3 - UGF

Universidade Gama Filho
Module I- Vocabulary
Marcelle Esteves
marcellesarmet@yahoo.com.br
Lesson Objectives
Overview Vocabulary Acquisition
Theories/Strategies
Language and Culture
Organization of words in a Language
Language Choice and Language Learning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hzgzim
5m7oU
2
Keywords
• Acronyms and
abbreviations
• False Cognates
• Idioms and fixed
expressions
• Colloquial English
• Figures of Speech
• Connotation and
Denotation
• Proverbs
• Purpose, Audience,
Language and Layout
• Learning and
Acquisition
• Portmanteau
• Register
3
Fundamental Questions
What is universal to language?
How can language can vary ?
How far does language reflect culture?
Chomsky X Skinner
Language is a
communication system that
developed to support cooperative
activity and extend cooperative
networks
Language is an innate
Module of human brain
Universal Grammar
Language to organize thoughts
what is acquired is an implicit mental grammar that is
most clearly reflected in learner intuitions
about sentences, less directly in learner performance
(Coppieters 1987; Bialystok and Sharwood Smith 1985;
Liceras 1985).
Learning without awareness is
impossible
(Brewer 1974; Dawson and Schell 1987;
Lewis and Anderson 1985).
Behaviorism, role models, every aspect
of the language must be taught.
http://noamchomsky.wikispaces.com/~Chomsky+vs+Ski
nner~
Introduction
• Acquisition of a Language
‘PICK UP A
LANGUAGE’
‘INCIDENTAL
LEARNING’
• Learning a Target Language
STUDYING IT
INTENDED
LEARNING
How many
times do
the players
in white
pass the
basketball?
Learning
Acquisition
When the attention is
drawn to function, errors
are likely to occur.
Top-down approaches
are criticized as errors
can be fossilized. If
learning for academic
purposes, direct
instruction is necessary.
If the attention is on
form, rather than
function, the language
cease to perform its
main role, to
communicate.
Bottom-up approaches
to learn a FL/SL fail to
achieve basic
conversational
proficiency. (?)
Richard Schmidt
http://www.corpus4u.org/forum/upload/fo
rum/2006062200592293.pdf
Further Research
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Child Language Development
Neuroscience and Linguistics
Motivation in FL/SL learning
Role of Mother Tongue in FL/SL learning
Psychology of Education
Language Curriculum Design
Discourse Analysis
Pedagogy/Methodology/` Didatica de Ensino`
Implications for Teaching
and Learning
Whodunnit?
• O método da gramática e tradução
(AGT)
• O método direto (AD)
• O método da leitura (AL)
• O método audiolingual (AAL)
• O método natural
• Método funcional ou abordagem
comunicativa (AC)
How
observant
are you?
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=ubNF9QNEQLA
http://www.faced.ufba.br/rascunho_digital
/textos/315.htm
10
PALL
•
•
•
•
P urpose
A udience
L anguage
L ayout
• ‘ A word is dead when it is said, some say. I
say it begins to live that day.’ Emily Dickson.
http://www.wimp.com/powerwords/ ( The power of words)
Vocabulary Strategies
eshare.stust.edu.tw/EshareFile/2011_6/2011_6_e5bc
ac75.doc‎
How are words introduced to us?
1- Words presented in isolation,
2 - In 'minimal context',
i.e., in one meaningful
sentence,
3 - In text-context,
4 - In 'elaborated' text context,
i.e., in the
original text supplemented by clarifying
phrases and sentences.
‘ The security of the familiar with the excitement of the new.’
Bruner, J. (1986) Actual Minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Curiosity: The Birth of a word
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/deb_roy_the_birth_of_a_word.html
Numbers
• How many words do we know?
• How many do we need to know in order to be
fluent?
• How many do native speakers know at the age
of 3, when they start speaking?
• How many can we learn ?
How many words do we know?
• Average first grader – 6,000 words
• Average high school senior – 45,000 words
• The Math:
– 39,000 words over 12 years
– About 3,000 words a year or 10 words a day
• The range:
– 1,000 words a year for low achieving children
– 5,000 words a year for high achieving children
Setting a smart target
• I will learn..... words a day.
• 5?
At the end of the year it will be
365X5=1825
Acquiring vocabulary is like performing
a very intricate dance.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Body movement
Choreography
Emotions
Expression
Coordination
Rhythm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOn3xbI6Vyk
(The Terminal)
Learning a word
•
•
•
•
•
•
Receptive knowledge - decoding
Conceptual knowledge- applying
Phonological knowledge- pronouncing
Grammatical knowledge- usage
Co notational Knowledge- + or Metalinguistic Knowledge -literal and implied
meaning
• Memory- RETRIEVING
Cameron, L. 2001
‘ Memory can be thought of as a kind of conveyor belt, which when in
operation receives a constant stream of information, which it processes as
follows:’
What does it mean to KNOW a word?
