Disciplining・Other・Singles:Deconstructing theState・sPortrayalofan
Transcription
Disciplining・Other・Singles:Deconstructing theState・sPortrayalofan
Di s c i pl i ni ng・Ot he r ・Si ngl e s 173 Di s c i pl i ni ng・Ot her ・Si ngl es :De c ons t r uc t i ng t heSt a t e・ sPor t r ayalofan・I deal ・Si ngl ei nSi ngapor e J ohanSUEN Xi angRuAmyTAN Nat i onalUni ve r s i t yofSi ngapor e I nt r oduc t i on Conve nt i onal l ype r c e i ve dast he・Ot he r ・i na ne nvi r onme nti nt e ns e l ypr e s s ur e dbyt he St at e ・ spe r s uas i ononmar r i age ,pr oc r e at i onandf ami l yast hebas i cbui l di ngbl oc kofs oc i e t y ( ) Mi ni s t r yofCommuni t y,Yout handSpor t s2 0 11,s i ngl e si nSi ngapor ehavebe c omet ar ge t s ofos t e ns i bl yhe l pf ulai df r om t heSt at et hr oughvar i ousr e s our c e sc our t e s yoft heSoc i al ( ) De ve l opme ntNe t wor k SDN ・an age nc y ar m oft he nat i onalgove r nme nt . Si ngl e s i nadve r t e nt l yr e c e i veas pe c t r um ofbot he xpl i c i tandi mpl i c i tme s s age sc r af t e dt oas s i s t t he mi nat t ai ni ngabe f i t t i ngs e l ft hats e r ve st os e e mi ngl yi nc r e as et hel i ke l i hoodoft he m f i ndi ng ・l ove ・and al i f epar t ne r .A di s c ur s i ver e adi ng oft he s eSt at e e ndor s e ds oc i al di r e c t i ve sf oundi nt heDUETmagazi ne ・apubl i c at i onofSDN i nt e nde df ors i ngl e si nSi n gapor e ・r e ve alt hatt heSt at ehasunwi t t i ngl yc ons t r uc t e danor mat i ve・i de al ・s i ngl e . Thi spape r ,t he r e f or e ,at t e mpt st ode c ons t r uc tt heSt at e ・ spor t r ayalofan・i de al ・s i ngl ei n Si ngapor e ・how ones houl dl ook,how ones houl dbe have ,andhow ones houl dpe r c e i ve l ove ,dat i ng and mar r i agee t c . ;mor ei mpor t ant l y,t heaut hor sa r guet ha tt hi spr oc e s s e nge nde r sal at e nt・ Ot he r i ng・ofs i ngl e swhode vi at ef r om t hec ons t r uc t e d nor mat i ve ・i de al ・s i ngl eandt he s es oc i aldi r e c t i ve ss e r veast heSt at e ・ sat t e mptt odi s c i pl i net he mi nt o c onf or mi t y.Theaut hor st he or i zet hats uc hanor mat i vec ons t r uc t i onofan・i de al ・s i ngl enot onl yi de ol ogi c al l ys ubor di nat e st hos es i ngl e swho f ai lt oc onf or m;i tdi s c ur s i ve l y and r he t or i c al l y ave r t ss t r uc t ur ali nade quac i e sr e s ul t i ng i n non-orde l aye d ma r r i age sby i nf e r e nt i al l yat t r i but i ngt hec aus eoft hes oc i alpr obl e mt ot hepe r s onalf ai l ur eofi ndi vi dual s i ngl e s . 1.Ri s i ngs i ngl ehoodasanat i onalc onc er n Ar e c e ntr e por ton・Mar r i ageandPar e nt hoodTr e ndsi nSi ngapor e ・publ i s he dbyt he ( ) Nat i onalPopul at i onandTal e ntDi vi s i on NPTD oft hePr i meMi ni s t e r ・ sOf f i c ei nJ une2012 r e i t e r at e st hef ami l i ari s s ueofr i s i ngs i ngl e hoodi nSi ngapor e .Fol l owi ngt hepat t e r nofmos t de ve l ope dc ount r i e s ,s i ngl e hood r at e si n Si ngapor ehaver i s e ns t e adi l yove rt heye ar s ; be t we e n2000a nd2011,t hepr opor t i onofs i ngl e shasi nc r e as e da c r os sal lagegr oups .I n 174 J ohanSUEN,Xi angRuAmyTAN par t i c ul ar ,amongc i t i ze nsage d30・3 4ye ar sol d,s i ngl e hoodr at e shavei nc r e as e df r om 33% ( ) t o44% f ormal e s ,andf r om 22% t o31% f orf e mal e sf i gur e sr ounde dup.I nt hes ame pe r i od,t heme di anage sofc i t i ze nsatf i r s tmar r i agehavea l s or i s e n・f r om 28. 5t o30. 1ye ar s f orgr oomsandf r om 2 6. 1t o2 7. 8f orbr i de s . TheSi ngapor egove r nme ntagoni ze sove rt hi sdi s t ur bi ng t r e nd be c aus eSi ngapor e ・ s popul at i oni sagi ngr api dl yduet ode c l i ni ngf e r t i l i t yr at e s .Ther e por thi ghl i ght st womai n ( c ont r i but i ngf ac t or st ot hege ne r alde c l i neofSi ngapor et ot alf e r t i l i t yr at e at1. 20asof2011, we l lbe l ow r e pl ac e me ntl e ve lof2. 1) ・( a)mor epe opl ear es t ayi ngs i ngl eorge t t i ngmar r i e d ( ) l at e r ,and b mar r i e dc oupl e sar ehavi ngt he i rf i r s tc hi l dl at e randhavi ngf e we rc hi l dr e n ( Nat i onalPopul at i onandTal e ntDi vi s i on2012,2) . TheSt at ewi de l y ac knowl e dge si t sr e s ol vet o addr e s st hi st r e nd by af f i r mi ng t hat ・e nc our agi ng mar r i ageand par e nt hood i sa pr i or i t yf ort heGove r nme nt ・;t heSt at e , t he r e f or e ,admi ni s t e r sar angeofme as ur e st os uppor t・Si ngapor e ans ・as pi r at i onsofge t t i ng ( ) mar r i e da nd havi ng c hi l dr e n・ Nat i onalPopul at i on and Tal e nt Di vi s i on 2012,5 . Spe c i f i c al l y,t heSoc i alDe ve l opme ntNe t wor k( SDN)i ss l at e dt opl ayavi t alr ol ei nhe l pi ng s i ngl e sf i ndt he i rl i f epar t ne r ;t hene t wor kpr of e s s e st or e ac habout100, 000s i ngl e se ac hye ar , pr ovi di ngt he m wi t hgr e at e roppor t uni t i e sf ors oc i ale ngage me ntandr e s our c egui de st o