Compatrative analysis of MD edu framework in 4 EU

This analysis was prepared in frame of the project
COMDENT titled “Developing communication
competences among medical doctors with
specialization in dentistry” co-funded by European
Union Programme ERASMUS +.
The views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the authors. Content presented in
the publication do not present the official position of the European Union institutions.
The publication prepared by: KIKO Business Solutions, Mind Master Creative, SYNOLIC ltd ,
ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt.
All rights reserved. © Project COMDENT: KIKO Business Solutions, Mind Master Creative,
SYNOLIC ltd , ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt.
Neither part of the study can be used without the express written consent of the authors of
the publication.
More information about the project: www.comdent.co
Project’s office:
KIKO Business Solutions
Zebra Tower
Mokotowska 1 Street,
00-640 Warsaw
e-mail: info@comdent.co
www.comdent.co
1
English executive summary
Let us present
“International comparative analysis of the Medical Dentists educational framework in
terms of communication”.
The analysis presents the actual information on the statistical data regarding
dentistry students and the educational system in selected European countries in
communication between dentists and patients. One of the main conclusions is
communication skills are not taught as separated courses on most universities
(especially in the obligatory study programmes).
dentists,
terms of
that the
analysed
The research was conducted in four European countries by KIKO Business Solutions from
Poland, Mind Master Creative from Romania, SYNOLIC ltd from Greece and ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt
from Austria. The European Union selected the team of expert Institutions (specialised in
communication, education and with international dimension) to conduct the trans-European
research for developing and enhancing the communication skills of medical dentists.
The international research is a part of the innovative project co-funded by the European
Union titled “Developing communication competences among medical doctors with
specialization in dentistry” (with acronym COMDENT).
The main target of the project is to create the training programme and methodology –
curriculum for medical dentists in the subject of communication with patient with special
emphasis on the work with fear.
2
Polish executive summary
Oddajemy w Państwa ręce:
„Międzynarodową analizę
w kontekście komunikacji”.
porównawczą
modelu
nauczania
lekarzy
dentystów
Analiza zawiera informacje na temat danych statystycznych dotyczących dentystów
i studentów stomatologii oraz systemu edukacyjnego – w kontekście komunikacji między
dentystą, a pacjentem – w wybranych państwach europejskich. Jednym z głównych
wniosków jest fakt, że umiejętności komunikacyjne nie są nauczane w formie odrębnych
przedmiotów na większości analizowanych uniwersytetów (zwłaszcza w ramach
obligatoryjnego programu studiów).
Badania przeprowadzono w czterech krajach europejskich przez KIKO Business Solutions
z Polski, Mind Master Creative z Rumunii, SYNOLIC ltd z Grecji i ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt z Austrii.
W programie Unii Europejskiej został wybrany zespół eksperckich instytucji (ze specjalizacją
w obszarach komunikacji, edukacji i projektów międzynarodowych), który prowadzi
transeuropejskie badania mające na celu rozwój i wzmocnienie umiejętności
komunikacyjnych lekarzy dentystów.
Niniejsze międzynarodowe badania stanowią część innowacyjnego projektu
dofinansowywanego ze środków Unii Europejskiej: „Doskonalenie umiejętności
komunikacyjnych wśród lekarzy dentystów” (akronim: COMDENT).
Głównym celem projektu jest opracowanie programu szkoleniowego dla lekarzy dentystów
oraz metodologii jego stosowania w obszarze komunikacji z pacjentem, ze szczególnym
naciskiem na pracę z pacjentem z lękiem przed zabiegami stomatologicznymi.
3
Romanian executive summary
Să ne prezentăm
"Analiză comparativă la nivel internațional a cadrului educațional in specialitatea
stomtologie în termeni de comunicare".
Analiza prezintă informații cu privire la datele statistice referitoare la stomatologi, studenți
la stomatologie precumși sistemul educațional din țările europene selectate in ceea ce
privește comunicarea dintre stomatologi și pacienți. Una dintre principalele concluzii este că
abilitatile de comunicare nu sunt luate in calcul in cele mai multe universitati analizate (mai
ales in programele obligatorii).
Studiul a fost realizat în patru țări europene de către KIKO Business Solutions Polonia, Mind
Master Creative din România, SYNOLIC ltd din Grecia și ÖTZ-NLP &NLPt din Austria. Uniunea
Europeană a selectat echipa instituțiilor de experți (specializată în comunicare si educație cu
dimensiune internațională), pentru a efectua activități de cercetare trans-europene în scopul
dezvoltării șiîmbunătățirii competențelor de comunicare ale medicilor stomatologi.
Cercetarea internațională este parte din proiectul inovativ co-finanțat de Uniunea
Europeană"Dezvoltarea competențelor de comunicare a medicilor cu specializare în
stomatologie" denumit COMDENT.
Obiectivul principal al proiectului este de a crea programul de training și metodologiacurriculumpentru medici stomatologi pe aria de comunicare cu pacientul, cu accent special
pe lucrul cu pacienți care au frică de procedurile stomatologice.
4
Greek executive summary
«Ευρωπαϊκή συγκριτική ανάλυση στα πλαίσια της εκπαίδευσης οδοντιάτρων σε θέματα
επικοινωνίας με τους ασθενής τους»
Η έκθεση παρουσιάζει τα ευρήματα και στατιστικά στοιχεία μεταξύ κρατών μέλλων της ΕΕ
σχετικά με την εκπαίδευση των οδοντιάτρων σε θέματα επικοινωνίας με του ασθενήςπελάτες τους.
Ένα σημαντικό συμπέρασμα της έρευνας, που προέκυψε από τη μελέτη καιανάλυση των
δεδομένων που συλλέχθηκαν και των συνεντεύξεων που διεξήχθησαν, είναι ότι τα
εκπαιδευτικά προγράμματα των πανεπιστημίων των κρατών μελών της ΕΕ , σε θέματα
ανάπτυξης δεξιοτήτων επικοινωνίας με ασθενείς / πελάτες, μπορούν να βελτιωθούν και να
εξελιχθούν σημαντικά με σύγχρονα μοντέλα και συστήματα .
Η έρευνα έχει διεξαχθεί υπό την αιγίδα της ΕΕ και του προγράμματος Erasmus+. Ο τρόπος
επιλογής των εταιρειών να διεξάγουν τη σχετική ερευνά, έγινε βάση της εξειδίκευσης τους
σε θέματα επικοινωνίας και ειδικών συστημάτων ανάπτυξης του δυναμικού των
ανθρώπων.
Οι εταιρείες/ιδρύματα είναι οι: KIKO Business Solutions από την Πολωνία, Mind
MasterCreation από τη Ρουμανία, SYNOLIC®– nlpingreece® από την Ελλάδα και Ötz-NLP
&NLPt από την Αυστρία.
Η έκθεση της έρευναςαποτελεί μέρος του καινοτόμου έργου που συγχρηματοδοτείται από
την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση με τίτλο «Ανάπτυξη δεξιοτήτων επικοινωνίας μεταξύ των ιατρών με
ειδικότητα στην οδοντιατρική" και ακρωνύμιο COMDENT.
Ο κύριος στόχος του έργου είναι η δημιουργία ενός εξειδικευμένου εκπαιδευτικού
προγράμματοςμε σκοπό να εξελίξει τις ικανότητες επικοινωνίας των οδοντιάτρων με τους
ασθενείς καθώς επίσης και μιας μεθοδολογίας στο θέμα διαχείρισης ασθενών με φοβία.
5
German executive summary
Wir freuen uns, eine kurze Zusammenfassung unseres Projekts vorstellen zu dürfen:
Internationale Vergleichstudie der Zahnärzte Ausbildung bzgl. Kommunikation
Die Analyse zeigt aktuelle statistische Daten bzgl. ZahnärztInnen, ZahnarztstudentInnen und
der Ausbildungssysteme in den untersuchten Ländern bzgl. der Kommunikation zwischen
ZahnärztInnen und PatientInnen. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis ist, dass die praktische Aus- und
Fortbildung in diesem Bereich signifikant verbessert werden sollte, da KommunikationsKompetenzen in einem Großteil der untersuchten Universitäten nicht gelehrt werden
(besonders in den Pflichtfächern).
Das Forschungsprojekt wurde in 4 Ländern durchgeführt. Die Partner sind KIKO Business
Solutions, Warschau, Polen, Mind Master Creative Bukarest Rumänien, Synolic Ltd Athen,
Griechenland und ÖTZ NLP & NLPt Wien, Österreich.
Diese Institutionen sind Experten für Kommunikation und Training im internationalen
Kontext. Sie wurden von der Europäische Union ausgewählten, das Forschungsprojekt zur
Entwicklung und Verbesserung der Kommunikation von ZahnärztInnen durchzuführen.
Diese internationale Forschung ist Teil des innovativen, EU geförderten Projects
"Entwicklung kommunikativer Kompetenzen für Zahnärzte" mit dem Aktonym COMDENT
Das wesentliche Ziel des Projektes ist die Entwicklung von Trainingsprogrammen und
