Commuting Patterns in Auckland 2006 to2013

Transcription

Commuting patterns in Auckland:
Trends from the Census of Population
and Dwellings 2006–13
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Citation
Statistics New Zealand (2014). Commuting patterns in Auckland: Trends from the Census of
Population and Dwellings 2006–13. Available from: www.stats.govt.nz.
ISBN 978-0-478-42943-5 (online)
Published in December 2014 by
Statistics New Zealand
Tatauranga Aotearoa
Wellington, New Zealand
Contact
Statistics New Zealand Information Centre: info@stats.govt.nz
Phone toll-free 0508 525 525
Phone international +64 4 931 4610
www.stats.govt.nz
Commuting patterns in Auckland: Trends from the Census of Population and Dwellings 2006–13
Contents
List of tables and figures................................................................................................. 4
1. Purpose and key findings........................................................................................... 6
Purpose ......................................................................................................................... 6
Key findings................................................................................................................... 6
2. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7
Auckland’s local board areas ........................................................................................ 7
The Auckland region accounts for just over a third of New Zealand’s gross domestic
product .......................................................................................................................... 8
Auckland’s population increased rapidly over the 20th century ..................................... 9
3. Working in Auckland ................................................................................................ 11
Around a third of all people in New Zealand gave a workplace address in the Auckland
region .......................................................................................................................... 11
Commuting patterns by Auckland local board area ..................................................... 13
Urban/rural commuting to Auckland local board areas ................................................ 17
Over 27,000 people worked in Auckland Central West ............................................... 20
Professional, scientific, and technical services dominate in the central city ................ 22
4. Commuting and modes of transport ....................................................................... 24
Working at home ......................................................................................................... 24
How Aucklanders travelled to work ............................................................................. 26
Main means of travel to work by workplace address at local board level .................... 26
5. Conclusion................................................................................................................. 38
References .................................................................................................................. 39
Appendix 1: About commuting data............................................................................. 40
About commuting data ................................................................................................ 40
Workplace address ..................................................................................................... 40
Main means of travel to work ...................................................................................... 41
Appendix 2: Adaptation of Ministry of Transport designation of inner and outer
boards ............................................................................................................................. 43
List of tables and figures
Tables by chapter
1. Workplace address for employed population by Auckland local board area ........... 12
2. Selected urban and rural areas of usual residence by commuting destination for
grouped local board areas in Auckland ....................................................................... 20
3. Top industry and percentage of people employed by workplace address at area unit
level, and Auckland ..................................................................................................... 23
4. Selected means of travel to work, by workplace address at Auckland local board
level ............................................................................................................................. 27
5. Conclusion................................................................................................................. 38
5. Correspondence of sectors for analysis with local board areas .............................. 43
Figures by chapter
2. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7
1. Population of Auckland local board areas, 2013 Census .......................................... 8
2. Gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita by region ............... 9
3. Population of main urban areas, selected censuses 1886 to 2013 ......................... 10
4. Number of employed people that gave a workplace address by selected region .... 11
5. Percent of employed people living and working in the same area, by Auckland local
board area ................................................................................................................... 13
6. Usual residence by commuting destination for Auckland inner urban boards ......... 14
7. Percent of employed population that gave a workplace address in Waitematā....... 15
8. Usual residence by commuting destination for Auckland outer urban boards ......... 16
9. Usual residence by commuting destination, for Auckland rural boards. Usual
residence by commuting destination for Auckland rural boards .................................. 17
10. Commuting destination (grouped Auckland local board areas), for employed
people usually resident in selected urban and rural areas in the Auckland region ...... 18
10. Commuting destination (grouped Auckland local board areas) by urban area ...... 18
11. Location of urban areas in the Auckland region .................................................... 19
12. Employment density (workplace addresses per square kilometre) for Auckland,
2013 Census ............................................................................................................... 21
13. Area units with largest number of people giving a workplace address .................. 22
14. Number of people who worked at home by area unit of usual residence in
Auckland region, 2013 Census ................................................................................... 25
15. Main means of travel to work for people that gave a workplace address in
Auckland and travelled to work on census day ........................................................... 26
16. Main means of travel to work, for people that gave a workplace address in
Waitematā and went to work on census day. .............................................................. 28
17. Number of people who biked, jogged, or walked to work, by area unit of usual
residence in Auckland region ...................................................................................... 29
18. Number of people who used public transport to travel to work by area unit of usual
residence in Auckland region ...................................................................................... 31
19. Percent of people who took a train to work on census day 2013 .......................... 32
20. Number of people travelling to work on census day 2013 by other modes (includes
plane, taxi, and ferry) .................................................................................................. 34
21. Number of people who drove a private car, truck, or van to work by area unit of
usual residence in Auckland region, 2013 Census ...................................................... 35
22. Number of people who drove a company car, truck, or van to work in Auckland by
workplace address, 2013 Census ............................................................................... 37
Appendix 2...................................................................................................................... 42
23. Auckland local board designation .......................................................................... 44
1. Purpose and key findings
Purpose
Commuting patterns in Auckland: Trends from the Census of Population and Dwellings
2006–13 gives an overview of commuting patterns in the Auckland region using census
data. For more detailed analysis of transport patterns in Auckland see Journey to work
patterns in the Auckland region, commissioned by the Ministry of Transport and published
in 2014.