dat i ng. 2.Soc i alDe ve l opmentNet wor k( SDN) SDN wase s t abl i s he daspar toft he・Mar r i ageandPar e nt hoodPac kage ・i nt r oduc e dt o pr omot ea・pr of ami l ye nvi r onme nt ・i nSi ngapor e .I t svi s i oni st o・pr omot emar r i age sand nur t ur eac ul t ur ewhe r es i ngl e svi e w mar r i ageasoneoft he i rt op l i f egoal s ・.Mor e i mpor t ant l y,SDN e nde avor st o・ beac r e di bl e ,l e adi ngage nc yandone s t opr e s our c ec e nt r e ( on r e l at i ons hi ps ki l l s ,s oc i ali nt e r ac t i on oppor t uni t i e sand i nf or mat i on・ SDN we bs i t e , 2012) . Thene t wor ki si nac t ual i t yt hec ombi nat i onoft wopr e e xi s t i nga ge nc i e swhi c hhad ( ) s i mi l arobj e c t i ve sal be i ts l i ght l ydi f f e r e nt i at e d・Soc i alDe ve l opme ntUni tSDU wasf or me d i n1984a sapl at f or mf orgr aduat es i ngl e st ome e t .Aye arl at e r ,Soc i alDe ve l opme ntSe r vi c e s ( ) SDS wasl aunc he dasapl at f or mf ornongr aduat es i ngl e st ome e t .Al t hought hepr i mar y pur pos ewast opr omot ema r r i agei nSi ngapor e ,t hemar ke ddi s t i nc t i onoft wos e par at e age nc i e se xe mpl i f i e st hegove r nme nt ・ si nt e ntofpr i nc i pal l ye nc our agi ngma r r i agebe t we e n t hos ewi t hs i mi l arqual i f i c at i onbac kgr ound.SDU a ndSDSwe r ef i nal l yme r ge di n2 009 ・t or e ap e c onomi e sofs c al e ,e nl ar get heout r e ac h,and pr ovi demor eoppor t uni t i e sf or s i ngl e st ome e t ・・t husgi vi ngr i s et opr e s e nt daySDN. Notonl ydi dt hepoolofs i ngl e se nl ar gewi t ht heme r ge r ,t hepai dme mbe r s hi pappl i c abl e pr e vi ous l ywasal s odi s c ont i nue dt omakeSDN e ve nmor ei nc l us i vef oral lr e s i de nts i ngl e s . Di s c i pl i ni ng・Ot he r ・Si ngl e s 175 Ther e vampe dSDN now c l ai mst o・ f or geane xt e ns i vene t wor kofs i ngl e s ,r e s our c e sa nd par t ne r si nt he pr i vat e ,pe opl e and publ i cs e c t or st oc r e at e an ove r al le nvi r onme nt ( ) c onduc i vef ors i ngl e st ome e tandf or m me ani ngf ulr e l at i ons hi ps ・ SDN we bs i t e ,2012. 3.SDN・ sr es our c es& publ i c at i ons ・DUETmagazi ne I nl i newi t hSDN・ smi s s i ont obeaone s t opr e s our c ec e nt e ron・r e l at i ons hi ps ki l l s ,s oc i al i nt e r ac t i on oppor t uni t i e sand i nf or mat i on・ ,t heDUET Magazi newasl aunc he d.DUET pac kage si t s e l fa sal i f e s t yl emagazi net hats e e kst opr ovi dei t sr e ade r swi t hi nf or mat i on r angi ngf r om l i f e s t yl ear t i c l e st odat i ngandr e l at i ons hi pi s s ue s ,gr oomi ngt i ps ,i nt e r e s t i ng dat i ngve nue s ,r e vi e wsonr e s t aur ant s ,books ,e t c .I ti sas t at ef unde dquar t e r l ypubl i c at i on t ar ge t e d ats i ngl e si n Si ngapor e .SDN r e gi s t e r e d me mbe r sr e c e i vee ve r yi s s ueoft he magazi nei nt he i rma i latnoc har geandt hedi gi t alve r s i onoft hemagazi nei sal s oa vai l abl e ( ) ont heSDN we bs i t er e f e rt oappe ndi xA f ors ampl emagazi nec ove r s.I nt hi spape r ,t he i ma ge sandc ont e ntpr e s e nt e di nt heDUETmagazi near eus e dt oi l l us t r at eandanal yzet he St at e ・ sdi s c our s eons i ngl e s . 4.Por t r ayi ngt he・ i deal ・s i ngl e:Thedi s c ur s i vec ons t r uc t i onof mor alc ont r ac tandt ut e l age Byt heve r yac c e pt anc eofas pe c i f i cbe havi ourasan・ i l l ne s s ・andt hede f i ni t i onofi l l ne s s asan unde s i r abl es t at e ,t hei s s uebe c ome snotwhe t he rt o de alwi t h apar t i c ul ar pr obl e m,butho w andwhe n.Thust hede bat eove rhomos e xual i t y,dr ugsorabor t i on be c ome sf oc us e dont hede gr e eofs i c kne s sat t ac he dt ot hephe nome noni nque s t i onor t hee xt e ntoft hehe al t hr i s ki nvol ve d.Andt hemor epr i nc i pl e d,mor epe r pl e xi ng,or e ve nmor ali s s ueofwhatf r e e do ma ni ndi vi dua ls ho ul dh a veo ve rhi so rhe ro wnb o dyi s ( ) s hunt e da s i de . Zol a1972,a sc i t e di nCoxa ndMe ad1975,182;e mpha s i smi ne I nhi ss e mi nalwor kont her e l at i ons hi pbe t we e nt hes t at eandf ami l i e s ,J ac que sDonze l ot ar gue dt hatt hepol i c i ngoft hel at t e rbyt hef or me ri nvol ve das ys t e m ofc ont r olby・ c ont r ac t ・ and ・ t ut e l age ・ ,i n whi c hf ami l i e st hatabi deby t heac c e pt e d and val ue d nor mse nj oy aut onomywhi l et hos ewhot r ans gr e s st het e r msoft hec ont r ac tar es ubj e c t e dt oar angeof ( ) i ns t i t ut i onal di s c i pl i nar y me as ur e s Donze l ot 1 979. The appl i c at i on of Donze l ot ・ s t he or e t i c alf r ame wor kofc ont r ac tandt ut e l agewi l lal l ow ust ope r c e i vehow t henor mat i ve i de ol ogi e saboutge nde rr ol e s ,s pous als e l e c t i on,andf ami l yval ue s ,whi c har epr e s e nti n al mos tal lofi t spubl i c at i onsa nd r e s our c e s ,s e r ve t o mor al l y di s c i pl i ne s i ngl e sand ul t i ma t e l y,f ac i l i t at et hel e gi t i mi zat i onofs t at epol i c i e st hatbot hdi r e c t l ya nd i ndi r e c t l y pe nal i zes i ngl e s . 