methodischer Curricula im Bereich der Patientenkommunikation mit spezieller
Berücksichtigung in der Arbeit mit Ängsten.
6
Comparative analysis of the Medical Dentists educational
framework in four European countries
The table of contents
I. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework
in dentistry in Poland developed by KIKO Business Solutions .............................................. 10
1.
1.1.
Statistical data on medical dentists in Poland .............................................................. 10
Gender and age of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in
Poland.. ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.
Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Poland ............................... 13
3.
Education system on medical universities in Poland .................................................... 14
3.1.
Formal rules of study ................................................................................................. 14
3.2.
Existing universities educating on dentistry in Poland .............................................. 15
3.3.
Medical education on communication with the patient ........................................... 16
3.4.
Obligatory practice .................................................................................................... 16
3.5.
Final exam .................................................................................................................. 17
4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Poland .................................................. 17
4.1. Obligatory postgraduate dental internship ................................................................... 18
4.2. Dental specialities .......................................................................................................... 18
4.3.
MBA as a form of postgraduate education for medical dentists in Poland .............. 20
7
II. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework
in dentistry in Romania developed by Mind Master Creative ............................................... 22
1.
1.1.
Statistical data on medical dentists in Romania ........................................................... 22
Gender of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in
Romania ................................................................................................................................ 26
1.2.
Number of Dental Cliniques in Romania ................................................................... 27
2.
Statistical data on graduates in dentistry in Romania .................................................. 27
3.
Education system on medical universities in Romania ................................................. 28
3.1. Formal rules of study ..................................................................................................... 28
3.2.
4.
Existing universities educating on dentistry in Romania and program of study ....... 28
Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Romania ............................................ 31
There is no obligatory postgraduate dental internship in Romania. ................................... 31
4.1. Dental specialities .......................................................................................................... 32
III. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework
in dentistry in Greece developed by SYNOLIC ltd .................................................................. 33
1.
Statistical data on medical dentists in Greece .............................................................. 33
2.
Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Greece ............................... 34
2.1.
3.
Gender of graduates in dentistry in Greece .............................................................. 34
Education system on medical universities in Greece .................................................... 34
3.1.
Formal rules of study ................................................................................................. 34
3.2.
Existing universities educating on dentistry in Greece ............................................. 36
3.3.
Study program in dentistry ........................................................................................ 36
4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Greece .................................................. 38
8
IV. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework
in dentistry in Austria developed by ÖTZ-NLP&NLPt ............................................................. 39
1.
1.2.
Statistical data on medical dentists in Austria .............................................................. 39
Gender of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists
in Austria… ............................................................................................................................ 40
2.
Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Austria ............................... 40
3.
Education system on medical universities in Austria .................................................... 41
3.1.
Formal rules of study ................................................................................................. 41
3.2.
Existing universities educating on dentistry in Austria ............................................. 41
4.
4.1.
Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Austria............................................... 42
Dental specialities ...................................................................................................... 42
9
I. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational
system framework in dentistry in Poland developed by KIKO
Business Solutions
1. Statistical data on medical dentists in Poland
In the OECD’s report “Health Care Resources” the newest available data from 2012 indicate
that 38,848 medical dentists in Poland were licensed to practice, 13,549 of them were
professionally active and 12,491 of them were practising dentists.
Below is presented the data on number of medical dentists in Poland in 2009, 2010, 2011
and 2012.
2009
2010
2011
2012
Practising dentists
12 169
12 549
13 033
12 491
Professionally
active dentists
12 894
13 600
14 103
13 549
Dentists licensed to
practice
36 945
37 616
38 335
38 848
The table was created based on data from: Health Care Resources, OECD.StatExtracts
According to data from the Central Register of Medical and Dental Practitioners in Poland (in
Polish: Centralny Rejestr Lekarzy RP) 39,679 medical dentists (and additionally 605 medics
who were double licensed to practice) were members of The Polish Chamber of Physicians
and Dentists (in Polish: Naczelna Izba Lekarska) in 2014. 34,893 of them (and 454 of double
licensed) were professionally active.
10
Number of medical dentists according to regions (voivodeships) in Poland
Region (voivodeship)
Professionally active
dentists
Double licensed to
practice (doctor and
dentist)
3 024
12
1 261
11
Lublin (lubelskie)
2 103
12
Lubusz (lubuskie)
791
6
Łódź (łódzkie)
2 676
46
Lesser Poland (małopolskie)
3 250
33
Masovian (mazowieckie)
5 675
112
665
8
Subcarpathian (podkarpackie)
1 578
7
Podlaskie (podlaskie)
1 383
29
Pomeranian (pomorskie)
2 106
11
Silesian (śląskie)
3 883
93
Świętokrzyskie (świętokrzyskie)
1 048
6
Warmian-Masurian (warmińsko-
907
3
Greater Poland (wielkopolskie)
2 809
52
West Pomeranian
1 632
11
102
2
34 893
454
Lower Silesian (dolnośląskie)
Kuyavian-Pomeranian (kujawskopomorskie)
Opole (opolskie)
mazurskie)
(zachodniopomorskie)
Lack of the information or unknown
code
Total number
The table was created based on data from: Centralny Rejestr Lekarzy RP, 09.01.2015,
http://www.nil.org.pl/rejestry/centralny-rejestr-lekarzy/informacje-statystyczne
11
1.1.
Gender and age of professionally active and licensed to practice
medical dentists in Poland
Number of medical dentists in Poland according to gender and age
Gender
Male
Female
Age range
Professionally active
dentists
…to 25
136
Double licensed to
practice (doctor and
dentist)
0
26-30
1 195
5
31-35
1 129
15
36-40
1 068
43
41-45
1 137
54
46-50
1 108
43
51-55
746
29
56-60
695
25
61-65
498
11
66-70
291
13
70 and more
429
19
8 432
257
…to 25
420
0
26-30
3 030
1
31-35
2 896
20
36-40
2 796
29
41-45
3 038
43
46-50
3 612
23
51-55
3 004
32
56-60
2 308
17
61-65
2 349
12
66-70
1 380
5
70 and more
1 628
15
26 461
197
The table was created based on data from: Centralny Rejestr Lekarzy
http://www.nil.org.pl/rejestry/centralny-rejestr-lekarzy/informacje-statystyczne
RP,
09.01.2015,
12

