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2014 Family
Wealth Conference
Patrick Rooney
Indiana University Lilly Family
School of Philanthropy
Raising Charitable Children
INDIANA UNIVERSITY LILLY FAMILY SCHOOL OF PHILANTHROPY
Improving Philanthropy to Improve the World
Patrick Rooney
• Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Research
Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
• Professor of Economics and Philanthropic Studies
Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis
rooney@iupui.edu
www.philanthropy.iupui.edu
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The IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
• On April 9, 2013, IU President Michael McRobbie and other
officials inaugurated the new School of Philanthropy and named
it in honor of Lilly family.
• Believed to be the world’s first school dedicated to the study
and teaching of philanthropy.
• Builds on existing strengths of the Center on Philanthropy.
• Academic Programs
• The Fund Raising School
• Lake Institute on Faith & Giving
• Women’s Philanthropy Institute
• International Programs
• Research
Why Do People Give
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Make a difference
Give back to community
Religious/political/philosophical values
Personal satisfaction and fulfillment
A demonstration of high social standing
Children and the transmission of
philanthropic values
• Gratitude
• Tax deductions
Source: The 2012 Study of High Net Worth Philanthropy.
Schervish, Paul. 2000. The New Physics of Philanthropy: The Supply-Side
Vectors of Charitable Giving
Giving USA
• The longest running, annual report on U.S.
charitable giving.
• Estimates for:
•
Sources of giving
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Amounts received by type of organization
• Published by the Giving USA FoundationTM.
• Researched and written by the Indiana University Lilly Family
School of Philanthropy.
Total giving:1973-2013 (in billions of dollars)
Source: Giving USA 2014.
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Sources of Giving in 2013
$335.17 billion by source of contributions (in billions of dollars – all
figures are rounded)
Source: Giving USA 2014.
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Uses of Giving in 2013
Notes: $335.17 billion by type of recipient organization
(in billions of dollars – all figures are rounded)|Source: Giving USA 2014.
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Total giving as a percentage of GDP, 1973-2013
(in inflation-adjusted dollars, 2013 = $100)
Notes: Giving USA uses the CPI to adjust for inflation | Source: Giving USA 2014.
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Additional Quotations about Philanthropy
• “This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: first to
set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning
display or extravagance; to provide moderately for the
legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and after doing
so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as
trust funds which he is called upon to administer … to produce
the most beneficial results for the community.”
• Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
• According to Carnegie, creating wealth was good and indeed
“natural” for those with superior talents. But what should be
done with it? The best use of wealth is to provide “ladders upon
which the aspiring can rise.” Such as libraries and universities.
• To give away money is an easy matter and in any man's power.
But to decide to whom to give it and how large and when, and
for what purpose and how, is neither in every man's power nor
an easy matter. Aristotle
• We're only here for a small amount of time and we want to see
how much good we can do while we're here and I always say...
in the future, there would be many millionaires and they can
take care of those problems but I'm here now and I'm trying to
do what I can. Doris Buffet
• If you’re in the luckiest 1pc of humanity, you owe it to the rest
of humanity to think about the other 99pc. Warren Buffett
The Study of High Net Worth
Philanthropy
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• Sponsored by Bank of America.
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2006, 2008, 2010, 2012; field for 2014.
• Leading resource on high net-worth households.
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Scientific random sample (in 2012, n= 701).
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Prior research based on client lists.
• Includes any household with an annual income of more than
$200,000 and/or net worth of more than $1,000,000 (excluding
the value of their home). All respondents had to have their
primary residence in the U.S.
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High net worth donors reporting giving based on
motivation type in 2011^
Percentage (%)
Note: ^Respondents were asked to rank answers from 1 “strongly disagree” to 5
“strongly agree.” Responses shown here represent those in the agree categories.
*2009 and 2011 results are statistically significant (2009 data not included here).
Children and the transmission of philanthropic values
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Note: Responses include households that may or may not have children.
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Family traditions and high net worth giving
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Note: Responses do not include households that do not have children or
grandchildren (whether living at home or not)
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The 12 Portraits of Donors
Source: Rooney, Patrick, and Heidi Frederick. 2007. Bank of America Study of High NetWorth Philanthropy: Portrait of Donors. Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University.
