Vidocq Journal 2012 Quarter 1

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Journal
The Vidocq Society – Solving Unsolved Murders and Cold Cases
Quarterly Journal
Volume Twenty Three Number One 2012
The
Boy in the Box
Memorial
Lie Detection
by
Nate Gordon
Page 1
Pages 2 - 4
Bookspan's Bullets
Fast Forensics
With Dr. Bookspan
Pages 5 & 6
Vidocq Members
In The News
Page 7 & 8
Skeletons
In The Closet
Page 9
Digital Forensics
Peter Stephenson,
PhD
Pages 10 - 12
Memorial for the Boy in the Box
By William L. Fleisher, VSM, Commissioner
On Saturday 25 February, 2012, several of our members and their family attended a memorial service for “The Boy in
the Box” at his resting place in Ivy Hill Cemetery. The memorial marked the 55th anniversary of this child being
found on Susquehanna Road in Northeast Philadelphia.
The service was led by Bill Kelly, VSM, who holds the
distinction of being the longest living original investigator on this case. Also attending were VSMs, Jack Maxwell, Jack Downs, Craig Mann, Lou Cabrelli, Jim
Fitzgerald, Len Lebowitz and myself, as well as Bill
Kelly’s daughter Kathy and her husband, Ed Greene,
Bill’s grandchildren, Kevin Kelly and Jessica Greene,
and Lou Cabrelli’s grandson, Jordan.
Vidocq Society members have been receiving leads for
years regarding this case, and our members are following them up. Someday soon, I hope we help get this case
solved.
– America’s Unknown Child website maintained by the
Vidocq Society: http://americasunknownchild.net
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Lie Detection: The Past – The Present – The Future
By Nate Gordon, VSM
In 1895, Cesare Lombroso, considered the father of
modern criminology, is credited with performing the first
instrumental lie detection examination for a police department in Italy. The case involved the murder of a
young boy. Lombroso used a device that measured
changes in blood flow in the suspect’s hand as Lombroso
showed him pictures of several young boys, one of
which was the victim. Lombroso theorized that if the
suspect was innocent none of the pictures would hold
any meaning on threat to the suspect. However, if the
suspect was the murderer Lombroso anticipated, a sudden increase in blood flow to the hand as the sympathetic
nervous system innervated due to the suspect’s threat
upon seeing the boy he had murdered.
Single parameter devices such as that mentioned above
have appeared throughout the development of truth verification. In the early 1900’s another Italian scientist, Vittorio Benussi, reported high degrees of accuracy detecting deception by monitoring changes in a suspect’s
breathing. Around the same time, an American attending
Harvard University, William Marston, published a dissertation where he reported high degrees of accuracy by
monitoring discontinuous changes in systolic blood pressure.
In 1921, a Berkley California police officer, John Larson,
under the direction of Chief of Police August Vollmer,
decided to combine the work of Benussi and Marston
and developed a two pen polygraph instrument, believing
that the more physiological data he could collect the
greater his accuracy would be in verifying truth. Unlike
Marston’s discontinuous method, Larson’s new instrument collected continuous changes in cardiovascular activity.
By the 1930’s, a third parameter, Galvanic Skin Response was added to the polygraph which monitored
changes in the suspect’s resistance to a minute electrical
current, below the threshold of feeling, that was introduced through the instrumentation. The three physiological parameter polygraph became, and still is, the
“gold standard” for truth verification. Today, most exam-
iners are using computerized systems that also offer several scoring algorithms for quality control.
Lafayette Computerized LX-4000
In the 1970’s single parameter instruments that monitored changes in the voice to detect deception began being produced. Based on the non verbal research of Paul
Eckman, a California professor, a computerized system
to detect deception based on micro facial expressions
was offered. Lawrence Farwell introduced a “Brain Fingerprinting” system to detect deception by brain waives
indicating previous memory of an event.
Since the attacks of 9/11 we have seen the introduction of
thermal imaging to monitor facial blood flow changes
and the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) to look for differences in brain activation between suspect’s telling the truth and lying.
In 2008, the U.S. Government introduced the Preliminary
Credibility Assessment Screening System (PCASS); a
hand held device that monitored electro dermal and cardiovascular activity to be used by interviewers in Iraq
and Afghanistan.
The questions become, “Where will the search for truth
lead us in the years to come?” and, “Will truth verification be accepted in courts throughout our land?”
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Lie Detection: The Past – The Present – The Future
Continued from Previous Page
Larson’s initial premise in the 1920’s that the more
physiological data he could monitor the greater his accuracy of detecting deception would be appears to be correct. If we look at the present “gold standard” of lie detection, the polygraph, we have an instrument that monitors respiration, skin resistance or conductivity, cardiovascular activity and deliberate attempts at physical distortions. It is the synergy of these physiological parameters that make the polygraph the most accurate method of
detecting deception available today. None of these parameters independently attains the accuracy obtained
when they work together.
The U.S. Government has looked at every voice stress
device available and sadly has found none to be much
better than chance. The use
of Dr, Farwell’s “Brain Fingerprinting” can only detect
deception if a person has
memory of an event they are
denying to have engaged in.
It therefore has limited application. The accuracy of
thermal imaging is reported
to be in the mid 80%. In
Pentagon tests with basic
trainees and civilians, the PCASS device was correct in
62, 63 and 79 percent of the cases. The Pentagon touts a
higher number; setting aside cases where the machine
couldn't make a decision.
In initial experiments the author was involved in performed by Truth Test Technologies, twelve volunteers
were tested on whether or not they had fired a gun in a
hospital environment. Half of the group had actually
fired a gun and were instructed to deny it. Half the group
had been told a gun had been fired and they were a suspect. All were told they would be interviewed and then
given polygraph and fMRI examinations to determine
their truthfulness. They were also told that if they were
determined to be truthful they would receive an additional monetary reward. Thus, all volunteers were motivated to come out truthful, which mimics real life testing
where both the innocent and guilty suspects desire to be
determined truthful. The polygraph resulted in one “Inconclusive” determination and all determinations made
of truth or deception were correct. With the “Inconclusive” result viewed as error, the polygraph had 90% accuracy.
The fMRI results showed areas of frontal lobe (medial,
inferior and superior frontal gyrus), temporal lobe , and
limbic lobe (anterior cingulate) to be significantly active
during the deception process. However during truth telling, no significant activation regions were seen in the
brain at high thresholds.