• A preliminary definition
–
–
–
–
Read/decode a word
Understand its meaning and use
Use it in oral response
Use it in written work
• Levels of word knowledge
– Unknown
– Acquainted
– Established
Different Types of Language
Jim Cummins identified three different types of
language relevant to learners.
Communicative Language – or, conversational
fluency. Develops first, in face-to-face settings.
Cognitive Language – develops through
investigating, exploring ideas and solving
problems.
Academic Language – passive voice, ideas and
concepts as agents, vocabulary with Greek or Latin
roots, metaphor, personification and
nominalization.
The latter two are required for educational
success. The model could provide a framework for
tasks or structuring of work.
DFES document from which
this is adapted:
http://nationalstrategies.standar
ds.dcsf.gov.uk/primary/publicatio
ns/inclusion/bi_children/
Cummins’ book on
Google Books:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fM4KdFOicGcC&dq=cummins+langu
age+power+and+pedagogy&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=i
7vBS-CKG5y0gTHxaidCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBgQ6
AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
Strategies
1- Mind maps
2- Dictionary
Optical Illusion
A perception, as of visual stimuli (optical
illusion), that represents what is perceived in a
way different from the way it is in reality.
www.dictionary.com
3-Association
Words presented with pictures
e.g. Optical illusion
3- Association
words presented with symbols
3- Association
words presented with experiences
3-Association
First Language
Hair
Curly
Wavy
Frizzy
Dry
Dyed
tingido
branco, grisalho.
quebrado
seco
enrolado
Como se diz “meio” e “meia” em inglês?
MEIO / MEIA
[a bit, a little or a half]
Eu estou meio deprimido.
I’m a bit depressed.
TIPS & NOTES
The word meio when used as an adverb has only one form and can never change to a
plural
or a feminine form. For example:
Ela está meio deprimida. NOT: Ela está “meia” deprimida.
She’s a bit depressed.
By the way, this is a common mistake Brazilians themselves make, so you will hear people
saying things like: Ela está “meia” deprimida – but it is incorrect.
When in doubt, try to substitute meio for um pouco (a little). For example: Ela está meio
deprimida can be changed to Ela está um pouco deprimida without altering the meaning,
so
this proves that the word meio is being used as an adverb.
If the word meio can be substituted for metade (half), then the word is a fraction and can
change. For example:
Ele comeu meio hambúrguer.
He ate half a hamburger.
“Break the Branch? Quebrar o Galho – Common, Everyday Words and
Phrases in Brazilian Portuguese” de Jack Scholes, Disal Editora, 2008.
4- Analogy
An effective way to learn new vocabulary
eliciting previous knowledge without
relying on translation.
Using target language to learn the target
language.
Graceful :Clumsy::Late: ………
•
. At first glance the words in an analogy may seem to have nothing to do with each
other, but the words are always logically related. Both pairs of words have the
same kind of relationship. To solve the analogy you need to find that relationship.
•
Ask yourself: What is the relationship between graceful and clumsy? They are
antonyms—words that have opposite meanings. The second pair of words must
also be antonyms. Fill in the blank with a word that means the opposite of late,
and you've solved the analogy. Early is the best answer.
Graceful:Clumsy :: Late:Early
What's an Analogy?
by Ann Reckner
4- Analogy
The word pairs in an analogy could have other types of relationships:
i.e. Synonyms, or words that have the same or similar meanings, as in WORK : LABOR ,
BEAUTIFUL:CUTE, POSTPONE:PUT OFF …
descriptive, in which one word describes the other word, as in
BLUE : SKY WHITE: SNOW QUIET: SILENCE
part to whole, in which one word is a part or piece of the other,
as in ARM : BODY kitchen: house HARD DRIVE : COMPUTER ATOMS: CELLS
item to category, in which one word names something that falls into the group named
by the other word,
as in MILK : BEVERAGE CHIKEN: POLTRY
32
5- Using graphics to show word
meanings or Mnemonics
•
•
•
•
•
Because
Business
Drop
Slippers
Leave
6-Word families
Root
Comes from
Means
bio
Greek
life
cept
Latin
take
form
Latin
Form, shape
graph
Greek
write
script
Latin
write
spect
Latin
look
phone
Greek
voice
hydr
Greek
water
fect
Latin
Cause, make
Vid,vis
Latin
see
cis
Latin
cut
cent
Latin
hundred
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/making-sense-of-spelling-gina-cooke
Supporting Developing Word Knowledge
•
•
•
•
Repeat in various contexts
Describe words
Support with visuals
Connect to yours or other
people’s lives
• Extend meaning with
anecdotes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Compare and contrasts
Question
Chart characteristics
Rephrase sentences
Analyze structure
Provide tactile examples
Give examples of correct
and incorrect use
Learning a word
•
•
•
•
•
•
Receptive knowledge - decoding
Conceptual knowledge- applying
Phonological knowledge- pronouncing
Grammatical knowledge- usage
Co notational Knowledge- + or Metalinguistic Knowledge -literal and implied
meaning
• Memory- RETRIEVING
Cameron, L. 2001
Peel their meanings
Connotation and denotation
I think, therefore I am.