Key findings
 In 2013, around a third of all employed people in New Zealand (596,313 people)
gave a workplace address in the Auckland region.
 There were 2.3 times more people who gave a workplace address in Auckland
compared with New Zealand’s second largest labour market, the Canterbury region
(255,480 people gave a workplace address there).
 Waitematā local board had the highest number of people that gave a workplace
address there. In 2006 and 2013, over 100,000 people living in the Auckland region
(around 22 percent of employed people in Auckland) gave a workplace address in
the Waitematā local board area.
 Puketatapa, Waitakere Ranges and Manurewa local boards had the lowest
percentages of people living and working within the same local board area.
 In Auckland, 50 percent of employed people worked in an area that comprised of
just 2.7 percent of the total land area in Auckland.
 Auckland Central West area unit has the largest number (27,234) of employed
people.
 Auckland Central East area unit had the second-largest number (21,711) of people
who gave a workplace address there but had the highest workplace density –
23,454 employed people per square kilometre compared with 23,343 per square
kilometre for Auckland Central West.
 Car transport was the dominant mode of commuting in Auckland, although car use
has decreased slightly since 2001 – from 85.6 percent of employed people that
went to work on census day in 2001 to 82.7 percent in 2013.
 1 in 5 people that commuted to Waitematā used public transport. This proportion
increased to over 1 in 4 for workers in the central business district (CBD). The
Ministry of Transport defines the central business district (CBD) as the area units of
Auckland Central East and West, Auckland Harbourside, Newton, and Grafton
West.
6
2. Introduction
Auckland’s local board areas
Before 2010, Auckland was made up of seven territorial authorities: North Shore,
Auckland, Waitakere and Manukau cities and Rodney, Papakura, and Franklin districts as
well as the Auckland Regional Council. On 1 November 2010, the regional council, cities,
and districts amalgamated and Auckland Council became a unitary authority.
The Auckland region is made up of 21 local board areas, from Rodney at the northern
end to Franklin at the southern end, as shown in figure 1. Data from the census has been
back-cast so that a comparable time series can be produced. Therefore, even though the
local boards have only been operational since 2010, we have included time series data
for the boards.
7
Figure 1
1. Population of Auckland local board areas, 2013 Census
Population of Auckland local board areas, 2013 Census
The Auckland region accounts for just over a third of
New Zealand’s gross domestic product
Auckland region has the only urban centre in New Zealand that consists of more than a
million people. In the Auckland region, more than 9 out of 10 people (1,308,825 people)
lived in the urban area of Auckland. Urban areas are statistically defined areas and are
designed to identify concentrated urban settlements, without the distortion of
administrative boundaries. The urban area of Auckland comprises the Northern Auckland
8
Zone, Western Auckland Zone, Central Auckland Zone and Southern Auckland Zone
(see figure 11).
In 2013, there were 1,415,550 people usually resident within the Auckland region, which
was 2.6 times the population of the next largest region, Canterbury (539,436 people).
Economically, the Auckland region is a large part of New Zealand’s economy. Regional
gross domestic product (GDP) estimates (Statistics NZ, 2013) showed that for the year
ended 2013, Auckland contributed the most to New Zealand’s GDP (35.3 percent),
followed by Wellington (13.5 percent), and Canterbury (13.2 percent). However, while
Auckland has the largest economy overall, it does not have the largest GDP per capita.
Taranaki had the highest GDP per capita ($74,341), followed by Wellington ($57,941),
and Southland ($52,701).
Figure 2
2. Gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita by region
Auckland’s share of the country’s GDP has remained relatively constant in recent years,
although it fell slightly after the global financial crisis (from 35.9 percent of New Zealand’s
GDP in 2007 to 34.7 percent in 2009). Previously, experimental estimates of regional
GDP (Statistics New Zealand, 2006) calculated that in 2003, Auckland’s share of the
country’s GDP was 36 percent and constituted almost half (46 percent) of the North
Island’s GDP.
Auckland’s population increased rapidly over the 20th
century
At the beginning of the 20th century the main cities of Auckland, Wellington, and
Christchurch were fairly similar in population. However, throughout the 20th century and
early 21st century, the Auckland metropolis grew at a higher rate than the next largest
cities in New Zealand (Wellington and Christchurch), as figure 3 shows.
9
Figure 3
3. Population of main urban areas, selected censuses 1886 to 2013
The population in Auckland’s urban area has increased relative to the next largest urban
areas of Wellington and Christchurch. In 1991, Auckland’s urban area housed 2.9 times
the population of Christchurch’s urban area, but by 2013 it housed 3.7 times the
population of Christchurch’s urban area. The neighbouring urban areas of Hamilton and
Tauranga have also grown rapidly in recent years.
The geographic location of the Auckland urban area means that it has access to large
populations north and south. Over the 20th and 21st centuries, growth in and around the
Auckland metropolis has also been dispersed with a high dependence on private
transport leading to a “scattered and decentralised settlement pattern” (McKinnon, 1987).