The fMRI studies done to date claim to show accuracy
rates approaching the polygraph. There are three major
groups involved in these studies (Truth Test Technologies, CEPHOS and No Lie fMRI) and who have begun
offering fMRI detection of deception examinations in the
United States. Only one of these groups, Truth Test
Technologies (T3) has used a synergetic approach, combining the data obtained from the fMRI with the data
from the polygraph. I believe that this will create a new
procedure that could become the future “gold standard”
for truth verification.
These results strongly suggest that there may be unique
area(s) in the brain involved in the truth-telling or deception process that can be measured using fMRI. These
preliminary results were encouraging and clearly indicated the need for further investigation.
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Lie Detection: The Past – The Present – The Future
Continued from Previous Page
Even more interesting, when the data from the fMRI was
merged with that from the polygraph the “Inconclusive”
result was eliminated and there was 100% accuracy in
determining truth or deception. A second replica study
using a greater number of subjects is now underway.
With the advent of a new truth test showing accuracy
rates for both innocent and guilty suspects in the mid to
upper 90% range, supported by scientific research it is
hard to question how it would not receive greater admissibility in the courts of our land. Currently the State of
New Mexico allows polygraph evidence to be admitted
by either side, 19 states allow polygraph testimony only
by stipulation, and the remaining states do not permit
polygraph evidence citing the 1923 Frye v. United States
decision.
Alphonso Frye was arrested in the homicidal shooting of
a Washngton D.C. physician. He gave the police a confession which he later recanted. The defense hired William Marston to perform his “Discontinuous Blood Pressure Test.” This test consisted of Marston placing a standard blood pressure cuff on a suspect and periodically
during an interview inflating it and taking systolic blood
pressure measurements. Bear in mind, that by 1923, Larson had already introduced an instrument that recorded
continuous changes in blood pressure as well as continuous changes in respiration. It is not surprising that the
Supreme Court ruled the “Discontinuous Blood Pressure
Cuff” inadmissible because it had not met “general acceptance” of the field from which it came.
In the case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.
US, CA, 1993, the Supreme Court ruled that the “Rigid
‘general acceptance’ requirement for admission of scientific evidence would be at odds with ‘liberal thrust’ of
Federal Rules of Evidence and their general approach of
relaxing traditional barriers to ‘opinion’ testimony,” referring to the Federal Rules of Evidence 702. This rule
states that the judge must decide if the scientific evidence
or testimony is both relevant and reliable. This allows
for polygraph evidence to be admitted in Federal Court
based on the judge’s decision.
The future of truth verification seems to clearly be directed toward adding other psychophysiological data to
that which is currently being collected by the polygraph.
This was recently demonstrated by the U.S. Governments
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute (DoDPI),
which trains all Federal examiners, changing its name to
the Defense Academy for Credibility Assessment
(DACA). What additional psychophysiological data the
truth test of the future will monitor is still a work in progress. However. it appears that Larson’s initial instinct,
that more data produces higher rates of accuracy was correct.
References:
Lombrosso C. (1895). L’Homme Criminel (2nd French Edition).
Trovillo, Paul Y. (1939). A History of Lie Detection. J.
Criminal Law, Crim Pol Science, 29, 848–81; 30, 104-109.
Matte JA. (1996). Forensic Psychophysiology; Using the
Polygraph. JAM Publications, Williamsville, NY.
Gordon, NJ & Fleisher WL. (2002). Effective Interviewing
and Interrogation Techniques. Second Edition. Elsevier
Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Mohamed F, Faro S, Gordon N, Platek S, Ahmad H, & Williams J. (2006). Brain Mapping of Deception and Truth Telling about an Ecologically Valid Situation; An fMRI and
Polygraph Investigation. Radiology, 238:2.
Gordon, Mohamed, Faro, Platek, Ahmed, & Williams.
(2006). The Integrated Zone Comparison Polygraph Technique Accuracy with Scoring Algorithms. Physiology and
Behavior, 87, 251- 254.
Nathan J. Gordon, VSM, is on the Board of Directors of the
Vidocq Society, and is head of the Academy for Scientific Investigative Training - An American Polygraph Association
accredited polygraph examiner training school.
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Bookspan's Bullets by Jolie Bookspan, MEd, PhD, FAWM, VSM
Bookspan’s Bullets is dedicated to Frank Bender, VSM, who inspired and requested the
column beginning in 1997. Each issue brings you summarized forensic news and education.
Bent Forward Seated Restraint
Increases Death Risk
Prisoners have died following restraint in a bent forward
position. Studies of the restraint technique of holding detainees bent forward while seated show greatly reduced
lung capacity. In an initial study, researchers from Coventry University led by Dr. John Parkes, compared lung
function during four restraint positions with a control position of standing. They found that participants restrained
prone (face down) with the restraining person pressing
their upper torso and/or in a flexed (bent forward) seated
position had reduction in lung function. Following up on
their work, in another study they placed 40 volunteers in
chairs bringing their face close to the lap, with no additional pressure applied to their back. Significant reduction in lung function still occurred, greater in participants
with higher body mass index (BMI). In the worst case,
lungs capacity was almost halved. Researchers concluded, "Seated restraint positions with the person leant
forward may increase the risk of harm or death during
prolonged restraint. The risk will be further increased
where the person exhibits higher BMI."
All study volunteers reported they felt they could not
breathe, and many felt alarmed. Volunteers with a larger
waist found it hardest to breathe. Dr. Parkes stated that
the research found that the position, rather than the restraint by itself, caused the restriction in the lungs. Dr.
Parkes stated the danger lay in security staff misinterpreting response from a detainee who is struggling to
breathe. "Imagine that from the perspective of the staff.
They feel you struggle and they will feel that you are getting angry. They will apply more force to manage your
resistance. It becomes a vicious circle. The people who
would die are those who resist for a prolonged period of
time. It is entirely possible that people will die where
someone is using a level of force that a lay person may
not consider to be excessive."
- Sources:
BBC News
Parkes J, Thake D, & Price M. Effect of seated restraint and
body size on lung function Med Sci Law July 2011 51:177—
181; doi:10.1258/msl.2011.010148 © British Academy of
Forensic Sciences Medicine, Science and the Law, a Royal
Society of Medicine Journal. Abstract - (full article by subscription).