176 J ohanSUEN,Xi angRuAmyTAN Take na tf ac eval ue ,SDN・ spubl i c a t i onsdof unc t i onasac ompr e he ns i ver e s our c ef or s i ngl e sand s t r ongl yc ompl e me nt st henat i onalobj e c t i veofc ur bi ng r i s i ng s i ngl e hood. Howe ve r ,whe nas s e s s e dc r i t i c al l yandatani de ol ogi c all e ve l ,i tbe c ome sappar e ntt hatt he s e at t e mpt sats ol vi ng anat i onalpr obl e m a r ef r aughtwi t h nor mat i veval ue s .Whi l ewe unde r s t andt hatt hi si snoti nhe r e nt l ypr obl e mat i cpe rs e ,wear guet hatt hepr omot i onof s ubs t ant i ve na r r a t i ve s ofs pe c i f i c nor ms t he ms e l ve s may i nadve r t e nt l yr e i nf or c et he i de ol ogi c alf ac t or sa swe l lasove r l ookt hes t r uc t ur ali s s ue sc ont r i but i ngt ot hepr obl e m of s i ngl e hood. Ourf i r s te xampl ec onc e r nsnot i onsofge nde rr ol e s .Aspar tofi t s・ s e l f he l p・appr oac h, SDN・ spubl i c at i ons ,and DUET i n par t i c ul ar ,f r e que nt l ypor t r aywome n as・e mot i onal ( ) c r e at ur e s ・a ndme na s・hunt e r s ・ SDN 2 011c ,25.Thebas i cas s umpt i oni st hats uc hge nde r c har ac t e r i s t i c sunde r pi nal mos tal lmi s unde r s t andi ngsbe t we e nme nandwome n.Al t hough, i tma ybeus e f ult obeknowl e dge abl eaboutt hege nde r e ds ubt e xt sofi nt e r ac t i onwi t hi na r e l at i ons hi p,s uc has s umpt i onsal s os e r vet oe mphas i zet he・ nat ur al ・as s oc i at i onsbe t we e n t hes e xe sandt he i rr e s pe c t i vege nde rr ol e s ;e s pe c i al l yi nt e r msofhow di f f e r e ntt he yar e .I t i sc ommont of i ndphr as e ss uc has・me na ndwome nar ewi r e ddi f f e r e nt l y・a nd・ me nand wome n. . .c ommuni c at eondi f f e r e ntwave l e ngt hs ・i nDUET・ sf e at ur e dar t i c l e s ,whi c har e wr i t t e nby・ e xpe r t s ・whoar eus ual l ydi r e c t or sofdat i ngage nc i e s ,gr oomi ngc ompani e sor ps yc hol ogi s t s .Wepos i tt hatt hi snat ur al i zat i onoft r adi t i onalge nde r e dr ol e sf unc t i onst o e nc our aget hege nde r e de xpe c t at i onst hatme na ndwome nhaveofe ac hot he r ;t he r e by pr omot i ngt hepr e c l us i onofbe havi our sandat t i t ude st hats t r ayf r om t het r adi t i onali de al . Fori ns t anc e ,bys t at i ngt hatme ns howi nt e r e s ti nwome ni ft he y・l ooks t r ai ghtatawoman・, and how wome ni ndi c at ei nt e r e s tby・be i ngat t e nt i veand gi ggl i ng・,t he yi de ol ogi c al l y s t i pul at et hege nde rnor msf or・ appr opr i a t e ・c our t s hi p,whi c hi ndi r e c t l yr e nde r st he di ve r s i t yofanyot he rf or msofc our t s hi pi nt e r ac t i onst hatde par tf r om s uc hge nde rnor ms as・unnat ur al ・. Thes e c ondi de ol ogi c alval uei mpl i c i t l ype r pe t uat e dbyt heSDNi se t hni ce ndogamy.Thi s i smos tappar e ntwhe nwee xami near e c ur r e ntas pe c tofSDN・ spubl i c at i ons ,whi c hi nvol ve s t hegl or i f i c at i on of・s uc c e s s f ul ・c oupl e swho havee i t he rma r r i e d orar ei nl ongt e r m r e l at i ons hi ps .I na l lofs uc he xampl e spubl i s he d,bot hpar t ne r swe r eoft hes amee t hni c i t y ( ) SDN 2012b,28.Whi l et hear t i c l e sdonote xpl i c i t l yme nt i one t hni c i t yasaf ac t orbe hi ndt he c oupl e s ・s uc c e s s f uluni on,wef i ndi ti snot e wor t hyt oque s t i ont hei de ol ogi c ali mpl i c at i ons be hi nd t hede c i s i on t os e l e c tand hi ghl i ghtonl ye ndogamousc oupl e s ;t hi sde s pi t et he ( i nc r e as i ngs oc i alt r e nd ofi nt e r ma r r i ageamongdi f f e r e nte t hni cgr oups De par t me ntof St at i s t i c sSi ngapor e2011) .Thei s s ueofma r r i age sbe t we e nl oc al sandf or e i gne r sal s ot e nds t obec onve ni e nt l ygl os s e dove rde s pi t ei t sgr owi ngoc c ur r e nc e .Themai ni mpl i c at i ont obe f l e s he d outhe r ei st hatwi t ht he gr owi ng pe r c e nt age ofi nt e r e t hni c di vor c e s ,t he Di s c i pl i ni ng・Ot he r ・Si ngl e s 177 pe r pe t uat i onofs uc hdi s c our s e st hati gnor et hes oc i os t r uc t ur alt r e ndswoul dc e r t ai nl ynot br i nga boutanyc ons t r uc t i vec hange s . Anot he rr e l at e di de ol ogi c alval uet oi nc l udeatt hi sj unc t ur ei ss oc i oe c onomi chomogamy, whi c hhadbe e ne xpl i c i t l yi ndi c at e di nt heme mbe r s hi pc r i t e r i aatt hes t ar toft hes t at e ・ s ・s oc i alde ve l opme nt ・i ni t i at i ve s ,buthass i nc ebe c omei nc r e as i ngl yi mpl i e dt hr oughoutt he ye ar s .Thi si spar t i c ul ar l y pr onounc e di nt hepage sofDUET.A s i gni f i c antpar tof DUET・ sc ont e ntpr ovi de s・oppor t uni t i e s ・and・s ugge s t i ons ・f orac t i vi t i e st hats i ngl e smay par t i c i pat ei nt ome e tt he i rpot e nt i alpar t ne r s .Ent r yf e e sf ort he s eac t i vi t i e s ,howe ve r ,ar ef a r f r om nomi nalandave r ageatar ound$50Si ngapor edol l ar s .The s eac t i vi t i e sa r ec ompl e me nt e dwi t ha r t i c l e ss t at i ngt hei mpor t anc eofke e pi ngar e l at i ons hi p・uni que ,f unand e nt e r t ai ni ng・( SDN 2 011b,3) ,whi c hi de ol ogi c al l ye mphas i ze st hene e df orc ons umpt i ona s onei mpe r at i vef ac t orbe hi ndmai nt ai ni nga・he al t hy・l i f easac oupl e .Wear guet hats uc h c ons umpt i on i sc har ac t e r i s t i cof・ mi ddl e c l as s ・s oc i oe c onomi cs t at us e sa st he yi nc l ude ac t i vi t i e ss uc has" Ni ghtPhot ogr aphy@Mar i naBay" ,whi c hr e qui r e spar t i c i pant st obr i ng ( ) t he i rownDSLRc ame r a SDN 2 012a;t r i pst oove r s e asl oc at i onss uc hast he・ J e tSkiSaf ar i ・ i n Bat am ( SDN 2012b) ;and t he・I c eCr e a m and Choc ol at eTas t i ng・s e s s i onst hatc os t SGD$ 59 .Themai ni de ol ogi c alpr e mi s ec ons t r uc t e dt hr oughs uc has ubt e xt ualas s oc i at i on be t we e nc ons umpt i onandc our t s hi pi st hatuni onss houl dbebe t we e nc oupl e soft hes ame , i fnots i mi l arc ons umpt i onpat t e r nsandc apac i t y. 5.Legi t i mi zi ngt hemor alc ont r ac t :Themedi c al i zat i onofs i ngl ehoodand t heot her i ngof・ devi ant ・s i ngl es Af t e rhavi ngout l i ne dt hei de ol ogi c a lval ue si nhe r e nti nDUETandhow t he yc ont r i but e t owar dst hec ons t r uc t i onaswe l laspe r pe t uat i onofamor alc ont r ac tf orSi ngapor e ans i ngl e s , t hi ss e c t i onwi l le xami net hedi s c ur s i vei mpl i c at i onsoft het e nde nc yt of r ameas i gni f i c ant por t i onofSDN・ spubl i s he dc ont e ntas・ e xpe r topi ni ons ・,whi l eal s os t r at e gi c al l yi nc l udi ng ・r e s e ar c hf i ndi ngs ・f r om s e l e c t e de xt e r naland・di s t i ngui s he d・s c i e nt i f i cs our c e si nor de rt o l e gi t i mi zet heaf or e me nt i one di de ol ogi c alva l ue s .Ast hemos te f f e c t i vei de ol ogi c alf or msof s oc i alc ont r olar et hos et hatar ee ndor s e dby・obj e c t i vee xpe r t s ・anddont het r appi ngsof ( ) mor alne ut r al i t y Zol a1 972,asc i t e di nCoxandMe ad1975,170,i ti si mpe r at i vet hatwe e xt r ac tt hemor a ls i gni f i c anc ebe ne at ht heme di c os c i e nt i f i cdi s c our s eoft heSDN. As t r i ki nge xampl eofhow r e l at i ons hi pi s s ue sands i ngl e hoodi nge ne r ali sf r ame di n me di c os c i e nt i f i ct e r msc anbef oundi nt he・as kt hee xpe r t ・c ol umnsc al l e d・As kDr .Love ・, ( ) whi c hc ons t i t ut eas t apl ec ompone ntofDUET s e eAppe ndi xB.I nt he s ec ol umns ,i ti s i nt e r e s t i ngt onot et hatt hec r e de nt i a l soft her e s i de nte xpe r t spr ovi di ngt headvi c ear eal ways e mphas i ze d.Thusf ar ,oft het woi ndi vi dual swhohavebe e n・DrLove s ・,onehol dsaPhD i n Soc i alWor k whi l et heot he ri st hevi c epr e s i de ntand he ad oft her e s e ar c h and 178 J ohanSUEN,Xi angRuAmyTAN de ve l opme ntde par t me ntofac har i t yf orSi ngapor e anf ami l i e s .Howe ve r ,i nmos ts i t uat i ons , t he・ s ol ut i ons ・t he ys ugge s tt ot hei ndi vi dual swhowr i t ei nwi t ht he i rpr obl e msappe art o r e s e mbl eval ue l ade no pi ni o nst hatar ec ouc he di n・pr agmat i c ・a ndmor al l yne ut r al・e xpe r t advi c e ・.I nane xe mpl ar yi ns t anc e ,onef e mal er e ade rhadapr obl e m wi t hama nwho s e e me dt ohavel os ti ni nt e r e s ti nhe raf t e rha vi nggonef oras e r i e sofdat e s .Ther e ade ral s o me nt i one dt hats hehadhads e xwi t ht hema n.Thea c c ompanyi ng・ e xpe r tadvi c e ・t hatwas publ i s he dr e adsa sf ol l ows : DrLove :Whe ns e xc ome se as yi nar e l at i ons hi p,i ts hor t c i r c ui t st hec hal l e ngea nd e xc i t e me ntofapur s ui t ,andi nt e r f e r e swi t ht hegr owt hoft r us tandr e s pe c twi t hi nt he r e l at i ons hi p.Be s i de s ,t he r ear epe opl eoutt he r ewhoa r es i mpl yl ooki ngf ors e xwi t hno s t r i ngsa t t ac he d.I ts oundss e l f i s h,butt hi sguymayhavegot t e nwhathewant sa nd ma yhavenor e as ont opur s ueyouf ur t he rorbec ommi t t e dt oyou.Ie nc o ur a geyo ut o r e f r a i nf r o mr e c i pr o c a t i nghi ss e x ua la dva nc e sb e c a us ei ndo i ngs o ,yo ua r ec o ndo ni nghi sa c t i o ns a ndgi vi ngh i m pe r mi s s i o nt oc o nt i nuet ot r e a tyo ut hi swa y.I fyo u・ r el o o k i ngf o rme a ni ngf ul r e l a t i o ns hi pswi t ht heo ppo s i t ege nde ra ndwa ntt ob epur s ue da sal a dy,i two ul db ewi s et o gua r dy o urhe a r ta ndno ta l l o wme nt oe mo t i o na l l yma ni pul a t eyo ui nt ogi vi ngyo ur s e l fa wa y s oe a s i l y.I two ul db ego o dt os e the a l t hyph y s i c a lb o unda r i e sa ndt a k et hi ngss l o wl ywhe nyo u ( ) f i r s tme e ts o me o ne . Dr .Love2012b,36;e mphas i smi ne Thee xc e r ptabovei sc har ac t e r i s