Limnomysis data sheet for CABI

DATASHEET FOR CABI INVASIVE SPECIES COMPENDIUM
INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES – Limnomysis benedeni
By Karl J. Wittmann
Medical University of Vienna, Dept. Ecotoxicology, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
TEXT SECTIONS
1. IDENTITY SECTION
NOTES ON TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE
Scientific names in use
Limnomysis benedeni Czerniavsky, 1882 is the only currently acknowledged species of the genus Limnomysis
Czerniavsky, 1882. Together with the first description of this genus and species, Czerniavsky (1882) produced
a great number of additional names at generic, specific, subspecific, and infrasubspecific level, all of which are
currently considered as junior synonyms. The same is for Mysidella bulgarica described by Valkanov (1936)
from freshwater populations in Bulgaria. This taxon was synonymized by Băcescu (1940) based on
examination of the type material. Since then, the genus Limnomysis remained monotypic in the primary
scientific literature. Nevertheless some of the invalid names are erroneously available as valid taxa in current
secondary literature, particularly in internet databases (e.g. ITIS, 2009; ZipcodeZoo, 2009).
Common names
No specific names are currently used in English, French, Russian, and Spanish. The English terms ‘mysid‘,
‘mysid shrimp‘, or ‘opossum shrimp‘ designate any species belonging to the family Mysidae.
Specific common names are used for L. benedeni in several countries along rivers Rhine and Danube:
The Dutch names ‘(Kaspische) slanke aasgarnaal’ mean ‘(Caspian) slender mysid’.
German ‘Donau-Schwebgarnele’ means ‘Danube mysid’.
Hungarian ‘pontusi tanúrák’ means ‘Pontian mysid’.
Slovakian (Czech) ‘vidlonožec dunajský‘ means ‘Danubian mysid‘, or more literally ‘Danubian schizopod‘.
In each case the English term ‘mysid‘ may be replaced by ‘mysid shrimp‘ or by ‘opossum shrimp‘.
SUMMARY OF INVASIVENESS
Limnomysis benedeni Czerniavsky, 1882, is a mysid shrimp (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae) native to brackish
and freshwater of the Ponto-Caspian region. Starting shortly before 1946, it spread across continental Europe
by intentional and unintentional introductions, arrived in coastal brackish waters of the Baltic and the North
Sea, and is soon to be expected at the Mediterranean coast. The westward spread occurred mainly through
multiple invasion waves along waterways of the southern corridor, from the Danube Delta, through the MainDanube Channel, and in the River Rhine down to the North Sea. Main vectors of expansion are ships, with
construction of navigation canals as main associated factor. Overland transfers are evident but probably of
minor importance. Estimates of invasiveness are mainly based on local, often transient, mass occurrences in
the colonized waters, where this species became for limited periods by number or biomass the most dominant
macrozoobenthic component, with potential consequences on habitat structure, food webs, and biodiversity.
This species is not in ISSG list and IUCN Red List.
2. DISTRIBUTION SECTION
DISTRIBUTION – FURTHER INFORMATION
Native areas
Up to the 1940s, L. benedeni was confined to coastal waters and tributaries of the Caspian Lake and the Azov,
Black and Marmora seas (Băcescu, 1940; Wittmann, 2007). From the oligohaline reach in the mouth area it
penetrated several hundred kilometers into the large Ponto-Caspian river systems (Fig. 2). For example, the
original distribution in River Danube reached up to about river-km 460 (Băcescu, 1940; by convention, km 0 is
in the city of Sulina at the Black Sea coast), in no case into or beyond the former cataract stretch between km
941 and km 1040 in the Carpathian breakthrough. The only possible mention of a native population outside the
Ponto-Caspian basins is an unclear notice by Băcescu (1948) in Romanian language, interpreted by
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi (1964), Kelleher et al. (1999), and Wittmann and Ariani (2000) as record for Lake
Beysehir in the highlands of Anatolia (southern Turkey, Levantine Basin, eastern Mediterranean). However,
inspection of this lake by the present author in June 2006 yielded no Limnomysis.
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION/SPREAD
Spread in the Danube system
In 1946, L. benedeni surprisingly appeared in the winter harbor of Budapest at Danube-km 1644 (first record
for Hungary; Dudich, 1947; Woynárovich, 1955), this was almost 1200 km above the previously known, native
distribution range. In 1950, specimens from the newly discovered populations near Danube-km 1623 were
successfully transplanted to seven stations in Lake Balaton in order to enrich the basis of fish food
(Woynárovich, 1955). During the following five decades, L. benedeni expanded its upstream distribution in 14
documented steps (Wittmann, 2007) up to the root of the Main-Danube-Channel in Kelheim at km 2410 in
1998. These expansions were probably not influenced by intentional transfers and yielded the first records for
Slovakia (Brtek, 1953), Austria (Weish and Türkay, 1975), and Germany (Wittmann, 1995). The city of
Kelheim marks the end of the navigable reach in the main course of this river, and remarkably this species did
not expand further upstream in this course, so far documented up to 2008 (Wittmann and Ariani, 2009;
additional sampling stations summarized in Wittmann, 2008). Most Danubian expansions are attributed to
unintentional transport by ships (Wittmann, 1995, 2007; Reinhold and Tittizer, 1997). Molecular genetic data by
Audzijonyte et al. (2009) suggest at least three westward invasion waves through the middle and upper
reaches of the Danube from differentiated sources in the delta area.
Spread to and within the Rhine system
Probably shortly before 1997, L. benedeni transgressed the Main-Danube-Channel (officially opened 1992)
where it was first recorded in 1998 by Reinhold and Tittizer (1998). In 1997-1998 it suddenly appeared in vast
areas of the Rhine system probably by downstream expansion (drift) from this channel within the Main-Rhine
system (first record for the Netherlands in 1997 by Kelleher et al., 1999). By subsequent upstream spread it
appeared already in 1998 in the French reach (Wittmann and Ariani, 2000) and 2005 in the Swiss reach
(Wittmann, 2007) of River Rhine. Further expansions within and from the Rhine system continued into
tributaries and navigation canals in France (Wittmann and Ariani, 2009), Germany (Wittmann, 2007), and the
Netherlands (Usseglio-Polatera and Beisel, 2003), yielding 2005 the first record for Belgium (Vercauteren and
Wouters, 2008). A recent surprise in the Rhine system was the appearance in Lake Constance, marking the
common borders of Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, in 2006 (Fritz et al., 2006; ANEBO, 2007). Most range
expansions to, within, and from the Rhine system are attributed to the break-up of natural hydrographic
barriers by construction of waterways in combination with ship traffic and passive drift, but also other modes of
transfer may have played some role (Tittizer, 1997; Reinhold and Tittizer, 1997; Kelleher et al., 1999; Tittizer et
al., 2000; Van der Velde et al., 2000; Wittmann and Ariani, 2000, 2009; Bij de Vaate et al., 2002; Dumont,
2006; Wittmann, 2007). Three major corridors were discussed for the unintentional anthropogenic spread of
Ponto-Caspian aquatic species to western Europe (Schleuter et al., 1998; Bij de Vaate et al., 2002). Before the
availability of genetic data it was not clear (Wittmann, 2007) whether the Limnomysis populations in NWGermany originate from invasions only along the southern corridor via Danube, Main-Danube-Channel, and
Rhine or in part also from non-indigenous populations in tributaries of the Baltic. Molecular genetic data by
Audzijonyte et al. (2009) finally indicated that western Europe was so far invaded only along the southern
corridor.
