Attacker Defender Goalkeeper - A New Alternative to the Penalty

Transcription

ADG
ATTACKER DEFENDER GOALKEEPER
A New Alternative to the Penalty Shootout
“Interesting and worthy of discussion.”
Andy Roxburgh
Former Scotland Manager and UEFA Technical Director
Current AFC Technical Director
“...very detailed ...strong arguments ...research is
comprehensive ...an excellent paper. You are obviously
someone with a great love of football and this
comes through in your ADG Paper.”
George Cumming
Former Head of Refereeing FIFA
“...I would like to thank you for the introduction to the intriguing
concept of ADG and for your work completed to date.
The information package which you sent was detailed,
well formulated and presented to a high standard.”
Marius Schneider
Former Head of Content Management Services FIFA
“…without question very well thought-out.”
Jérôme Valcke
Former Secretary General FIFA
“I was impressed!”
Ben Lyttleton
Author of Twelve Yards
The Art and Psychology of the Perfect Penalty
16 October 2016
Attacker Defender Goalkeeper © Timothy Farrell 2008-2016
Print this document with Adobe Acrobat
Contents
2. Introduction
3. Advantages
4. The Laws
6. Player and Referee Starting Positions
7. The Laws Explained
10. Fouls, Misconduct and Injuries
11. 2006 FIFA World Cup Hypothetical
13. 2008 UEFA Champions League Hypothetical
15. 2011 FIFA Women’s World Cup Hypothetical
17. 2012 UEFA Champions League Hypothetical
19. 2014 FIFA World Cup Hypothetical
21. Question and Answer
31. Facts and Trivia
32. FIFA World Cup Penalty Shootout Data
33. Famous Quotes
37. Additional Assistant Referees
38. References
Introduction
Attacker Defender Goalkeeper (ADG) is a new alternative to the penalty
shootout*. ADG features a series of ten contests in which an attacker has
thirty seconds to score a goal against a defender and a goalkeeper. At the
completion of the ten contests, the team with the most goals is the winner.
You can read a brief explanation of ADG on page 23.
ADG has six fundamental advantages over the shootout.
1. All players compete
2. Showcases skill and athleticism
3. Positive natured competition
4. Strategy is vital
5. Promotes attacking play
6. Promotes fair play
The penalty shootout is also an inherently unfair tie-breaker with the team
kicking first having a greater than 60% chance of winning.1 The reason is
because the team kicking second is usually playing catch-up and therefore
experiences greater pressure with each kick. Incredibly, nine consecutive
shootouts were won by the team who kicked first at the FIFA World Cup
during a period from Japan/Korea 2002 to Brazil 2014. See page 32.
After leading his team to the 2016 Copa América final, Lionel Messi missed
his penalty kick in the shootout and Argentina were defeated. Football is
the only the sport in the world that has managed to design and implement a
tie-breaker that delights in crucifying its heroes.
That Copa América final together with the most recent finals of the
European Championship, UEFA Champions League and FIFA World Cup
produced a total of just four goals. All four matches went into extra-time,
with two ultimately decided by penalties. Four major finals and 480 minutes
of football produced just four goals. That’s just one goal every two hours!
Unlike the penalty shootout, ADG provides a tie-breaker format where fans
are assured spectacular and exhilarating goals. Would you rather watch a
player like Ronaldo or Neymar walk up and convert a penalty to win a major
competition, or watch them at full speed, swerve past a defender and bend
the ball into the back of the net? However, ADG isn’t just about the attacking
players, it also gives defenders and goalkeepers equal opportunity to shine.
The undeniable benefit of ADG is that it combines the skill and athleticism
of modern football with the inherent drama and tension of the penalty
shootout. Most importantly, ADG provides a competitive environment
where the superior football team will ultimately claim victory.
* While Kicks from the penalty mark is the official name, this document will use the more familiar penalty shootout. And penalty kick shootout, penalties or just shootout will be used interchangeably.
2
Advantages
1.
Unlike the penalty shootout which requires only five kickers from
each team, all of a team’s players will compete in ADG.
2.
The skill and athleticism exhibited in normal play is also showcased
during ADG. And it is these qualities that will determine the winner.
3.
While missed goals are usually the contributing factor in deciding
a penalty shootout, it will be the goals that decide ADG. This
distinction is crucial, as it changes a negative natured contest into
a positive natured contest. This is what Sepp Blatter refers to when
he describes the penalty shootout as “a tragedy.” 2 Where the penalty
shootout creates victims and villains, ADG creates heroes. In fact
there’s evidence that missed penalties in critical matches foster serious
long-term psychological trauma. You can read the thoughts of former
players like Platini, Baggio, Six and Venables on page 21.
4.
The manager selects his five attacking players and the order in which
they will compete. He then instructs his remaining players which of
the opposition’s attackers they should defend against. The manager can
also strategise with these defenders on the best way to defend against
a specific attacker. Modern football has brought the manager centre
stage and this is a great opportunity for them to utilise their knowledge
and tactical skills to influence the outcome of the match. Contrast this
with the shootout lottery, where the extent of their involvement is
limited to asking players if they are willing to take a penalty.
5.
Teams will be discouraged from substituting creative attacking players
during the match, as their skills will be invaluable if ADG eventuates.
And by keeping these players on the field it increases the likelihood of
a winning goal during normal play. See the example on page 24.
ADG also counteracts a scenario of a team playing totally defensively,
in the belief that their best chance of winning is via the penalty
shootout. This is especially likely when a team has had a player sent
off and is commonly referred to as “playing for penalties.”
While the likelihood of receiving yellow or red cards during the
shootout is almost non-existent, these sanctions are more likely during
ADG. And as any additional sanctions will hinder teams as they
progress through the knockout stages of tournaments, there’s more
incentive for teams to attack and try and win the game in normal play.
6.
Teams that have received yellow and red cards during the match will
be at a disadvantage during ADG. This is fairer for those teams who
have played within the laws and the spirit of the game. See an example
from the 2010 FIFA World Cup on page 23.
ADG is also preferable to alternatives such as endless extra time or the
intermittent removal of players, as both these alternatives present the
potential for an excessively long match. And unlike these alternatives and
the idea of having the shootout occur before extra-time, ADG won’t sacrifice
the inherent tension and drama of the penalty kick shootout.
3
The Laws
Attacker Defender Goalkeeper (ADG) occurs after the match has ended and unless otherwise
stated, the relevant Laws of the Game apply.
Procedure
Before ADG starts
1. Unless there are other considerations (e.g. ground conditions, safety etc.), the referee tosses
a coin to decide the half of the field where ADG will take place, which may only be changed
for safety reasons or if the goal or playing surface becomes unusable.
2. The referee tosses a coin again and the captain of the team who wins the toss, decides
whether to attack or defend in the first contest.
3. If at the beginning of ADG, one team has more players on the field than the other, they
maintain that advantage.
4. The referee meets separately with each team and records whom will be their five attackers
and the order in which they will compete.
5. A goalkeeper is ineligible as an attacker.
During ADG
6. Only the eligible players and match officials are permitted to remain on the field of play.
7. With the exception of the attacker, defender and goalkeepers, all players must remain
inside the penalty area that is out of play and will be supervised by an assistant referee or
an additional assistant referee.
8. The goalkeeper of the attacking team must remain a safe distance behind the assistant
referee or the additional assistant referee who is positioned on the goal line.
9. If a team is unable to field their designated attacker or an eligible substitute, the team will
forfeit that contest.
10. After seeing the attacker, the opposing team fields their defender.
11. Players designated as attackers are ineligible as a defender.
12. If a team is unable to field a defender or an eligible substitute, the attacker will compete
one-on-one against the goalkeeper.
13. An eligible player may change places with the goalkeeper.
14. With the exception of the condition explained above, players may not change places.
15. Only half of the field is in play.
16. The attacker kicks off and is allowed thirty seconds to try and score a goal.
17. The attacker may touch the ball an unlimited number of times.
18. If a goal is scored, the contest is over.
4
19. If the ball goes out of play, the contest is over.
20. If the goalkeeper controls the ball with the hands, the contest is over.
21. If the ball is in play and the thirty second time period elapses, the contest is over.
22. If the attacker commits a foul, the contest is over.
23. If the defending team commits a foul anywhere within the field of play, the attacker is
awarded a penalty kick and the thirty second time period is disregarded for the remainder
of the contest.
24. If before the penalty kick has been taken, the attacker infringes the Laws of the Game, the
referee allows the kick to be taken and if the ball does not enter the goal, the contest is over.
25. If after the penalty kick has been taken, the attacker touches the ball again (with any part
of the body) before it has touched another player, the contest is over.
26. If an incident occurs that would normally require play to be restarted by a dropped ball,
the contest must be restarted.
27. The referee keeps a record of the contests.
Subject to the conditions explained below the teams play ten contests
28. The teams take turns at being the attacking and defending team.
29. With the exception of each team’s goalkeeper, a player is not allowed to compete in a second
contest until all eligible players on both teams have competed in a contest.
30. If before the completion of the ten contests, one team has scored more goals than the other
could score, even if the contests were to be completed, no more contests will occur.
31. If at the completion of the ten contests, the scores are level, then the contests continue with
the same order of players, until one team has scored one more goal than the other from the
same number of contests.
Substitutions, cautions and send offs during ADG
32. Each team is allowed two additional substitutions and if a team has any unused substitutions,
these can also be used.