t i coft hema j or i t yofs ol ut i onspr e s c r i be dby・ Dr .Love ・ t ohe rr e ade r s ;c ouc hi ngmor al i s t i ci de asi nobj e c t i ve ,r at i onalandme di c alt e r ms ,t hr ough t heus eofphr as e sl i ke・he al t hyphys i c alboundar i e s ・and・ me ani ngf ulr e l at i ons hi pswi t h t heoppos i t ege nde r ・.Suc hame di c omor alappr oac hf ac i l i t at e st hedi s c ur s i vepr oc e s sof ( ) i ndi vi dual i zat i on Fouc aul t2000,whi c hs e r ve st o de pol i t i c i zepr obl e mspe r t ai ni ng t o s i ngl e hoodbydi s s oc i at i ngt he mf r om br oade rs oc i ali s s ue s ,s uc ha st hei mpac tofwor kand ge nde re xpe c t at i ons .Thi si spr i ma r i l yac hi e ve d byat t r i but i ngt hemaj orc aus alf a c t or s be hi ndt her i s eofs i ngl e hoodt ot hes i ngl e st he ms e l ve s ;s pe c i f i c al l yi nr e l at i ont ot he m pos s e s s i ngc e r t ai na t t i t ude st hatar ede e me dt obene gat i vei nt hee ye soft hes t at eand i nf l ue nt i almor ale nt r e pr e ne ur s .Thenume r ous・unde r s t andi ngyour s e l f ・qui zze saswe l las r e l at i ons hi p and dat i ng・ c he c kl i s t s ・pr ovi deapte xampl e sofhow c e r t ai nat t i t ude sa r e pr of i l e dc at e gor i c al l yasbe i ngs ubmi s s i ve ,domi nant ,ar r ogantandmat e r i al i s t i c ,whi c ha r e t he nr anke dac c or di ngt ohow t he ypos i t i ve l yorne gat i ve l yaf f e c tr e l at i ons hi ps .Eve nt he ar t i c l e sf e at ur i ng i ndi vi dualma ke ove r ss t r ongl ye mphas i ze ,i n ac e l e br at or y manne r , s e l e c t e da t t i t udi na lc ha r a c t e r i s t i c st hatwoul di nc r e as et he i rl e ve lofat t r ac t i ve ne s sbe yondt hat ofj us tphys i c alappe ar anc e .Conve nt i onalge nde r bas e dnot i onsar epr e s e nthe r easwe l las t hewome nar e・r e vampe d・t odi s pl ay・f e mi ni ni t y・,・e l e ganc e ・,・c ut e ne s s ・and・s e xi ne s s ・, Di s c i pl i ni ng・Ot he r ・Si ngl e s 179 whi l et heme nar er e ma det oe xude・c onf i de nc e ・,・e dgi ne s s ・,and・phys i c alf i t ne s s . ・Thi s ( ) i sappar e nti nt hede s c r i pt i onsoft he・ma de ove r ・i ndi vi dual ss e eAppe ndi xC ,whi c ht e nd t ohi ghl i ghtt hepr e f e r r e dphys i c alac t i vi t i e sandt r ai ni ngr e gi me sf ort heme nandf ort he ( ) wome n,s pe c i f i cphys i c alat t r i but e s ・c ur vy・,・s l i m・,・l ongl e gs ・ be c omet hema i nf oc us . Thust hes ubt e xt ualme s s aget o begl e ane d he r ehast wo mai n mut ual l yr e i nf or c i ng pr e mi s e s ;f i r s t l y,t hatt hes t at usofs i ngl e hoodi sapr obl e mat i cone ;s e c ondl y,t hatt he r emus t bes ome t hi ngi nhe r e nt l ywr ongwi t he i t he rt hei ndi vi dual ・ sappe ar anc e ,be havi our s ,val ue s ore ve n pe r f or manc e ofge nde rr ol e s ;a nd t hi r dl y,t hatt he i ndi vi duali sp e r s o na l l y ac c ount abl eandr e s po ns i b l ei nbr i ngi ngaboutt her e qui r e dc hange st or e s ol vet hepr obl e m. I de ol ogi c al l yc ompl e me nt i ngt hede pol i t i c i zi ngnat ur eoft hei ndi vi dual i zat i ondi s c our s e i st hepol i t i c i zat i onanddi s c ur s i vef r ami ngofpe r s onal・r i s k・ass oc i al・dange r ・.Suc ha pr oc e s si mput e samor al l yne gat i veval uei nt ot her e l at i ve l yne ut r alc onc e ptofr i s k,t he r e by t r ans f or mi ngi t・f r om apr obabi l i s t i cc al c ul usofc hanc et oapol i t i c sofr i s kasda nge r ・ ( ) Dougl as199 2,2225,asc i t e di n Nye2003,119.Appl yi ngt hi st oourdi s c us s i on,t he di s c ur s i vege ne al ogyoft her i s eofs i ngl e hoodpe r pe t uat e dbySDN asr e pr e s e nt at i ve soft he s t at ec anbet r ac e dt ot hei ndi vi duals i ngl e st he ms e l ve s ,whoc ons t i t ut ebot ht her ootoft he pr obl e m aswe l last hes ol ut i on.I not he rwor ds ,i fs i ngl e sc hoos et or e mai ns i ngl e ,t he ya r e notonl yr i s ki ngt he i rownf ut ur e s ,butal s oe ndange r i ngt hatoft hee nt i r es oc i albody.I nhi s ( ) e xpos i t i onson ・gove r nme nt al i t y・,Fouc aul t 1991,100 s t at e st hatt he me di c al i zat i on di s c our s es e r ve dt heai m ofgove r nanc ei ns t r at e gi c al l ya l i gni ngt hei nt e r e s t sandwe l f ar eof e ac hi ndi vi dualwi t ht hatoft hewi de rpopul at i on.Thi st he r e f or egr ant e dt heaut hor i t i e st he r i ghtt oabr i dget hec i vi lr i ght sof・dange r ous ・i ndi vi dual s・ i nt henameofahi ghe r ( c ol l e c t i vepr i nc i pl ea ndwi t hame di c alj udge me nt ・ Fouc aul t2000,1782 00;Pas qui no1991, 235250,asc i t e di nNye2003,119) .Thi sapt l yr e l at e st ot heSi ngapor e anc ont e xtwhe r et he i ndi vi dual i zat i ondi s c our s epe r f or msake yl e gi t i mat i ngr ol ef ors t at epol i c i e st hate xpl i c i t l y ma r gi nal i zes i ngl e si nanat t e mptt oc ur bt he i rr i s i ngnumbe r s . 