In the mid-20th century, central and local government policy supported this
decentralisation in Auckland, which resulted in a vast motorway system and a steady
decline in public transport usage. Decentralisation has added costs. In a recent report
Big city life? Challenges and trade-offs for Auckland city, the NZIER (2012) noted that
better transport infrastructure would reduce costs for households. They calculated that
each kilometre away from the city centre increases the cost of each commute by $738
per year.
Recent changes as a result of local government policy and investment have improved the
public transportation system and reversed the decline in public transport usage as
chapter 4 shows. The Auckland Plan (Auckland Council, 2013) aims to promote housing
along transport routes and consolidate growth within the existing metropolitan area.
10
3. Working in Auckland
Around a third of all people in New Zealand gave a
workplace address in the Auckland region
Because of its sheer size and economic importance the Auckland region attracts workers.
By 2013, a total of 596,313 people gave a workplace address in the Auckland region,
compared with 544,017 people in 2006. Auckland has the largest labour market within
New Zealand and is 2.3 times larger than New Zealand’s second-largest labour market,
the Canterbury region (255,480 employed people).
Auckland also attracts workers from surrounding areas, with 4,827 people from Waikato
district and 1,530 people from Hamilton city giving a workplace address within the
Auckland region. There are also people in other areas further afield, such as Dunedin
(699 people), Kaipara (561 people) and Whangarei (516 people) that gave a workplace
address in Auckland. However, we do not know whether these are people who share
their time between two places (for example, people living and working in Auckland during
the week) or whether the numbers have been inflated by incorrect workplace coding to a
head office in Auckland. This situation can occur when a respondent does not supply
sufficient information for their workplace to be coded correctly.
The number of employed people that gave a workplace address in Auckland increased
markedly in the 2000s compared with the 1990s. Between 1996 and 2001 the number of
employed people that gave a workplace in Auckland increased by 5.5 percent. This was
also a period of slow population growth. In contrast, between 2001 and 2006 the number
of employed people that gave a workplace address in the Auckland region increased by
16.1 percent. Growth was again slower in the seven years between 2006 and 2013, at
9.6 percent, but was faster than population growth. In contrast, between 2006 and 2013
the population of Auckland rose by 8.5 percent. Figure 4 shows the change in the number
of people giving a workplace address in Auckland and other selected regions between
1996 and 2013.
Figure 4
4. Number of employed people that gave a workplace address by selected region
11
Waitematā local board has highest number of workers in Auckland
In 2006 and 2013, over 100,000 people living in Auckland (around 22 percent of
employed people in Auckland) gave a workplace address in Waitematā local board area.
This figure excludes people whose address could not be coded to a small area level.
Table 1
1. Workplace address for employed population by Auckland local board area
Workplace address for employed population
usually resident in the Auckland region
By Auckland local board area(1)
2006–13 Censuses
Auckland local board area
Employed population
that gave a workplace
address(1)
2006
2013
Increase or decrease
2006–13 Censuses
Number
Percent
Rodney
13,467
15,972
2,505
18.6
Hibiscus and Bays
16,353
18,423
2,070
12.7
Upper Harbour
24,600
32,643
8,043
32.7
Kaipātiki
23,037
22,890
-147
-0.6
Devonport-Takapuna
22,311
25,173
2,862
12.8
Henderson-Massey
23,718
25,224
1,506
6.3
Waitākere Ranges
5,715
6,681
966
16.9
243
297
54
22.2
Great Barrier
2,145
2,589
444
20.7
107,259
119,892
12,633
11.8
Whau
19,029
18,384
-645
-3.4
Albert-Eden
31,347
33,042
1,695
5.4
Waiheke
Waitematā
Puketāpapa
8,598
8,865
267
3.1
Orākei
16,986
17,808
822
4.8
Maungakiekie-Tāmaki
51,984
53,208
1,224
2.4
Howick
32,151
35,646
3,495
10.9
Māngere-Ōtāhuhu
24,615
26,781
2,166
8.8
Ōtara-Papatoetoe
23,325
24,789
1,464
6.3
Manurewa
13,569
14,784
1,215
9
Papakura
10,770
10,761
-9
-0.1
Franklin
15,006
16,455
1,449
9.7
486,234
530,301
44,067
10.7
Total stated for Auckland local
boards(1)
1. Includes all addresses that could be coded to meshblock level.
Note: Auckland local board areas did not exist in 2006. The census data has been backcast to allow comparisons over time.
This data has been randomly rounded to protect confidentiality. Individual figures
may not add up to totals, and values for the same data may vary in different tables.
Source: Statistics New Zealand
12
Commuting patterns by Auckland local board area
This section looks at commuting patterns by Auckland local board area.
Puketāpapa and Waitakere Ranges had the lowest proportion of
people that lived and worked in the same area
Figure 5 shows the proportion of people that lived and worked in the same local board
area (referred to as self-containment). Great Barrier and Waiheke Island had the highest
proportion of employed people that lived and worked in the same area.
Figure 5
5. Percent of employed people living and working in the same area, by Auckland local board area
The graphs and tables in this section show commuting between local board areas.