• Not he who has much is rich but he who gives much.
• Erich Fromm
• Gentleness, self-sacrifice and generosity are the exclusive
possession of no one race or religion.
• Mohandas Gandhi
• My father used to say, 'You can spend a lot of time making
money. The tough time comes when you have to give it away
properly.' How to give something back, that’s the tough part in
life.
• Lee Iacocca
• If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot
save the few who are rich. …
• The raising of extraordinarily large sums of money, given
voluntarily and freely by millions of our fellow Americans, is a
unique American tradition... Philanthropy, charity, giving
voluntarily and freely... call it what you like, but it is truly a
jewel of an American tradition.
• John F. Kennedy, 35th POTUS
The Philanthropy Panel Study (PPS)
• Conducted in conjunction with the University
of Michigan’s Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
• Largest and longest running panel study in the
world. Started tracking 5,000 households in
1968.
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Philanthropy module added in 2001.
• Now interview more than 8,400 households.
• The School conducted waves of PPS in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007,
2009, 2011, and 2013.
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Overview of Charitable Giving in 2011
Giving Rate
Overall Giving
61.1%
Average amount per
donor household
$2,372
Median amount per
donor household
$900
• 61.1 percent of all U.S. households gave to charity in 2011.
• $2,372 was the average giving amount to charity per U.S.
donor household in 2011.
• $900 was the median giving amount to charity per U.S. donor
household in 2011.
•
Source: COPPS 2011
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Stability of donors
• Data from each of three waves of the Philanthropy Panel Study
(PPS) implies lots of stability of donors over time:
• In each of three years of data, ~2/3 of Americans are
donors.
• On the surface, this seems to suggest donor stability.
• However, more careful examination of the data reveals a fair
amount of instability:
• 56% donated in all 3 years.
• 15% never donated in any of the 3 years.
• 29% donated in some but not all of the 3 years.
Source: Rooney, Patrick. “Stability of Donors,” (with Mark Wilhelm, Amir Hayat, Jonathan
Bergdoll.). Working paper.
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Stability of donors: Who are persistent donors?
• Income matters.
• It matters more for explaining persistent donors than
it does for repeat or one-time donors.
• Wealth does not matter much in terms of explaining
these differences—at least after controlling for income.
• Age matters a little.
• Race matters, but somewhat inconsistently.
• Marital status and gender matter quite a bit!
• Marrieds and single females are much more likely to be
donors, especially persistent donors!
Source: Rooney, Patrick. “Stability of Donors,” (with Mark Wilhelm, Amir Hayat, Jonathan
Bergdoll.). Working paper.
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Religious Giving over the Life Cycle and Across
Cohorts
• Evidence that giving to religion by successive cohorts has
declined as a share of income.
• Each generation gives less to religion than their parents
and grandparents as a share of income.
• However, for those who give to religion, giving to religion
keeps pace with income over the life cycle.
• Habit? Tithing?
• Non-religious giving as a share of income declines slightly
over the life cycle.
Source: Rooney, Patrick. “Changes in Religious Giving Reflect Changes in Involvement:
Age and Cohort Effects in Religious Giving, Secular Giving, and Attendance” (with Mark
Wilhelm, Economics, IUPUI and Eugene Tempel, The Center on Philanthropy). Journal for
the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 217-232. 2007.
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Religious Giving over the Life Cycle and Across
Cohorts
• Fairly strong evidence that trends in religious giving parallel
trends in religious attendance.
• Is giving to Notre Dame or BC motivated by giving to
religion or to education? Both?
Source: Rooney, Patrick. “Changes in Religious Giving Reflect Changes in Involvement:
Age and Cohort Effects in Religious Giving, Secular Giving, and Attendance” (with Mark
Wilhelm, Economics, IUPUI and Eugene Tempel, The Center on Philanthropy). Journal for
the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 217-232. 2007.
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Transmission of Philanthropic Values Across
Generations
• Using PPS dataset looked at the relationship btwn giving by
parents and their adult children.
