethink of what they can do or which one of the initial 3R they can apply when
they got any unwanted things or waste. They are encouraged to think of a way to
utilised Reduce, Reuse or Recycling concept rather than straight away dispose their
waste.
2.9.1.1 All about recycling
Educating Malaysian about recycling activity is the first step in the
campaign.
From the definition of recycling, simplified for the easiest
understanding, until guideline of how community can participate in the activity. The
approach on educating is varied considering the level of targeted respondents.
Methods include new various type of commercial for different type of waste which
applied attractive features and music with a clearer message are delivered to the
viewers. One of the massage delivered is how easy recycling is, even kids can
practice it.
Apart from advertisement in television, one other effective medium in
educating the community is via the internet. Nowadays, the World Wide Web
(www) has a significant role in affecting the community as surfing has become one
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of the most practiced and popular activity. Internet is one of the fastest ways to send
information and this is also taken into consideration by the Ministry. Therefore,
kitarsemula website was developed for educating the web community regarding
recycling.
2.9.1.2 Recycle
Recycle is at the third rank in the waste disposal hierarchy after reduce and
reuse.
As mentioned earlier in Section 1.2 background problem of the study,
recycling pose a wide number of advantages, from filling the pockets of those who
practice it, to saving the planets. Recycling reduces pollution and saves energy.
Recycling can improve cleanliness and the quality of life for example for every tone
of newspaper recycled, helps to reduce seven (7) fewer kilograms or (16 lb) of air
pollutants that are pumped into the air (Chong, H.G, 1996). For a cumulated
amount, the reduction in the pollutants discharge is really important and has a
significant effect in reducing air pollution. In saving energy, aluminium can from
recycled metal takes only 5 percent of the total energy needed to produce the same
aluminium can from virgin materials, a 95 percent energy savings while for recycled
paper and paperboard, only requires 75 percent less energy to produce compared
than new products which is cheaper in the long run compared to landfill disposal
(Badruddin, 2007)
2.9.1.3 Collection services and recycling facilities
Through the campaign, two options of waste recovering or collection are
introduced and encouraged. The first one is ‘Bring System’ and second one is
‘Collection System’. Bring system means the community will bring their own
recyclable waste to a collection facility or a recycling centre runs by authorised
parties. These collectors will pay some reasonable market price to the recyclers.
Rather than just running business of buying and selling recyclable waste, it is also
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one of the encouragements to practice recycling as the activity can generate side
income.
Collection system is like the normal waste collection system by local
government where there would be a specified designated collection site with a
provided recycling bins for the community to dump their recyclable waste and later
will be collected by either local authority or a concessionary companies.
Recycling facilities or the recycling bins comes in a better appearance to ease
recycling practices which applied a win-win concept for both i.e the recycler and the
waste management company. This is due to the introduction of three colored bins,
different color for different type of recyclable waste. Thus, ease the community to
identify which waste for which bin and ease the management company as the waste
is already partly sorted according to its type of material.
2.9.1.4 Recycling bins
Three different colored bins were introduced in the kitarsemula campaign.
As shown in Figure 2.12 below, the colors are Blue for paper waste, Brown for glass
and Orange for aluminium and plastic. Also, along with the introduction of new
recycling bins, the campaign also more focused in encouraging the four main
recyclable waste products to be recycled which are paper, glass, aluminium and
plastic.
Figure 2.12: Recycling bins.
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2.9.2 Concessionary company for the southern region
For waste management including recyclable waste management in the
southern of peninsular Malaysia region, a company has been selected as the main
waste management concession holder which is the Southern Waste Management
(SWM).
2.9.2.1 Southern Waste Management (SWM)
SWM was established during the Malaysian Government’s decision on the
National Privatisation of Solid Waste Management. Then they were subsequently
awarded the responsibility of managing the storage, collection, transfer, haul,
intermediate processing, and disposal of solid waste including recyclable waste in
the southern region of Peninsular Malaysia by the Economic Planning Unit of the
Prime Minister’s Department on December 21st, 1995. Figure 2.12 below shows the
boundaries of local authorities in the Southern Region.
Figure 2.13: Boundaries of Local Authorities in the Southern Region
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In April 1996, SWM took over the solid waste management and public
cleansing services from all Local Authorities within the SWM concession area after
directed by the Government of Malaysia on an interim basis. It was a transition
towards the implementation of the full privatization. Concession covers area of
Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Johor and with a period of 20 years serving a
population of 4 million people. Other than waste management, SWM also in charge
of public cleansing which involves grass cutting, drain sweeping, market cleansing,
and clearing of illegal waste dumps.
2.9.2.2 Collection schedule for the state of Johor
Southern Waste Management provides five (5) types of collection services
which are the solid waste management, industrial waste services, public cleansing
services, recycling services and bulky and garden waste collection. Each service has
its own collection schedule and procedures as shown in the following tables. Table
2.1 shows the Solid waste management schedule, and Table 2.2 and 2.3 shows the
schedule for Public cleansing and Recycling services. Whilst, services for industrial
waste and bulky and garden waste are upon inquiry.
Table 2.2: Solid waste management schedule
Type of Premises / Area
Type of Service
Frequency Schedule
Shop Lot
Collection
everyday except Sunday.
Residential Area
Collection
Three times per week.
Table 2.3: Public cleansing services schedule
Type of Premises / Area
Type of Service
Frequency Schedule
Commercial Area, Town
Road Sweeping
6 times per weeks.
Grass Cutting
Once every 2 weeks. ( twice
Drain Cleansing
a month)
centre, Protocol Road
Residential Area
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Table 2.4: Recycling services schedule for Johor Bahru
Location
Operation Schedule
MBJB
Every Sunday
Plaza Angsana
: From 1pm to 7pm
MPJBT
Every Saturday :
JUSCO Taman Universiti
From 10am to 5pm
Note: Schedule are for permanent collection site
(www.swm.com, 2007)
2.9.2.3 SWM and recycling
As the awarded company to manage waste, SWM also help supports
recycling programme under the Ministry of Housing and Local Authority. In Johor
Bahru, SWM Permas Jaya head office is the branch managing recycling business. In
the past year 2007, many 3R programmes and activities are held by the company to
increase awareness regarding recycling and encourage recycling practices among the
community. Table 2.5 below shows some example of the 3R activities organized by
SWM.
Table 2.5: List of 3R activity (2007)
No.
Programme
1
Pameran
Date
3R
sempena
Kempen 3rd Feb 2007
Penanaman Pokok Bakau
2
Pameran
3R
sempena
Program 21st March 2007
Negeri Johor
Pameran 3R – Pesta Sukan Air sempena
Pameran 3R sempena sambutan Hari
7-8 April 2007
Gerbang
Perdana,
Johor
Dataran
Tun
Sri
Lanang, Kota Tinggi
th
4-6 May 2007
Belia Peringkat Kebangsaan 2007
5
Dataran
Bahru
th
Keputeraan DYMM Sultan Johor
4
Tmn Negara Tg.Piai,
Pontian
Masyarakat Memerangi Dadah Peringkat
3
Venue
Dataran Bandaraya,
Johor Bahru
rd
Pameran 3R sempena pelancaran Program 1-3 Aug 2007
Tmn
Cempaka,
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COMBI Peringkat DUN Kempas
6
7
8
Johor Bahru
th
Pelancaran Program “Clean Up The 15 Sept 2007
Tmn Iskandar, Johor
World 2007”
Bahru
rd
Pra-pelancaran Kitar Semula bersama 23 Sept 2007
Tmn
Setia Indah
Johor Bahru
Pameran sempena Kem Kesedaran Alam 26-28
Sekitar anjuran Jabatan Alam Sekitar
th
2007
Nov Tg
Setia
Piai
Indah,
Resort,
Pontian
(Permas Jaya SWM head office, 2007)
2.9.2.4 Recyclable waste amount
The company keeps record of the total amount of recyclable materials
collected for comparison and as statistical information on the recycling practices.
For example the following Table 2.15 shows the total amount of collected recyclable
materials in Johor Bahru from the year 2001 till 2007.
Table 2.6 indicates that the total amount of recyclable materials collected on
yearly average can reach up to 357,293 kilograms. On the annual amount collected,
the numbers are still fluctuating without a constant increase or decrease. This shows
that there are still no constant practices of recycling activity among the community.