Gender of medical dentists in Poland
The data on age and gender of medical dentists in Poland (collected by the Central Register
of Medical and Dental Practitioners in Poland) indicate that in 2015 there are 35,347
professionally active dentists and only 24,6% of them (8,689 persons) are men. So it is a
definitely feminised profession in Poland.

Age structure of medical dentists in Poland (to 45 years)
In the statement of the Central Register of Medical and Dental Practitioners in Poland from
01.09.2015 the youngest age group (to 25 years) is 1.6% (556 people) of dentists working in
Poland. That data clearly indicate that most people start working in this profession at the
age after 25.
Among dentists licensed to practice in Poland 12% (4,231 people) is in the age group 26-30
years, 11.5% (4,060) in the range of 31-35 years and the next 11.1% (3,936) in the range of
36-40 years; and the next 12.1% (4,272) in the range of 41-45 years.
Altogether in Poland in the group of professionally active dentists at the age of 26-45 years is
16,499 persons, which represents 46.7% of all Polish dentists.
2. Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Poland
In recent years intake for the first year of study at the dentistry in Poland amounted to
approx. 1200 listeners. On the list of Council of European Dentists from 2014 in terms of the
number of students in relation to the population Poland is in 11th place among 29 European
countries (1 dental student/31.3 thou. inhabitants in Poland, for comparison in Romania 1
student/12.4 thou. and in the Netherlands 1 student/67.9 thou.). Additionally, in the
statement of the absolute number of students of dentistry Polandwith the number of 1231
listeners is in fourth place behind Germany, Romania and Spain.
In recent years the number of graduates in dentistry in Poland ranges between 700 and
1,000 people per year. In 2014 809 persons received the dental diploma (the report of
Council of European Dentists, see the table below).
13
Statistics on students and graduates in dentistry in Poland, Romania, Greece and Austria
Country
Poland
Romania
Greece
Austria
Number of inhabitants in
38,5
22,2
10,7
8,2
31,3
12,4
42,8
49,7
Number of medical universities
10
10
2
4
Public universities
10
8
2
3
Private universities
0
2
0
1
Annual intake in dentistry
1 231
1 800
250
165
Number of diplomas
809
1 700
275
119
Percentage of women in dental
80
70
62
65
5
6
5
6
millions
Number of students/thousand
of inhabitants
studies
Time of study in years
The table was created based on data from: The list of Council of European Dentists, cited in: Liczba studentów
stomatologii w UE - Polska w środku stawki, 13.01.2015, http://www.infodent24.pl/edudentpost/liczbastudentow-stomatologii-w-ue-polska-w-srodku-stawki,102308.html
3. Education system on medical universities in Poland
Finished studies at the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (in Polish: kierunek lekarskodentystyczny) are necessary to obtain the title of medical dentist and license to practice (for
detailed description of the educational system in dentistry in Poland please refer to the next
points in this section).
3.1.
Formal rules of study
• Duration of study: 5 years
• Mode of study: stationary (public funding) or non-stationary (private funding)
14
• Entering exam: no (but for details of the recruitment please refer to the next point)
• Recruitment procedure: it is based on the results of Matura Exam/IB - Baccalaureate
(subjects: chemistry, biology, mathematics, physics - depending on the university which of
them are required)
3.2.
Existing universities educating on dentistry in Poland
In Poland are 10 universities (all of them public) that offer education on the Faculty of
Medicine and Dentistry:
- Wroclaw Medical University, in Polish: Akademia Medyczna im. Piastów Śląskich we
Wrocławiu (www.am.wroc.pl)
- Medical University of Gdansk, in Polish: Gdański Uniwersytet
Medyczny
(www.amg.gda.pl)
- Pomeranian Medical University, in Polish: Pomorska Akademia Medyczna w Szczecinie
(www.pam.szczecin.pl)
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, in Polish: Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w
Katowicach (www.slam.katowice.pl)
- Medical University of Bialystok, in Polish: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku
(www.umb.edu.pl)
- Jagiellonian University Medical College - Collegium Medicum, in Polish: Collegium
Medicum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego (www.cm-uj.krakow.pl)
- Medical University of Lublin, in Polish: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie
(www.umlub.pl)
-
Medical
University
of
Lodz,
in
Polish:
Uniwersytet
Medyczny
w
Łodzi
(www.umed.lodz.pl)
15
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Polish: Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola
Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu (www.ump.edu.pl)
- Medical University of Warsaw, in Polish: Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny
(www.wum.edu.pl)
3.3.
Medical education on communication with the patient
There are some courses regarding communication skills on Polish medical universities. Some
of them are obligatory and some of them not (they are elective/facultative courses).
 Obligatory courses:
o Medical Psychology (4 universities)
o Professionalism in Medicine (1 university)
o Anti-stress Strategies (1 university)
 Facultative (non-obligatory) courses:
o Empathy in Medicine (1 university)
o The Practice of GP and Dentist – what is worth borrowing(1 university)
o Interpersonal Communication in the Dental Office (1 university)
o The agreement with the patient: communication and relationship (1
university)
3.4.
Obligatory practice
During the studies obligatory practical training for each student is 640 hours practice in the
scheme 16 weeks x 40 hours (they are carried out during the holiday season as a part of the
practical work). Detailed rules and form of apprenticeship depends on particular universities.
Below are presented information on fields of the obligatory practical training.
16
Nursing practice
2 weeks after 1st
year of study
Medical practice (general surgery, general
2 weeks after 1st
medicine or oral and maxillofacial surgery)
year of study
4 weeks after 2nd
Practice of dental hygienist
Dental practice – manual procedures
80 hours
80 hours
160 hours
year of study
4 weeks after 3rd
160 hours
year of study
Clinical practice – clinical procedures
4 weeks after 4th
160 hours
year of study
3.5.
Final exam
In 2013 The Final Dental Exam (in Polish: Lekarsko-Dentystyczny Egzamin Końcowy, LDEK)