1- Can metaphors become a cliché?
•
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/james_geary_metaphorically_speaking.html
Language have patterns and words can fall into
categories.
Euphemisms and Hyperboles
‘It is true that people do not think of
translation. It is absolutely not on the radar,
but it is so critical if you think about it, for
people to get information, whether it is how
to take their medication, whether it is where
to find supplies in a crisis situation’
VSO Translator on Language and Culture.
http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/the-risks-of-language-for-health-translators--149721385/607441.html
Marcelle Esteves
38
The seventy-one-million-dollar word
In 1980, 18-year-old Willie Ramirez was admitted to a Florida hospital in a
comatose state. His friends and family tried to describe his condition to the
paramedics and doctors who treated him, but they only spoke Spanish. Translation
was provided by a bilingual staff member who translated "intoxicado" as
"intoxicated." A professional interpreter would have known that "intoxicado" is
closer to "poisoned" and doesn't carry the same connotations of drug or alcohol
use that "intoxicated" does. Ramirez's family believed he was suffering from food
poisoning. He was actually suffering from an intracerebral hemorrhage, but the
doctors proceeded as if he were suffering from an intentional drug overdose,
which can lead to some of the symptoms he displayed. Because of the delay in
treatment, Ramirez was left quadriplegic. He received a malpractice settlement of
$71 million.
http://mentalfloss.com/article/48795/9-little-translation-mistakes-caused-bigproblems#ixzz2Uo5PgTm3
The role of connotation knowledge in
translation
When it comes to marketing material, keeping
things simple, straightforward and to the point
is even more critical. ‘A word in your shell’ may
sound good on an information leaflet, but a
direct translation could turn out to be gibberish
in another language. Idioms, local sayings,
colloquial terms, slangs and other regional
variations are best to be avoided.
Connotation and Denotation
• Layers of meaning may influence our
understanding and misunderstanding of a
language and lack of knowledge can lead to
many translation slip-ups.
Suggested Readings
• http://rascunho.gazetadopovo.com.br/trajeto
rias-ditosas-de-erros-de-traducao/
• http://coletaneanormabraga.blogspot.com.br
/2005/12/pitorescos-erros-de-traduo.html
• http://www.melissaharkin.com/9-erros/
• s.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3186936
.stm
Acronyms
Words formed from the initial letters or syllables
taken from a group of words that form the name
of a company, product, process, etc.
43
SOS English and abbreviations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
WWII
ASAP
RSVP
LOL
AFK
ATM
BYO
DIY
FYI
•
•
•
•
PG
4WD
BOGOF
TLC
SOS English
• WWII- World War II
•
• ASAP- As soon as possible •
• RSVP- répondez s'il vous •
plaît (please reply)
• LOL-Laugh out Loud
•
• AFK- Away from Keyboard •
• ATM- Automated Teller
Machine
• BYO- Bring/buy your own
• DIY- Do it Yourself
• FYI- For your Information
PG- Parents Guidance
4WD- four-wheel drive
BOGOF- buy one and get
one free
TLC- Tender Love and Care
PMT- Pre-menstrual
Tension
Acronyms Activity
• Refer to your acronym activity in your material
de estudo pack.
Idioms
A speech form or an expression of a given
language that is peculiar to itself
grammatically or cannot be understood from
the individual meanings of its elements, as in :
Have (got) ants in your pants (informal)
• To be unable to stay still because you are
anxious or excited about something.
• e.g. Relax and enjoy yourself_ you really have
ants in your pants about something tonight.
47
Idioms
Curiosity(2012)
Christian Grey holds forth on the subject of
success in business (an extract of the blog 50
annoying things about shades of grey)
“Business is all about people, Miss Steele, and I’m
very good at judging people. I know how they
tick, what makes them flourish, what doesn’t,
what inspires them, and how to incentivise them.”
• “what makes them tick”. ???
Observation and Logging
A lingua na boca do povo
‘ I say , have you heard? Richard Smith’s leaving. You
could apply for his job at London office.
Funnily enough, you’re the third person that said that
today. Actually, I did know about it, but I wasn’t
planning to apply.’
Extract from Oxford Idioms:
Dictionary for learners of English.
Idioms Activity
1- ..you do not know
the answer to
something
2- …you understand
what somebody is
telling you.
3- …you are
surprised.
Well I never!
I get the
message.
•
You haven’t got a
clue.
Can you add some to fill in the
bubbles?
1- ..you do not know
the answer to
something
•
•
•
You haven’t got a
clue.
Search me!
Your guess is as
good as mine.
2- …you understand
what somebody is
telling you.
I get the message.
I get the picture.
I take your point.
Tell me about it.
Enough said.
Say no more.
3- …you are
surprised.
Well I never!
You don’t say!
Is that a fact?
Get away with you?
Good grief!
5-…you want
somebody to
hurry up
4-…you want
somebody to
keep calm.
