Loch Lomond/Trossachs text - Scottish Natural Heritage

Transcription

NATURAL
HERITAGE
FUTURES
L och L omond, T he T rossachs
and B readalbane
Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and Breadalbane
NATURAL
HERITAGE
FUTURES
L och L omond, T he T rossachs
and B readalbane
Contents
NATURAL
FUTURES
2
SUMMARY
4
DESCRIPTION
6
HERITAGE
INFLUEN CES
16
VISION
20
OBJECTIVES
26
S TAKEHOLDERS
40
KEY
Natural Heritage Futures
Natural
Heritage
Futures
This is one of a suite of publications which Scottish
Natural Heritage has prepared to guide the future
management of the natural heritage towards 2025,
within the wider context of sustainable development. Our
landscapes and wildlife are highly valued assets which
have often been shaped by human activity. Under
sensitive management, the natural heritage also has the
potential to enhance people’s lives and provide
Scottish Natural Heritage’s Natural Heritage
Futures is our contribution to putting sustainable
development into practice. It will ensure that we
take an integrated approach to our work across
our whole remit and, at the same time, provide the
basis for our engagement with other stakeholders.
Caring for the natural heritage is a long-term
business and we have deliberately taken a more
visionary approach in setting goals for the natural
heritage and society’s use of it. Also, SNH cannot
do everything itself: it does not have the powers, or
the resources, or the desire to do so. Many other
public, private and voluntary organisations have
an important role to play. It is our hope that,
through engagement on Natural Heritage Futures,
together we shall have a substantial, positive and
long-lasting impact on the management and use of
the natural heritage and the benefits which society
derives from it.
LOCH LOMOND, THE TROSSACHS AND BREADALBANE
substantial economic benefits, of particular value to
fragile rural populations. As far as possible, these
documents aim to identify common goals and encourage
an integrated approach in which all sectors work
together to achieve them.
Covering Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and
Breadalbane, this is one of 21 local documents which,
together, cover the whole of Scotland, each presenting a
vision for sustainable use of the local natural heritage
and the action required to achieve it. The 21 areas each
have their own identity resulting from the interaction of
geology, landforms, landscapes, wildlife and land use –
and hence are affected by distinct issues. There are also
six documents detailing national objectives for different
settings: Forests and Woodlands, Hills and Moors,
Coasts and Seas, Settlements, Farmland, and Fresh
Waters. Data underpinning these local and national
objectives are provided in a series of National
Assessments which are available on CD-ROM.
“a bold and imaginative
way of establishing
some high-level
objectives for the
natural heritage
of Scotland”
2
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
This suite of publications is intended to assist all
organisations and individuals which have an influence
on the natural heritage. The priorities presented will be
used to inform SNH’s input to plans and strategies for
various sectors and geographical areas such as
Development Plans, Community Planning, Indicative
Forestry Strategies, access, tourism and renewable
The objectives for the natural heritage set out in this
Plans, integrated catchment management, integrated
document link to a wide range of other plans, strategies
coastal zone management and National Park Plans.
and initiatives, including local development plans,
community planning, access strategies, Indicative
The documents take account of the views of a wide
Forestry Strategies, Local Biodiversity Action Plans and
range of partner organisations, which were sought
the establishment of National Parks in Loch Lomond and
through consultation carried out during 2001. These
The Trossachs, and the Cairngorms. The wider policy
included local authorities, public agencies, and
context also includes the Scottish Forestry Strategy, A
representatives of private interests, and voluntary bodies
Forward Strategy for Scottish Agriculture, Rural
concerned with conservation, rural development,
Scotland: a New Approach, the Rural Development
recreation and land management. There was
Regulation, the Water Framework Directive, Habitats and
considerable agreement with the visions, objectives and
Birds Directives, the land reform legislation and national
actions, but SNH recognises that there are also some
Biodiversity Action Plans.
Natural Heritage Futures
energy strategies, local and national Biodiversity Action
issues where further discussion is needed: the roles of
different parties in taking action and the ability to agree
Natural Heritage Futures does not seek to replace
a shared vision being examples. We will be working
existing administrative boundaries. It does, however,
with partners to achieve agreement and to identify any
emphasise the need for flexibility across all systems of
actions which are not currently being taken forward.
governance in order to work towards sustainable
development, acknowledging that natural systems do not
The vision statements and associated objectives set out
recognise administrative boundaries and that integrated
through this programme remain essentially those of
action across those boundaries is essential.
SNH, although shared to a greater or lesser extent by a
wide range of partners. A key function of these
The framework of 21 areas is intended to be used to
published documents is to stimulate the wider debate
promote integrated approaches to the natural heritage
necessary to establish a broader vision for sustainable
at the local scale; it is a means to facilitate discussion on
development in Scotland, and to translate it into action.
areas that share essentially similar natural heritage. The
boundaries should be viewed as indicative, with places
The objectives and actions in these documents will be
lying close to a boundary having transitional character
refined and translated into detailed targets through the
with adjacent areas.
plans and strategies which will take them forward. Local
biodiversity action plans, for example, will identify
detailed targets for species and habitats. Also the
framework provided through Natural Heritage Futures
can help determine spatial priorities in, for example,
development plans and community plans. SNH will also
review its own work programmes against the objectives
and actions in these documents, and make the necessary
adjustments.
Introduction
3
mm
SSuu m
maar ry y
area of spectacular Highland mountains intimately mixed with
woodlands, moorland, farmland and numerous large lochs.
The southern boundary is delineated by the Highland
Boundary Fault – a defining structure in Scotland’s geology.
local re-establishment and expansion of native woodland,
usually protected by fencing;
redesign of many commercial plantations for wildlife,
access and landscape benefits.
The area supports an exceptional range of wildlife including a
remarkable diversity of alpine habitats and species, some of
The regulation of water systems for water supplies,
which occur nowhere else in Scotland. Settlements consist of
hydroelectric power and other developments, resulting in:
relatively isolated towns and villages, mostly concentrated on
modified lochs and river systems with altered flow rates and
the southern and eastern edges. The area encompasses much
of the catchment of the Tay and the Forth and has sweeping
expanses of open water, including Lochs Lomond, Tay and
Rannoch. Collectively these lochs and rivers support many
unique fish populations. Although some areas such as Glen
Lyon remain comparatively remote, much of the area is very
accessible to the densely populated central belt, and is very
popular for tourism and informal outdoor recreation. Much
activity is focused on the famous Munros of the Arrochar Alps,
Ben Lomond and Breadalbane while Loch Lomond, Loch Earn
and Loch Tay are very popular for water-based recreation.
Tourism and outdoor recreation are strongly dependent on the
Summary
Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and Breadalbane comprise an
changing water levels;
inundation of haughlands by reservoirs.
Growing popularity of tourism and informal outdoor
recreation, leading to:
improved quality of life and greater enjoyment of the
natural heritage;
demand for development, with the risk of negative impacts
on landscapes, and enhanced phosphorous inputs into
surface waters;
natural heritage, and represent an important source of local
adverse environmental impacts resulting from private vehicle
income and employment, with agriculture, forestry and sport
use and development of visually intrusive upland tracks.
fishing also playing a key role in the local economy. The
outstanding natural and cultural heritage of much of the area is
Among the key challenges facing those concerned with the
reflected by the inclusion of much of the south-western area
natural heritage of the area are:
within the proposed Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National
Park, and a small area to the north within the Cairngorms
National Park.
the need to develop sustainable agriculture which provides
adequate farm incomes and sustains key characteristic
elements such as arctic-alpine plant communities, and
A number of trends have influenced the natural heritage in the
past 50 years, including:
Large numbers of grazing animals leading to:
woodland regeneration, both in the uplands and along
river and loch shores;
the need to optimise conservation, landscape and access
opportunities during restructuring of mature conifer
loss of native woodland and impoverishment of the upland
landscape;
deterioration and loss of alpine habitats;
loss of river bank and river edge vegetation, with probable
effects on freshwater fisheries.
Growth of forestry plantations, leading in some cases to:
loss of upland habitats and open upland landscapes;
changes in run-off response with adverse effects on
plantations, and to expand native broadleaved woodland
to re-establish a woodland habitat network;
the need to encourage responsible recreation on land and
water, and manage recreational activities such as motorised
water sports and hillwalking so that high demand does not
compromise the wider natural heritage, its appreciation by
others, or land management;
the need to manage freshwater resources and the activities
that affect them to maintain (and in some instances
freshwater ecosystems, particularly during the planting
enhance) their quality, both as an ecological resource and
phase, and enhancement of surface water acidification.
as a source of drinking water for the adjoining urban areas.
Recent programmes of native woodland restoration and
Local communities, enabled by relevant public and voluntary
restructuring of some commercial forests, leading to:
bodies and guided by the principles of sustainable
development, should play an increasing role in shaping the
future environment of this area.
Summary
5
DDeessccrr ii ppttiioonn
A description of the main
features of the natural
heritage and its enjoyment
The mountains of Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and
Breadalbane once formed part of an immense mountain chain
stretching from what is now eastern USA through Scotland to
Scandinavia. Overall the geology mainly comprises schists,
locally rich in calcium, with some outcrops of metamorphosed
Description
GEOLOGY AND L ANDFORMS
limestones. There are also smaller amounts of metamorphosed
sandstones, coarse-grained sediments, quartzite, grits and
volcanics. It is the relative abundance of calcium which has led
to the richness of many of the montane and other plant
communities (so called ‘calcareous’ or ‘base rich’ vegetation).
The Highland Boundary Fault, a defining structure in
Scotland’s geology, lies along the southern edge, forming a
dramatic contrast between the mountains to the north and the
lower-lying Midland Valley to the south. The village of Comrie,
Typical upland burn on Ben Vorlich, above Loch Earn
lying close to the Highland Boundary Fault, is notable as a site
The landscape of Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and
of seismic activity and the location of the first purpose-built
Breadalbane is mountainous with an intimate mix of forest and
seismological observatory.
open ground. A key feature is its numerous and large
freshwater lochs. The area is renowned and much-valued for its
Hundreds of millions of years of erosion, including more recent
scenic beauty, and for supporting a rich natural heritage of
glacial erosion have left an upland landscape dissected by
plants and animals. The south-eastern boundary of the area is
narrow glens radiating from Rannoch Moor, the main ice
marked by the Highland Boundary Fault and there are
centre during the last ice age. Parts of the high ground still
important geological and landform features which strongly
support arctic-alpine plants and remnant sub-arctic willow
influence the present landscape. The mountain glens, formed
scrub, providing a reminder of this era. The ice age glaciers
by glaciation and erosion, contain fast flowing rivers, numerous
left many good examples of moraines, particularly around
large lochs, scattered settlements, communication routes such
Tyndrum, Glen Dochart, Glen Artney and Glen Turret.
as road and rail, and patchworks of enclosed farmland as well
as substantial areas of forests and woodlands. Local
communities are largely dependent upon the natural heritage,
through estate management, farming, forestry, tourism or
recreation provision.
The southern and eastern parts of the area, particularly Loch
Lomond, The Trossachs and the A9 corridor, are easily
accessible from the highly populated central belt area and
attract large numbers of visitors. This influx of tourists and
visitors contributes significantly to the local economy but can
also impose pressures on the natural heritage.
Much of the proposed Loch Lomond and Trossachs National
Park lies within the area, as does a small part of the proposed
Cairngorms National Park.