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Table 2.6: Total amount of recyclable materials collected by Southern Waste Management
Collection Site
Year
Total
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
61,991
43,265
13,876
160,266
149,808
79,413
60,841
409,194
0
25,161
34,890
21,147
9,796
6,251
3,625
100,870
0
0
11,263
11,442
9,368
5,781
28,240
66,094
0
0
343,734
302,531
1,352,864
54,695
8,560
1,718,994
Schools
42,269
24,474
81,391
36,639
11,886
7,669
1,571
205,899
Overall Total
104,260
92,900
141,764
371,759
1,533,722
153,809
102,837
2,501,051
Recycling Bins/ Local Authority’s
recycling collection center
Permanent Recycling Centre
(Angsana, Jusco, & Hutan Bandar)
Community’s Recycling Centre
(Holy Light, Masjid Abidin & Tmn
Setia Indah)
Industries/Hotels/Corporate
Note: All weighing are in kilograms (kg)
(Southern Waste Management, Permas Jaya Head Office, 2007)
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
3.1
Introduction
This chapter briefs on the methodology being applied in conducting the
study. A methodology is way or approach taken in order to achieve the research
objectives through data collection and analysis. It is very crucial to plan a research
methodology properly as different types of research require different methodology.
The methodology chosen must be able to fulfill the needs of the research which are
the set of data needed and method of analysing it which means the methodology
applied should be able to produce the required data and provide a correct way to
analyze it. Therefore, it is essential to establish a proper and correct methodology
for any research from the beginning.
3.2
The case study
A residential area has been selected as the case study for the research which
is a housing area in Taman Universiti is chosen due to located in the vicinity of
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai campus. Taman Universiti residential
area is governed by the Majlis Bandaran Johor Bahru Tengah (MBJBT). This body
is the one responsible of managing the trash generated by the locals from collecting,
transporting till the disposal of the waste.
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3.3
42
Research Design
Figure 3.0 shows the framework design of the research where this research
applied three main stages to its completion which is Literature Review, Empirical
and Evaluation.
3.3.1 Literature Review
Literature review is done in order to get a clear view of the topic and gain
some early knowledge on the issue. It’s been established in the beginning of the
study that understanding of the issue is very crucial. This is important in order to be
able to see what the key problem is or the real issue before starting a research or in
another word, the objective is to collect preliminary data for the research. Literature
review is done mostly through readings and searching on the internet. The sources
for obtaining these preliminary data for example are journals, dissertation, previous
studies, newspaper articles, books, and etc.
3.3.2 Empirical
During the empirical stage, the data and information for the research are
being collected and analysed. There are several steps to be done in this stage which
are formulation of the collection method, sampling, data analysing and interpretation
of findings.
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3.3.2.1 Data collection
For this research, the method for data collection is distribution of
questionnaire to the targeted respondents. After the objectives of the study have
been established, and the limitation has been set, the set of questionnaire can be
formulated. All the questions in the questionnaire are designed to fulfill and achieve
the research objectives. Also there are factors to be considered in designing the
questions such as the language usage, provided information, answering instruction
and many more as these all will influence the respondents way of answering and
actually it will affects the results in many ways.
After the questionnaire has been formulated, there is another step to be done
before it can be distributed which is conducting a pilot test. This test is done in
order to gain feedback from a sample respondent in order to produce a better set of
questionnaire as the feedback and comments from the test respondents would help in
improving the set.
3.3.2.2 Survey
Survey means obtaining the data for the research. In this study, survey is
done by distributing questionnaire to respondent, which are randomly selected, and
their responses were collected. Approaches are either face to face questioning and
also distribute and collect after a given period.
3.3.3 Evaluation
The final stage in the methodology is the evaluation process where all the
data is being analysed utilising basic statistical method and the findings from the
analysis are being evaluated, discussed and summarised.
From the findings,
conclusion is made through evaluation and discussions of the findings. Afterwards,
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some suggestions are proposed based on the conclusion such as some other method
or approach to conduct the study better or to collect data more efficiently, in another
word to improve the research in all aspect. Figure 3.0 below summarises all the
steps in the methodology that has been discussed before.
3.3.4
Average Index analysis
The software used to analyse data received from feedbacks of questionnaires is
Microsoft Excel 2007 for Microsoft Windows XP Professional and Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences Version 14.0 (SPSS). By using Microsoft Excel
2007 and SPSS Ver.14, it simplified the calculation of average mean index and easy
to generate chart and graph. The average index is calculated based on equation as
follows (Al-Hammad and Sadi Assaf, 1996),
Average Index Formula:
Average Index =
i
xi
xi
Where,
i
= constant expressing the weight given to i
xi = the frequency of the response for i = 1, 2, 3, 4, and illustrated as follows:
x1 = frequency of the ‘extremely not important’ response and corresponding to
1, x2 = frequency of the ‘not important’ response corresponding to
2=
frequency of the ‘moderately important’ response corresponding to
3
frequency of the ‘very important’ response corresponding to
of the ‘extremely important’ response corresponding to
5
4
= 5,
1
=
2, x3 =
= 3, x4 =
= 4, x5 = frequency
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In the validation survey forms forwarded to various stakeholders, the
answering technique used is based on Likert Scale which is divided into five scale
rating categories. By referring to Majid and McCaffer (1997), the rating scale used
for the questionnaires in this study is as follows:
Rating
Rating Scale
1
Strongly Agree
1.00
Average Index score<,1.50
2
Agree
1.50
3
Neutral
2.50
4
Disagree
3.50
5
Strongly Disagree
4.50
Average Index score 5.00
Classification
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First stage –
Literature
46
Consultation
Feedback
(Supervisor)
Problem Identification
Research Aim and Objectives
stated
Sustainable Principles
Waste Management
Community Concern
Second Stage -Empirical
Ministry of Housing
and Local Authority
Integration Relation Matrix
-
Formulation of Research
questionnaire
Select Study case
background
Previous Research
-
Literature review
Survey Data
Findings
Recommendations
Questionnaire, Interviews
Third Stage - Evaluation
Data Analysis
- Finding & Interpretation
Data Verification
Conclusion, Limitation &
Suggestion
Figure 3.0: Research Design Framework.
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CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS –
QUANTITATIVE DATA INTERPRETATION
4.1
Introduction
Taman Universiti is the residential area has been selected in the vicinity of
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai Campus as the case study for this research.
The housing area is governed by local authorities of Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru
Tengah (MPJBT). The following Section 4.2 will present the summary and analysis
of the responses to the questionnaire survey.
4.2
Data analysis (Questionnaire survey).
123 randomly selected individuals were involved in this questionnaire
survey.
4.2.1 Part 1 of the Questionnaire survey – Demographic information
Part 1 of the questionnaire survey is design to provide data on the age,
gender, education level and the type of occupation of the respondents. Table 4.1 and
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4.2 below are showing the age and gender of all the respondents and the following
figure 4.1 helps to describe the age distribution more clearly.
4.2.1.1 Age, Gender, Education Level, and Type of occupation of respondents.
Table 4.1: Frequency Distribution for gender of respondents in the study area
Valid
Male
Female
Total
Valid
Percent
34.1
65.9
100.0
Frequency Percent
42
34.1
81
65.9
123
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
34.1
100.0
Table 4.2: Frequency Distribution for ages of respondents at the study area in 2007
Frequency Percent
Valid
15 - 25
years
26 - 35
years
36 - 45
years
46 -55
years
Total
Missing
System
Total
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
21
17.1
17.5
17.5
55
44.7
45.8
63.3
32
26.0
26.7
90.0
12
9.8
10.0
100.0
120
3
123
97.6
2.4
100.0
100.0
Frequency distribution of respondent’s gender in Table 4.1 shows that
majority of the respondents or 81 individuals (65.9%) are female and the rest 42
individuals (34.1%) are male. Table 4.2 shows the frequency distribution of the
respondent’s ages in 2007 and it indicates that the respondents came from various
levels of ages from 15 to 55 years old. Majority of them (44.7%) are between 26 to
35 years old.
The most least are those in the range of 46 to 55 years old which
there are only 12 of them and they represent 9.8% of the respondents.