6- …you do not
believe what
somebody has
told you.
Keep your hair on!
Keep your shirt on!
It is not the end of
the world.
Don’t get your
knickers in a
twist.
Don’t make a
mountain out of
a molehill.
Take it easy.
4-…you want
somebody to
keep calm.
5-…you want
somebody to hurry
up
Get your
skates on!
Get a move
on!
Jump to it!
Hop to it!
Make it
snappy!
Shake a leg!
Pull another
one!
As if!
My eye!
Tell me
another!
You’re joking!
A likely story!
6- …you do not
believe what
somebody has
told you.
As saying goes…
• Some sayings are so well known that it is not
even necessary to finish the whole expression.
1- Two’s company…
2- A rolling stone…
3- What the eye doesn’t see…
As saying goes…
• Some sayings are so well known that it is not
even necessary to finish the whole expression.
1- Two’s company… three’s a crowd.
2- A rolling stone…
3- What the eye doesn’t see…
As saying goes…
• Some sayings are so well known that it is not
even necessary to finish the whole expression.
1- Two’s company…threes a crowd.
2- A rolling stone…gathers no moss.
3- What the eye doesn’t see…
As saying goes…
• Some sayings are so well known that it is not
even necessary to finish the whole expression.
1- Two’s company…threes a crowd.
2- A rolling stone…gathers no moss.
3- What the eye doesn’t see…the heart doesn’t
grieve over.
Word Taxonomy
Delineating key words by placing them in a taxonomy.
1 Naming words: cell, cytoplasm, hydrogen
2 Process words: diffusion, digestion, reflection
3 Concept words: electromagnetism, energy, particles
(taken from Access and Engagement in Science, DfES, 2002 http://www.naldic.org.uk/docs/resources/documents/06102002Science.pdf
DARTs
DARTs are directed activities related to texts. Examples
include –
– sequencing;
– prioritising;
– matching pictures to text;
– matching phrases to definitions;
– matching examples of cause and effect;
– filling in gaps in text;
– the use of true/false statements;
– matching concepts to examples;
– sorting to determine which information is not needed
for a piece of work;
– grouping information together to identify similarities
and differences between
key words and phrases.
Taken from Access and Engagement in RE, DfES, 2002,
http://www.naldic.org.uk/docs/resources/documents/sec_re_eal_
access_engagRE.pdf
BBC Learning English
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/lan
guage/2013/05/130530_todays_phrase_drive_round_th
e_bend.shtml
Words in the news
• Acusado de desvio e
lavagem de dinheiro,
ele manteve a
fisionomia
inexpressiva durante
toda a reuniao.
POKER FACE
[fisionomia inexpressiva]
He kept a poker face during the whole meeting.
Ele ficou com a fisionomia inexpressiva durante
toda a reunião.
sses
62
CADA MACACO NO SEU GALHO
[Each one to his trade.]
• “Cada macaco no seu galho.” Foi assim que o
técnico da seleção brasileira respondeu às
críticas do Presidente.
63
• “Each one to his trade.” This was how the
coach of the Brazilian national football team
responded to the President’s criticisms.
TIPS & NOTES
This expression comes from a popular saying:
Cada um na sua área,
Cada macaco em seu galho,
Cada galho em seu terreiro,
Cada rei em seu baralho.
Each one to his field,
Each monkey to his branch,
Each branch to its land,
Each king to its deck of cards.
Jack Scholes
THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING (IS IN THE EATING)
[só a experiência comprova; prova de fogo]
A: Where are you going for dinner tonight?
B: We’re heading to Sala 5, in Ibirapuera. They
say it’s a great place, but the proof of the
pudding will be tonight.
65
• (Suggested translation: Dizem que é um lugar ótimo, mas a
prova de fogo vai ser esta noite.)
The proof of the pudding is in the eating é um provérbio muito
antigo, que significa que só se pode julgar o valor de alto
pela experiência prática e pessoal ou pelos resultados e
que não se deve julgar nada pelas aparências, teorias ou
promessas. Da mesma maneira, por exemplo, só se pode
avaliar um pudim após comê-lo e nunca simplesmente por
observá-lo. Costuma-se cortar a última parte do provérbio
e falar somente the proof of the pudding. O resto da frase
fica subentendido.
TO THROW SOMEONE TO THE WOLVES
[abandonar alguém à própria sorte; atirar às feras]
He knew of the danger, but threw his friend
to the wolves.
Ele sabia do perigo, mas abandonou o amigo
à própria sorte.
Ele sabia do perigo, mas empurrou seu amigo
no abismo. (?)
67
Let’s practise
It seems to be appropriate to apply some of the
strategies we have visited today while exercising
our memories .
The exercises proposed now will provide us with
examples of different types of vocabulary
exercises .
I- What word generated the following
words:
1- Jeopardy, objection, overruled, court, parole,
death sentence, jailhouse, appeal.