The Menteith Hills showing the transition from upland to
lowland along the Highland Boundary Fault
Description
7
Description
limestone pavement locally and species-rich areas of limestone
grassland. Calcium-enriched ground waters surface to form
fens, which are equally diverse in plant species such as the
rare false sedge Kobresia simpliciuscula. Ben Lawers has long
been regarded as one of the richest mountains in Britain for its
flora (including flowering plants, mosses, liverworts and
lichens) and hosts species such as alpine forget-me-not and
drooping saxifrage, as well as being the only British site for
bristle sedge Carex microglochin. Together with other
Breadalbane hills, this upland massif is internationally
renowned as a refuge for ‘base-rich’ arctic-alpine plants
communities, for plants of cliffs and rock faces and for subarctic willow scrub.
The mountain massifs also support golden eagles, twite,
ravens, ptarmigan and, on some of the high tops, dotterel.
Other typical upland birds include red grouse, a species
mostly associated with heather moorland. The montane
grasslands of Breadalbane form the main UK stronghold of the
mountain ringlet butterfly.
Ben Lomond is the most southerly hill massif in Scotland with
an altitude approaching 1000m. It retains remnants of the full
range of upland plant communities from low to high altitude.
Purple saxifrage
UPL AND HABITATS
The montane habitats are diverse, reflecting the differences in
exposure to the harsh climate, geology, soils and the history of
land management. Soils range from poor acid soils to fertile
calcareous soils associated with the limestone outcrops.
The montane semi-natural habitats reflect an altitudinal
gradient, with extensive and relatively undisturbed vegetation.
High summits, corries, plateaux and ridges show contrasting
Ben Lawers in winter
effects of exposure and snow-lie, each with characteristic
‘base-rich’ arctic-alpine plant communities. Nationally rare
plants with major population centres here include alpine
bartsia, arctic gentian, and alpine woodsia. The plants found in
pockets where snow lingers into early summer and in flushes
where the snow melts are a particular feature, and include the
rare and specialised liverwort Marsupella stableri. Blanket
peat is extensive on the poorly-drained plateaux where rainfall
is high, while the steep slopes with knolls, craggy gullies and
cliff faces support many rare mosses, liverworts and lichens.
Heaths, montane grasslands (many derived from heathland)
and flushes have developed on the steeper slopes. Outcrops of
calcareous rocks at lower levels produce fragmented areas of
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Description
FORESTS AND WOODL ANDS
Forests and woodlands make a very significant contribution to
the natural heritage of this area. Woodland covers in excess of
80,000ha, of which around 20,000ha is broadleaved
woodland and 5,000ha pinewood of semi-natural
appearance. The remainder is conifer plantation or mixed
woodland of various types. The native woodlands, typically
oakwoods in the glens, ash woodlands in gorges and gullies,
and birch and Caledonian pinewoods elsewhere, represent the
fragmented remains of much more extensive woodland cover
in the past. Woodland would have been present as a
Description
Oakwood in spring
continuous link from lowland to upland, from oak
and locally scattered ash woods in the glens through
to birch and pine with juniper scrub and alpine
willow scrub on the high ground up to the natural
altitudinal limit. Native woodlands, particularly
‘ancient’ woodlands which have been in existence
for at least 250 years, are particularly valuable
features of the natural heritage.
The Loch Lomond and The Trossachs area supports
an exceptionally diverse and extensive area of
Atlantic oakwoods, with a significant proportion of
the Scottish total. These woodlands, such as at
Rowardennan and around Aberfoyle, support
summer visitors such as redstarts and pied
flycatchers, and characteristic mosses and lichens.
The rare pearl-bordered fritillary butterfly can be
found in some places. Capercaillie, the largest
British gamebird, was reintroduced to Drummond
Hill forest near Loch Tay in the 19th century after it
had become extinct in Scotland and is still present in
small and scattered populations despite recent
Woodland in Loch Lomond, the Trossachs and Breadalbane (excluding new
planting since 1988 under the Woodland Grant Scheme)
catastrophic declines in its numbers. It is found in the
oakwoods of the Loch Lomond islands as well as in
managed conifer forests in Breadalbane – for
Description
9
Description
example at Atholl estate, Drummond Hill, Allean and Rannoch.
found only in gorges and ravines and on steep slopes where
There are important examples of old coppice oak woods in
some elm may also survive, despite the ravages of Dutch elm
Strathearn and in the Tay valley; and there are some extensive
disease. Alder woods on flood plains are scarce throughout
areas of birch woodland in the Loch Rannoch and Loch
Scotland, but occur here around ox-bows on the larger rivers.
Tummel areas, in Glen Lochay and Strathtay. These include
Similarly, valley alder/ash woods, which are often rich in plant
areas of downy birch which support many rare invertebrates.
life, including oceanic lichens, mosses and liverworts, are
Patches of upland wood pasture containing very old trees have
restricted to a few remote hillsides.
been identified at Glen Finglas.
Extensive areas of conifers in large new forests are
There are important remnant Caledonian pinewoods, e.g.
conspicuous features of many of the lower mountain slopes.
the Black Wood of Rannoch and Meggernie in Glen Lyon.
Some of these forests consist primarily of single species, mostly
More than any other type of wood, these provide a feeling of
spruce, larch or pine of the same age, but restructuring
what the primeval forests of Scotland might have been like.
following felling and restocking is increasingly creating
Unlike those in Speyside and Deeside to the north, the
opportunities for much greater diversity of species and age
pinewoods at Rannoch and Meggernie have considerable
structure, in line with the UK Forestry Standard. Red squirrels
quantities of birch throughout them, which may reflect the fact
are found in coniferous forests, and appropriate mixtures of
that these are among the most southerly of the native
tree species, rather than monocultures, provide a more reliable
pinewoods and close to the transition into woods of oak, birch,
year-on-year seed food supply. In places a long history of
ash and so on. Pinewoods have a relatively low biodiversity,
estate management has led to the development of diverse,
but many of the species found here are specialised pinewood
well-thinned and mature productive woodland high in amenity
dwellers: e.g. plants like the lesser twayblade, chickweed
and economic value, such as the larch and conifer woods
wintergreen, intermediate wintergreen; and birds such as the
around Blair Castle and at Craigvinean near Dunkeld, which
capercaillie. The narrow-headed wood ant, an endangered
contribute significantly to the landscape qualities of the area.
species in Britain, is found in the Black Wood of Rannoch.
One of the primary benefits from non-native forests continues to
Other types of woodland such as juniper, ash/elm woods,
be timber. Native woodlands, on the other hand, have been
valley woodlands and alluvial woods tend to be much more
seen as largely unproductive for timber since the demise of
restricted in distribution. Juniper, like alpine willow scrub, is
local industries such as tanning and charcoal burning at the
often only found on rock outcrops well out of reach of grazing
turn of the 20th century. However, all woodlands are now
deer, sheep, and goats in some areas, but more extensive
increasingly seen as providing much wider benefits, and there
areas do occur, such as in Glen Artney. Ash and aspen
are many good examples of well-managed multi-purpose
appear particularly susceptible to grazing and tend to be
woodlands within the area.
The farmed landscape of Glen Lyon
10
Description
RIVERS, LOCHS AND STREAMS
There is a natural progression of farming types from the upland
The varied upland landscapes, from the rolling terrain of
rough grazing down to the valley bottom mixed arable and
eastern Breadalbane to the more rugged ground of The
grasslands. The steep slopes, thin soils and harsh climate of the
Trossachs, are reflected in the extent and variety of fresh
uplands prevent intensive farming. Abandoned or poorly
waters, making it one of the most important areas for this
maintained march fences extending for long distances across
resource in Scotland. The lochs and rivers are very important
ridge and mountain tops are a reminder of past attempts to
from a natural heritage perspective and in addition many are
manage livestock more effectively. Some upland areas are
important salmon and trout fisheries. River catchments include
actively managed as sporting estates for deer or red grouse.
the upper reaches of the Tay and the Forth, while the principal
Heather moorlands are maintained on grouse moors, in part,
lochs include much of the northern part of Loch Lomond as
by muirburn. Many people value the opportunities for
well as Lochs Earn, Tay and Rannoch. The physical and
recreational access afforded by this agricultural land when
chemical features of many of the rivers and streams are
seeking to explore the local countryside or gain access to the
characteristic of the upland topography and geology found
upland areas.
north of the Highland Boundary Fault, with many steep, fast-
Description
FARML AND
flowing, boulder-strewn reaches, and water generally low in
There is little opportunity for the agricultural improvement of
nutrients. The lochs, like the rivers, are fairly unproductive, and
grassland on the steeper slopes. Bracken is established in
are mostly of high water quality. Habitats associated with both
many areas as a result of the loss of past tree cover, reductions
lochs and rivers include peatlands, grasslands, open water,
in herds of hill cattle (which trampled and suppressed bracken
seasonally inundated foreshores, fens and reed swamps, and
fronds), and the increased numbers of sheep. Elsewhere, land
this series of inter-linked freshwater systems creates an
enclosure, drainage, reseeding and land improvement have
exceptional diversity of habitats. The water vole, a declining
replaced unimproved pastures and traditional hayfields, but
species in Britain, occurs in slow moving ditches, rivers and
significant areas of herb-rich pasture and wetlands remain.
burns, mainly around Loch Lomond and the upper reaches of
Breadalbane supports significant and important areas of
some catchments in the area.
species-rich calcareous grasslands which are associated with
limestone and schists. These grasslands occur on the higher
and lower slopes on unenclosed land and within the inbye.
On the valley floors there are areas of more intensive arable
cultivation and more widespread use of fields for hay or silage.
The wildlife value of farms in the area is often very high. The
mixture of improved and unimproved grassland, wetlands, river
and loch sides, heathland and open hill land provides habitats
for many species which have been declining in numbers
elsewhere in Britain in recent times, such as red grouse, black
grouse, lapwing, snipe, redshank, curlew, ring ouzel, skylark,
water vole, orchids and fritillary butterflies.
Salmon leaping up a waterfall
Description
11
Description
There are three main river sub-catchments: the north and
LANDSCAPES
middle basins of Loch Lomond with their associated inflows; the
upper reaches of the Rivers Teith and Forth which drain into the
This highland landscape is characterised by an interplay of
Firth of Forth; and the upper tributaries of the River Tay – the
water, forest, mountain and glen which has rich historical and
largest river by volume in Scotland as well as the longest. The
cultural associations. It has captured the imagination and
River Teith system in particular provides one of the best
inspired many famous artists, writers and painters – e.g. Sir
examples in Scotland of a comparatively unmodified, diverse
Walter Scott’s Marmion, Lady of the Lake and Rob Roy, or
river system. Of particular note are the populations of lampreys
Gerald Manley Hopkins’ Inversnaid – as well as underpinned
and salmon. Annual salmon catches for the Tay District Salmon
the outstanding value of the area for generations of tourists.
Fishery Board are consistently among the highest in Scotland.
The value of the landscape is reflected in the high proportion
The lochs range substantially in size across the area. In
of the area that is designated as National Scenic Areas
addition to the large lochs mentioned above there are medium-
(NSAs). There are six different NSAs and much of the rest is
sized water bodies such as Lochs Voil and Chon, Dunalastair
classed by local authorities as Areas of Great Landscape
Water and Loch Freuchie as well as small peatland pools and
Value. There are also a number of Historic Gardens and
corrie lochs scattered throughout the area. Loch Lomond – the
Designed Landscapes, particularly in the northern glens.
largest loch in Scotland by surface area and length of
Significant examples include Blair Castle, north of Pitlochry,
shoreline – is ‘a unique site’ in terms of the high diversity and
and Taymouth Castle near Aberfeldy.
unique combination of fish species, including the rare powan
(one of only two natural Scottish populations). Loch Rannoch
The valley farmland also contributes significantly to the
supports populations of three distinct sub-species of arctic
character and interest of the landscape. The pattern of
charr. Other lochs support nationally scarce water plants,
isolated farmsteads with drystane dykes and open pasture, set
including thread rush Juncus filiformis and the waterlily Nuphar
against a backdrop of rugged mountains, steep valley sides
pumila. Small lochs and lochans can also support the elusive
and woods, is a powerful attraction in areas such as Glen Lyon
and beautiful red-throated and black-throated divers. Loch
and Loch Tummel-side.