replaced earlier form of examination – The National Dental Exam (in Polish: LekarskoDentystyczny Egzamin Państwowy, LDEP).
The Final Dental Exam is the national exam organised by the Centre for Medical Examination.
The exam consists of 200 questions. To get a positive result, you must score at least 56% of
the maximum number of points. The results of the exam are criteria in a recruitment
procedure on medical specialities. Only graduates in the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
are entitled to take The Final Dental Exam.
4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Poland
Postgraduate education includes public and commercial courses and trainings for medical
dentists in Poland, mostly not obligatory.
17
4.1. Obligatory postgraduate dental internship
The Act Amending the Act on the Professions of Doctor and Doctor of Dental Medicine of 28
April 2011(in Polish: Ustawa z dnia 28 kwietnia 2011 r. o zmianie ustawy o zawodach lekarza
i lekarza dentysty, Dz.U. 2011 r. nr 113, poz. 658) introduced changes in the education of
dentists, including the elimination of postgraduate internship and the inclusion of practical
teaching in the profession of dentistry at the stage of study. The last edition of postgraduate
dental internship will be organized on 1st October2016.
Currently realisation of the postgraduate internship is a condition to get license to practice in
dentistry. The internship lasts 12 months and it mainly includes partial internship in the field
of
dentistry (including
conservative dentistry,
paediatric
dentistry, periodontics,
orthodontics, dental surgery, prosthodontics) and emergency medicine, as well as training in
medical jurisprudence, bioethics and medical law.
4.2. Dental specialities
Fields of speciality that are available in Polish educational system for medical dentists:
 General dental specialities
o Dental Surgery
o Orthodontics
o Periodontics
o Prosthodontics
o Paediatric Dentistry
o Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics (including general dentistry)
 Medical and dental specialities (general/others):
o Epidemiology
o Hygiene and Epidemiology
o Health Education
o Medical Pedagogy
o Public Health
18
 Maxillofacial Surgery (available as: general dental specialty, medical speciality,
speciality for medics double licensed to practice)
Duration of the speciality course:
o Maxillofacial surgery - five years
o Other specialities - 3 years
In the statement of the Central Register of Medical and Dental Practitioners in Poland from
01.09.2015 among general dental specialities most of professionally active dentist are
specialised in Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics (12 042). The next in number of
specialists are: Dental Surgery (1 846), Prosthodontics (1 461) and Orthodontics (1 158).
Number of specialists among medical dentists according to a field of speciality
Field of speciality
Number of specialists
Dental Surgery
1 846
Orthodontics
1 158
Periodontics
443
Prosthodontics
Paediatric Dentistry
1 461
765
Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics (including general
dentistry )
12 042
Maxillofacial Surgery (general dental, double licensed to
practice)
314
The table was created based on data from: Centralny Rejestr Lekarzy RP, 31.12.2014,
http://www.nil.org.pl/rejestry/centralny-rejestr-lekarzy/informacje-statystyczne
19
The dentist gets the title of a specialist in a particular field of speciality after completion of
speciality training and after passing the National Speciality Exam (in Polish: Państwowy
Egzamin Specjalizacyjny, PES) or after confirmation of the equivalent specialist title obtained
abroad (source: Ministry of Health, http://www.mz.gov.pl/).
Dental specialities in Poland are free of charge (there is only public education).
The issues of recruitment and realisation of dental specialities in Poland are codified in: The
Act on Professions of Doctor and Doctor of Dental Medicine of 5 December 1996 (Ustawa z
dnia 5 grudnia 1996 r. o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty, Dz. U. 2011 nr 277 poz. 1634)
and The Regulation of the Minister of Health on Medical and Dental Specialities of 2 January
2013 (Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 2 stycznia 2013 r. w sprawie specjalizacji
lekarzy i lekarzy dentystów, Dz.U. z 2013 r., poz. 26).
4.3.
MBA as a form of postgraduate education for medical dentists in
Poland
MBA as a form of postgraduate education is offered i.a. to medical dentists who are or are
going to be managers in dental offices/clinics. MBA in Warsaw School of Economics and in
Kozminski University definitely are worth mentioning among available Polish studies.
 Warsaw School of Economics, Postgraduate Studies in Health Protection
Organisations Management (in Polish: Szkoła Główna Handlowa, Podyplomowe
Studia Zarządzania Organizacjami Ochrony Zdrowia)
The first edition of the studies took place in 1999. The lecturers are employees of the
Warsaw School of Economics, employees of other universities and practitioners in the field
of health. Till now over 500 persons graduated the studies.
The aim of the studies is providing students with comprehensive knowledge of the
management of organisations involved in health care. Graduates of the studies are well
prepared to manage a health care entity or other organisation related to health in a quickly
increasing competition on the market of medical services. During the courses students have
20
the opportunity not only to listen to lectures, but also to take part in workshops that allow
them to develop skills needed in the daily management of the organisation. In addition,
studies allow for the exchange of views and experiences and to establish contacts useful in
their work. The study programme includes in total 176 hours of classes divided into five
thematic areas, including issues related to the modern management of health care entities.
 Kozminski University, MBA for Medical Staff (in Polish: Akademia Leona
Koźmińskiego, MBA dla Kadry Medycznej)
The studies are addressed specifically to current and future executives of healthcare
institutions, employees of National Health Fund, government officials, administrative
employees, and local government responsible for the development and implementation of
health policy.
The study programme provides students with:
- new knowledge in the field of management, economics and finance, with special reference
to health,
- knowledge of the Polish health care system compared to foreign systems,
- methodological basics for self-study, analyse and solve problems in the field of health,