Answer:
2- Flood, flash flood, torrent, downpour, in land
tsunami, cats and dogs, flood appeal.
Answer:
What is the word that generated the
following words?
3-breakable, crisp, crumbling, delicate, easily
broken,fragile, frail, frangible, weak.
4- ablaze,aglow, alight, beaming,
blazing,burnished,dazzling,
flashing,flashy,glaring,gleaming,glittering,
lambent...
Word Generating ( reverse method)
Write down as many words as you can think of
related to the ones bellow:
1- To walk
2- To say ( tell, whisper, shout, yell, cry…)
3- Tired (exhausted, beat, dog tired, worn out,
drained, haggard)
Think of sentences using the words:
(Word in context/anecdote)
•
•
•
•
To shiver:
To flicker:
To stir
To wiggle
Answer Key
• To shiver: I began to shiver as the cold rain fell
on me.
• To flicker: The screen of the television
flickered a few times before it went blank.
• To stir: I stirred the contents of the saucepan
vigorously to ensure it didn’t burn.
• To wiggle: I wiggled the cable a few times but
still my phone wouldn’t begin to charge.
Other strategies
• Grouping them into themes
A very interesting reading of a Bolivian post-grad student on
her journey to overcome difficulties in learning vocabulary for
academic purposes.
http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1
192&context=ipp_collection
Can we benefit from cognate awareness when acquiring new
vocabulary?
Dangerous of drawing upon L1 experience when predicting
the meaning of a new word .
SOB = soluçar
S.O.B. = F.D.P.
UNDER = sob
Essas três letras são o pano de fundo de uma das
mais impressionantes historias ocorridas na
tradução simultânea. Durante um evento há
muitos anos, um orador descrevia um homem
dizendo: “HE WAS AN S.O.B.” A intérprete, já
muito experiente, traduzia: “ele era um f.d.p.”
Essa seqüência se repetiu várias vezes: o orador
descrevia um episódio sobre esse cidadão e
acrescentava “HE WAS AN S.O.B.” ao que a
tradutora dizia “ele era um f.d.p.”
75
Lá pelas tantas, o orador disse: “AND YOU ALL
KNOW VERY WELL WHAT S.O.B. MEANS, RIGHT?”
A intérprete traduziu: “e todos vocês sabem
muito bem o que f.d.p. quer dizer, não é?”
Apreensão na platéia e na cabine de tradução,
será que o orador vai dizer um palavrão? Será
que a intérprete irá repeti-lo em português? O
orador continua, como de costume, sem se dar
conta da dificuldade que iria criar para a
tradução: “WE ALL KNOW THAT S.O.B. STANDS
FOR ‘SWEET OLD BUDDY’”.
76
• Naqueles poucos segundos de que o tradutor
dispõe entre o momento que ouve uma frase
no idioma de origem e a converte para o
idioma de destino, a expectativa era grande
para todos os presentes que falavam inglês.
Tenho certeza de que todos se perguntavam:
“como ela vai sair dessa?”
77
• Com muita calma, ela disse “todos sabemos
que f.d.p. quer dizer ‘flor de pessoa’”. E tem
gente que acha que traduzir não é uma arte…
“Dicionário das Palavras que Enganam em Inglês” de Ulisses Wehby de Carvalho – Editora Campus/Elsevier, 2004.
Marcelle Esteves
78
False Cognates
False
cognates
DAY AT WORK
In the morning I 1-_______ a meeting between management and 2-_____
representatives. The discussion was very 3-________, covering topics like working
hours, days off, retirement age, etc. Both sides were interested in an agreement
and ready to 4-_______. The secretary 5-______everything in the notes. 6________, they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the
agreement.
Back at the 7-______, a colleague of mine asked me if I had 8-_______ that the
proposed agreement would be partially against the company 9________ not to
accept workers that have already 10-________. I 11-_______ to be really busy and
late for an 12-_______, and left for the13-_______. Actually, I didn't want to
discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers
in the office.
After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax
legislation and has a graduate degree in political science. He said his government
intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens, raise funds to improve
college education and build a public library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle
emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the
government.
Key
In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union representatives.
The discussion was very comprehensive, covering topics like working hours, days off,
retirement age, etc. Both sides were interested in an agreement and ready to compromise.
The secretary recorded everything in the notes. Eventually, they decided to set a new
meeting to sign the final draft of the agreement.
Back at the office, a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed
agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have
already retired. I pretended to be really busy and late for an appointment, and left for the
cafeteria. Actually, I didn't want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because
there were some strangers in the office.
After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax legislation and
has a graduate degree in political science. He said his government intends to assist
welfare programs and senior citizens, raise funds to improve college education and build a
public library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is
what the people expect from the government.
•
http://www.sk.com.br/sk-fals.html
False Cognates
(an English Speaker Learning Portuguese)
False cognates are words that look similar in different languages, but mean different things.