Katrine provides an example of long-established and successful
catchment management in Scotland, dating back to the
There is a wealth of visible human history and thousands of
visionary water supply scheme for Glasgow initiated more than
sites have been recorded, including several hundred
100 years ago.
Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Early pre-Christian evidence is
in the form of monuments associated with burials and other
rituals. They are evident in the landscape as irregular mounds
which break the natural contours of hills, low ridges and river
terraces. Earliest evidence of settlements exist from the Iron
Age when stone was used for defensive buildings such as forts,
as at Dunmore near Callander. These extensive earthworks
with stone walls remain as significant landscape features. There
is also much visible evidence of the rural depopulation which
took place in the latter half of the 18th and early 19th
centuries, when sheep farms replaced the numerous crofting
households that formerly existed in the area. Abandoned
settlements, sheilings and field systems are scattered
throughout.
Cover of 1920s visitor map for Loch Lomond & Trossachs –
“generations of tourists have come to the area”
12
Description
Small villages originally developed along the valley bottoms,
some on the major lines of communication, at bridging points
or crossroads. Many were clusters of houses built for farm
workers within walking distance of the land they were working.
The area also contains a large number of estates, the buildings
of which are often of a distinctive architectural style which
was subsequently reflected in other properties in the area. The
local character and architectural style of these scattered
Description
The Victorian architecture of Killin
settlements also contributes to the value of the landscape. The
Glenlyon Estate village of Fortingall is a local curiosity, with
thatched cottages inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement.
Most of the remaining settlements are found towards the
eastern boundary in the busy A9 corridor which also contains
a rail link, and in the eastern part of the River Tay from
Aberfeldy to the A9. Many of the buildings in these settlements
date from the 19th century when there was a flurry of building
in response to the general ‘improving’ nature of the age and
also to accommodate the growing numbers of tourists visiting
the area. More recently there has been further tourism-related
developments such as caravan sites and chalet developments.
Accessibility by road has determined more recent small scale
expansion of housing around larger settlements to the east with
some commuters travelling to major centres such as Perth and
Stirling. To the west, communication routes in the Loch Lomond
area are more strongly linked to Glasgow. Much of the area
between these road/rail corridors is, however, difficult and
slow to access, owing to the sparse and often steep and
winding character of the road network.
Description
13
Description
The Arrochar Alps from Inversnaid
RECREATION
Outdoor recreation is very important
to the resident population and to the
many visitors. Large numbers of day
visitors engage in a range of
recreational activities, both on land and
water, and there are many passive
sightseers. The area has played a key
role in introducing large numbers of
urban people to the beauty and joys of
Scotland’s countryside. These visitors
contribute significantly to the local
economy, although in some places they
contribute to congestion, erosion and
disturbance. The mountain landscape is
a major attraction in the area and
provides one of the most popular
hillwalking areas in Scotland, including
numerous Munros such as Schiehallion,
Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, Ben Ime and
the two Ben Vorlichs, as well as Corbetts
like Ben Vane and Ben Ledi. Ben A’an
and the Cobbler are popular walking
National Scenic Areas, Munro summits and the West Highland Way
summits as well as having rock climbs.
The West Highland Way crosses the
14
Description
the location of the Loch Lomond Golf Course, which is gaining
which forms part of National Cycle Network route 7. These are
a reputation as an international venue.
extremely popular for day trips as well as for those
undertaking longer journeys. Winter recreation includes ski
The Queen Elizabeth, Tay and Argyll Forest Parks managed by
mountaineering and winter climbing.
Forest Enterprise provide varied recreational facilities for a
This area is one of Scotland’s prime venues for water-based
areas, view points – including the famous Queen’s View across
recreation, particularly on Lochs Lomond, Earn and Tay,
Loch Tummel to Schiehallion – as well as opportunities to
which are used for sailing, windsurfing, water-skiing and
watch wildlife. These are actively managed forests where
pleasure craft, with jet skiing being notable on Loch Lomond.
access is generally unrestricted, with only occasional felling
Canoeing and rafting are also enjoyed in some places, most
and other management activities resulting in temporary local
notably on the River Tay where the National Centre of
closures. Similar access is often encouraged, with appropriate
Canoeing at Grandtully is situated, but also on the Rivers Teith
management, in some private woodlands. The local footpath
and Earn. Angling, mainly for game species, is a widespread
networks often take advantage of existing forest tracks and
and economically significant activity.
walks, e.g. around Aberfoyle, Callander, Comrie, and Dunkeld
range of abilities including forest walks, forest drives, picnic
Description
area, as does the recently completed Lowland Highland Trail
and Birnam. Multiple use of forests, e.g. for mountain biking
There are a number of golf courses within the area, mainly
and horse riding is also evident in many places.
close to or on the valley floors. The shores of Loch Lomond are
Canoeing on River Tay
Description
15
K eKye y i innffll uu eennccees s
o no nt ht hee NN aa ttuurraal l
HHee rr iittaagge e
An outline of how the natural
heritage has changed, how it is
changing and the key factors
influencing change. The changes
described are both positive and
negative and together with the
Description, provide the basis
for the Vision.
Breadalbane is shaped by a wide variety of factors, including
geology, climate and human activity. It is essential to
understand the most important past and present trends in order
to identify ways in which the natural heritage can be sustained
and used in the future.
CLIMATE C HANGE
Current predictions of climate change suggest that the next few
Golden eagle at eyrie
decades will see a shift towards warmer, wetter and windier
species, the golden eagle, appears to have suffered a marked
conditions, particularly towards the west coast. Such changes
decline in the number of young fledged per home range in
could lead to various effects on the natural heritage of this
recent years. This is likely to be partly due to the heavy sheep
area, including the possible decline of alpine habitats and
grazing pressure over past years resulting in poorer habitat
associated species, and increased incidences of flooding. The
condition and less abundant prey. Sheep numbers are now
balance between different habitats will normally shift
declining, and likely to fall further due to changing agricultural
somewhat in response to natural long-term changes in climate,
incentives. Future reductions in agricultural incomes and
but the projected climatic changes are of unusual magnitude,
changes to current practices could create new opportunities for
and are largely of human origin. The consequences for Loch
conservation initiatives. Current demonstration projects such
Lomond, The Trossachs and Breadalbane are hard to predict.
as the Hill Sheep and Native woodland project run by the
The likelihood, however, is that species that prefer wet, warm
Scottish Agricultural College at Kirkton Farm and the Highland
and humid conditions such as the plants of the Atlantic
Perthshire Native Woodlands project at Loch Dochart Estate
oakwoods will extend their distribution, whereas species
are exploring the economic and natural heritage benefits of
dependent upon alpine habitats will decline. The increased
combining hill sheep farming with new multi-purpose native
rainfall intensity could also have an impact on salmon redds.
woodlands.
AGRICULTURE AND SPORTING ACTIVIT Y
Other recent trends in farming include the intensification of
Key influences on the Natural Heritage
The natural heritage of Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and
crop production on the lower ground and the increased use of
Agriculture is an important land use across much of the area
herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. There is also a trend
and is largely based on rough grazing for sheep, making an
towards silage production rather than the traditional hay
essential contribution to the local economy. In recent decades,
meadows of the past. In the Breadalbane area there has
high stocking levels, encouraged by support under the EU
recently been an increase in the number of farms converting to
Common Agricultural Policy, have contributed to a long-term
organic production.
decline in native woodland and scrub; alpine and other
upland habitats; and loss of biodiversity on lowland farmland.
Sport shooting of red grouse and red deer is a widespread
Recent monitoring has shown that one particular upland
land use in a number of upland areas, and elevated deer
numbers have contributed to the lack of woodland
regeneration and the decline in condition of upland plant
communities. However, active Deer Management Groups and
the production of comprehensive deer management plans can
help reduce these problems. Other management activities
associated with field sports and agriculture, such as muirburn,
pest control, drainage and hill track construction have also
sometimes resulted in soil erosion, illegal persecution of birds
of prey, vegetation damage and intrusion on upland
landscapes. Initiatives to promote the integration of woodland
management with sporting estates have benefited roe deer
management as well as habitat enhancement for the declining
Hill sheep with bracken
black grouse populations.
17
FORESTRY AND WOODL AND
FRESH WATERS
DEVELOPMENT
With few exceptions, the larger lochs such as Lochs Tummel,
In past decades, open hill ground was widely used for new
Lomond and Katrine, have been dammed or otherwise
commercial forestry and many areas, such as the hills around
regulated for water supply or to produce hydroelectric power.
Lochs Lomond, Ard, Lubnaig, Tay, Tummel and Rannoch, and
Many of the other waterbodies have similarly been created or
east of Aberfeldy, now include extensive plantations of non-
dramatically enlarged following dam construction (e.g. Loch
native conifers. Some older plantations reflect outdated
Lyon, Lochan na Lairig, the reservoirs in Glen Lednock, Glen
standards of design, providing few opportunities for wildlife or
Turret and Glen Finglas). Many rivers are also regulated for
recreation, having adverse effects on rivers and streams and
water abstraction. There is also considerable water transfer
imposing an uncharacteristic homogeneity of texture on the
between sub catchments, e.g. between Glen Lyon and Glen
rugged, dappled upland landscape. There is currently a
Lochay. The end result is that flow rates and water levels in a
growing trend towards the use of these forests as a multi-
large part of the Tay system and elsewhere are highly
purpose resource, and the restructuring of such plantations at
modified.
the end of their current rotation is providing opportunities to
achieve much greater environmental and recreational benefits.
Salmon and sea trout fisheries in the area have declined
The red squirrel in particular has declined due to forest
during the last century. The causes of this trend involve a wide
clearance and competition from the introduced grey squirrel,
range of complex factors, many of which can be associated
but older plantations containing an appropriate mixture of tree
with human activities which place pressures on fish
species can provide important refuges.
populations throughout their entire life cycles. Localised
factors may include: habitat loss, freshwater pollution,
eutrophication, engineering works and obstructions to
migration. Factors operating at sea include: overfishing,
changing sea temperatures, pollution, reduced genetic integrity
and increased incidence of disease and parasitism linked with
aquaculture. Some rivers, e.g. the River Braan, have never
supported salmon populations because of natural barriers to
migration. Freshwater ecosystems are sensitive to various
activities taking place within their catchments, and some, such
as Loch Lomond, have been disrupted by the introduction of
non-native species as bait. Riparian woodland, which
contributes essential nutrients to freshwater food webs, has
Extensive mature conifer plantations on Loch Tay, a legacy of
the past
been greatly reduced in many areas through clearance and
grazing.
