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12/8/2015 Recombinant Human Growth Factor Technology: Designed for Today’s Foot and Ankle Specialist Gregory C Berlet MD, FRCS(C) Disclosure “The views, opinions and product experiences discussed in this presentation, whether implicit or explicit, are those of the presenting surgeon and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Wright Medical Technology, Inc. Proper surgical procedures and techniques are the responsibility of the medical professional. Each surgeon must evaluate the appropriateness of the procedures based on his or her personal medical training and experience. Prior to use of the system, the surgeon should refer to the product package insert for complete warnings, precautions, indications, contraindications and adverse effects.” The speaker is a consultant of Wright Medical MKS233-00 Autograft – Gold Standard ? • Autograft is the current ‘gold standard’, particularly iliac crest graft, due to its mechanical and biological properties • But if we only need the biologic stimulation, is it worth it? • What are the known risks & costs of graft harvest? 1 12/8/2015 Bone Grafting Disadvantages Bone grafting has been associated with the following clinical complications: Abscess Fracture Neuroma Donor Site Pain Gluteal Gait Paresthesia Blood Loss Hematoma Scarring Bone Spur Hemorrhage Sensory Loss Dehiscence Hernia Seroma Drainage Infection (deep) Swelling Erythema Nerve Injury Vascular Injury ~50 articles in the recent literature Complications : Bone Graft Harvest Meta-analysis: 1138 patients1 Other Donor… Wound Infection 7% 7% Major Acute Complications 20% Nonunion at 24 months 15% Chronic Pain* 49% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% % Autograft Pts Affected 60% *49% donor site pain at 24 months (intensity 15-50%) 1Noshchenko et al J Spinal Disord Tech, 2014 Is There a Safer Alternative to BG? Dimitriou ( 2011) : • Meta analysis: RIA and ICBG • 92 articles / 6682 patients in database RIA complication rate = 6% ICBG complication rate = 19.4% Dimitriou et al. Injury 42(2); 2011 2 12/8/2015 Continual Improvement… When we have a problem: Identify a need : We need an alternative to autograft Innovate to develop a solution: Meets the unique needs of foot and ankle Prove the solution with: Clinical trials Record of safety Tissue Engineering: Tools Tissue Engineering: Interdisciplinary science that combines the principles of biology, chemistry, physics and engineering Osteoblasts Chondroblasts Fibroblasts Scaffolds - β-TCP (CaPO4) - Collagen Signaling Proteins - BMP 2, 7 - PDGF More Selective Tools Platelet Derived Growth Factor ( PDGF) Mitogenesis Chemotaxis Angiogenesis 3 12/8/2015 AUGMENT® Bone Graft (rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP) Beta-tricalcium phosphate granules (β-TCP), 1000-2000 μm –Osteoconductive scaffold to deliver rhPDGF-BB locally AUGMENT® Bone Graft (rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP) rhPDGF-BB (0.3 mg/mL): recombinant DNA technology –crucial signaling molecule that stimulates healing process1 –potent regenerative agent with an established clinical history of bone regeneration (GEM 21S®) 1Hollinger JO. JBJS, 2008 21S® GEM is currently marketed by OsteoHealth, a division of Luitpold Pharmaceuticals who also owns the GEM 21S ® trademark. AUGMENT® Bone Graft (rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP) β-TCP rhPDGF-BB 4 12/8/2015 β-TCP provides the Scaffold for New Bone • β-TCP fosters the in-growth of cells • Chemical composition similar to natural bone (Ca:PO4) β-TCP Cell Attachment • Resorbed over 3-9 months and replaced with natural bone β-TCP No Cells 13 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Defined