1 Happy 13th Birthday Radomes!
Transcription
1 Happy 13th Birthday Radomes!
A FRM A , I NC/ R ADOMES QUARTERLY P UBLICATION Fall 2011 Volume X, Issue 1 Fortresses for Air Defense! Ever get assigned to a long-range radar site like the one depicted at right? It‘s doubtful, but there is a story behind the artist‘s concept. The artwork at the left appeared on the cover of the February 1949 Modern Mechanix. The artist and author was magazine regular Frank Tinsley, who regularly addressed issues of defense in the nuclear era. Here, in part, is his write-up: CAN we avert an atomic Pearl Harbor? Yes we can, with rubber bubbles! For a string of giant rubber bubbles, housing radar sentries, hidden in the icy peaks of America‘s northemmost mountains, could be our first line of defense against an A-bomb attack. The secret of these amazing rubber fortresses is the new Radome, a revolutionary shelter of rubber and glass textile, developed by the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory for the Air Force research center at Red Bank, N.J. These radar outposts could be the modern equivalent of the frontier forts of Indian days. Miles apart in practically impassable wilderness, each must be well-hidden, selfcontained fortress, capable of guarding its precious equipment securely against any sneak attack. And sudden assault is just as sure as death and taxes. For if war comes again, the blinding of an enemy‘s eyes will be the first step before wholesale atomic destruction! In further describing the ―fortress,‖ Tinsley stated the majority would have to be buried beneath rock (Continued on page 5) Happy 13th Birthday Radomes! We’ve been in operation with the Online Air Defense Radar Museum since October 1998. Thanks very much to all of our contributors and members! Bravo Zulu—Job Well Done! Your Radomes Web Crew & Staff 1 Reunions & Coming Events Jul 2012—RSV Worldwide Reunion in Wisconsin. See page 3. High PRF! 2-5 Aug 2012—Air Force joint AEW&C/Connie reunion 17-19 Oct 2011—758th AC&WS/RADS of Neah Bay AFS, planned for Colorado Springs, Crowne Plaza is the host hotel. Details to follow, in the meantime contact Jack Kerr, AEW&C Reunion Planner, at jackr_ker@msn.com for further information. WA. Reunion in Pigeon Forge, TN, at the Inn on the River. Rooms are $99 a night and the special rate is available from 10 to 16 October for those arriving early. For more details contact Bruce Broderson (770)6322696, Norman Wine (304)387-0295 or Bob McLeod, bob33mac@aol.com. 17-18 Aug 2012—739th AC&WS, Wadena AFS, in Wadena. For information and details contact Jim White, Box 334, Wadena, MN 56482 or (218)631-3211, sjwhite@g.com. 19-23 Oct 2011—601st Tactical Control Squadron Association, Germany, in Oklahoma City. Contact Hap Haggard at haphagg@aol.com for information. 14-22 Sept 2012—Hof Reunion Association, fourth return visit to Hof, 20-23 Oct 2011—2011 Texas Tower Reunion at the new Cape Cod Irish Village in Yarmouth, MA. All rooms on the first floor and the motel has a heated swimming pool, reserve three nights and get the fourth night free! Contact ―Old Bob‖ Walker, USAF Texas Towers Association national president, at rwalker698@aol.com. Germany. Welcome to all who served in Hof from 1945 to 1975, including vets of the 602 nd, 603rd and 606th AC&WSs as well as the 6910th Security Group, 6912th and 6915th Radio Squadron (Mobile). Information at http://www.hofreunion.com, for additional gouge contact Jim Riggin at jmriggin@yahoo.com or jriggin@rocketmail.com. 23-26 Oct 2011 – First annual Keesler AFB Alumni & Friends (KAFBAV) reunion, in Biloxi, for all who Sept 2012—637th AC&WS/RADS, planned reunion in the New Orleans-Biloxi-Gulfport area. For further information contact Mike Murray, count_florida@hotmail.com. served at Keesler, all years, all career fields, military and civilian. If you believe you‘ll be able to attend, please go to the database in the alumni and veterans website – http://groups.yahoo.com/group/KAFBAV/ - and enter your data in the Probable Attendee List (sign into the website, click on ―database‖ on the left menu bar, then click on ―First Annual KAFBAV Reunion‖). For further information or assistance, contact Lowell Woodworth at lgwdwrth@earthlink.net. 29 Sept-03 Oct 2012—502nd Tactical Control Group (605th, 606th, 607th and 608th AC&WSs) and associated units, in Branson, MO, at the Grand Plaza Hotel. Contact Bill A yl wa r d ( 7 0 3 ) 7 1 5 - 04 4 8 , wa yl ward1@verizon.net. 28 Oct-02 Nov 2012—Keesler AFB Alumni & Veterans Reunion, in Biloxi, for all who served at Keesler (or 05-08 Nov 2011—Sampson AFB, 3650th Military Training Wing, all person- serves there now): students, instructors, permanent party, civilian and military plus friends and family. For information contact Lowell W oodworth, lgwdwrth@earthlink.net. nel, in Fayetteville, NC. For more information contact Walt Steesy, SamAFBvet@aol.com, or (507)5324204. 