In common with most of the Scottish uplands, Loch Lomond,
The Trossachs and Breadalbane has lost a very high
Increasing sedimentation and acidification of fresh waters
proportion of its former native woodland, primarily because of
across the area are thought to have occurred as a result of
a long history of clearance and grazing. This long-term trend
activities such as drainage, afforestation and the introduction
has begun to change in the last decade as a result of native
of dams for drinking water and hydro use, while pollutants can
woodland restoration supported by incentives such as the
enter the system from point source discharges or as diffuse
Forestry Commission Woodland Grant Scheme (WGS),
pollution resulting from land management techniques.
although the effectiveness of many such schemes is currently
Proposals to designate the Rivers Teith and Tay as Special
dependent upon deer fencing. Good examples of this
Areas of Conservation under European legislation should
approach are being developed by various organisations at
strengthen the protection of species for which these rivers may
sites such as Glen Finglas, Cashel, Loch Katrine, Ben Lomond
be designated i.e. salmon, lamprey and otter. Management of
National Memorial Park, Ben Lawers and at smaller sites in
these sites through broadly based partnerships will deliver
Perthshire by Tayside Native Woods.
better co-ordination to address many of the issues described
above, which affect both the listed species themselves and the
integrity of the sites. Furthermore, the implementation of the
18
DEVELOPMENT
provide a powerful and welcome stimulus to more sustainable
management of the freshwater resource. To fulfil the Directive’s
The ‘sense of place’ of the area, which is the product both of
regulatory requirements, new statutory controls will be needed
the characteristic landscapes and of its social and cultural
over a range of activities which currently have little or no
history, is fundamental to its enjoyment by residents and visitors
regulation in Scotland, and which may damage the natural
alike. It can, however, easily be eroded through accumulation
heritage, e.g. water abstraction and impoundment.
of unsympathetic developments, which may appear relatively
insignificant in isolation, but which taken together greatly dilute
and even transform the character of an area. There are also
RECREATION , ACCESS AND TOURISM
pressures for built developments in the countryside, including
Outdoor recreation and tourism provide major sources of local
housing, tourism and telecommunications facilities, renewable
income and employment, and depend in large measure upon
energy schemes, mineral extraction and flood defence
the landscapes and wildlife of the area. Loch Lomond, The
schemes such as the recent river engineering works at Comrie.
Trossachs and Breadalbane are readily accessible to the
Some of these land use changes and developments are
urban population of the central belt, and have seen significant
beyond the scope of the Town and Country Planning system,
increases in these activities in recent decades, in part because
for instance Permitted Development (under the terms of the
of improved transport infrastructure and increases in mobility
General Permitted Development Order), for the creation of hill
and disposable income. These activities greatly enhance the
tracks and new agricultural buildings. Development in both
quality of life of participants and increase public awareness of
rural areas and settlements can also result in pollution through
the natural heritage, but can also cause environmental
run-off as well as from discharges from private septic tanks and
damage in some areas. Water-based recreation is popular and
combined sewer overflows.
well established, notably on Loch Lomond, Loch Tay and Loch
Earn. There can be unresolved conflicts between active
C O N S E RVAT I O N P O L I C Y
recreation of this nature and other more passive recreational
activities such as fishing and picnicking. Widespread use of
Increasing public awareness of environmental issues has
private transport to recreation locations contributes to
resulted in the development of various conservation policy
greenhouse emissions and hence climate change.
initiatives to protect key ecological resources. Many parts of
Concentrated recreational use can damage wildlife and erode
the area carry national or international designations, including
the landscape qualities on which such activities depend, e.g.
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) and areas designated
the development of visually intrusive car parks, both formal
under the EC Habitats and Birds Directives. These designations
and informal, litter and fires, and the inappropriate use of
help to protect particularly valuable habitats and species.
Water Framework Directive across all river catchments should
mountain bikes. Managing recreation and providing
opportunities for responsible access will be key tasks for the
The involvement and empowerment of local communities
proposed National Park Authorities and for local authorities.
will also increasingly influence the natural heritage of this area.
This work will be taken forward in line with access proposals in
There are many good local examples, for instance the
the Land Reform (Scotland) Bill and will require the
Community Planning initiatives; the recent participative
development of existing partnership initiatives and the creation
approach to the development of the Loch Lomond and The
of new ones.
Trossachs National Park and the proposed Cairngorms
National Park; community engagement in the Local Biodiversity
Action Plans; the ‘capacity building’ initiatives being developed
by Community Futures groups such as that at Brig O’Turk; the
Highland Perthshire Communities partnership; and the local
committees engaged with Forest Enterprise in planning for
change in the Forest Parks. New community woodland
initiatives are under way at Crianlarich and Callander and are
closely linked to the communities and facilities for visitors. It is
anticipated that Core Path Networks will develop and evolve
over time to ensure that they meet the needs of both local
Recreation on Loch Tay
people and visitors to the area, particularly around settlements
where local access is sometimes limited.
19
VVii ss iioonn
- what the natural
heritage could look
like based on better
stewardship of
natural resources
The Vision sets out how Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and Breadalbane could
look based upon sustainable use of natural resources. It is an illustration of a
possible scenario based on fulfilling the Objectives and Actions in this
document. It is neither a ‘Utopia’ nor a ‘blueprint’, but the basis for developing a
shared vision between all parties with a responsibility for, or an interest in, the
natural heritage of the Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and Breadalbane and a
consensus on the way forward.
It is written in the present tense, as if in the year 2025.
Wild and unmanaged upland landscapes are safeguarded
showcase of sustainable land use in the Scottish uplands, not
through an agreed Code of Practice for All Terrain Vehicle
just within the National Parks, but across the entire area, where
(ATV) use. The construction of new hill tracks has ceased, and
ideas and experience developed within the Parks have been
existing tracks are sensitively managed to check erosion
more widely applied. Local communities actively participate
damage. The characteristic drystane dykes are maintained as
both in guarding the characteristic qualities of the local
part of the cultural landscape. This management approach is
environment, and in restoring biodiversity and creating new
maintained by an ethic of care backed up by public opinion
landscape resources. Natural heritage objectives are closely
and where appropriate, financial support, and is underpinned
integrated with land management, ensuring the continued
where relevant by planning legislation.
Vision
Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and Breadalbane provide a
value of the area for local communities, for tourism and for
outdoor recreation, and for providing a range of other socio-
Deer are present throughout the area, in numbers which are in
economic benefits.
balance with other land uses and interests, including
regeneration of woodland and upland biodiversity.
AGRICULTURE AND FIELD SPORTS
Populations are regulated in accordance with comprehensive
Deer Management Plans, prepared collaboratively by the full
The inbye grasslands of the glens support numerous lapwings,
range of relevant interests.
curlew and snipe, and black grouse feed and display on
grasslands on the edge of the moorland. Some grasslands are
Mountain and moorland habitats are being appropriately
managed for a late hay crop, and they, and the remaining
managed, and the impact of climate change on key upland
unimproved base-rich grasslands are consequently rich in
species monitored. Alpine heaths and rare calcium-loving plant
wildflowers, butterflies and other insects, and numerous
communities are grazed at a level which allows plant
waders. There is support for sympathetic management of inbye
communities to flourish and support their full associated range
grasslands for wildlife, with relatively low numbers of sheep
of specialised wildlife. Native woodland is undergoing
and increased numbers of cattle. Reduced levels of stocking
widespread natural regeneration, with sub-arctic willow scrub
also result in high quality lamb and beef, including organically
beginning to expand to fill a higher proportion of suitable
produced products, which find new markets based on their
ground. Many high corries carry increasing areas of colourful
environment-friendly image.
tall herbs with abundant globeflower and water avens
reminiscent of alpine meadows. Peatlands are either intact or
in improving condition. The hills contain stable populations of
upland species such as dotterel, mountain hare and ptarmigan.
Increased availability of natural prey means that golden eagles
are once again producing enough young to sustain their
population, and have colonised all suitable areas.
Management is encouraged by appropriate positive incentives
channelled through agricultural support, agri-environment
measures and other mechanisms. Within the National Parks,
sufficient funding for tailored incentive schemes is provided to
allow the provision of an integrated land management scheme
run by the Park Authority itself. This shift in emphasis has
strengthened the environmental stewardship role of the hill
Native cattle at Glen Finglas
farming industry. This pattern of management creates a range
of opportunities for field sports, including large, healthy stags
Heathland habitats and regenerating woodland and scrub, are
and woodland grouse, in an environment renowned for its
protected and enhanced by widespread adherence to a
wildlife and where illegal poisoning or other persecution of
revised Muirburn Code. Moorland raptors such as hen harrier
raptors no longer occurs. The way in which Highland field
are a common sight on well-managed grouse moors, with the
sports are practised, and their role in environmental
condition of the habitat and legal predator control ensuring
management, has helped to assure a positive image among
that their numbers are in balance with grouse populations.
the wider public.
Vision
21
Vision
FORESTRY AND WOODL AND
Forestry is a multi-purpose, sustainable, industry, integrating
natural heritage and production objectives wherever possible.
Native woodlands are developing in appropriate areas by
Forests fit well with the landscapes of the area, and are of
natural regeneration, extending up to natural treelines in
diverse structure and species composition, including native
places. Deer fencing is a rare sight in the uplands, with deer
broadleaved trees and Scots pine. Sitka spruce and other non-
numbers reduced to levels which are locally compatible with
native conifers are also managed in ways which enhance the
tree regeneration. This woodland expansion links patches to
forests’ value as wildlife habitats and landscape features, with
create extensive areas of interconnected native woodland
longer rotations, thinning and selective felling. Clear felling on
which complement the non-native element. These woodlands
a large scale is generally restricted to areas being converted
show a varied structure, with trees of all ages and diverse
to open ground, or to areas where there is no alternative to
ground vegetation, and support their full potential range of
clear felling, e.g. because of risk of windthrow. These measures
characteristic species, including healthy populations of
maintain strongholds for key species such as red squirrel,
capercaillie. Invasive species such as rhododendron, beech
goshawk and black grouse. The sensitive design of forest roads
and sycamore are kept in check, having been eradicated from
and the repair and reinstatement of old, intrusive tracks
the woodlands with highest conservation value. These mature
enhances the working landscape of commercial forests.
native woodlands are managed in a way which provides
benefits in terms of shelter, sporting use, timber and recreation,
as well as enhancing the landscape. Sustainably produced
woodland products are marketed locally for specialist use in
furniture and flooring, and help contribute to the value of
native woodlands.
FRESHWATER
Freshwater ecosystems are approaching optimal condition,
with high quality water and a wide range of associated
wildlife. Water voles once again inhabit their waterside
haunts. Salmon are abundant on the spring runs of rivers such
as the Teith and Tay, and salmon which have been at sea for
three years are increasing on the Tay as a result of fisheries
management sympathetic to all fish species. Widespread
restoration of riparian woodland enhances the landscapes of
glens and straths, and improves both woodland and freshwater
habitats. The integrity of freshwaters is maintained by
Integrated Catchment Management, including the
enhancement of riparian habitats and the improvement of
floodplain management which helps to reduce the need for
downstream flood defences. Society’s need for public water
supply and hydroelectricity is balanced with biodiversity,
landscape and recreational objectives and operated in a
sustainable way. Catch and release policies are widely
practised by sporting fisheries in order to maintain stocks and
sawbill ducks are managed on a scientific basis, with selective
culls restricted to key locations along the rivers where they are
clearly demonstrated to be making a significant impact on fish
populations.
Male capercaillie
22
Vision
Responsible recreational use of commercial forests has
Vision
continued to expand, given the ability of such an environment
to absorb increasing numbers of users. Forest tracks are
integral components of the recreational resource,
accommodating cyclists, walkers and a wide range of other
recreational pursuits. Loch Lomond, Loch Earn and Loch Tay
accommodate sustainable levels of recreational activity, both
water-based and on adjacent land. Potential adverse effects
are addressed by a combination of voluntary agreements
under the framework provided by the Outdoor Access Code,
and zoning systems. Areas are linked to each other and to the
West Highland Way and other strategic routes through Core
Path Networks and other new links. These are a popular and
nationally recognised feature of the National Park and
adjacent areas, and have been developed with the full support
and involvement of local communities.