- effective management techniques,
- acquisition and development of practical leadership skills.
21
II. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational
system framework in dentistry in Romania developed by Mind
Master Creative
1. Statistical data on medical dentists in Romania
According to statistics provided by the World Health Organization in 2012, on oral diseases
and oral health services in Romania there were a total of 11,855 dentists in 2009 with a
density of 55.13 dentists per 100,000 people while in 2010 their number was 12,448 with a
density of 57.98 dentists per 100,000 inhabitants.
According to statistics of the Romanian National Institute of Statistics the number of total
dentists in Romania in 2013 was 14.282.
Considering the data of the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook for
2012, provided the following data:
Dentists
Women (in group
of dentists)
People/ 1 dentist
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
9907
10249
10620
11651
6337
6624
6829
2188
2110
4.6
4.7
2010
2011
2012
11901 12497
12990
13355 13814
7456
7553
7843
8381
8720
2032
1849
1807
1718
1650
4.9
5.4
5.5
1565
2013
8960
1470
Dentists for
10000
5.8
6,1
6,5
7,1
inhabitants
22
The table below presents information on number of dental practices in Romania (regarding
type of ownership – public/private) in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
Number of dental practices in Romania (2010-2013)
Years
2010
2011
2012
2013
Public Owned
3408
3236
3157
2809
Private Owned
9582
10119
10657
11473
Below are presented information on number of medical dentists in Romania per administrative
regions in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
Number of dentists in Romania per counties (administrative regions) from 2010 to 2013
Public/Private
owned
Counties
2010
2011
2012
2013
Public
Alba
52
53
51
51
-
Arad
58
58
9
12
-
Arges
114
122
113
23
-
Bacau
166
159
158
154
-
Bihor
15
14
13
12
-
Bistrita-Nasaud
50
48
48
49
-
Botosani
4
4
4
4
-
Brasov
107
105
61
10
-
Braila
55
41
40
6
-
Buzau
58
56
54
54
23
-
Caras-Severin
30
34
31
30
-
Calarasi
21
22
22
21
-
Cluj
218
250
282
270
-
Constanta
27
30
27
27
-
Covasna
65
67
69
71
-
Dambovita
113
15
15
16
-
Dolj
132
130
143
162
-
Galati
117
16
16
17
-
Giurgiu
31
30
28
5
-
Gorj
64
53
52
4
-
Harghita
110
114
116
120
-
Hunedoara
75
73
74
74
-
Ialomita
37
44
52
54
-
Iasi
95
122
183
201
-
Ilfov
46
44
8
8
-
Maramures
73
72
72
72
-
Mehedinti
45
50
49
52
-
Mures
120
129
128
97
-
Neamt
8
8
9
7
-
Olt
59
33
32
11
-
Prahova
96
102
87
19
-
Satu Mare
13
9
9
10
-
Salaj
2
2
2
2
-
Sibiu
81
82
93
99
-
Suceava
107
109
105
93
-
Teleorman
62
61
62
14
-
Timis
91
85
90
106
-
Tulcea
25
25
18
18
-
Vaslui
58
56
52
54
24
-
Valcea
36
32
33
34
-
Vrancea
63
58
58
55
-
MunicipiulBucuresti
609
619
589
611
Private
Alba
150
147
148
149
-
Arad
322
341
365
384
-
Arges
210
213
231
386
-
Bacau
161
177
181
184
-
Bihor
566
579
616
633
-
Bistrita-Nasaud
100
87
120
122
-
Botosani
117
120
125
130
-
Brasov
233
251
324
377
-
Braila
90
96
98
137
-
Buzau
95
103
111
119
-
Caras-Severin
119
120
122
126
-
Calarasi
46
48
51
51
-
Cluj
550
607
645
676
-
Constanta
553
585
485
520
-
Covasna
10
11
10
10
-
Dambovita
67
170
180
183
-
Dolj
271
294
312
309
-
Galati
137
252
171
174
-
Giurgiu
27
29
33
66
-
Gorj
57
75
84
144
-
Harghita
29
30
31
30
-
Hunedoara
182
184
181
182
-
Ialomita
25
23
21
20
-
Iasi
458
660
670
651
-
Ilfov
81
91
127
130
25
1.1.
-
Maramures
212
226
235
249
-
Mehedinti
54
56
64
65
-
Mures
277
272
273
348
-
Neamt
235
234
234
231
-
Olt
55
55
55
76
-
Prahova
227
248
350
437
-
Satu Mare
181
199
209
218
-
Salaj
90
98
110
121
-
Sibiu
265
271
276
291
-
Suceava
129
239
326
333
-
Teleorman
31
29
31
84
-
Timis
733
787
792
798
-
Tulcea
60
66
64
70
-
Vaslui
57
58
65
63
-
Valcea
142
158
171
190
-
Vrancea
89
92
104
106
-
MunicipiulBucuresti
2089
1738
1856
1900
Gender of professionally active and licensed to practice medical
dentists in Romania
According to the Handbook of Dental Practice published by the Council of European Dentists in
2010, among professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Romania there
were 68% female and 38% male.
The table below presents information on consultation of a medical professional by gender and
educational attainment level.
26
GEO/
ISCED97
Romania
TOTAL
Romania
FEMALE
Romania
MALE
All ISCED
1997
levels
Pre-primary,
primary and lower
secondary
education
Upper secondary and
post-secondary nontertiary education
First and second
stage of tertiary
education
96,3
97,9
96
92,9
95,9
97,5
95,4
91
96,8
98,4
96,4
94,6
Source: Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database/dentists+graduates
1.2.
Number of Dental Cliniques in Romania
In 2013 in Romania were 11,931 private dental cliniques and 1527 public ones. The data
indicate that tendency to operate in a private sector was increasing from 2010 till 2013
(please refer to the table below).
Dental
Cliniques
Ownership Type
2010
2011
2012
2013
2339
2085
1951
1527
9697
10528
10953
11931
Public
Private
2. Statistical data on graduates in dentistry in Romania
In recent years the number of graduates in dentistry in Romania ranges between 900 and
1,400 people per year.
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
928
1.060
1.277
1.263
1430
Source: Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database/dentists+graduates
27
3. Education system on medical universities in Romania
Finished studies at Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry are necessary to obtain the title of
medical dentist and license to practice (for detailed description of the educational system in
dentistry in Poland please refer to the next points in this section).
3.1. Formal rules of study
• Duration of study: 5 or 6 years
• Mode of study: stationary (public funding) and non-stationary (private funding)
• Entering exam: yes
• Recruitment procedure: admission based on exams, previous academic records and marks
in biology, chemistry or physics/maths and eventually other academic or professional
activities – depending on the particular universities requirements
3.2.
Existing universities educating on dentistry in Romania and program of
study
In Romania are 13 universities educating on dentistry.
In Romania studies on dental medicine (dentistry) are possible in English, French or
Romanian in Cluj-Napoca, Iasi, Timisoara, Craiova, Bucharest, Arad, Oradea, Constanta,
Targu-Jiu, Sibiu medical universities.
Most of Romanian Medical Universities are known as Universities of Medicine and Pharmacy
in Romania and have faculties of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy.