33. A player who who commits an offence which denies an obvious goal-scoring opportunity
to an opponent, is not cautioned or sent off unless:
• The offence is holding, pulling or pushing, in which case the player is cautioned.
• The offending player does not attempt to play the ball, or there is no possibility for the
player making the challenge to play the ball, in which case the player is cautioned.
• The offending player deliberately handles the ball (except a goalkeeper within their
penalty area), in which case the player is sent off.
• The offence is one which is always punishable by a yellow or red card. (e.g. reckless or
excessive force challenge)
34. The referee must not abandon ADG if a team is reduced to fewer than seven players.
5
Player
and
Referee Starting Positions
• The attacker receives the ball at the centre mark.
• The defender must be positioned outside the centre circle.
• The referee assumes his normal position for a kick off.
• One assistant referee is positioned on the goal line and assists the referee with decisions in a
similar way to an additional assistant referee.
• The other assistant referee is positioned in the penalty area of the disused half of the field and
supervises the players who are currently not competing.
• The goalkeeper of the attacker’s team remains a safe distance behind the assistant referee
who is positioned on the goal line.
You can read about additional assistant referees on page 37.
Assistant Referee
Other Players
Referee
Attacker
Defender
Goalkeeper
Assistant Referee
Goalkeeper of Attacker’s Team
Player and Referee Starting Positions
6
The Laws Explained
Before ADG starts
Law 1 is self-explanatory and is similar to
the law from Kicks from the Penalty Mark,
which requires the referee to toss a coin to
decide the goal where the kicks take place.
where the team winning the toss has the
choice of kicking first or second.
Law 3 is designed to encourage fair play.
Teams who received red cards in the match
will be at a disadvantage during ADG.
Law 4 requires each team to designate their
five attackers with the referee prior to the
start of ADG. If a team has had a player or
players sent off, the law ensures the team
still fields an attacker for five contests.
Law 9 describes how a team will forfeit
a contest if they are unable to field an
attacker. This would occur if the player
was sent off. Another example would be
an attacker who was injured and his team
having already used all their substitutions.
Law 5 is self-explanatory.
During ADG
Law 6 is identical to the law from Kicks
from the Penalty Mark, which allows only
the eligible players and match officials to
remain on the field of play.
Law 10 describes how the decision to
field a specific defender is made only after
seeing the opposition’s attacker.
Law 7 is similar to the law from the Kicks
from the Penalty Mark, which requires the
players who are currently not competing
to remain within the centre circle. An
assistant referee or an additional assistant
referee supervises these players.
Law 12 describes how an attacker is
allowed to compete one-on-one against
the goalkeeper. This arises if a team
begins ADG with fewer players than their
opposition. Another example would be if
a defender was injured and forced from
the field with his team having already used
all their substitutions. The third example
would be if a defender was sent off during
a contest.
Law 8 is similar to the law from Kicks from
the Penalty Mark, which designates the
positioning of the goalkeeper who is the
team-mate of the current kicker.
from the Penalty Mark, which allows an
outfield player to become the goalkeeper.
This situation may arise if a goalkeeper
is sent off or injured and the team has
already used all of their substitutions. Any
on-field attacker or defender can become
the goalkeeper, and this is regardless of
whether the player has already competed
in a contest.
7
Law 14 is self-explanatory and an example
would be a team with an injured defender.
A defender who is already on the field
of play may not change places with the
injured player. Of course, if the team has
substitutions available, they can simply
replace the injured player with a substitute.
Law 16 designates thirty seconds for a
contest. The law mitigates against a standoff
between the attacker and the defender.
Thirty seconds ensures urgency, but also
provides ample time for unpredictable and
exhilarating contests to play out.
Law 17 is included to circumvent The Start
and Restart of Play law that states, “If the
player taking the kick-off touches the ball
again before it has touched another player
an indirect free kick, or for deliberate
handball a direct free kick, is awarded.”
Law 22 is self-explanatory and an example
is an attacker who loses possession of the
ball and fouls the defender while trying to
regain it.
Law 23 designates a penalty kick when the
defending team commits a foul. As the
thirty second time period is disregarded,
the contest concludes when one of the
following occurs: (a) a goal is scored,
(b) the goalkeeper controls the ball with
the hands, (c) the ball goes out of play,
or (d) the attacker commits a foul or an
infringement as described in Law 24 or 25.
Law 19 designates that a contest will end if
the ball goes out of play. If the competition
is using additional assistant referees, the
assistant referees will track with the play
along the touchlines. This will be of great
benefit when adjudicating on whether a
ball is in or out of play.
Law 20 and Law 21 are self-explanatory.
Law 24 is similar to the law from The
Penalty Kick, which designates an indirect
free kick for the defending team if an
infringement is committed by the player
taking the penalty kick and the ball has
not entered the goal.
Law 25 is similar to the law from The
Penalty Kick, which designates a free kick
if the kicker touches the ball again before
it has touched another player.
Law 27 requires the referee to keep a
record of the contests. While he has
already recorded the attacking players,
as each contest unfolds, he also records:
the defenders and goalkeepers, if a goal is
scored, and the score.
8
Subject to the conditions explained below
the teams play ten contests
Law 28 is similar to the law from Kicks
from the Penalty Mark, which requires five
kicks to be taken alternately. The teams
take turns at being the attacking and
defending team.
where each kick is taken by a different
player and all players must take a kick
before any player can take a second kick.
where if one team has an unassailable lead,
the match is over.
Substitutions, cautions and send offs
during ADG
Law 32 allows each team two additional
substitutions and any substitutions that
weren’t used are carried into ADG. So, if
a team used only one substitution prior to
the start of ADG, they will have a total of
four substitutions available.
Law 31 is similar to the law from Kicks
from the Penalty Mark, which describes
the sudden death procedure that occurs
if scores are still level after the ten kicks.
The players from the first contest will now
compete in the first sudden death contest.
Law 33 addresses offences that deny an
obvious goal-scoring opportunity to an
opponent. With the attacker competing
against just a defender and a goalkeeper,
goal-scoring opportunities will be a
normal occurrence. So, to avoid an
excessive number of sanctions, the
punishments cannot be as severe as during
normal play. Moreover, as a foul on the
attacker always results in a penalty kick (a
very good opportunity to score), the goalscoring opportunity lost by the offence
is always restored. Therefore, regardless
of whether the offence occurs inside or
outside the penalty area, the player is
not cautioned or sent off. However, to
discourage unfair play, holding, pulling
or pushing, or any offence which is not an
attempt to play the ball, or challenge the
opponent for the ball receives a yellow card.
And a deliberate handball that denies an
obvious goal-scoring opportunity remains
a red card offence.
from the Penalty Mark, and requires the
referee to continue with ADG even in the
event of a team having less than seven
players on the field.
9
Fouls, Misconduct
and Injuries
Let’s examine fouls, misconduct and injuries with the 2006 World Cup final as a hypothetical example.
Example 1
During the first contest the French
defender Sagnol makes a careless tackle
on the Italian attacker Del Piero. Despite
Del Piero having a clear path towards goal,
as per Law 33, Sagnol is not cautioned or
sent off. As per Law 23, Del Piero receives
a penalty kick.
Example 6
During the first contest the French
goalkeeper Barthez is injured and has to
leave the field. As per Law 32, the French
can use an additional substitution to bring
on a substitute goalkeeper.
Example 7
During the fifth contest the French
goalkeeper Barthez fouls the Italian
attacker Pirlo. The foul is deemed to have
been committed with excessive force and
Barthez is sent off. As per The Laws of the
Game, the French can remove an outfield
player and bring on a substitute goalkeeper.
For instance, in the hypothetical example
on page 12, the French would likely remove
the current defender Gallas, and replace
him with a substitute goalkeeper.
Example 2
During the first contest Sagnol fouls Del
Piero. The foul is deemed reckless enough
to warrant a yellow card. It’s Sagnol’s second
yellow card, so he is sent off. As per Law
23, Del Piero receives a penalty kick. And
as per Law 12, Del Piero will now compete
one-on-one against Barthez.
Example 3
During the first contest Sagnol fouls Del
Piero with a careless challenge. As per Law
23, the attacking team receives a penalty
kick. Del Piero is injured and assisted
from the field. As per Law 32, the Italians
can replace Del Piero with an additional
substitution. The substitute will then take
the penalty kick.
However, if the French had already used all
of their substitutions, then as per Law 13,
they would have to make an on-field player
their goalkeeper. Once again, the current
defender Gallas would be the likely choice.
This allows the French to compete for the
maximum number of contests, before once
again being disadvantaged by the send off.
Example 4
During the first contest Del Piero strikes
a powerful shot towards goal. Sagnol
deliberately handles the ball to deny an
obvious goal scoring opportunity. As per
Law 33, Sagnol is sent off.
Example 5
During the first contest the attacker Del
Piero fouls the defender Sagnol. The foul
is deemed to be committed with excessive
force and Del Piero is sent off. If ADG
enters sudden death, then as per Law 9,
Italy will forfeit the first sudden death
contest because they will be unable to field
their designated attacker.
10
2006 FIFA World Cup Hypothetical
Let’s examine ADG with the 2006 FIFA World Cup final as a hypothetical example. The
Italians have eleven players and the French have ten due to Zidane’s red card. The Italians have
Zambrotta on a yellow card, while the French have Makelele, Malouda and Sagnol all on yellow
cards. The Italians win the coin toss and choose to attack in the first contest. Both teams receive
two additional substitutions. The referee meets separately with the teams and records their five
attackers and the order in which they will compete.