The informal education system demonstrates a strong
integrated network of environmental education practitioners
which helps to raise awareness and understanding of the
natural heritage to both visitors and local communities, while
the formal education system and schools actively engage with
The once abundant water vole was immortalised as Ratty in
‘Wind in the Willows’
the natural heritage on their doorstep – the ‘outdoor
classroom’. Opportunities for environmental education in the
area have also been extended to schools from a wider area,
RECREATION , ACCESS AND EDUC ATION
and this helps to raise awareness of, and promote responsible
use of, the natural heritage amongst children from more urban
The area remains a mecca for a wide range of recreational
areas in the central belt.
pursuits. Informal outdoor recreation is well-informed; attuned
to the needs of the natural heritage and local communities,
and where possible well-linked to sustainable transport
networks. This includes the use of well-developed boat
transport on the major lochs. Footpath maintenance operates
within a properly co-ordinated and funded framework and is in
balance with recreational use, with ongoing maintenance
contributing to local employment. Mountain bikes are used
with sensitivity, based on established tracks in the glens rather
than footpaths and off-path routes, according to agreed
voluntary codes of conduct. Informal recreation in the uplands
co-exists with other land uses in a spirit of mutual co-operation,
using such initiatives as the Hillphones information service
currently operating at Glen Dochart and Glen Lochay. The
Scottish Outdoor Access code is underpinned by effective
communication networks, including Local Access Fora.
School children learning in the ‘outdoor classroom’
Vision
23
reduction in greenhouse gases. Sensitively applied planning
Vision
regulations ensure that new housing and other developments,
including agricultural buildings, are sympathetic to their
surroundings and where possible constructed from locally
sourced materials. Development sites also incorporate
measures to prevent pollution, as well as to create or enhance
habitats, providing gains for the natural heritage. Within the
National Parks, guidance and advice is provided to developers
and those with planning responsibilities to ensure high quality
building standards.
C O M M U N I T Y I N VO LV E M E N T
Habitat restoration can provide opportunities for tourism and
recreation
People living in local communities are taking initiatives through
‘Community Futures’ groups to conserve wildlife and
manage access to land, recognising the contribution this makes
TOURISM
to their social and economic wellbeing and their quality of life.
The natural heritage is also used as a resource for social
Tourism is based on the sustainable use of the natural heritage,
inclusion policies. Local Access Fora are established across the
the underlying resource on which the industry largely depends.
area and work together in fruitful partnerships. Local people
The size and location of visitor facilities are in line with the
also contribute significantly to the successful initiatives taken
carrying capacity of the environment, and are guided by
forward by the National Park area and are actively involved in
co-ordinated management strategies developed in partnership
a well-established Community Planning process. A strong sense
by the agencies concerned in consultation with the local
of ‘grass-roots’ ownership of the natural heritage is
resident communities. Similarly, visitor centres, signage and
encouraged, together with working models of sustainable
information points are planned according to an agreed
practice. These initiatives are all helping to foster widespread
Interpretation Strategy, and help visitors to learn about the
recognition of the intrinsic value of the natural heritage and the
natural heritage of the area and how they can assist its
critical role of the natural environment in contributing to a
conservation as well as enjoying it. Tourists are also well
vibrant and diverse rural economy. The natural heritage is
served by networks of well promoted, integrated sustainable
managed in order to ensure that this resource can sustain rural
transport, including buses, boats and cycle routes which give
incomes on an indefinite basis.
them access to a range of recreational pursuits. The long-term
viability of many key habitats and species is reinforced by a
range of green tourism initiatives, e.g. CCTV coverage of
rare birds. Such initiatives make a modest but significant
contribution to the local economy, and to the quality of life for
local people.
DEVELOPMENT
Telecommunication masts rarely intrude upon the landscape,
due to a combination of rationalisation of infrastructure,
technological advances and more effective planning control.
This has resulted in more appropriate siting, design and
mitigation of masts in sensitive areas. Likewise, wind farm
developments are only sited where the landscape can
satisfactorily assimilate them, avoiding conflict with natural
heritage interests, but contributing positively towards the use of
renewables and, coupled with energy efficiency measures, the
24
Vision
Vision
Vision
25
OObbjj ee cc ttiivvees s
- priorities for the
natural heritage, and
action required
These are objectives for the natural heritage and indicate
what needs to be done to ensure that we use the natural
heritage sustainably. The objectives indicate the priorities
relevant to the natural heritage in the light of current
changes. Once agreed, these priorities can inform the
development of relevant action plans with more specific
objectives and resource implications: relevant Actions are
identified under each Objective. Changes to national or
international policies will depend on action at a national level
and these are identified in the relevant National documents.
Trossachs Interim Committee which was established in 1999 to
facilitate the integration of land-use interests in pursuit of
sustainable development. The Scottish Executive has proposed
the establishment of a National Park in Loch Lomond and The
Trossachs, recently the subject of public consultation, and any
such Park is likely to cover part of the area considered in this
document. The objectives set out here would be desirable
irrespective of Park designation and do not prejudge this
process. These objectives and actions could nonetheless make
a useful contribution to any future National Park Plan.
Objective 1
To restore and enhance key upland
habitats, including arctic-alpine plant
communities, montane willow and other
scrub communities, blanket bogs and
heather moorland
Grazing by deer, sheep and, in some areas, feral goats has
resulted in the loss of heather moorland, trampling of fragile
peat and alpine soils and the confinement of grazing-sensitive
habitats, such as tall herb vegetation and sub-montane scrub,
to less accessible sites. Such changes do not benefit
agricultural or stalking interests in the longer term and
undermine important resources such as heather cover, which
provides valuable winter grazing for deer. The best examples
of these key upland habitats are contained within extensive
upland areas designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest
(SSSIs) and management action should be focused on
achieving optimal management of these sites. The Ben Lawers
National Nature Reserve also supports an outstanding range
of upland wildlife and could act as a demonstration of such
management. However, valuable habitats also occur outwith
such sites and a redirection of agricultural support towards
environmental objectives could provide a more secure longterm income for the hill farming industry. This approach will
Arctic alpine plant community – net-leaved willow growing
on a wet rock ledge in the Breadalbanes
ONGOING
SHORT TERM (0-5 YEARS)
often require less intensive production methods, and could
readily be targeted on local or niche markets, rather than
seeking to compete in the wider commodity markets. National
Park designation could offer excellent opportunities to develop
distinctive local brands. Overall, there is a need to promote
diversification of upland land use and sustainable stock
grazing levels, such as the integrated management – including
forestry, stocking with native cattle and eco-tourism – currently
being developed at Glen Finglas.
Objectives
Part of this area is covered by the Loch Lomond and the
Stalking estates can often achieve sustainable management
by more extensive culling of hinds, resulting in considerable
improvements in stag condition and little overall change in stag
populations. Such changes would benefit stalking interests and
encourage native woodland expansion, opening up new
opportunities based on woodland game.
Well-managed muirburn can help to maintain moorland
biodiversity, and some hill farms and sporting estates already
adopt good practice guidelines. Such high standards are not
always observed, however, and burning can extend onto
vulnerable habitats such as blanket bog, resulting in heather
loss and soil erosion. Similar effects can occur where heavy
grazing immediately follows burning. In some locations, poorly
constructed access tracks have accelerated soil erosion,
damaging blanket bogs on fragile deep peat. Such impacts
can be reduced by improved design and construction, as
already demonstrated by some estates. The construction of
bulldozed tracks should be minimised, and an agreed Code of
Practice for All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) promoted to prevent
inappropriate use of these vehicles. In sensitive locations,
alternatives such as the use of ponies or helicopters could be
considered.
Bracken cover has also increased slightly in recent decades
and targeted management to prevent further invasion of
upland grasslands may be required in some places.
The expansion and restoration of upland habitats will need to
be balanced with the expansion of native woodland (see
below), and will also depend on the wider effects of climate
change and to a lesser extent, acid deposition. The control of
greenhouse gases and other pollutants is being addressed at
national and international levels, but potential may exist for a
reduction in local emissions through, e.g. the appropriate use
of renewable energy. Peatland restoration also contributes
through reducing loss of carbon to the atmosphere.
Implementation of Local Biodiversity Action Plans (LBAPs)
will also help to enhance a range of habitats and will require
co-ordination between all relevant bodies and conservation
policy mechanisms.
M E D I U M T E R M ( 5 - 15 Y E A R S )
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Objectives
27
Objectives
ACTIONS
Objective 2
Ensure local priorities for agri-environment schemes
and agricultural support include:
rural diversification;
sustainable stock grazing;
use of traditional cattle breeds;
integrated farming and forestry;
best practice moorland management;
To secure widespread recovery of
native woodland and scrub, where
possible by natural regeneration, and
to encourage the enhancement and
multi-purpose management of existing
native and commercial woodland
Across most of the area native woodland regeneration is
prevented by sheep and deer, accompanied in some areas by
peatland restoration.
feral goats, and many existing native woods are in long-term
Shift the emphasis of agricultural production towards
decline as a result of excessive grazing. Muirburn can also
quality not quantity, and use local environmental
damage juniper scrub and suppress woodland regeneration.
quality branding to help sell premium produce.
Woodland expansion and management would benefit
Modify deer management in conjunction with estates
agricultural, sporting and natural heritage interests and there
and major landowners (including Forestry
are thus strong economic and ecological arguments in favour
Commission), Deer Management Groups and the
of reduced stocking and better woodland management.
Deer Commission for Scotland, developing Deer
Native woodland provides habitat for woodland game and
Management Plans which assess damage to the
important winter shelter for stock, increases the productivity of
natural heritage and identify population levels that
adjacent pasture and is a key landscape feature. The decline
will achieve habitat restoration.
of some woodlands has been accelerated by indiscriminate
Develop a more appropriate valuation of estates that
is based on a range of natural heritage attributes
rather than focusing on stag numbers.
harvesting in the past but, if managed sustainably, such
woodland may provide valuable small scale sources of timber
and firewood on a long-term basis. The loss of riparian
woodlands may also jeopardise economically important
Develop and support joint training programmes to
salmon and trout stocks. The provision of specialist advice on
share knowledge and experience in moorland and
management to native woodland owners and managers is of
upland management – e.g. initiatives such as those at
vital importance.
Kirkton Farm, Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, Glen Finglas.
Promote the revised Muirburn Code and
supplementary guidance.
Native woodlands are also under threat from development
such as rural housing and buildings for local industry and
tourism. Development plan policies should steer such
Continue to monitor key alpine species and habitats to
development away from important native woodland sites.
assess the rate and effects of climate change.
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions through increased
Widespread increases in native woodland could also enrich
energy efficiency and appropriate use of renewable
and diversify the upland landscape and improve opportunities
energy.
for informal recreation, enjoyment, tourism and local
Establish positive management agreements for SSSIs
and European sites.
employment. Community Woodland Schemes are already
under way, or being encouraged at various sites including
Strathfillan, closely linking the restoration of woodland with
Incorporate both statutory and non-statutory
conservation objectives in Development Plans, and
local amenity benefits, and there is potential for many more
initiatives of this type.
implement LBAPs.
Use National Nature Reserves (NNRs) to demonstrate
best practice upland management and involve local
communities as appropriate.