‘ Compromisso - looks like compromise, but really means
“comittment”. (and the word “comprometido” means that
you are in a relationship, or “committed”).
cobra – you might think this word is referring to a cobra snake,
when really “cobra” is actually the Portuguese word for
snake, all snakes.
desgraça – this is a very strong word in Portuguese, while it looks
like the English word “disgrace,” this is not the appropriate
translation. Rather it is used to refer to things that are really
abhorrent such as major tragedies or misfortunes.
• http://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/conteudo/falsos_cognatos1.php
False friends
1.
These days, environmental concerns are high on the agenda.
O primeiro-ministro tem uma agenda muito cheia.
2.
The president had not anticipated the outcry the decision would cause.
O presidente antecipou para segunda-feira sua reunião com ministros.
3.
The man was charged with assault.
O homem foi condenado por assalto à mão armada.
4.
This cannot be done without Her Majesty’s assent.
Um rapaz cedeu o assento à velha.
5.
The magician asked a member of the audience to assist him with the trick.
O senador assistiu ao casamento da filha de um aliado político.
6.
It is safe to assume that the phone company is to blame for the mistake.
Não vou assumir a culpa por uma coisa que eu não fiz.
7.
I’m not sure I’m going to be able to attend tomorrow’s meeting.
Você acha que ela vai atender ao nosso pedido?
8.
The party was a very casual affair and I felt rather overdressed.
Não passou de um encontro casual.
9.
The casualties were taken to a nearby hospital.
O gol contra pode ter sido uma casualidade, mas já é o terceiro deste
jogador.
10.
The government is proposing a comprehensive set of reforms.
Eu achei que você fosse ser mais compreensivo.
11.
How can peace be achieved when neither side is prepared to compromise?
Os dois países se comprometeram a encontrar uma solução pacífica.
12.
Do you already have your costume for the Carnival parade?
O casamento foi combinado pelos pais, como é o costume do país.
13.
He was charged with obtaining money by deception.
Ela não conseguiu esconder sua decepção.
14.
Security cameras are supposed to deter intruders.
Os seguranças resolveram deter o intruso.
15.
It’s a disgrace the way people are treated in public hospitals.
Não sou de me comprazer com a desgraça alheia.
16.
One of the robbers creates a diversion while the other steals the bag.
A Internet pode ser uma fonte inesgotável de conhecimentos e diversão.
17.
She’s very well educated.
Ela é muito bem-educada.
18.
The couple exchanged e-mails and eventually arranged to meet.
Os participantes trocam e-mails e eventualmente marcam um encontro.
19.
The minister’s exit from office has sparked a political crisis.
O ministro não obteve êxito com a nova política.
20.
The policeman was exonerated of any blame for the shooting.
O policial foi exonerado por ter atirado contra o suspeito.
21.
It felt more secure to be in familiar surroundings.
Muitas crianças não vivem num ambiente familiar estável.
22.
There are many grand buildings and monuments in Paris.
É um prédio grande com uma agència de viagens no térreo.
23.
Environmental protection should be an integral part of all government policy.
As famílias têm assistência médica integral.
24.
You can’t buy liquor unless you have ID.
Depois do jantar, pedimos um licor.
25.
I don’t think I can manage another piece of cake.
Massa maneja o carro com grande habilidade.
26.
There was a notice on the door saying “Back in 5 mins”.
Foi uma notícia que surpreendeu a todos.
27.
I like reading historical novels.
Gosto de novelas de época.
28.
It’s an offence to park on a double-yellow line.
Nos países árabes, é uma ofensa mostrar a sola do pé.
29.
Here’s a photo of my parents.
Essa é uma foto de alguns dos meus parentes.
30.
He has a peculiar accent. Where’s he from?
Os sul-africanos tèm um sotaque peculiar.
31.
The price of petrol has gone up again.
O preço do petróleo voltou a subir.
32.
Many gay teenagers have suffered prejudice at school.
Muitos comerciantes sofreram prejuízo com o quebra-quebra.
33.
She doesn’t call me anymore now she’s preoccupied with her new baby.
A mãe estava preocupada com o bebê, que não mamava direito.
34.
This cake contains no preservatives or artificial flavorings.
A Igreja católica condena o uso do preservativo.
35.
He pretends to be a professional footballer.
Ele pretende ser jogador profissional.
36.
She’s a physics professor.
Ela é professora de Física.
37.
The discussion was resumed after lunch.
A discussão foi resumida na ata.
38.
It was an emotional reunion.
Foi uma reunião acalorada.
39.
I was robbed as I was coming out of the bank.
A minha carteira foi roubada dentro do banco!
40.
I don’t know how he supports that family of his.
Não sei como ele suporta aquela família dele.
Homophones
hom·o·phone
• a word pronounced the same as another but
differing in meaning
e.g. there and their
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homophones
Practice
Write down the pair of homophones for the
exercise below:
1- e.g.She was stung by a ______. ( be, bee)
2-After her illness, she looked very _____.(pail,
pale)
3- I’d like some ____ of the chocolate cake,
please. (piece, peace)
Can you think of homophones for:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
hair
Night
Bear
Meet
Missed
Tale
Wait
• Poor
• Mail
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hair /hare
Night/knight
Bear/bare
(meet/meat)
(missed/mist)
(tale/tail)
(wait/weight)
(pour/poor/paw)
(mail/male)
São palavras que possuem o mesmo som e grafia diferente.