Because of the sheer number of local boards, we have adapted the Ministry of Transport
(Richard Paling Consulting, 2014) designation of local boards as inner urban, outer
urban, and rural to visualise commuting between areas. In the following graphs we have
included Waitematā separately for this analysis but have looked at their designation of
the CBD separately when we consider the distribution of workplace address by area unit.
Note that the Ministry of Transport has grouped Rodney, Waitākere Ranges and Franklin
local boards as rural because they sit outside the Auckland metropolis. They excluded
Waiheke and Great Barrier Islands. See Appendix 2.
Commuting by inner urban boards
Figure 6 shows commuting patterns by the inner urban boards. Here we see that most
people in these areas live and work in inner urban boards. People tend to be
concentrated within certain geographic locations – for example, over half of people in
13
Kaipātiki work in inner urban boards north of the harbour bridge, while around half of
employed people in Maungakiekie-Tāmaki worked in the southern part of the city.
Figure 6
6. Usual residence by commuting destination for Auckland inner urban boards
As previously stated, Waitematā was the largest employment centre in Auckland. People
also travelled greater distances to work in Waitematā, which attracted workers from all
round the Auckland region and outside the region as well. Just over 300 people in
Hamilton city and Waikato district had a workplace address in Waitematā. Figure 7 shows
the percentage of employed people in each local board that gave a workplace address in
Waitematā. Note that these percentages only include those workplace addresses that
could be coded to a small area level.
14
Figure 7
7. Percent of employed population that gave a workplace address in Waitematā
Around two-thirds of people that lived in Waitematā also worked there, a level of selfcontainment that was only surpassed by Great Barrier and Waiheke Island local boards.
Around 4 out of 10 people that specified a workplace address in Auckland worked in the
central locations of Waitematā, Albert-Eden, or Maungakiekie-Tāmaki.
Commuting patterns for outer urban boards
Figure 8 shows again the split between north and south for people commuting within and
between local board areas. Few people commuted from northern outer urban areas to
southern outer urban areas and vice versa. Around two-thirds of employed people in
Howick, for example, gave a workplace address in either Howick or surrounding urban
boards.
15
Figure 8
8. Usual residence by commuting destination for Auckland outer urban boards
Commuting patterns for rural local board areas in Auckland
Figure 9 looks at commuting for the three rural local board areas, Rodney to the north,
Waitākere Ranges (west), and Franklin (the southernmost area). Not surprisingly, the
north/south split is very evident here with very few people in Rodney working in outer
urban areas in the south and west. Franklin and Rodney have reasonably high
proportions of self-containment with around half working in their own areas (here shown
as the rural category).
16
Figure 9
9. Usual residence by commuting destination, for Auckland rural boards. Usual residence by commuting destination for Auckland rural boards
Urban/rural commuting to Auckland local board areas
This section looks at numbers of people commuting by selected urban areas, and rural
areas, to local boards within Auckland. Note that figures for rural areas include small
numbers of people living in rural areas outside the Auckland region.
Almost two-thirds of all commuting destinations within Auckland urban areas were to
inner urban boards (here we are including Waitematā). This figure also includes people
working from home. Some small changes occurred in the distribution of workplace
addresses between 2006 and 2013 – although some caution must be used as changes in
data over this time period may be partly due to changes in collection and processing of
data. Within the Auckland urban area, the proportion of people giving a workplace
address in an inner urban board (including Waitematā) fell slightly (from 60.9 to 59.5
percent of all workplace addresses).The number of workplace addresses in rural boards
increased over this time but remained a fairly small proportion of the total.
Figure 10 shows the distribution of workplace address for urban and rural areas within
Auckland region.
17
Figure 10
10. Commuting destination (grouped Auckland local board areas), for employed people usually resident in selected urban and rural areas in the Auckland region
10. Commuting destination (grouped Auckland local board areas) by urban area
Figure 11 shows the location of the Auckland zones and smaller urban centres in the
Auckland region.
18
Figure 11
11. Location of urban areas in the Auckland region
Location of urban areas in the Auckland region, 2013
Numbers commuting to Auckland urban boards have increased between 2006 and 2013.
In Pukekohe and Hamilton urban areas over 1,000 more people gave a workplace
address in an Auckland urban board (including inner and outer urban boards) in 2013
compared with 2006.