ONGOING
28
adoption of the Forest Habitat Network principle, in which
patches of woodland are sufficiently closely juxtaposed to
allow many woodland species to migrate between them. A
The biodiversity of native woodland can be maximised by
Objectives
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
for red squirrel conservation. Opportunities should also be
important linkages between existing and new woodlands, and
sought to follow best practice guidelines, e.g. restoring
overall would provide more benefits to the natural heritage
previously planted bog areas. The UK Forestry Standard,
than ad hoc expansion. Within such frameworks, large Core
which all new schemes are now required to meet, incorporates
Forest Areas could provide reservoirs from which woodland
many of these best practice guidelines. Changes to forest
species can disperse to other patches of suitable habitat. For
management techniques, including long-term retentions and
many key species, the precise requirements of the woodland
alternatives to large-scale clearfell, could also provide benefits
network which will favour their conservation are not fully
for the natural heritage.
Objectives
strategically planned woodland network could provide
understood, and further research may be required to obtain
optimal benefits from this approach. This Forest Habitat
Many ancient and long-established native woodlands
Network concept allows better integration of woodland
contain significant proportions of non-native tree species, either
development with other land uses, and with the needs of
because of deliberate planting or uncontrolled spread from
cultural heritage conservation, as there is flexibility in achieving
adjacent plantations. In places, such as the extreme south-west
the benefits of the woodland network over some areas of
of the area, this can include Scots pine, which is not
ground while maintaining open ground for other land uses.
considered to be native there. Such trees can compete
Multi-purpose management of commercial woodland could
vigorously with native species, often reproducing freely by
make an essential contribution to the proposed Forest Habitat
natural regeneration, and their removal is already under way
Network. Strategic planning based on such networks would
in many forests managed by Forest Enterprise, such as
also maintain a balance between woodland and moorland,
Rowardennan woods, as well in those in private ownership.
helping to maintain characteristic and highly valued species
Many oakwoods have also been invaded by rhododendron,
such as moorland wading birds and birds of prey. Indicative
forming a dense understorey which shades out the local
Forestry Strategies identify sensitive areas for new planting
ground flora. Eradication of this can be difficult and costly, but
on a regional scale, whereas Local Forestry Frameworks
it is a key requirement of management in the sites of highest
are able to take on board local natural heritage and land use
importance, such as at Craigrostan woods at Inversnaid. Local
sensitivities in relation to woodland expansion and
woodland history studies can contribute significantly to the
management. The Scottish Forestry Strategy is also a key
identification of important ancient and long-established sites, as
document in setting the overall framework.
well as providing valuable insights into past woodland
management.
The Atlantic oakwoods of Loch Lomond and The Trossachs and
the Caledonian pinewoods of Rannoch and Meggernie are
among the most valuable woodland habitats of the area and
are a high priority for expansion and management, perhaps
within larger Core Forest Areas. These might extend the Loch
Lomond woods eastwards towards Glen Finglas and link those
at Rannoch with the woods and forests of the Tay, Tummel and
Glen Lyon, and across to the Glen Falloch pinewood to the
west and Strathspey to the north. The floodplain forests and
other woodlands along the Tay and lower Tummel could be
expanded, along with the oakwoods around Loch Earn and
upper Strathearn. There is also great potential for restoration of
treeline scrub with juniper, willows and, locally, dwarf birch
and Scots Pine, in turn promoting the wider recovery of species
which inhabit the moorland-woodland boundary.
The wildlife and landscape benefits of plantations will be
increased by continuing to restructure to include native species
such as Scots pine, birch and oak, as appropriate, with natural
transitions to adjacent areas of open ground. However,
appropriate forest design and species composition is important
ONGOING
The Atlantic oakwoods of Loch Lomondside are a high
priority for expansion and management
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Objectives
29
Objectives
The restoration and management of native woodland is now
removal of under-planted and regenerating non-
encouraged by the Forestry Commission Woodland Grant
native trees and shrubs from important ancient and
Scheme and other grants. At present these schemes generally
long-established native woodland sites with
depend on deer fencing although recent policy guidance is
potential for restoration;
encouraging less reliance on this. Deer fences can create
intrusive features in landscapes of wild and unmanaged
appearance, obstruct recreational access, and present a
expansion of oak, Scots pine and floodplain
woodland, and treeline scrub;
serious hazard to woodland grouse if sited inappropriately.
designated sites including SSSIs and European sites.
The use of fencing, particularly for planting, can result in
developing Deer Management Plans, involving
unnaturally uniform age structures of woodland, which
deer management groups, which assess damage to
supports a smaller range of wildlife, and further increases
the natural heritage and identify population levels
grazing pressure outside the exclosure. Deer fencing is
that will achieve woodland recovery in priority
therefore no substitute for effective deer control and increased
areas through natural regeneration without the
culls are now under way on some estates. The wider adoption
need for deer fencing;
of such strategies would require a co-ordinated approach
extending across estate boundaries.
increasing the range of benefits from native
woodland such as sustainable use of native timber,
and opportunities for recreation;
ACTIONS
Develop Indicative Forestry Strategies (IFS) for the
area which:
incorporate a forest habitat network of linked core
forest areas including native woodland expansion
and restoration, and multi-purpose commercial
forests;
promote an appropriate mix of benefits from
forests and woodlands;
can be linked to targeted incentive schemes;
accommodate open ground habitats and species,
e.g. moorland;
use of demonstration schemes (e.g. Glen Finglas,
Cashel, Loch Katrine, Tayside Native Woodlands).
Continue to monitor the size and distribution of
capercaillie populations, and wherever possible
minimise the use of deer fencing around regenerating
woodland and remove redundant deer fences.
Ensure forest plantations meet the UK Forestry
Standard.
Implement LBAPs for woodland habitats and species.
Promote greater diversity and use of native species in
new and restructured commercial forests to enhance
ecological value, through incentives for private forests,
reflect landscape character based on Landscape
revised Forest Design Plans and long-term Forest
Character Assessments;
Plans, including:
link to local access strategies, particularly core
integration of native broadleaved woodland
path networks;
elements and open space within plantations;
integrate forestry with other land uses;
management of native trees for biodiversity,
promote the development of Local Forestry
landscape and timber quality;
Frameworks through a participatory approach to
diversification of age structure;
achieve an appropriate balance of land use in
areas where the complexity of issues is beyond the
use of alternatives to large scale clearfell.
Incorporate policies for the safeguarding of native
scope of an IFS.
Achieve native woodland expansion and restoration
woodland in Development Plans.
through available funding schemes, including:
targeted incentives for:
long-term management of existing woods to aid
regeneration;
ONGOING
30
Objectives
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
To restore the full potential range and
maintain the viability of upland and
woodland species, including golden
eagle, ptarmigan, capercaillie, black
grouse, spotted flycatcher, tree
sparrow, pine marten, otter, red
squirrel, mountain ringlet butterfly,
pearl-bordered fritillary butterfly
and widely-recognised feature of our woodland wildlife, but
has been displaced across much of Britain by the introduced
grey squirrel. There are populations of the red squirrel in the
area, but grey squirrel populations are also established in
many woodlands. The spread of grey squirrels, habitat
fragmentation and disease appear to be the main factors
Objectives
One of the key species, the native red squirrel, is a popular
Objective 3
causing loss or decline of red squirrel populations. Red
squirrels favour large areas of mature conifers, particularly
those containing Scots pine and Norway spruce. Research has
indicated that certain types of woodland and forest
management, such as discouraging the planting of large-
The positive management of moorland and woodland, as
seeded broadleaves, will favour reds over greys.
proposed above, are prerequisites for long-term maintenance
of the full range of wildlife in the area, subject to the effects of
Capercaillie are established in several areas, but populations
climate change. More targeted action may, however, be
are threatened due to loss of appropriate habitat, exacerbated
necessary to ensure the future of key species which are
by poor breeding success in recent years and fatalities through
subject to specific pressures. This includes those listed above.
collisions with deer fences. Managing woodland in ways that
Many are UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species for
benefit capercaillie, such as creating a diverse and vigorous
which Species Action Plans have been prepared to co-ordinate
shrub layer and avoiding the use of deer fencing could be
conservation action across the UK.
more widely promoted.
Sporting estates commonly control species which are
regarded as vermin, and this sometimes results in the
accidental or deliberate killing of protected species such as
pine marten, wildcat and birds of prey.
Some non-native species can hybridise with native species,
leading to unpredictable consequences. Sika deer can
interbreed with native red deer and are present in some parts
of the area. The spread of this species should be contained as
far as possible, with further research at national level to assess
the longer-term consequences of hybridisation. Domestic cats
can also hybridise with wildcat, and further research to assess
the extent of interbreeding should be accompanied by
precautionary measures undertaken at local level.
Local Biodiversity Action Plans (LBAPs) will help to address
these issues and will be implemented through a partnership
approach. Action Plans will be prepared for key habitats and
species. Local Biological Records Centres, such as the Stirlingbased CARSE and the Perth Museum Biological Records
Centre, can play an important role in recording and monitoring
the distribution of key species in the area.
Red squirrel
ONGOING
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Objectives
31
Objectives
ACTIONS
Objective 4
Monitor populations of red squirrel, capercaillie and
other Biodiversity Action Plan priority species and
promote opportunities to undertake positive habitat
management to enhance their populations.
Implement recommendations of the UK Raptor
Working Group in conjunction with police, RSPB and
Scottish Raptor Study Groups, resulting in better coordinated and more effective measures to curb
wildlife crime.
Prevent incursion of sika deer into remaining sika-free
areas in line with the joint policy agreed between
agencies.
To restore the biodiversity of lochs,
rivers and other wetlands, including
maintaining natural riparian processes
along watercourses, and improve the
status of freshwater habitats and
species, including lampreys, Atlantic
salmon, powan, Arctic charr and water
voles
The extent and variety of fresh waters make this one of the
most important areas for this resource in Scotland. The lochs in
particular contribute significantly to the landscape character.
Promote wider understanding of the problem of
While the freshwaters are in good condition overall, certain
domestic cats cross-breeding with wildcats so owners
aspects of the freshwater natural heritage could be in much
can take responsible precautions.
better condition. Riparian woodland and other vegetation
Develop and implement LBAPs for key habitats and
are frequently absent, reducing the crucial inputs of plant
material which underpin freshwater food chains. High levels of
species.
Encourage public interest and participation in LBAPs
and local Biological Recording Centres.
grazing and trampling, inappropriate muirburn, peatland
drainage and poorly designed tracks can all contribute to soil
and bank erosion, leading to increased sedimentation of fresh
waters, and the distribution of sediment in some areas has also
been modified by river engineering. Conifer plantations
can sometimes exacerbate the effects of atmospheric pollution,
resulting in surface water acidification and increased levels of
phosphorus e.g. at Loch Chon. Fish cage rearing units can also
potentially cause enrichment of standing waters with
phosphorus – this is a significant factor in several lochs in the
area. Land preparation techniques associated with older
plantations have altered run-off rates and catchment response.
These processes could affect various freshwater habitats
including salmon spawning beds, but cannot always be
quantified or distinguished from natural processes or from
changes in flood and storm frequency as a result of climate
change. These influences should therefore be addressed on a
precautionary basis, and management initiatives have already
been introduced by some District Fishery Boards.
Salmon fishing on the River Tay
ONGOING
32
Objectives
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Further research is still required on many freshwater topics but
the implementation of the Water Framework Directive and
the production of River Basin management plans will be a
significant step forward.
ACTIONS
Objectives
The implications of controlling water levels for hydroelectric
schemes or as drinking water reservoirs are poorly
understood, despite altering the physical dynamics of the
systems in a very fundamental way. There is a need to
investigate the impacts of the hydroelectric developments on
the rivers and lochs of the area and to consider appropriate
ways of doing this. A pilot is currently being undertaken on the
Tummel/Garry. As our understanding improves and perhaps
new problems become apparent, ways of mitigating the
undesirable consequences of regulation on habitats, biota and
landscapes will need to be explored.