11-14 Jul 2013—The 753rd Veterans of Sault Ste Marie AFS, MI, invite all radar site veterans, in Sault Ste Marie. For additional information contact George Tay- Constant Bearing lor, GBT8530@aol.com. 13-20 May 2012—Salute to Veterans Cruise to Alaska, all radar site veterans welcome! For further information, contact Beverly Poitrast, Beverly@cruisingsmart.com. Announcements st 16-21 May 2012—871 AC&WS, Villatobas AS, Spain. Reunion in Fresno, for further information please contact Larry ―Bo‖ non@roadrunner.com. Bohannon, The Lackland AFB/37th Training Wing History Office has established a website and lkbohan- is looking for BMT graduation photos from every flight since the base was established. To check and see if you photo is there, go to the web site at www.bmtflightphotos.af.mil and check the year you graduated. 22-24 Jun 2012—664th AC&WS/RADS, Bellefontaine AFS, OH, at the site of the former base. Please contact reunion chairman Larry Lewis at (937)592-6787, If you have your picture and it is not yet posted, you can send it to the historian office at 37TRW/HO, 2320 Carswell Ave (Bldg 7065/Room 2), Lackland AFB, TX katenlarry@embarqmailcom, kateleis98@yahoo.com or drop him a line at 1715 Cty Rd 10, Bellefontaine, OH 43311. 2 78236-5155 OR send a good quality scan via eMail to: lacklandbmt.photo@lackland.af.mil. If you mail a photo, make sure you include information about the photo and return instructions. 766th RADS (SAGE), Caswell AFS, 19611965—Anyone interested in holding a reunion for the aforementioned years, possibly here in Las Vegas (I know of two others living here who were stationed there during those years) or in the Limestone area (my preference). Please contact me at Johnnybosox@aol.com. 875th AC&WS, Rosas AS, Spain. We who were there from 1960 to 1965 had one of the richest experiences the USAF ever offered. I was stationed at Rosas from 1960 to 1964 and am opening the door to anyone who shared those years to show interest in reuniting with old friends. Contact Wayne Grover, USAF(Ret) at au- thor001@aol.com; I‘ll set it up if we have enough people interested. Adios por ahora. RSV Worldwide Reunion in Wisconsin July 2012 in Eau Claire, WI We believe this can be one of our better reunions; we‘re especially interested in the Eau Claire area for our host hotel location. In addition to activities in the Eau Claire vicinity, we‘re looking at two day-tours: one east to the Highground Veterans Memorial in Neillsville (www.thehighground.org) and one west to the former Osceola AFS, now owned by the Lutheran Church. Murphy Dome AFS, AK 744 th AC&W S Which site is this? If enough desire, we‘ll consider adding another day tor a tour of the former Antigo AFS, WI. AFRMA, Inc/Radomes, The Air Defense Radar Veterans‘ Association, is a member-supported non-profit corporation. For further information, to volunteer or to advise of your desire to attend and participate, contact Lowell G. Woodworth, lgwdwrth@earthlink.net. Our mission is to preserve the history of the defense of North America from enemy bomber or missile attack during the Cold War period. Memberships are open to U.S. and Canadian citizens, veterans and non -veterans alike. Reunions and Upcoming Events Headquarters: AFRMA, Baltimore, OH 43105. Reunions/Events: Generally all previously assigned or currently assigned military/civilian personnel or members are invited. Check with appropriate contact person (or visit their web site) concerning spouses/ dependents, latest updates and other details. Data is subject to change without notice. Inc/Radomes, 9976 Stoudertown Rd., All Newsletter: Echoes: 1225 Dunloe Rd, Manchester, MO 63021 All Units Not Listed - Echoes is the official newsletter of Radomes, Inc. Entire contents is copyrighted under U.S. law and all rights are reserved. Echoes is published four times each calendar year (Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall). Submissions for possible publication (without monitory compensation) may sent to the editor at the above address. Send electronic submissions to: echoes@radomes.org. Echoes is grateful for all submissions. Check with these on-line sources: http://www.radomes.org http://www.vets.org/AirForce.htm http://www.thewall-usa.com/reunion/ http://www.usaf.com/reunions.htm http://www.reunionsmag.com/military_reunions.html Radomes, Inc. founders, Gene McManus and Tom Page. Editor, ―Ranger Mark‖ Morgan Masthead, Warren Carman. ©copyright 2011 AFRMA, Inc/Radomes. All rights reserved. 