6.Pol i c yappr oac h:Enc our agi ngma r r i a ge,di s c our agi ngs i ngl ehood Oneoft hes al i e ntuni nt e nde dc ons e que nc e soft hegove r nme nt ・ sf e r ve ntat t e mptt o e nc our agemar r i age si st hats i ngl e sar epe nal i ze df orr e mai ni ngs t at usquoorde l ayi ng ma r r i agepl ans .Thi si se vi de nti nt woma i npol i c yar e ast hatbl at ant l ydi s c ounts i ngl e s : ( 1)Hous i ngpol i c i es An ove r whe l mi ng 85% of Si ngapor e ans l i ve i n gove r nme nt bui l tf l at s( Hous i ng ) De ve l opme ntBoar d,HDB.The s ear ehe avi l ys ubs i di ze dhous i ngands uppl yi st i ght l y c ont r ol l e d and hi ghl yc ompe t i t i ve due t ol and l i mi t at i ons . Si ngl e hood i se vi de nt l y di s c our age dbyt her ul e sofe l i gi bi l i t yf orHDBf l at spur c has e ・s i ngl e smus tbeove rt heage 180 J ohanSUEN,Xi angRuAmyTAN of35t obee l i gi bl et opur c has ene wl ybui l tf l atgove r nme nts ubs i di ze dhous i ngasac o o wne r ( ) e i t he rwi t has i bl i ngorpar e nt s onl y.I nor de rt obet hes o l eo wne roft hef l at ,t hes i ngl ec an onl ypur c has ef r om t hepr i vat ema r ke t sorbuyr e s al eHDBf l at s( HDB2012) ,of t e nati nf l at e d pr i c e sc ompar e dt ot hos ewhoar ee l i gi bl ef orne wf l at s .I ti snotane xagge r at i ont oi mpl y t hats i ngl e sar es t r uc t ur al l ydi s pl ac e danddi s c r i mi nat e dwhe nt he ys e ef e l l ow c i t i ze nsnot t oodi f f e r e ntf r om t he ms e l ve ss avef ort he i rmar i t als t at usgi ve npr i or i t yont hewai tl i s tf or ne w HDBf l at sa nda ddi t i onalc as hs ubs i di e s . ( 2)Enhanc edmar r i age& par ent hoodpac kage TheMar r i ageandPar e nt hoodPac kagewa si ni t i at e di n2001,t he ne nhanc e di n2004and agai ni n2008,e ac ht i mer ai s i ngt hec as hbonus e sf ors oont obepar e nt sande ve ngr ant i ng ( t obe we dst headdi t i onalt opupgr a nt st ot hepr e vai l i ngCe nt r alPr ovi de ntFunds CPF) hous i ng gr ant s( Fami l y & Communi t y De ve l opme nt@ e Ci t i ze n2 009) . Si ngl e s ar e c ompl e t e l ybypas s e di nt het he s ebe ne f i t sast he ya r eof f i c i al l yi ne l i gi bl ef ort he s ebe ne f i t s . Thedi s c r i mi nat i oni ss obr aze nt hat ,i r oni c al l y,s i ngl ef e mal eMe mbe r sofPar l i ame nt ( ) MP we r ec ompe l l e dt os pe akupf ort he i rc ount e r par t sont hi sve r yi s s uei npar l i ame nti n 2004.MsI ndr ane eThur aiRaj ah,anomi nat e dMe mbe rofPar l i ame ntwhoi ss i ngl ehe r s e l f , i sc ogni zantoft hegove r nme nts e ndi ngouts i gnal sofi t s・ s t r ongpr of ami l ys t anc e ・and c aut i one dt hats i ngl ewome n・agr owi ng gr oup i ns oc i e t y now・woul d ・f e e lal otof pr e s s ur ebe c aus et he yge tt hes e ns et hats ome how,i ti snotr i ghtf ort he mt obes i ngl e ・( The St r ai t sTi me s ,Mar10,2004) .Si mi l ar l y,anot he rMPMsI r e neNgr ai s e dc onc e r nsabout ・goi ngove r boar dwi t ht hepr of ami l yc ampai gn,asi tc oul di mpl yt hat・ youar eaf ai l ur ei f ( ) youdonothaveas pous eoraf ami l y・ ・ TheSt r ai t sTi me s ,Mar10,20 04.MsNgf ur t he r s ugge s t st hati fSi ngapor ebe c ome si nc r e as i ngl yunwe l c omi ngt os i ngl e s ,t hat ,mobi l east he y ar e ,i tc oul dpot e nt i al l ypr ope lt he mt ol e avet hec i t y,r e s ul t i ngi nane ve nt ualbr ai ndr ai nf or t hec ount r y. Mor ei mpor t ant l y,t he s es i ngl ef e ma l eMPspoi ntoutt hatl onghour satwor kandwor k ( r e l at e ds t r e s s whi c hmay,i npar t ,beduet ot hene e dt oc ove rwor kf ort he i rma r r i e d ) c ol l e ague swhe nt he yar eawayonma t e r ni t yl e aveorc hi l dc ar el e aveatt i me s ,di mi ni s he s t hec hanc e sa nd vi gort os oc i al i zedur i ng t he i rnonwor k hour s / days .Whi l es uc ha s t r uc t ur ali nade quac yhasbe e nr ai s e dbot hi npar l i ame ntandi nt heme di abe f or e ,t heSt at e c ont i nual l ydi s r e gar dt hepr e di c ame ntofs i ngl e s ,andr e pe at e dl ya t t r i but i ngt hei s s uet ot he i ndi vi dual .Thi sl e adst ooneoft hema i nc onc l us i onst hatt hi spape rdr awsvi s ・vi st he bas i sf or・Ot he r i ng・s i ngl e swhoa r enotpr oac t i ve l ypur s ui ngmar r i ageasal i f egoal be c aus eoft he i rnonadopt i vepos i t i oni ngt owar dse s t abl i s he dge nde rs t e r e ot ype s ,var i ous nor msabouthavi ngt he・r i ght ・mi nds e tabout・l ove ・,・be t t e r ・t i memanage me ntand/ or f ai l i ngt opr e s e ntone s e l fasde s i r abl et ot heoppos i t es e x. Di s c i pl i ni ng・Ot he r ・Si ngl e s 181 7.Thegapbe t weenpol i c esandt hes oc i os t r uc t ur alf ac t or saf f ec t i ngt her i s eof s i ngl ehood・Thepol i t i c alc or ol l ar yof・s oc i alt r i par t i s m・ Thusf ar ,ouranal ys i shasf oc us e dont hes t at edi s c our s eons i ngl e hoodandt her e l e vant s oc i alpol i c i e swhi l e onl y hi nt i ng t hats i gni f i c antga pse xi s tbe t we e nt he m and t he s oc i os t r uc t ur alr e al i t i e sofs i ngl e si n Si ngapor