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Age
50
Percent
40
30
20
10
0
15 - 25 years
26 - 35 years
36 - 45 years
46 -55 years
Age
Figure 4.1: Distribution of ages of respondents in 2007
Table 4.3 below shows the type of occupancy of the respondents and the
following Table 4.2 illustrates their education level in 2007.
Table 4.3: Frequency Distribution for respondents’ type of occupancy in 2007
Valid
Government
sector
Private sector
Others
Total
Missing
System
Total
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
109
88.6
90.8
90.8
9
2
120
3
123
7.3
1.6
97.6
2.4
100.0
7.5
1.7
100.0
98.3
100.0
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Table 4.4: Frequency distribution for respondents’ education level in 2007
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
92
74.8
76.7
76.7
25
20.3
20.8
97.5
3
120
3
123
2.4
97.6
2.4
100.0
2.5
100.0
100.0
Valid
University/College
Graduate
Secondary
Education
Primary Education
Total
Missing
System
Total
The frequency distribution for respondents’ type of occupancy is shown in
Table 4.3. The frequency shows that 109 respondents or 88.6% are working in the
government sector while only 9 (7.3%) in private sector and another 2 (1.3%) are in
other category or self employed.
Table 4.4 on the other hand shows the respondents’ level of education. Their
education level are simplified into four categories which are; 1.
University or
College graduate, 2. Pass Secondary school, and,3. Pass Primary school. Frequency
distribution in Table 4.4 indicates that majority of the respondents, 92 individuals
(74.8%) are either university or college graduate. Another 25 respondents (20.3%)
pass secondary school and 3 respondents (2.4%) at least pass primary school.
4.2.2 Part 2 of the Questionnaire survey – Level of public awareness.
In this part, the respondents were tested on their awareness regarding
recycling activity and campaigns. The respondents were also asked to indicate their
source of information regarding the topic.
Question 2.1: Do you know what Recycling is?
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Table 4.5 below shows the frequency distribution of the responses for the
question.
Table 4.5: Frequency distribution for respondents’ awareness of Recycling Activity
Valid
Yes
Frequency Percent
123
100.0
Valid
Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
Table 4.5 shows that a 100 per cent of the respondents knew about Recycling
activity or programme.
Key Finding for Question 2.1:
All the respondents knew about Recycling programme.
Question 2.2: Are you aware/notice of any recycling campaign?
Table 4.6 below illustrates the awareness level of the respondents on the
recycling campaign in the country.
Table 4.6: Frequency distribution of respondents’ awareness level
Frequency Percent
Valid Yes
122
99.2
No
1
0.8
Total
123
100.0
Valid
Percent
99.2
0.8
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
99.2
100.0
According to the survey, 99.2 per cent (122 respondents) claims that they are
aware of such recycling campaign whereby only 0.8 per cent (1 respondent) claims
that he/she had no idea of such campaign.
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Key finding for Question 2.2:
Almost all the respondents are aware of the recycling campaigns that are being held
in the country.
Question 2.2.1: What is your source/s of information for the topic?
For Question 2.2.1, respondents are allowed to choose more then one answer.
Therefore the results for this question are the frequency distribution showing either
the media medium and word of mouth manages to provide information to the public
or not and will help determine which medium is the most effective in spreading
information. Table 4.7a, 4.7b, 4.7c, 4.7d, 4.7e, 4.7f, 4.7g and 4.7h shows the
frequency of respondents that obtain info on recycling via that particular source.
Table 4.7a: Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information via
television
Frequency Percent
Valid
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Yes
117
95.1
95.1
95.1
No
6
4.9
4.9
100.0
Total
123
100.0
100.0
Table 4.7b: Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information via radio
Frequency Percent
Valid Yes
No
Total
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
92
74.8
74.8
74.8
31
25.2
25.2
100.0
123
100.0
100.0
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Table 4.7c: Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information via
brochures/pamphlets
Frequency Percent
Valid Yes
Cumulative
Percent
74
60.2
60.2
60.2
49
39.8
39.8
100.0
123
100.0
100.0
No
Total
Valid
Percent
Table 4.7d: Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information via
friends/family
Frequency Percent
Valid Yes
Cumulative
Percent
60
48.8
48.8
48.8
63
51.2
51.2
100.0
123
100.0
100.0
No
Total
Valid
Percent
Table 4.7e: Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information at the
workplace/school
Frequency Percent
Valid
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Yes
86
69.9
69.9
69.9
No
37
30.1
30.1
100.0
Total
123
100.0
100.0
Table 4.7f: Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information via
billboards/ads
Frequency Percent
Valid Yes
No
Total
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
99
80.5
80.5
80.5
24
19.5
19.5
100.0
123
100.0
100.0
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Table 4.7g: Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information through
the internet
Valid
Percent
Frequency Percent
Valid Yes
No
Total
Cumulative
Percent
66
53.7
53.7
53.7
57
46.3
46.3
100.0
123
100.0
100.0
Table 4.7h: Frequency Distribution of respondents obtaining information via other
sources e.g seminar
Frequency Percent
Valid Yes
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
5
4.1
4.1
4.1
No
118
95.9
95.9
100.0
Total
123
100.0
100.0
Summary of the results of the above Table 4.7 are simplified in the figure
below. Figure 4.3 shows the percentage of respondents that obtained information on
recycling via all of the mentioned sources.
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Figure 4.2: Percentage of respondents obtaining information about recycling via
particular source
Figure 4.3 clearly indicates that television programme is approved to be the
most providing information source with 95.1% respondents or 117 individuals
agreed they got their info on recycling activities form it. It is then followed by
Billboards with 80.5% (99 persons), Radio 74.8% (92 persons), Workplace 69.9%
(86 persons), Brochures 60.2% (74 persons), The Internet 53.7% (66 persons),
Friends and Family 48.8% (60 persons), and Other sources for example like a
seminar, 4.1% (5 persons).
Key Findings for Question 2.2.1:
Majority of the respondents agreed that television programme is their main source of
information regarding recycling activities and programmes.
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4.2.3 Part 3 of the Questionnaire survey – Factors affecting recycling
participation
In this part, respondents are being asked whether they are participating or not
in the Recycling programme. They were then asked reason/s for their answer either
they do participate or not in the programme. There are also questions about giving
opinion on several issues regarding recycling and waste management at their place.
Question 3.1: Do you recycle?
Table 4.8 below shows the frequency distribution of respondents’
participation in any recycling activity either by own initiative or participating in any
programme held.
Table 4.8: Frequency distribution of public participation in recycling activity
Valid
Yes
No
Total
Missing System
Total
Frequency
105
17
122
1
123
Percent
85.4
13.8
99.2
0.8
100.0
Valid
Percent
86.1
13.9
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
86.1
100.0
The frequency distribution showed that 105 out of 123 respondents (85.4%)
do practice recycling while the rest, another 17 respondents (13.8%) does not
practice recycling at all.
Key Findings for Question 3.1:
Majority of the respondents do practice recycling and the number of those who did
not recycle is little compared to the majority.
Question 3.2: If Yes, why?
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Question 3.2 is for respondents who claimed that they do recycle in the
previous Question 3.1. The objective of this question is to check upon the reasons
of why does these respondents practice recycling. Then Question 3.2 is followed by
another sub-question which required respondents to choose their level of
commitment towards the activity.
For reasons of practice recycling, respondents are provided with four (4)
optional answers to guide them.
The options given are; recycle because felt
responsible and want to contribute to nature, recycle because they can make some
profits through the activity, recycle because they just following what others do, and
recycle because there are many recycling facilities provided for example recycling
bins. They can either just pick any of these or state their own reason for recycling.
The following Table 4.9a, 4.9b, 4.9c, 4.9d, and 4.9e show the frequency distribution
of the responses regarding the reasons. Table 4.9f indicates the level of their
commitment.