• Found that even after controlling for differences in income,
wealth, age, race, gender, etc., there was a very strong
relationship btwn parent’s giving and the philanthropy of
their adult children.
Source: Rooney, Patrick. “The Intergenerational Transmission of Generosity” (with Mark
Wilhelm, Economics, IUPUI; Rich Steinberg, Economics, IUPUI; and Eleanor Brown,
Economics, Pomona College). Journal of Public Economics, 92#10-11, October 2008, pp.
2145-2156
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Transmission of Philanthropic Values Across
Generations
• Religious giving by parents was important in predicting religious
but not the non-religious giving of their adult children.
– Surprising: whether or not parents give to religious purposes
is not associated with their adult children’s giving to relieve
poverty.
• Secular giving by parents was important in predicting secular
but not the religious giving of their adult children.
Source: Rooney, Patrick. “The Intergenerational Transmission of Generosity” (with Mark
Wilhelm, Economics, IUPUI; Rich Steinberg, Economics, IUPUI; and Eleanor Brown,
Economics, Pomona College). Journal of Public Economics, 92#10-11, October 2008, pp.
2145-2156.
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Skewed Distributions of Income and Giving:
IRS Data
• 86% of US HH’s earn < $100K.
– They earn 48% of the total income.
– They give almost 41% of itemized gifts.
• HH’s earning btwn $100K and $1 mil account for 38% of
the income and 43% of itemized gifts.
• Few earn more than $1 mil/yr (0.4% of pop). Earn 14% of
total income and give 16% of total HH giving.
Source: Rooney, Patrick. “COPPS and Individual Giving,” Indianapolis, IN, June 24, 2008.
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Skewed Distributions of Income and Giving:
COPPS Data
• Havens and Schervish: Final estates with $20 mil+ comprise
0.6% of all estates filed in 2000, but generated 44% of all
charitable bequests that year.
• Estates under $1 million form the vast majority of all
estates by size group (44%) but create only 6% of all
charitable bequests.
Source: Rooney, Patrick. “COPPS and Individual Giving,” Indianapolis, IN, June 24, 2008.
Talking to Children about Philanthropy
• Women Give 2013: New Research on
Charitable Giving by Girls and Boys.
• Conducted at the Women’s Philanthropy
Institute.
• Nationally representative data:
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U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)
and its Child Development Supplement (CDS) across two
time periods (2002-2003 and 2007-2008)
Same 903 children over two time periods (2002-2003 and
2007-2008).
•
Source: Women Give 2013
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Talking to Children about Philanthropy is
Important
• This study finds that talking to children significantly
increases the children’s likelihood of giving to charity
regardless of parents’ income level and the children’s
gender, race, and age.
• Talking about charitable giving is more effective than
simply role-modeling charitable behavior.
• As conversations about philanthropy, including why, how,
and when we give, become more ingrained within families,
children’s giving will increase.
•
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How to Talk to Children about Philanthropy
• Conversations should be intentional, specific, and focused
on the emotional benefits of those who are being helped.
• Parents need to ask themselves, “Do my children know
that I give to charity? Do they know which charities I give
to? Do they know why I give, and why I give to those
specific charities?”
• Open dialogue, thoughtful conversations, and ageappropriate explanations about giving are helpful strategies
for raising charitable children.
•
The Impact of Service-Learning
A meta-analysis of 62 studies of the impact of servicelearning involving 11,837 students indicated that,
compared to controls, students participating in SL
programs demonstrated significant gains in five
outcome areas:
• Attitudes toward self
• Attitudes toward school and learning
• Civic engagement
• Social skills
• Academic performance.
Source: Celio, C., Durlak, J. and Dymnicki, A. (2011). A Meta-analysis of the Impact of
Service-Learning on Students. Journal of Experiential Education, 34(2), pp. 164-181.
Approaches for Children to Practice Philanthropy
Since the progressive movement in the
early 20th century, nonprofit
organizations have trained young
people in responsible citizenship,
engaged them in community services,
and cultivated their philanthropic
values.