1
Buffon (GK)
16
3
Grosso
3
Abidal
4
De Rossi
5
Gallas
5
Cannavaro
6
Makelele
7
Del Piero
7
Malouda
8
Gattuso
11
Wiltord
9
Toni
15
Thuram
15
Iaquinta
18
Diarra
19
Zambrotta
19
Sagnol
21
Pirlo
20
Trezeguet
23
Materazzi
In the first contest Italy have Del Piero as
their attacker and France select Sagnol as
their defender. Barthez is the goalkeeper.
The referee blows his whistle and the
stadium clock counts down from thirty
seconds. Del Piero dribbles the ball past
Sagnol and gets a powerful shot away that
leaves Barthez flailing. Goal!
Barthez (GK)
In the fourth contest France have Malouda
as their attacker and Italy select Zambrotta
as their defender. Malouda is immediately
fouled by a reckless challenge from
Zambrotta. The defender receives his
second yellow card of the match and is sent
off. Malouda converts the penalty kick.
In the second contest France have Makelele
as their attacker and Italy select Grosso as
their defender. Buffon is the goalkeeper.
Grosso brilliantly tackles Makelele and
kicks the ball over the touchline.
In the third contest Italy have De Rossi as
their attacker and France select Thuram as
their defender. De Rossi skips past Thuram
and shoots from distance. Barthez makes
the save.
11
In the fifth contest Italy have Pirlo as their
attacker and France select Gallas as their
defender. Gallas dispossesses Pirlo of the
ball and kicks it over the halfway line.
The French need to score in the tenth
contest to push ADG into sudden death.
France have Trezeguet as their attacker,
while Italy will have Cannavaro as their
defender. Cannavaro makes a superb tackle
on Trezeguet and kicks the ball over the
touchline. Italy win the 2006 World Cup!
In the sixth contest France have Diarra
as their attacker and Italy select Gattuso
as their defender. Diarra dribbles past
Gattuso and gets a shot away. Buffon makes
the save.
In the seventh contest Italy have Iaquinta
as their attacker and France opt not play a
defender. Remember that the French are
a man down because of Zidane’s red card.
Iaquinta dribbles into the penalty box, fakes
out Barthez with some clever footwork and
angles the ball into the net.
In the eighth contest France have Wiltord
as their attacker and Italy select Materazzi
as their defender. Wiltord manages to get
past Materazzi, but his long range shot
misses the goal.
In the ninth contest Italy have Toni as their
attacker and France select Abidal as their
defender. Toni hops past Abidal and gets a
powerful shot away. Barthez makes a diving
save.
#
ATTACKER
DEFENDER
RESULT
ADG SCORE
1
Del Piero
Sagnol
Goal
Italy 1 France 0
2
Makelele
Grosso
-
Italy 1 France 0
3
De Rossi
Thuram
-
Italy 1 France 0
4
Malouda
Zambrotta
Goal
Italy 1 France 1
5
Pirlo
Gallas
-
Italy 1 France 1
6
Diarra
Gattuso
-
Italy 1 France 1
7
Iaquinta
-
Goal
Italy 2 France 1
8
Wiltord
Materazzi
-
Italy 2 France 1
9
Toni
Abidal
-
Italy 2 France 1
10
Trezeguet
Cannavaro
-
Italy 2 France 1
12
2008 UEFA Champions League Hypothetical
Let’s examine ADG with the 2007/2008 Champions League final as a hypothetical example.
Manchester United have eleven players and Chelsea have ten due to Drogba’s red card. United
have Ferdinand, Vidić and Tévez on yellow cards. Likewise Chelsea have Essien, Carvalho and
Ballack also on yellow cards. United win the toss and choose to attack in the first contest. Both
teams receive two additional substitutions. The referee meets separately with the teams and
records their five attackers and the order in which they will compete.
1
Van der Sar (GK)
1
Čech (GK)
3
Evra
3
A. Cole
4
Hargreaves
5
Essein
5
Ferdinand
6
Carvalho
7
Ronaldo
8
Lampard
8
Anderson
13
Ballack
11
Giggs
21
Kalou
15
Vidić
26
Terry
16
Carrick
35
Belletti
17
Nani
39
Anelka
32
Tévez
In the fourth contest Chelsea have Kalou as
their attacker and Manchester United select
Vidić as their defender. Kalou skips past
Vidić and shoots from outside the penalty
box. Van der Sar makes an amazing save to
deny the goal.
In the first contest Manchester United
have Ronaldo as their attacker, while
Chelsea select Terry as their defender.
Čech is the goalkeeper. Ronaldo fakes out
Terry with some sublime footwork. He
quickly dribbles the ball towards goal and
dispatches a thunderous shot. Goal!
In the second contest Chelsea have Ballack
as their attacker and Manchester United
select Ferdinand as their defender. Van der
Sar is the goalkeeper. Ballack skips past
Ferdinand and bends the ball towards goal.
Van der Sar makes a spectacular save.
In the third contest Manchester United
have Tévez as their attacker and Chelsea
select Cole as their defender. Cole makes a
fantastic tackle on Tévez and kicks the ball
over the touchline.
13
Manchester United have Nani as their
attacker and Chelsea select Carvalho as
their defender. Nani is outpacing Carvalho
and approaching the penalty area when he’s
tackled from behind. Carvalho receives his
second yellow card of the match and is sent
off. Nani has sustained an injury and is
assisted from the field. United use one of
their two additional substitutions to bring
on Fletcher. Fletcher converts the penalty.
In the sixth contest Chelsea have Essien
as their attacker and Manchester United
select Carrick as their defender. Essien out
muscles Carrick and gets a powerful shot
away. Another great save from Van der Sar.
In the seventh contest Manchester United
have Giggs as their attacker and Chelsea
opt not to field a defender. Remember
that Chelsea are down a man because of
Drogba’s red card. Giggs quickly dribbles
his way into the penalty box and shoots.
Čech gets a fingertip to the ball and it’s
enough to push it over the crossbar.
Chelsea have Lampard as their attacker and
Manchester United select Anderson as their
defender. Lampard has to score or United
will be champions. Anderson tussles with
Lampard before making a terrific tackle
and kicking the ball over the halfway line.
Manchester United win the 2008 UEFA
Champions League!
#
ATTACKER
DEFENDER
RESULT
ADG SCORE
1
Ronaldo
Terry
Goal
MU 1 Chelsea 0
2
Ballack
Ferdinand
-
MU 1 Chelsea 0
3
Tévez
A. Cole
-
MU 1 Chelsea 0
4
Kalou
Vidić
-
MU 1 Chelsea 0
5
Nani/Fletcher
Carvalho
Goal
MU 2 Chelsea 0
6
Essein
Carrick
-
MU 2 Chelsea 0
7
Giggs
-
-
MU 2 Chelsea 0
8
Lampard
Anderson
-
MU 2 Chelsea 0
14
2011 FIFA Women’s World Cup Hypothetical
Let’s examine ADG with the 2011 FIFA Women’s World Cup final as a hypothetical example.
The Americans have eleven players and the Japanese have ten due to Iwashimizu’s red card. The
Americans have not received any cautions but the Japanese have Miyama on a yellow card. The
Americans win the coin toss and choose to attack in the first contest. Both teams receive two
additional substitutions. As the Americans used only two of their three permitted substitutions,
they now have a total of three substitutions available. The Americans immediately use one of their
substitutions to replace LePeilbet with Sauerbrunn. The referee meets separately with the teams
and records their five attackers and the order in which they will compete.
1
Solo (GK)
21
Kaihori (GK)
3
Rampone
2
Kinga
4
Sauerbrunn
4
Kumagai
7
Boxx
6
Sakaguchi
9
O’Reilly
8
Miyama
10
Lloyd
9
Kawasumi
11
Krieger
10
Sawa
13
Morgan
15
Sameshima
17
Heath
17
Nagasoto
19
Buehler
20
Iwabuchi
20
Wambach
In the first contest USA have Wambach as
their attacker, while Japan select Kumagai
as their defender. Kaihori is the goalkeeper.
Wambach edges past her defender and is
inside the penalty area when she shoots.
But the shot is wide and the keeper watches
it safely fly by.
In the fourth contest Japan have Nagasoto
as their attacker and USA select Sauerbrunn
as their defender. Nagasoto slides past
Sauerbrunn and Solo is quickly off her line.
Nagasoto attempts to chip the goalkeeper,
but the shot is too high and the ball sails
over the crossbar.
In the second contest Japan have Kawasumi
as their attacker and USA select Buehler
as their defender. Solo is the goalkeeper.
Buehler makes a careless tackle and it’s a
penalty kick for Kawasumi. The attacker
hits a solid penalty and Solo can’t prevent
the first Japanese goal.
In the fifth contest USA have Lloyd as
their attacker and Japan select Kinga as
their defender. Lloyd is barely out of the
centre circle when she’s fouled by a careless
challenge from Kinga. Kaihori guesses
correctly and saves Lloyd’s penalty kick.
In the sixth contest Japan have Iwabuchi
as their attacker and USA select Rampone
as their defender. Iwabuchi skips past
Rampone and shoots from just outside the
penalty box. Solo makes a brilliant save to
deny the goal.