Mechanism of Action 1. PDGF recruits cells from surrounding tissue (chemotaxis) 2. PDGF causes recruited cells to multiply (mitogenesis) 3. PDGF stimulates the creation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) 14 PDGF: 3 Mechanisms Chemotactic index Chemotaxis 5 X difference PDGF-BB: The most potent chemotactic agent for cells of mesenchymal origin Fiedler (Human MSCs) Journal of Cellular Biochemistry (2002) 5 12/8/2015 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Defined Mechanism of Action 1. PDGF recruits cells from surrounding tissue (chemotaxis) 2. PDGF causes recruited cells to multiply (mitogenesis) 3. PDGF stimulates the creation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) 16 PDGF: 3 Mechanisms Relative to control Mitogenesis (23 unique growth factors/cytokines) 5 X difference PDGF-BB :The most potent mitogen for MSCs Mesenchymal Stem Cells (Rabbit), 3H DNA Synthesis Assay, Data from Ozaki Journal of Stem Cells and Development (2007) Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Defined Mechanism of Action 1. PDGF recruits cells from surrounding tissue (chemotaxis) 2. PDGF causes recruited cells to multiply (mitogenesis) 3. PDGF stimulates the creation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) 18 6 12/8/2015 Angiogenesis PDGF: 3 Mechanisms • Formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels • Regulated by expression of VEGF (a molecule closely related in morphology to PDGF) • PDGF Upregulates VEGF1 • Criticality of angiogenesis to healing process • Deliver nutrients/oxygen • Eliminate waste • Permit physical ingress of cells • Permit ingress of factors to direct healing 1 Bouletreau et al, Plast Reconstr Surg (2002) Clinical Evidence rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP Clinical History 20 Proof of Efficacy: GEM 21S Periodontal Data Pivotal Clinical Trial – Largest Periodontal Baseline X-ray •180 patients: 11 centers •3 arms ® • 0.3 mg/mL rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP (GEM 21S ) • 1.0 mg/mL rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP • β-TCP/buffer solution (“active” control) Healed bone •6 month follow-up • • Tissue attachment level Bone growth GEM 21S® has a similar composition as AUGMENT® Bone Graft 21 7 12/8/2015 GEM 21S® Demonstrates Bone Regeneration > TCP Alone p < 0.001 70 p < 0.001 60 % Bone Fill 50 TCP Control 40 30 GEM 21S 20 10 0 6 Months 24 Months Nev ins, et al 2013 Journal of Periodontology % B one Fill Was 1 of 6 Secondary Endpoints GEM 21S® demonstrated superiority relative to β-TCP alone at multiple time points 22 ® GEM 21S Bone Histology: Normal Bone Section of molar between roots New bone on right New bone adjacent to β-TCP M el lonig 2009 I nt ernational Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry Biopsies of patients treated with GEM 21S® exhibited physiologically normal bone formation ® GEM 21S Historical Safety • Commercial History United States (approved 2005) Canada (approved 2006) • Implanted in over 200,000+ patients • No reports of ectopic formation related to the use of GEM 21S® 24 8 12/8/2015 Clinical Evidence for AUGMENT ® Bone Graft Foot and Ankle: 3 Trials to Date Pilot Study 1 (Canada) Prospective, Open-Label Trial: 60 AUGMENT® Bone Graft Patients vs. Literature-Based Autograft Control Pilot Study 2 (US) Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial: 20 Patients, 2:1 Randomization AUGMENT® Bone Graft vs Autograft Pivotal Study (North America) Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial: 434 Patients, 2:1 Randomization AUGMENT® Bone Graft vs Autograft 26 Pilot Study: Canadian Foot and Ankle Fusion Trial Principal Investigator Timothy Daniels, MD