19
Table 2
2. Selected urban and rural areas of usual residence by commuting destination for grouped local board areas in Auckland
Selected urban and rural areas of usual residence
By commuting destination for grouped local board areas in Auckland
2013 Census
Commuting destination (workplace address by grouped local board area2) in Auckland region
Selected urban and
rural areas of usual
residence
Waiheke or
Great Barrier
Islands
Inner urban
boards3
Outer Urban
boards
Rural boards
Total
2006
2013
2006
2013
2006
2013
2006
2013
2006
2013
Northern Auckland
60
111
65,019
68,034
35,724
42,420
1,839
2,766
102,642
113,328
Western Auckland
24
30
36,759
38,736
25,608
28,332
6,945
7,923
69,333
75,021
Central Auckland
72
147
133,260
141,786
23,544
28,023
1,611
2,367
158,487
172,323
Southern Auckland
27
57
39,234
43,017
76,710
81,135
3,798
4,884
119,772
129,090
Total Auckland
urban area
183
342
274,272
291,573
161,586
179,907
14,196
17,937
450,237
489,762
Total Hamilton
urban area1
..C
..C
501
1,083
267
714
63
192
831
1,995
Pukekohe
..C
..C
915
1,323
1,620
2,253
4,374
4,833
6,909
8,412
Wellsford
..C
..C
12
33
18
48
450
366
483
444
Warkworth
..C
..C
72
132
105
186
876
975
1,059
1,296
Snells Beach
..C
..C
96
147
117
162
1,059
1,116
1,275
1,425
Helensville
..C
..C
174
210
174
192
486
450
834
852
1,953
2,238
693
813
78
99
18
27
2,742
3,177
..C
..C
288
372
579
687
1,650
1,707
2,514
2,769
255
324
5,169
6,363
6,303
7,473
12,963
13,800
24,687
27,960
6
..C
84
75
27
36
..C
9
120
123
Waiheke Island
Waiuku
Rural areas
Inland water and
oceanic
1. Includes Hamilton, Cambridge, and Te Awamutu urban zones.
2. All workplace address that could be coded to meshblock level.
3. In this table we are including Waitematā in the inner urban boards.
Note: This data has been randomly rounded to protect confidentiality. Individual figures
may not add up to totals, and values for the same data may vary in different tables.
Symbols:
C confidential
.. not available
Over 27,000 people worked in Auckland Central West
Not all workplace addresses had enough information to be coded to area unit level in
Auckland. Note that the numbers and proportions in the following section are calculated
from the total stated workplace addresses that could be coded at area unit level. In total,
567,822 workplace addresses were coded to an area unit in Auckland.
The numbers show us that employment is concentrated within the urban centre, but to a
lesser extent than in the Wellington region. In Auckland, 50 percent of employed people
worked in an area that comprised of just 2.7 percent of the total land area in Auckland. In
contrast, 50 percent of employed people in the Wellington region worked in just 0.3
percent of the land area in the region.
20
Figure 12
12. Employment density (workplace addresses per square kilometre) for Auckland, 2013 Census
Employment density (workplace addresses per square kilometre) for Auckland
2013 Census
Figure 12 shows employment density by area unit in Auckland. Auckland Central West
(area unit) has the largest number (27,234) of people giving a workplace address there.
Auckland Central East (area unit) had the second-largest number (21,711) of workplace
addresses but a higher workplace density of 23,454 employed people per square
21
kilometre compared with 23,343 per square kilometre for Auckland Central West. The
Ministry of Transport defines the central business district (CBD) as the area units of
Auckland Central East and West, Auckland Harbourside, Newton, and Grafton West. In
total, 75,483 people had a workplace address coded to these area units.
Figure 13 shows the area units with the largest number of workplace addresses and how
numbers have changed over time. Auckland Harbourside shows the most dramatic
change in numbers since 2001.
Figure 13
13. Area units with largest number of people giving a workplace address
Professional, scientific, and technical services
dominate in the central city
The most common industries for area units in the central business district were
professional, scientific, and technical services (18,447 people) followed by financial and
insurance services (13,161 people). In the largest employment centres to the south of the
city, wholesale trade and manufacturing predominated. Table 3 shows the top industries
of the area units with the largest employed populations.
22
Table 3
3. Top industry and percentage of people employed by workplace address at area unit level, and Auckland
Top industry and percentage of people employed
By workplace address at area unit level, and Auckland
2013 Census
Area unit
Mt Wellington South
Top industry
Wholesale trade
North Harbour East
Mangere South
Percent of people
who worked in that
industry by their
workplace address
26.4
23.1
Transport, postal, and
warehousing
45.9
Auckland Central West
21.4
Auckland Central East
23.5
Auckland Harbourside
Professional, scientific,
and technical services
27.9
Newmarket
24.3
Parnell West
34.4
Ellerslie South
22.8
Highbrook
Manukau Central
41.2
Manufacturing
Penrose
Westlake
22.0
21.6
Health care and social
assistance
23
38.1
4. Commuting and modes of transport
This chapter looks at how people got to work on census day. The data comes from the
question about the respondent’s main means of travel to work. Main means of travel to
work is the method a person aged 15 years and over used to travel the longest distance
to their place of employment on census day (for example, by bicycle, bus, walking, or
jogging).
As this data relates to the main means of travel on census day, it does not necessarily
indicate a person's usual mode of travel to work and it does not indicate the main means
of travel to work for people who did not go to work on census day.
Working at home
Not all employed people are commuters. Around 10 percent of employed people in the
Auckland region worked at home on census day. This proportion was much higher for
people working in agriculture, forestry, or fishing (41.1 percent), rental, hiring, and real
estate services (20.3 percent) and professional, scientific, and technical services (17.9
percent). Figure 14 maps the distribution of working at home by area unit and shows that
working at home was more common on Great Barrier Island, and in Highbrook and
Clevedon.