Spread in eastern Europe
Starting in 1947 with a hydropower reservoir of the Dnieper River (Ukraine), a great number of water bodies in
the former Soviet Union were intentionally stocked with L. benedeni in order to enrich the food supply for fish
(Zhuravel, 1950; 1959; Ioffe, 1968; Grigorovich et al., 2002; Minchin and Rosenthal, 2002). Populations taken
1960 from the introduced population in the Dnieper hydropower reservoir and stocked in the Kaunas reservoir
(Lithuania) spread along River Neman down to the Curonian Lagoon at the Baltic coast (Olenin and
Leppäkoski, 1999; Arbaciauskas, 2002). Molecular genetic data by Audzijonyte et al. (2009) confirmed the
supposed origin of the Curonian population from the Dnieper reservoir. This clade was so far not found
anywhere in western Europe. Surprisingly, the Limnomysis taken 2004 in the Tsymliansk reservoir, this is
above the native range of this species in River Don (Azov Sea drainage), belong genetically to a Caspian clade
(Audzijonyte et al., 2006, 2009). Spread from populations in River Volga via the Volga-Don canal (finished
1951-1952) could plausibly explain this case. In 2003, the first finding for Poland was made in River Odra by
Michels (2005). As shown in Fig. 2, these stations are almost equidistant from known populations in Lithuania
and NW-Germany, therefore possible source areas of the Polish population cannot be judged unless genetic
data are available. In 2007, L. benedeni appeared at three stations along River Pripyat (first records for
Belarus by Semenchenko et al., 2007) where it may have spread via the central corridor from introduced
populations in hydropower reservoirs of River Dnieper.
Spread to Lake Aral
The Asian populations were originally confined to coastal waters and lower reaches of tributaries pertaining to
the Black Sea and the Caspian Lake. Appearance in Lake Aral (Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) in 1975 was
possibly due to inadvertent stocking (Aladin et al., 2003), performed in this lake with fish and diverse
invertebrates mainly in the late 1950s and the 1960s. Among mysids, several species of Paramysis were
intentionally stocked from River Don (Aladin et al., 2003).
RISK OF INTRODUCTION
Limnomysis benedeni is not listed as a quarantine pest. Extrapolations from its range extensions in the 1990s2000s suggest that it is only a question of time until it will be present in all major river systems of the European
subcontinent with appropriate environmental conditions. As in the past, future range extensions will probably
occur mainly along navigable waterways. However, increasing importance of overland transfers was recently
noted by Wittmann and Ariani (2009). Considering that natural modes of overland transport are highly unlikely
(Woynárovich, 1955), such transfers are supposed to result from human activities such as inadvertent stocking
with plants or commercially interesting animals, runoff from aquaria (aquarium trade), and quick overland
transport of boats (Wittmann and Ariani, 2009).
Expansion of Limnomysis along waterways from NE-France down to the Mediterranean coast is to be
expected within a few years (Wittmann, 2007), with unknown consequences for the indigenous populations of
the closely related genus Diamysis Czerniavsky, 1882, represented by a number of species and subspecies in
freshwater and brackish to metahaline waters all around the Mediterranean (Ariani and Wittmann, 2000;
Wittmann and Ariani, 2000, 2009).
Ricciardi and Rasmussen (1998) listed L. benedeni among 17 Ponto-Caspian animals that due to their salinity
tolerance are likely to be transported overseas in ship ballast water, and could appear as future invaders of the
Laurentian Great Lakes and other inland waters of North America. One among five mysid species listed by
these authors, Hemimysis anomala, has fulfilled this prediction already in 2006 (Pothoven et al., 2007). So far,
there is no clear evidence that L. benedeni actually had transgressed any sea basins outside its native range.
3. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY SECTION
DESCRIPTION
A detailed description of L. benedeni is available in Băcescu (1954). These mysids are distinguished from
other species of the family Mysidae by the following set of morphological characters (Fig. 1): eyes normal, the
cylindrical eyestalks are 1.4-2.3 times the length of the cornea. Antennal scale setose all around, with distinct,
sexually dimorph apical segment, tip rounded with indistinct or weak ventral flexure in females (Fig. 1B),
whereas more acute and with stronger flexure in males (Fig. 1C). Anterior margin of the carapace extends into
a pair of lateral spine-like processes. Pleopods reduced to small setose plates in both sexes, except third and
fourth pleopods in males. Third male pleopod fused to a two-segmented plate; fourth male pleopod (Fig. 1D)
with small, distinct endopod, exopod much longer but basally fused with the two-segmented sympod, exopod
terminally of unique shape (Fig. 1D; occasionally with bifid tip). Telson short, with spines all along lateral
margins; the short, rounded apical incision armed with a number of laminar processes (Fig. 1E).
Body size of adults, measured as total length from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson, is typically in
the range of 6-13 mm, inclusion of rare cases gives 5-15 mm. Maximum sizes are typically observed when the
over-wintering generation matures in spring to early summer, minimum sizes in late summer to early autumn.
Males were on the average larger than females in waters of Moldavia (Dediu, 1965) and in the Danube
floodplain of Vienna (Wittmann, 2002b) whereas an inverse relation was found in Lake Constance (Gergs et
al., 2008). The young leave the brood pouch already resembling miniature adults, although lacking secondary
sexual characteristics.
SIMILARITIES TO OTHER SPECIES
Juveniles and adult females may eventually be confounded with Diamysis pengoi (Czerniavsky, 1882), so far
known, with exclusively Ponto-Caspian distribution. Its distribution covers almost the entire native range of L.
benedeni but is more restricted to freshwater. A detailed description of D. pengoi is available in Băcescu
(1954). It is distinguished from L. benedeni by a non-dimorphic, much shorter, terminally rounded, and forward
oriented, apical segment of the antennal scale. The cornea is slightly larger and visibly darker in living and
freshly fixed specimens. The endopod of the fourth male pleopod is not fused with its sympod, it is rod-like,
two-segmented, with a long, terminal, modified seta. The telson is more quadrangular, with a greater number
of laminae on its only superficial apical incision. For sorting large quantities of any size class it proved
convenient to check the statoliths in the basis of the endopods of uropods with a low-power stereomicroscope.
According to Ariani et al. (1993) the statoliths of D. pengoi are composed of the mineral fluorite (CaF2), which
is transparent in transmitted light, those of L. benedeni consist of vaterite, a metastable CaCO3 mineral, which
is less transparent, almost opaque. It needs some training for fast and secure sorting with this method.
NOTES ON HABITAT
In most water bodies, Limnomysis is found in shallow (0.5-5 m) near-shore locations, unless disturbance by
strong currents or wave motion. Under conditions of bright light, it shows a generally phytophilic habit,
preferring stands or spots of dense submerged vegetation, such as macrophytes, stonewort, roots of trees,
and flooded terrestrial weeds (Băcescu, 1954; Dediu, 1966a; Weish and Türkay, 1975; Wittmann, 1995;
Wittmann et al., 1999; Gergs et al., 2008). It shows, however, a great plasticity by selecting many other types
of structured habitats, if dense vegetation is not closely available. Such structures could be spaces between
stones or boulders, stones overgrown by mussels, empty shells, branches of submerged trees, coarse debris,
… . Such structures may be rare in harbours; nonetheless high densities of mysids may be found there in the
shadow of pontoons, or in and on the coat of filamentous algae covering concrete walls (Wittmann, 2007). A
few specimens are regularly found even on the bare surfaces of soft sediments or concrete walls.
In shallow habitats, the animals are usually found solitary or in small groups with weak cohesiveness. They
tend to ‘stay’ a few cm above the substrate or to rest directly on it. In the turbid waters of coastal lakes or in the
dim deep waters of clear continental lakes (Limnomysis found up to 33 m depth by Steinmann, 2009) they may
form aggregations of hundreds or thousands of individuals, especially under conditions of mass occurrence.