3 “Seriously, my tour was the most remote…” ered knowing that if you screwed up it was the next bunch that suffered. I heard tales of one site that was existing on green hotdogs and god knows how old beer for almost a month before resupply. Ed Note: Continuing a theme from last month, the debate continues... Condition of airstrip—having a hard strip ensured a better chance of frequent mail delivery and DEROS on time, a major morale factor. At Campion we were fortunate enough to be able to trade movies with the alert crews weekly so the guys got twice as many films. I believe Havre is a strong contender for the most remote. One had to drive to Great Falls for a good night out, though the town of Havre did have many bars. I was always taught it was the only controlled tour in CONUS. Was sent TDY to Opheim which wasn't much less remote. Small town just outside gate, but Glasgow quite a distance. Weather also a mitigating factor in sense of remoteness. ORI/IG/Tac Evals—It seemed that once you failed one of these you entered into a spiral of doom. Ninety days later you could expect a retest, so the commander/Ops officer went into a blitz mode getting ready for the eval. I actually encountered one site where the ops troops (all but two) failed every written test and only killed 7 of 16 targets in the live phase. Many of the operators walked out of the test laughing. - ―mkpxids‖ Opheim AFS (really, it’s out there…) Source: Radomes Commander AAC had us (Tac Eval) on the carpet because the NCC commander complained that the eval was rigged. Fortunately, we had given the same written tests at King Salmon three weeks before where everybody passed. Reason the flying phase went down the tubes is that the WAO (a rated Sup) flushed his six fighters at first target appearance and had all six in turnaround at the same time. My first guess is Shemya, which is about 1500 miles from Anchorage. A not-so-close second site could be Kotzebue, 500 miles northwest of Anchorage. - Bill Peterson Home Contact—We had five-minute morale calls and access to MARS. Mr. Gore hadn't invented the internet yet. I spent four years in Alaska beginning in 1968. First three years were in the Exercise and Eval shop at AAC and the fourth was at Campion. During that time I visited many of the sites and found several factors that contributed to decent morale or lack of it: Cooks—A good cook was essential to morale. I recall visiting sites where the ice cream was never eaten because the cooks didn't know how to make it properly. Enough to say, Campion had great ice cream. I was told the secret was to use hot water with the powder. Location—Close-in sites like Fire island and Murphy had huge swings in morale. Seems to me that access to civilization was a major factor. Being close tended to torque off the troops whose wife/girl wasn't located in Anchorage or Fairbanks, while being able to get off site periodically helped guys morale. Commander, Ops officer, First shirt, NCOIC ops and maintenance—Nothing worse than having a bad one, if several you were doomed. - Dick Klement King Salmon also had some major morale swings with all of the fishermen swamping the base in the summer. The fact that the overall commander was also the airbase commander probably wasn't a big help to the radar guys. Of the NGCI's Kotz and Yukon always seemed to do well, followed by Tat and Spar. Indian Mountain appeared to have been abandoned by God; more incidents there than at all the other sites combined. I got there as ‘Kleet was closing so don't have a clue. The site out on the island whose name escapes (St Lawrence?) me had some major morale hits before closing; the last one i remember was a suicide. Haven't much info on the NSS's except Tin City which was in the absolute middle of nowhere but seemed to have it's stuff together in ‗72. Radomes Obituaries Indian Mountain AFS. Source: Radomes George Pittelkau, age 82, 5 October 2011 in Canby, OR, following a long illness. A longtime member of the 25th Air Division Recall Group, George served in the Air Force for 21 years, including Korea and Vietnam. After retiring in 1972, George worked for Columbia Helicopters and the FAA, prior to his second retirement in 2002. He is survived by his childhood sweetheart and wife of 62 years Genevieve, three daughters, a sister, six grandchildren and two nephews. Cool Barge—Sites with good morale tended to have had a great group of people in the year proceeding their arrival. Remember that you ordered supplies a year before they were deliv- 4 We Get Letters…(and occasionally send them…) Gene— I am SO HAPPY to see this museum happening. I have been bitching for 40 years to every military museum I have been in, that they don‘t show anything about the people who ―keep ‗em flying.