Exemplos:
Cela – quarto de prisão
Sela – arreio
Coser – costurar
Cozer – cozinhar
Concerto – espetáculo musical
Conserto – ato ou efeito de consertar
Homonyms
same spelling, same pronunciation
• http://www.cooper.com/alan/homonym.html
How do you make a sausage roll? Push it!
Why are movie stars so cool? Because they have so
many fans.
Why did the boy take the pencil to bed? Because he
wanted to draw the curtains.
Why did the teacher wear sunglasses? Her students
were too bright.
• São palavras que possuem a mesma pronúncia e
mesma grafia.
Exemplos:
• Cedo – verbo
• Cedo – advérbio de tempo
• Sela – verbo selar
• Sela – arreio
• Leve – verbo levar
• Leve – pouco peso
Homographs
Homographs are words with different
pronunciation, meanings but the same spelling
e.g.
• bow – type of knot OR to incline
• minute – tiny OR unit of time
• row – line OR argument OR propel a boat
http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wordscape/wordlist/ho
mogrph.html
• Homônimos homógrafos
São palavras iguais na grafia e diferentes na pronúncia.
Exemplos:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Almoço (ô) – substantivo
Almoço (ó) – verbo
Jogo (ô) – substantivo
Jogo (ó) – verbo
Para – preposição
Pára – verbo
http://www.juliobattisti.com.br/tutoriais/jo
sebferraz/significacaopalavras001.asp
The Curious Incident of the dog in the
night time
“ Metaphors are lies.”
Mark Haddon's "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is narrated by a
brilliant British autistic teenage boy, who has been told by a teacher to keep a
journal (in real life, the character of the boy is fictional, based on subjects the
author worked with as a caregiver). The plot of the book is laid out in the first
couple of paragraphs -- a neighbour's dog has been killed with a garden fork, and
the narrator is determined to figure out who did it.
There's a small cast of characters, all of them suspects in the murder: a father, a
mother, a nasty stepfather, a dad's girlfriend, a few odd neighbours. They are all
highly flawed, to say the least. His dad is cheerful but quite dodgy, while his
mother is loving but completely useless. We start to feel the panic this kid lives
with everyday of his life -- not just because he's autistic, but because the people
around him are truly such a mess.
― Mark Haddon, The Curious Incident of
the Dog in the Night-Time
100
"The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time" spends some paragraphs on a
discussion of the words 'simile' and metaphor.’
I think the message is to make you think of the idea of autism as a metaphor for today's prevailing
sense of life.
“On the fifth day, which was a Sunday, it rained very hard. I like it when it rains hard. It sounds like
white noise everywhere, which is like silence but not empty.”
“The word "metaphor" means carrying something from one place to another . . . and it is when you
describe something by using a word for something that it isn't. This means that the word
"metaphor" is a metaphor.
I think it should be called a lie because a pig is not like a day and people do not have skeletons in
their cupboards. And when I try and make a picture of the phrase in my head it just confuses me
because imagining and apple in someone's eye doesn't have anything to do with liking someone a
lot and it makes you forget what the person was talking about. ”
― Mark Haddon, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
101
“ People say that you always have to tell the
truth. But they do not mean this because you
are not allowed to tell old people that they are
old and you are not allowed to tell people if
they smell funny or if a grown-up has made a
fart. And you are not allowed to say, 'I don't
like you,' unless that person has been horrible
to you.”
― Mark Haddon, The Curious Incident of the
Dog in the Night-Time
102
Translation
English title: The Curios incident of the dog in
the night time.
Portuguese: Estranho Caso do Cachorro Morto
Metaphors in 50 shades of Grey
My sex
Popsicle
Backside
Inner Goddess
Familiar noise of foil packet
104
Title: Uma traducao precipitada?
• http://www.storytellers.com.br/2013/01/50tons-de-cinza-uma-traducao.html
Metaphor: figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between
two unlike things that actually have something in common.
Phobias
Gap Filling exercise
The (0) ... of Phobia Awareness Week is to highlight the difficulties that
many people (1) ... in everyday situations. It is important to (2) ... between
a fear and a phobia. It's (3) ... usual for all of us to have our own peculiar
fears, for example being anxious around snakes or nervous about flying.
However, only a very small proportion of us actually have a phobia of
these things. When these fears begin to (4) ... you embarrassment or you
feel that your life is being disrupted then you would be wise to (5) ...
treatment for what could potentially be a phobia. By far the most (6) ...
phobia and potentially the most disruptive is agoraphobia. The word
derives from Greek and (7) ... means 'fear of the marketplace' but we
apply it today to describe a distressing (8) ... in which people (9) ... going
outside because of the awful feelings of anxiety that arise. Treatment of
phobias usually consists of the patient (10) ... behavioural therapy during
which they gradually get used to being near the object or the situation
that causes them fear. Drugs may be (11) ... to treat anxiety and many
people opt for alternative therapy such as acupuncture or hypnosis to help
them come to (12) ... with their fear and conquer it.