Aggregation densities were observed by the present author over a wide distribution range in summer as well
as in winter.
At night, L. benedeni shows a more scattered distribution, part of the population is found in the water column
up to the surface, part on or near to the ground. In coincidence with this, catches of drift nets exposed in rivers
over night are larger than those exposed during the day (Wittmann et al., 1999). However, the relative yield of
daytime drift nets is larger in L. benedeni compared to the two remaining mysid species, Hemimysis anomala
and Katamysis warpachowskyi, currently abundant in the upper reach of River Danube. This suggests an
overall stronger daytime swimming activity in L. benedeni compared to the two other species.
BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Genetics
Based on sequencing a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene, Audzijonyte et al. (2006) found a clear
genealogical split between populations of the Caspian basin versus the Black Sea/Azov basin. As an
exception, haplotypes from the Tsymliansk reservoir (River Don, Azov drainage) were of Caspian-type. Spread
from populations in River Volga (Caspian drainage) via the Volga-Don canal (finished 1951-1952) could be a
plausible explanation of this finding. Additional sequencing by Audzijonyte et al. (2009) indicated a strong
genetic differentiation among populations in tributaries of the Black Sea. A high diversity and differentiation of
haplotypes in the Lower Danube and its delta was reflected by an unexpectedly high differentiation between
invaded localities, suggesting that at least three invasion waves from differentiated sources have occurred
along the southern corridor from the Danube Delta to the North Sea. Most invaded sites showed only one or
two lineages, often different from other invaded sites, suggesting that there is only limited genetic contact
between the populations of invaded localities (Audzijonyte et al., 2009).
Reproduction
As in all Mysidae species so far examined, L. benedeni shows a strictly amphigonic propagation. The eggs are
fertilized upon or shortly after deposition in the brood pouch. The young undergo two larval stages in the brood
pouch and moult to the fully mobile juvenile stage upon liberation. For invasion success it may have some
importance that a single female with fertilized eggs or with larvae in the brood pouch may principally suffice for
founding a new population. In waters of Romania, breeding females are found from March/April to
October/November (Băcescu, 1954), in Moldavia from early summer to winter (Dediu, 1965). Available data
suggest a reproductive cycle near to that of ‘warm-season breeders’ (Wittmann, 1984) with an over-wintering
generation reproducing in spring/summer, followed by one or two summer generations reproducing in summer
to autumn (winter). Breeding females carry typically 12-40 eggs (range 2- 46) in the brood pouch, with egg or
larvae numbers increasing with increasing body size of the parent (Kelleher et al., 1999; Wittmann and Ariani,
2000; Gergs et al., 2008). In addition, egg numbers and parental body sizes vary with season (Dediu, 1965;
Gergs et al., 2008). The females are iteroparous, i.e. produce several subsequent egg clutches, as can be
directly observed through the partly transparent body of living specimens carrying egg mass in the ovarian
tubes simultaneously with larvae in the brood pouch.
High fecundity together with iteroparity and plausibly more than one generation per year, give Limnomysis a
very high reproductive potential. Besides ambient factors this potential is apparently an important prerequisite
for local mass occurrences as observed by Wittmann (2007) and Wittmann and Ariani (2009).
Nutrition
Studies on stomach contents (Wittmann and Ariani, 2000) and feeding experiments (Gergs et al., 2008)
unanimously showed that L. benedeni is mainly microphagous, feeding mostly on organic matter with small
particle size, i.e. phytoplankton, epilithion, and detritus. Animal prey plays only a minor role.
PHYSIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
As in many freshwater animals of remote marine origin, salinity is a primary limiting factor for L. benedeni.
Most populations live in freshwater, however mass occurrences were mainly observed in coastal and
continental lakes with salinities of S = 0.5-5 (salinity expressed as dimensionless equivalent of electric
conductivity; Wittmann, 1995, 2007). Only few populations are known for S = 6-14 (Băcescu, 1954; Komarova,
1991; Ovčarenko et al., 2006). A low tolerance for salinities above S = 10 was found in the laboratory by
Băcescu (1940). Sudden salinity changes in laboratory were survived up to S = 19 (Ovčarenko et al., 2006).
Mass occurrences were only found at pH > 7.7 (Wittmann, 2007). A favourable development in alkaline waters
is also suggested by the lower oxygen consumption by juvenile Limnomysis at pH 8.4 than at pH 5.4 (Szalontai
et al., 2003).
A lower oxygen limit of 3.75 mg/l for natural occurrence of Limnomysis in freshwater is comparatively high for
freshwater invertebrates, however it is below the values so far demonstrated for other species of freshwater
Mysidae (Băcescu 1940; Wittmann, 2007). Oxygen consumption of L. benedeni under comparable conditions
in laboratory was higher than in amphipods taken together with this species from Lake Balaton (Hungary;
Szalontai et al., 2003). The establishment of new populations in the 1990-2000s may have been facilitated by
the improved water quality (ionic content, oxygen, etc.) in the Rhine and Danube systems as compared to the
1960-1980s (Kelleher et al., 2000; Van der Velde et al., 2000; Wittmann, 2007).
Limited ability to swim against water current may have been the main reason why the natural occurrence of L.
benedeni was limited to the lower reach of rivers before human intervention. By far most populations are found
in standing waters. Normally the animals avoid currents greater than 0.5 m/s (Wittmann, 1995; Wittmann and
Ariani, 2000). Not counting drift samples, this species was however occasionally found up to current velocities
of 1.5 m/s (Wittmann, 2007). One cannot exclude that populations found at ‘high’ velocities are mainly
constituted and/or stabilized by the import of individuals drifting from upstream locations. So the upper limit for
the long-term existence of populations without import may possibly be lower than 1.5 m/s.
MOVEMENT AND DISPERSAL
Natural dispersal
The areal distribution up to the 1930s (Behning, 1938; Băcescu, 1940) suggests that active swimming and
passive drift along waterways were once the only modes of natural spread in L. benedeni. Simple experiments
by Woynárovich (1955) make natural modes of overland spread, such as transfer by water birds, appear very
unlikely.
Accidental introduction
The time series of records (Wittmann, 1995, 2007; Wittmann and Ariani, 2009) together with genetic data
(Audzijonyte et al., 2009) suggest that western Europe was mainly colonized along the southern invasion
corridor from the Danube Delta, via Main-Danube-Channel and River Rhine down to the North Sea. A high
frequency of harbours as documented distribution limits (Wittmann, 1995, 2007) points to ships as main
vectors with construction and widening of navigation canals as associated factors.
Recent findings of L. benedeni in poorly accessible water bodies (Wittmann et al., 1999; Fritz et al., 2006;
Iftime and Tatole, 2006; Wittmann and Ariani, 2009) indicate that overland transfers could play a minor but
significant role for the spread of this species. Proposed vectors were inadvertent stocking with aquatic plants
or commercially interesting animals (Van der Velde et al., 2000; Dumont, 2006; Iftime and Tatole, 2006),
aquarium trade, and quick overland transport of boats (Wittmann and Ariani, 2009).
Appearance of L. benedeni in Lake Aral in 1975 was possibly due to inadvertent stocking with fish and diverse
invertebrates in the 1950-1960s (Aladin et al., 2003). It is a matter of definition, if intentional stockings with
mysids not sorted to species level were to be termed ‘inadvertent’, as in the case of 35 Mio specimens, mainly
belonging to diverse species of Paramysis as main target animals together with some Limnomysis, taken
1957-1966 in the lower reach of the rivers Don and Volga, and transferred to hydropower reservoirs along the
middle reach of River Volga (Borodich and Havlena, 1973; Borodich, 1976).