e .Thi ss e c t i on wi l lt he r e f or es e r ve t o e l abor at eont hel at t e ri ngr e at e rde t ai l . Oneoft hemai ns t r uc t ur alf ac t or st hats e r vet oe s c al at et her i s eofSi ngl e hoodi nSi ngapor e i si nc r e as e dwor kde ma ndsandwor ks t r e s sr e s ul t i ngi nl ac koft i meand/ e ne r gyf ors i ngl e s t odat e .Onel uc i di ndi c at i oni st henumbe rofhour sSi ngapor e anss pe ndont he i rj ob.I ti s ( ) noc oi nc i de nc et hatas ur ve yc onduc t e dbyt heI nt e r nat i onalLabourOr gani zat i on I LO i n 2008s howe dt hatSi ngapor ewor ke r sputi nt hel onge s thour satwor k.Ani nt e r nat i onalpol l of13e c onomi e ss howe dt hatSi ngapor eal ar mi ngl ys ur pas s e dJ apanandTai wan・c ount r i e s t r adi t i onal l yknownt ohaveanot or i ous l yhar dwor ki ngwor kf or c e .TheI LO r e por taf f i r ms t hatSi ngapor e answor ke da nave r ageof45. 9hour sawe e ki n2008and46. 3hour sawe e k ( ) i n2007 Li2010.Thes t udyi nt e nt i onal l ys ur ve ye dt hi spe r i odasi twasathe i ghtofagl obal r e c e s s i on.I ns pi t eoft hee c onomyt aki ngadownt ur n,Si ngapor e anss t i l lc l oc ke dmor ehour s t hant hel e gal l ype r mi t t e d44hour sawe e kunde rt heEmpl oyme ntAc t . Thei s s ueofi nc r e as i ngwor kde ma ndsands t r e s st aki ngt i meawayf r om s i ngl e si sof t e n s we ptunde rt hec ar pe tast heSt at edi s c ur s i ve l ys i t uat e st her e s pons i bi l i t yf ors ol vi ngt he ( nat i onali s s ueofSi ngl e hoodpr i mar i l ywi t hi nt he・ pe opl es e c t or ・,whi c hTan 2001,111) ar gue si sapol i t i c a lde vi c ede pl oye d ・t o ave r tal e gi t i mat i ng c r i s i s ・f ort heSt at eby de f l e c t i ngac c ount abi l i t yf ors oc i ali s s ue sawayf r om i t s e l faswe l last hepr i vat es e c t or ,who c ons t i t ut et heot he rt wome mbe r sofSi ngapor e ・ s・s oc i alt r i par t i t e ・.Tan・ si ns i ght sont he pol i t i c alc or ol l ar yofs oc i alt r i par t i s mi nSi ngapor ear ec r uc i ali nunde r s t andi ngt hel ac kof pol i t i c alwi l li ni mpl e me nt i ngl abourpol i c i e st oe f f e c tc hange si nl oc alwor kc ul t ur e .Thi si s duema i nl yt ot he・ gove r nme nt al i t y・t hatpe r c e i ve st hepubl i c ,pr i vat e ,andpe opl es e c t or sas di s c r e t ee nt i t i e sandhavi ngt he i rownr e s pe c t i ver ol e st opl ayi nt hef unc t i oni ngofs oc i e t y. Thus ,anyt hi ngde e me dt obe・pol i t i c al ・r e mai nst hes ol epr e r ogat i veoft hegove r nme nt ( ) publ i cs e c t or;whi l et hee c onomi ca ndf i nanc i al・dut i e s ・be l ongt ot hedomai nofpr i vat e bus i ne s s e s ,c omme r c e ,andf i nanc i als e c t or s ;andf i nal l y,de pol i t i c i ze d・ s oc i al ・i s s ue s ,s uc h ast her i s eofs i ngl e hood,ar ede vol ve dt ot hepe opl es e c t or ,whi c hc ons i s t sofvol unt ar y, gr as s r oot s ,aswe l lasc i vi cor gani zat i ons .Wepos i tt hatappr oac hi ngs oc i ali s s ue si ns uc ha ・ s i l oe d・andpol i t i c al l yi s ol at e dmanne rwi l lbe c omepr obl e mat i ci nt hel ongr uns i nc et he t hr e ee nt i t i e sar es oi nt r i ns i c al l yi nt e r t wi ne di nr e al i t y. Ne ve r t he l e s s ,howe ve r ,s omeamountofc r e di ts houl dbegi ve nt ot heSt at ef orpr omot i ng ( ) ・wor kl i f ehar mony・,f ori ns t anc e ,s e t t i ngupt heWor kLi f eWor ks ! WoW! Fundwor t h S$10mi l l i onwhi c hwasi nt r oduc e dt oc ar r youts t r at e gi e st hatwoul d・e nhanc et hequal i t y 182 J ohanSUEN,Xi angRuAmyTAN ofwor kpl ac e ss ot hate mpl oye e swoul dbemor ee ngage dandpr oduc t i ve ・( MCYS2 007, ) 9.I nt hes amebr e at h,ma t e r ni t yl e avei se xt e nde dt o16we e ksf ormot he r swhoar e e mpl oye d.Unf or t unat e l y,t he s epol i c i e st e ndt obes ke we dt owar dswor kl i f es uppor tf or mar r i e di ndi vi dual sorpar e nt s ,hi nt i ngt hatt hes t at es e e mst oadvoc at et hatwor kl i f e bal anc ei sonl yi mpor t antf ormar r i e d pe opl e orpar e nt s .The var i ouss c he me sand awar e ne s sc ampai gnsar eal lt ar ge t e da tmar r i e dpe opl eorpar e nt ,butr ar e l ya ts i ngl e si n s pi t eoft hef ac tt hats i ngl e st oone e dt i met of i ndapar t ne randt i met odat e . Conc l us i on Fr om ouranal ys i st husf ar ,wehavee xpounde dont hei de ol ogi c alpr oc e s s e si nwhi c ht he Si ngapor egove r nme ntdi s c ur s i ve l y・ ot he r s ・s i ngl e sasame anst owar dss e c ur i ngl e gi t i mac y f ori t sf ami l yc e nt r i cpol i c i e s .Vi t alt ot hi s・ ot he r i ng・pr oc e s si st hepe r pe t uat i onofan ・ i de al i ze d・s i ngl e ・an i ndi vi dualwho hasi nt e r nal i ze dt he ・ pr ope r ・nor ma t i ve val ue s c onc e r ni ngc onve nt i onalge nde rr ol e sande xpe c t at i onsaswe l lase t hni cands oc i oe c onomi c homogamy.Thr ought heus eofe xpe r topi ni onands c i e nt i f i ce ndor s e me nt ,i ndi vi dua ls i ngl e s t hatde vi at ef