24
Figure 14
14. Number of people who worked at home by area unit of usual residence in Auckland region, 2013 Census
Number of people who worked at home by area unit of usual residence in Auckland
region, 2013 Census
25
How Aucklanders travelled to work
This section looks at commuting patterns for those people who travelled to work on
census day – the numbers and percentages here exclude people who worked at home or
did not go to work on census day 2013.
Car transport was the dominant mode of commuting in Auckland, although car use has
decreased slightly since 2001 – from 85.6 percent of employed people that went to work
on census day in 2001 to 82.7 percent in 2013. This percentage includes people who
drove a private or company car, or who were passengers in a car.
Figure 15 shows that the main means of travel to work has been relatively stable since
1996, although there have been increases in public transport use and active modes such
as walking, jogging and cycling.
Figure 15
15. Main means of travel to work for people that gave a workplace address in Auckland and travelled to work on census day
Main means of travel to work by workplace address at
local board level
Table 4 shows the main means of travel to work by workplace address at local board
level. Note that percentages have been calculated out of the total people who travelled to
work on census day in 2013.
Active modes of transport were more common in central Auckland and on the outlying
islands. One in 4 people that worked on Great Barrier Island either biked, walked, or
jogged to work.
26
Table 4
4. Selected means of travel to work, by workplace address at Auckland local board level
Selected main means of travel to work
By workplace address at Auckland local board level
2013 Census
Workplace address for
Auckland local board
areas
Rodney
Total car
Number
Total bus and train
Percent
Number
Percent
Total active(1)
Number
Other(2)
Percent
Number
Percent
9,279
88.0
303
2.9
678
6.4
129
1.2
Hibiscus and Bays
11,547
89.5
414
3.2
756
5.9
93
0.7
Upper Harbour
25,008
90.8
1,059
3.8
1,026
3.7
213
0.8
Kaipātiki
16,026
87.6
954
5.2
1,005
5.5
147
0.8
Devonport-Takapuna
16,377
81.6
1,413
7.0
1,695
8.5
339
1.7
Henderson-Massey
18,288
89.4
774
3.8
1,110
5.4
132
0.6
Waitākere Ranges
3,762
89.5
135
3.2
243
5.8
30
0.7
114
65.5
6
3.4
42
24.1
9
5.2
Great Barrier
Waiheke
1,176
72.7
72
4.5
216
13.4
117
7.2
Waitematā
66,654
62.6
22,677
21.3
11,907
11.2
3,384
3.2
Whau
13,614
88.8
726
4.7
750
4.9
108
0.7
Albert-Eden
22,101
83.3
1,848
7.0
2,043
7.7
282
1.1
Puketāpapa
5,928
86.1
375
5.4
453
6.6
72
1.0
Orākei
10,731
86.1
720
5.8
777
6.2
126
1.0
Maungakiekie-Tāmaki
43,398
90.2
2,319
4.8
1,581
3.3
393
0.8
Howick
27,123
92.9
657
2.2
1,014
3.5
222
0.8
Māngere-Ōtāhuhu
21,606
91.9
780
3.3
702
3.0
231
1.0
Ōtara-Papatoetoe
19,791
91.0
921
4.2
753
3.5
171
0.8
Manurewa
11,841
92.4
324
2.5
474
3.7
102
0.8
Papakura
8,382
90.8
246
2.7
477
5.2
75
0.8
11,511
89.8
255
2.0
789
6.2
111
0.9
364,257
82.6
36,978
8.4
28,491
6.5
6,486
1.5
Franklin
Total stated for Auckland
local board areas(3)
1. Total people biking, walking, and jogging.
2. The 'other' category includes taxi, ferry, helicopter, and aeroplane.
3. Includes all addresses that could be coded to meshblock level.
Note: All cells have been randomly rounded to base 3
1 in 5 people that commuted to Waitematā used public transport
People who commuted to work in the Waitematā local board area had lower rates of car
travel. Waitematā also had a higher proportion of people using active modes of transport
(walking or jogging and cycling) and public transport use. Just over 1 in 5 people who
worked in Waitematā used public transport on census day, while just over 1 in 10 walked,
jogged, or cycled. Figure 16 shows modes of transport for people that gave a workplace
address in Waitematā, compared with percentages for total Auckland local boards.
27
Figure 16
16. Main means of travel to work, for people that gave a workplace address in Waitematā and went to work on census day.
Unlike Wellington, there were some workplace areas away from the city centre where
high proportions of people commuted by bicycle. Whenuapai West had the highest
proportion of people biking to work (8.0 percent of people that travelled to work on census
day 2013).
Public transport use was highest for those working in the CBD, with 18,279 people that
worked there taking either a bus or train to work on census day, while a further 7,092
walked or jogged.
The following maps show the mode of transport for travel to work by area unit of usual
residence. The focus here is on numbers, rather than proportions, to give an idea of the
actual numbers of people using different modes of travel on census day. As we can see
active modes (walking or jogging and cycling) predominate for people living and working
in the central city.
Figure 17 shows the high proportion of people in central Auckland that used the active
modes (biking, walking or jogging) to get to work.