‖ While our museum is needed and long overdue, I wish there were something for the ground crews that patched up the warbirds and kept them in action. The movies show just enough to know they were there, but nothing of the strain of the mission and the dedication of those guys. Far as I‘m concerned, they are as important to the end of WWII as the bomb! If you hear of anyone doing that for the mechanics, let me know. I‘ll gladly send a few shekels their way. Thanks again, - John Stenstrom (and guess what followed…): Thursday, August 18, 2011 9:20 PM From: Gene McManus To: letters@afa.org Subject: Cold War Scrapbook, ―Air Force,‖ August 2011 When I opened my newest copy of Air Force (August 2011) to the "Cold War Scrapbook", I got truly excited. We don't see much about the Cold War defense efforts these days. But I ended up very disappointed when I found that there was not one photo or even a word about the hundreds of aircraft control & warning and SAGE radar stations in North America that provided early warning, and intercept control against attacking manned bombers. Indeed, on page 72 there is a photo of a pair of F-102s with the caption "... to replace F-89s in providing air defense and early warning. ...". Interceptors did not provide "early warning", defense, yes, but the "early warning" was provided by long range radars and troops on the ground, or in AEW&C Constellation aircraft who directed the interceptors to their targets. John— We‘re pretty excited too. We have a l-o-n-g way to go, however. Still, I‘m optimistic about the project. BTW, the Air Force Assn‘s magazine Air Force just did a fairly long article about the Cold War. I haven‘t read it yet, just looked at the photos. Lots of airplane pix, including interceptors, but nothing about those of us who did the intercept vectors, early warning or anything else about us ground grunts. I intend to compose a letter to them after I read the article and get all my facts in a row. - Gene McManus There were tens of thousands of young U.S. Air Force men, and a few women, manning these sometimes very remote and isolated stations. We provided the possibility of turning an attack primarily from the Soviet Union with radar stations of the DEW Line from the Aleutian Islands across northern Alaska, northern Canada to Greenland; the Pinetree Line across the northern tier of the United States (Continued on page 7) Fortresses! (Continued from page 1) and concrete, with only the ―balloon dome‖-protected radar antenna and helicopter platforms above ground. Below ground, ―comfortable, air-conditioned living quarters for its technical experts and guards. Unusually complete recreational facilities will help cut down the morale problems inevitable in such a confined life...at frequent intervals, the men will take turns going on short furloughs to Alaskan and Canadian cities in order to prevent ‗cabin fever‘ and thus keep the garrison on its toes.‖ The associated artwork depicting a network employing these radar fortresses shows a command center perched somewhere in the Midwest (the location‘s roughly in the vicinity of Wichita), linked to perimeter radar sites at Cape Flattery, W A; Cape Mendocino and Point Concepcion, CA; Key West, FL; Savannah, GA; Cape Hatteras, NC; and Cape Cod, MA; with additional sites placed on islands in the Atlantic and Pacific, the Caribbean, Central America, Canada and stretching from the Aleutians to Greenland. You can call up the entire article with graphics online at http://blog.modermechanix.com/ category/war/page/14/. Francis X.T. ―Frank‖ Tinsley was born in Manhattan on 29 November 1899. In 1917, he went to work as an apprentice artist in the Research Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City but Uncle Sam came calling within the year; he spent World War I as a draftsman in the Design Section of the War Department. Postwar, he freelanced as an artist and started selling cover and story illustrations for magazines such Action Stories, Air Stories, Bill Barnes‘ Air Trails, George Bruce‘s Contact, North West Stories, Sky Birds and War Birds. By the 1950s, he primarily wrote and illustrated for Modern Mechanix. In 1954, Tinsley and wife Emily moved to Old Saybrook, CT, where he served as chairman of the Planning Commission, Director of the Chamber of Commerce, and as founding president of the Old Saybrook Historical Society. Frank Tinsley died of a heart attack on 23 June 1965, at age 65. And the radar network he proposed? Obviously, Air Defense Command expanded substantially following the 1950 invasion of South Korea by North Korea, but even in the most mountainous, remote parts of North America, the sites never quite looked like this one...But they would‘ve been interesting, eh? 5 Transitions in Southern California ARSR-4 upgrades also occurred at all the US border sites, to include Mt Laguna, Mill Valley, Ajo, etc. These became Joint Surveillance facilities—maintained by the FAA, but used jointly for ATC and Air Defense. NORAD also established UHF/VHF comms at these facilities for interceptor control. Once the ARSR-4 program was complete (around 