Parkes J, Carson R. Sudden death during restraint: do some
positions affect lung function? Med Sci Law April 2008
48:137—141; doi:10.1258/rsmmsl.48.2.137
abstract - (full article by subscription).
Correspondence: John Parkes BA (Hons) M.Med Sci RMN.
Email: j.parkes@coventry.ac.uk
New US Military Weapon – The
Slime Ball
Lieutenant Commander Daniel Whitehurst, a student at
the US Air Force Air Command and Staff College, prepared a report on combining existing technologies to produce a non-lethal armament he calls “The Slimeball.”
The Slimeball is a combination of a floating sticky foam
barrier that is difficult to remove, plus a submerged gel
barrier that impedes movement through a ship channel.
The two parts can also be used separately. Lt Cmdr
Whitehurst gave three examples of targets: Pirates in
Boossaaso, Somalia; against the Iranian navy near the
city of Bandar Abbas in the Strait of Hormuz; and against
China's underground submarine base at Sanya on Hainan
Island. The Slimeball contains foam similar to, but denser
than, shaving cream, combined with a material called
sticky foam. Sticky foam was originally designed for antipersonnel use, but posed a suffocation hazard and was
difficult to transport.
Innovative US Air Force weaponry proposals to impede
naval forces in the past have included floating smoke
pots, entanglement devices, and "floating purple mountains of shaving cream."
- Source:
The Guardian
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Bookspan's Bullets
By Dr. Jolie Bookspan, VSM
Continued from Previous Page
Supercavitating Bullets
Bullets, even full metal jacketed high-powered rifle bullets, come apart upon hitting water. Supercavitating bullets get through the air-water interface that stops regular
ammunition, and retain velocity underwater.
Cavitation is the effect of creating a bubble of gas in a
liquid. Propellers churning water create bubbles through
cavitation. Supercavitation uses enough cavitation to
make a bubble large enough to encompass an object traveling through the liquid.
Supercavitation reduces drag allowing very high speeds,
for example to create high-speed torpedoes and supercavitating ammunition. Blunt-tipped projectiles moving
at high velocity create a low-pressure bubble promoting
passage through the air-water interface. The Russian APS
(Avtomat Podvodnyj Spetsialnyj, or Special Underwater
Assault rifle) is an example.
Initial underwater weapons were less effective above water. DSG Technology has introduced supercavitating rifle
ammo for tactical underwater shooting, from air to water,
and from water to air, with low angle of attack (no bullet
deflection), allowing firing at an underwater target from
above water, an above-water target from below the surface, and at an underwater target from underwater. The
operator must still compensate for optical refraction between water and air layers to accurately aim.
Applications include diver protection, enemy diver neutralization, VBSS/MIO (Visit, Board, Search, and
Seizure/Maritime Interception Operations), GOPLATS
(Gasoline and Oil Platforms) boarding operations, speedboat interdiction and neutralization, anti-submarine warfare, anti-torpedo operations, and anti-piracy ops.
- Source:
DefenseReview.com
How Long Do Mafia Victims Take to
Dissolve In Acid?
Some Sicilian Mafia victims are said to vanish without a
trace, called "lupara bianca" or "white shotgun" murders,
where they are known to be dead but a body is never
found. Informants explain the method to destroy evidence
is to dissolve the bodies in sulfuric acid, with claims that
time to complete elimination is 20 minutes or less.
Massimo Grillo of the University of Palermo in Italy and
colleagues tested the claim. They placed pig carcass
pieces in sulfuric acid, which took several days to dissolve. Adding water into the mix reduced dissolving time
to 12 hours for muscle and cartilage, and two days for
bones. They found that the technique could render a
corpse completely unrecognizable, “But it is impossible
that they completely destroyed a corpse with acid,” said
study coauthor Grillo. They presented their results at a
Feb. 23 meeting of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences.
-Sources:
Life's Little Mysteries
http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1149-mafia-victims-diss
olve-sulfuric-acid.html
Science News
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/70234/title/Maf
ia_informants_fail_acid_test
Facebook page of American Academy of Forensic Sciences
http://www.facebook.com/AAFS.Forensic
Dr. Bookspan loves good science. Send
forensic jokes, quotations, websites and
stories for possible inclusion in
“Bookspan’s Bullets.”
Email: Bookspan’s Bullets
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Vidocq Members in the News
Stacy A. Irving, VSM, Awarded FBI
Philadelphia 2011 Director’s Community Leadership Award
Adapted from article by Special Agent J.J. Klaver (215) 418-4043
Stacy A. Irving, senior director of Crime Prevention
Services for the Center City District and chairperson of
the Philadelphia Crime Prevention Council, is the 2011
recipient of the FBI Director’s Community Leadership
Award for the Philadelphia Division.
Since 1990, the FBI has publicly recognized and honored
the achievements of individuals and organizations for
their continued efforts in combating crime, terrorism,
drugs and violence in America with the FBI Director’s
Community Leadership Award. Each year, one individual
or organization in each of the FBI’s 56 field offices is
selected whose achievements in the terrorism, crime,
drug, gang, and/or violence prevention and education
field have had exemplary impact on the community.
With more than 30 years of experience working with
neighborhood and downtown business communities, Ms.
Irving is internationally recognized for her unique crime
prevention models, which combine crime reduction
strategies, economic development, emergency preparedness and police, business and community partnerships.
Ms. Irving has been an active supporter of the FBI, working closely with both the Philadelphia Division and the
FBI’s Community Relations Unit at FBI Headquarters for
many years. She is a 1997 graduate of the FBI Philadelphia’s Citizens Academy Program, a co-founder and the
current President of the FBI Philadelphia Citizens Academy Alumni Association, and a member of the Board of
Directors and past Vice President of the FBI National
Citizens Academy Alumni Association.
To further support the FBI and local law enforcement,
Ms. Irving works closely with the FBI’s Violent Crimes
Task Force and Counter Terrorism Squads on a variety of
crime issues in the central business district. Over several
years, she has helped coordinate the Annual Bank Robbery Prevention Summit with the Delaware Valley Financial Security Officers Group which is designed to assist law enforcement and financial institutions from
throughout the region.
