Joseph Stalin Lavrentii Beria Georgy Malenkov Nikita Khrushchev

11/13/2015
Joseph Stalin
December 18, 1878 - March 5,
1953
Nikita Khrushchev
1884 - 1971
Lavrentii Beria
1899 – 1953
Georgy Malenkov
1902 - 1988
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Ukrainians in Government
• Khrushchev – 1st secretary of Communist
Party of Ukraine (KPU) until 1949
• Leonid Melnikov removed as 1st Secretary
of KPU – 1953
• Oleksii Kyrychenko – 1st Secretary of KPU
Second Among Equals
• Understanding between Moscow and
Ukraine – support and cooperation
• Ukraine the junior partner
• For those with no desire for self rule –
career and opportunities
• 300th anniversary of Pereyaslav Treaty –
1954
• Irreversibility of the “ever lasting” union
Oleksii Kyrychenko
1908 - 1975
Ukrainians in Government
• Khrushchev – 1st secretary of Communist
Party of Ukraine (KPU) until 1949
• Leonid Melnikov removed as 1st Secretary
of KPU – 1953
• Oleksii Kyrychenko – 1st Secretary of KPU
• Ukrainians placed in important
government positions
• Growth of KPU – 60% Ukrainians
Ceding Crimea to Ukraine
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Token of friendship of the Russian people
Homeland of Crimean Tatars
Economic links with Ukraine greater
Saddled Ukraine with economic and
political problems
• Ethnicity – population 1.12 million
• 77% Russian
• 23% Ukrainian
• Increased number of Russians in Ukraine
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De-Stalinization
• "On the Cult of Personality and Its
Consequences" speech – February 24,
1956
• Tourism allowed
• Russification toned down
• Fear and paralysis of creativity eased
Nationality Issues
• Instruction in both Russian and native
language
• Parents given right to choose their children’s
language
• Formal and informal pressure to learn
Russian
• Form of Russification
• Defiance of authority by younger generation
• Western jazz and pop music
Changes in Ukraine
• Ukrainian complaints
• Sorry state of the Ukrainian language
• Historians opposed Moscow’s ideological control
• Authors complaint about control
• Ukrainian historians published journal – 1957
• First Ukrainian encyclopedia – 1959
• Ukrainian journals in natural and social
sciences
Changes in Ukraine
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Facilities for nuclear research
Computer center in Kiev – 1957
Institute of cybernetics – 1962
Rehabilitation of Ukrainian intellectuals
Enrichment of Ukrainian culture
Release of millions of Ukrainians from
Gulag
• Execution of OUN members
Economic Experimentation
• Prove that communism was superior
• Less ideological and more managerial
• Agriculture – chronic weak point
• Industry output rose 230% - 1949-52
• Agricultural output rose 10%
• Increase agricultural output
Agricultural Projects
• “Virgin lands” project
• Bring 40 million acres in Kazakhstan and
Siberia under cultivation
• Machinery and 80,000 workers transferred
• Results uneven
• Siphoned off Ukrainian resources
• 70 million acres to corn production
• Feed livestock
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Agricultural Projects
• Sale of MTS to collective farms
• Lack of technological expertise
• Most collective farm chairmen lacked
education beyond secondary school
• Technological aid brought in from cities
• Increased pay of farmers
• Farmers penalized for working on own plot
• Had to import grain (Canada)
Changes in Industry
• Emphasis in heavy industry continues
• Drop in productivity in late 1950’s
• Emergence of light industry
• Cars, television, vacuum cleaners,
refrigerators, etc.