2000...), the WADS "disconnected" from older radars, like San Pedro. Ed Note: The following came off the AFRSV boards. It relates a recent exchange on the relationship between a couple of radar sites in Southern California and modifications to the sites over the past several years. I never knew that San Clemente Island (SCI) had an AFS until I read about it in this group. The height of the radar on SCI would be about the same as San Clemente Island AFS’s (670th AC&WS) San Pedro (SP). cantonment area. The radar site was downIt‘s about 65 miles island to the west. Source: Radomes. south of SP and 70 miles west of San Diego. After 9-11, NORAD greatly extended our radar coverage for Homeland Defense, by integrating a majority of the legacy, interior radars. Gone was the NORAD Cold War mentality of only looking outside our borders, so we tapped into as many interior FAA sites (many former AFSs), as logistically possible. That required an upgraded NORAD mission system for the ADS—a political quagmire story for another time. NORAD did reconnect to the San Pedro radar, post 9/11. Current status: I have just finished leading negotiations of an agreement between Air Combat Command, the Navy and FAA, that gives NORAD operational control of the SCI The ARSR-4 on San Clemente Island. Bruce radar (USN and Robie photo, via Radomes. FAA no longer utilize the primary data). IMO, this alone would make it a more suitable radar site because it extends the ―view‘ by 60 miles or so beyond SP. I realize that logistics would be a lot more expensive than SP, since SP was probably tied into the public power grid and supply and others support were only minutes away at Fort MacArthur. I understand that the FAA still has a presence on SCI to this day. Why was it moved? - Mike Nelson 751st RADS, Mt Laguna AFS, 1974-1977 The legacy ARSR-1E radar at San Pedro (aka Los Angeles LRR), is part of a Service Life Extension Program to retrofit aging "interior" radars with state-of-the-art technologies. SLEP is intended to provide a necessary surveillance solution that will augment the NORAD, Homeland Security and FAA missions well into the future. To the operations community, the greatest value added will be the dynamic automation and improved capabilities of primary radar data detection and processing. The FAA will continue to maintain both SCI and San Pedro radars. San Pedro Hill AFS (670th RADS) Source: Radomes. Hi Mike— You can find some great radar photos from my site visits, on my website. SCI, Pedro, Laguna in particular are found in the "west coast" album. You might enjoy (or shed a tear over) the present day pics of what was once a thriving Mt Laguna AFS, at: http://boondogsworld.phanfare. com/2261723. I've never heard that SCI radar was moved to San Pedro. I'm very involved in the operations, maintenance and inspection of our west coast radars, so perhaps I can clarify a few things. The SCI radar was upgraded to an ARSR-4 system in the late 90s. At that time, the US Navy owned/used the radar to support the island ranges. I negotiated an agreement with the USN to bring the radar into the Western Air Defense Sector (WADS) for our NORAD/ANG Homeland Defense mission. Pre-9-11, it was used for supplementary air sovereignty coverage. Thanks for your service! - Bruce Robie (callsign ―Boondog‖) SMSgt (Ret), ―276,‖ 1979-2003 National Airspace System Defense Mgr Western Air Defense Sector 6 News (Continued from page 8) surveillance radar at an undisclosed Turkish military site by year‘s end. The radar will link to Navy‘s BMD-capable Aegis ships that will operate in the Mediterranean Sea as part of the US Phased Adaptive Approach BMD architecture that will help protect Europe. New NORAD/NORTHCOM Commander: On 3 August 2011, Gen Charles J. ―Chuck‖ Jacoby, Jr, US Army, relieved ADM James A. ―Sandy‖ Winnifeld, Jr., as the commander of U.S. Northern Command and North American Aerospace Defense Command. Notably, the selection made General Jacoby the first Army officer to command USNORTHCOM and NORAD. Both Poland and Romania already have agreed to host US missile interceptor sites later this decade as part of the PAA./ The Raytheon AN/TPY-2 is transportable by air, ship and rail and deploys with its command and control interface, a radar support trailer, generators and supply containers. It can perform autonomously or as cued by other sensors. The Japanese Air Self Defense Force deployed its first TPY-2 at Shariki, Aomori Prefecture in June 2006 (AFM Update, 6 Sept 11; Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance). General Jacoby‘s command experience including combat as Commander, A/2/325th Infantry, 82nd Airborne Division during Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada; Commanding General, US Army Alaska; and Commanding General, I Corps/Commanding