Romanian Medical School Program Structure
Most of Universities of Medicine and Pharmacy in Romania have undergraduate programs in
English, French, German and Romanian, postgraduate programs in Romanian and medical
preparatory year program.
28

Romanian Medical Universities
o Cluj-Napoca Medical University
Founded in 1919 at Cluj, as part of Cluj University. With over 850 teachers and researchers,
the medical university of Cluj-Napoca has undergraduate programs long cycle (6 years),
Short-cycle (3 to 4 years) and several postgraduate programs organized into 5 faculties.
Long program University Degree: Faculty of Dental Medicine ( 6 years - in Romanian, English
and French)
Short program University Degrees: Dental Techniques - 3 study years, Dental Hygienist – 3
study years
University Degree: Faculty of Dentistry of Cluj-Napoca Medical University
Degree: Dentist (D.D.)
The priorities of the Faculty place considerable emphasis on the development of
multidisciplinary skills: observation, practical, clinical, communication, computer, team work
and management skills. New study disciplines have been introduced in accordance with
international higher education criteria, such as: occlusology, implantology, oral pathology
and dental community medicine. At present, 1604 students attend the courses of this
Faculty, working under the supervision of 108 academics from 14 chairs.
University Degree: Dental Technicians of Cluj-Napoca Medical University
Degree: Dental Technician
Created in 1993, the programme is offered by the Faculty of Dentistry - initiator of this
program, as a response to national priorities.
84 students are enrolled for studies working under the supervision of 35 academics from 6
chairs.
29
o University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila of Bucharest
Established in 1857 under the name National School of Medicine and Pharmacy by French
expatriate medic Carol Davila, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy was the
first medical school in Romania. In 1869 it became a department in the newly created
University of Bucharest. The first doctoral degrees were granted in 1873, and the doctoral
degree became the de facto graduation in 1888. Nowadays, it comprises three major
colleges: Faculty of Medicine (in English and Romanian), Faculty of Dentistry (in English and
Romanian), Faculty of Pharmacy (in Romanian).
o
Gr.T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi
Founded in 1879 as a Faculty of Medicine, later being associated with other two institutions
which complete the medical instruction area (the Faculty of pharmacy and the Faculty of
Dentistry), is one of the oldest Romanian schools. The university has material basis and
modern technique, appropriate for the didactic and scientific research activity processes.
The languages of instruction are Romanian and English.
Undergraduate programs available: The Medical Faculty (6 years program in English,
French and Romanian),The Faculty of Dental Medicine (English, French and Romanian), The
Faculty of Pharmacy (English and Romanian), The Faculty of Medical Bioengineering
(Romanian only).
University of Medicine Iasi in faculties of Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Bioengineering
organise several undergraduate (short and long term programs) and postgraduate (Master,
PhD/Doctorate, Residency and other courses) programs.
o
Constanta Medical School (Ovidius University of Constanta)
Ovidius University Constanta was founded in 1961. The medical faculty was established in
1990. Its medical school is one of the youngest in the country but also one of the
modernized medical school among Romanian universities. It currently holds English
30
programs for Medicine. Available faculties are: Faculty of General Medicine (in English or
Romanian), Faculty of Dentistry (Romanian), Faculty of Pharmacy (Romanian).
o University of Medicine and Pharmacy Targu-Mures
The Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu-Mures was founded in 1945, the teaching
language being Hungarian. The medical teaching in Romanian was introduced in 1962. In
1990, the Institute was turned into the University of Medicine and Pharmacy, having both
Romanian and Hungarian as teaching languages. Nowadays, it has three faculties: Faculty of
Medicine (in English and Romanian), Faculty of Dentistry (in Romanian), Faculty of Pharmacy
(in Romanian).
Faculty of Medicine and Farmacy of Oradea:
General Medicine (in English,
French and Romanian), Dentistry (in English and Romanian), Pharmacy (in Romanian)
o Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara
The school was founded as a modest faculty on 30 December 1944.
Available faculties are: Faculty of General Medicine (in English, French and Romanian),
Faculty
of
Dentistry
(in
English
and
Romanian),
Faculty
of
Pharmacy
(in
French and Romanian).
4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Romania
There is no obligatory postgraduate dental internship in Romania.
After 6 years of General Medicine or Dentistry, Doctors can continue studies on
Specialisation with 3 years of Residency, when they choose specialisation in orthodontic,
medicine, surgery, implantology or related fields. During the residency, doctors practices as
a juniors and continue complete their knowledge and skills.
31
The doctors can practise without residency but they must complete annually a list of
technical trainings and competency trainings recommended by the Dentists Chamber.
The universities in Romania offer Technical Master Programmes for Dentists. There are no
Masters Programmes on communication skills.