- Link
for full story:
http://www.fbi.gov/philadelphia/press-releases/2011/fbi-phi
ladelphia-presents-the-2011-directors-community-leadershi
p-award?utm_campaign=email-Immediate&utm_medium=
email&utm_source=philadelphia-press-releases&utm_cont
ent=50303
New Child Abduction Murder Paper
by Katherine M Brown, Ph.D., VSM
By Fred Bornhofen, VSM, COB
The latest issue (March 2012) of the Journal Of Forensic Science has a very interesting professional paper by
Katherine M Brown, Ph.D., VSM, and Robert D Keppel, Ph.D., both of the University of New Haven.
The full title is Child Abduction Murders, The Impact
of Forensic Evidence on Solvability. It points out that
the relationship between the victim and the offended
was more important in solving Child abduction murders than the forensic evidence collected. So much for
the CSI effect.
Dr. Keppel is also co author of the landmark article
about motivation of killers along with Vidocq cofounder, Richard Walter.
- Abstract:
Child abduction murder: the impact of forensic evidence
on solvability. Brown KM, Keppel RD. J Forensic Sci.
2012
Mar;57(2):353-63.
doi:
10.1111/
j.1556-4029.2011.01970.x. Epub 2011 Nov 21. PMID:
22103801. © 2011 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.
- Another paper on this topic by Brown and Keppel:
Child abduction murder: an analysis of the effect of time
and distance separation between murder incident sites on
solvability. Brown KM, Keppel RD. J Forensic Sci.
Jan;52(1):137-45. 2007. PMID: 17209926.
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Member News
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Vidocqian Gets Justice for Murdered
Ensign
By Wayne Hill, VSM
Back in late 1997 to early 1998, I went to Manila, Philippines and became the 1st American invited and/or allowed
give expert testimony to the Philippine Senate regarding
the 1995 "anomalous death of Navy Ensign Philip Pestano" (A Philippine Navy Ensign shot while aboard ship)
Ensign Pestano's sister Marissa had e-mailed me several
questions about how it would look if someone had shot
themselves with a 1911A1 Pistol. They then e-mailed me
the "suicide" scene photos and photos taken by another
Ensign with his private camera.
I sent a sworn report to the Senate detailing why the evidence completely refuted any claim of self infliction. Senate Chairman faxed me an invitation to appear and testify
regarding my findings.
The family bought my airline tickets and in September
1997 I testified before the Senate and then 6 Philippine
University of Cebu Forensic Sciences Professors added
their convergent findings and tests to my findings. The
Philippine Navy and Philippine National Police maintained it was a self inflicted Suicide. The Senate ruled in
December 1997 that Ensign Pestano had been murdered
and his body staged to look like a suicide and it was a
"Naval Coverup." No one was charged, however. In 2005,
a Philippine Senator wrote an editorial, decrying the lack
of charges for anyone, citing my Testimony by name:
2005 Editorial complaining about no action:
http://hatawtabloid.com/index.php?option=com_content&
view=article&id=37998:-pestano-case-a-quest-for-an-elusi
ve-thuth-and-justice-privilege-speech-sen-alfredo-s-lim-au
gust-15-2005-&catid=39:catopinion&Itemid=68
On Feb 11th of this year, I received a note from Marissa
(Pestano) Basilad with a link to a Philippine News Article
regarding the 6 Command level Naval Officers and four
Senior Enlisted Naval Personnel who had been charged
with Ensign Pestano's Murder on Jan. 11th, 2012. Justice
has finally raised her scales.
The Vidocq Society helped this family finally break a real
government conspiracy and get Justice.
– 2012 article about the arrests and charging of Naval personnel:
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/126393/ombudsman-files-murde
r-raps-vs-10-navy-officials-for-pestano-murder
Vidocq Society as Resource In New
Book Cold Case Research
By Silvia Pettem, VSM
Silvia Pettem, who wrote of the work of several members
of the Vidocq Society in Someone's Daughter: In Search
of Justice for Jane Doe, announces that her latest book,
Cold Case Research: Resources for Unidentified, Missing, and Cold Homicide Cases, will be released in July,
2012, by CRC Press (a division of Taylor &
Francis). The Vidocq Society is included in Chapter 15,
"Cold Case Review Teams & Information-Sharing Resources." Cold Case Research is a collaborative effort by
several members of the Vidocq Society. Dr. Rich Walton
developed the concept of a book on research methodology, and Jim Trainum became chief advisor and writer of
the Foreword. For a brief overview, see:
http://www.silviapettem.com/CC%20Research.html
Dawn Perlmutter on Investigation Discovery Episode
By Dawn Permutter, PhD, VSM
Dawn Permutter, PhD, VSM, was interviewed for an episode of On the Case with Paula Zahn (Investigation Discovery Channel) which aired Sunday, 8 January 2012 at
10:00 p.m. and 9 January, at 1:00 a.m. She consulted on
a 24 year old cold case homicide involving the ritualistic
murder of Sister Margaret Ann Pahl in the sacristy of a
chapel on Easter Saturday, 1980, in Toledo, Ohio. This
case involved unusual symbolic and forensic evidence.
Dr. Perlmutter also presented a new training at MAGLOCLEN headquarters on January 25, 2012, on Mexican Narco Cult Beliefs, Symbols & Rituals.
- Short video from Investigation Discovery Channel:
http://investigation.discovery.com/videos/on-the-case-behind
-the-scenes-priest-murders-nun-during-satanic-ritual.html
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Skeletons in the Closet
By Harry F. Glemser Jr., VSM, Camden County Prosecutor's Office, Homicide Division Supervisor/Cmmdr. Crime Scene Investigation Division Ret.
On July 2, 1990, I received a call in the Homicide division
while working as a Camden County Prosecutor’s Office
Homicide Investigator. I was advised that Lt. Terrence
Conley of the Washington Township Police Department
had been cleaning out his deceased father’s closet at his
father’s home, when he came across this gun case. Upon
opening it, he discovered that it was a German Luger in
pristine condition and had associated documentation that
it was, in fact, the very weapon used by Howard B. Unruh
during his “Walk of Death” some 40 years prior in the
streets of Camden, New Jersey. On September 6th, 1949,
Unruh massacred 13 people, including a young boy seated
on a hobby horse inside a barber shop.
Mr. Unruh was a tank gunner in the US Army and an
Honorably Discharged World War II Veteran. He kept a
journal on several of his intended victims, whom he believed were speaking badly of him behind his back. Some
of his victims were those intended targets; others were the
unfortunate souls who were in the wrong place at the
wrong time. He murdered five men, five women, and
three children on 32nd Street and River Road in Camden
NJ. People that witnessed the carnage were said to be
seen running away screaming “A CRAZY MAN” as they
scrambled for cover.