In the third contest USA have O’Reilly as
their attacker and Japan select Sameshima
as their defender. Sameshima makes a
decisive tackle and forces the ball over the
touchline.
15
Japan will be champions if they score in the
twelfth contest. As per the second contest,
Japan have Kawasumi as their attacker,
while USA have Buehler as their defender.
Kawasumi is away from her defender and
gets a long range shot off. Solo manages to
palm the ball away, but Kawasumi scampers
for a follow up shot. It’s a stinging effort and
the ball rockets past the keeper and into the
back of the net. Goal! Japan win the 2011
FIFA Women’s World Cup!
In the seventh contest USA have Heath
as their attacker and Japan opt not play a
defender. Remember that the Japanese are
a player down because of Iwashimizu’s red
card. Heath dribbles into the penalty box,
fakes out Kaihori with clever footwork and
guides the ball into the goal.
In the eighth contest Japan have Miyama as
their attacker and USA select Boxx as their
defender. The players tussle before Boxx is
able to kick the ball out of play.
In the ninth contest USA have Morgan as
their attacker and Japan select Sawa as their
defender. Sawa dispossesses the ball from
the attacker and kicks it over the touchline.
In the tenth contest Japan have Sakaguchi
as their attacker and USA have Krieger as
their defender. Krieger stumbles slightly and
Sakaguchi has a clear path towards goal. Solo
is off her line and manages to sweep the ball
up before the attacker can attempt a shot.
With the eleventh contest ADG enters
sudden death. As per the first contest, USA
have Wambach as their attacker, while
Japan have Kumagai as their defender. A
perfectly timed tackle from the defender
forces the ball over the touchline.
#
ATTACKER
DEFENDER
RESULT
ADG SCORE
1
Wambach
Kumagai
-
USA 0 Japan 0
2
Kawasumi
Buehler
Goal
USA 0 Japan 1
3
O’Reilly
Sameshima
-
USA 0 Japan 1
4
Nagasoto
Sauerbrunn
-
USA 0 Japan 1
5
Lloyd
Kinga
-
USA 0 Japan 1
6
Iwabuchi
Rampone
-
USA 0 Japan 1
7
Heath
-
Goal
USA 1 Japan 1
8
Miyama
Boxx
-
USA 1 Japan 1
9
Morgan
Sawa
-
USA 1 Japan 1
10
Sakaguchi
Krieger
-
USA 1 Japan 1
11
Wambach
Kumagai
-
USA 1 Japan 1
12
Kawasumi
Buehler
Goal
USA 1 Japan 2
16
2012 UEFA Champions League Hypothetical
Let’s examine ADG with a semi final from the 2011/2012 Champions League as a hypothetical
example. Both Real Madrid and Bayern München have eleven players. Madrid have Pepe,
Granero and Arbeloa on yellow cards. Likewise Bayern have Robben, Alaba, Badstuber and
Gustavo also on yellow cards. Madrid win the toss and choose to attack in the first contest. Both
teams receive two additional substitutions. As Bayern have used only one of their three permitted
substitutions, they now have a total of four substitutions available. The referee meets separately
with the teams and records their five attackers and the order in which they will compete.
1
Casillas (GK)
1
3
Pepe
10
Robben
4
Ramos
17
Boateng
6
Khedira
21
Lahm
7
Ronaldo
25
Müller
8
Kaká
27
Alaba
11
Granero
28
Badstuber
12
Marcelo
30
Gustavo
14
Alonso
31
Schweinsteiger
17
Arbeloa
33
Gomez
20
Higuaín
39
Kroos
In the first contest Real Madrid have
Ronaldo as their attacker, while Bayern
München select Lahm as their defender.
Neuer is the goalkeeper. Lahm shadows
Ronaldo to the edge of the penalty box, but
Ronaldo still manages to get a good shot
away. Neuer makes a difficult save.
Neuer (GK)
In the fourth contest Bayern have Müller as
their attacker and Madrid select Arbeloa as
their defender. Müller skips past Arbeloa
and shoots from just inside the penalty
box. It’s a bullet of a shot and Casillas has
no chance of reaching it. Goal!
In the second contest Bayern have Robben
as their attacker and Madrid select Marcelo
as their defender. Casillas is the goalkeeper.
Robben slips past Marcelo and has a long
range curling shot. But it’s too high and
Casillas watches it fly over the crossbar.
In the third contest Madrid have Kaká as
their attacker and Bayern select Alaba as
their defender. Kaká is seemingly away but
a great sliding tackle from Alaba forces the
ball over the touchline.
17
Madrid have Higuaín as their attacker and
Bayern select Boateng as their defender.
Higuaín is past Boateng when he’s fouled
by a careless challenge. It’s a penalty kick
for Higuaín. Neuer guesses correctly, but
can’t prevent the ball going into the goal.
Madrid need to score or Bayern will be
victorious. Madrid have Khedira as their
attacker while Bayern select Gustavo as
their defender. Khedira slides past Gustavo
and gets a powerful shot away. Neuer gets
a fingertip to the ball and pushes it over the
crossbar. Bayern München are through to the
final of the 2012 UEFA Champions League!
In the sixth contest Bayern München have
Schweinsteiger as their attacker and Madrid
select Pepe as their defender. Schweinsteiger
tussles with Pepe but eventually he’s away
and has a clear path towards goal. Casillas is
off his line and near the edge of the penalty
area. Schweinsteiger fakes out the keeper
with some brilliant footwork and slots the
ball home.
Real Madrid have Granero as their attacker
and Bayern select Badstuber as their
defender. Granero is past the defender and
is about to shoot when he’s fouled outside
the penalty area by a careless challenge
from Badstuber. Granero hits an accurate
penalty kick, but a wonderful save from
Neuer prevents the goal.
In the eighth contest Bayern have Gomez
as their attacker and Madrid select Ramos
as their defender. Ramos steals the ball
and in the ensuing struggle is fouled. The
contest is over.
#
ATTACKER
DEFENDER
RESULT
ADG SCORE
1
Ronaldo
Lahm
-
Madrid 0 BM 0
2
Robben
Marcelo
-
Madrid 0 BM 0
3
Kaká
Alaba
-
Madrid 0 BM 0
4
Müller
Arbeloa
Goal
Madrid 0 BM 1
5
Higuaín
Boateng
Goal
Madrid 1 BM 1
6
Schweinsteiger
Pepe
Goal
Madrid 1 BM 2
7
Granero
Badstuber
-
Madrid 1 BM 2
8
Gomez
Ramos
-
Madrid 1 BM 2
9
Khedira
Gustavo
-
Madrid 1 BM 2
18
2014 FIFA World Cup Hypothetical
Let’s examine ADG with a semi final from the 2014 FIFA World Cup as a hypothetical example.
Both the Netherlands and Argentina have eleven players. The Netherlands have Huntelaar on a
yellow card and Argentina have Demichelis also on a yellow card. The Netherlands win the toss
and choose to attack in the first contest. Both teams receive two additional substitutions. The
referee meets separately with the teams and records their five attackers and the order in which
they will compete.
1
Cillessen (GK)
1
Romero (GK)
2
Vlaar
2
Garay
3
De Vrij
4
Zabaleta
5
Blind
6
Biglia
7
Janmaat
10
Messi
10
Sneijder
11
Rodriguez
11
Robben
14
Mascherano
15
Kuyt
15
Demichelis
16
Clasie
16
Rojo
19
Huntelaar
18
Palacio
20
Wijnaldum
20
Aguero
In the fourth contest Argentina have Messi
as their attacker and Netherlands select
Vlaar as their defender. Messi tussles with
Vlaar but eventually he’s away and has a
clear path towards goal. Cillessen is near
the edge of the six yard box when Messi
delicately chips the ball over his head and
into the goal.
In the first contest Netherlands have
Huntelaar as their attacker, while Argentina
select Zabaleta as their defender. Romero
is the goalkeeper. Huntelaar slides past
Zabaleta and shoots from outside the
penalty box. Romero makes a fantastic save
to prevent the goal.
In the second contest Argentina have
Aguero as their attacker and Netherlands
select Blind as their defender. Cillessen is
the goalkeeper. Aguero hops past Blind
and gets a long range curling shot away.
Cillessen get a fingertip to the ball and it’s
enough to push it over the crossbar.
In the third contest the Netherlands have
Sneijder as their attacker and Argentina
select Garay as their defender. Sneijder has
only taken a few paces when he’s brilliantly
tackled by Garay who then kicks the ball
over the halfway line.
19
In the fifth contest the Netherlands have
Robben as their attacker and Argentina
select Rojo as their defender. Robben is
able to skip past Rojo and dribbles the ball
into the penalty box. Robben gets a good
shot off but Romero manages to palm the
ball around the goal post.
The Netherlands need to score in the ninth
contest or Argentina will be the winners.
Netherlands have Wijnaldum as their
attacker, while Argentina select Biglia as
their defender. Wijnaldum is away from
Biglia and approaches the penalty area.
Biglia is in pursuit and just as the attacker
is about to shoot the defender makes a
perfectly timed tackle which forces the ball
over the goal line. Argentina are through to
the final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup!
In the sixth contest Argentina have
Mascherano as their attacker, while the
Netherlands select Clasie as their defender.
Clasie stumbles slightly and Mascherano
has a clear path towards goal. Cillessen is off
his line but a heavy touch from Mascherano
allows the goalkeeper to sweep up the ball.