• Decentralization – shift of economic
planning and management to region
• Economic autonomy in Ukraine
Intellectual Ferment
• Stalin’s tomb moved from Kremlin
mausoleum
Intellectual Ferment
• Stalin’s tomb moved from Kremlin
mausoleum
• Khrushchev’s visit to grave of Taras
Shevchenko – May 1961
• Publication of Dr. Zhivago and One Day in
the Life of Ivan Denisovich
• Increasing creative self expression by
authors
• The “sixtiers” – end to Party’s meddling in art
and literature
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Khrushchev’s Reaction
• Russian writers warned not to push
liberalization too far - 1962
• Vicious attack in press
• Ukrainian writers attacked in press
• Dramatic decrease in church weddings
• Anti-Semitic publications – Ukrainian
Academy of Science
• Ukrainian nationalist cooperating with Zionists
What changed
• No more mass arrests, terror tactics and
purges
• Discipline in work places less vigorous
• Secret police gave warnings before arrests
• Standard of living improved
• Ukraine’s economic importance
recognized
• Emergence of cultural activists
What Did Not Change
• Censorship
• Communist Party retained monopoly on
political power
• Economy directed by bureaucrats
• Everyone worked in
• Government enterprises and institutions
• Everyone shopped in government stores
Fall of Khrushchev
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Cuban missile crisis
Split with China
Disorganization of reforms
Disastrous harvest in 1963
Brezhnev’s coup in 1964
• Ukrainian interests subordinated to
Moscow
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The Language Issue
• Sophisticated, systematic campaign for use
of Russian language
• Had strong supporters
Leonid Brezhnev
1906 - 1982
• Russians living in Ukraine
• Ukrainians who adopted Russian language and
culture
• Russian used by most numerous and
important people in USSR
• Only means for communication among
diverse nationalities
The Language Issue
Alexei Kosygin
1904 - 1980
Stability and Stagnation
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Order and stability
Regional economic councils abolished
Stalinist-like bureaucratic rule
Concepts of multinational Soviet society
• Rastvet – flowering
• Sblizhenie – drawing together
• Sliianie – merging or fusing
• Assimilation and acceptance of Russian
linguistics and cultural norms
• Ukrainian schools increased rapidly
• Russian required for career opportunities
• Used in large cities – Ukrainian language
as that of “country bumpkins”
• Fostered inferiority complex of Ukrainian
language and culture
• Ukrainians demanded Russian language
education for their children
Russians in Ukraine
• In-migration of Russians
• Encourage growth a common identity
• Russians believed that they could get best
jobs in non-Russian areas
• Out-migration of Ukrainians
• Identified with Russians
• 7 million Russians in1959
• 10 million Russians in 1979
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Russians in Ukraine
• Russians 21% of Ukraine’s population
• 2 Ukraines
• Russian
• Donbas and other industrial areas
• Southern cities
• Large cities
• Ukrainian
• Right Bank
• Parts of Left Bank
• Western Ukraine
Soviet Ukrainian Attitudes
• Accepted legitimacy of Soviet government
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Increased their income
Equality among socioeconomic groups
Opportunities for upward mobility
Pride in power of USSR
Stability and Stagnation
• Helsinki Accords – 1975
• Respect for human rights and fundamental
freedoms
• Equal rights and self-determination of peoples
• 1977 Constitution
• Preserve existence of national republics
• Right of constituent Soviet republics to secede
from the Union
• Russian language of friendship and
cooperation - Tashkent Conference
Manifestations of Dissent
• “Jurists’ Group” led by Levko Lukyanenko
• Legal right to secede
• Elements of dissatisfaction
• Economic favoritism of Siberia and Central
Asia at Ukraine’s expense
• Resentful of Moscow’s decision making
Soviet Ukrainian Attitudes
• Disinterest in Marxist-Leninist ideology
• Relative stability
• Loss of optimism, purpose, and sense of
direction
• Growing middle-class values and
consumerism
Levko Lukyanenko
Born August 24, 1927
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Manifestations of Dissent
• “Jurists’ Group” led by Levko Lukyanenko
• Legal right to secede
• 1963 Conference of Language and Culture
• Massive open demonstration against
Russification
• Statue of Shevchenko became rallying point
• Ukrainian Herold – 1970
• KGB attempts to suppress
• Wave of mass arrests - 1972
Suppression of Dissent
• Dissent failed to attract support
• No coherent political program
• Almost exclusively the intelligentsia
• Government had monopoly on
communication and the KGB
• Prevented in formation from reaching public
• Harsh and vicious repression
• Disproportionally large Ukrainian
“prisoners of conscience”
Ukrainian Helsinki Group
• Established by Mykola Rudenko – 1976