r om t he・ i de al ・ar ee f f e c t i ve l ypr e s ume dt obede f i c i e ntandar et he r e f or ei n ne e d ofs ome f or m ofc or r e c t i on.Ul t i ma t e l y,we c ont e nd t hatt he s t at e pe r pe t uat e d di s c our s eand pol i c i e sar ehi ghl y di vor c e df r om t hes oc i os t r uc t ur alr e al i t i e sf ac e d by s i ngl e s ,par t i c ul ar l yc onc e r ni ngi s s ue sands t r e s s e si nt hedomai nofwor k.Thus ,t hef ai l ur e oft heSi ngapor es t at e ・ s・gove r nme nt al i t y・t or e c ogni zeandaddr e s st her ootc aus e snotonl y s e r ve st oe xac e r bat et hepr obl e m ofr i s i ngs i ngl e hood,buta l s oc ont r i but e st owar dst he ma r gi na l i zat i onofas i gni f i c antandgr owi ngpr opor t i onofSi ngapor e ・ sr e s i de ntpopul at i on. Ref er enc es BooksandJ our nalAr t i c l e s o n, De par t me ntofSt at i s t i c sSi ngapor e .2011.St a t i s t i c a lRe l e a s e1:De mo gr a phi cCha r a c t e r i s t i c s ,Educ a t i La ngua gea ndRe l i gi o n.Gove r nme ntofSi ngapor e :Si ngapor e . w Yor k. Donze l ot ,J ac que s .1979.ThePo l i c i ngo fFa mi l i e s .Pat he onBooks :Ne Dougl as ,Mar y.1992.Ri s ka ndBl a me :Es s a yi nCul t ur a lThe o r y.Rout l e dge :London. )TheFo c he l l ,C.Gor don.& P.Mi l l e r( e ds uc a ul t Fouc aul t ,Mi c he l .1991.・ Gove r nme nt al i t y・i nG.Bur Ef f e c t :St udi e si nGo ve r nme nt a l i t y.Uni ve r s i t yofChi c agoPr e s s :Chi c ago. Aboutt heConc e ptoft heDa nge r ousI ndi vi dual ・i nD. J .Fa ubi on ( e d)TheEs s e nt i a l .2 000.・ Wo r k so fMi c h e lFo uc a ul t ,Vo l .3.TheNe w Pr e s s :Ne w Yor k. ,Robe r tA.2003.・TheEvol ut i on oft heConc e ptofMe di c al i zat i on i nt heLat eTwe nt i e t h Nye 2) :115129. Ce nt ur y・J o ur na lo fHi s t o r yo ft heBe ha vi o ur a lSc i e nc e s39( Pas qui no,Pas qual e .1991.・ Cr i mi nol ogy:TheBi r t hofaSpe c i alKnowl e dge ・i nG.Bur c he l l ,C.Gor don. )TheFo ds uc a ul tEf f e c t :St udi e si nGo ve r nme nt a l i t y.Uni ve r s i t yofChi c agoPr e s s : & P.Mi l l e r( e Di s c i pl i ni ng・Ot he r ・Si ngl e s 183 Chi c ago. SDN.2011a.Due t .Fe br uar yApr i l .Soc i alDe ve l opme ntNe t wor k:Si ngapor e . e . SDN.2011b.Due t .Ma yJ ul y.Soc i alDe ve l opme ntNe t wor k:Si ngapor SDN.2011c .Due t .Augus t Oc t obe r .Soc i alDe ve l opme ntNe t wor k:Si ngapor e . ngapor e . SDN.2012a.Due t .J anuar yMa r c h.Soc i alDe ve l opme ntNe t wor k:Si SDN.2012b.Due t .J ul ySe pt e mbe r .Soc i alDe ve l opme ntNe t wor k:Si ngapor e . onomyi nPat r i ar c halSi ngapor e :Emas c ul at i ng Tan,Ke nne t hPaul .2001.・Ci vi cSoc i e t ya ndt heNe w Ec ut he a s tAs i a n t hePol i t i c al ,Fe mi ni zi ngt hePubl i c . ・Cr o s s r o a ds :AnI nt e r di s c i pl i na r yJ o ur na lo fSo St udi e s .15( 2) :95122. )( Zol a,I .K.1972.・ Me di c i neasa nI ns t i t ut i onofSoc i alCont r ol ・i nC.CoxandA. Me ad( e ds 1975)A So c i o l o gyo fMe di c a lPr a c t i c e .Col l i e r Mac mi l l an:London. Ne ws pape rAr t i c l e s s :Sur ve y・.TheSt r a i t sTi me s .J an11. Li ,Di c ks on.2010.・Si ngapor eWor ke r sputi nLonge s tHour TheSt r ai t sTi me s .2004.・I si tWr ongt obeSi ngl e ? ・TheSt r a i t sTi me s .Mar10. Onl i nes our c e s t yDe ve l opme nt@ e Ci t i ze n.・Mar r i agea ndPar e nt hoodPac kageOve r vi e w・. Fami l yandCommuni . ht ml( ac c e s s e dJ un2 5,2012) . ht t p: / / f c d. e c i t i ze n. gov. s g/ Mar r i age NPar e nt hoodPac kage Hous i ngDe ve l opme ntBoar d,Si ngapor e .・El i gi bi l i t yt oBuyNe w HDBFl at ・. ns f / w/ Buyi ngNe wFl at El i gi bi l i t yt obuyne wHDBf l at ? ht t p: / / www. hdb. gov. s g/ f i10/ f i10321p. Ope nDoc ume nt # Fami l yNuc l e us( ac c e s s e dJ un25,2012) . handSpor t s ,Si ngapor e .・OurFi vePi l l ar s :St r ongandSt abl eFami l i e s ・. Mi ni s t r yofCommuni t y,Yout / St r ongandSt abl e Fami l i e s . as px( ac c e s s e dFe b ht t p: / / app1. mc ys . gov. s g/ About MCYS/ Our Fi ve Pi l l ar s 5,2012) . i r msPos i t i veBe ne f i t sof Mi ni s t r yofCommuni t y,Yout handSpor t s ,Si ngapor e .・I naugur alSt udyConf Wor kLi f eHar monyt oI ndi vi dual sandBus i ne s s e s ・. ar c h/ 4320071. pdf( ac c e s s e dJ un25,2012) . ht t p: / / a pp1 . mc ys . gov. s g/ por t al s / 0/ Summar y/ r e s e nSi ngapor e ・. Na t i onalPopul at i onandTal e ntDi vi s i on,Si ngapor e .・Mar r i ageandPar e nt hoodTr e ndsi ht t ps : / / www. npt d. gov. s g/ c ont e nt / dam/ npt d/ Oc c as i onal %20Pape r %20on%20MP%20Tr e nds % un%202012_w%20anne x. pdf( ac c e s s e dJ un25,2012) . 20_For %20Me di a%20Br i e f i ng%2028%20J Soc i alDe ve l opme ntNe t wor k,Si ngapor e .・AboutSDN・. SDN. as px( ac c e s s e dJ un25,2012) . ht t p: / / app. s dn. s g/ About 184 Appendi xA J ohanSUEN,Xi angRuAmyTAN Di s c i pl i ni ng・Ot he r ・Si ngl e s Appendi xB 185 186 Appendi xC J ohanSUEN,Xi angRuAmyTAN