I learned from my interview with Lt. Conley that his father Vincent P. Conley Sr., who was a Camden City Police
Officer, was on the scene of the Unruh crime in 1949 and
part of the Unruh investigation. Back in 1949 there were
no real standards of keeping and maintaining evidence
such as the state of the art evidence procedures which are
in place today. Officer Conley Sr. merely kept the murder
weapon in his police locker where it awaited further proceedings, such as Unruh going to trial. Mr. Unruh confessed to the crimes and was found to be mentally incompetent to stand trial and never tried for his crimes. He was
sent to a mental facility for the criminally insane where he
spent the rest of his life. Unruh appealed his sentence on
a yearly basis and were attended by my Section Chief,
James Conley of the Camden County Prosecutor’s Office
(no relation to Vincent Conley).
Unruh was a recluse who read the Bible and loved guns.
It is documented that after planning his killing spree for a
year, the thing that set him into action was the fact that
someone stole the gate to his fence. When Camden Policeman Vincent P. Conley retired, and Unruh had not
been to trial, Mr. Conley simply cleared out his police
locker and brought the evidence of the weapon home with
him and placed it in his bedroom closet were it remained
untouched for years until it was discovered by his son on
July 2, 1990. Luckily, he was an officer of the law who
turned it over to me and I turned it into evidence at the
Camden County Prosecutor’s Office on July 2, 1990.
Howard B. Unruh was 28 years old when he committed
the crimes and was the nation’s worst mass murder of that
time. He died at the age of 88 in a nursing home in Trenton NJ. It is my hope that the weapon would someday end
up in a museum, putting to rest an instrument of death,
which will never be forgotten.
- Related article for further reading: Howard Unruh: America's First Modern Mass Murderer.
- Video: Inquirer staff writer Joseph Gambardello narrates a
short video about the “Walk of Death” gun:
http://www.philly.com/philly/videøBC1471886868001.html
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Digital Forensics with Peter Stephenson, PhD
“The Porn Guy” - The History of Computing
and Cold Cases
This is an actual case that, although not one involving a violent crime, shows some of the ways that cybercrime assessment techniques can benefit the investigator. In fact, this was
not even a crime but the principles that we will cover apply to
just about any kind of crime that has a cyber element.
You’ve heard me say – at meetings and in these columns –
that just about every crime today has a digital – or “cyber” if
you prefer – element to it. Interestingly, many of our cold
cases do – or, at least, may - as well. This is a good time to
digress just a bit. I’ll bring us back on point with our case
shortly, but the notion that older crimes may have computer
elements is not surprising.
In many cold cases – certainly those that occurred since about
1995 – there is some element of computing involved. Just for
fun (actually, to help us understand what computing and
Internet technologies were available when) let’s take a quick
look at computing history as it might affect our cold case investigations.
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1971 – First email sent
1981 – First IBM personal computer
1990 – Sydex introduces SafeBack, the first serious,
commercial computer forensic tool.
1991 – America Online launches AOL - Geocities
launches as a community where users can create their
own web sites
1992 – First use of the term “computer forensics” in
academic literature
1995 – Microsoft launches Windows 95. This was the
beginning of the era of computing for the masses.
Classmates.com is launched.
1996 – eBay is founded
1998 – Microsoft launches Windows 98 and Google is
founded
1999 – Napster is born
2000 – Microsoft launches Windows 2000
2001 – Microsoft launches Windows XP, iPod introduced
2002 – Friendster.com launches and grows to 3 million users in its first three months
2003 – MySpace launches
2004 – Facebook launches
2005 – Google now indexes over 8 billion pages.
YouTube launches
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2006 – Twitter launches
2007 – iPhone is introduced
2011 – Google+ launches
So, we can see that from about 1991 – and certainly after 1995
– there is a significant possibility that a computer or, even,
social networking or email, may be involved in one of our
cold cases.
What does that have to do with “The Porn Guy”? Stay close
and I’ll get to that shortly. What is important to point out
now, is how the evolution of digital forensic tools and techniques fits into our timeline above. Let’s look at mobile
phones.
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1972 – 1989 -- First generation of mobile phones
started with the Motorola Dyna Tac
1990 – 2000 -- Second generation of mobile phones
and the first generation of Internet service on mobile
phones
2000 – 2011 -- Third generation of mobile phones
including smart phones, video calling, mobile
broadband/Internet and today’s 3G networks.
That means that all mobile phones since 1990 could have useful forensic data on them. However, there were no forensic
tools designed specifically to examine mobile devices until
well into the third generation of phones. Computer forensics
tools have evolved since the mid 1990s so cases before the
mid 2000s would have suffered from poor digital forensic
analysis. That means that if the cold case investigator can lay
hands on the computers or mobile phones from the time of the
case, it may be possible to add a significant dimension to the
investigation.
That brings us back to “The Porn Guy”. TPG is not a cold
case. In fact, it occurred within the past four years. However,
the technologies involved shine a light on where criminals can
hide information. What does that have to do with the history
of computing and digital forensics? Simply, that as techniques have evolved, so have forensic tools. When we apply
today’s sophisticated tools to cold cases with a digital compo-
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“The Porn Guy” - The History of Computing and Cold Cases
By Peter Stephenson, PhD
Continued from Previous Page
nent, there is a far better than even chance that we can turn up
useful evidence.
TPG was an employee of an organization that had a strict policy of not allowing employees to view pornography on
organization-owned computers. TPG was the subject of a
complaint from a co-worker and I was called to analyze his
computers for evidence to support or refute the accusation.
TPG had been issued three computers: a Mac, a laptop PC and
a tower PC. He also was issued a cell phone with a camera.
I imaged all three computers and the cell phone. When we
image a computing device – and cell phones are computing
devices – we actually make an exact bit-for-bit copy of it.
That includes all blank space, used space and deleted file
space. I started with an exhaustive visual search of all of the
graphics objects on all four devices. That yielded nothing. I
was about to conclude that the accusation was unfounded
when I got a call from the investigator on the case telling me
that the subject had given them the name of a site that he visited. He claimed that he visited it just once to test the organization’s porn filters and that he only went to the one single
site.
I did a simple keyword search on the name of the site and discovered that the subject had used a technique known as virtualization – actually, sort of like a computer inside of a computer – to hide his pornographic images. I extracted the virtual machine – a geek term for the computer inside the computer – and opened it up. There were over 100 pornographic
images from seven sites covering an extended period of time.