• Dissidents
• Nationalists
• Religious activists
• Open group a legal right to exist
• Civil and national rights
• Ukraine’s independence by exercising
existing rights, guaranteed by Soviet
Constitution
• Arrested and imprisoned - 1980
Mykola Rudenko
1920 - 2004
Yuri Andropov
1914 – 1984
Mikhail Gorbachev
Born March 2, 1931
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Mikhail Gorbachev
• Perestroika
• Restructuring of economy
• Glasnost
• Openness in conduct of government
• Chernobyl disaster – April 26, 1986
• Human error
• Gross negligence
• Faulty design of reactor
Chernobyl Disaster
• Initial cover up
• Admitted scope of disaster – help and
assistance from Western experts
• 35 deaths – May be much higher
• High radiation and cancer risk
• 135,000 people forced to abandon homes
• Tension between Ukrainian party and
Moscow
Glasnost and Ukraine
• Russian poets published anti-Soviet
materials
• Ukrainian Culturological Club – 1987
• Former dissidents
• Test limits of glasnost – sensitive issues
• Famine of 1932-33
• Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine
• Struggle for independence – 1917 to 1920
Glasnost and Ukraine
• Huge public gatherings in L’viv
• Tens of thousands participants
• Erection of monument to Shevchenko in L’viv
• KGB arrested some organizers for “anti-Soviet
activity”
• Rukh – Movement of Ukraine for
Restructuring
• Political, economic, environmental, and cultural
reforms
• Protection of Ukrainian language
• Condemnation of anti-Semitism
The Church
• Greek Catholic Church emerged from
underground
• Supported by Vatican and Ukrainian diaspora
• Allowed to register parishes – 1989
• Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
formally restored its hierarchy – 1990
• Strong in Right Bank
• Vatican established Polish Catholic
hierarchy in Ukraine
Crimean Tatars
• Exonerated of charge of treason – 1967
• Right to return to Crimea – 1988
• Crimean Tatar population
• 38,000 in 1989
• 120,000 in 1990
• Russians in Crimea called for union with
Russia
• Declaration of sovereignty for Crimean
Tatars
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Sovereignty and Independence
• Volodymyr Shcherbytsky removed as 1st
Secretary of KPU – Sept. 1989
Sovereignty
• Growth of Democratic Block
• “Free” elections to Verkhovna Rada –
March 1990
• Communists retained majority
• Democratic Block over 100 seats out of 450
• Declaration of Ukrainian Sovereignty- July
16, 1990
• Control its own affairs
Independence
Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
1918 - 1990
• Kravchuk adopted nationalist position
• Soviet coup d'état attempt – August 19–
21, 1991
• State Committee on the State of Emergency
• Hard line communists and KGB
• Gorbachev vacationing in Crimea
Leonid Kravchuk
Born January 10, 1934
Gorbachev’s Dacha in Foros, Crimea
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Independence
• Kravchuk adopted nationalist position
• Soviet coup d'état attempt – August 19–
21, 1991
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State Committee on the State of Emergency
Hard line communists and KGB
Gorbachev vacationing in Crimea
Gorbachev placed under arrest by the KGB
Tanks moved into Red Square and in front of
the White House
Independence
• Kravchuk remained on the sidelines during
the attempted coup
• Spearheaded resolution for Ukrainian
independence in Supreme Soviet of
Ukraine – August 24, 1991
• Referendum and presidential elections –
December 1, 1991
• Referendum passed by 92% - 80% voted
• Kravchuk elected president by 62%
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Independence
• Belavezha Accords - December 8, 1991
• Russia
• Belarus
• Ukraine
• Dissolved the Soviet Union
• Commonwealth of Independent States
World Reaction
• Poland and Hungary immediately
recognized Ukraine
• Canada
• United States
• Bush wanted to preserve USSR
• Stability in Eurasia
• Recognized on December 25, 1991
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Commonwealth of Independent
States
• Moscow perspective
• Supra-national organization
• Own bureaucratic structure
• Co-ordinate military, political and economic
policies
• Ukraine perspective
• Domination by Russia
• Forum for discussion of primarily economic
problems
• Ukraine has not ratified CIS treaty –
Associate member
Resignation of Gorbachev
December 25, 1991
Russian Response
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Loss of Ukraine was a painful shock
Threatened Russia’s position of power
Undermined role as “elder brother”
11 million Russians in Ukraine
Crimean issue
• Not Ukrainian – transfer in 1954
• Black Sea fleet at Sevastopol
• 300 ships and 65,000 men
• Dual control – mid 1992
Nuclear Weapons
• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
• Ukraine – Third largest nuclear power
• Willing to transfer nuclear weapons to
Russia
• Financial aid
• Security guarantees
Leonid Kravchuk
First President of Ukraine
1991 – 1994
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Politics