Table 4.9a: Frequency of respondents who recycle because felt responsible and want
to contribute to nature
Frequency Percent
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
86
69.9
70.5
70.5
Not
Ticked
36
29.3
29.5
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
1
.8
123
100.0
Missing System
Total
Valid
Percent
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Table 4.9b: Frequency of respondents who recycle because they can make some
profits through the activity
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
27
22.0
22.1
22.1
Not
Ticked
95
77.2
77.9
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
Table 4.9c: Frequency of respondents who recycle because they just following what
others do
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
1
.8
.8
.8
Not
Ticked
121
98.4
99.2
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
Table 4.9d: Frequency of respondents who recycle because there are many recycling
facilities provided for example recycling bins
Frequency Percent
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
23
18.7
18.9
18.9
Not
Ticked
99
80.5
81.1
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
1
.8
123
100.0
Missing System
Total
Valid
Percent
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Table 4.9e: Frequency of respondents who recycle because of other than the
previous stated reasons (e.g non-government body’s encouragement, etc)
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
4
3.3
3.3
3.3
Not
Ticked
118
95.9
96.7
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
Frequency distribution in Tables 4.9 indicates that the first provided answer
is the most ticked by the respondents where 86 individuals (69.9%) chose recycle
because felt responsible and want to contribute to nature. This shows that majority
of respondents who practice recycling understood that the world need prevention on
it natural resources and biodiversity. The most least ticked is the reason of just
following what others do, 1 individual (0.8%). For commitment level in practicing
recycling, Table 4.9f below shows its frequency.
Table 4.9f: Frequency Distribution for respondents’ level of commitment towards
the activity
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Very Committed
17
13.8
Committed
37
30.1
Normal
56
45.5
Not really commit
4
3.3
No commitment at
all
2
1.6
Total
116
94.3
System
7
5.7
123
100.0
Total
Total %
54 / (43.9%)
56 / (45.5%)
6 / (4.9%)
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
14.7
14.7
31.9
46.6
48.3
94.8
3.4
98.3
1.7
100.0
100.0
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Table 4.9f indicates that 54 individuals (43.9%) rated their commitment in
recycling activities above normal level. Another 56 individuals (45.5%) rated their
participation as normal and just 6 (4.9%) claims that they did not commit to the
activity due to some reasons.
86 individuals (69.9%) claimed that they practice recycling due to feeling
responsible and wanted to contribute to nature. Majority of the respondents rated
their commitment at normal (45.5%) and above normal level (43.9%).
Question 3.3: If No, why?
Question 3.3 is for respondents who claimed that they did not practice
recycling. The objective is another way around from the previous Question 3.2
which is to find out why they did not recycle. They are provided with five (5)
answers to guide them and state their own reasons or they can just tick the given
possible answers. The options of the answers are; not recycle because of just simply
“Tak Apa” reason, not recycle because they felt that the activity is none beneficial to
them, not recycle because they felt that it is the sole responsible and duty of local
authority to collect and manage waste, not recycle because they have problem
identifying recyclable products, and not recycle because of other than the pervious
stated reasons. The following Table 4.10a, 4.10b, 4.10c, 4.10d, 4.10e and 4.10f
show the frequency of responses towards the question.
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Table 4.10a: Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because of just simply
“Tak Apa” reason
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
1
.8
.8
.8
Not
Ticked
121
98.4
99.2
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
Table 4.10b: Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because they felt that the
activity is none beneficial to them
Frequency Percent
Valid
Not
Ticked
122
99.2
Missing
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
100.0
Table 4.10c: Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because they felt that it
is the sole responsible and duty of local authority to collect and manage waste
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
1
.8
.8
.8
Not
Ticked
121
98.4
99.2
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
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Table 4.10d: Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because they have
problem identifying recyclable products
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
1
.8
.8
.8
Not
Ticked
121
98.4
99.2
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
Table 4.10e: Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because lack of
recycling facilities in their area
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
12
9.8
9.8
9.8
Not
Ticked
110
89.4
90.2
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
Table 4.10f: Frequency of respondents who did not recycle because of other than the
pervious stated reasons
Frequency Percent
Valid
Missing
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Ticked
3
2.4
2.5
2.5
Not
Ticked
119
96.7
97.5
100.0
Total
122
99.2
100.0
System
1
.8
123
100.0
Total
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Frequency distribution in Tables 4.10e indicates that respondents who did
not practice recycling agreed that the main reason is lack of recycling facilities
provided in their area. Table 4.10b on the other hand indicates that they did not
practice recycling not because it will not bring them benefit. Other 4.10 tables did
not have much tick marks because in the survey, most of the respondents do practice
recycling.
Reason for not practicing recycling is identified to be due to lack of recycling
facilities provided for example recycling bins are nowhere to be found near or
around their area.
Question 3.4: Indicate your opinion on the following item by circling the
appropriate figure from
1 = Strongly agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = No Comment, 4 = Disagree, 5 =
Strongly Disagree
Question 3.4.1: The present campaigns provide enough knowledge on
recycling activities.
Table 4.11a and Table 4.11b below show the frequency distribution and
descriptive statistic for responses regarding Question 3.4.1.
Table 4.11a: Frequency distribution of respondents’ opinion on gaining enough
knowledge on recycling through current campaigns
Frequency Percent
Valid
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Missing System
Total
28
22.8
61
19
13
121
2
123
49.6
15.4
10.6
98.4
1.6
100.0
Total%
89 / (72.4%)
19 / (15.4%)
13 / (10.6%)
2 / (1.6%)
Valid Cumulative
Percent
Percent
23.1
23.1
50.4
15.7
10.7
100.0
73.6
89.3
100.0
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Table 4.11b: Descriptive statistics for responses
N
Valid
Missing
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
121
2
2.14
.897
1
4
The analysis of frequency distribution for Question 3.4.1 (Table 4.11a)
shows that 89 (72.4%) respondents agreed that the current recycling campaigns
provide adequate input regarding the programme and activities. While 13 (10.6%)
respondents disagreed with the statement, another 19 (15.4%) respondents choose to
be neutral on the matter. The Mean score of 2.14 in Table 4.11b indicates that the
respondents agreed on the statement.
72.4% or almost majority of the respondents agreed that the current recycling
campaigns provide adequate information to them regarding the programme and this
is indicated by the mean score of 2.14 for this variable.
Question 3.4.2: Current
Kitar Semula
campaign really effective in
encouraging public to participate.
The following Table 4.12a and Table 4.12b describe the frequency
distribution and descriptive statistic for responses regarding Question 3.4.2.
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Table 4.12a: Frequency distribution for responses of the effectiveness of the
campaign
Frequency Percent
Valid Strongly Agree
12
9.8
Agree
52
42.3
Neutral
25
20.3
Disagree
30
24.4
Strongly
2
1.6
Disagree
Total
121
98.4
Missing
System
2
1.6
Total
123
100.0
Total%
64 / (52.1%)
25 / (20.3 %)
32 / (26%)
Valid
Percent
9.9
43.0
20.7
24.8
Cumulative
Percent
9.9
52.9
73.6
98.3
1.7
100.0
100.0
Table 4.12b: Descriptive statistics for response
N
Valid
Missing
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
121
2
2.65
1.014
1
5
The analysis of frequency distribution for Question 3.4.2 (Table 4.12a)
shows that 64 respondents (52.1%) agreed that the current campaign is effective in
encouraging the public to participate in recycling activities.
However, 32
respondents (26%) disagreed with the statement and another 25 (20.3%) respondents
were neutral on the statement.
Although half of the respondents agreed that current campaign is effective, there are,
however, about half other respondents disagreed with the effectiveness of the
campaign.
Question 3.4.3: Related authorities did their best in ensuring the public will
recycle.
Table 4.13 below shows the frequency distribution for responses regarding
the public opinion on the Authority’s playing their role.
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Table 4.13: Frequency distribution for public opinion on Authority’s role
Frequency Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
11
8.9
Agree
39
31.7
Neutral
36
29.3
Disagree
25
20.3
Strongly
10
8.1
Disagree
Total
121
98.4
Missing System
2
1.6
Total
123
100.0
Total%
50 / (40.6%)
36 / (29.3%)
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
9.1
9.1
32.2
41.3
29.8
71.1
20.7
91.7
35 / (28.4%)
8.3
100.0
The analysis of frequency distribution for Question 3.4.3 (Table 4.13)
indicates that 50 respondents (40.6%) agreed that the related authorities have done
their best in encouraging and to ensure that the public recycle their waste. 35 other
respondents (28.4%) felt the other way by disagreeing with the statement while
another 36 respondents (29.3%) have a neutral opinion regarding the statement.