• YMCA
• Boys & Girls Club
• Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts
• AIESEC
Schervish, Paul. 2000. The New Physics of Philanthropy: The Supply-Side
Vectors of Charitable Giving
Philanthropy Education in K-12
Schools
• Purpose
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Develop a typology for philanthropy
education programs nationally.
Provide a better understanding of the
terminology used in philanthropy-related education programs
offered at the K-12 level.
• Methodology
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Environmental Scan
Telephone interviews with select philanthropy education K-12
educators and program administrators (n=10)
Web-based survey: member schools from NAIS (n=128)
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Source: LFSOP. (2014). Understanding philanthropy education in K-12 schools: A
typology.
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History of Philanthropy Education
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• 1950s
Community service and character building are
integrated into K-12 education (Falk & Nissan,
2007)
• 19891990
President George H.W. Bush established the
Office of National Service in the White House;
signed the National and Community Service Act
• 1993
President Bill Clinton created the Corporation for
National and Community Service (CNCS);
Maryland became the first state requiring service
learning to graduate
• 1997
Learning to Give (LTG) launched
• 2006
LTG merged with The League
• 2010
generationOn established
Source: Thayer, A. & Hu, Ming. “Understanding Philanthropy Education in K-12
Schools”. ARNOVA Presentation.
Core Components of Philanthropy Education
Programs
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Note: N=128
Source: LFSOP. (2014). Understanding philanthropy education in K-12 schools: A
typology.
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Philanthropy Education in K-12 Schools
• “Curriculum related to what you have to teach that opens up the door
for kids to make a choice about what they want to do about an issue.”
• “In our setting, philanthropy education serves as the term which covers
all of our programming because it means giving time, talent, and
treasure for the common good.”
• “Educating students on the non-profit sector by discussing its elements
in service-learning class.”
• “Teaching students the how, raising and giving away money, and also
the why, history and working among sectors, of philanthropy.”
•
Source: Thayer, A. & Hu, Ming. “Understanding Philanthropy Education in K-12
Schools”. ARNOVA Presentation.
Preliminary Findings- Purpose
• Purpose:
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Character Development
• “This program teaches students more than academics; it teaches
empathy and awareness of others.”
• “Service is a tangible piece to character.”
• “Parents love this program. Parents rarely care about ISTEP scores.
They want their kids to be good people. You start to see these
intangibles. Those are some of the most important things for parents.
Hey, my kid is starting to care about the community. My kid taught
his little sister something because he taught these other little kids
about bullying. The feedback from parents is always very positive;
these are the metrics they care about. Is my kid developing into a
good person. . . a good well-rounded person?”
Preliminary Findings- Delivery Emphasis
• Emphasis:
•
Student-Driven
• “On the learner level the engagement increases; it’s hard to
quantify. . . but like you’ve never seen before in a classroom. . . like
I’ve never seen before in a classroom. You have to get buy-in from
the learners.”
• “The students have the responsibility of planning and creating most
of the large service projects the school will be involved in. I would
rather see imperfect projects with all student participation rather
than having parents make projects ‘better’.”
Preliminary Findings- Delivery Emphasis
• Emphasis:
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Real-World Experiences
• “This is a real-world class, different from other classes, it’s
hands-on.”
• “The kids have very positive feedback. The service
learning projects are some of the things they remember.
It’s hands-on; it’s real world. You’re affecting people. A lot
of times you get to see the results right away, which is
different than most school work.”
• Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of
creative altruism or in the darkness of destructive selfishness.
…Everyone can be great, because everyone can serve. … Life's
persistent and most urgent question is 'What are you doing for
others?' Martin Luther King Jr.
• They will question you concerning what they should bestow
voluntarily. Say: ‘Whatever good thing you bestow is for parents
and kinsmen, orphans, the needy and strangers and whatever
good you do God has knowledge of it.’ Koran (2: 215)
• If you can't feed a hundred people, then feed just one.
• Mother Teresa
• I've always respected those who tried to change the
world for the better, rather than just complain
about it. …The truth of the matter is: you can create
a great legacy, and inspire others, by giving it to
philanthropic organizations. Michael Bloomberg
• When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad; and
that’s my religion. Abraham Lincoln, 16th POTUS
• We cannot always build the future for our youth,
but we can build our youth for the future.