Intentional introduction
Starting in 1947 and culminating in the 1950-1960s, a great number of water bodies in the former Soviet Union
were intentionally stocked with L. benedeni in the frame of fisheries management (Pauli, 1957; Zhuravel, 1959;
Ioffe, 1968; Grigorovich et al., 2002). The most important stockings for the final distribution of Limnomysis
were 1947-1949 in reservoirs along River Dnieper (Ukraine; Zhuravel, 1950, 1965; Pligin and Yemel'yanova,
1989), 1950 in Lake Balaton (Hungary; Woynárovich, 1955), and 1960 in the Kaunas reservoir (Lithuania;
Olenin and Leppäkoski, 1999; Arbaciauskas, 2002). Most of these activities were stopped in the 1980s after it
became clear that mysid introductions could have adverse effects at the ecosystem level (Rieman and Falter,
1981; Fürst et al., 1984; Ketelaars et al., 1999).
NOTES ON NATURAL ENEMIES
Like other species of freshwater Mysidae, also L. benedeni plays an important role in the diet of fish (Băcescu,
1940, 1954; Zhuravel, 1956; Zhadin and Gerd, 1961; Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1979b; Kelleher et al., 1999), no
matter if indigenous or introduced. For enrichment of the basis of fish food, Limnomysis was deliberately
introduced into many continental water bodies of eastern Europe (e.g. Zhuravel, 1950, 1965; Woynárovich,
1955; Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1979a).
4. IMPACTS SECTION
IMPACTS
Economic impact
Austin and Alderman (1987) listed L. benedeni among the host species of the burn spot disease, a bacterial
shell disease known as a mortality factor in cultured shellfish, particularly lobsters. Frequency and severity of
possible impacts on aquaculture are still unknown.
Impact on habitats and ecosystem functioning
Olenin and Leppäkoski (1999) judged the non-native population of Limnomysis in the strongly eutrophic
Curonian Lagoon on the Baltic coast as a by biomass dominant component of the nektobenthic community
with major significance in modifying sediment/habitat by pelletisation. For the same population, Olenin et al.
(2007) assessed the effect by its invasion on habitats as weak (H1, this is alteration of habitat, but no reduction
of spatial extent of a habitat). They classified the impact on ecosystem functioning as moderate (E2, this is
weak modification of ecosystem performance and/or addition of a new, or reduction of existing, functional
groups). Wittmann and Ariani (2000) found no marked effects at ecosystem level, following the invasion of L.
benedeni into a backwater of River Danube in Vienna (Austria), whereas Gauer and Imesch (2008) did not
exclude potential modifications of the food web in freshwaters of Switzerland.
Impact on biodiversity
From basic information on abundance and distribution in Limnomysis, Olenin et al. (2007) assessed the effect
of its invasion in the Curonian Lagoon as moderate (C2, this is decline in abundance and reduction of the
distribution range of native species). According to Wittmann and Ariani (2000), Limnomysis may outcompete
species of the closely related genus Diamysis if it succeeds to invade brackish and freshwater tributaries of the
Mediterranean. Bernauer and Jansen (2006) noted a loss of native species in the upper Rhine river in
Germany after the appearance of a number of invasive macroinvertebrates, including L. benedeni. According
to Austin and Alderman (1987), Limnomysis shares the vulnerability to the burn spot disease (a bacterial shell
disease) with a number of further higher crustacean taxa. Quantitative data on the importance as vector of this
disease are still wanting.
5. MANAGEMENT SECTION
PRODUCTIVE USES AND MANAGEMENT
Economic value and environmental services
Limnomysis benedeni is often found in stomach of freshwater fish in eastern Europe and is, therefore, often
emphasized as important factor for the nutrition of fish, particularly foraging fish (e.g. Zhuravel, 1959; Rezsu et
al., 2005). Increasing aquarist use (Piepiorka and Walter, 2006) of L. benedeni as fish fodder and as
ornamental ‘shrimp’ is accompanied (Wittmann and Ariani, 2009) by increasing numbers of internet offers.
INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT
Prevention and Eradication
No specific prevention measures were so far proposed for L. benedeni. Unspecific measures may be
important such as exchange and treatment of ballast water (Taylor et al., 2002). No means (other than
destructive ones on the environment) are known to remove L. benedeni once it has established as alien
species in a water body.
DATASHEET FOR CABI INVASIVE SPECIES COMPENDIUM
INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES – Limnomysis benedeni
By Karl J. Wittmann
Medical University of Vienna, Dept. Ecotoxicology, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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DATASHEET FOR CABI INVASIVE SPECIES COMPENDIUM
INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES – Limnomysis benedeni
By Karl J. Wittmann
Medical University of Vienna, Dept. Ecotoxicology, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
TABLE SECTIONS
1. IDENTITY SECTION
SPECIES (or group) SCIENTIFIC NAME
Limnomysis benedeni
AUTHOR (taxonomic authority, date)
Czerniavsky, 1882
Taxonomic groups (irrelevant groups may be left blank).
CLASS: Crustacea
SUPERFAMILY:
ORDER: Mysida
FAMILY: Mysidae
SUBORDER:
SUBFAMILY: Mysinae
NON-PREFERRED SCIENTIFIC NAMES
AUTHOR (taxonomic authority)
Limnomysis behningi
Zhadin and Gerd, 1961 (lapsus), invalid name
Limnomysis brandti
Czerniavsky, 1882 (junior synonym), invalid name
Limnomysis schmankewiczi
Czerniavsky, 1882 (junior synonym), invalid name
Mysidella bulgarica
Valkanov, 1936 (junior synonym), invalid name
Onychomysis mingrelica
Czerniavsky, 1882 (junior synonym), invalid name
OTHER NAMES
INTERNATIONALLY USED COMMON NAME/S
INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE
OTHER COMMON NAMES
COUNTRY (add language if necessary)
(use defined areas listed under ‘Distribution’)
Donau-Schwebgarnele
Austria, Germany
pontusi tanúrák
Hungary
slanke aasgarnaal, Kaspische slanke aasgarnaal
Netherlands
vidlonožec dunajský
Slovakia
2. DISTRIBUTION SECTION
DISTRIBUTION (table)
Current Distribution: (P) present, no further details; (W) widespread; (L) localized; (O) present, few occurrences;
(C) present only in captivity/cultivation; (G) present, only under cover/indoors; Absent: (D) reported in the past, but no longer
present; (E) eradicated; (I) absent, intercepted only; (J) invalid record (recorded in error); (K) unreliable record.
Aquatic template
1
Country/Region
Reference
Include citation
(author/s, date),
ensuring that full
bibliographic
details are in the
reference list
Current
distributio
n
Select one
from the
codes
above.
Also include
year of last
report
(N)ative/
(I)ntroduced
Also year of
first
introduction if
known
Cultivated/
domesticated/
in captivity
(P)resent
(W)idespread
(L)ocalized
Invasive?
Y(es)
N(o)
? (not
known)
Note
e.g. locality, particularly
note island distribution if
known (max. 1000
characters, or use text
section)
Y
In estuarine coastal
waters of the Baltic (first
recorded 1963) and the
North Sea (first recorded
1998 from Haringvliet Netherlands).
Populations of the
Curonian Lagoon (Baltic)
originate from intentional
introduction into the
Kaunas reservoir in 1960
(Ioffe, 1968) and
following this,
downstream secondary
spread.