28
Figure 17
17. Number of people who biked, jogged, or walked to work, by area unit of usual residence in Auckland region
Number of people who biked, jogged, or walked to work by area unit of usual
residence in Auckland region, 2013 Census
29
Figure 18 shows the number of people taking public transport to work on census day in
2013. While public transport is more dispersed throughout the city, again we see a
concentration of use in the central city.
30
Figure 18
18. Number of people who used public transport to travel to work by area unit of usual residence in Auckland region
Number of people who used public transport to travel to work by area unit of usual
residence in Auckland region, 2013 Census
31
Figure 19 focuses on train journeys and shows the percentage of people who took a train
to work on census day. Note that train journey use is more concentrated for people in
area units close to or adjacent with the train lines.
Figure 19
19. Percent of people who took a train to work on census day 2013
Percent of people who took a train to work on census day 2013
32
Figure 20 looks at the percentage of people who used an ‘other’ mode of transport to get
to work on census day 2013. This category includes including taxi, ferry, helicopter, and
aeroplane. However, In some areas such as Waiheke Island, a considerable proportion of
the other category is likely to be people travelling by ferry. Figure 20 shows the number of
people using an ‘other mode to get to work on census day.
33
Figure 20
20. Number of people travelling to work on census day 2013 by other modes (includes plane, taxi, and ferry)
Number of people travelling to work on census day 2013 by other modes (includes
plane, taxi and ferry)
Figure 21 maps out private car usage. As we would expect, this is more dispersed across
the city, but tends to be higher on the outskirts of the central city and urban areas.
34
Figure 21
21. Number of people who drove a private car, truck, or van to work by area unit of usual residence in Auckland region, 2013 Census
Number of people who drove a private car, truck, or van to work by area unit of
usual residence in Auckland region, 2013 Census
35
Company car usage is more concentrated in certain areas with the highest concentration
to the south of the central city. Figure 22 shows company car usage by workplace
address so we can see the employment areas where company car use is concentrated.
In Auckland, company car usage was highest among people working in construction
(15,732 people), wholesale trade (9,885 people), and professional, scientific, and
technical services (5,424 people).
36
Figure 22
22. Number of people who drove a company car, truck, or van to work in Auckland by workplace address, 2013 Census
Number of people who drove a company car, truck, or van to work in Auckland by
workplace address, 2013 Census
37
5. Conclusion
Auckland continues to dominate employment within New Zealand. In 2013, around a third
of all employed people gave a workplace address in the Auckland region. Although the
central city accounted for the greatest concentration of workers, Auckland has a more
dispersed employment pattern than urban centres in the Wellington region.
Car use continues to predominate in Auckland, although public transport use has
increased since 2001. However, the location of the workplace has a real impact on
commuting patterns with more people working in the city centre choosing public transport
as a mode of travel. More than 1 in 4 people that worked in the CBD took public
transport, compared with just under 1 in 12 people for the whole Auckland region. Train
usage tends to be more concentrated in area units close to or adjacent with train lines.
38
References
Auckland Council (2013). Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan. Available from:
www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz
McKinnon M (1987). Cities and cars: The expansion of Auckland, 1940s to 1950s. New
Zealand Historical Atlas Ko Papatuanuku e Takato Nei, David Bateman in association
with Historical Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Auckland.
NZIER (2012). Big city life? Challenges and trade-offs for Auckland city. NZIER public
discussion paper. Working paper 2014/02.
Richard Paling Consulting (2014). Journey to Work Patterns in the Auckland Region,
Analysis of Census Data for 2001–2013 Main Report. Ministry of Transport.
Statistics New Zealand (2013). Regional Gross Domestic Product: Year ended March
2013. Available from www.stats.govt.nz.
Statistics New Zealand (2006). Research report on Regional Gross Domestic Product.
Available from www.stats.govt.nz.
Statistics New Zealand (2008). Commuting patterns in Auckland. Available from
www.stats.govt.nz.
39
Appendix 1: About commuting data
About commuting data
The information in this report comes from usual residence, workplace address, and main
means of travel to work information in the census.
See 2013 Census Information by variable for more detailed information.
Usual residence
Usual residence is the address of the dwelling where a person considers themselves to
usually reside.
It is recommended that these guidelines be followed in cases where usual residence is
not self-defined.
 Dependent children, who board elsewhere to attend primary or secondary school,
and return to the home of their parent(s) or guardian(s) for the holidays, usually
reside at the address of their parent(s) or guardian(s).
 Tertiary students usually reside at the address where they live while studying. If
they give up their usual residence in the holidays (e.g. terminate the lease on a flat
or give up their hostel room) and return to the home of their parent(s)/guardian(s)
during the holidays, their usual residence over that period would be the home of
their parent(s)/guardian(s).
 Children in shared care usually reside at the place where they spend more nights,
or if they spend equal amounts of time at each residence, they usually reside at the
place where they were on census night.
 People who are in rest homes, hospitals, prisons, or other institutions usually reside
where they consider themselves to live; this may include the institution.
 A person whose home is on any boat, ship, or vessel permanently located in any
harbour shall be deemed to usually reside at the wharf or landing place (or main
wharf or landing place) of the harbour.