Now, we cut to the application of cybercrime assessment.
TPG was power assertive (PA) so he had a need to control the
investigative process. He had been successful at maintaining
control over the investigators through application of supposed
arcane computer knowledge to interviews by the investigators
who were not as technically sophisticated. The investigators
asked me to interview the subject, which I agreed to do. In a
phone conversation with Richard Walter the night before the
interview we crafted a strategy for extracting an admission
from TPG.
Given the PA nature of the crime scene – the computers – and
the subject we decided to treat him as PA and that I needed to
be more PA than him. I prepared by having a thumb drive
with the full directory structure of his virtual machine and all
of his pornographic images. I also had printouts of the landing
screens of each of the sites he visited. I had printouts of selected images from his collection including two of a young
looking girl. I’ll get to her shortly.
I began the interview slowly, drawing him out and gaining his
confidence. I complimented his photography – none of it pornographic – and then asked him if he knew why he was being
interviewed. He reiterated his claim that he had visited one
adult site just once to test the porn filters of his organization. I
let that go for the moment and asked him if he knew anything
about virtualization. When he denied that he did – maintaining his air of superiority – I turned up the heat a bit and told
him that he was not being truthful. I showed that he had created two virtual machines: one to learn how to do it and one to
hide his adult files.
I then asked him if he knew what I was talking about. He admitted that he did but he reiterated that he had visited only
one…. Etc. At that point I opened my folder and took out the
seven landing screen shots showing seven separate sites. I
also showed him what I had on my thumb drive from his computer. He demurred and though we were making progress I
was ready to wind the interview up.
I asked him if he had visited adult sites regularly and again he
firmly denied that he had. I got him on the record with a very
positive statement that he did not visit adult sites and he had
no idea how those images got on his computer. Knowing that
this was extremely unlikely, I played my ace. I took out a picture of a very young-looking girl fully clothed. As I expected,
he erupted in anger and yelled that I was trying to get him to
admit to child pornography – the picture was neither a child
nor was it pornographic – and he ranted for a couple of minutes and wound up his tirade by insisting that he had visited
adult sites regularly but never a child pornography site.
As a PA he would not have readily admitted to perversion. In
this case his reaction was as expected when he was faced with
the implication – never a direct accusation – that he was viewing child pornography. He told us that he had a young daughter and he would never do something as “perverted” (his
word) as child pornography.
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“The Porn Guy” - The History of
Computing and Cold Cases
Continued from Previous Page
I had my admission. I closed my folder, thanked him for his
time and left him to the investigators. How does TPG tie the
history of computing, cold cases and cybercrime assessment
together? More obviously than you might think.
TPG used a very sophisticated technique to hide his pornographic images. The tools that we have today are well capable
of tackling that level of sophistication and a lot more. If we
apply the tools to the computing elements of yesterday’s cases
we may have a distinct advantage over the investigators of the
time. That likely is true even if digital forensic experts examined the digital evidence contemporaneously with the crime.
More important, perhaps, is what you can do with the evidence. As with TPG, knowledge of crime assessment as it
works in the cyber world informed me as an interviewer and
enabled me to get the admission that I needed to close the
case. Just because I had the evidence didn’t mean that the
subject would admit to his behavior. In a cold case, having the
additional evidence from computing or cellular devices can
give you the same edge if you use it to inform the rest of your
investigation.
I am seeing increasingly the benefits of applying cybercrime
assessment, considering the computing devices as part of the
overall crime scene and using crime assessment techniques to
complicated investigations. TPG was a simple one but it
demonstrates the synergy of evidence, crime assessment,
computer forensics and the behavior of the subject. The next
time you have a cold case with a possible digital element, ask
the investigators. If it is present, application of today’s digital
forensic techniques and cybercrime assessment can get you to
the solution, perhaps faster and with more certainty than without that extra boost or two.
That history of computing bit earlier? That is there to help you
place your cold case in the continuum of computing history.
That can help you decide if there might be a digital element to
your case. Happy hunting!
Peter Stephenson, PhD, CISSP, CISM, FICAF, VSM, is
director of the Norwich University Center for Advanced
Computing and Digital Forensics, and chief information security officer for the university.
2012 Member Dues
DUE NOW
Members who have not paid their dues will be
– regretfully – dropped from the rolls.
Send your check for $100 to
Vidocq Society
1704 Locust Street 2nd Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Attention: Treasurer
If you have reached the grand age of 70 years old,
and have been a member in good standing for two
years, you no longer have to pay dues.
Healthy Wishes
Our thoughts to Vidocq members Bill Kelly, Bob
Phillips, Donna Fontana, Joe McGillen, Col. (ret.)
Armando Stavole, and others who wish to keep their
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~ Your Friends and Colleagues at
Vidocq Society
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Vidocq Society in Print: Books By and About Members - www.Vidocq.org/books
Effective Interviewing and
Interrogation Techniques,
Third Edition, by Nathan J.
Gordon and William L. Fleisher. A practical manual providing the forensic
practitioner/investigator critical insight into human behavior, enabling one to become a
better interviewer, interrogator
and, most importantly, an expert detector of truthful and deceptive behavior. Gordon
and Fleisher have created a one-stop guide to mastering
the art of credibility assessment during an interview, with
successfully tested techniques for obtaining a confession
from guilty suspects. Forensic practitioners, law enforcement, the intelligence community, the private security sector, attorneys, and forensic and criminal justice
students will all find this volume a valuable resource.
• The only book to address FAINT, IIT, and MITT in
one source
• Enables the interviewer to obtain a confession that can
stand up in court
• Includes an online workbook with practical exercises
to assist the reader
The third edition expands chapters on torture, assessing the interview, statement analysis, MITT, and interrogation. It contains new chapters on passenger screening,
and report writing, along with new case studies. Also
covered are ways to maximize the collection of information from a prospective employee, and legal considerations. The Forensic Assessment Interview Technique
(FAINT) and the Integrated Interrogation Technique (IIT)
were developed at the Academy for Scientific Investigative Training and are used by forensic practitioners and
investigators to detect truthful or deceptive behavior.