SEA AREAS – please
refer to FAO sea
areas in Appendix
ATLANTIC,
NORTHEAST
Ioffe, 1968;
Razinkovas,
1996; Kelleher et
al., 1999;
Arbaciauskas,
2002; Olenin et
al., 2007;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2009
MEDITERRANEAN
AND BLACK SEA
Băcescu, 1954;
Komarova, 1989;
Daneliya, 2003;
Özbek and
Ustaoğlu, 2006;
Wittmann, 2007;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2009
L
I - 1960
-
L
N
-
N
In small rivers, estuaries
and lakes on the coasts
of the Sea of Azov, Black
Sea, and the Marmora
Sea.
L
N
-
N
In tributaries and coastal
waters of the Caspian
Lake.
L
N
-
N
River Rioni and Lake
Palaeostom on the Black
Sea coast.
ASIA
AZERBAIJAN
GEORGIA (REPUBLIC
OF)
Czerniavsky,
1882; Băcescu,
1954
Czerniavsky,
1882; Derjavin,
1924; Băcescu,
1954
In tributaries (rivers Sefid
Rud and Rud Amol) of
the Caspian Lake.
Recent data are wanting.
Native in coastal waters
and tributaries of the
Caspian Lake. Introduced
into the middle reach of
River Ural. Inadvertently
introduced into Lake Aral
(first recorded 1975).
IRAN
Băcescu, 1954
L
N
-
N
KAZAKHSTAN
Behning, 1938;
Zhadin and Gerd,
1961; MordukhaiBoltovskoi,
1979a; Aladin et
al., 2003
L
mostly N, I in
Lake Aral
-
generally
N, locally
?
L
N
-
N
In small rivers, estuaries
and lakes on the coasts
of the Black Sea and the
Marmora Sea.
L
I
-
?
Intentionally introduced
into inland waters.
L
I
-
?
Inadvertently introduced
into Lake Aral (first
recorded 1975).
Y
In waters of the River
Danube drainage system
(first recorded 1973), also
in lakes Constance and
Neusiedlersee.
TURKEY
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
Băcescu, 1954;
Wittmann, 1995,
2007; Özbek and
Ustaoğlu, 2006;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2009
Akmurdov et al.,
2006
MordukhaiBoltovskoi,
1979a; Aladin et
al., 2003
EUROPE
AUSTRIA
Aquatic template
Weish and
Türkay, 1975;
Wittmann, 1995,
2002a; Wittmann
et al., 1999;
Gergs et al.,
2008; Moog et al.,
2008
W
I
-
2
Country/Region
Reference
Include citation
(author/s, date),
ensuring that full
bibliographic
details are in the
reference list
Current
distributio
n
Select one
from the
codes
above.
Also include
year of last
report
(N)ative/
(I)ntroduced
Also year of
first
introduction if
known
BELARUS
Semenchenko, et
al., 2007
L
BELGIUM
Vercauteren and
Wouters, 2008
L
BULGARIA
Băcescu, 1949;
Russev and
KanevaAbadjieva, 1973;
Wittmann, 2007;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2009
W
N
-
N
CROATIA
Bogut et al., 2007;
Wittmann, 2007
L
I
-
?
FRANCE
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2000, 2009
L
I
-
?
GERMANY
Wittmann, 1995,
2003; Geissen,
1997; Reinhold
and Tittizer, 1998;
Wittmann et al.,
1999; Tittizer et
al., 2000;
Bernauer and
Jansen, 2006;
Fritz et al., 2006;
Gergs et al.,
2008; Audzijonyte
et al., 2009
Cultivated/
domesticated/
in captivity
(P)resent
(W)idespread
(L)ocalized
Invasive?
Y(es)
N(o)
? (not
known)
I
-
?
I
-
?
W
I
HUNGARY
Dudich, 1947;
Woynárovich,
1955; Borza,
2007
W
I -first
recorded
1946
-
Y
LITHUANIA
Ioffe, 1968;
Razinkovas,
1996;
Arbaciauskas,
2002; Olenin et
al., 2007;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2009
L
I - 1960
-
Y
MOLDOVA,
REPUBLIC OF
Makarov, 1938;
Băcescu, 1940;
Dediu, 1965,
1966a, 1966b,
1967; Komarova,
1991; Audzijonyte
et al., 2006
W
generally N,
locally I 1961
-
N
NETHERLANDS
Kelleher et al.,
1999; Bij de
Vaate et al., 2002;
Usseglio-Polatera
and Beisel, 2003
W
I - first
recorded
1997
-
Y
Aquatic template
-
Y
Note
e.g. locality, particularly
note island distribution if
known (max. 1000
characters, or use text
section)
Pripyat River (first
recorded 2007)
Ponds in Prinsenpark
(Retie; first recorded
2005)
In waters of the River
Danube drainage system;
in coastal lakes and
estuaries of the Black
Sea.
Rivers Danube and
Drava, nature reserve
Kopacki rit (first recorded
2004).
In waters of the River
Rhine drainage system
(including River Moselle)
and in navigation canals
of NE-France (first
recorded 1998).
In waters of the Danube
(first recorded 1993) and
Rhine systems; also in
Lake Constance. In
navigation canals, lakes
etc. of northern Germany,
also in tributaries of the
North Sea.
In waters of the River
Danube drainage system,
including River Tisa;
intentionally introduced in
Lake Balaton.
In hydropower reservoirs
along River Kaunas (first
recorded 1961), in the
Curonian Lagoon (first
recorded 1963), in lakes
Simnas and Daugai.
Populations originate
from intentional
introductions in the 1960s
(Ioffe, 1968) and
following this, secondary
spread.
Native in Black Sea
tributaries (rivers Prut
and Dniestr; Kuchurgan
and Dniestr limans).
Itentionally introduced
into hydropower
reservoirs belonging to
the Danube and Dniestr
drainage systems.
Lower Rhine and its
tributary system,
including rivers Ijssel and
Meuse; navigation
canals.
3
Country/Region
Reference
Include citation
(author/s, date),
ensuring that full
bibliographic
details are in the
reference list
Current
distributio
n
Select one
from the
codes
above.
Also include
year of last
report
(N)ative/
(I)ntroduced
Also year of
first
introduction if
known
POLAND
Michels, 2005
L
I - first
recorded
2003
ROMANIA
Băcescu, 1940,
1954; Popescu
and PrunescuArion, 1960;
Wittmann, 2007;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2009
W
N
Central Russia
Zhuravel, 1955;
Borodich, 1976
L
I -1947
Southern Russia
Behning, A.L.,
1938; Borodich,
1976; MordukhaiBoltovskoi,
1979b; Alekseev,
1995; Grigorovich
et al., 2002;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2006, 2009;
Petryashev and
Daneliya, 2006
Cultivated/
domesticated/
in captivity
(P)resent
(W)idespread
(L)ocalized
Invasive?
Y(es)
N(o)
? (not
known)
Note
e.g. locality, particularly
note island distribution if
known (max. 1000
characters, or use text
section)
-
?
River Odra and some of
its backwaters
-
N
In waters of the River
Danube drainage system;
in coastal lakes and
estuaries of the Black
Sea; also in navigation
canals.
-
?
Intentionally introduced
into hydropower
reservoirs, rivers (Volga,
Seym).
generally
N, locally
?
Endemic in tributaries
and coastal waters of the
Black Sea, Sea of Azov,
and Caspian Lake.
Intentionally introduced
into a great number of
hydropower reservoirs,
rivers and lakes.
-
Y
In waters of the River
Danube drainage system,
including River Tisa; in
navigation canals
connecting Tisa and
Danube.
-
?
In waters of the River
Danube drainage system.