 A person from another country who has lived the 12 months before 5 March 2013
in New Zealand, or has the intention of living in New Zealand for 12 months or
more, usually resides at his or her address in New Zealand (as in external
migration).
 People who spend equal amounts of time residing at different addresses, and
cannot decide which address is their usual residence, usually reside at the address
they were at on census night.
 If none of the above guidelines apply, the person usually resides at the address
where they were on census night.
Usual residence is self-defined.
Workplace address
Workplace address is the physical location of a workplace; distinguishing details can
include the building name; street number, name and type; suburb or rural locality; and
city, town, or district.
The census data on workplace address relates to the workplace address for the main job
held by an individual. This is the job in which a person worked the most hours.
40
The data comes from Question 39 on the census individual form.
Respondents such as milk vendors and sales representatives who have no fixed
workplace are asked to state the address of the depot, headquarters, or reporting point
from which they operate.
Respondents who have no fixed workplace address at all are asked to respond that they
have ‘no fixed workplace address’.
The variable workplace address does not have a non-response category
Respondents who were employed but did not state a workplace address were classified
as 'New Zealand not further defined'. Respondents who stated a workplace address that
could not be coded were also classified as 'New Zealand not further defined'.
In 2013, 8.5 percent of responses were coded to the 'New Zealand not further defined'
category. Respondents who state that they work across multiple areas (e.g. builders) are
coded to 'No fixed address'. 0.4 percent of responses were coded to this category in
2013.
Most of the problems with workplace address stemmed from coding issues. Sometimes
these were caused by respondents supplying insufficient detail to workplace addresses to
be coded. Where possible workplace addresses were coded using Statistics NZ's
Business Frame.
The issue with regional offices being coded to head offices was resolved for the majority
of cases (as these occurred in Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch) but there may be
some cases when an apparent long-distance commute between other regional centres
may be due to miscoding. This situation would have occurred in previous censuses.
This data is broadly comparable with data from the 2006 and 2001 Censuses. Changes
in the data over this time period may be partly due to changes in the collection, definition,
or classification of the data rather than to real change.
The Business Frame match rate for workplace address has increased from 60.2 percent
in 2006 to 64.6 percent in 2013. This will improve the quality of both workplace address
and industry/sector coding relative to 2006.
An issue occurred in 2006 where usable responses were coded to 'New Zealand not
further defined' instead of the correct meshblock, leading to a higher ‘New Zealand not
further defined’ count. This has affected the comparability of the data over time. In 2001,
12.5 percent of the subject population was coded to 'New Zealand not further defined',
compared with 14.5 percent in 2006. Due to better coding in 2013 only 8.5 percent of
responses were coded to 'New Zealand not further defined' in 2013.
Main means of travel to work
Main means of travel to work is the method a person aged 15 years and over used to
travel the longest distance to their place of employment on census day (for example, by
bicycle, bus, walking, or jogging).
As this data relates to the main means of travel on census day, it does not necessarily
indicate a person's usual mode of travel to work and it does not indicate the main means
of travel to work for people who did not go to work on census day. In 2013, 10.8 percent
of those who answered the question indicated that they did not go to work on census day,
compared with 10.8 percent in 2006 and 11.7 percent in 2001.
Data is for New Zealand resident adults employed full or part time. Note that
inconsistencies can occur when comparing 'Worked at home' counts from travel to work
41
variable with 'Work at home' for workplace address indicator variable, due to differences
in the reference period.
Comparing this data with previous census data
This data is fully comparable with the 2006 Census data. Changes in the data over this
time period can be interpreted as real changes because there have been no changes in
the way the data has been collected, defined, and classified.
This data is highly comparable with the 2001 Census data. Changes in the data over this
time period can generally be interpreted as real changes. There may be a small
component of change over time that is due to minor changes in the collection, definition,
or classification of the data.
Since 2001 there has been a minor change in the question and a change in the treatment
of multiple responses.
In 2001 the motorbike category was worded 'Motorbike or power cycle', but for 2006 and
2013 this category was just 'Motorbike', and power cycles were not mentioned. In 2001
the first box marked was coded when a multiple response was given, whereas in 2006
and 2013 true multiple responses were coded to 'Response unidentifiable'. These
changes have had little effect on the data because power cycles are a rare form of
transport and the number of multiple responses to this question is very low.
See the 2013 Census dwelling and individual forms.
42
Appendix 2: Adaptation of Ministry of Transport
designation of inner and outer boards
Table 5
5. Correspondence of sectors for analysis with local board areas
Correspondence of sectors for analysis with local board areas
Sector
Waitematā
Local boards
Waitematā
Inner Urban
Devonport-Takapuna
Kaipatiki
Whau
Albert-Eden
Orakei
Maungakiekie-Tamaki
Puketapapa
Outer Urban
Hibiscus and Bays
Upper Harbour
Henderson-Massey
Papakura
Howick
Mangere-Otahuhu
Otara-Papatoetoe
Manurewa
Rural
Rodney
Waitakere Ranges
Franklin
Source: Richard Paling Consulting, 2014
43
Figure 23
23. Auckland local board designation
44

Commuting Patterns in Auckland 2006 to2013

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