Establish through local partnerships a strategic,
catchment-based approach to achieving high water
quality which promotes natural processes in rivers,
lochs and wetlands and benefits freshwater species
such as the Atlantic salmon, lamprey and otter. This
Impacts associated with intensive agriculture in the area are
mainly confined to the wider straths of the Tay. The major
source of pollution from farming is enrichment from diffuse
agricultural run-off, as well as inflows from pesticides and
herbicides. Spillage of sheep dip into running waters presents
a seasonal threat in some parts. Rural settlements can affect
water quality through sewage discharges and, although not a
significant impact at present, the potential impact of new built
development needs careful consideration. An integrated
approach to catchment management should be adopted,
drawing together all relevant land use interests. A Loch
Lomond catchment management plan of this nature is currently
being prepared under a joint Water Authority/Scottish
Environment Protection Agency (SEPA)/SNH initiative.
approach should address:
land management practices including agriculture
and forestry;
riparian and floodplain habitat restoration and
management;
freshwater fishery management;
flow regulation for hydropower and water supply;
waste water management and pollution control;
water abstraction for agriculture, industry, and
water supply.
Develop Fishery Management Plans and promote best
Some aspects of fishery management such as control of
sawbill ducks and cormorants, have a questionable scientific
basis as the impact of such predators on salmonids has not
been clearly demonstrated. More research is also needed into
the implications of the introduction of non-native fish, such as at
Loch Lomond through the use of live bait. On some rivers,
streams and lochshores, angling management can contribute to
the deterioration of existing riparian woodland. Damage to
these habitats can also result from poorly managed waterbased recreation in the more popular locations.
The natural processes of erosion, deposition and flooding
are important features of a healthy freshwater ecosystem, and
it is important to tackle any problems, such as localised
flooding, in a sensitive environmental way, rather than resorting
to inappropriate, over-engineered schemes.
practice fishery management including improving
conditions for salmon and other species by better
provision of spawning areas; improved operation of
dams and fish passes; and sympathetic management
of bankside vegetation.
Discourage the removal of natural barriers in rivers to
allow the migration of fish such as salmon into rivers
which have never supported salmon populations.
Initiate and promote schemes demonstrating
sustainable river management and environmentally
sensitive flood prevention measures.
Ensure a scientific rationale for control of fish-eating
birds.
Collaborate with appropriate agencies over research
The increase in the distribution of mink and reduction in optimal
water margin habitat has led to a huge decline in the
distribution of water voles in the area. A UK Biodiversity
Action Plan Priority species, they are now found in only 10% of
the sites where they were present 50 years ago. Water vole
populations are now largely confined to the upper reaches of
catchments in the area, where there are smaller populations of
mink, as well as in lowland ditches around Loch Lomond.
ONGOING
and survey and commission further research where
impacts and issues are poorly understood – such as
the controlling of water levels.
Encourage adoption of water guidelines for Forestry
and Agriculture.
Implement actions in LBAPs with regard to water voles
and other key species.
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Objectives
33
Objectives
Objective 5
To maintain and restore low ground
farmland habitats, such as grasslands,
with their associated plants, birds and
invertebrates
Farmland and associated habitats can support a range of
wildlife – mammals, invertebrates, resident and migrating birds
and diverse plant communities, and represent important
refuges of biodiversity. The landscape character is also closely
associated with past agricultural practices. Species-rich inbye
grasslands, particularly in the Breadalbane area, are
important in a national context. Certain agricultural practices
such as reseeding, application of chemical fertilisers and
pesticides, use for potatoes/winter feed, crops. etc are
threatening these remaining sites. The change from traditional
management as a hay meadow to silage production also
Calcareous lowland grassland with thyme, eyebright and
other species
ACTIONS
Ensure that local priorities for agri-environment
schemes and agricultural support include:
erodes this resource. Other activities such as drainage, use as
rural diversification;
winter stock-holding areas with inappropriate stock-feeding
sustainable stock grazing;
practices, bracken invasion, nutrient transfer from improved
grassland, fragmentation and undergrazing, are all causing
continued decline and loss. Such changes tend to reduce
biodiversity and landscape diversity.
use of traditional cattle breeds;
appropriate grazing and cutting regimes;
organic farming.
High stocking levels and year-round grazing on pastures is
Establish which management practices, including
encouraged by current agricultural support mechanisms. This is
grazing regimes (such as stocking levels, season of
generally unfavourable for grassland biodiversity. The ideal
grazing, type of stock etc) are most appropriate for
stocking density and grazing pressure will vary between sites
the restoration and enhancement of grasslands.
and from season to season, but needs to be tailored to the
Increase local participation in the development of
type, age and structure of the vegetation. The new Rural
appropriate management, through agri-environment
Stewardship Scheme aims to move away from production
schemes such as the Rural Stewardship Scheme.
incentives towards broader environmental objectives and more
appropriate management of valuable habitats such as
grasslands, wetlands, field margins and hedgerows. This will
generally involve a move towards lower intensity farming
methods.
Support joint training programmes to share
knowledge and expertise and promote good practice.
Survey and map all the remaining unimproved
grasslands.
Produce and implement LBAPs for key habitats species
occurring on farmland.
Develop markets and added value for products from
low-intensity farming, such as local farmers’ markets.
ONGOING
34
Objectives
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
To maintain high quality landscapes, in
particular the quality and diversity of
uplands, with a mosaic of open
moorland, hillside woodlands, and
sheltered glens with enclosed fields and
dispersed settlements
The high quality and character of the landscape contributes to
the local identity of the area as well as to tourism and
outdoor recreation, and is therefore an important economic
resource. New built development is often required to provide
for tourism and other economic activities, or to provide new
housing in towns and villages. Developments which are poorly
designed or of inappropriate scale or location can adversely
affect the character of the landscape. This can include the
construction of unsympathetically designed or sited agricultural
buildings. Some local authorities use the ‘Area Capacity
Evaluation’ approach for landscape protection, thereby
addressing cumulative impacts of developments on the
landscape.
Guidance is required to promote the most appropriate new
development and maintain the existing features which
contribute to the landscape character of the area. It is also
important to ensure that the planning process ensures that new
development provides a net gain in natural heritage terms.
Opportunities here include sensitive siting of developments and
appropriate management or restoration of existing habitats;
creation of new habitats; provision of access opportunities, and
landscaping, including the use of appropriate native tree and
shrub species in planting schemes. The Landscape Character
Assessments provide a framework for guiding development in
future proposals should be carefully managed through the
planning system and a national strategic overview to minimise
their impact on such landscapes.
During the last 50 years, there has also been a significant
increase in the construction of tracks for agriculture, field
Objectives
schemes can intrude upon rugged upland landscapes, and any
Objective 6
sports or woodland management, and the creation of informal
tracks by frequent use of All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs). Such
features often represent highly visible scars on the open hill
landscape, undermining the wild qualities which underpin
tourism, outdoor recreation and field sports. Many bulldozed
tracks penetrate to the remote upland core, and most areas are
now within 5km of the nearest private access road. These
developments incrementally erode the remoteness and
inaccessibility of the upland core. Such developments could be
addressed in part by the extension of planning control at
national level. Alternative approaches to hill access for
management purposes also need to be explored and
promoted so that land management can be carried out
effectively without undue impact on the natural heritage, as
discussed under Objective 1.
Felling and second rotation planting provide opportunities to
redesign out-dated conifer plantations and some land
managers, including Forest Enterprise (FE), are restructuring
forests through long-term forest design plans, and, in the case
of FE, setting out strategic plans for forests across the whole
area. All new woodland receiving grant aid is now required to
meet the UK Forestry Standard, including the Forests and
Landscape Design Guidelines, which incorporate
comprehensive landscape assessment to ensure that forestry
reflects the local landscape character. More diverse planting
and smaller-scale felling could further integrate forestry within
a local context. The development of Management Strategies
for National Scenic Areas (NSAs) could also contribute to this
objective.
Telecommunication masts have become widespread during
the past decade, particularly along road corridors, creating
prominent vertical features. Provision of the required network
should be sympathetic to the landscape. Greater mast sharing
and improved mast design should be encouraged in
accordance with planning guidance.
Despite their undoubted environmental benefits when coupled
with energy efficiency measures to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, wind energy developments and hydroelectricity
An intrusive telecommunications mast
ONGOING
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Objectives
35
Objectives
the landscape. Local Forestry Frameworks can help to
achieve an appropriate balance of land uses in areas where
the complexity of issues cannot adequately be addressed
within an Indicative Forestry Strategy.
Ensure woodland planting, management and
restructuring take full account of landscape using:
assessment of landscape impacts;
Landscape Character Assessments;
Mineral extraction is currently confined to fairly small-scale
UK Forestry Standard and Forest Landscape
sand, gravel and slate quarries; the limestone quarry near Blair
Design Guidelines;
Atholl, and the barytes mine near Loch Tummel. The impact of
the current barytes mine on the landscape is localised.
Transport of the material away from sites can cause noise and
Local Forestry Frameworks including local design
guidance where appropriate.
Assist local authorities to develop Management
disturbance locally.
Strategies for National Scenic Areas (NSAs).
ACTIONS
Ensure that new developments take account of wild
Promote the use of Landscape Character Assessment
in the planning and management of development.
Seek natural heritage gain through development plan
policies and planning agreements.
Use development plan policies to steer development
land in accordance with National Planning Policy
Guidance (NPPG 14).
Promote understanding of the employment and
economic benefits which result from the distinctive
high quality landscape character of the area.
away from the most sensitive natural heritage areas
and seek to incorporate important habitats and
species, landscape features and access opportunities
within development design, mitigation and
restoration.
Ensure up-to-date development plans and thematic
strategies and their implementation take full account
of landscape impacts and the recommendations of the
Landscape Character Assessment, particularly in
relation to:
design and siting of new housing and other
developments, including tourism facilities;
siting of new telecom masts, with shared facilities
to minimise the number of masts required;
capacity of different landscapes to accommodate
new development, particularly wind farms.
Promote a Code of Practice for the use of ATVs
developed at national level and encourage the use of
alternatives such as ponies or helicopters in sensitive
areas.
Promote the control of proposed hill tracks through
the planning system.
Carry out remedial work to restore hill tracks and ATV
scars to natural ground, supported by research, grantaid and positive management agreements.
ONGOING
36
Objectives
Objective 7
To improve provision for responsible
outdoor recreation in appropriate
locations, including the vicinity of
settlements, commercial forests and
water bodies, in balance with the wider
natural heritage and with the support
and involvement of local communities
Recreational opportunities can be less plentiful in the
lowland areas around towns and villages, and are not
always well promoted. The trends towards intensification of
agriculture have often led to reduced opportunities for
recreational access. Better information on paths and access
opportunities is required, and some new routes are needed,
particularly to link existing routes and provide greater
integration of recreation with public transport. Some
initiatives for providing sustainable transport for visitors
around the area are being developed, but more still needs to
be done to reduce the use of private cars. The overall route
network should cater for users of all abilities, including walkers,
cyclists and horse riders. Proposals for a right of responsible
access to land and water should include the development of
signposted and maintained Core Path Networks. The
involvement of local communities in the planning and
development of Core Path Networks, and their participation in
Local Access Fora, is likely to be a fundamental requirement
of the new legislation. Should these proposals become law,
greater funding should become available for the planning and
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
ACTIONS
Establish countryside access strategies which take into
account the needs of local communities, visitors, land
managers and the natural heritage, and facilitate a
planned and managed approach to countryside
access.