Sound Advice for Language Learners
A recent (0) issue of a language learning magazine has consulted a number
of experts in the (1) ........ of second language acquisition. Their advice may
prove invaluable for those (2) ........ a language course. One suggestion is
that you (3) ........... whether you are likely to be successful at learning a
language. Did you enjoy studying languages at school, for example? Do
you have enough time to learn a language? The major (4) ........ will be
your own time and effort.
If proof of your level of proficiency is important you must make sure that
the course on offer leads to a (5) ........ qualification. Also, be realistic in
your (6) ...... . If you don't set achievable aims you are more likely to give
up. Do not be deceived (7) ........... thinking that the most expensive
courses are the best. (8) ........... around to get the best possible value for
money. You should also bear in mind that the quicker you learn a language
the more quickly you forget it. Sandra Miller, a French teacher, tried to
teach herself German by enrolling on a (9) .......... course. Already fluent in
four languages and with a sound knowledge of teaching methodology her
chances of (10) ............ progress were high. Three years (11) ........ she
remembers very little. She feels her biggest mistake was not to follow (12)
............ her first experience. "I should have consolidated what I'd learn by
continuing to study, even if it were by myself."
'Key' Word Transformations
For questions 1-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word
given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.
1. Apparently, the restaurant in town has been bought out by someone else.
UNDER
I hear the restaurant in town .........................................
2. Sarah cried her eyes out immediately she was told she'd failed her driving test.
BROKE
Sarah ........................................ soon as she heard she'd failed her driving test.
3. The Government recently said our problems are the fault of the worldwide economic
slowdown.
PLACED
The Government have ........................................ the worldwide economic slowdown
for our problems.
4. You led me to believe the job was mine if I wanted it.
IMPRESSION
I ........................................ that the job was mine if I wanted it.
5. He would never have guessed that at the age of 17 he would be
playing for his country.
LITTLE
........................................ that at the age of 17 he would be
playing for his country.
6. Feel free to telephone if you have any further problems.
CALL
Do not ........................................ if you have any further
problems.
7. When you do decide what you want to do please let us know.
MIND
When ........................................ what you want to do please let us
know.
8. Do you mind if I come over to see you later?
OBJECTION
Do you ........................................ coming over to see you later?
Gapped Sentences
For questions 1-5, think of one word only which can be used
appropriately in all three sentences. Here is an example:
Could you do me a ........and hold the door open while I bring in
the shopping?
All those in ........ of the proposal please raise your hand.
After being out of fashion for years the painter is now in ........
with the critics.
Example: FAVOUR
Q1
John has just taken up the ........ of
Marketing Manager at a local college.
He put me in a really difficult ........ asking
for money when he knows I'm not very
well off.
The yoga teacher told everyone to remain
in a standing ........ for 30 seconds.
Q2
Apparently, the police are going to ........ the man
with assault following that fight the other week.
I couldn't get the car to start this morning and finally
had to ........ the battery as it had gone flat.
The company have been asked to submit a proposal
outlining how much they will ........ for the
consultancy work.
Q3
During the tutorial I was asked to give my........
of the portrayal of the main character in the
film.
There was a wonderful ........ from the hotel
window, which looked out over beautiful
countryside.
Our son couldn't see the game as his ........ was
blocked by the people in front.
Q4
I had a real ........ of achievement when I
passed the exams and got my degree.
I don't see the ........ of going all the way into
town when we can buy the dress locally.
Paul has a great ........ of humour and always
has everyone in the office in fits of laughter.
Q5
It wasn't my ........ - the vase just fell off the table.
There was a ........ with the computer and we had to take it back
to the shop to get it repaired.
The manager is always finding ........ with people and
complaining about the quality of their work.
KEY Position, charge, view, sense, fault.
Word Formation
Read the text and then write the correct form of the word on
the right. There is an example at the beginning:
It is not (0) unusual to make a hobby pay for itself
USUAL
even if initially you had no (1) ... of turning it
INTEND
into a business.
Depending upon the hobby, the necessary (2) ...
EQUIP
can be expensive and the idea of (3) ... offering items
OCCASION
up for sale can at the very least help pay for the
hobby.
For those looking to make a profit on their (4) ...,
CREATE
these days an audience for products can range from
the local to the truly global. Some hobbyists begin
by donating a piece of work to a (5) ... sale
CHARITY
just to see how quickly and (6) ... it sells.
PROFIT
Local shops can be the next outlet for items,
often the step taken by those making things like
hand-made greetings cards for instance. And for
the
truly ambitious, websites like eBay enable the
hobbiest to reach a (7 ) ... audience.
WORLD