St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto, ON 27 9 12/8/2015 Canadian Foot and Ankle Fusion Trial (Pilot) De sign Prospective, open label, multi-center First clinical use in F&A Scope 3 centers, 60 patients, 9 month f/u period Ind ication Ankle, hindfoot, midfoot† fusion requiring supplemental bone graft Investigational P roduct AUGMENT® Bone Graft (rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP) •Smoking History: 30% •Obesity (BMI ≥ 30): 38% •Revision surgery: 33% •Diabetes: 10% •Patients with 1 or more risk factors: 65% Risk Factors P rocedure Location †Note: •Hindfoot/Ankle: 52% •Midfoot: 43% •Both: 5% The US label does not include midfoot as an approved indication. 28 Plain Radiograph (2 of 4 aspects) Population Whole (N=60) At Risk (N=39) Week 24 46/54 (85%) 29/35 (83%) Week 36 52/59 (88%) 32/38 (84%) CT Scan (≥ 50% osseous bridging)† Population Whole (N=60) At Risk (N=39) Week 6 22/51 (43%) 15/34 (44%) Week 12-16 44/59 (75%) 25/38 (66%) Clinical Success (36 Weeks)†† Population Whole (N=60) At Risk (N=39) Yes 54/60 (90%) 37/39 (95%) No 6/60 (10%) 2/39 (5%) †A threshold for fusion similar that proposed by Coughlin (2006); ASSESSED BY BLINDED RADIOLOGIST ††Defined by subjects who were not recommended for rev ision surgery within 12 months of the index procedure; rev ision rate comparable to historical control, (9%, Haddad et al, JBJS, 2007) 29 Canadian Pilot Study 1 Prospective, Open-Label Trial: 60 AUGMENT® Bone Graft Patients vs. Literature-Based Autograft Control Conclusions: • Overall results are consistent with the baseline arthrodesis rate in ankle arthrodesis surgery • 75% of patients demonstrated high degree of osseous bridging at 3-4 months per CT scan Daniels et al. FAI 31(6), 2010 30 10 12/8/2015 Conclusions: High risk populations : – Reported non-union rates of 27-41% – By comparison, this high-risk study population performed well • No device related serious adverse events judged by the investigator to be caused by the device Daniels et al. FAI 31(6), 2010 31 USA Foot and Ankle Pilot Fusion Trial Principal Investigator Christopher DiGiovanni, MD Brown University Providence, RI 32 USA Foot and Ankle Pilot Fusion Trial De sign Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Scope 3 centers, 20 patients Ind ication Investigational P roduct Risk Factors P rocedure Location Ankle, hindfoot fusion requiring supplemental bone graft AUGMENT® Bone Graft (rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP) •Smoking History: 40% •Obesity (BMI ≥ 30): 50% •Diabetes: 10% •Patients with 1 or more risk factors: 40% •Triple Arthrodesis: 45% •Ankle: 35% •Subtalar: 20% 11 12/8/2015 USA Foot and Ankle Pilot Fusion Trial Radiographic Results Overall (n=20) AUGMENT® Bone Graft (n=14) Autograft (n=6) Week 6 X-Ray (>3/4) 0/11 (0%) 0/4 (0%) C T (>50%†) 7/18 (39%) 0/15 (0%) 5/13 (38%) 2/5 (40%) X-Ray (>3/4) 6/15 (40%) 5/12 (42%) 1/3 (33%) 9/13 (69%) 3/5 (60%) 10/13 (77%) 3/6 (50%) Week 12 C T (>50%†) 12/18 (67%) Week 36 X-Ray (>3/4) 13/18 (72%) † >50% osseous bridging is a threshold for CT fusion similar that proposed by Coughlin (2006), ASSESSED BY BLINDED RADIOLOGIST 34 USA Foot and Ankle Pilot Fusion Trial C T Scan (≥ 50% osseous bridging)† Week 6 AUGMENT® Bone Graft 5/13 (38.5%) Week 6 autograft 2/5 (40%) P lain Radiograph (2 of 4 aspects) Week 24 46/54 (85%) Week 36 52/59 (88%) C linical Success†† Week 36 54/60 (90%) †A threshold for fusion similar that proposed by Coughlin (2006), ASSESSED BY BLINDED RADIOLOGIST † † Defined by subjects who were not recommended for revision surgery within 12 months of the index procedure 35 USA Foot and Ankle Pilot Fusion Trial US Pilot Study Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial: 20 Patients, 2:1 Randomization AUGMENT® Bone