FAINT is applicable to all forensic type interviews and
incorporates the assessment of nonverbal behavior, projective analysis of unwitting verbal cues, statement
analysis and the Morgan Interview Thematic Technique
(MITT). This volume teaches how to combine, apply and
quantify these techniques to reach a numerical conclusion to the truthfulness of the interviewee. Order here in
hardcover and Kindle.
Cold Case Homicides:
Practical Investigative Techniques by Richard H. Walton,
EdD, VSM, provides effective
and accessible information to
those responsible for investigating and resolving previously examined, but still unsolved, cold
case homicides.
The book merges theory
with practice through use of case
histories, photographs, illustrations, and checklists that convey essential, fundamental
concepts, while providing a strong, practical basis for the
investigative process. It combines proven techniques
from forensics, psychology, and criminal investigation,
and focuses on technologies that may not have been
available at the time of the crime.
This guide defines the characteristics of a cold case
homicide; details various investigative methods used by
law enforcement agencies; explores the actual
experiences of detectives in reopening case files; and
presents current technologies such as ViCAP, HITS, and
TracKRS used in the identification of cases related to the
reopened case, or its perpetrator. It also highlights
technological changes that contribute to law
enforcement's abilities to solve cold case homicides, such
as computerized print technology, the specificity of
DNA, and the expanding data banks that enable the
linkage of previously unknown suspects to the crimes
they committed. Available for order in hardcover and
Kindle.
Submit Books By and About Members
for Listing in the Vidocq Journal
Include:
➡Graphic of Cover
➡Synopsis
➡Author Bio and Member Status
Email Dr.Bookspan, Science Editor
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Vidocq Society in Print: Books By and About Members
Continued from Previous Page
The Murder Room.
Michael Capuzzo introduces the founders of the
Vidocq Society, talented
courageous sculptor Frank
Bender, Commissioner
William Fleisher, and
criminal profiler Richard
Walter. Learn what inspired
them to help solve cold
case murders. Click to order in Print, Kindle Edition
and Audio Versions.
The Girl With The
Crooked Nose by Ted Botha.
Tells of Frank Bender’s work
as a forensic artist and founding member of the Vidocq
Society, to bring attention
and resolution to hundreds of
neglected murders of women
near Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.
From this work, Frank and
his daughter Vanessa have
donated time and talents to
assist the Ni Una Mas project (Not One More). Click to
order The Girl With The Crooked Nose.
In Trail of Blood, The Vidocq
Society helps solve the murder of 24
year old Scott Dunn. Scott's parents
never gave up when his killers left
no body, no weapon, only blood, so
much blood. “When Jim Dunn got
the heart stopping call every parent
dreads: "Your son has disappeared"
on a Sunday night, it set into motion
a six year nightmarish odyssey of
desperate searches. Dunn turned to
Richard Walter of the Vidocq Society, forensic
pathologist and criminal profiler, who consulted Scotland
Yard, studied DNA evidence and blood spatter patterns,
and then pointed out who he deduced killed Scott Dunn,
and why.” Click to order Trail of Blood.
Deadly Betrayal: The CBS
Murders is based on an actual
major, high-profile investigation, told from the inside by
FBI man Don Richards, VSM.
“An undercover agent is
killed in a Chinese Tong gangwar and FBI Supervisor Dan
Robertson can't prove the operation was authorized. He is
set up as the scapegoat, and
told to involve himself in a safe
white collar fraud case until
things get sorted out. But that case is far more sinister,
and soon Robertson finds himself partnered with NYPD
Detective Richie LeBeau in a complex multiple murder
investigation which might connect to the Tong. Overcoming personal clashes, inherent distrust, agency rivalry, and leaks to the media, they use every crimesolving and forensic technique to identify the killer, and
build their case. When sharp legal maneuvering threatens
to dismantle their work and free the killer, they must find
a way to resurrect the case and bring justice to a terrible
crime.” Click to order Deadly Betrayal.
In Someone’s Daughter, historian Silvia Pettem tells
of a young woman, known only as "Jane Doe," found
murdered in 1954 in Colorado.
Pettem spurred the Vidocq Society and Boulder
County
Sheriff’s
Detective
Steve
Ainsworth to find the woman's
name and killer. Several Vidocq members selflessly volunteered resources and time:
Dr. Richard Froede and Frank
Bender did skull and facial reconstructions. Dr. Walter
Birkby, Dr. Robert Goldberg,
and Dr. Terry Melton worked
on DNA. Fred Bornhofen coordinated. Many others contributed. In October 2009, DNA comparison with a surviving sister confirmed Jane Doe's identity as Dorothy
Gay Howard, an 18-year-old missing from Phoenix, Arizona. Click to order Someone’s Daughter.
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Vidocq Society in Print: Books By and About Members
Continued from Previous Page
Investigating Religious Terrorism and Ritualistic Crimes by
Dawn Perlmutter, VSM, director of
Symbol & Ritual Intelligence, is
the first complete resource to assist
in crime scene identification,
criminal investigation, and prosecution of religious terrorism and
occult crime. It analyzes occult and
religious terrorist practices from
each group’s theological perspective to help you understand traditional and contemporary
occult groups and domestic and international terrorist
religions, demarcate legal religious practice from criminal activity, and acquire techniques specific to occult and
terrorist religion crime scene investigation. Click here to
order in hardcover and Kindle.
Investigating Computer-Related Crime, Second Edition (2004) by Peter Stephenson with NEW Third edition
coming soon. Written by an information security specialist,
this second edition of Investigating Computer-Related Crime
discusses cybercrime, its investigation, and the difficulties encountered by both public law
enforcement officials and private corporate investigators.
The book offers insights into
collecting evidence, interrogating suspects and witnesses,
handling crime in progress, as well as issues involving
the authorities, and helpful case studies. Updated chapters incorporate new kinds of attacks, current work of the
Digital Forensic Research Workshop and their investigative model, new operating systems, the impact of the Patriot Act, and new ways of analyzing computer media.
448 pages.
Order here in hardcover edition and here for Kindle electronic version.
I Have Lived in the Monster: Inside the Minds of the World’s
Most Notorious Serial Killers by
Robert K. Ressler and Tom
Shachtman. Agent Ressler, who
coined the term “serial killer” in
the 1970s, recounts his years since
leaving the FBI, working as an independent criminal profiler on
some of the most famous serial
murder cases of our day. Piecing
clues from crime scenes, along
with killing patterns and methods,
Ressler explains his role assisting investigations of such
perplexing international cases as England’s Wimbledon
Common killing, the ABC Murders in South Africa, and
the deadly gassing of Japan’s subway. We’re also witness
to Ressler’s fascinating, in-depth interviews with John
Wayne Gacy, plus a shockingly candid discussion with
“cannibal killer” Jeffrey Dahmer. Click here to order.
Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives by John E.
Douglas, Ann W. Burgess, &
Robert K. Ressler. This authoritative book represents the data,
findings, and implications of a
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thirty-six convicted, incarcerated
sexual murderers to build a valuable new bank of information
which reveals the world of the
serial sexual killer. Data was obtained from official psychiatric and
criminal records, court transcripts, and prison reports, and
from extensive interviews with the offenders. Detailed
information is included on the FBI’s Violent Criminal
Apprehension Program (VICAP) along with a sample
VICAP Crime Analysis Report Form. Attention is given
to child/adolescent formative events, societal perceptions
& pressures which may be motivational to sexual killers
who exhibit aberrant thought patterns, deviant behavior,
and aggression linked to sexual expressivity. 234 pages.
Click to order in Kindle, paperback and hardcover.
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Vidocq Society in Print: Books By and About Members
Continued from Previous Page
The Unknown Darkness: Profiling the Predators
Among Us by Gregg McCrary.
McCrary’s 25 years in the Bureau have yielded over 1000
cases to draw upon. The 10 he
describes in the book reveal the
strengths and pitfalls of modern
criminal investigation, including
the siege of the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, the
Buddhist Temple Massacre in
Phoenix, Arizona, the search for
the Scarborough Rapist (who
eventually became a serial murderer), the prosecution of Jack Unterweger (an international serial killer who committed murders in Czechoslovakia, Austria and Los Angeles), the Sam Sheppard murder case and others. McCrary answers what happens at
the crime scene, what kind of person does it take to grapple with the serial killers among us, and exactly how do
we disarm the enemy. 400 pages. Click here to order in
hardcover or paperback.
Cold Cases: An Evaluation Model with Follow-up
Strategies for Investigators
(Advances in Police Theory and
Practice) by James M. Adcock
and Sarah L. Stein, begins with a
historical perspective on how
cases get to the point where it
appears all investigative leads
have been exhausted, and includes a chapter on understanding the process of homicide and
those who kill. Next, the authors
explain the evaluation model,
theories of the crime, evidentiary
issues and concerns, informational and behavioral aspects relative to the crime and the participants in the
crime, and documents investigative strategies for future
efforts on the case. The third section discusses the investigation, questions investigators must ask, choice of
interview/interrogation techniques based on the behavioral aspects involved, and how the growth in technology
since the date of the incident might provide new opportunities to uncover clues. Finally, the authors suggest
how investigators can maximize their efforts and obtain
not just an arrest, but a conviction. Appendices include
sample standard operating procedures from three different
agencies to use as a guide for setting up a cold case unit
and a list of additional resources a department may look
to for assistance. 264 pages. Click to order.
Healthy Martial Arts by
Jolie Bookspan, Med, PhD,
FAWM is for all in law enforcement, military, athletes,
and those who need to be in
top shape and prevent injuries for work and life. Covers
training techniques for all
athletes, strength, abdominal
training that transfers to Spec
Ops (train like you fight),
nutrition, flexibility, performance enhancement drugs
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training and daily life healthy, brain power & mental exercise, wheelchair athletes, more. Dr. Bookspan is a sports
medicine specialist, military scientist, 4th degree Black
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contact fighter inducted into the International Black Belt
Hall of Fame. Healthy Martial Arts won Reader’s Choice
Award of the International EUSA Martial Arts Association. Approx 200 photos. 228 pages. Click for secure
ebook download with color photographs, and 8”x11”
print edition with black & white photos.
Diving Physiology in Plain English by Dr. Jolie Bookspan, former research physiologist for the U.S. Navy, inducted
into the NAUI SCUBA instructor Hall of Honor. For divers,
search and rescue teams, training departments. Clear information to understand (not memorize) physiology and medicine,
and apply all to safer decompression, thermal, equipment,
gas mixing, fitness to dive, rescue, and other protocols. Order
from the Hyperbaric Society publisher, retail stores, or the
author through website: www.DrBookspan.com/books.
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2012 Meetings at Union League
Meeting Reservations
Only Vidocq Society Members (VSMs) and guests they
pre-register and accompany may attend Vidocq Society
meetings.
You must reserve your place with Gloria at Vidocq, 215545-1450, by close of business on the Monday before
each scheduled meeting. There is a tight head count.
Meetings are the third Thursday of each month at the
historic Union League at 140 S. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, http://www.unionleague.org/
The Union
League has a dress code; Business attire is required for
both men and women—jackets and no jeans.
Cost for the luncheon meeting is $35.00 per member and
$40.00 for non-member guests. Both members and guests
with reserved places will be asked to pay if they do not
honor the reservation made for them.
Parking is available at reduced rate, courtesy of Ryan
Shapiro, VSM. The garage is on Sansom Street opposite
the Union League entrance, between Broad and 15th
Street. Get your parking validation at the meeting.
Next Meeting Dates
Please Mark Your Calendars
March 15, 2012
April 19, 2012
May 17, 2012
June 21, 2012
July and August 2012 (No Meeting)
September 20, 2012
October 18, 2012
Awards Banquet date to be announced
November 15, 2012
December 2012 (No Meeting)
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The Vidocq Society
The Vidocq Society is a Nonprofit, 501c(3) corporation, which, by the terms of its charter, is a fraternal
organization comprising
professionals and nonprofessionals who
meet in a social
setting to discuss
unsolved crimes.
Our work is pro
not consider
sented to us. Our
to act as a catalyst
ance to law ento assist them in solving
bono and we do
every case presole purpose is
and provide guidforcement agencies
these crimes.
Opinions offered by our members are personal opinions offered in the spirit of cooperation and goodwill,
based only upon the facts presented, and should not
be considered formal or legally binding opinions of
the Vidocq Society.
Solve The Mystery
A new mystery each issue
Q. What does the term "forensic" mean in Latin?
Super-sleuths, send your verdicts to
Dr. Bookspan, science editor
Solution to Last Solve the Mystery:
Q. What was Al Capone's stated occupation on his
business card?
A. Used Furniture Dealer
Correct answers in order of receipt by:
Marnye Summers
and
Regina (no response to our request for last name)
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