Doctoral school - Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy in ClujNapoca
The construction of its curricula was started from the structure of education programs built
by similar higher education institutions from around the world and especially from the
identification of the subjects considered to be essential for the harmonious training of a
young researcher.

University of Medicine Iasi offers faculties of Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry and
Bioengineering and organise several postgraduate (Master, PhD/Doctorate,
Residency and other courses) programs.
The doctoral degree is organized in two ways: with attendance (4 years) and without
attendance (6 years). At the end of the doctoral program, after oral presentation of the
doctorate thesis and the confirmation of the scientific title awarded, the degree of "Doctor
in Medicine" is given.
4.1. Dental specialities
According to the Handbook of Dental Practice published by the Council of European Dentists in
2010, in Romania were the following total number of specialists in:
o oral surgery – 157
o orthodontics – 412
o maxillofacial surgery – 234
32
III. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational
system framework in dentistry in Greece developed by SYNOLIC ltd
1. Statistical data on medical dentists in Greece
The newest available data from 2015 indicate
that
in
Greece
are
approximately
14.000
professionally active and licensed to practice
medical dentists. Following the population and
residential demographics, more than 40% of the
medical dentists are registered in the area of
Attica, with 5.600 of them operating in the area
of Athens.
The second largest association is located in
Thessaloniki that holds the 12,5% of the active
practising medical dentists (approximately 1.750).
Sources: Dental Association of Greece, Dental Association of Athens, Dental Association of Thessaloniki
According to current data from National & Social Insurance Institute (IKA) approximately
50% of graduates in dentistry in Greece choose to move abroad for occupation (as the effect
of the unstable economic conditions in Greece).

Type of ownership in medical dentists’ practices in Greece
There is a strong tendency, which reaches a 75%, for medical dentists to operate in a private
sector (source of data below: National & Social Insurance Institute).
There are the main sources of income for the active practicing medical dentists:
1. Private Practice
75%
2. National Health System (hospitals etc.)
20%
3. National Insurance System
5%
33
2. Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Greece
In total the number of students entering dental schools in Greece (Dental School of Athens
and Dental School of Thessaloniki) are approximately 160-180 per year.
Sources: www.look4studies.com; Ministry of Education
In the following table of the Ministry of Education are presented the admissions for the last
six years.
Athens
Thessaloniki
Total
2015-2014
96
85
181
2014-2013
90
80
170
2013-2012
85
75
160
2012-2011
85
75
160
2011-2010
85
75
160
2009-2008
90
80
170
2.1.
Gender of graduates in dentistry in Greece
Among graduates in dentistry in Greece are approximately 40% men and 60% women.
Source: CECDO
3. Education system on medical universities in Greece
3.1.

Formal rules of study
Duration of study
The duration of dental studies are 10 semesters in total which is equivalent to 5 years.
34
Extension of additional 2 semesters (1 year) of study is possible for students that can present
a reasonable reason for applying for an extension.
Source: Dental School of Athens

Entering exam: no, please refer to the recruitment procedure

Recruitment procedure
Prerequisite for admission to higher education (university) is the possession of a
baccalaureate - IB (high school – Lyceum), while the number of students admitted in each
section of universities specified by the Ministry of Education annually (sources: Ministry of
Education; Dental School of Athens; Dental School of Thessaloniki).
The admissions process at the university based on students' performance in the third high
school in six general education and specialization courses, addressed in nation-wide issues,
including verbal score by 30% and the written score by 70%.
The grades for been admitted in all universities varies from year to year based on the grades
that the applicants will get. Dental schools are among the most difficult schools to enter.
The table below presents information regarding number of points in the recruitment
procedure that was sufficient to study dentistry in Greece in 2013-2014.
1st student
Records for Year 2013-2014
School
Town
Social
Team
High
Places
Enters
Points
School
Grade
Last student
Special
Lesson Grade
Points
High
Special
School
Lesson
Grade
Grade
Dental
Athens
General
81
81
19.329
19,28
38,90
18.039
18,08
35,90
Dental
Thes/ki
General
72
72
18.825
18,58
18,58
18.000
17,77
38,20
General
4
4
19.239
19,15
39,10
18.889
18,75
39,10
Dental (military)
35
3.2.
Existing universities educating on dentistry in Greece
In Greece are two universities (schools) on dentistry:


Dental School (University) of Athens
Dental School (University) of Thessaloniki
Additionally there is a military dental university/school.
3.3.
Study program in dentistry
Source of information presented in this section: Dental School of Athens