The Netherlands have Kuyt as their
attacker and Argentina select Demichelis
as their defender. Kuyt is barely out of the
centre circle when he’s fouled by a careless
challenge from Demichelis. It’s a well taken
penalty from Kuyt, but Romero makes a
brilliant diving save to palm the ball over
the crossbar.
In the eighth contest Argentina have
Palacio as their attacker and Netherlands
select De Vrij as their defender. De Vrij
makes a strong challenge and manages to
dispossess the ball from the attacker and
kick it over the touchline.
#
ATTACKER
DEFENDER
RESULT
ADG SCORE
1
Huntelaar
Zabaleta
-
Nthld 0 Arg 0
2
Aguero
Blind
-
Nthld 0 Arg 0
3
Sneijder
Garay
-
Nthld 0 Arg 0
4
Messi
Vlaar
Goal
Nthld 0 Arg 1
5
Robben
Rojo
-
Nthld 0 Arg 1
6
Mascherano
Clasie
-
Nthld 0 Arg 1
7
Kuyt
Demichelis
-
Nthld 0 Arg 1
8
Palacio
De Vrij
-
Nthld 0 Arg 1
9
Wijnaldum
Biglia
-
Nthld 0 Arg 1
20
Question
and
Answer
Isn’t the penalty shootout just a simple
and fair solution to a difficult problem?
Simple, yes. Fair, no. Professor Ignacio
Palacios-Huerta in his book Beautiful
Game Theory: How Soccer Can Help
Economics studied 1001 penalty shootouts
comprising 10431 penalty kicks during a
period from 1970-2013. It includes virtually
all the shootouts in the history of the main
international elimination tournaments
such as the FIFA World Cup, European
Championships and Copa América. The
data set also includes club matches from
the UEFA Champions League and Europa
League, the Spanish Cup, the German Cup
and the English FA Cup.
What Palacios-Huerta discovered was that
the team who took the first kick in the
shootout won 60.6% of the time.1 The data
clearly shows that the penalty shootout is
not a 50-50 lottery. It is more like a 60-40
lottery, where the team kicking first has
20% more tickets!
Roberto Baggio who was instrumental in
getting Italy to the final of the 1994 World
Cup, but missed the decisive kick in the
shootout says, “It affected me for years. It
is the worst moment of my career. I still
dream about it. If I could erase a moment,
it would be that one.” 4 Maxime Bossis,
the French defender who missed the last
penalty in the 1982 World Cup semi final
says, “You know players miss penalties all
the time but you still feel guilty. I would
rather we lost in extra-time. I’ve never
taken another penalty since then.” 5
The reason is because the team kicking
second is usually playing catch-up and
therefore experiences greater pressure with
each kick. So, in relation to the question
of fairness, it’s actually the case of win the
toss, kick first, then win the shootout.
What sort of psychological impact does
the penalty shootout have on players?
Michel Platini was seemingly aware of
the potential for long term psychological
damage when he said, “A football match
should be decided by an action of play. Not
some contrived process whose end result
is to mark a fine player such as Bossis,
Baresi or Baggio for the rest of his career.” 3
I wrote to Platini many times when he
was UEFA President and while I received
feedback from the then technical director
Andy Roxburgh, I was disappointed
that someone with such close personal
experience to the trauma of the penalty
shootout, and someone who had also
spoken so strongly against it, couldn’t find
time to respond.
Didier Six who missed his penalty kick
in the same match, states explicitly how
people’s negative attitudes and prejudice
can exaggerate the long term psychological
damage that players often suffer. Six says,
“At a certain point it gets too much. You
are forty-five but people still see you
as missing the penalty. I had difficulty
finding a job because they said, ‘That one is
unstable.’ And all that has come from this
missed penalty kick.” 5 Former England
and Barcelona manager Terry Venables
agrees. Venables says, “Penalties put too
much strain on one player. It could ruin his
career if he’s not a strong character. If you
feel for the rest of your life that everyone
could of had a winners’ medal but for you,
it’s a hard thing to get over.” 3
21
Does any other sport on the planet have
such a self-destructive element as football’s
penalty shootout? And who will be the
next player to be sacrificed? Imagine Messi,
Ronaldo or Marta propelling their team
to a World Cup final and then missing
the decisive kick in the penalty shootout.
And what of the fourteen year-old boy or
girl who misses the kick that loses their
team the championship? What are the
ramifications for a young player who feels
that they’ve let their teammates down?
But it’s not just psychological damage
we need to consider. What would be the
repercussions for sponsors if their star
player missed the decisive penalty? Of
course when the shootout was introduced
in 1970, branding and sponsorship were
still in their infancy. Indeed, commercial
implications would have been the furthest
thing from the minds of the men of the
International Football Association Board
when they were assessing alternatives to
the coin toss. And unsurprisingly, the
minutes from the meeting of the working
party established by IFAB to examine
FIFA’s penalty kick tie-breaker, reveals that
they were “not entirely satisfied with the
proposed new method.” 6
While long-term physical injuries such as
concussion have been at the forefront of
recent athletic welfare campaigns, mental
injuries remain largely unexplored. I
believe the long term psychological trauma
created by the penalty shootout is a serious
issue that FIFA, FIFPro and Professional
Footballers’ Associations must investigate.
How frequently are penalty shootouts
occurring in major competitions?
Six of the last sixteen UEFA Champions
League finals went to penalties and seven
of the last seventeen Copa Libertadores
finals have also gone to penalties. Two
World Cup finals in each of the men’s
and women’s competitions have now
been decided by penalties. At the 2014
tournament we saw four shootouts, which
equals the most in any World Cup.
Perhaps, former French and Real Madrid
player, Christian Karembeu, described
it best when he equated the penalty
shootout not with an old fashioned Wild
West gunfight, but with a game of Russian
roulette. “It is loading a bullet into the
chamber of a gun and asking everyone
to pull the trigger. Someone will get the
bullet, you know that. And it will reduce
them to nothing.” 3
What was the inspiration for ADG?
Everyone talks about the 1994 World Cup
final and I also remember seeing what
happened to Baggio. A.S. Byatt writes,
“One does not remember the winners.
One remains haunted by the losers.” 7 So,
I think I’ve had alternatives gestating for a
long time. But it wasn’t until I watched the
2008 UEFA Champions League final that I
put pen to paper and began to flesh out an
alternative.
Some people will argue that the shootout
simply parallels the ups and downs of real
life. But the “two imposters” of triumph
and disaster are already ever present within
the regular ninety minutes. Indeed, it’s
common to see a player turn from villain
to hero, or hero to villain, in the space of
a few games and sometimes even a single
match. If there’s one thing football doesn’t
need, it’s a tie-breaker to remind us of the
capriciousness of life.
22
Briefly describe how ADG works?
The attacker receives the ball at the centre
mark position and the opposition fields
their defender. Half of the field is in play
and the attacker has thirty seconds to
score a goal.
If the attacker scores, the contest is over. If
the ball goes out of play, the contest is over.
If the goalkeeper gains possession of the
ball, the contest is over. If the defending
team commits a foul, a penalty kick is
awarded. If the attacker commits a foul,
the contest is over.
Teams take turns at playing the attacker
and defender for ten contests. If the scores
are still level, ADG enters sudden death.
What was the main idea behind ADG?
The underlying problem with the shootout
is the expectation that the kicker should
always score. So, I said how can we change
that expectation? It was then that I had the
idea of including a defender. The challenge
was then to develop a tie-breaker that
would combine the skill and athleticism
of modern football, with the inherent
dramatic tension of the penalty shootout.
How does ADG promote fair play?
Let’s use the 2010 World Cup quarterfinal between Uruguay and Ghana as an
example. In the last minute of extra time a
Uruguayan player deliberately handled the
ball and denied Ghana a match winning
goal. As we all now know, Ghana missed
the penalty kick and went on to lose the
shootout. The point has to be made that
once Ghana had missed the penalty kick,
Uruguay were not subject to any further
disadvantage for the remainder of the
match. In fact it doesn’t matter how many
players a team has had sent off during the
match, if they can make it to the penalty
shootout, then they are at no further
disadvantage to their opposition.
What advantages does ADG have over
the penalty kick shootout?
ADG has six fundamental advantages
over the shootout. All players compete.
It showcases skill and athleticism. It’s a
positive natured competition, where goals
scored rather than missed goals determine
the winner. Strategy is vital. It promotes
attacking play. It promotes fair play.
However, if ADG rather than the penalty
shootout had ensued, Uruguay would
have been without a defender for one of
the contests. This gives the Ghanaians a
distinct advantage, which is something I
know most rational football fans around
the world believe they were entitled to.
This episode clearly illustrates how ADG
is much more effective than the penalty
shootout at punishing teams who are
guilty of unsporting and illegal play.
23
How does ADG promote attacking play?
Let’s use the 2006 FIFA World Cup final as
an example. After 100 minutes the French
replaced Ribéry with Trezeguet and after
107 minutes Henry with Wiltord. Would
Domenech have made these substitutions
with the knowledge that ADG rather
than penalties was imminent? Ribéry
and Henry are both sublimely talented
attacking players who despite their fatigue,
would be invaluable for ADG. But their
presence on the pitch for the duration of
extra time also increases the likelihood of
a French goal and the match being decided
prior to ADG.
Why the thirty second time period?