-
?
Upper Rhine (harbour of
Basel), Lake Constance
generally
N, locally
?
Native in tributaries and
coastal waters of the
Black Sea and the Sea of
Azov. Possibly invasive
along artificial waterways.
Intentionally introduced
into a number of
hydropower reservoirs,
rivers and lakes.
RUSSIA*
W
generally N,
locally I 1948
I - first
recorded
1977
SERBIA
BTF, 1999;
Wittmann, 2007
W
SLOVAKIA
Brtek, 1953;
Šporka, 2003;
Wittmann, 2007
L
SWITZERLAND
Wittmann, 2007;
Gergs et al., 2008
L
UKRAINE
Băcescu, 1940;
Zhuravel, 1950,
1955,1960;
Dediu, 1966;
Komarova, 1991;
Daneliya, 2001;
Grigorovich et al.,
2002; Daneliya,
2003; Cristescu
and Hebert, 2005;
Alexandrov et al.,
2007; Audzijonyte
et al., 2009
I - first
recorded
1953
I - first
recorded
2005
generally N,
locally I 1947
W
-
-
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION (table)
Introduced to
country; use
defined areas
listed under
‘Distribution’
Introduced
from
country; use
defined areas
listed under
‘Distribution’
AUSTRIA
SLOVAKIA
Aquatic template
Year or
range
Reason
please choose
from list under
Means of
Movement and
Dispersal: Causes
e.g. ‘Horticulture’
Established/
naturalized
(yes, no,
unknown)
before
1973
navigation ?
yes
Comment
Reference
Please write
(name, date)
citation here and
include full
bibliographic
details in
reference list
Weish and
Türkay, 1975;
Wittmann, 1995
4
BELARUS
UKRAINE
BELGIUM
NETHERLANDS
CROATIA
SERBIA
(HUNGARY)
FRANCE
GERMANY
GERMANY
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
ROMANIA or
SERBIA
before
2007
shortly
before
2005
before
2004
shortly
before
1998
navigation,
construction of
waterways
yes
Semenchenko, et
al., 2007
construction of
waterways
yes
Vercauteren and
Wouters, 2008
unknown
yes
Bogut et al., 2007;
Wittmann, 2007
navigation,
construction of
waterways
yes
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2000
shortly
before
1993
mainly navigation
yes
before
1946
essentially
unknown; within
Hungary partly by
intentional
stocking
yes
Range expansion
recorded in six steps
of 1-173 km length
along River Danube
(1973-1993)
Wittmann, 1995,
2007
Dudich, 1947;
Woynárovich,
1955
Ioffe, 1968;
Razinkovas, 1996;
Arbaciauskas,
2002; Olenin et
al., 2007;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2009
Kelleher et al.,
1999; Bij de Vaate
et al., 2002;
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2009;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2009
LITHUANIA
UKRAINE
1960
intentional
stocking
yes
NETHERLANDS
GERMANY
shortly
before
1997
navigation,
construction of
waterways
yes
POLAND
GERMANY
(LITHUANIA)
before
2003
navigation,
construction of
waterways
yes
SERBIA
ROMANIA
unknown
yes
Wittmann, 2007
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
unknown
yes
Brtek, 1953
SWITZERLAND
GERMANY
yes
Wittmann, 2007
TURKMENISTA
N
RUSSIA ?
?
UZBEKISTAN
RUSSIA
before
1975
before
1977
19471952
shortly
before
2005
navigation,
construction of
waterways
intentional
stocking
inadvertent
stocking
Source areas
discussed in the text
section.
unknown
yes
Lake Aral
Michels, 2005
Akmurdov et al.,
2006
MordukhaiBoltovskoi, 1979a;
Aladin et al., 2003
3. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY SECTION
HABITAT TABLE
Present
X/1/ 2
Terrestrial
- Managed
Cultivated / agricultural land
Protected agriculture (e.g.
glasshouse production)
Managed forests, plantations
and orchards
Managed grasslands (grazing
systems)
Industrial / intensive livestock
production systems
Disturbed areas
Status
N/P/ H
Freshwater
Brackish
Rail/roadsides
Urban areas
Buildings
Irrigation channels
Present
X/1/ 2
2
Status
N/P/ H
P
Lakes
1
N
Reservoirs
2
P
Rivers/streams
1
N
Ponds
1
N
Estuaries
1
N
Lagoons
1
N
Inland saline areas
Marine
Inshore marine
Coral reefs
Aquatic template
5
Terrestrial
- Natural /
Semi-natural
Natural forests
Pelagic zone (offshore)
Natural grasslands
Benthic zone
Riverbanks
Sea caves
Other
Wetlands
Host
Cold lands / tundra
Vector
Land caves
Stored products
Rocky areas / lava flows
Soil
Scrub / shrublands
Ice
Additional
Deserts
Please specify
Arid regions
Littoral
Coastal areas
Coastal dunes
Mangroves
Mud flats
Intertidal zone
Salt marshes
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS TABLES
Preferred
(mark with ‘X’)
Climate (modified Koeppen classification of major climatic regions)
Tolerated
(mark with ‘X’)
A.
Equatorial climates
Af
Equatorial full humid rainforest
Am
Equatorial monsoon
As
Equatorial savannah with dry summer
Aw
Equatorial savannah with dry winter
B.
Arid climates
BS
Steppe
X
BW
Desert climate
X
C.
Warm temperate climates
Cs
Warm temperate climates with dry summer
Cw
Warm temperate climate with dry winter
Cf
Warm temperate fully humid climate
D.
Snow climates
Ds
Snow climate with dry summer
Dw
Snow climate with dry winter
Df
Snow climate, fully humid
E.
Polar climates
EF
Tundra climate
ET
Frost climate
X
X
X
Latitude range
°N
°S
Approximate limits north to south
40-56
-
Air temperature
Lower limit
Upper limit
Mean annual temperature (°C, lower/upper tolerance limits)
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (°C, lower/upper tolerance limits)
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (°C, lower/upper tolerance limits)
Absolute minimum temperature (°C)
(= minimum lowest temperature tolerated/ever recorded)
Water tolerances table
Parameter
Aquatic template
Indicate optimal and tolerated values
or ranges
Preferred
Tolerated
Remark
6
Parameter
Indicate optimal and tolerated values
or ranges
Preferred
Tolerated
Remark
Water temperature (°C)
10-25
0-31
related to number of populations observed
Salinity (ppt)
0.1-3
0-14
related to number of populations observed
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)
>5.9
>3.7
related to number of populations observed
Water pH
7.3-8.6
5.5-9.6
related to number of populations observed
Hardness (mg/l CaCO3)
100-200
50-540
related to number of populations observed
Turbidity (JTU)
10-70
1-300
Velocity (cm/h)
0-72,000
0-360,000
Conductivity (µmhos/cm)
500-6,000
52-23,000
measured in the field as NTU (= nephelometric
turbidity units)
high velocities may be coped by physical contact
to the substrate (unless drifting away)
related to number of populations observed
Depth (m b.s.l.)
Other (describe and give
units)
0.5-5
0-33
related to number of populations observed
Carbon dioxide (mg/l)
Ammonia [unionised] (mg/l)
Ammonium [ionised] (mg/l)
MOVEMENT AND DISPERSAL TABLES
Causes for introduction and dispersal table
Cause
Why a species is transported, whether
accidentally or deliberately
Notes
Long-distance (D)
and/or Local (L)
(Exclude exceptional circumstances that are
unlikely to be repeated)
Note details of countries of
origin and introduction in the
History of Introduction Table
References
Please write (name,
date) citation here
and include full
bibliographic details
in reference list
Acclimatization societies
Agriculture
Aid
Animal production
Aquaculture
Aquarium trade
D, L
Use as fodder animals or as
ornamental animals.