General, Multi-National Corps-Iraq. The Detroit native and 1978 graduate of the US Military Academy has held numerous other light infantry and staff positions, including an assignment as Assistant Professor, Department of History at West Point. His assignment immediately prior to NORTHCOM/NORAD was at the Pentagon as Director of Strategic Plans & Policy (J-5). Letters (Continued from page 5) and Canada, and literally hundreds of stations within the Continental United States. We were under the command of the Air Defense Command, later Aerospace Defense Command and finally NORAD as we endlessly searched the skies with our long-range ground radar. Few people, even the parents of those stationed there, new little of the tasks of these airmen. Many of the sites were very remote, their appearance giving away little of their missions to the few outsiders who saw them. Most sites had no aircraft or runways, and were manned by only some 130 or so troops. There was nothing remarkable about the appearance of these sites to the neighbors. In a September interview with the Colorado Springs Gazette, General Jacoby that while he doesn‘t wear wings, his previous joint assignments—including joint command— involved commanding airmen, sailors, soldiers and Marines and. His chief concern remains terrorist attacks; ―we are constantly gaming what‘s the next step and the step beyond,‖ he commented (Tom Roeder, ―NorthCom‘s new Army boss says terrorism is top concern,‖ The (Colorado Springs) Gazette, 23 September 2011). The Air Force Radar Museum Association (not affiliated with the U.S. Air Force or any other government agency) is a not-for-profit Ohio corporation whose sole purpose is to document the air defense mission in the National Air Defense Radar Museum. The Museum is being established in the former AN/FPS-26 tower at the former 664th AC&W/ Radar Squadron at Bellefontaine, Ohio. It is our mission to educate the citizens who know little or nothing of need for air defense, much less about our mission as Airmen. Memberships in the AFRMA are now open. Turkey Agrees to Host US Missile Defense Radar: The State Department last week announced that Turkey will host a ballistic missile defense radar in support of NATO‘s efforts to defend its European member states from attack. More information can www.radomes.org/afrma. be found at Thanks for listening, - Gene McManus Looking for a Christmas present for that radar guy on your shopping list…? ―The United States welcomes Turkey decision,‖ said State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland in a Sept 2 release. Stars and Stripes reported that the United States hoeps to set up an AN/TPY-2 transportable X-band phased-array 7 http:// Radomes, Inc. The Air Defense Radar Veterans’ Association 9976 Stoudertown Road Baltimore, OH 43105 Which site is this? (Search inside for answer.) Radomes News Never Forget... Gary Jacobs recently submitted the following on the Radomes guestbook: Below (New York Times, Thurs, 8 September) is referenced a remarkable audio document having to do with air defense. I was taken by how by simply switching off transponders the system was flummoxed. No stealth needed, I gather. Listen to these voices -- the confused, the scared, the calm and determined. The 9/11 Tapes: The Story in the Air: A selection of audio recordings from the Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A.), North American Aerospace Defense Command (Norad) and American Airlines from the morning of Sept. 11, 2001. The recordings, some of which have been published previously, are being released in a multimedia report originally intended to be part of the Sept. 11 Commission‘s 2004 report (read the article for directions on how to play the audio). www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/09/08/nyregion/911tapes.html?scp=1&sq=9/11%20tapes&st=cse. Source: Brookings.edu Keeping Orbital Operations Safe: The Air Force's Phased Array Warning System radars, known as Pave PAWS, earlier this month played an important role in preventing the evacuation of the International Space Station. Data from their monitoring of a roughly six-inch chunk of debris on a near-collision course with the station allowed the station's three-member crew to remain on board and not have to leave out of safety concerns using Russia's Soyuz capsule. With the help of Pave PAWS tracking data, the Joint Space Operations Center at Vandenberg AFB, Calif., determined that the debris piece would harmlessly pass by ISS on April 5, much to the crew's relief. The Pave PAWS radars are located at Beale AFB, Calif., and Cape Cod AFS, Mass. The piece of debris causing this scare resulted from China's irresponsible shoot down of a Chinese weather satellite in January 2007. (Cape Cod report via Diana Barth; AFM Update) (Continued on page 7) 86