So there isn’t any standoff between the
attacker and defender. This could be the
attacker trying to fake the defender into
moving a certain direction. Or, it could
just be the case of tired players taking
some time to energise themselves. The
thirty seconds provides a sense of urgency
but also allows ample time for thrilling and
unpredictable contests to develop. In fact
it will be a rare occurrence for the thirty
seconds to elapse with the ball still in play.
What about a goal that is scored right on
the thirty second mark?
A possible strategy is for the referee and his
assistants to receive an audible signal when
the thirty seconds elapse. The assistant
referee or the the additional assistant
referee who has a view directly along the
goal line, will be in the best position to
adjudicate on when the ball crosses the
line. A more sophisticated approach that
could be utilised by major competitions
is goal line technology (GLT). A signal
is transmitted to the referee’s watch and
indicates if the ball crosses the line before
the thirty seconds elapse.
How does a team determine who will be
their attackers and defenders?
These decisions will obviously lie with the
team’s manager. At the end of normal play
the manager will consult with his team
and determine his five attackers and the
order in which they will compete. As for
the defenders, it’s a case of anticipating
who the opposition’s attackers will be and
selecting players to defend against them.
For instance, in the 2006 FIFA World Cup
final hypothetical, the French manager
would assume that Del Piero would be
one of the Italian’s attacking players and he
instructs Sagnol to defend against him.
24
What are the duties of the assistant
referees and where are they positioned?
One of the assistants is responsible for
supervising the players who are currently
not competing, while the other is
positioned on the goal line. The assistant
on the goal line will assist the referee with
decisions in a similar way to an additional
assistant referee. Both the referee and the
assistant on the goal line will adjudicate on
whether a ball is in or out of play. If the
competition is using additional assistant
referees, you can read about their duties
and positioning on page 37.
However, without the clutter of bodies
hindering visibility and with the referees
always in close proximity to the play,
refereeing mistakes during ADG should
be a rarity. And as the players currently
not competing must remain in the disused
half of the field, a group of players can’t
surround and intimidate the referee.
Furthermore, two incidents that often
result in contentious decisions, the offside
rule and whether a foul is committed
inside or outside the penalty area, are
not factors during ADG. And in 2016,
the International Football Association
Board began trials in the use of video
assistant referees. This is another positive
development for ADG’s implementation.
Won’t ADG put extra pressure on the
referees and their assistants?
Any alternative to the shootout that places
the emphasis back on football skill, will
inevitably put some pressure back on
the referees. And I doubt there’s anyone
involved with refereeing who is eager to
see the shootout replaced. It’s a format
that makes it virtually impossible for the
referee to make a mistake that influences
the outcome of the match.
And aren’t the costs of a slight increase
in pressure on the referee outweighed by
the benefits? Quite simply, what ADG
will deliver is spectacular and exhilarating
goals. It’s due to the skill and grace of
movement of the world’s great players that
we call football the “beautiful game” and
the reason why it’s the most popular sport
on earth. It’s also of course why Messi,
Ronaldo and Marta are continuously
rated as the world’s best players. As the
marketing people say, “If you’ve got a great
product, let the product speak for itself.”
In what way is ADG different to other
alternatives that have been put forward?
Any successful alternative has to be about
scoring goals. I was never a fan of ideas
like counting woodwork strikes, corners,
cautions or any of the other things that have
been suggested. We have to see the ball
going into the net. I think the Americans
were on the right track with their NASL
shootout which was later used in the MLS.
The shootout started thirty-five yards from
the goal and the player had five seconds to
attempt a shot. No less a figure than Johan
Cruyff said, “This is spectacular and not
as brutal as penalties.” 3 More recently he
said, “I still think in Europe they should
try it.” 8 Carlos Alberto has also said of the
NASL shootout, that “it makes the game
more emotional.” 8
25
The dynamic nature of the American
shootout rendered the penalty shootout as
a static and clinical contest. MLS discarded
their shootout in 1999, not because it
was unpopular, but because they wanted
“to bring the MLS game into accordance
with how the game is played throughout
the world.” 9 Former USA goalkeeper,
Winston DuBose says, “FIFA wanted to
whip America into line with the rest of the
world. The NASL shootout is unbelievably
exciting. Can you imagine Lionel Messi
against Tim Howard, or something like
that? It would be unbelievable to see that,
fantastic. FIFA’s extremely reluctant to
change and it’s crazy.” 10
Not to mention the scheduling nightmare,
because no one can guess how long these
matches are going to last. Compare this to
ADG, which would be completed in ten
to fifteen minutes. It’s also been suggested
that if those alternatives were introduced,
supporters might miss the dramatic
tension of the penalty shootout and I
believe that’s possible. The beauty of ADG
is that it combines the skill and athleticism
of open play with the inherent drama and
tension of the shootout.
There’s also the idea of having the shootout
take place before extra time. If the match
is still drawn after extra time, then the
winners of the shootout are victorious.
The thinking behind this, is that it forces
the team that lost the shootout to attack in
extra time. But surely it’s just as likely to
encourage the other team to play defensive
football. Furthermore, the one redeeming
feature of the penalty kick shootout is the
ability to create tension, which of course is
sacrificed if it precedes extra time.
What will ADG’s scoring rate be?
The scoring rate for penalty kicks is in the
75-80% range and ADG will likely be an
inverse of this. So, in the 20-25% range for
professional players. This is similar to the
American shootout, which was 30-35%.
Competing against an extra player makes
ADG more difficult, but this is offset by
increasing the time limit and punishing
any foul with a penalty kick.
Other alternatives such as endless extra
time and the intermittent removal of
players have their merits, but there’s always
going to be the issue of excessively long
matches and the likelihood of player injury.
How does ADG deal with injuries?
As per Law 32, each team is allowed two
additional substitutions and the law is
deliberately designed to aid teams who
sustain injuries during ADG. While the
Laws of the Game allow for a maximum of
twelve substitutes to be nominated prior to
the start of a match, competitions utilising
ADG would require a minimum of six.
Three substitutions are allocated as usual
to normal play, two substitutions to ADG,
while the remaining substitution could be
allocated to a substitute goalkeeper.
26
What about injury concerns with players
cooling down before competing in ADG?
A criticism that ADG sometimes attracts,
is that as players cool down they will
inevitably suffer more injuries. But data
collected by the English FA Medical
Research Programme and published by the
British Journal of Sports Medicine in 20032004 on the timing of hamstring 11 and
ankle strains 12 contradicts this premise. A
total of 91 football clubs from the English
football leagues committed to the study
which occurred over two seasons. The
research found that the two periods when
players’ core body temperatures are at
their lowest levels,13 namely the first 15
minutes of the match and the 15 minutes
immediately following half time, actually
contained the lowest number of injuries in
both the studies.11,12 In fact, almost half of
the reported injuries occurred during the
last 15 minutes of each half when body
temperatures are actually at their highest.
These findings support the notion that
fatigue, rather than core body temperature
is the predisposing factor for these injuries.
For those competitions favouring ADG,
it’s then a matter of deciding how it will
integrate with the other procedures. For
instance, competitions that take place
over two legs may opt to play away goals,
discard extra time and instead move
straight into ADG.
However, there is currently a lot of
conjecture about the relevance and indeed
merit of the away goals rule. “I believe
the tactical weight of the away goal has
become too important,” Arsène Wenger
said at a conference in 2008. “Teams get
a 0-0 draw at home and they’re happy.
Instead of having a positive effect it has
been pushed too far tactically in the
modern game. It has the opposite effect
than it was supposed to have at the start.
It favours defending well when you play at
home.” 14
How would ADG be implemented?
There are currently three procedures to
determine the result of a match or a homeand-away: away goals, extra time and
kicks from the penalty mark. ADG could
be a fourth procedure and competitions
could then choose between the penalty
kick shootout and ADG.
“It was an artificial regulation brought
in to avoid a third match”, says former
Scotland manager and UEFA technical
director Andy Roxburgh. “It was to
encourage elite teams to attack. What
actually happens is that it works the
other way around. It’s encouraged home
teams to defend. It gives certain goals
an added value and you can argue that’s
artificial. It encourages caution that
wouldn’t be there if you removed it. It
was introduced for the right reasons but
it’s time to look at it.” 15
27
The former FIFA President, Sepp Blatter
says, “Football has progressed since the
1960s, so the away goals rule may now
be questioned. Does away goals rule still
make sense?” 16
Journalist and author of Inverting the
Pyramid: The History of Football Tactics,
Jonathan Wilson writes, “The away goals
rule first made an appearance in European
football in the Cup Winners’ Cup in
1965, primarily to eliminate the need for
replays, which were costly and difficult to
arrange. Given the alternative was flipping
a coin, it probably seemed the lesser of
two evils and, besides, back then it made
a certain sense. Only 16% of all European
away games then resulted in an away win.
Away trips were difficult as travel was
gruelling and away teams would often
face unfamiliar and hostile conditions. As
a consequence, the tendency was for the
away side to absorb pressure and try to
keep the score down.” 14
What about football being “a simple
game” and keeping it that way?
The phrase “a simple game” dates back
to 1862 when a teacher at Uppingham
School in England drew up a set of ten
laws entitled The Simplest Game. These
ten laws which are also known as the
Uppingham Rules totalled a mere 253
words.17 By contrast, the word count for
the seventeen laws in the current edition
of IFAB’s Laws of the Game is over 13,000.