Rey et al., 2005;
Piepiorka and
Walter, 2006;
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2009
D, L
For enrichment of the food basis
Ioffe, 1968;
Biological control
Botanical gardens/ zoos
Breeding/ propagation
Cut flower trade
Digestion/excretion
Disturbance
Erosion control/ dune stabilization
Escape from confinement/ garden escape
Fisheries
Flooding/ other natural disaster
Food
Forage
Forestry
Garden waste disposal
Harvesting fur/wool/hair
Hedges/ windbreaks
Hitchhiker
Horticulture
Hunting/angling/sport/racing
Industrial purposes
Intentional release
Aquatic template
7
Cause
Why a species is transported, whether
accidentally or deliberately
Notes
Long-distance (D)
and/or Local (L)
(Exclude exceptional circumstances that are
unlikely to be repeated)
Note details of countries of
origin and introduction in the
History of Introduction Table
References
Please write (name,
date) citation here
and include full
bibliographic details
in reference list
for fish, stockings were carried
out in continental waters of
eastern Europe, mainly in the
1950-1960s.
Grigorovich et al.,
2002; Aladin et al.,
2003
Tittizer, 1997;
Reinhold and
Tittizer, 1998;
Ricciardi and
Rasmussen, 1998;
Tittizer et al., 2000;
Bij de Vaate et al.,
2002; Van der Velde
et al., 2002;
Wittmann, 2007;
Audzijonyte et al.,
2008
Interbasin transfers
Interconnected waterways
D, L
Since its opening in 1992, the
Main-Danube Channel
represents a major short cut for
faunal exchange between the
Rhine and Danube drainage
systems. The Mittellandkanal
(constructed 1938) was
expanded in 2003 and is now a
short cut between the Rhine
system and other systems
pertaining to the North Sea and
the Baltic.
Internet sales
D, L
Offers on aquarist internet sites.
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2009
D, L
Inadvertent stocking with aquatic
plants; with commercially
interesting animals (mainly fish,
mussels, and shrimp).
Van der Velde et al.,
2000; Aladin et al.,
2003; Dumont,
2006; Iftime and
Tatole, 2006 ;
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2009
D, L
Navigation is probably the main
factor for range expansions in
the Danube and Rhine systems
(Austria, Germany, Switzerland,
France, Netherlands).
Behning, 1938;
Wittmann, 1995;
Kelleher et al.,
1999; Van der Velde
et al., 2000; Bij de
Vaate et al., 2002;
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2000, 2009
L (D)
Unexpected appearance of
Limnomysis in poorly
accessible, but navigable lakes
of Austria, Germany, and
Switzerland.
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2009
Landscape improvement/ landscaping industry
Live food/feed trade
Fisheries
Medicinal use
Military movements
Nursery trade
Off-site preservation/ ex-situ conservation
Ornamental purposes
People foraging
People sharing resources
Pet trade
Research
Seed trade
Self-propelled
Smuggling
Stocking
Timber trade
Other cause (e.g. worm cultivation), please
specify)
Navigation
Overland transport of boats
Vectors for introduction and dispersal table
Aquatic template
8
Vector
How a species is transported, i.e. the physical
means or vector (on, in or with the following)
Notes
Long-distance (D)
and/or Local (L)
e.g. frequency, life stage,
density and condition
Reference
Please write (name,
date) citation here
and include full
bibliographic details
in reference list
Aircraft
Aquaculture stock
Bait
Bulk freight/cargo
Clothing/footwear and possessions
Consumables (food on cruise ships etc.)
Containers and packaging (wood)
Containers and packaging (non-wood)
Debris and waste associated with human
activities
Floating vegetation/debris
Germplasm (e.g. plant collections, etc.)
Hides/trophies/ feathers
Host organism (e.g. insect vector)
Live seafood
Luggage (incl. sailors’ sea chests)
Machinery/equipment
Mail/post
Mulch/straw/baskets/sod etc.
Livestock
D, L
Inadvertent stocking with aquatic
plants; with commercially
interesting animals (mainly fish,
mussels, and shrimp).
Van der Velde et al.,
2000; Aladin et al.,
2003; Dumont,
2006; Wittmann and
Ariani, 2009
D, L
For inland navigation of minor
importance compared to bilge
water (rest water) and cooling
water filters.
Reinhold and
Tittizer, 1997, 1998;
Ricciardi and
Rasmussen, 1998
D, L
Bilge water (rest water) together
with cooling water filters are
probably main factors for the
transcontinental dispersion of
Limnomysis.
Reinhold and
Tittizer, 1997, 1998;
Bij de Vaate et al.,
2002; Wittmann,
2007
D, L
Mysids attached to the outside
hull of ships.
Behning, 1938;
Wittmann, 1995;
Reinhold and
Tittizer, 1997, 1998
D, L
Increasing numbers of offers of
living mysid shrimps are noticed
on aquarist internet pages since
the 1990s.
Rey et al., 2005;
Piepiorka and
Walter, 2006;
Wittmann and
Ariani, 2009
Pets and aquarium species
Plants or parts of plants
Ship ballast water/sediment
Ship bilge water
Ship/boat structures above the water line/
holds and cabins
Ship/boat hull fouling
Soil, sand, gravel etc.
Land vehicles
Water
Wind
Other (please specify)
Runoff from aquaria
Vector species table
Vector species
Scientific name and
authority
Aquatic template
Countries where known to occur
Notes
Reference: Please write (name, date)
citation here and include full bibliographic
details in reference list
9
NOTES ON NATURAL ENEMIES (text section)
NATURAL ENEMY
Scientific name and
authority
TYPE OF ATTACK
herbivore/ carnivore,
parasite, or pathogen
PART/STAGE
ATTACKED
Example species
Parasite
Larva
Pisces (a great variety of
fish species)
carnivores
any stage
COUNTRIES WHERE
KNOWN TO OCCUR
(optional data)
(followed by dates of
introduction if known
and ‘I’ if indigenous)
Canada (2002) Smith
et al., 2003
Mexico (I) Richards,
1968
-
SPECIFICITY
(S) to species
(G) to genus
(NS) not specific
USED AS A
BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL
AGENT (Y/N)
S
Y
NS
N
4. IMPACTS SECTION
Impact summary table
P(ositive) or N(egative) or PN
(both)
IMPACT TYPE
Potential pest and disease
transmission
Modification of habitat
Modification of food web
P(ositive) or N(egative) or PN
(both)
IMPACT TYPE
PN
Potential modification of ecosystem
functioning
Loss of native species
N
PN
Threat to native species
N
N
N
Threatened species table
THREATENED
SPECIES
scientific name and
authority
CONSERVATION
SIGNIFICANCE
(e.g. state whether on the
IUCN red list or national
endangered species list)
Species of the genus
Diamysis Czerniavsky
WHERE IS IT
THREATENED?
Enter country name if
known and locality
MECHANISM
Enter number from
the Impact
Mechanisms list
competition
REFERENCE:
Please write (name,
date) citation here
and include full
bibliographic details
in reference list
Wittmann and Ariani,
2000
SUMMARY OF INVASIVENESS
Risk and impact factors table
Invasiveness
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Is the species invasive in its native range?
Has it proved invasive outside its native range? (i.e. is it an invasive alien species)?
Does it have a broad native range?
Is it abundant in its native range?
Is it highly adaptable to different environments? (i.e. does it exhibit phenotypic plasticity?)