Objectives
management of access. As well as benefiting the environment,
safe routes for cycling and walking have obvious health
benefits for individuals. Walkers, cyclists, water users and
others participating in outdoor recreation also provide a wide
range of potential opportunities for the local economy through
the provision of facilities and the use of services which might
otherwise not be viable.
Develop, promote and maintain well-designed Core
Local Authority Access Officers currently have a crucial role
Path Networks that provide a wide range of
to play in planning and developing managed access, with
opportunities for responsible outdoor recreation for
influence at strategic and local level. The work of these access
residents and visitors, particularly in the vicinity of
officers is supported and complemented by the work of
settlements.
countryside rangers.
Integrate local and long-distance footpaths, cycle
At times, difficulties may arise between different recreational
pursuits, and with other land uses and community interests. A
co-operative, planned and managed approach is essential in
tracks and horse-riding routes, including the West
Highland Way, and encourage the integration of
these with public transport networks.
order to increase recreational provision and maximise local
Increase provision of routes suitable to meet demand
economic benefit while ensuring that any adverse impacts of
from horse riders and cyclists, particularly in areas
recreation on the environment and on land management
where provision is currently poor.
activities are minimised. Local Access Fora will have a key role
in this approach, and the proposed Scottish Outdoor Access
Code will also help to develop wider understanding of
responsible behaviour.
Develop visitor management plans in the context of
Woodland Grant Scheme (WGS) or Forest Design
Plans to optimise recreational use while recognising
natural heritage sensitivities.
Commercial forests are generally of high recreational
Develop a water-based recreation strategy for the
carrying capacity and many forms of responsible outdoor
major water bodies through the adoption of a local
recreation are compatible with their management, with some
Access Strategy, integrating the different and
restrictions for operations such as felling and timber extraction.
sometimes competing land use interests.
A few commercial forests do however harbour sensitive species
Promote the new Scottish Outdoor Access Code as an
including ground-nesting birds and rare plants. There is also
opportunity to increase understanding of responsible
considerable scope for water-based recreation, although
access and encourage greater participation in
zoning systems may need to be considered in some areas to
outdoor recreation.
separate incompatible activities in time and/or space, in
conjunction with the guidance of the Scottish Outdoor Access
Ensure sustainable use of the natural heritage by the
tourism industry.
Code.
Establish and maintain a comprehensive
Geographical Information System (GIS) database for
footpaths, cycle tracks and other access routes as part
of the Scottish Paths Record.
Establish an inventory of recreation types and
locations for key areas to assist in determining areas
under pressure and assist management planning.
Discovering the footpath network at Birnam and Dunkeld
ONGOING
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Objectives
37
Objectives
Objective 8
To encourage access to the uplands
while safeguarding sensitive aspects of
the natural heritage
Mountain recreation greatly enhances the quality of life of
participants and makes a substantial contribution to the local
economy. These activities, the wider tourism industry and the
sense of place enjoyed by local residents are all dependent, to
varying extents, on the rugged and spectacular character of
the upland landscape, where human intervention is less evident
than in lowland areas. These landscape qualities should be
Walkers on Schiehallion
protected from cumulative attrition by tracks, inappropriate
vehicle use and poorly-sited, intrusive man-made structures (see
Objective 6). The construction or informal development of
tracks also incrementally erodes the inaccessibility of more
ACTIONS
Develop a co-ordinated programme of partnership
remote areas, reducing their value for informal outdoor
action for upland footpath maintenance and
recreation.
management.
Mountain recreation can result in some localised effects on
natural heritage interests, particularly where there has been
little previous management. In recent years there has been
significant investment in footpath repair focused on popular
hills such as Ben Lomond and Ben Lawers, but erosion has
Promote the new Scottish Outdoor Access Code as an
opportunity to increase understanding of responsible
access and encourage greater participation in
outdoor recreation.
Extend the Hillphones system as necessary, together
continued in other areas. Little funding is currently available for
with other co-operative approaches – e.g. Internet,
such work, or for ongoing maintenance, and this requires to be
local information centres, Post Offices.
addressed. The problem of disturbance of sensitive species
may also need to be tackled in some instances.
Maintain the wild qualities of the hill landscape and
encourage the ‘long walk in’ where this is the most
appropriate form of access to such areas.
A national Concordat on Access to Scotland’s Hills and
Mountains was agreed by the Access Forum in 1996. A
number of initiatives have followed on from this agreement,
including the Glen Dochart and Glen Lochay Hillphones
service, providing information which allows hillwalkers and
Encourage volunteer programmes, such as currently
operated in the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs area,
to undertake practical tasks such as footpath repair
work.
deer stalkers to continue to enjoy their activities without
disturbing each other. Responsible behaviour, by both land
managers and recreational users, will be further encouraged
by the proposed Scottish Outdoor Access Code.
ONGOING
38
Objectives
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Objectives
Objective 9
To increase awareness and
understanding of the natural heritage of
Loch Lomond, The Trossachs and
Breadalbane
To help achieve sustainable development, it is desirable that
people can appreciate both the intrinsic value and diversity of
the natural heritage and the economic benefits which it
provides. Various initiatives could advance this objective,
including interpretation and ranger services on designated and
other sites, and the development of resource packs for schools
and other educational facilities. The concept of sustainable
The crannog visitor centre at Loch Tay
development also needs to be fostered in local business
ACTIONS
enterprises.
Develop local educational projects both in schools and
Recreation and tourism provide excellent opportunities to
outwith the formal education sector through the
increase public awareness of the natural heritage, but visitors
ranger service, as well as appropriate advice and
often lack information about the biodiversity and earth science
grant aid.
interests of the area. Opportunities to learn about the local
natural heritage also enhance visitor enjoyment. Visitor Centres
with well-planned interpretation, such as The Trossachs
Discovery Centre at Aberfoyle can provide such opportunities,
as can on-site interpretation and guided Land Rover tours such
as those being developed at Glen Finglas by The Woodland
Trust. Other facilities, such as the crannog at Loch Tay, provide
a link between the natural and cultural heritage. Community
liaison is also an important channel of communication that
Develop environmental education within community
learning plans.
Increase community involvement and understanding
of the natural heritage through initiatives such as
Stirling Community Futures, Local Biodiversity Action
Plans, Community Planning, Lifelong Learning and
Social Inclusion partnerships.
Develop geo-tourism, with integrated interpretation
needs to be promoted and maintained. Key features of interest
linking geology, soils and landforms with
could be promoted by a partnership approach to ensure
environmental and cultural history.
adequate publicity, access and interpretation, thus developing
the wildlife tourism potential of the area.
Consider different ways of effectively engaging local
people in shaping the future natural heritage of their
area.
There may also be potential for new eco-tourism initiatives,
offering sustainable economic benefits and providing long-term
Ensure sustainable use of the natural heritage by the
protection for certain high-profile species – e.g. the peregrine
tourist industry through supporting increased
closed circuit television (CCTV) project at Queen Elizabeth
adoption of the Green Tourism Award scheme.
Forest Park Centre, Aberfoyle, and possible initiatives to
transmit live pictures from eagles’ eyries located in the area.
The development of community learning plans provides an
opportunity to incorporate environmental education, including
opportunities for projects on the local natural heritage, making
use of the available opportunities for local residents of all
Encourage eco-tourism initiatives in appropriate
locations.
Provide training for leisure managers and wildlife
operators in visitor management techniques that
protect the natural heritage resource.
Increase awareness and understanding of natural
ages. The natural heritage issues identified in this prospectus
heritage resource and sensitivity among tourism
could be used as a basis for the natural heritage component of
operators and marketing bodies.
such plans.
Promote sustainable development initiatives within the
business community.
ONGOING
LO N G T E R M ( 15 - 2 5 Y E A R S )
Objectives
39
Stakeholders
Stakeholders
The stakeholders listed below all have interests in the natural heritage of the area. To work towards the Vision, further
work is required with stakeholders to develop more specific objectives linked, where necessary, to action plans.
Note: For categories which encompass a large number of bodies, e.g. non land-managing NGOs, recreational groups and industry,
organisations are not listed individually.
Local authorities and other local public bodies
Land and freshwater management groups
Area Tourist Boards
Deer Management Groups
Argyll and Bute Council
District Salmon Fishery Boards
Perth and Kinross Council
Native woodland initiatives
Stirling Council
Health Boards
Private land managers and their representatives
Local Enterprise Companies
Farmers
National Park Authorities
Farming and Wildlife Advisory Groups
Police
Fish farmers
Schools
Fishermen
Forestry and Timber Association
Community interests, groups and voluntary partnerships
Land agents
Community Councils
Landowners and estates
Community Futures
National Farmers’ Union of Scotland
Community Planning groups
Professional institutes
Community trusts and fora – access, marine, woodland,
Scottish Gamekeepers Association
environment etc.
Scottish Landowners’ Federation
Local Biodiversity Action Plan partnerships
Local Record Centres
Non-governmental organisations with local land
Rural partnerships
management interest
John Muir Trust
National public bodies
National Trust for Scotland
Communities Scotland
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Crown Estates
Scottish Wildlife Trust
Deer Commission for Scotland
Woodland Trust
Forest Enterprise
Forestry Commission
Other non-governmental organisations with environmental
Historic Scotland
interests, including Scottish Environment Link
Paths for All Partnership
Scottish Environment Protection Agency
Private companies and local businesses
Scottish Executive and Departments
Scottish Natural Heritage
Education, research and advisory organisations
Scottish Water
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
Sportscotland
Fisheries Research Services
VisitScotland
Fisheries Trusts
Game Conservancy Trust
Recreation, sporting and angling representative bodies
Heather Trust
and local clubs
Scottish Agricultural College
Universities and colleges
40
Stakeholders
PICTURE CREDITS
Cover photography
Main photograph:
Lorne Gill/SNH
Inset photographs:
Laurie Campbell, Lorne Gill/SNH, George Logan (2)
Laurie Campbell:
p11, p15, p17 (R), p22, p31
CUCAP/SNH:
p7 (R)
Lorne Gill/SNH:
p8 (all), p9, p15, p18, p23 (R), p25, p27, p32, p34
George Logan:
p6, p7 (L), p10, p12 (all), p13, p14, p16, p19, p24 (all), p26, p35, p37, p38, p39
P&A Macdonald:
p29
Neil McIntyre:
p17 (L)
Woodland Trust:
p21
Illustration on p23 (L) is copyright E.H. Shepherd, reproduced by permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London
NATURAL
HERITAGE
FUTURES
SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE
is a government body established by Parliament in 1992, responsible to the Scottish Executive and Scottish Parliament.
Our mission:
Our operating principles:
Working with Scotland’s people to care for our natural
We work in partnership, by co-operation, negotiation and
heritage.
consensus, where possible, with all relevant interests in
Scotland: public, private and voluntary organisations, and
Our aim:
Scotland’s natural heritage is a local, national and global
individuals.
asset. We promote its care and improvement, its
We operate in a devolved manner, delegating decision
responsible enjoyment, its greater understanding and
making to the local level within the organisation to
appreciation and its sustainable use now and for future
encourage and assist SNH to be accessible, sensitive and
generations.
responsive to local needs and circumstances.
We operate in an open and accountable manner in all
our activities.
Further copies are available from:
Publications Section, Scottish Natural Heritage,
Battleby, Redgorton, Perth PH1 3EW
T: 01738 444177
F: 01738 458613
E: pubs@snh.gov.uk
W: www.snh.org.uk
© Scottish Natural Heritage, 2002
ISBN 1 85397 157 X
LS1.0K0202
Printed on environmentally-friendly paper

Loch Lomond/Trossachs text - Scottish Natural Heritage

Transcription

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