Program objectives
The objective of the dental program is gaining and developing the necessary knowledge,
skills and practice that will allow graduates to practice as a medical dentist, aiming the
restitution and maintenance of dental hygiene and the general health of the public.
The important parts of dentistry program are:
o General Medical Knowledge
o Preventive Medicine
o Social Responsibility
o Ephesians Lifelong Learning

Evaluation of students
The evaluation of students might vary depending on the subject and can include
intermediate and final written testing, oral examination, projects, essays and practice
evaluation.
Additionally, subjects may vary in significance(based on the topic), which have a different
weighting factor on the grade of the degree.
36

Basic program
The training and lectures for the medical dentists are separated in four categories:
1.
Lectures of Basic Science (are taught at the start of the study and are consider as
necessary and the basis for the understanding and comprehending of the medicobiological and medical subjects, e.g. Medical-chemistry, Biology etc.)
2.
Medico-biological and Medical subjects (subjects that will help the students ensure the
base on which they will comprehend the functions and mechanisms of the human
mouth and the stomatognathic system and additionally will realize the correlation
between the mouth hygiene and general health, e.g. Anatomy, Bio-Chemistry etc.)
3.
Dental subjects (are taught from the beginning till the end of the school and are the
individual subjects of the dental science, e.g. Periodontics, Prosthetics, Oral surgery etc.)
4.
Electives (an ordinance that started in 2003-2004, they help students develop and
enrich knowledge on the science (e.g. Laser X-Ray etc.)

Teaching methods and practices
Diverse and adjusted teaching methods are an essential issue in education in dental schools
in Greece. Apart from the theory, which is conducted in auditoriums lectures, there are
organized: seminar lectures, practice lectures and clinical lectures.
Additional attention is assured for the practice and clinical lectures. In the practice lectures,
students in equipped workshops are practicing many dental acts which will practice, real
case, on patients during the clinical lectures.
The clinical lectures are conducted in a full treatment plan synthesis, which the teacher and
the student will develop and execute during the workshop. Clinical workshops, a student is
following at the 4th semester as a student-assistant and from 6th as a student.
37
During those semesters and practices, the students are indirectly taught basic
communication skills as part of their training. No specific lesson/topic on communication is
taught during their education.
4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Greece
Approximately 35% of the annual students follow postgraduate studies in the field of
Dentistry (sources: Ministry of Education; National Health System & National & Social
Insurance Institute). The options for such studies are either in Greece or abroad.
The Universities in Greece for postgraduate degrees are Dental School of Athens and Dental
School of Thessaloniki. The number of admissions accepted are two to three per year per
school.
38
IV. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational
system framework in dentistry in Austria developed by ÖTZNLP&NLPt
1. Statistical data on medical dentists in Austria
There are 4.856 professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Austria.
Source: www.zahnearztekammer.at, data on 14.04.2015
Locations and numbers of dental practices in Austria
Vienna
965
Lower Austria
603
Upper Austria
555
Styria
561
Tyrol
389
Salzburg
283
Carinthia
271
Vorarlberg
160
Burgenland
99
Total
3886
Source: http://www.zahnaerztekammer.at/
39
Chambers of dentists in Austria:
o Burgenland
o Styria
o Salzburg
o Lower Austria
o Upper Austria
o Tyrol
o Vorarlberg
o Vienna
o Carinthia
1.2.
Gender of professionally active and licensed to practice medical
dentists in Austria
Among 4.856 professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Austria are
57,74% men and 42,26% women.
Source: www.zahnearztekammer.at, data on 14.04.2015
2. Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Austria
Nowadays, in Austria are approximately 5.000 graduates of the old and the new stomatology
curriculum.
Name of University
Period
Medical University of Vienna
2003-2015
Medical University of Graz
2004-2015
Innsbruck Medical University
2006-2015
Number of Students
670
215
62
Sources: Medical University Vienna, Medical University Graz, Medical University Innsbruck
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3. Education system on medical universities in Austria
Till ca. 2004 in Austria there are a regular 6 year studies on medical university, leading to an
MD. Dr. med, plus two years specialisation in the university dental clinic, which gave the
right to practice dentistry - “FacharztfürMund und Kieferheilkunde”.
For 3 years it was possible for the old “Zahnarzt” graduates to get the Dr. med dent with an
additional formal exam. Till 1975 it was possible to learn dentistry as a technical trade with a
“Dentist” title (nowadays there are only 40 dentists practising this way).
3.1.

Formal rules of study
Entering exam
Yes. The future stomatology students are obligated to register online and take an entering
exam. The exam has written form as well as manual exam to check to manual abilities.

Duration of study
The education takes 12 semesters, which is equivalent to 6 years. There are 3 stages during
the studies: first is the period of 2 semesters, second – 4 semesters and the last third stage
takes 6 semesters.

Final exams
After passing all the exams during 12 semesters, every student must write a Dissertation
(Diplomarbeit). If a dissertation is accepted, the next step is an Oral Exam in front of the
commission.

Obligatory practice during study
Stomatology curriculum includes a lot of practice (72 weeks of practical experience must be
accomplished during the third stage of studies). The practice has to be concluded in
University Clinique.
3.2.
Existing universities educating on dentistry in Austria
In Vienna are 3 universities educating on dentistry:
o Medical University of Vienna
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o Medical University of Graz
o Innsbruck Medical University
4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Austria
Dental post-education in Austria takes either 4 semesters or 6 semesters for part-time
students and costs approximately 25.000 euro.
Sources: http://www.wegweiser.ac.at/med-uni-wien/studieren/Med+Uni+Wien/N203html?klapp=5,
http://www.wegweiser.ac.at/med-uni-wien/studieren/Med+Uni+Wien/N201.html?klapp=6.
4.1.
Dental specialities
There are different dental specialities possible to study on the universities in Austria:
-
Periodontology/ Periodontics
-
Orthodontics
-
Jaw Surgery (Aesthetic reconstructive dentistry, Implantology)
Sources: http://www.wegweiser.ac.at/med-uni-wien/studieren/Med+Uni+Wien/N203html?klapp=5,
http://www.wegweiser.ac.at/med-uni-wien/studieren/Med+Uni+Wien/N201.html?klapp=6.
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