Aquatic template
Please indicate Y(es), N(o),
U(nkown), NA (not applicable)
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
10
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Is it a habitat generalist?
Does it tolerate, or benefit from, competition, cultivation, browsing pressure, fire?
Is it pioneering in disturbed areas?
Is it tolerant of shade?
Is it capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food? (i.e. is it polyphagous?)
Is it highly mobile locally?
Does it benefit from human association? (i.e. is it a human commensal?)
Is it long lived?
Is it fast growing?
Does it have high reproductive potential?
Is it gregarious?
Does it have propagules that can viable for more than one year (e.g. as eggs, pupae, seeds)?
Does it reproduce asexually?
Does it have high genetic variability?
Impact outcomes
20. Altered trophic level
21. Changed gene pool/ selective loss of
genotypes
22. Conflict
23. Damaged ecosystem services
24. Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
25. Host damage
26. Increases vulnerability to invasions
27. Infrastructure damage
28. Loss of medicinal resources
29. Modification of fire regime
30. Modification of hydrology
31. Modification of natural benthic communities
32. Modification of nutrient regime
33. Modification of successional patterns
34. Monoculture formation
35. Negatively impacts agriculture
36. Negatively impacts cultural/traditional
practices
37. Negatively impacts forestry
38. Negatively impacts human health
39. Negatively impacts animal health
40. Negatively impacts livelihoods
41. Negatively impacts aquaculture/fisheries
42. Negatively impacts tourism
43. Reduced amenity values
44. Reduced native biodiversity
45. Soil accretion
46. Threat to/ loss of endangered species
47. Threat to/ loss of native species
48. Transportation disruption
49. Negatively impacts animal/plant collections
50. Damages animal/plant products
51. Negatively impacts trade/international relations
Other, please specify
Impact mechanisms
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
Allelopathic
Antagonistic (e.g. micro-organisms)
Causes allergic responses
Competition - monopolising resources
Competition - shading
Competition - smothering
Competition - strangling
Competition - other
Pest and disease transmission
Filtration
Aquatic template
U
U
U
NA
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Please
indicate
Y(es), N(o),
U(nkown)
U
N
N
N
Y
N
U
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
U
N
U
N
N
Y
N
U
Y
N
N
N
N
Please
indicate
Y(es), N(o),
U(nkown)
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
11
63. Fouling
64. Herbivory/grazing/browsing
65. Hybridization
66. Induces hypersensitivity
67. Interaction with other invasive species
68. Parasitism (incl. parasitoid)
69. Pathogenic
70. Poisoning
71. Pollen swamping
72. Predation
73. Rapid growth
74. Rooting
75. Trampling
76. Produces spines, thorns or burrs
Other, please specify
N
Y
N
N
U
U
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Likelihood of entry/control
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
Is it highly likely to be transported internationally (a) accidentally? (e.g. as a contaminant).
Is it highly likely to be transported internationally (b) deliberately? (e.g. as an ornamental)
Is it highly likely to be transported internationally (c) illegally
Is it difficult to identify / detect as a commodity contaminant? (e.g. due to small size)
Is it difficult to identify / detect in the field? (e.g. similarities to other species, inconspicuousness)
Is it difficult / costly to control? (e.g. resistance to pesticides)
Please indicate Y(es),
N(o), U(nkown)
Y
Y
U
N
N
Y
5. MANAGEMENT SECTION
USES TABLE
Please
mark with
‘X’
Soil conservation
Oils
Soil improvement
Pearls
General
Wildlife habitat
Pesticide, pest repellent
Botanical garden/zoo
Windbreaks
Resins
Use
Rubber/latex
Capital accumulation
Draught animal
Materials
Shell
Laboratory use
Alcohol
Silk
Pet/aquarium trade
Bark products
Skins/leather/fur
Research model
Baskets
Tanstuffs
Ritual uses
Beads
Sociocultural value
Bones
Souvenirs
Sport (hunting, shooting,
fishing,racing)
Working animals
(miscellaneous)
Cane
Wax
Wood/timber (see table of
Wood products)
Wool
Carved material
Chemicals
Cosmetics
Dyestuffs
Medicinal,
pharmaceutical
Source of medicine/
pharmaceutical
Traditional, folklore
Environmental
Essential oils
Agroforestry
Feathers
Amenity
Fertilizer
Biological control
Boundary, barrier or
support
Commercial pollinator
Erosion control, dune
stabilization
Firebreak
Fibre
Graft stock
Lac
Land reclamation
Lipids
Landscape improvement
Manure
Human food and
beverage
Beverage base
Revegetation
Miscellaneous
Cereal
Shelterbelts
Mulches
Eggs
Aquatic template
Fuel (fuelwood)
Green manure
Gums
Hair
Horn
Veterinary
Fuels
Biofuels
Charcoal
Fuelwood
Miscellaneous fuels
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Emergency (famine) food
Genetic Importance
Animal feed, fodder,
forage
Bait, attractant
Flour, starch
Food additive
Fruits
Gene source
Progenitor of …
Fishmeal
Gum, mucilage
Honey, honey flora
Leaves (for beverage)
Meat/fat/offal/blood/bone
(whole, cut, fresh, frozen,
canned, cured, processed
or smoked)
Milk and dairy products
Fodder/animal feed
X
Forage
X
Invertebrate food
X
Meat and bonemeal
Related to …
Test organisms (for pests
and diseases)
Ornamental
Christmas tree
Cut flower
Nuts
Drugs, stimulants,
social uses – materials
Hallucinogen
Oil, fat
Masticatory
Pulse
Narcotic
Root crop
Psychoactive
Seeds
Religious
Spices & culinary herbs
Smoking
Sugar
Stimulants
Potted plant
Propagation material
Seed trade
Additional (please specify:)
Aquarist use
X
Vegetable
6. FURTHER INFORMATION SECTION
LINKS TO WEBSITES
Give details of any sites on the internet, which are of relevance to this datasheet, these may be organizations/networks of
expertise, databases and other significant compilations.
NAME
ADDRESS (URL)
ORGANIZATIONS
Give details of any organizations which are of significant relevance to this datasheet (with specific focus/expertise at the
national, regional or global level).
NAME
ACRONYM
ADDRESS
COUNTRY
URL
ILLUSTRATIONS
Please see Instructions to Authors for further essential information regarding illustrations.
Please supply full details for each illustration that you send.
Aquatic template
13
Pic
No.
Please supply a clear, descriptive caption for
each illustration (supply on a separate sheet if
necessary)
1
Limnomysis benedeni. Lateral view of female with
incipient egg clutch in the thorax, simultaneously
bearing nauplioid larvae in the brood pouch.
2
Dense aggregation of Limnomysis benedeni (field
photograph).
3
Limnomysis benedeni from River Danube. A, adult
female in dorsal view; B, C, antennal scale in female
(B) and male (C); D, fourth male pleopod; E, telson.
4
Distribution and range expansion in Limnomysis
benedeni. Years indicate first records. Overlapping
symbols are arranged with the older records on top.
Type:
Slide
Print
Artwork?
Photo
(electronic
)
Photo
(electronic
)
Electronic
artwork
(B/W with
some
grey)
Electronic
artwork
(RGB
colours)
Rights to illustration held by?
Immediate
return
required?
(mark with
‘X’)
Onderwaterwereld (ask for permission)
?
Onderwaterwereld (ask for permission)
?
Karl J. Wittmann
Karl J. Wittmann
Please indicate any other potential source of pictures for this datasheet
NAME
Onderwaterwereld
Aquatic template
ADDRESS (postal or email)
http://www.onderwaterwereld.org/library/crustacea/limnomysis%20be
nedeni
14