Half of the respondents are either disagreed and have neutral opinion on related
authorities contribution for ensuring the recycling programme meets its objectives.
Question 3.4.4: There are enough recycling bins in your vicinity.
Frequency analysis and descriptive statistic for Question 3.4.4 regarding the
adequacy of number of recycling bins provided in the vicinity of respondents’
residential area is summarized in the Table 4.14a and 4.14b below.
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Table 4.14a: Frequency analysis for recycling bins adequacy around respondent’s
residential area
Frequency Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
5
4.1
Agree
16
13.0
Neutral
23
18.7
Disagree
54
43.9
Strongly
23
18.7
Disagree
Total
121
98.4
Missing System
2
1.6
Total
123
100.0
Total%
21 / (17.1%)
23 / (18.7%)
77 / (62.6%)
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
4.1
4.1
13.2
17.4
19.0
36.4
44.6
81.0
19.0
100.0
Table 4.14b: Descriptive statistic for the adequacy of bins number
N
Valid
Missing
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
121
2
3.61
1.067
1
5
Frequency distribution analysis for Question 3.4.4 in the Table 4.14a
indicates shows that 77 respondents (62.6%) disagreed that there are enough
recycling bins around their residential areas. While 23 respondents (18.7%) has a
neutral stand on the matter, only 21 respondents (17.1%) felt that they are provided
with adequate recycling bins.
Mean score of 3.61 in the descriptive statistic (Table 4.14b) indicates that on
average the respondents disagreed with the adequacy on recycling bin’s number
provided around their residential area.
Majority of the respondents disagreed that they have adequate number of recycling
bins around their residential area.
Question 3.4.5: Current waste managing service in your area is systematic
and satisfying.
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Table 4.15a and Table 4.15b show the frequency distribution and descriptive
statistic of the responses for Question 3.4.5 regarding the efficiency and satisfaction
of the current waste management services in the case study area.
Table 4.15a: Frequency distribution of efficiency and satisfaction of the waste
management service
Frequency Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
6
4.9
Agree
23
18.7
Neutral
36
29.3
Disagree
45
36.6
Strongly
10
8.1
Disagree
Total
120
97.6
Missing System
3
2.4
Total
123
100.0
Total%
29 / (23.6%)
36 / (29.3%)
55 / (44.7%)
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
5.0
5.0
19.2
24.2
30.0
54.2
37.5
91.7
8.3
100.0
Table 4.15b: Descriptive statistic of the response
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Valid
Missing
120
3
3.25
1.023
1
5
Analysis of frequency distribution for Question 3.4.5 in Table 4.15a above
shows that 55 respondents (44.7%) disagreed that the waste management system in
their place is systematic and efficient. 36 respondents (29.3%) on the other hand
stands neutral on the matter while the rest 29 respondents (23.6%) agreed that the
current management is already systematic and efficient in managing the waste at
their place.
Table 4.15b shows the descriptive statistic of respondents’ responses where
the mean score of 3.25 is shown. The mean score value indicates that respondents
on average disagreed that the current waste managing system is efficient and
systematic.
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44.7% respondents disagreed that the current waste management system is
systematic and efficient.
Question 3.4.6: Recycling logo of consumer products are clearly displayed
on the packaging
Table 4.16a: Frequency distribution of opinion on the display of recycling logo on
consumer products
Frequency Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
10
8.1
Agree
43
35.0
Neutral
33
26.8
Disagree
32
26.0
Strongly
3
2.4
Disagree
Total
121
98.4
Missing System
2
1.6
Total
123
100.0
Total%
53 / (43.1%)
33 / (26.8%)
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
8.3
8.3
35.5
43.8
27.3
71.1
26.4
97.5
35 / (28.4%)
2.5
100.0
Table 4.16b: Descriptive statistic of the respondents’ opinion
N
Valid
Missing
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
121
2
2.79
1.008
1
5
Frequency analysis for Question 3.4.6 shown in Table 4.16a illustrates that
53 respondents (43.1%) find the recycling logo on consumer products are clearly
displayed and easy to be seen. But, 35 respondents (28.4%) did not have the same
opinion whereby they found that the recycling logo and labels are not being
displayed clearly on products.
neutral on the matter.
The rest another 33 respondents (26.8%) stand
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Almost half of the respondents (53/43.1%) find that recycling logo or labels are
being clearly displayed on consumer products. In the mean time, the mean value of
the analysis indicates that on average, the respondent stands neutral on the matter.
Question 3.4.7: Parents nowadays teach their on recycling through daily
practices
Table 4.17a and 4.17b below show the frequency distribution and descriptive
statistic of the responses for Question 3.4.7 regarding the role of parents in
encouraging their children to recycle.
Table 4.17a: Frequency distribution regarding the role of parents in encouraging
children to recycle
Valid
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Total
Missing System
Total
Frequency Percent
9
7.3
39
31.7
37
30.1
26
21.1
10
8.1
121
2
123
98.4
1.6
100.0
Total%
48 / (39%)
37 / (30.1%)
36 / (29.2%)
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
7.4
7.4
32.2
39.7
30.6
70.2
21.5
91.7
8.3
100.0
2 / (1.6%)
Table 4.17b: Descriptive statistic of the responses for Question 3.4.7
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Valid
Missing
121
2
2.91
1.080
1
5
From the frequency distribution analysis in Table 4.17a, it is known that 48
respondents (39%) agreed that nowadays parents do teach and encourage their
children to recycle through daily practices while 36 respondents (29.3%) felt the
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other way around where they did not think that parents do teach children to recycle.
The rest 37 respondents (30.1%) choose to be neutral on the matter.
Mean score of 2.91 from Table 4.17b descriptive statistic for this question
indicates that on average, respondents did not have any opinion regarding parents’
role in teaching and encouraging their children to practice recycling through daily
practices.
On average, the mean score for the descriptive statistics indicates that respondents
did not have any opinion or stand neutral regarding parents role in encouraging
children to recycle.
Question 3.4.8: what do you really expect/hope from recycling programme
and activity?
The following Table 4.18 shows the frequency distribution and descriptive
statistic of the responses for Question 3.4.8 regarding respondents hope and
expectation from the recycling programme.
Table 4.18: Frequency distribution of respondents’ hope and expectation from
recycling programme
Frequency Percent
Valid
More recycling
facilities provided
Recycling can
reduce pollution
More support
from public
others
Total
Missing System
Total
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
48
39.0
70.6
70.6
11
8.9
16.2
86.8
7
5.7
10.3
97.1
2
68
55
123
1.6
55.3
44.7
100.0
2.9
100.0
100.0
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Table 4.18 indicated that 40 percent of the respondents hope for more
recycling facilities to be provided. Another 11 percent of the respondents expect
that recycling activity will contribute to a cleaner environment and lesser pollution.
7 percent respondents on the other hand hope for more supports from the public
towards the programme.
From the number of respondents that answer this question, majority of them or 40
percent of the respondents expect and hope for more recycling facilities to be
provided along the recycling programme.
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CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1
Introduction
The discussion in this section is divided into three (3) sections. The first
section of the discussion presents the findings of first objective for the study which
is the level of public awareness regarding recycling programme, followed by second
objective that discussed the effectiveness of recycling programme. The third and the
last section discussed the findings on several factors that affect community’s
decision to participate in recycling programme which is the final objective of the
study.
5.2
First Section – Public awareness on recycling
The first objective of the research is to identify the level of awareness among
the public towards recycling programme as various campaigns has been done.
Knowledge and awareness of recycling activities including the benefits and the
important of recycling among the public are crucial as it can be one of the factors
that can encourage participation from them.
The more public know about the
activity, the better it will be because knowledge will create awareness and also
knowledge helps them to start recycling. The following Figure 5.1 illustrates the
key findings related to awareness among the community regarding recycling
activity.
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Figure 5.1: Key Findings for the Community awareness level regarding recycling
Note: Likert scale for the questionnaire survey are; 1 = Strongly Agree to 5 = Strongly Disagree
From the analysis of the survey, it is found that 100% of the respondents
knew about recycling. Then, 86.1 % claimed that they do practice recycling and
70.5% commitment towards the activity is in the range of normal to very committed.