Graft vs Autograft Conclusions: • CT and Radiographic Fusion were comparable between both groups • AOFAS, FFI, SF-12 and VAS Pain Scores FOR SURGICAL SITE improved substantially and equivalently DiGiovanni et al. FAI 32(4), 2011 36 12 12/8/2015 USA Foot and Ankle Pilot Fusion Trial Conclusions: •VAS Pain Assessment for HARVEST SITE demonstrated significant pain through 36 weeks in 5/6 patients •22% Reduction in OR Surgical Time for AUGMENT® Bone Graft Group vs Autograft Group •Comparable Union Rates for Both Groups •Low rate of transient antibody production •No device related serious adverse events judged by the investigator to be caused by the device DiGiovanni et al. FAI 32(4), 2011 37 AUGMENT® Bone Graft Pivotal Trial • Largest PRC IDE clinical trial ever performed in foot and ankle – 414 treated patients – 397 evaluable patients – 37 clinical centers (USA/CAN) • Positive FDA Advisory Panel, May 2011 – Safety – Efficacy – Risk/Benefit *DiGiovanni C et al, JBJS 95(13), 2013 37 Principal Investigators Across North America • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Christopher W. DiGiovanni, MD (PI) Sheldon Lin, MD Judith Baumhauer, MD Timothy R. Daniels, MD Nick Abidi, MD Jorge Acevedo, MD Robert Anderson, MD Gregory Berlet, MD Christopher Bibbo, DO Bradley Brainard, MD Keith Donatto, MD Mark Easley, MD Andrew Elliott, MD Wm Granberry, MD Justin Greisberg, MD Steve Haddad, MD Tony Hinz, MD Osarentin Idusuyi, MD Juha Jaakkola, MD Paul Juliano, MD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Alastair S. Younger, MD Mark A. Glazebrook, MD John G. Anderson, MD Johnny T.C. Lau, MD David Katcherian, MD Karl-Andre LaLonde, MD Ian Le, MD Thomas Limbird, MD Richard Marks, MD Andrew Murphy, MD Steve Neufeld, MD Mickey Pinzur, MD Steve Raikin, MD Lew Schon, MD James Sferra, MD Naomi Shields, MD RJ Sullivan, MD Michael Swords, MD Brian Thomson, MD Troy Watson, MD 13 12/8/2015 Pivotal Trial Design Summary Design Prospective, randomized (2:1), controlled AUGMENT® Bone Graft : autograft Enrollment 414 treated patients, 37 centers in NA Indication Hindfoot or ankle fusion requiring bone graft Study Hypothesis AUGMENT® Bone Graft is non-inferior to ABG Primary Endpoint Secondary Endpoints Regulatory Status Percent of patients fused at 6 months (≥ 50% osseous bridging via CT) Clinical, functional, radiologic, quality of life, and safety outcomes Protocol approved by FDA and Health Canada Patient Demographics All Patients Augment n = 414 n= 272 n=142 51% / 49% 47% / 53% 57% / 43% Age (Mean) 57 56 58 BMI (Mean) 31 31 31 Traumatic Arthritis 48% 49% 45% Primary Arthritis 36% 33% 39% Rheumatoid 7% 8% 4% Other 10% 9% 12% Obesity (BMI>30) 49% 46% 54% Smoking History 24% 25% 23% Prior Surgery 23% 23% 23% Diabetes 12% 11% 13% Sex (M/F) Autograft Diagnosis Risk Factors 75% of patients in both groups had risk factors for poor healing, including smoking history, prior surgery, diabetes and/or obesity No differences in treatment groups 41 Surgical Intervention All Patients Augment Autograft n = 414 n= 272 n=142 Ankle 38% 39% 38% Subtalar 26% 25% 28% Calcaneocuboid 1% 1% 0% Talonavicular 6% 5% 7% Double Fusion 8% 8% 7% Triple Fusion 21% 22% 20% Total # of Joints 597 394 203 1 – 3 cc 29% 29% 29% 4 – 6 cc 51% 52% 48% 7 – 9 cc 20% 19% 23% Fusion Type Graft Volume No statistically significant differences 42 14 12/8/2015 Volumes of AUGMENT ® Bone Graft Utilized in Trial Vo lume Percent 1.5-3 cc 28.8% 4-6 cc 51.9% 7-9 cc 19.2% Important NOT to over pack, but utilize the appropriate amount of β-TCP needed to fill voids and defects. THEN utilize ALL of the rhPDGF-BB solution from the kits opened DiGiovanni C et al, JBJS 95(13), 2013 Pivotal RCT Results 24 Weeks Results: All Patients (397) 100 P=0.010 80 P<0.001 60 P=0.038 40 20 P<0.001 P<0.001 0 CT Fusion Rates - All Pa tie nts (N=39 7) CT Fusion Rates - All Joints (N=59 7) Clinical H ealing AUGMENT® Bone Graft (N=260, 394) Therapeutic Failue Rate** Graft Harvest Site Pain Autograft (N=137, 203) *All P values are for non-inferiority, except for graft harvest site pain, which is for superiority. **Therapeutic failure rate was defined as delayed union or nonunion requiring surgery or further therapeutic intervention. Note: FDA did not base its approval of AUGMENT® Bone Graft on radiologic findings from the pivotal study, but instead relied on clinical outcomes. 15 12/8/2015 52 Weeks Results: All Patients (397) Chart Title 100 P=0.003 80 60 40 20 P<0.001 P<0.001 Therapeutic Failue Rate** Graft Harvest Site Pain 0 Clinical H ealing AUGMENT® Bone Graft (N=260) Autograft (N=137) *All P values are for non-inferiority, except for graft harvest site pain, which is for superiority. **Therapeutic failure rate was defined as delayed union or nonunion requiring surgery or further therapeutic intervention. Equivalent Improvement in Clinical Outcomes Clinical Outcomes Measures Statistically Equivalent Improvements in Clinical Outcomes Measures† (Non-inferiority established) Foot Function Index AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Score SF-12 Mean PCS Fusion Site Pain Weight Bearing Pain 24 Weeks Yes (p=0.012) 52 Weeks Yes (p<0.001) Yes (p<0.001) Yes (p<0.001) Yes (p<0.001) Yes (p=0.001) Yes (p=0.016) Yes (p=0.015) Yes (p<0.001) Yes (p<0.001) DiGiovanni C et al, JBJS 95(13), 2013 Safety Summary 35 p=0.194 † 30 rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP Subjects (%) 25 20 Autograft Subjects (%) p=0.201 † 15 p=0.378 † 10 ‡ p=0.354† 5 p=0.654 † P<0.001† P<0.001† 0 Serious Tx AEs Complications w/ proc. Surgical Comp./Inf Chronic Harvest Site Pain (12 Mo) *Chronic Pain: ≥20mm on VAS †The p-v alue was determined by means of a two-sided Fisher exact test f or a treatment difference based on subject counts. ‡There was one serious surgical inf ection at the site of the bone graf t harv est. DiGiovanni C et al, JBJS 95(13), 2013 16 12/8/2015 AUGMENT® Bone Graft Trial Overall Summary • Largest, most rigorously controlled and performed Level 1 RCT in F/A history • Establishes AUGMENT® Bone Graft as a safe and effective alternative to autologous bone graft in hindfoot and ankle fusion surgery DiGiovanni C et al, JBJS 95(13), 2013 Note: FDA did not base its approval of AUGMENT® Bone Graft on radiologic findings from the pivotal study, but instead relied on clinical outcomes. AUGMENT® Bone Graft Indications For Use Statement* AUGMENT ® Bone Graft is indicated for use as an alternative to autograft in arthrodesis (i.e., surgical fusion procedures) of the ankle (tibiotalar joint) and/or hindfoot (including subtalar, talonavicular, and calcaneocuboid joints, alone or in combination), due to osteoarthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, avascular necrosis, joint instability, joint deformity, congenital defect, or joint arthropathy in patients with preoperative or intraoperative evidence indicating the need for supplemental graft material. *Summary of Indications, Contraindications, Warnings and Precautions included at end of presentation or may be found in product Package Insert. Ready-to-Use Autograft Alternative Kit Components Provided Sterile Packed Granules Soaked in rhPDGF-BB solution (0.3mg/mL) intra-operatively. NOTE: Graft mixture should be left undisturbed for 10 minutes before being implanted to ensure optimal saturation of the β-TCP particles. Ensure that the entire volume of both components is a homogeneous mixture. The product should be implanted within one (1) hour of mixing the two components. 