This is a testament to the fact that the laws
have evolved to a point where football is
now a highly complex sport. What was
indeed once “a simple game” has morphed
into a sophisticated sport where players,
managers and referees dedicate decades to
perfecting their skills. Over the past 150
years the Laws of the Game have expanded
exponentially and the sport has undergone
radical transformations. Consequently,
the idea of football being “a simple game”
is an anachronism.
“But circumstances have changed. In each
of the last five years, between 30 and 35%
of matches in European competition have
been won by the away side: even if you
wanted to make the argument that the
away goals rule has worked, the original
rationale for its introduction has gone.
Transport is better now, there is a great
homogeneity of conditions while the
differences between a German side and
a Spanish side, or a Russian side and a
French side, are far less than they were.
Away trips simply aren’t as frightening
as they once were and so the away goal
becomes a weird distorter.” 14
So, another option would be to discard
away goals, play extra time and then ADG.
Or alternatively, discard both extra time
and away goals and simply play ADG.
So, if ADG initially appears somewhat
complicated, we must also acknowledge
that the sport’s rulebook spans 206 pages.
But many things which are actually
highly detailed and complicated on paper,
become comprehensible and deceptively
simple when they are physically played
out. And this will be the case with ADG.
28
The penalty kick itself has been around
for over 100 years, isn’t that justification
for the penalty shootout?
Les Murray, an Australian journalist and
television commentator writes, “To begin
with penalty kicks were invented as tools
of punishment for offences. It is inherently
abhorrent that tools of punishment should
be used to decide games. Proponents of
shootouts make the case that penalties
are part of football. Yes, but only when
someone has committed a foul inside the
penalty area. As genuine, intended arbiters
of a game’s outcome, they are not part of
the game and never have been. The men
who drew up the Laws of the Game all
those years ago would be spinning in their
graves at the thought that penalties are
now deciding World Cup finals.” 18
How do you reply to those who say ADG
is a gimmick and not real football?
Everyone is frightened of change, but we
also know that the penalty shootout is
an unsatisfactory solution and that’s why
we’ve seen things like golden goal and
silver goal. And while these experiments
were ultimately deemed unsuccessful, this
should in no way hinder or disqualify the
development of other new alternatives. I
know people will say that ADG isn’t real
football and contrary to the Laws of the
Game, but I will always argue that ADG
is more about the purity of football and
the dynamic beauty of the game than the
shootout will ever be.
Of course ADG is a bold and radical
alternative, but the very nature of a
diabolical problem necessitates creative
thinking and innovation. It’s also important
to remember that prior to the shootout,
drawn matches were decided by the toss
of a coin. I doubt that even the shootout’s
most vociferous critics would argue that its
introduction wasn’t an improvement over
the coin toss, and I believe ADG should
be viewed as another step forward in this
evolutionary process.
What’s the future hold for ADG?
For things to even begin to change we will
undoubtedly have to wait until another
major final goes to penalties. And then
I wonder what alternatives will surface?
With minimal funds and resources, I’ve
single handedly developed a credible
and comprehensive alternative that is
ready to be tested. And what will FIFA
with their 400 staff and one billion dollar
bank balance come up with? I’ve written
to Jean-Paul Brigger who is head of the
FIFA technical department many times
over the years, but have never received any
acknowledgement.
29
While I can understand that it is in the
interest of referees and their departments
to be dismissive of alternatives to the
shootout, I’ll never understand how a
technical department can be. When the
shootout was introduced in 1970, football
was a very different sport. Four years
earlier Pelé was literally kicked out of the
World Cup and even considered quitting
the game. Move forward four decades
and the skill level of players continues its
never-ending upward spiral with the 2015
FIFA Women’s World Cup being the most
recent example.
But I guess I shouldn’t be surprised by
the lack of response from FIFA’s inner
sanctum. If you have followed the news
for the last few years you already know
what a pox on the game they have been.
And if anyone says that the Laws of the
Game are a matter for IFAB, it’s important
to understand that FIFA have four of the
eight votes, and any new law can not pass
without a three-quarters majority and thus
their approval.
I’ve tried to develop a thorough proposal
and anticipate likely problems, but only
practical testing will reveal its strengths
and flaws. It’s then of course a matter
of getting feedback from the game’s
stakeholders such as players, fans, coaches
and managers, referees, sponsors and
administrators.
While Blatter was of course complicit
in the corruption, he inherited an
organization that was soured from the
moment João Havelange seized control.
It was hysterical to read on the FIFA
website how former executive committee
member Chuck Blazer’s favourite football
personality wasn’t a player such as Pelé,
Cruyff or Maradonna, but Havenlange
himself. Gianni Infantino has a massive
job to do and will face many challenges.
So, let’s hope he sincerely understands that
the game doesn’t belong to FIFA. It belongs
to the players and to the fans. And all real
football people know that it always will.
People involved with the game in the
USA have recently made contact and
are interested in conducting trials. If
you are involved with a club and are
likewise interested in testing ADG, then I
encourage you to do it. You can download
extra copies of this document and colourcoded scoresheets from the website.
Now more than ever, the sport deserves
a tie-breaker that rewards and showcases
the modern footballer for their immense
skill and athleticism. Things have to
change and change soon, otherwise in
2020 we’ll be “celebrating” fifty years of
the penalty shootout. In the intervening
years, two more World Cups and countless
other major tournaments will continue to
be decided a lottery where one team has
a 20% advantage! And as Karembeu says,
“Someone will get the bullet, you know
that. And it will reduce them to nothing.”
30
Facts
and
Trivia
The last eight FIFA World Cups have
produced twenty-five penalty shootouts,
which represents an average of just over
three per tournament.
Peñarol won the 1996 Copa Uruguay with
an American style shootout where the
players started from the centre circle and
had eight seconds to try and score a goal.19
Six of the last sixteen UEFA Champions
League finals have been decided by the
penalty kick shootout.
Prior to the shootout and when a replay
was not possible, drawn matches were
decided by drawing lots. Examples include
Italy’s win over the USSR in the semi final
of the 1968 European Championship.
Seven of the prevous seventeen Copa
Libertadores finals have been decided by
the penalty kick shootout.
The first shootout in a European Cup final
occurred in 1984 when Liverpool defeated
A.S. Roma. The match is best known for
the antics of Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce
Grobbelaar and his wobbling legs.
Israeli Yosef Dagan and former German
referee Karl Wald, both claim to be the
inventor of the penalty kick shootout.
The first international competition
decided by the shootout was the Euro
76 final between Czechoslovakia and
West Germany. The winning penalty was
converted by Panenka and his eponymous
chip kick was born.
The first penalty shootout in the FIFA
World Cup was the famous Spain 82 semi
final between West Germany and France.
The picture below shows the heartbreak of
Lionel Messi, arguably the greatest player
of all time, after his missed penalty in the
shootout of the 2016 Copa América final.
His teammates said that they’d never seen
him so devastated. Football is the only the
sport in the world that has implemented a
tie-breaker that crucifies its heroes.
The North American Soccer League in the
1970’s and then Major League Soccer in the
1990’s experimented with a variation on
the penalty shootout. The shootout started
thirty-five yards from the goal and the
player had five seconds to attempt a shot.
31
FIFA World Cup Penalty Shootout Data
YEAR
STAGE
WINNER
LOSER
SCORE
PSO SCORE
WKF*
1982
SF
West Germany
France
3-3
5-4
N
1986
QF
West Germany
Mexico
0-0
4-1
Y
1986
QF
France
Brazil
1-1
4-3
N
1986
QF
Belgium
Spain
1-1
5-4
N
1990
Last 16
Rep. of Ireland
Romania
0-0
5-4
N
1990
QF
Argentina
Yugoslavia
0-0
3-2
Y
1990
SF
Argentina
Italy
1-1
4-3
N
1990
SF
West Germany
England
1-1
4-3
N
1994
Last 16
Bulgaria
Mexico
1-1
3-1
N
1994
QF
Sweden
Romania
2-2
5-4
Y
1994
Final
Brazil
Italy
0-0
3-2
N
1998
Last 16
Argentina
England
2-2
4-3
Y
1998
QF
France
Italy
0-0
4-3
Y
1998
SF
Brazil
Netherlands
1-1
4-2
Y
2002
Last 16
Spain
Rep. of Ireland
1-1
3-2
N
2002
QF
South Korea
Spain
0-0
5-3
Y
2006
Last 16
Ukraine
Switzerland
0-0
3-0
Y
2006
QF
Germany
Argentina
1-1
4-2
Y
2006
QF
Portugal
England
0-0
3-1
Y
2006
Final
Italy
France
1-1
5-3
Y
2010
Last 16
Paraguay
Japan
0-0
5-3
Y
2010
QF
Uruguay
Ghana
1-1
4-2
Y
2014
Last 16
Brazil
Chile
1-1
3-2
Y
2014
Last 16
Costa Rica
Greece
1-1
5-3
Y
2014
QF
Netherlands
Costa Rica
0-0
4-3
N
2014
SF
Argentina
Netherlands
0-0
4-2
N
* Winner Kicked First in Penalty Shootout.
32
Famous Quotes
“When you go into extra time, we’re talking about drama.
But when we reach the penalty shootout, it’s a tragedy.” 2
Joseph S. Blatter
Former FIFA President
“A football match should be decided by an action of play.
Not some contrived process whose end result
is to mark a fine player such as Bossis,
Baresi or Baggio for the rest of his career.” 3
Michel Platini
Former French Player
“You know players miss penalties all the time but you still feel guilty.