39% of the respondents also agreed that parent do taught their children about
recycling. These findings indicates that the level of awareness among the public
regarding recycling activity and programme is high, as all of them knew about
recycling and majority of them do participate in the activity. Significant level of
argument was asked for one question in this section where for the role of parents in
teaching the children about recycling. The mean value is 2.91 which indicated that
on average, the respondent have a middle opinion on the subject.
That is the reason why many parties and organisations never quit on
providing more and more information on such activities and programme and the
analysis from Section 4.2 - Question 2.1 Chapter 4 has proven that the effort of these
parties does not went straight down the drain as all the selected respondents claimed
that they knew about recycling. They knew what recycling is and it is a good sign
that they are aware of such activities and issues.
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The high number of respondents who practices recycling supported the
findings that they are aware of the programme. With the high rate of practices, they
also proved that they are not just aware but also translate their awareness and
understandings into action by participating and supporting the campaign.
5.3
Second Section – Effectiveness of recycling programme
Campaigns and programmes are efforts to encourage public to participate in
recycling activity besides giving them appropriate information on the programmes.
The latest campaign is the ‘Kitar Semula’ campaign by the Ministry of Housing and
Local Government with the slogan “Think before you throw”.
This campaign
promotes the ‘3R’ concept; Rethink, Reuse, Recycle (Section 2.9.1, Chapter 2). The
following Figure 3.2 illustrates the findings of the survey that are related to the
effectiveness of recycling programme.
Figure 5.2: Key findings for the effectiveness of recycling programme
From figure 3.2 above, it is clearly shown that 99.2% respondents claimed
they are aware of the recycling campaign being held. 95.1% of the respondents also
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chose television as their main source of information regarding the activity and
programme. 72.4% respondents said that the campaign provides enough knowledge
on the activity to guide the public in participating and a mean value of 2.14 indicates
that the respondents do agreed with the statement. 52.1% agreed that the campaign
is effective in encouraging the public to participate, but on the other hand, a mean
value of 2.65 indicated that on average, the respondents have a neutral opinion on
the matter. 40.6% of the respondents do felt that the authority had done their best in
ensuring the success of the programme.
On the other hand, 59.4% of the
respondents provide opinions for the authority needed more effort or activities and
programmes in enhancing the success of recycling programme.
From the analysis of Question 2.2 Section 4.2.2, it can be concluded that the
campaign is very much successful in creating awareness to the community about it
and the campaign has managed to catch the attention of the public as 122 out of 123
respondents claimed that they are aware of such campaign. The main objective of
the programme is to create awareness among the public regarding recycling activity.
Awareness is expected to increase participation in recycling activity. To create
awareness, information must be provided and spread to the public via several
channel like mass media or electronic media.
A high number of respondents
claimed that they are aware of such recycling programme indicates that the
programme succeed in reaching the community and the best medium to spread the
information is television. This maybe due to the economic level of today’s people
where television is a must in every house, and watching television is known to be
one of the most preferred activities to spent leisure time. That’s why television
becomes very effective when it comes to providing or spreading information.
In the current campaign, the public are encouraged to begin with recycling
four main items which are plastics, aluminium, paper and glass (Section1.1.3
Chapter 1), and from the analysis of the survey in the Section 4.2.3 Chapter 4, the
key findings indicates that the campaign does provides enough information
regarding the activity. Enough here is define as the information provided through
the campaign via medium such as television’s advertisement are adequate for public
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understanding regarding recycling activity and are adequate as a guideline for the
public to practice recycle.
Besides the adequacy of the information, the latest ‘Kitar Semula’ campaign
is found effective in attracting public to participate in recycling activity. The finding
is supported by the responses from majority of the respondents which claimed to
have commitment in the activity (Chapter 4 Section 4.2.3 Table 4.9f). Also, another
fact that supporting the statement is the increasing number of total amount of
recyclable materials collected by Southern Waste Management throughout the
campaign (Table 2.15 Section 2.9.2.4 Chapter 2), even though there is a slight drop
of the total amount of collected recyclable waste in the recent years.
About the slight drop in the total amount of recyclable waste collected, it can
be interpreted as an indication that the related parties should take the drop into
consideration and launch another wave of effort and perform it continuously as a
reminder because maybe the heat from the previous campaign has already dissipated
and the public need to be continuously reminded. One of the findings in Figure 3.2
above also indicated that the authority should play more significant roles in order to
ensure the successfulness of recycling programme as only 40.6% of the respondents
felt that the authority has done their best in conducting the campaign. 59.4% on the
other hand felt that authority should do more.
5.4
Third Section – Factors affecting community’s decision to recycle
The following Figure 3.3 illustrates the key findings that are related with
factors affecting community’s decision to participate in recycling.
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Recycle due to
responsibility discipline and
Not practice recycling due to
lack of facilities
Inadequate recycling
facilities provided
Recyclable labels clearly
displayed
Figure 5.3: Key findings for the factors affecting community’s participation in
recycling activity.
There are thousands of factors that can affect one’s decision to participate.
The objective of this research is to identify some of the factors. From the analysis,
majority of the respondents who practices recycling (70.5%) claimed that they do it
due to the responsibility discipline and their awareness to prevent natural
biodiversity. 77% of the respondents disagreed that there are adequate recycling
facilities provided in their place and a mean value of 3.25 clearly indicated that on
average, the respondents disagreed with the adequacy of provided recycling facilities
in their areas.
Figure 3.3 also shows that 43.1% of the respondents felt that
recyclable labels are clearly displayed on the products. However, the rest 56.9% are
either neutral or disagreed on the statement. The mean value of 2.79 indicated that
on average, respondents are neutral on the matter. 55% respondents did not satisfied
with the waste management service at their residential area and 40% respondents
wish for more recycling facilities would be provided in the programme.
From the findings, it is found that the main reason for public recycling
practices is their responsibility discipline and awareness to prevent natural
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biodiversity which also support the findings of the high level of awareness among
the public regarding recycling activity. But still, the study also indicated that there
are still complaints regarding insufficient recycling facilities around the residential
area. Respondents also hope for more recycling facilities to be provided along with
the recycling programme. Therefore, it is believed that the increase of recycling
facilities will encourage more responsibility on biodiversity.
This shows that from the awareness generated by the campaign, public has
realized their responsibility towards making a change. A small act or effort from an
individual that is part of a big community really has an effect in making a change.
This is an important achievement as it is crucial that the present realised the reality
that the planet they are living on today is not inherited from the past ancestors,
instead, borrowed from the future generations.
Another significant reason for practicing recycling is the benefit in the form
of cash for recycling (Table 4.9b, Section 4.2.3 Chapter 4). Nowadays certain
recyclable materials are better in price and this also claims to be affecting decision
to participate. For example, the high price of aluminium or metal items these days
has a very significant effect on recycling activities until some parties can make it as
a side income just by collecting cans and other metal junks. But it also contributes
to a bit unhealthy environment as the increased price of these materials also
increased a bit the rate of theft and vandalism. Some irresponsible parties for the
sake of easy money, would take advantage by stealing metal parts of public
amenities such as phone and transmission cables, manhole covers and so on which
not only put their own life at risk but also other’s at stake. Meaning everything has
it pros and cons including the high price of recyclable materials.
Other factor that also contributes in affecting public decisions is the role
played by the Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) (Table 4.9e, Section 4.2.3
Chapter 4). Some organizations such as a Budhist Organization did plays a part in
organizing a non-profit based activity like collection and campaign at a certain areas
in order to generate awareness and also helps promoting the activity.
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However, despite the all the good efforts, there are still party or individuals
that did not practiced recycling. The reason for their action is claims to be the lack
of facilities for them to recycle.
When there is no complaint, there are two
possibilities; either the service is already satisfying or the people themselves lazy to
make complaint. But when there is a complaint, it means something is really wrong,
not right, or got a problem. Researcher also did some observation around the study
area and from the researcher points of views, public complaints about the lack of
recycling facilities near their area are true.
In most of the housing area observed by the researcher, only one or two sets
of recycling bins are provided to cater the waste generated by the whole community
in that particular housing area which happens to be not enough in quantity and
capacity. And when there is only one or two stations, meaning the locations are not
that near to some of the house. Logically thinking, now the government generally is
the party who’s asking people to recycle, so it is local government obligation to
provide all necessities to obtain cooperation from the public including enough
recycling bins. But the scenario now is, the government seems to be still not that
serious in conducting the programme as they are not willing to spend such an
amount in order to provide adequate services for the programme. They seem not
willing yet to invest for the sake of nature and humanity.