17 12/8/2015 Product Preparation Note: Any rhPDGF-BB liquid remaining in the bowl after implantation of a sufficient amount of AUGMENT® Bone Graft may then be drawn up and used to hydrate the already implanted AUGMENT® Bone Graft dispersed throughout the fusion site Surgical Technique Recommendations: Tibiotalar Arthrodesis 1. Site Preparation 2. Debridement Surgical Technique 3. Perforation 4. Feathering 18 12/8/2015 Key Application Pearls from Clinical Trials Soaked granules must be packed into the perforations and under the feathering Ensure good bony apposition between surfaces to be fused AUGMENT® Bone Graft should be used in the same general manner and volume as cancellous bone autograft NOTE: Do NOT irrigate application site once graft has been implanted. Technical Note IMPORTANT: In order to enhance the formation of new bone, AUGMENT® Bone Graft should be placed in direct contact with well-vascularized bone. In order to optimize bony fusion, AUGMENT® Bone Graft should be implanted to fill all osseous defects and gaps, while ensuring that it does not prevent direct bony apposition of the articular surfaces intended for fusion Surgical Technique 6. Hydration with Remaining rhPDGF solution 7. Fixation & Closure NOTE: Do NOT irrigate application site once graft has been implanted 19 12/8/2015 Biologic Augments: Why? • Higher risk patients • More revision and complex cases • Cost pressures to get it right first time Why? Non Union Ankle Fusion: 78 ankle fusions, avg follow up 4 years Majority of the patients were post-traumatic “In this study, the nonunion rate was 41%, the worst in the literature.” Highest incidence in patients with plafond/talus fractures . . . . Frey et al FAI 15(11); 1994 Why? Non Union . Subtalar: . 184 consecutive isolated subtalar arthrodesis . Overall nonunion rate = 16% . Nonunion rate: Nonsmokers – 8% Smokers – 27% . Nonunion rate in: Primary fusion – 14% Revision fusion – 29% Easley et al: JBJS A 82(5); 2000 20 12/8/2015 Why? Patient Factors • Co-morbidities – Diabetes/Neuropathy – Vascular – Tobacco – Obesity Tools in My Practice Osteoblasts Chondroblasts Fibroblasts Scaffolds - β-TCP (CaPO4), - Collagen Signaling Proteins - BMP 2, 7 - rhPDGF-BB Whatever it takes to get the job done! My Practice 2015 Iliac Crest Bone Graft • Very limited indications • Occasionally for structural graft when reconstructing large defects • More commonly use allograft seeded with bone marrow aspirate 21 12/8/2015 My Practice 2015 AUGMENT® Bone Graft • Excellent experience in the USA trial • I use as a first line agent in ankle and hindfoot fusions • Include in consent Continual Improvement… When we have a problem: Identify a need : We need an alternative to autograft Innovate to develop a solution: Meets the unique needs of foot and ankle Prove the solution with: Clinical trials Record of safety AUGMENT® Bone Graft (rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP) The FIRST AND ONLY proven alternative to autograft in ankle and hindfoot arthrodesis 22 12/8/2015 AUGMENT ® Bone Graft PROVEN: Level 1 evidence of safety & effectiveness as an alternative to autograft in the largest F&A clinical trial ever conducted. LABELED: Class III combination product specifically proven in and labeled for ankle and hindfoot arthrodesis via a rigorous PMA regulatory pathway. UNIQUE: The only biologic product specifically engineered, proven and approved for ankle and hindfoot fusion. SAFE: Proven safe through multiple clinical trials and successful commercial use since 2009* while eliminating the proven risks, morbidities, and costs associated with autograft harvest. *Canada; Product also available in Australia/New Zealand since 2011 THANK YOU 23