I would rather we lost in extra-time.
I’ve never taken another penalty since then.” 5
Maxime Bossis
“At a certain point it gets too much.
You are forty-five but people still see you as missing the penalty.
I had difficulty finding a job because they said, ‘That one is unstable.’
And all that has come from this missed penalty kick.” 5
Didier Six
“It affected me for years. It is the worst moment of my career.
I still dream about it.
If I could erase a moment, it would be that one.” 4
Roberto Baggio
Former Italian Player
“It is loading a bullet into the chamber of a gun and
asking everyone to pull the trigger.
Someone will get the bullet, you know that.
And it will reduce them to nothing.” 3
Christian Karembeu
“So far, penalty shootouts have been used.
When or if someone clever comes up with something more interesting,
something the players will find more alluring or psychologically
more demanding, perhaps we can change the current system.” 20
Antonín Panenka
Former Czechoslovakian Player
33
“It (NASL shootout) makes the game more emotional.” 8
Carlos Alberto
Former Brazilian Player
“I thought it (NASL shootout) was fantastic!
I still think in Europe they should try it.” 8
Johan Cruyff
Former Dutch Player
“They (FIFA) wanted to whip America into line with the rest of the world.
(The NASL shootout is) unbelievably exciting.
Can you imagine Lionel Messi against Tim Howard, or something like that?
It would be unbelievable to see that, fantastic.
FIFA’s extremely reluctant to change and it’s crazy.” 10
Winston DuBose
Former USA Goalkeeper
“I don’t think you can give anyone advice for penalty shootouts.” 5
Gianluigi Buffon
Italian Goalkeeper
“Penalty kicks don’t necessarily mean the best team came out on top.” 21
Claudio Taffarel
Former Brazilian Goalkeeper
“The main factor in a penalty shootout is luck again.
You need to stay calm and focussed,
but the biggest thing you need is luck.” 22
Peter Shilton
Former English Goalkeeper
“It is neither fair nor right to decide a match on penalties.” 23
Miguel Munoz
Former Manager of Spain
“Penalty shooting is always an uncertain affair
because there is a lot of luck involved.” 24
Franz Beckenbauer
Former Manager of West Germany
“Everyone knows it’s unfair to have games
decided by a penalty shootout.” 21
Gerardo Martino
Former Manager of Paraguay
34
“We ought not be subjecting people to this kind of pressure.
Penalties put too much strain on one player.
It could ruin his career if he’s not a strong character.
If you feel for the rest of your life that everyone could of had a
winners’ medal but for you, it’s a hard thing to get over.” 3
Terry Venables
Former Manager of England
“Penalty shootouts have nothing to do with football.
It’s like shooting poor wee ducks at a fairground.” 3
Alex Smith
Former Manager of Aberdeen
“We realised we could not really beat Marseille unless they made a mistake.
So I told my players to be patient and to wait for penalties.
We practiced penalties a lot in our closed training
session on Tuesday and it paid off.” 25
Ljupko Petrovic
Former Manager of Red Star Belgrade
“We can walk away with our heads held high.
I don’t have a reason (to resign),
we only lost a game on penalties.” 26
Roberto Donadoni
Former Manager of Italy
“The penalties are always a lottery.” 27
Luiz Felipe Scolari
Former Manager of Portugal
“Every manager would like to see a match decided in 90 minutes.
Because I don’t think there’s any way you can prepare for penalty kicks.” 21
Joachim Loew
Manager of Germany
“One does not remember the winners.
One remains haunted by the losers.” 7
A.S. Byatt
Writing in The Observer
“Penalties are not football.
They are not even as television people keep telling us, great drama.
They are cheap melodrama.” 3
Simon Barnes
Writing in The Times
35
“So the 15th World Cup was over,
the championship decided in favor of Brazil by penalty kicks,
which was the equivalent of taking Jack Nicklaus and Tom Watson
off the Augusta National after 72 even holes and
ordering them to settle The Masters at the
Putt-Putt miniature golf course.” 28
Ian Thomsen
Writing in The New York Times
“If they have a better solution, let them tell me.” 5
Yosef Dagan
Former Israeli Football Administrator
“I am happy that we have penalties now, of course.
Everyone is enthusiastic and no one is against it.” 29
Karl Wald
Former German Referee
“We don’t consider we lost on football but to a circus turn.” 3
Jock Stein
Former Celtic Manager
“I do not want any match to go to penalty kicks.
It makes no sense to play 120 minutes of football
and then to decide a winner in such a manner.” 3
Enzo Bearzot
Former Manager of Italy
“My heart shrank to nothing and I was psychologically destroyed.” 5
Bruno Conti
Former Roma Player
“I did not volunteer to take the penalty. Nobody does.” 3
Clarence Seedorf
Former Dutch Player
“Of course coaches like shootouts because they
can say that defeat was not their fault.
But the people who run the game should take the long-term view.” 3
Michel Platini
Former UEFA President
“Penalties are awful, unfair, but what else is there?” 3
Laurent Blanc
36
Additional Assistant Referees
• One additional assistant referee is positioned on the goal line and assists the referee with
decisions in the normal way.
• The other additional assistant referee is positioned in the penalty area of the disused half of
the field and supervises the players who are currently not competing.
• As there is no offside rule during ADG, the assistant referees will track with the play along
the touchlines. This will be of great benefit when assisting the referee with decisions and also
adjudicating on whether a ball is in or out of play.
Additional Assistant Referee
Other Players
Assistant
Referee
Referee
Attacker
Assistant
Referee
Defender
Goalkeeper
Additional Assistant Referee
Goalkeeper of Attacker’s Team
Player and Referee Starting Positions with Additional Assistant Referees
37
References
1. Professor Ignacio Palacios-Huerta, Beautiful Game Theory: How Soccer Can Help Economics,
Princeton University Press, 2014
2. Author not cited, Soccer: Blatter against shootout in final, The New York Times, 27 September 2006
3. Clark Miller, He Always Puts it to the Right, Orion Books Ltd, UK, 1999
4. Steve Slater, Penalties will put World Cup players on the spot, http://uk.reuters.com, 27 May 2010
5. Ben Lyttleton, Twelve Yards: The Art and Psychology of the Perfect Penalty, Bantam Press, 2014
6. The Scottish Football Association Ltd., Minutes of the Meeting of the Working Party set up by the
International Football Association Board, 20 February 1970
7. AS Byatt, Lie back and think of Europe, The Observer, 29 June 2008
8. Paul Crowder and John Dower, Once In a Lifetime: The Extraordinary Story of The New York
Cosmos, Passion Pictures/Cactus Three/ESPN Original Entertainment/Greene Street Films, 2006
9. Don Garber teleconference, Shootout banned; TV lineup changed, CNN, 18 November 1999
10. Ian Plenderleith, Rock ‘n’ Roll Soccer: The Short Life and Fast Times of the North American Soccer
League, Icon Books, 2014
11. C Woods, R D Hawkins, S Maltby, M Hulse, A Thomas, A Hodson, The Football Association
Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football: analysis of hamstring
injuries, British Journal of Sports Medicine 2004; 38:36–41
12. C Woods, R Hawkins, M Hulse, A Hodson, The Football Association Medical Research Programme:
an audit of injuries in professional football: an analysis of ankle sprains, British Journal of Sports
Medicine 2003; 37:233–238
13. A M Edwards, N A Clark, Thermoregulatory observations in soccer match play: professional and
recreational level applications using an intestinal pill system to measure core temperature, British
Journal of Sports Medicine 2006; 40:133–138
14. Jonathan Wilson, Is the away-goals rule counterproductive?, www.guardian.com, 13 March 2013
15. Johnathan Fadugba, Should the Away Goals Rule be Scrapped?, Four Four Two, 22 April 2015
16. Mike Collett, Away goals rule has become outdated, says Blatter, www.in.reuters.com, 10 October 2014
17. Sir Stanley Rous and Donald Ford, A History of the Laws of Association Football, Fédération
Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), 1974
18. Les Murray, Sudden Death Romance, www.theworldgame.sbs.com.au, 13 February 2008
19. Andrew Ward, Ward’s Soccerpedia: The Lore and Laws of the Beautiful Game, Anova Books, 2006
20. Chris Wyatt, The art of taking a penalty, http://news.bbc.co.uk, BBC Sport, 5 June 2008
21. Kevin Baxter, In World Cup, penalty shootouts kick up controversy, The Los Angeles Times, 9 July 2010
22. Author not cited, Peter Shilton: I wanted to be a goalkeeper from the moment someone put two
coats down in the playground, www.malehealth.co.uk, 8 June 2006
23. Author not cited, There Must Be A Better Way Than Penalty-kick System, The Philadelphia
Inquirer, 24 June 1986
24. Barry Wilner, Argentina’s Maradona too much for England, The Deseret News, 23 June 1986
25. Author not cited, The joy of six: inspired tactical switches, www.guardian.co.uk, 10 July 2007
26. Mitch Phillips, Mental approach holds key to penalty success, Reuters, 25 June 2008
27. Author not cited, Scolari pays tribute to resilient England, ESPN FC, 1 July 2006
28. Ian Thomsen, For Soccer to Win American Hearts, It Must Create Some Heroes, NY Times, 20 July 1994
29. Mike Atkins, Father of shoot-outs puts Swiss, English on spot, The Times of Malta, 6 July 2006
38

Attacker Defender Goalkeeper - A New Alternative to the Penalty

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