Compared to the
government of Sydney, Australia (Section 2.8.1.2 Chapter 2) bins are provided for
every house and it is for free with a free delivery right to the door step. That shows
how serious their efforts are towards the success of the programme.
70.5% of respondents in Taman Universiti practiced recycling. That is what
the study has revealed through the data obtained from questionnaire survey. It is a
high number of participation in the activity and this is rather contradict findings
from what the ministry of housing and local authority has in their statistic where
they claimed that the average rate of recycling practices all over the country is below
five (5) percent (Section 1.2 Chapter 1). This is also what makes it very interesting.
There are several possibilities that can contribute to this finding.
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The first one would be there are new improvement in the recycling practices
among Malaysian in two year period since the statistic was let out (2005) due to the
consistence of recycling programme and campaigns and the ministry’s statistic is no
longer valid.
Second possibility of this contradict outcomes is due to the standard of living
of Taman Universiti community. The demographic of respondents shows 44.7% are
young generation age in range from 26 to 35 years. These supports by 74.8% are
graduated from higher education institutional. These facts make evident that
education make them knowledgeable and aware to response for waste recycling.
Therefore, in the researcher’s opinion, this case study does not reflect to
overall distribution of Malaysia communities. In order to verify this option, another
overall study regarding recycling practices can be done again by the ministry in
order to obtain the latest actual condition in the country regarding recycling
practices.
5.5
Conclusion
The findings of this research perceive aimed of the study. Although there are
a few unexpected results from the findings, in overall, the research has meet the
objectives which are to identify the level of awareness among the public regarding
recycling programmes, to approximately evaluate the effectiveness of recycling
programme generally, and to identify factors that affects community’s decision to
participate in the programme.
The study has discovered that the awareness level regarding recycling
activity among the residents of Taman Universiti, Skudai Johor is high. This is
concluded from the results of all the surveyed respondents, 123 out of 123 claimed
that they are aware of the recycling activities and programme. The study also show
that recycling campaigns and programme in the country such as the “Kitar Semula”
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campaign are effective in reaching out to the respondents, providing them with the
appropriate information regarding recycling activity, and encouraging the
community to participate in recycling. Television is claimed to be the most effective
medium of spreading the information.
Recycling practices among the respondents also showed a high percentage of
participation. The main reason of recycling practices among the residents of Taman
Universiti is their discipline of responsibility and the awareness to prevent natural
biodiversity. Besides discipline and awareness, there are also other reasons such as
the benefits from recycling activity itself in the form of cash and encouragement
from other non-government bodies such as recycling programme organised by
religious bodies in the area.
Surprisingly, the study proves that the researcher’s early hypothesis on the
level of awareness among the public regarding the activity and the effectiveness of
the current campaign in motivating the community to be wrong. The level of
awareness among the residents of Taman Universiti is found out to be high as
mentioned earlier the government campaign is effective in motivating the public to
practice recycling. Thus this initiative accepted as main reason for public practicing
recycling with the feeling of responsiblity and the desire to contribute towards
creating a better future and a better place to live.
However, there are issues and complaint about recycling facilities provided
by the related authority. The issue is regarding the number of facilities provided
which is still not adequate to cater the recyclable waste in the area. Number of
collection site is too little for a large residential area and this issue is the reason why
there are still respondents who did not practiced recycling.
Therefore, related
authority and body should play more significant roles in encouraging the community
to recycle ad along the efforts and campaign, more recycling facilities has to be
provided which is believed can increase the rate of recycling practices among the
community.
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Lastly, despite of what has been done in this study, there are still rooms for
improvement for future studies for example a more in depth research can be done to
evaluate the knowledge of the public regarding the activity in sub urban and rural
area. A more detailed questions or tests can be designed to achieve certain objective
or different type of methodology and analysis could be applied or added.
5.6
Limitation
There are several limitation during the study was conducted due to some
reasons. This limitation slightly affected the findings of the study and the method of
obtaining data and information for the study.
One of the limitations is the method of obtaining data which is the survey.
For this study, in the researcher’s opinion, the data is slightly inaccurate to represent
the actual condition of waste management and recycling in the study area. It is due
to the data was collected or mostly surveyed when the respondents is at their
workplace. Majority of the respondents came from school teachers, therefore it is
mostly not represent full time house occupants and may also not all of them are
staying in the case study area.
The first option of conducting the survey was actually to go for a face to face
interview house by house in the study area or secondly, to distribute in their
mailboxes and collect later after a given period.
But both of the option has
constraints and problem of its own. For house to house distribution, its hard to get
the cooperation from the residents as one of the mentality of Malaysian is when a
stranger came knocking on your door, usually they’ll assume that you are a salesman
and would not answer the door. Also, the current condition where there are risks to
be robbery, people would rather take a safe approach that is not to take chances and
not answer the door.
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Proposed solution for this problem is to have a company of representative
from the authority for example people from the Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru
Tengah (MPJBT). But another issue arose as they would not provide free services
and we need to pay for company and that is the one researcher can’t afford because
there are no funding for student’s research.
Another limitation is obtaining recent, related, actual data regarding
recycling activities and programmes. There are still not that much information
regarding recycling programmes and activities in the country. Researcher also did
contact people from the Ministry of housing and local Authority who are in charge
of the Kitar Semula campaign but there was no reply. Also most of the websites or
publishing on recycling only provides information on the recycling activity itself and
no statistic or other data on any previous studies.
Researcher also tried to get related information from the Department of
Environment (DOE) but after a meeting with them, only the researcher finds out that
DOE does not involved directly in recycling programme and only supports the
programme. Therefore there is not much information from DOE except list of
programmes they involved in or supports regarding recycling.
5.7
Suggestions for future research
For future study, researcher would like to suggest a more in depth study to be
carried out with a more detailed and relevant information and data for reviews. If
possible, for future study, the method of house to house survey can be conducted in
order to obtain a more accurate data regarding the practices in the study area.
Scheduling and planning for data collection also should be more proper and
followed as the survey is really time consuming and costly.
Maybe a smaller scope of study with only one objective for example that
focused on the factors affecting public decision to participate in recycling activity.
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The current study also focus on effectiveness of recycling programme and awareness
among the community regarding recycling programme, therefore the questionnaire
is not designed to be very concentrate on factors affecting participation but also to
get other related information also. This limits the questions regarding factors as too
many questions in a questionnaire is not that good as it will consume more of the
respondents time and usually this will lead to the hardness in getting cooperation
from respondents.
When designing a questionnaire, one of the factors to be considered is the
psychological aspects of the respondents. Too many questions will make them lazy,
not concentrate or just answer in order to get it all done quick. An open ended
question also have the same effects as the respondent usually not that interested to
spend to much time thinking for an answer. But actually an open ended question is
the one that would give a more accurate data as the answer really comes from the
respondents and not a guided or option answers. Therefore the most important thing
is the role that has to be played by the researcher in order to get the respondents to
answer that kind of question. An easy but costly solution is to provide souveneir as
an encouragement to cooperate in a survey.
Another suggestion is to have contact with the people in charge of the
recycling programme in the country and in the study area in order to obtain much
more information regarding recycling programme as a review to get a clearer views
on the actual conditions in the country and the study area.
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REFERENCES
Adisa Azapagic. Sustainable Development In Practice . Wiley.: John Wiley &
Sons Ltd. The Atrium , Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, England.
(2004).
Richard M. Stapleton. Pollution A to Z . Manmillan Reference USA.: New York,
USA. (2004).
Speech by Dato’ Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. Save The Earth . Jabatan
Penerangan Malaysia.: Malaysia. (1992).
V.K Prabhakar. Encylcopedia of Environmental Pollution And Awareness in 21st
Century . Anmol Publication.: New Delhi, India. (2000)
A. Latiff. Indicators of Sustainable Development Assessing Changes In
Environmental Conditions . Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan
(LESTARI) UKM.: UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Southern Waste Management,. Statistik Jumlah Keseluruhan Kutipan Bahan Kitar
Semula Negeri Johor, Southern Waste Management, Permas Jaya Head Office:
Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. (2007) Unpublished.