• Avoided ethnic conflicts
• Restructuring of the army
• 700,000 troops – officers 70% Russian
• Replacement of Russian officers with
Ukrainians
• 400,000 troops by 1995
• 200,000 troops by 2000
• Plan for all volunteer armed forces
Politics
• State-building neglected
• constitution not completed
• Division of power unclear
• Kravchuk tried to establish strong
presidency
• Kuchma – premier in 1992
• Triangulation of power
Economic Strengths
• Possessed important industries
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Coal mining
Metallurgy
Machine production
Ship building
• Agriculture
• 21% of total USSR output in 1989
• 30% of the world’s rich black soil
• Large cheap labor source
Economic Weaknesses
• Natural resources exploitation near
collapse – iron ore and coal
• Outdated technology
• Cost of mining exceeded profits
• Modernization – vast capital resources
• Worsening energy crisis
• Industrial output – 70% in heavy industry
• 40% served Soviet military sector
Politics
• Power at local level
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Presidential degrees ignored
Oblast councils
Factory chairman
Collective farm chairman
Unreconstructed communists
• Murphy’s Law
• Law of the jungle
Economic Weaknesses
• Consumer goods – 30% of industrial output
• Factories source of pollution
• Inefficient, unbalanced, and ecologically
dangerous
• Agriculture decline 15% in 1992
• Inflation – disincentive for production
• Energy crisis – paralyzed transportation and
food distribution
• Decline of rural population – shrank 16%
between 1975 to 1990
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Economy
First Decade
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GDP decreased 63%
Trade plummeted
Debt increased substantially
Practically no foreign investment
Uncompetitive factories barely functioned
Dangerous mines unprofitable
Urban infrastructure in bad repair
Collective farms barely sustainable
Kravchuk Policies
Economy
First Decade
• Soviet economic system vulnerable
• Decline unavoidable
• Russia almost exclusive market for Ukrainian
products
• Separated by tariffs and duties
• Ukrainian industry lopsided
Vitold Fokin
Prime Minister
24 August 1991 – 1 October 1992
• Military-industrial sector
• Industrial output could not be completed
without using products of materials from
another republic
Economy
First Decade
• Those who presided over collapse of
Soviet economy were now in charge of
transforming Ukraine to a market economy
• Introduced reforms that served their own
interest
• Lack of consensus
Economic Policies
• Concentrated on state and nation building
• Avoided serious economic reform
• Social and political stability
• Withdrew from ruble zone
• Karbovanets or coupons
• Large subsidies to money losing industry
• Huge budget deficits
• Inflation – 435% in January 1992
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Yukhym Zvyahilsky
Acting
Prime Minister
Economic Policies
Leonid Kuchma
Prime Minister
13 October 1992 to
22 September 1993
• State control
• Stopped privatization
• Raised subsidies to factories and
collective farms
• Inflation 10,000% - 1993
• Goods remained unsold
• Production decreased
• Loss of savings
Economic Policies
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Strict monetary control
Subsidies reduced
Deficit reduced
Salaries unpaid
Welfare payments slashed
Pensions postponed
Privatization started
Donets miners’ strike
Economic Policies
• Masses plunged into poverty
• Well-placed elites accumulated tremendous
wealth
• Oligarchs
• Transformed Communist party funds into private
property
• Factory directors obtained large government
loans
• Illegally exchanged for dollars
• Converted some dollars to coupons – devalued
• Repaid loans and kept rest of dollars
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Leonid Kuchma
President of Ukraine
1994 – 2005
Leonid Kuchma
• Born in rural Chernihiv Oblast - August 9,
1938
• Worked in aerospace engineering
• Central Committee of the Communist Party of
Ukraine
• Member of the Verkhovna Rada – 1990
• Prime Minister from October 13, 1992 until
September 22, 1993
• Ran against Kravchuk in 1994
The Kuchma Years
1995 - 2005
Yevhen Marchuk
Prime Minister
June 8, 1995 – May 27, 1996
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Marchuk Policies
• Decreased subsidies
• Decreased wages
• Wages lowest in CIS
• Rise in unemployment
• 33% - those not paid and on furlough not
included
• Kuchma dismissed prime minister
Kuchma Reforms
• Privatization of state property
• Elimination of subsidies to unprofitable
enterprises
• Liberalization of prices
• Reduction of social expenditures
• Stabilization of currency
Hryvnia
• Ukrainian currency
• Introduced in 1996
• Exchanged 2–16 September 1996, at a rate
of 1 hryvnia = 100,000 karbovantsiv
• Initial foreign exchange rate was UAH 1.76 =
USD 1.00
• Fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21
April 2005 until 21 May 2008