• FDR, 32nd POTUS
Resources
• Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
www.philanthropy.iupui.edu
• Giving USA
www.givingusareports.org
• The Million Dollar List
www.milliondollarlist.org
• Other research including
www.philanthropy.iupui.edu/research-by-category
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Appendix: Additional readings
FOR PARENTS:
Raising Children with Philanthropic Values by the Philanthropic Initiative,
Boston, M.A., 2014
Raising Charitable Children by Carol Weisman, F.E. Robbins & Sons Press,
2006
The Giving Family – Raising our Children to Help Others by Susan Crites
Price, published by the Council on Foundations, Washington, D.C. 2001
Silver Spoon Kids – How Successful Parents Raise Responsible Children by
Eileen and Jon Gallo, Contemporary Books, 2001
Too Much of a Good Thing – Raising Children of Character in an Indulgent
Age by Dan Kindlon, Ph.D., Hyperion, New York, 2001
The Moral Intelligence of Children by Robert Coles, Random House, 1997
The Ultimate Gift by Jim Stoval, David C. Cook, 2001
•
Source: Raising Children with Philanthropic Values by the Philanthropic Initiative,
Boston, M.A., 2014
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FOR CHILDREN:
Miss Rumphius by Barbara Cooney, Scholastic, 1985 (For children ages 26)
The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein, HarperCollins Juvenile Books, 1964
(For children, ages 4 and up)
Stone Soup: An Old Tale by Marcia Brown, Aladdin Paperbacks, 1997 (For
children ages 5-7)
Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH by Robert C. O’Brien, Aladdin
Paperbacks, 1971 (For children 8-10)
Seedfolks by Paul Fleischman, HarperCollins, 1997 (For children 11-13)
Passage to Freedom: The Sugihara Story, Lee & Low Books by Ken
Mochizuki, 1997 (For children 13-16)
•
Boston, M.A., 2014
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FOR CHILDREN (continued):
Whirligig by Paul Fleischman, MacMillan, 1998 (For children 15+)
The Kid’s Guide to Service Projects: Over 500 Ideas for Young People Who
Want to Make a Difference by Barbara Lewis, Free Spirit Publishing (For
all ages)
The Giving Book: Open the Door to a Lifetime of Giving by Ellen Sabin,
Watering Can Press, 2004 (For younger children)
•
Boston, M.A., 2014
Appendix: Additional Quotations about Philanthropy
• The desire of power in excess caused the angels to fall; the
desire of knowledge in excess caused man to fall: but in charity
there is no excess; neither can angel nor man come in danger by
it. Sir Francis Bacon
• It is every man's obligation to put back into the world at least
the equivalent of what he takes out of it. Albert Einstein
• The highest use of capital is not to make more money but to
make money to do more for the betterment of life. Henry Ford
• With a generation of younger folks who have thrived on the success
of their companies, there is a big opportunity for many of us to give
back earlier in our lifetime and see the impact of our philanthropic
efforts. Mark Zuckerburg
• Not he who has much is rich but he who gives much. Erich Fromm
• Gentleness, self-sacrifice and generosity are the exclusive
possession of no one race or religion. Mohandas Gandhi
• Charity is a supreme virtue, and the great channel through
which the mercy of God is passed on to mankind. It is the virtue
that unites men and inspires their noblest efforts…. There is a
natural law, a Divine law, that obliges you and me to relieve the
suffering, the distressed and the destitute. Conrad Hilton
• If you haven't got any charity in your heart, you have the worst
kind of heart trouble. Bob Hope
• Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can
change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.
• Margaret Mead
• Think of giving not only as a duty but as a privilege.
• John D. Rockefeller
• When you cease to make a contribution, you begin to die.
• Eleanor Roosevelt
• Tis not enough to help the feeble up but to support him after.
• William Shakespeare
• If you want to lift yourself up, lift up someone else.
• Booker T. Washington
• It's not just about being able to write a check. It's being able to touch
somebody's life. Oprah Winfrey

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