Esther Wong Toh Ching. A Recycling Programme Awareness: In Malaysian
Society . UTM.: UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. (2005)
Mohd Ezanee b. Kamaruddin. Kajian Janaan Sisa Pejal di KTHO dan Tahap
Kesedaran Pelajar Terhadap Kitar Semula. UTM; UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru,
Johor, Malaysia. (2006)
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R.E. Timlett, I.D Williams. Public participation and recycling performance in
England: A comparison of tools for behavior change. Portsmouth City Council,
Civic offices: Portsmouth, UK. (2007)
Ministry of Housing and Local Authority. All about recycling
http://www.kitarsemula.com.my/all about recycling retrieved on Dec. 2007
Testvalley
Recyling Symbols
http://www.testvalley.gov.uk/Recycling Symbol
retrieved on Dec 2007
Southern Waste Management company profile. http://www.swm.com.my/profile
retreived on Feb 2008
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APPENDIX A
Sample Questionnaire in English
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENG.
UTM, SKUDAI.
This research is conducted in order to determine the factors affecting public
participation in waste recycling. The purpose of this questionnaire is to identify the factors
that affect community’s decision to participate in a recycling programme and to evaluate
public awareness of such campaign. This questionnaire contains three (3) parts; 1.
Demography, 2. Public awareness, and 3. Factors affecting public decision and effectiveness
of recycling campaign. Please kindly answer all questions. All data will be kept confidential.
PART 1: Demography
Please tick ( ) in the space provided to indicate your responses.
1.1) Gender:
Male
Female
1.2) Age: ___________ years
(Please state)
1.3) Occupation: ___________________________________ (Please State)
1.4) Education level: [
[
[
[
] College and University graduate
] Secondary level
] Primary level
] Others, __________________________
(Please specify)
PART 2: Public Awareness
2.1) Do you know what Recycling is?
[
] YES
[
] NO
2.2) Are you aware/notice of any recycling campaign? [
] YES
[
] NO
if YES, please choose the source/s
[
[
[
] Television
[
] Friends/family [
] Internet
[
] Radio
[ ] brochures/flyers
] Signboard/billboard [
] workplace/school
] Other: ___________________ (please state)
PART 3: Factors affecting public participation & Effectiveness of Recycling Campaign.
3.1) Do you recycle?
[
] YES [
] NO
3.2) If YES, why: [
] It is my responsibility or contribution to nature and the world.
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[
[
[
[
] I can earn some extra money through recycling.
] I’m just following what other do.
] Plenty of recycling facilities provided e.g bins
] other:_______________________________________
_______________________________________
(please state your reason)
and, How would you rate your commitment in the programme:[
[
] Very committed [ ] Committed [
] No commitment at all.
3.3) If NO, why: [
[
[
[
[
[
] Normal [
] Not Very committed
] ‘Tak Ape’ or ‘its OK’
] None beneficial.
] It is the job of local authority to collect and manage trash
] I cannot identify what item can be recycled
] No recycling bin around
] Other:________________________________________
________________________________________
(please state your reason)
3.4) Indicate your opinion on the following item by circling the appropriate figure from
1 = Strongly agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = No Comment, 4 = Disagree, 5 = Strongly Disagree
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The present campaign provide enough knowledge on
recycling activities
Current ‘Kitar Semula’ campaign really effective in
encouraging public to participate.
Related Authorities already done their best in
ensuring the community will recycle.
There is enough recycling bins in your vicinity
Current waste managing services in your area are
systematic and satisfying
Recycling logo of consumer products are clearly
displayed on the packaging
Parents nowadays taught their children on recycling
through daily practices
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
3.5) What do you really wants/expects from recycling activity.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Thank You for your cooperation.
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APPENDIX B
Sample Questionnaire in Malay
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UTM, SKUDAI.
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
penglibatan masyarakat dalam aktiviti kitar semula. Tujuan soal jawab ini adalah
untuk mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan komuniti untuk
turut serta dalam aktiviti kitar semula dan untuk mengukur tahap kepekaan umum
mengenai kempen-kempen berkaitan aktiviti kitar semula ini. Soaljawab ini
mengandungi 3 bahagian iaitu; 1. Demografi, 2. Tahap kepekaan masyarakat, dan 3.
Faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan awam dan tahap keberkesanan kempen kitar
semula. Sila jawab semua soalan. Segala data mengenai soaljawab adalah sulit dan
akan dirahsiakan.
BAHAGIAN 1: Demografi
Sila tandakan ( ) di ruang yang sediakan sebagai petunjuk jawapan anda.
1.1) Jantina:
Lelaki
Perempuan
1.2) Umur: ___________ tahun
(Sila nyatakan)
1.3) Pekerjaan: ___________________________________ (Sila nyatakan)
1.4) Tahap Pendidiakn: [
] Graduan Universiti/Kolej
] Pendidikan Menengah
] Pendidikan Rendah
] Lain-lain, __________________________
(Sila nyatakan)
[
[
[
BAHAGIAN 2: Tahap kepekaan masyarakat
2.1) Anda tahu apa itu Kitar Semula?
[
] Ya [
] Tidak
2.2) Adakah anda sedar/tahu mengenai kempen kitar
[
] Ya [
] Tidak
semula yang dijalankan?
Jika Ya, sila pilih sumber dari mana anda mendapat maklumat mengenainya. Anda
boleh menandakan lebih dari satu.
[
] Televisyen
[
] Radio
[ ] brosur/pamplet
[
] Kawan/keluarga [
] Papan tanda/iklan
[ ] Tempat kerja/sekolah
[
] Internet
[
] Lain-lain: ___________________ (sila nyatakan)
PART 3: Faktor yang mempengaruhi penglibatan awam & Keberkesanan kempen kitar
semula.
3.1) Anda Kitar Semula?
[
] Ya
[
] Tidak
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3.2) Jika Ya, kenapa: [
[
[
[
[
] Ia adalah tanggungjawab dan sumbangan saya kepada alam.
] Saya mendapat duit daripada kitar semula.
] Saya cuma ikut apa orang lain buat.
] Banyak kemudahan disediakan cthnya tong kitar semula
] lain-lain:_______________________________________
_______________________________________
(Sila nyatakan)
dan, Bagaimana anda meletakkan tahap komitmen anda terhadap program ini?
[
[
] Sangat Komited [ ] Komited [
] Tiada komitmen langsung.
] Normal [
] Tidak begitu komited
3.3) Jika Tidak, kenapa: [ ] Tak Apa
[ ] Tidak berfaedah kepada saya.
[
]Ia adalah tugas pihak berkuasa tempatan untuk mengurus
sampah
[
] Saya tidak dapat mengenalpasti bahan yang boleh dikitar
semula
[
] Tiada kemudahan kitar semula berhampiran cth tong kitar
semula
[ ] Lain-lain:________________________________________
________________________________________
(sila nyatakan alasan anda)
3.4) Nyatakan pendapat anda berkenaan perkara berikut dengan membulatkan nombor
mengikut
1 = Sangat bersetuju, 2 = Setuju, 3 = Tiada komen, 4 = Tidak setuju, 5 = Sangat
tidak setuju
1. Kempen kitar semula yang dijalankan dapat memberi 1
2
3
4
5
cukup maklumat mengenai aktiviti ini
2. Kempen kitar semula ketika ini sangat berkesan dalam 1
2
3
4
5
menarik masyarakat untuk turut serta.
3. Pihak berkuasa yang berkenaan telah melakukan yang 1
2
3
4
5
terbaik dalam memastikan orang ramai mengitar semula.
4. Terdapat tong kitar semula yang mencukupi di kawasan 1
2
3
4
5
anda.
5. Sistem pengurusan sisa sedia ada di kawasan anda 1
2
3
4
5
adalah sistematik dan memuaskan.
6. Logo kitar semula di paparkan dengan jelas pada produk 1
2
3
4
5
yang boleh di kitar semula.
7. Ibubapa sekarang mengajar anak mereka mengenai kitar 1
2
3
4
5
semula melalui amalan harian/teladan.
3.5) Apa sebenarnya yang anda mahu/harapkan dari aktiviti/program kitar semula?.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Terima kasih di atas kerjasama anda.

Documents - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Transcription

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