• The peg was changed to a managed float in
2012
Privatization
• Small scale enterprises
• Shops, restaurants, service facilities
• 2% of GDP
• Privatization of medium and large
enterprises
• Opposition in Rada
• Russian oligarch may buy Ukrainian industry
• Pave way to capitalism
Oligarchs
Viktor Yushchenko
Governor of the National Bank
of Ukraine
1993 - 2000
• Bought raw materials – fairly cheap
• Obtained export licenses – via friend and
bribes
• Sold materials at tremendous profit on
world market
• Undermined economy
• Control of political parties
• Bought large businesses at very low prices
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Rinat Akhmetov
$18.3 Billion in 2013
Petro Poroshenko
$1 billion in 2012
Viktor Yanukovych
$12 billion
Ihor Kolomoyskyi
$1.36 billion
Victor Pinchuk
$3.1 billion
Yulia Tymoshenko
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Agriculture
• Production decreased 44% (1990 – 1997)
• Soaring energy costs
Pavlo Lazarenko
$200 million
• Rose 6 times faster than prices
• Opposition to abolition of collective farms
• Blocked in Rada by left
• Opposed by powerful collective farm directors
• Peasants reluctant to abandon collective
farms
Kuchma Policies
• Decline in wages ($55/month)
• Lowest in Commonwealth of Independent States
• Rise of unemployment 10% to 33%
• Not included those who were not payed or on
furlough
• Increasing deficits
• Increase in taxes as high as 90%
• Shadow economy – 50% of GDP
• Massive capital flight – $25-30 billion
Kuchma Policies
• Difficulties in attracting foreign investment
• Corruption, exorbitant taxation, and stifling
regulation
• Relatively stable currency
• Help from International Monetary Fund
• Foreign debt $12.5 billion in 1998
Society
• Rapid growth of socioeconomic inequality
• Elites, wealth and power, 0.5%
• Blackmarketeers turned “businessmen”,
directors of vast enterprises – 2%
• Lacked political power of top stratum
• Features of middle class – 10%
• Profited modestly from market economy
Society
• Economic disaster for 75%
• Poor or very poor 33%
• Rest barely managed to stay above the
poverty line
• Pensions of elderly decreased to $8-12/month
• Derelicts, alcoholics, mentally and
physically impaired – 10-12%
• Garden plot
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Consequences
• Decrease in life span
• 1989 - men 66 years, women 75 years
• 2000- men 63 years, women 73 years
• Increase in TB and HIV
• 0.79 children per family
• 500,000 Ukrainians emigrated
• Best and the brightest
• Population decline
• 1989 – 52million
• 2006 – 49.7million
Kuchma
• Opposition in Parliament after March 2002
election
• Our Ukraine party – Yushschenko – 112 seats
• Yulia Tymoshenko
• Media censorship
• Buy parliamentary deputies
• Tax officials harassed opposition
businessmen
Kuchma
• Secret sale of arms to Iraq
• Closer ties with Putin
Georgiy Gongadze
21 May 1969 – 17 September
2000
• "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and
Partnership" with Russia
• Negotiations for membership in Eurasian
Economic Union
• He referred to Russian as "an official
language"
Election of 2004
• Kuchma decide not to run – Constitutional
Court allowed him a third term
• Supported Viktor Yanukovych
• Challenged by Yushchenko
Georgiy Gongadze monument in
Kiev
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500,000 Demonstrators
Orange Revolution
• Demonstrations began November 22,
2004 – peaceful
• Several Cities, including L’viv refused to
recognized election results
• Yulia Tymoshenko joined protests
Election of 2004
• Kuchma decide not to run – Constitutional
Court allowed him a third term
• Supported Viktor Yanukovych
• Challenged by Viktor Yushchenko
• Run off election November 21, 2004
• Results – Yanukovych won by 3%
• Election fraud - exit polls showed
Yushchenko ahead by 11%
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Orange Revolution
• Demonstrations began November 22,
2004 – peaceful
• Several Cities, including L’viv refused to
recognized election results
• Yulia Tymoshenko joined protests
• Central Election Commission declared
Yanukovych winner
• Almost 1 million people demonstrated
Orange Revolution
• 10,000 troops stationed outside Kiev –
Ukrainian intelligence service halted
deployment
• Financial support from Boris Berezovsky
• Youth party Pora received aid from
American agencies
• Orange Revolution – resounding defeat for
Putin
Orange Revolution
• Separationist threats by Yanukovych
supporters – criticized by Rada
• Yushchenko formed Committee of
National Salvation – nationwide political
strike
• Supreme Court on Dec. 3 – election not
recognized because of widespread fraud
• New election to be held Dec. 26, 2004
Orange Revolution
• 12,500 neutral observers came to monitor
election
• Election results
• Yushchenko – 51.99%
• Yanukovych – 44.20 %
• Reconstituted election Commission –
Yushchenko winner – Jan. 10, 2005
• Yushchenko inaugurated President – Jan.
23, 2005
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